Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia

CSIRO Twenty-fourth Annual Report

CSIRO Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1971/72

This Report of the work of the CommonwealthScientific and Industrial Research Organizationfor the year ending 30 June 1972 has beenprepared as required by Section 30of the Science and Industry ResearchAct 1949-1968.

The Executive gratefully acknowledges thevaluable help that CSIRO has received fromCommonwealth and State government departmentsand instrumentalities, the Australian universities,members of primary and secondary industries,private individuals, and overseas institutions.

The Executive also wishes to thank those whohave made their knowledge and experience freely *available to the Organization by serving onits Committees or by personal advice.

J . R. Price (Chairman)V. D. BurgmannC. S. ChristianM. F. C. DayD. L.Ford - - - - - - _L. LewisE. P. S. RobertsH. B. SomersetE. J. Underwood

!>'

VI

CSIRO, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganization, was established by the Science and Industry ResearchAct of 1949.

Under the Act, CSIRO replaced the former Council for Scientificand Industrial Research established in 1926.

The powers and functions of CSIRO are:

the carrying out of scientific research for the promotion of primaryand secondary industries in the Commonwealth and its Territories

the training of scientific research workers and the awarding ofstudentships

the making of grants in aid of scientific research

the recognition and support of research associations

the maintenance of the Commonwealth standards of measurement

the dissemination of scientific and technical information

the publication of scientific and technical reports. '

CSIRO is governed by an Executive of five full-time members andfour part-time members. The Executive is responsible to theMinister for Education and Science for the policy and work of theOrganization.

For carrying out research, CSIRO is divided into a number ofDivisions. Each Division is under the control of a Chief and eachChief is responsible to the Executive for the activities of hisDivision, within the limits of the funds allocated and the generalpolicy decisions made, by the Executive.

The Executive is assisted in the development, administration, andimplementation of its policies by a Secretariat comprising anAdministrative Branch, an Agricultural and Biological SciencesBranch, and an Industrial and Physical Sciences Branch. TheSecretariat is headed by an Executive Officer and each Branch isunder the control" of a Secretary.

J -L..... '& i fif , i '.'L,.

Contents

General 7

Research 14

Advisory Council 47

State Committees 47

Staff 49

Finance 66

During the year radio astronomers from theDIVISION OF RADIOPHYSICS discovered two organiccompounds in interstellar space using the64-metre radio telescope at Parkes, New SouthWales, and found a new spectral line from athird (see story on page 43). Three-dimensionalmodels of the molecules are shown opposite.They are, from left to right, acetaldehyde,thioformaldehyde, and methyleneimine.

In order to detect signals from organicmolecules, it is usually necessary to operate atwavelengths shorter than 10 cm—the wavelengthrequired in the original 1955 specification for the64-metre telescope This has been achieved bythe installation of an improved reflecting skindesigned and constructed by the Division out to adiameter of 33 metres (the white-painted section).The telescope now operates with precision atwavelengths as short as 1 cm

The expertise gained from radio astronomy isbeing turned to novel applications of antennadesign and electronics. The Division us currentlydeveloping, in collaboration with the Departmentof Civil Aviation, a new-generation instrumentlanding system for aircraft which uses microwaves(see story on page 9)

CoverA remote weather station on the fringe of theSimpson Desert, central Australia The station,which records information on wind speed, winddirection, and rainfall, is part of a networkestablished by the RANGELANDS RESEARCH UNIT

to find out more about the climate of andAustralia. The information obtained by thestation is aba being used by the University ofNew South Wales in sand dune studies.

t Mr. Malcolm Fraser succeeded Mr. 'David Fairbâirn as Minister, for •Education and Science in August 1971,following the appointment of Mr. •Fairbairn as Minister for Defence. °Mr. Fraser was previously Minister for-Education and Science from 1968 10 '

. 1969.

General

Finance

The table below summarizes the sourcesof CSIRO funds for 1971/72 and thecategories of expenditure. Aboutfour-fifths of CSIRO's income for theyear was provided directly by theCommonwealth Government. Theremainder was contributed by trustfunds concerned with the wool, meat,wheat, dairying, tobacco, fishing, anddried iruns industries and by individualcompanies, Australian and overseasgovernment instrumentalities, and private

foundations. The trust funds constitutemore than four-fifths of the contributoryfunds received by the Organization.Most of the funds are derived from alevy on produce supported by aCommonwealth Governmentcontribution.

In addition to the money that CSIROreceived from the Government and fromindustry and other contributors, some$4-4 million was spent by the Common-wealth Departments of Works and theInterior on buildings and ether worksfor CSIRO and the acquisition of land.

