ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 6, Number 1

March 2014

2014

Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.

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Editors and Sections

Genetics and Breeding

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Bogdan Szostak (Poland)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)Martin Banov (Bulgaria)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2014

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 6, Number 1March 2014

Contemporary assessment of the development of the genus Chaetoceros in the Bulgarian coastal waters

1 1 2D. Petrova *, D. Gerdzhikov , G. Kostadinova

1Institute of Fishing Resources, 4 Primorski Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria 2Department of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

Abstract. The genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg of class Bacillariophyceae is widespread and abundant in species in the Black Sea phytoplankton. The aim of the article was to study its distribution in water and to analyzed its contemporary involvement in the formation of qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton, the season dynamics of genus during the hydro-biological year and its role in the ecology of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal water area for the period 2008 – 2010. It was found out that the highest species diversity, abundance and biomass of the genus were in the autumn and spring – a bimodal pattern of annual growth. 20 species and forms were registered of the genus Chaetoceros. They formed up to 1/3 of the taxonomic composition of Diatoms and 1/10 of all phytoplankton species. "Blooms" of representatives of the genus Chaetoceros in the researched period were not registered.

Keywords: Chaetoceros Ehrenberg, taxonomy, Black Sea, phytoplankton, development, ecological assessment.

Abbreviations: n.m. – nautical miles, R/V – Research Vessel

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, No 1, pp 91 - 97, 2014

that do not reach mass development but are encountered in a Introductionsignificant number – Ch. compressus Lauder, 1864; Ch. danicus Cleve, 1889; Ch. densus Cleve, 1901; Ch. peruvianus Brightwell, The genus Chaetoceros is represented by a great diversity of 1856; to the occasionally occurring with high concentrations are species in the Black Sea (Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1955). Chaetoceros related: Ch. anastmosans Grunov, 1885; Ch. coronatus Gran,1897; species are worldwide distributed and often dominate in marine Ch. laciniosus Schuütt, 1895 and Ch. scabrosus Proshkina-ecosystems (Hernández-Becerril, 1996). Total of about 400 species Lavrenko (Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1955). belonging to the genus have been described so far (Vanlandingham,

The aim of the present article was to study the distribution of 1968; Rines and Hargraves, 1988; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996). genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg of class Bacillariophyceae, its Ferrario et al. (2004) reported 175 species (Lee and Lee, 2011). In contemporary involvement in the formation of qualitative and many temperate and neritic zones the genus Chaetoceros is a major quantitative composition of phytoplankton, its seasonal dynamics component of phytoplankton coenosis and its population is during the hydro-biological year and its role in the ecological status observed throughout the year (Rines and Hargraves, 1987). Some of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal water area.species cause significant "blooms" in both ocean and coastal

habitats (Shevchenko and Orlova, 2010). Dominance of the genus Chaetoceros is typical of the second stage of phytoplankton

Material and methodssuccession in marine ecosystems (Raymond, 1980). In the contemporary structure of the Black Sea phytoplankton

During the period 2008 – 2010, total of 389 phytoplankton the genus Chaetoceros is represented by 78 species and forms samples were collected along the Bulgarian coast of Black Sea. The (Black Sea Phytoplankton checklist, 2011). According to the general samples were collected by the R/V Prof. Al. Valkanov from March to trend in biodiversity development of the phytoplankton in the Black December at standard depths (0 m, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 m) by Sea we have registered an increase in the number of species of the bathometers type Niskin (5l) in shallow waters (up to 15 m depth) at genus Chaetoceros. In the middle of the 20th century were identified surface – bottom horizons. They were fixed on board in 2% formalin 40 species and 8 varieties among total of 165 species and varieties solution. of diatoms in the Black Sea (Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1955).

