Prediction of New Distillation-Membrane Separation ... - MDPI
DISTILLATION (LOCAL PREPARATION OF AKPETESHIE) Introduction
7
DISTILLATION (LOCAL PREPARATION OF AKPETESHIE) Introduction: Akpeteshie is a homebrewed alcoholic spirit produced in Ghana and other West African nations by distilling palm wine or sugar cane juice. Other names for this drink include apio, ogogoro (in Nigeria), sodabi, keley, "hot" or "hot drink" and "kutukù" (in Nzema). Use of this high-proof spirit is increasing in West Africa, as is the concern over the social and public health problem increased use might entail. Procedure: Distillation is one of the ways of separation of mixtures. (In this, a liquid-liquid mixture is separated based on the difference in boiling points). The two liquids involved are ethanol and water. While ethanol boils at 78°C, water on the other hand boils at 100°C. Both components are miscible in any proportion.( Boiling point- the temperature at which liquids boil). The raw material used is either fresh palm wine, sugar cane, fruits, or grains (i.e. sugar or starch). The raw material is made to ferment over a period of four days to one week depending upon the material used and the rate of( fermentation – the breakdown of carbohydrate by microorganism ). Fresh palm wine may not need any catalyst to speed up fermentation. Fruits and or grains will need a (catalyst/enzyme–a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but does not take part in the reaction). The catalyst used in this case is called yeast. During fermentation, carbon (IV) oxide gas is evolved (preparation of gases). The fermented mixture known as the rectified mixture is transferred (by siphoning – pressure) into a tank sealed at both ends and connected to a long copper tube at the top that runs through a coolant to the delivery point. At the delivering end of the tube is a cotton wool to serve a purpose of filtration. Heat is then applied (heat energy)
Transcript of DISTILLATION (LOCAL PREPARATION OF AKPETESHIE) Introduction
DISTILLATION (LOCAL PREPARATION OF AKPETESHIE)
Introduction:
Akpeteshie is a homebrewed alcoholic spirit produced in Ghana andother West African nations by distilling palm wine or sugar cane juice. Other names for this drink include apio, ogogoro (in Nigeria), sodabi, keley, "hot" or "hot drink" and "kutukù" (in Nzema). Use of this high-proof spirit is increasing in West Africa, as is the concern over the social and public health problem increased use might entail.
Procedure:
Distillation is one of the ways of separation of mixtures. (In this, a liquid-liquid mixture is separated based on the difference in boiling points). The two liquids involved are ethanol and water. While ethanol boils at 78°C, water on the other hand boils at 100°C. Both components are miscible in any proportion.( Boiling point- the temperature at which liquids boil).
The raw material used is either fresh palm wine, sugar cane, fruits, or grains (i.e. sugar or starch). The raw material is made to ferment over a period of four days to one week depending upon the material used and the rate of( fermentation – the breakdown of carbohydrate by microorganism ). Fresh palm wine may not need any catalyst to speed up fermentation. Fruits and or grains will need a (catalyst/enzyme–a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but does not take part in the reaction). The catalyst used in this case is called yeast. During fermentation, carbon (IV) oxide gas is evolved (preparation of gases). The fermented mixture known as the rectified mixture is transferred (by siphoning – pressure) into a tank sealed at both ends and connected to a long copper tube at the top that runs through a coolant to the delivery point. At the delivering end of the tube is a cotton wool to serve a purpose of filtration. Heat is then applied (heat energy)
to the mixture in the tank. At 78°C, the alcohol component of themixture boils, and the vapour produced passes through the copper delivery tube (vapourisation - the process whereby heat is given to change asubstance from the liquid state to its gaseous state, condensation – the process whereby heat energy is given out to change the state of matter from gaseous to liquid). As it gets to the coolant, it condenses and changes from gas to liquid. This comes out and collected as a clear transparent liquid, even though the initial distillate may be somehow cloudy (purification – this is a physical separation of chemical substance of interest from foreign substances). Since it is not yet100°C, the water does not boil. It continues until the clear liquid (ethanol) stops flowing to signify the total separation of the alcohol from the water. The very first distillate is the major component of methylated spirit which is used for sterilization. The ethanol itself is used to manufacture alcoholic beverages, and also used as starting materials and intermediates for perfumes, detergents, and paints.
TRADITIONAL AKPETESHIE DISTILLATION IN PICTURES
THE SET-UP FOR LABORATORY PREPARATION OF ETHANOL (AKPETESHIE)
CONCEPTS THAT CAN BE FOUND IN TEACHING DISTILLATION OF AKPETESHIE
BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS AGRIC.Fermentation Separation of
mixturesBoiling Raw materials are
obtained from Agric. (grains, fruits, palm wine, sugar cane).
Enzyme Boiling Heat energy FermentationFermentation VapourisationCatalyst CondensationPreparation of gases
Pressure
VapourisationCondensationFiltration
References:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2001). Between the Sea & the Lagoon: An Eco-social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana : C. 1850 to Recent Times. James Curry Publishers. pp. 154- 155.
Peele, Stanton (1999). Alcohol and Pleasure: A Health Perspective. Psychology Press. p. 123.
Chernoff, John M. (2005). Exchange is Not Robbery: More Stories of anAfrican Bar Girl. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 194.
GBC News. "Expert Warns Against "Akpeteshie' Consumption". Retrieved 18 June, 2013.
Luginaaha, Isaac; Crescentia Dakubob (2003). "Consumption and impactsof local brewed alcohol (akpeteshie) in the Upper West Region of Ghana: a public health tragedy". Social Science & Medicine 57 (9).