Source of Salaries and Grants for Capital worksfunds general running studentships and services,

expenses and grants to and major itemsoutside bodies of equipment

Total

Treasuryappropriation,includingrevenue 50,747,210 1,661,297 1,539,866 53,948,373

Wool ResearchTrust Fund <->

Meat ResearchTrust Account

Wheat ResearchTrust Account

Dairy ProduceResearch TrustAccount

Tobacco IndustryTrust Account

Fishing IndustryResearch TrustAccount s

Dried FruitsResearch TrustAccount f

Other ,,contributors

Total

7,368,781

1,565,071 —

194,064 —

303,616 —

267,783 —

h 12,699 « ' —

22,448 —

2.282.&15 —

367,709

48,131

284

—

471

7,735,990

1,613,202

194,348

303,616

268,254

633,13062,864,288 1,661,297 2,589,091

112,699

22,448

2,915,74567,114,675

Expenditure on investigations, 1971/72

Treasury funds

During 1971/72 CSIRO spent $50-7million irom Treasury funds on salariesand general running expenses, anincrease of $6-6 million over the previousyear's expenditure in this category.Most of the additional money wascommitted to inescapable increases suchas salary adjustments arising fromArbitration determinations.

The remainder of the increase wasallocated as follows:$471,000 was used to assist in theredeployment of 54 members of staffwhose salaries in the past had beenfinanced from wool and dairy funds.Both funds were unable to supportresearch at the 1970/71 levels of activity.$176,000 was allocated to developmajor projects initiated in earlier years.The most important activities in thiscategory were research on mineralexploration, rock mechanics, grainstorage, and prawns in northern Austra-lian waters. $107,000 was allocated tofour new projects which commencedduring the year. The projects wereconcerned with water purification, tickresistance in beef cattle, beef cattlefertility, and standards' of noise.

Other funds

The amount of finance available toCSIRO from the Wool Research TrustFund was some $450,000 less than theamount which had been sought by theExecutive and which was considered bythe Executive to be the minimum sumnecessary to maintain the Organization'swool research, programme at its 1970/71level In view of this the Executivefound it necessary to reduce its woolresearch programme by the redeploy-ment of 50 members of staff. ;' "

The funds available from the-DauyResearch Trust Account were alsolimited during 1971/72 and the Jywtn-

lian Dairy Produce Board was obligedto make reductions in the Organiza-tion's dairy research proposals. It wasnecessary, therefore, to transfer fourmembers of staff previously engaged ondairy manufacturing problems to worknot directly concerned with the dairyindustry.

A sum of $100,000 was providedfrom the Fishing Industry ResearchTrust Account for research on prawnsin northern Australian waters. Thisfinance has been used principally for thecharter of fishing boats and light aircraft.

Landing system for aircraft

It was announced in May 1972 that theDepartment of Civil Aviation wouldprovide CSIRO widi $130,000 during1972/73 for the first phase of a researchprogramme by the DIVISION OF

RADIOPHYSICS to develop a new instru-ment landing system for aircraft. Asimilar amount will be allocated tothe project by CSIRO. The Division,and the Department believe that amicrowave landing system suitable forinternational use can be based on anantenna of novel design that arose fromthe Division's research in radioastronomy. In the view of the Depart-ment, the Division's antenna designpromises to have important advantagesin meeting the requirements for a newsystem.

A more flexible system'than thatcurrently used, will be needed to copewith the rising volume of air traffic, toexercise precise control of flight pathsin the interests of noae abatement, andto accommodate the expected introduc-tion of 'short take-off and landing'aircraft. Such a system will have totake into account multiple approaches,curved flight paths, and a variety ofelevation angles vVlt will also have to becapable of guiding aircraft onto arunway in conditions of low, even zero

. W 7i

visibility. These requirements are mostlikely to be met by the use of anextremely high frequency in themicrowave band.

The International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) has laid downthe operational requirements for a newsystem and has recommended thatmember States of ICAO begin develop-ing microwave instrument landingsystems for initial assessment early in ,1973. Microwave instrument landingsystems will probably be introduced tothe world's airports towards the end ofthis decade. Irrespective of whether theAustralian system is adopted interna-tionally, the joint research projectbetween CSIRO and the Departmentof Civil Aviation will provide Australiawith the necessary technological back-ground to carry out the design, installa-tion, and operation of such a system inthis country.

Grant from BHP

The Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd hasagreed to a grant of $i00,000 to CSIROto support further research bn the pro-duction of electrode carbon from naturalgas. The money will be used to financeconstruction of a large-scale experi-mental rig at the Port Melbournelaboratories of the DIVISION OF MINERAL

CHEMISTRY.

Last year's Annual Report described aprocess developed by the DIVISION OF

MINERAL CHEMISTRY for producingelectrode carbon by cracking natural gasand other hydrocarbons at temperaturesof about 1100°C in a moving-bedreactor. A reactor at die Division'sSydney Laboratories has producedelectrode grade carbon which is beingtestfcl at the bench scale for use manodes for die production of aluminium,lite experimental rig, planned i«r Port

cient capacity (about 10 kilogrammesan hour) to produce large samples ofcarbon for full-scale anode tests and toobtain technical data for the design of acommercial plant.