The following abbreviations and acronyms for the stations Chaetoceros species play a key role in marine phytoplankton. studied are used in the text: nautical miles (n.m.) cape Galata – (G), They vegetate throughout the year forming spring and autumn (G - 1, G - 3, G - 10 and G - 20 n. m.), cape Kaliakra – (K), (K - 1, К -3, К "blooms" in bays and coastal waters. They are autotrophic and hold - 10 и К - 20 n. m.), cape Emine – (E), (Е - 1, Е - 3, Е - 10 n. m.), Varna a high percentage share of the primary production in the Black Sea bay (B), (B - 1, B - 2, B - 3, B - 4, B - 5, B - 6, B - 7, B - 9, B - 10). Cape ecosystem (Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1955). To the most conventional Emine – 15 n. m. (Еmine - 15), Pomorie – 21 n.m. (Pom - 21), species of Chaetoceros which occur permanently and develop Sozopol – 3 n.m. (Soz - 3), Sozopol – 4 n.m. (Soz - 4), Sozopol – 5 widely in certain seasons of the year are related: Chaetoceros n.m. (Soz - 5), cape Maslen – 3 n.m. (Masl - 3), cape Maslen – 20 curvisetus Cleve, 1889; Ch. affinis Lauder, 1864; Ch. socialis n.m. (Masl - 20), Ahtopol – 6 n.m. (Aht - 6). Bourgas bay – B.zalN1, Lauder, 1864; in the north-western part of the Black Sea - Ch. B.zalN2, B.zalN3, B.zalN4. Midena ferma – 2 samples from one- lorenzianus Grunov, 1863; Ch. wighamii Brightwell, 1856; to species

91

* e-mail: danibelbg@yahoo.com

92

mile zone near Kranevo village. Iujen plaj, pl. Pochivka monitoring Ostenfeld, 1901 developed twice a year, from winter to early spring stations at shallow waters near Varna beaches. MF – 1, 3 and 6 - (March, April and May) and from August to November. Ch. insignis stations located in the one-mile zone near the mouth of Kamchiya Prosckina-Lavrenko, 1955 vegetated from April to October. Ch. River. socialis H.S.Lauder, 1864 developed in May and from September to

The samples were concentrated by the settling method Decemeber. Ch. affinis Lauder, 1864 – in April, September and (Morozova-Vodyanitskaya, 1954). Qualitative and quantitative October. Ch. septentrionalis Oestrup, 1895 was identified in March analyzes were performed with a light microscope Nikon Eclipse - and May. The remaining 12 species were registered by us only once E400, mainly at magnification of 200x and 100x, for small objects a year, namely: Ch. borgei Lemmerman, 1904 (accepted in WoRMS were used 400x and 600x. Cells were enumerated in Sedgewick- (2013) is syn. Ch. muelleri Lemmermann, 1898) – in March; Ch. Rafter Counting Cell – 1 ml and Palmer – Maloney – 0.05 ml using wighamii Brightwell, 1856 – in April; Ch. scabrosus Prosckina-standard methods. Species forming trichomes and colonies were Lavrenko – in July. Ch. densus (Cleve) Cleve, 1899, Ch. lorenzianus presented with the total number of cells in a camera. The cell volume v.solitarius Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1955, Ch. teres Cleve, 1896 and was calculated by geometric formulas. Software Phytomar 2.0 (IFR- Ch. peruvianus Brightwell, 1856 were observed only in September. Varna 2008), STATISTICA v.10 (StatSoft, Inc. 2011) and Excel 12 Ch. anastomosans Grunov, 1885, Ch. rigidus Ostenfeld, 1901, Ch. (Microsoft Office 2007) was used for calculations and graphs. The similis Cleve, 1896 and Ch. subtilis Cleve, 1896 – only in October. contemporary taxonomic names of the species and forms of the Ch. danicus Cleve, 1889 – in December. genus Chaetoceros were specified by means of electronic Species with the most intensive development (high numbers) in databases “WoRMS” (WoRMS, 2013) and “Algaebase” (Guiry MD the period 2008–2010 were: Ch. curvisetus, Ch. insignis, Ch. and Guiry GM, 2013). compressus and Ch. affinis (Table 1 and Figure 2). Their maximum

numbers were established in May, July, October and December. The remaining species of the genus were not observed with

6 3concentrations higher than 62 x 10 cells/m . During the period of the Results and discussion study "blooms" of species of the genus Chaetoceros were not registered (Table 1). Only five species dominated and sub-A total of 20 species and forms of the genus Chaetoceros were dominated in the phytoplankton. In biomass dominated: Ch. registered during the studies carried out in the period 2008 – 2010 curvisetus and Ch. insignis, (≥ 50%); Chaetoceros sp. and Ch. (Table 1). They formed up to one third (31.25%) of the taxonomic compressus were found out only among the subdominats in the composition of diatoms (represented by total of 29 genera and 64

species and taxa (Petrova et al., 2013). Representatives of the genus Chaetoceros were found out only in the half (44.99%, 175 samples) of all 389 collected samples. The distribution of species diversity of the genus in the period 2008 – 2010, demonstrated two annual maxima. The first one was in spring (March, April and May) when a total of 10 species were registered and the second - in the fall (September and October) when 15 species were encountered. During the rest of the hydro-biological year species diversity of the genus was relatively low, a total of 8 species were registered (Figure 1).

With a year-round development (March–December), consistent with literature data after Proshkina-Lavrenko (1955) the following species were identified: Chaetoceros curvisetus P.T. Cleve, 1889; Ch. compressus Lauder, 1864 (without July) and Chaetoceros sp. Ehrenberg, 1844 (without April). The other species developed only during certain periods of the year. Ch. simplex

Figure 1. Distribution of species diversity (number of species by months) of the genus Chaetoceros throughout the year

October11

November4

December5

March6

April6

May6

June4

July4August

4

September11

Ch. curvisetus

Chaetoceros sp.

Ch. insignis

Ch. affinis

Ch. borgei

Ch. scabrosus

Ch. lorenzianus v.sol.

Ch. peruvianus

Ch. rigidus

Ch. subtilis

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Ch. compressus

Ch. simplex

Ch. socialis

Ch. septentrionalis

Ch. wighamii

Ch. densus

Ch. teres

Ch. anastomosans

Ch. similis

Ch. danicus

3Figure 2. Maximum numbers (mln.cells/m ) of therepresentatives of the genus Chaetoceros, 2008 - 2010

93

Petrova et al., 2013) (Table 1).biomass (50%<≥25%). Domination in number was not registered. 3Monthly averages of the number (mln.cells/m ) and biomass In the group of subdominating species in number (<50%≥25%) were

3(mg/m ) of the genus Chaetoceros showed two maxima of found only Ch. insignis and Ch. affinis. Most of the Chaetoceros development during the hydro-biological year, in May (286.35 species were developing only in the group of those “present" in the

3 3 3 mln.cells/m and 535.12 mg/m ) and October (116.93 mln. cells/mcommunity (<25%) (Lobo and Leighton 1986; Colton et al., 2008;

Table 1. List of identified species and forms of the genus Chaetoceros with their maximum number and biomass (mln.cells/3 3m ; mg/m ); sum of the number of months of occurrence during the hydro-biological year and the maximum percent of

participation in the phytoplankton coenosis (* - dominant and ** - subdominant)

№ SpeciesMax of

Abundance3 (mln. cells/m )

Max of Biomass

3(mg/m )

Sum of the months of occurrence

during the year

Max %of

Abundance

Max % of

Biomass

Chaetoceros curvisetus P.T. Cleve, 1889

Chaetoceros compressus Lauder, 1864

Chaetoceros sp. Ehrenberg, 1844

Chaetoceros simplex Ostenfeld, 1901

Chaetoceros insignis Prosckina-Lavrenko, 1955

Chaetoceros socialis H.S.Lauder, 1864

Chaetoceros affinis Lauder, 1864

Chaetoceros septentrionalis Oestrup, 1895

Chaetoceros borgei Lemmerman, 1904 (accepted

in WoRMS is syn. Ch. muelleri Lemmermann, 1898)