Electrode carbon used by Australianaluminium smelters is imported atpresent in the form of petroleum cokeat a cost of $3 million a year. If theproject proves successful, Australianuse of electrode carbon by the lateseventies could account for a quantity ofgas equivalent to the natural gas needsof Melbourne.

Drought study

A bequest of $18,000 to CSIRO from theestate of former grazier, Mr. ArthurSulman, of Forrest, A.C.T., will be usedto finance a two-year postdoctoralfellowship on droughts.

The Fellow to be appointed will workin close collaboration with the Common-wealth Government's InterdepartmentalDrought Study Group and will besupervised by the Leader of CSIRO'sRangelands Research Unit.

The Study Group was set up in 1970by a committee of the AustralianAgricultural Council to investigate thelonger-term aspects of drought andimprove, knowledge of droughts, theirrecognition and occurrence, and theirbiological and economic consequencesat farmer, regional, State, and nationallevels. The Group considers that themain research need at present is to

j consolidate existing knowledge into an! overall picture as a basis for assessing ,,, management strategies and administra-

tive decisions.Initially, the study will involve a

! selected area having a single industry,I a tingle rainfall season, and a simple

soil and vegetation pattern. But laterdie study could be extended to othert*ggioro repraeottnga variety of industries

t)

Above Stored Grain Research Laboratory, Black Mountain, Canberra.

Below This model shows how the proposed National Standards Laboratory will look when viewedfrom the north-west. The buildings have been designed by the Commonwealth Department of Worksand the expected total cost of the project is in the order of $16 million.

Buildings

The largest project in the Organization'sbuilding programme is the new labora-tory complex to rehouse the NATIONAL,

STANDARDS LABORATORY. Tenders havebeen called for the main building andall services, and construction is expectedto begin within the first half of the nextfinancial year. The 73-acre site for thelaboratory complex is at Bradfield Park,seven miles north-west of Sydney.Preparatory site work costing approxi-mately $300,000 has been completed.

Tenders for the following buildingswere let during 1971/72:ANIMAL GENETICS—Poultry breedinghouse at North Ryde, Sydney. $106,000.ANIMAL HEALTH—Rehabilitation oflaboratories vacated on completion ofnew wing at Animal Health ResearchLaboratory, Parkvillc, Melbourne.$122,000.

CHEMICAL PHYSICS—Extensions to existinglaboratory buildings at Clayton,Melbourne. $370,000.PASTORAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

Extension to Pastoral Research Labora-tory, Townsville, Queensland, to provideadditional accommodation for thevarious Divisions located there. $670,000.

Majdf^projects completed during the 'year include:ANIMAL HEALTH—Extension to AnimalHealth Research 'Laboratory, Parkville,Melbourne. $470,000. Tuberculosisisolation unit, large animals isolationunits, and extension to small animalsbuilding. $315,000 Of this amount$97,000 was provided from,the MeatResearch Trust Account. ,AFJPUED OKOMZCHANics—Rock mechanicslaboratory, Syndal, Melbourne. $215,000.BLACK MOUKTÇAW UBRARY—This library ,. 'sent* all the ï^falfoni located at •Blade Mountain, paaberra, with tfce

. ; ' • / '• i

«MKiiotooY—«toc«d Grain

Laboratory, Canberra. Funds for thisproject were made available by theAustralian Wheat Board. $305,000.FOOD RESEARCH—Extension to laboratoryand library at North Ryde, Sydney.$302,000.MINERAL CHEMISTRY—Stage tWO o f

development laboratory at Garden City,Port Melbourne. $125,000.MINERALS RESEARCH LABORATORY

Laboratory at North Ryde, Sydney, forthe Divisions of Mineral Chemistryand Mineralogy and the Mineral PhysicsSection. $2,160,000.

Executive member

Dr. D. L. Ford, Chief Research Chemistof Union Carbide Australia Ltd, wasappointed a part-time member of theExecutive in November 1971. Dr.Ford's appointment filled the vacancycreated by the retirement from theExecutive of Dr. K. L. Sutherland,Research Director for the Colonial SugarRefining Company. Dr,. Sutherland hadserved on the Executive since 1965.

In recent years Dr. Ford has been amember of the Council of the Universityof New South Wales and a member of

J iits Academic Committee and its FinanceSub-Committee. He played a leadingrole in the early stages of the develop-ment of teaching hospitals for theUniversity of New South Wales. From1967 to 1969 he was a member of theAustralian Research Grants Committee.

Environmental physics

JnJuly 1971 the DIVISION OFMETEORO-

LOGICAL PHYSICS was renamed thebrVTSIOM OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS a n d

was grouped together with the DIVISION

OF BHVXRQNMZNTAJ. MECHANICS a s t h e

(NVfRONMSm-AI. 0PHV31C* KBSBARCH

fg Thejpurpose of this moveW» «Hffliiy all CSIRO research con-« d i h h hysical processes

controlling weather (both global andlocal), the experimental modification ofweather by techniques such as rain-making, the interaction of plants withtheir environment, and atmosphericaspects of pollution. Dr. C. H. B.Priestley, formerly Chief of the DIVISION

OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, was appointedChairman of the Laboratories.

Subsequently it was decided that inJuly 1972 the ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

RESEARCH LABORATORIES should berestructured to include a DIVISION OF

CLOUD PHYSICS. This Division wasformed from the former Cloud PhysicsSection of the DIVISION OF ATMOSPHERIC

PHYSICS.

Coastal plains

The administration of the CoastalPlains Research Station south of Darwinhas been transferred from the DIVISION

OF LAND RESEARCH to the NorthernTerritory Administration. CoastalPlains was established in 1959 when theAdministration invited CSIRO to set upa research programme to assess therice-growing potential of the NorthernTerritory's subcoastal plains. This workhas now been largely completed.Agronomic research on rice will betransferred to the Kimberley ResearchStation at Kununurra, WesternAustralia. A programme of rice breedingand variety testing will, however, becontinued for the time being at CoastalPlains under the direction of Mr. £. C. B.Langfield.

The Animal Industry and AgricultureBranch of the Administration plans touse the facilities at Coastal Plains toexpand pasture investigations on thesubcoastal plains and on the adjoininghigher country. The Station will operatein conjunction with the adjacent |Beatrice Hills Experiment Farm to forma major regional agricultural researchcentre.

13

Work by the DIVISION OF LAND

RESEARCH at the Station has includedresearch on rice breeding, soil suitability,aerial seeding, fertilizer requirements,weed and insect pest control, anddiseases of rice. Novel methods ofpuddling rice lands under naturalflooding have been developed in additionto traditional irrigation methods. New,high-yielding rice types have beenintroduced from the International RiceResearch Institute in the Philippines,and some locally bred varieties are alsopromising.

The Division's work has shown thatlarge quantities of irrigation waterwould be necessary for commercial riceproduction in the area and this couldonly be provided as a result of heavycapital investment.

Committee reports

During the year the Executive received areport on the Organization's woolproduction and wool textile researchprogrammes from an independentcommittee under the chairmanship ofMr. L. W. Weickhardt. The committeewas set up by the Executive to helpclarify the research needs of the woolindustry and to evaluate CSIRO'scontribution to those needs. TheExecutive also received reports fromtwo CSIRO committees which it hadset up to examine problems relating towool harvesting and diversification fromwool production.

. « *A II.

Research

In a report of this size it is not possible to give a full account of all qfCSIRO's currentinvestigations. This section contains one or two items of interest from each Division and isdesigned to show something of the wide range ofCSIRO's research activities. More comprehensiveinformation on the Organization's current research activities can be obtained from the separateannual reports published by each Division.

Townsville stylo seed is good feed ,

During the winter dry season in northernAustralia, cattle on Townsville stylo pastures ,seek out the seed. At a time when other plantmaterial is dead and of low nutritive valuethis seed provides excellent feed.

Chemical analyses by the DIVISION OFTROPICAL PASTURES have shown thatTownsville stylo seed is rich in protein(40-45%), phosphorus (0-4-0 -8%), andsulphur (0-3-0-5%), the levels ofphosphorus and sulphur being propor-tional to the amount of superphosphateapplied to the pasture. These nutrientconcentrations are far higher than thosefound in grasses and the mature dryfoliage of Townsville stylo during the drywinter. More than 50% of the totalphosphorus and sulphur in the plant istransferred to the seed at maturity.

As yields of intact seed pods in thefield are high (about 450 pounds anacre or 504 kilogrammes a hectare) theseed represents a substantial source ofstored, weather-resistant feed of high -quality, tip to 80% of the seed, butonly 14% of the pod, Is digested'bycattle. Experiments in conjunction withthe Chemistry Department of the JamesCook University of North Queélâk$td<indicate that the difference is due to thehigh concentration of structura]carbohydrates in the pod. -"

Another experiment involved feedingsheep and cattle on nothing but intactseed pods. The pods proved to be animportant source of dietary protein,phosphorus, sulphur, and calcium andhad a high level of digestible energy(55-60%). When cattle were feddifferent quantities of intact seed podstogether with unrestricted amounts oflow-quality grass hay, it was found thatfeeding 1 pound (0-48 kg) a day of thepods increased consumption of hay by30% and live weight gain by 1 pounda day.

Improving the quality of tropicalpastures

Milk production from grazing dairy cows isbeing used to measure the quality of differenttropical pasture species and mixtures.' I

i /

While tropical pastures,produce substan-tially higher yields than temperatepastures, they generally produce lower-quality herbage. Since 1966 thePYTHON OF TROPICAL PASTURES has been[evaluating the quality of various pastureiplants in terms of milk production bygrazing dairy cattle. This work hasreVealed important differences in milkproduction from grasses at comparablestages of growth. For example, young

pangola is superior to rhodes grass andKazungula setaria, and spring growth ofSetaria splendida and pangola is betterthan spring growth of kikuyu and othersetarias. Another significant finding isthat in tropical species the decline ofquality with increasing maturity is muchmore rapid in grasses than in legumes.This is a decisive factor in planning themanagement and integrated use of grass-legume pastures with nitrogen-fertilizedgrass swards for both dairy and beefcattle.