Chaetoceros wighamii Brightwell, 1856

Chaetoceros scabrosus Prosckina-Lavrenko

Chaetoceros densus (Cleve) Cleve, 1899

Chaetoceros lorenzianus v.solitarius Proshkina-

Lavrenko, 1955

Chaetoceros teres Cleve, 1896

Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell, 1856

Chaetoceros anastomosans Grunov, 1885

Chaetoceros rigidus Ostenfeld, 1901

Chaetoceros similis Cleve, 1896

Chaetoceros subtilis Cleve, 1896

Chaetoceros danicus Cleve, 1889

973.20

147.19

59.51

23.16

406.98

61.27

108.80

23.82

3.00

17.63

3.97

59.00

40.81

35.40

9.74

27.20

18.88

14.96

8.57

2.39

2062.69

199.67

90.23

18.18

323.20

10.39

184.48

4.68

4.07

11.08

19.47

55.60

38.46

70.44

58.94

46.12

24.94

6.01

6.73

6.33

10

9

9

7

5

4

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

24.23

12.88

19.67

1.72

35.48**

8.46

26.42**

6.62

0.28

1.72

0.52

8.16

10.17

3.42

2.47

1.69

1.72

1.82

0.87

0.44

67.05*

32.10**

33.35**

2.01

53.10*

2.54

8.47

2.40

0.13

1.68

1.96

6.64

12.05

2.40

9.06

1.91

2.20

0.87

0.60

1.89

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

3Max of Abundance mln/cells/m

Max of 3 Biomass mg/m

Figure 4. Maximum number and biomass (mln.cells/3m3; mg/m ) of Ch. curvisetus per month in the

period 2008 – 2010

3Average of Abundance mln. cells/m3Average of Biomass mg/m

Figure 3. Average monthly values of number3 3(mln.cells/m ) and biomass (mg/m ) of the genus

Chaetoceros, 2008-2010

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

94

3and 153.36 mg/m ) and coincided with the peaks in the development of phytoplankton stocks (number and biomass) in the coastal waters. (Petrova et al., 2013). Annual average monthly value of the

3 3number and biomass was 73.71 mln.cells/m and 107.90 mg/m respectively (Figure 3).

With the highest abundance and biomass for the period studied was registered the species Ch. curvisetus (the most widespread and

6 3 3common of this genus) – 973.20 x10 cells/m and 2062.69 mg/m (Bay of Varna, station B-5, 0m, May) (Figure 4). Its maximum percent of participation in the phytoplankton coenosis was 24.23% in number and 67.05% in biomass (B-5, 17m, May). The statistical distribution of number and biomass of Ch. curvisetus was focused

3 3mostly up to 200 (mln. cells/m ; mg/m ). The percentage contribution of the species in number and biomass was mostly up to 10% (Statistica 10).

The other species with intensive development: Ch. insignis, Ch. compressus and Ch. affinis were identified with numbers between

3406.98 ÷ 108.80 mln.cells/m and biomass between 323.20 ÷ 3184.48 mg/m (Table 1 and Figure 5).

An annual trend of reduction of the percentage share in biomass and abundance of the genus Chaetoceros was recorded (Figure 6 a, b). The maximum number of its presence in the phytoplankton was registered in July – 40.50% (G-10, 10m), and the peak of biomass in May – 67.05% (B-5, 17m) (Figure 6 a). The average percent of participation was the highest also in July - 14.88% (in number) and in May 21.46% (in biomass) (Figure 6 b). Four maxima of the percent of participation of the genus Chaetoceros were observed during the year (March – December), in May, July, October and December (Figure 6 a, b).

The genus Chaetoceros had the highest share in forming the biomass of diatoms in March (35.24%), May (44.36%) and December (32.38%). In forming the number of diatoms its presence

When analyzing the horizontal distribution of the development was the highest in December (50.60%), September (40.82%) and of the genus, the stations where we recorded the highest level and December (26.14%) (Figure 7 a, b). The average monthly percent of amount of its participation (2008–2010) appeared to be in coastal participation of the genus Chaetoceros in the group of diatoms was waters – in front of c. Galata (G-10, 10m, May) 40.50% in number 21.14% in number and 21.94% in biomass (Figure 7 a, b). The and at Varna Bay (B-5 17 m, May) 67.05% in biomass. High average monthly presence of species of the genus in phytoplankton prevalence was also registered at the stations in front of Kranevo composition in coastal waters is relatively low - 6.39% in number and village (Midena ferma), in front of cape Maslen (Masl-20, 20 miles), 8.95% in biomass. Summing up, the genus Chaetoceros had the and in front of Kamchiya River (MF1) (Figure 8).highest share in the formation of the number of diatoms during the

The analysis of the vertical distribution of the genus second half of the year from July to December and for biomass it was Chaetoceros showed that its highest number, biomass and percent the period from December to May (Figure 7 b).