The Division found important varia-tions in milk composition among cowsgrazing different pastures. On poorer-quality feeds, milk yield is depressedowing mainly to a low intake of diges-tible energy. At the same time thepercentage butterfat increases while thepercentage of solids-not-faï, particularlyprotein and casein, decreases. Thecomposition of the fat is also ^hanged.When the intake of digestible energy islow, the animals arc forced to draw ontheir reserves of body fat resulting in ahigher than usual proportion of long-chain fatty acids in the milk. Thesechanges in milk composition cause somedifficulty in processing milk into cheese.

Increasing barley yields

Barley yields can be increased on water-repellent sands by sowing the seed at thebottom of specially contoured furrows.- -

Large areas of sandy soil in southern andwestern Australia, resist the penetrationof rain water In these areas rainmerely wets the surface of much of thesoil, only penetrating here and there innarrow columns. In severe cases the dryareas between these columns are lltilldry at the end of a wet winter. ;

The DIVISION OF sonj estimates that insouthern, Australia thete water-repellent

sands depress crop yield on more thanone million acres of land that receiveadequate rainfall for cereal production.Seeds germinate readily on those areaswhere rain has been able to penetratethe soil after sowing, but on the dry,hard-to-wet patches germination isdelayed. Although seeds may continueto sprout on these drier areas throughoutthe winter as adequate moisture reachesthem, they dry off" too early in spring toproduce much grain.

Experiments with water-repellent sandsformed into ridges and troughs in smalltrays showed that rain water is shed tothe troughs and penetrates the soil fromthere. Barley seeds sown in the troughsgerminated readily but those in thecrests remained dry and did notgerminate!

This method was tested in the field atKaroonda in South Australia in 1971.Plots where barley seeds were planted atthe bottom of specially contouredfurrows yielded 1200 kilogrammes ahectare (1072 lb an acre) compared withonly 500 kilogrammes a hectare (447 lban acre) where seeds were sown in thecrests. However, the resultant plantdensities indicated that yields would befurther increased if the germination ratecould be improved. The Division isattempting to do this by using wettingagents.

Thinning trees with chemicals

Chemical methods of controlling woodyregrowth of poplar box and other trees arebeing investigated as an alternative tonng-barkmg and 'sucker bashing'.

A typical eucaiypt troublesome ongrazing land is poplar box, commonlyfound in semi-arid woodlands insouthern Queensland and northern NewSouth Wales—sometimes at densities of

more than 400 stems an acre. Thepoplar box trees stifle the growth ofnative grasses, even after quite heavyfalls of rain, and increase the cost ofmustering.

In the Australian pioneering tradition,extensive areas of poplar box have beenring-barked or sucker-bashed to enhancegrass growth. Such treatments have beenonly partly effective because of thecapacity of the species to resprout fromdormant buds just below ground level.Mechanical clearing with bulldozers,although common, has many drawbackson land not destined for cropping orsown pasture. Often the trees snap offat ground level, enabling as many as 30shoots to resprout from one stem, andsuch vigorous regrowth is hard to kill.

Over the last few years, research bythe Woodland Ecology Unît of theDIVISION OF LAND RESEARCH has helped toalleviate. this_ «growth problemr-The"Unit has tested a wide range of chemicalsin south-western Queensland on proper-ties in the 20-25-inch-rainfall zone andcan now recommend suitable chemicaltreatments for controlling poplar boxand a number of other woody plants.One important finding has been thatchemical thinning promotes moreherbage growth than ringbarking does.But, unlike mechanical clearing, chemicaltreatment leaves the soil undisturbed so, that weeds do not flourish.- The Unit has highlighted the need forcareful application of the chemical. Manyfailures can be attributed to insuffi-cient chemical1 reaching the cambium(the region between the bark and thewood) ; sometimes, for instance, thechemical may merely lodge in the bark.Doses injected at the base of the treewere more effective than those applied °in axe cuts at waist height. "

The control of individual trees is onlythe first stage of a bask: study ingrass-woodland ecology. Already theUnit it taking advantage f A

finding that poplar box trees reducegrass production more than shrubs do.In fact, it hopes to develop ways of usingthe shrubs as a source of feed, particu-larly during droughts. Other studiesconcern the control of seedlings that maysprout in the chemically treated areas.In some cases the problem can be over-come by grazing with sheep, and inothers buffel grass can be sown.

Photosynthesis and the C4 pathway

The possession by certain plants of a specialchemical pathway for ike assimilation ofcarbon dioxide explains their high potential

for photosynthesis and growth and theirtolerance to water stress.

Carbon dioxide from.the.air and waterare thé two materials from which greenplants manufacture glucose and variousother carbohydrates by the process ofphotosynthesis. The incorporation ofcarbon dioxide into the glucose moleculetakes place in a series of chemical stepsknown as the Calvin cycle.