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

3Figure 5. Maximum number and biomass (mln.cells/m ;mg/m3) of Ch. insignis, Ch. compressus and Ch. affinis,2008 - 2010

3Ch.Insignis Max of Abundance mln/cells/m3Ch. Insignis Max of Biomass mg/m

3Ch. affinis Max of Abundance mln/cells/m3Ch. affinis Max of Biomass mg/m

3Ch. comressus Max of Ambundance mln/cells/m3Ch. compressus Max of Biomass mg/m

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Max % by abundance

A B

Max % by biomass

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Average % by abundance Average % by biomass

Figure 6. Maximum - a) and average values - b) of percentage share of the genus Chaetoceros in relation to the totalnumber in a sample by months, 2008 – 2010

95

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Average % byabundance, Ch.

A B

Average % bybiomass, Ch.

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Average % by abundance Chaet/Bacill byAbundance

Figure 7. Comparison of the average percent of participation in the phytoplankton of genus Chaetoceros and classBacillariophyceae - a), and the degree of involvement of the genus Chaetoceros towards the development of class Bacillariophyceae - b)

Average % of Biom. Bacill. Average % of Abun. Bacill.

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Average % by abundance

3Average of Sum of N mln kl/m

Average % by biomass

3Average of Sym of Biomass mg/m

Max % by abundance

3Max of Sum of N mln kl/m

Max % by biomass

3Max of Sum of Biomass mg/m

B.z

alN

1B

.zal

N14

B.z

alN

2B

.zal

N3

B-1

B-1

0B

-2B

-3B

-4B

-5B

-6B

-7B

-9E

-1E

-10

E-3

G-1

G-1

0G

-20

G-3

iuje

n pl

ajK

-1K

-10

K-2

0K

-3M

F1

MF

3M

F6

Mid

ena_

ferm

apl

. Poc

hivk

aE

min

e-15

Mas

l-3E

min

e-5

Soz

-4S

oz-3

Pom

-21

Soz

-5A

ht-6

Mas

l-20

B.z

alN

1B

.zal

N14

B.z

alN

2B

.zal

N3

B-1

B-1

0B

-2B

-3B

-4B

-5B

-6B

-7B

-9E

-1E

-10

E-3

G-1

G-1

0G

-20

G-3

iuje

n pl

ajK

-1K

-10

K-2

0K

-3M

F1

MF

3M

F6

Mid

ena_

ferm

apl

. Poc

hivk

aE

min

e-15

Mas

l-3E

min

e-5

Soz

-4S

oz-3

Pom

-21

Soz

-5A

ht-6

Mas

l-20

A

B

3 3Figure 8. Dynamics of percentage shares - a), and the quantitative values (mln.cells/m ; mg/m ) - b), of thegenus Chaetoceros per station, 2008 – 2010

96

of participation in the phytoplankton were concentrated in the photosynthesis in the Black Sea during summer months the surface water layer from 0 to 20 m and the maximum levels (mln. maximum phytoplankton growth is at about 25m (Angelov, 1971),

3 3 showed its significance as a primary producer in the Black Sea cells/m ; mg/m ) occurred in the layer 0–1 m (Figure 9). There were coastal ecosystem.also characteristic peaks of development in the near bottom

horizons (Figure 9a) which were most probably related to the mechanism of formation of resting spores and cells under adverse environmental conditions and the growth of the population of them Conclusionunder favorable ones, which is characteristic of the life cycle of the representatives of the genus (Figure 9). It was estimated that spores In the period 2008 – 2010 in the Bulgarian coastal waters of of the typical marine genus Chaetoceros formed 50% of the Black Sea were registered 20 species and forms of the genus sediments in coastal areas and in the northern Pacific Ocean Chaetoceros. They formed up to 1/3 of the taxonomic composition of (Temniskova and Stoyneva, 2011). diatoms and 1/10 of all phytoplankton species. The highest species

The data analysis for the development of the genus diversity, abundance and biomass of the genus were in the autumn Chaetoceros (2008 – 2010) demonstrated its significant share in the and spring – a bimodal pattern of annual growth. In phytocoenosis taxonomic composition of the class Bacillariophyceae (1/3 of all dominated and sub-dominated only five species, Ch. curvisetus and species) and its humble contribution in the total phytoplankton Ch. insignis dominated in biomass. Chaetoceros sp. and Ch. composition, 1/10 of all species. Comparable to the above figures compressus were detected among the subdominants in biomass. was also its percentage share in the formation of phytoplankton Domination in number was not registered. In the group of abundance and biomass. Indicative for its role in the second stage of subdominants in number occurred only Ch. insignis and Ch. affinis. development of phytoplankton seasonal successions (Raymond, Most species evolved only among the group of "the present" in the 1980; Petrova et al, 2013) in the coastal waters were also the community. Percentage contribution of the species of the genus identified periodic peaks in the percentage involvement of the genus Chaetoceros in phytoplankton coenosis showed four peaks during during the months of May, July and October. the year – in May, July, October and December. Its maximum

Autotrophity of the genus and its concentration in the 20 m presence in number was registered in July (40.50%), and the peak of surface water layer, above the compensation point for biomass in May (67.05%). Dominance of quantitative values

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3Average of Sum of N mln kl/m 3Average of Sym of Biomass mg/m3Max of Abundance mln cells/m 3Max of Biomass mg/m

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18.5 19 20 22 23 25 32 38 40 42 50 52 65 80

0 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

18.5 19 20 22 23 25 32 38 40 42 50 52 65 80

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3 3Figure 9. Dynamics of the percentage shares - a), and quantitative values (mln.cells/m ; mg/m ) - b), in depth (m)of the genus Chaetoceros, 2008 – 2010

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(number and biomass) of the genus was registered in the special intercalary setae in Korean coastal waters. Algae, 26, 2, 153-anthropogenic loaded water areas as Varna Bay and in front of c. 165.Galata. The vertical distribution of the species was mainly in the Lobo E and Leighton G, 1986. Estructuras comunitarias de las surface water layer from 0 to 20 m. "Blooms" of representatives of fitocenosis planctonicas de los sistemas de desembocaduras de the genus Chaetoceros during 2008–2010 were not established. rios y esteros de la zona central de Chile. Revista de Biologia

Marinha, vol. 22, 1-29.Moncheva S and Parr B, 2010. Manual for Phytoplankton Sampling and Analysis in the Black Sea, 68.ReferencesMorozova-Vodyanitskaya NV, 1954. Phytoplankton of the Black Sea, part II. Proceedings of the Sevastopol Biological Station, VIII, Angelov A, 1971. General Hydrobiology. Science and Art, Sofia, 11-99 (Ru) .326 (Bg).Proshkina-Lavrenko AI, 1955. Planktonic diatoms of the Black Black Sea Phytoplankton checklist, 2011.Sea. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Colton J, Hannach G, Stark K, Bourbonais K and Elliott C, 2008. Moscow-Leningrad, 222 (Ru). King County Marine Phytoplankton Monitoring Program, Sampling Raymond JEG, 1980. Plankton and productivity in the oceans. 1- and Analysis Plan.Phytoplankton. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 489 pp. Edler L, 1979. Recommendations for marine biological studies in Rines JEB and Hargraves PE, 1987. The seasonal distribution of the Baltic Sea phytoplankton and chlorophyll. Baltic Marine the marine diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehr. in Narragansett Bay, Biologists, 5-38.Rhode Island (1981–1982). Journal of Plankton Research, 9, 5, 917-Ferrario M, Hernández-Becerril DU and Garibotti I, 2004. 933 doi:10.1093/plankt/9.5.917Morphological study of the marine planktonic diatom Chaetoceros Rines JEB and Hargraves PE, 1988. The Chaetoceros Ehrenberg castracanei Karsten (Bacillariophyceae) from Antarctic waters, with (Bacillariophyceae) flora of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U.S.A. a discussion on its possible taxonomic relationships. Botanica Bibliography and Phycology; 79,1-196.Marina, 47, 349-355.Shevchenko OG and Orlova Tyu, 2010. Morphology and ecology Guiry MD and Guiry GM, 2013. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic of the bloom-forming diatom Chaetoceros contortus from Peter the publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, Hasle GR and Syvertsen EE, 1996. Marine diatoms. In Tomas, C. 36,243-251.R. (Ed.) Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates. Academic Temniskova DN and Stoyneva MP, 2011. Algology, I and II, Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 5-385.Pensoft, Sofia, 1140 pp. (Bg).Hernández-Becerril DU, 1996. A morphological study of Vanlandingham SL, 1968. Catalogue of the fossil and recent Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyta) from the plankton of the genera and species of diatoms and their synonyms, Part II. Pacific Ocean of Mexico. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural Bacteriastrum through Coscinodiscus. Verlag von J. Cramer, Lehre, History (Bot.) 26,1-73.pp. 494-1086.Lee SD and Lee JH, 2011. Morphology and taxonomy of the WoRMS, 2013. World Register of Marine Species.planktonic diatom Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyceae) with