In recent years research at severalAustralian laboratories, including theDIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY, h a v e

shown that in a number of cropsincluding sugar-cane, maize, sorghum,and millet, as well as in several impor-tant pasture plants, the assimilation ofcarbon dioxide involves an additionalchemical pathway which has been calledthe C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway

In these C4 plants carbon dioxidefrom the air is first incorporated

1 into malic and aspartic acids. One or! other of these acids is transported to; specialized cells in the plant and broken! down to release carbon dioxide. The

carbon dioxide is then refixed by thechemical reactions of the Calvin cycle,the eventual products being starch andsugar. In C* plants, the Calvin cycle

At Mcrbein, Victoria, the DIVISION OF HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH is crossing both local and introducedgrape varieties to produce new varieties better suited to Australian conditions. The breeding programmecovers grapes for wine, dried fruit, and the table. More than 200 seedlings from various crosses arebeing raised each year but testing takes a long time as it could take 10 or more years to produce a newvariety. In the case of potential new wine varieties, small quantities of wine must be made to see if thefruit has the right characteristics. One of the new dried fruit varieties being tested gives high yields ofseedless black grapes similar to the Currant. Unlike the Currant, however, no special practices areneeded to induce fruit set and the ripe fruit is not split by rain. Another hybrid produces a sultana-likefruit with an attractive, mildly, acid flavour. The picture above shows a vine flower being emasculatedto provide & female parent for hybridization.

depends almost entirely on the carbon of growth, and they are drought-tolerant,dioxide produced by the breakdown of These characteristics >•£ C4 plants canmalic and aspartic acids, the Calvin be explained by the operation of a highlycycle makes little or no direct contri- efficient system for assimilating carbonbution to carbon dioxide assimilation , dioxide which permits high rates of

(Vpathway species have several photosynthesis even With very restrictedimportant characteristics that set them opening of stomata, the adjustable poresapart from Calvin cycle species;, they on the leaf surface through which bothhave a high potential for photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water vapour move,and growth, they prefer high liglit and Because of this, the cost of carbontemperature situations, they have a low dioxide assimilation in terms of waterrate of water usage relative to their rate Ion is minimized and the Calvin cycle

(1

can operate optimally by using thiscarbon dioxide after it has been releasedagain and concentrated in a specialcompartment of the leaf. By comparison,plants that possess only the Calvin cyclegenerally cannot assimilate carbondioxide as fast even when their stomataare fully opened. Therefore, they losemore water relative to the amount ofcarbon" dioxide assimilated. Further-more, when the supply of water islimited, they must reduce stomatalopening to survive. By so doing, carbondioxide intake, and therefore growth, arefurther reduced compared with C4 plants.

The discovery of the C4 pathway hasopened up the possibility of improvingthe performance and adaptation ofexisting agricultural species by hybridiz-ing Calvin cycle and C4-pathwayspecies. Another possible application isin the development of selective herbi-cides. Many noxious weeds are C4species. Chemical compounds thatspecifically inhibit one or other of theunique enzymes operating in the C4pathway would be most likely to showselective action against C4 species ofweeds in a crop with the Calvin cyclepathway.

Cmiehon dioxide and plant growthi

Day-to-day variations in the amount uj carbondioxide in the air have been shown to affectcrop growth.

Studies of plant growth in laboratorieswhere the environment can be controlled

.have shown that a plant's dry matterproduction increases with the concen-tration of carbon dioxide in the air. TheDIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANICS

has now demonstrated this relationshipin the field. At Deniliquin, New SouthWales, the Division monitored djry matterproduction in a wheat crop by measuring

the rate at which the crop absorbedcarbon dioxide from the air. A reductionof 40% in the rate of carbon dioxideabsorption was noted from one day tothe next when the average daytimeconcentration of carbon dioxide in theair decreased from about 340 parts of,carbon dioxide per million parts of air^g.p.m.) to 25û-p,p.nu----

Such day-to-day variations inatmospheric carbon dioxide concentra-tion appear to be associated with changesin the trajectories of air over the land.The concentration of carbon dioxide inair moving across the oceans is fairlyuniform at around 320 p.p.m. Air mov-ing over large industrial and urban areasmay gain carbon dioxide, but as ittravels for long distances over land itscarbon dioxide content iTiay be depletedthrough absorption by vegetation. Inthe Deniliquin observations the carbon-dioxide-depleted air had travelled formore than 1000 kilometres over land,crossing the coast about Brisbane, whilethe carbon-dioxide-rich air had travelledonly about 200 kilometres, crossing thecoast in the vicinity of Melbourne.

An analysis of the expected losses ofcarbon dioxide near the ground, atincreasing distances from the sea,indicates that in the spring and summerwhen there is rapid plant growth,surface concentrations of 250 p.p.m. orless might well be expected at largedistances inland (of the order of 1000kilometres). In inland Australia,availability of water is generally thelimiting factor to plant growth. In

1 those situations where water is available,however, these low concentrations ofcarbon dioxide could limit the potentialdry matter production of plants quiteconsiderably. < r '

The analysis fa being extended toexamine the influence of carbon dioxideabsorption by large vegetated landmasses on the'global balance of carbondioxide.

Recharging ground water

Recharge of ground water beneath the GamblerPlain of southeastern Australia andsouth-western Victoria is much less under pineforests than it is under pastures.

Earlier work by the DIVISION OF SOILS hasshown that the annual recharge of groundwater beneath the Gambier Plain isabout half a million acre feet. A pilot-study of recharge of the undergroundwater beneath a pine forest, however,revealed that the evaporation from theforest equalled the rainfall so that therecharge was zero.

Since pine plantations in the regionare extending, the Division decided toinvestigate the behaviour of a large tractof forest using two different methods.The water level in the porous, water-conducting rock beneath the GambierPlain oscillates throughout the year, andin the first method these oscillations wereused to study the relative rates ofrecharge beneath forest and pasture.This studyiiridicated that some rechargedoes occur- Beneath both forest andpasture, ,but beiieath forest it is less thanone-half of that occurring beneathpasture. \

In the 'second method the concentra-tion of tritium, the radioactive isotope ofhydrogen^ in rain water and in under-ground water was determined. Thetritium concentration of the undergroundwater is related to the time taken for rainwater to move through the soil, andhence to the recharge rate A series ofobservation wells extending from pastureto forest showed strikingly differenttritium concentration» beneath thé twoplant covers. Under some portions ofthe forest the age of the water was about36 years which is about the actiial ageof the trees. However, on average, it wasconcluded that some recharge occurredbeneath forest, but that the rate: was lessthan one-sixth of that under thé

surrounding pasture.The cause of the difference in size of

recharge as determined by these twomethods has not yet been resolved. Itmay be that the tritium study was carriedout in better-quality forest than the studybased on water levels and that the morevigorously growing trees used more waterso that the recharge below them was less.

Herbicide residues in the soil

The persistence in the soil of herbicide usedto control weeds in maize and sorghum cropscould harm the growth of other crops followingclosely in rotation. Factors affecting thepersistence of herbicide in the soil are beinginvestigated.

In the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areasof New South Wales, atrazine is widelyused to control weeds in crops of maizeand sorghum. Two closely relatedchemicals, simazine and propazine, areused v/ith other crops. Changingpatterns of land use in the area have ledto fears that atrazine might persist inthe soil long enough to harm crops suchas soya beans, rice, and vegetablesfollowing closely in rotation after maizeor sorghum.

At Griffith, the DIVISION OF IRRIGATION

RESEARCH has been investigating thefactors that affect the rate of breakdownof atrazine in the soil. One approachinvolved a series of laboratory experi-ments to measure the effect of acidityand temperature on the rate of dissipa-tion of atrazine from soil-free solutions.These, experimental results were com-pared with others from similar testsusing a contrasting range of Australiansoils: In general, the process was foundto be faster in soil than in the soil-freesolution.,-The Division is now seeking the factors

in soil that are responsible for accélérât-

i«

ing the loss of atrazine. Soilsterilization did not slow down this lossto any great extent, suggesting that soilmicrobes are not involved. TheDivision is now looking at other possiblefactors that may affect the breakdownof atrazine—for example, adsorption onclay particles or perhaps the action ofcatalysts such as iron oxides or humicacids.- So far, the results show that, even

within a small area, the persistence ofatrazine in the soil can be quite variable.Large differences are found betweensoil types, but température also plays acrucial role as persistence increasesmarkedly at low temperatures. Theseearly findings highlight the need forcareful use of the herbicide.

Controlling irrigation flows

Computational techniques have been developedfor investigating the design and operation ofirrigation systems.

In the day-to-day operation of a largeirrigation network, adjustments have tobe made to the piany regulatingStructures alongvlhe waterway to ensurethaï enqugh^Vater, at tbte right leyel,arrives at'each offtake point; Suchadjustments can be made relativelyeasily in times of steady demand andadequate .water supply. ' But the,;-operator needs much skill and ^experience to cape with sudden changesin the, demand formater,' for example ' ,after heavy rain., His operationalproblems become eyen more severe - •during droaghts—^particularly when °water must be sent along very longchannels, and wheu ihere are no , - r

supplementary buffer «OÏ age» )acar thet areas. - ', ' •

The Ifeftircof water in a duinoei syrtemcaa be predicted ^ meato «f Cbôiplex

1 mathematical equations, first developed --for the study of hammer in pipelines.Before the advent of computers,engineers used a series of simplifyingassumptions that made the equationseasier to* solve. Now the speed ofcomputers has made it feasible to solvethe equations in their complete form.