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Blue-green coloured eggs in Gallus gallus domesticusH. Lukanov

Investigation on the resistance of doubled haploid sunflower lines to some biotic factorsM. Drumeva, P. Yankov, N. Nenova, P. Shindrova

Usage of cluster analysis for grouping hybrids and evaluation of experimental mutant maize hybridsM. Ilchovska, I. Ivanova

Biological fertility and milk yield in Bulgarian Dairy Synthetic Population sheep according to breeding lineN. Stancheva, I. Dimitrova, S. Georgieva

In vivo digestibility of cereal-based diets supplemented with sunflower vs. rapeseed mealM. Yossifov, L. Kozelov

Histometrical parameters in third eyelid (Harderian) gland of the common pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus Colchicus)D. Dimitrov

Studies on some cherry clonal rootstocks in nurseryG. Dobrevska

Parameters of "yield – irrigation depth" relationship for sunflower grown in the region of Plovdiv A. Matev, R. Petrova

Optimization of thickness of thermal insulation for roofs of turkey's housesR. Georgiev, V. Dimova, K. Peichev, Р. Georgiev

Sulfo technology for multiplication of sunflower hybrids resistant to tribenuron metil-based herbicidesC. Melucă, N. Pîrvu, T. Nistor, R. Sturzu, A. Stoilova

Influence of universal liquid fertilizer MaxGrow on yield and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivar Progress G. Panayotova, A. Stoyanova

CONTENTS 1 / 2

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Effect of different types of main soil tillage on the vertical distribution of maize seeds in the soil layer and on the development of the plantsP. Yankov, M. Drumeva

Analysis of energy consumption for artificial lighting of rooms for fattening of pigsV. Katsarov, K. Peychev

Influence of Herbagreen mineral fertilizer on seed production of cucumber, melon and zucchiniN. Velkov, V. Petkova

Soil properties and salt content of soil from Inland salt meadow near Radnevo townM. Todorova, N. Grozeva, D. Dermendgieva

Botanical composition of the main pasture types in Sakar and Strandja regionV. Vateva, K. Stoeva, D. Pavlov

New data for Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus (Agaricaceae) in BulgariaM. Lacheva

Development and characteristics of accessions of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter in the South DobrudjaH. Stoyanov

Possible adverse effects of tetracyclines on the human health and the environment

Y. Koleva, T. Dimova, G. Angelova

Contemporary assessment of the development of the genus Chaetoceros in the Bulgarian coastal watersD. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov, G. Kostadinova

Ecological assessment of the phytoplankton community in the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal waters D. Petrova, G. Kostadinova, D. Gerdzhikov

Biopolymer matrix systems for incorporation of biologically active substancesS. Dyankova, A. Solak

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

CONTENTS 2 / 2

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Instruction for authors

Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *.Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable

tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =

Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.EthicsStudies performed on experimental animals should be carried out according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. That should be clearly described in the respective section “Material and methods”.

Volume 6, Number 1March 2014