T h e DIVISION OF IRRIGATION RESEARCH

• has been using the fluctuating flowequations to investigate the operationsof large irrigation networks. In \particular, it has studied problems of

, water control in the Murray Riverbetween Lake Hume and the YarrawongaWeir, for along this section of the river,

• water is diverted to both Victoria andNew South Wales'. The Division solvedthe flow equations in a back-to-frontsequence: knowing the downstreamdemand pattern, it predicted, whatflovys must be released upstream 10.satisfy the downstream requirements.

The computational techniquesdeveloped by the Division provide avaluable tool for investigating both thedesign and the operation'of an irrigation-system. Correct settings for regulatingstructures can be predetermined for awide-range of operating conditions. Thiswould allow reservoir releases to beprogrammed to deliver correct flows—at the right time—at channel offtakes.The techniques could be adapted toinvestigate the feasibility of automaticoperation of an irrigation network.They could also be used for guiding theoperation of flood releases from reservoirs.

' i * "» i.'

I

Copper deficiency in cattle

An unusual type of copper deficiency has beendetected in seemingly healthy cattle. A simpleblood test has been developed to diagnose thecondition, which can be corrected by asubcutaneous injection of copper glycinate.

The occurrence of copper deficiencyof livestock in certain areas of Australiacan usually be related to soil type, andparticularly to the availability to plantsof copper, molybdenum, and sulphatecompounds in the soil. In some casesthere is simply too little copper in thepastures. In other cases high levelsof molybdenum and sulphate in thepasture can interfere with copper utili-zation by the animal, causing copperdeficiency even when there is no shortageof it in the pastures.

The symptoms of copper deficiency are.usually obvious and clear-cut. However,copper deficiency has recently beendetected by the DIVISION OF ANIMAL

HEALTH in seemingly healthy beef calvesin Gippsland, Victoria. Despite theabsence of any obvious symptoms, thecopper levels in the blood and liversof the calves clearly pointed to a copperdeficiency. Subcutaneous injectionsof copper glycinate markedly improvedthe calves' growth rates and overcamethe deficiency for a period of aboutfive months.

The Division found that changes incopper status, of the cattle could berelated to seasonal fluctuations in thecopper and molybdenum content of thepastures. Copper deficiency is usuallyassociated with alkaline soils, but thesecases of inapparent copper deficiencyoccurred on add soils. .

The Division has developed a simpleblood test for determining the copperstatus of an animal based on the factthat most copper in blood plasma occursin a protein called ceruioplasmin. Since

test doe* not measure other copper

substances, there is no need for extremecleanliness when taking the blood sample.Previous methods of determining copperstatus required great skill and care, bothin the taking of blood and liver samplesfrom the animal and in the subsequentlaboratory analysis. The ceruioplasminmethod lends itself to a general survey ofthe copper status of cattle and shouldhelp the Division obtain a better under-standing of how die complex relationsbetween soil, plant, and animal canaffect the copper requirements of grazingcattle.

Controlling tick fever in cattle

A single vaccination at weaning may be allthat is needed to protect cattle against tick

fever.

The microscopic blood parasite Babesiaargentina, which is responsible for themajority of outbreaks of tick fever ofcattle in Australia, is transmitted bycattle ticks. In heavily tick-infestedareas cattle are constantly exposed toinfection with this parasite and developan immunity to the symptoms of thedisease, that is, they show no obvioussymptoms of the disease even though dieparasite may be present in their blood.On the other hand, if an animal is 2 or3 years old before it becomes infectedwith the parasite, the results can be fatal.

Cattle owners have always beenworried lest eradication of ticks from anarea would "l?ad to an eventual loss ofimmunity to tick fever among theiranimals and leave the cattle vulnerableto the disease if ticks ever managed tore-establish themselves in the area. Insituations where tick numbers are beingkept down by dipping or pasture spelling,therefore, vaccination against tick feveris generally recommended. The currentpractice a that calves vaccinated at

under 1 year of age are re-vaccinated6—12 months later.

It has been known for some time thatcattle have a natural immunity to thedisease for the first 6-9 months of theirlife. Recent investigations by theDIVISION OF ANIMAL HEALTH have shown

that infection of these immune calvesduring this period with Babesia inducesan immunity to tick fever that will per-,sist for at least 4 years in the absence offurther infection by ticks. A singlevaccination at weaning (9 months of age)should therefore render most beef animalsimmune for life.

Diagnostic methods developed by theDivision make it possible to detect thelevel of infection in weaner animals. Useof these methods to calculate the rate atwhich infection occurs in a herd makes itpossible to estimate the future risk oftick fever in the herd and to identifythose animals in need of preventivevaccination.

Simulating animal parasites

The life cycle of an internal worm parasite ofsheep is being simulated by computer as an aidto devising improved measures for parasitecontrol.

T h e DIVISION OP COMPUTING RESEARCH h a sbeen collaborating with the DIVISION OF

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY in developing acomprehensive mathematical model ofthe various stages in the life cycle of aparticular internal worm parasite ofsheep.

The part of the model concerned with ,the free-living stages of the life cycle hasbeen formulated. This part starts from agiven time history of deposition of eggs(which will eventually be computed bythe rest of the model) and, taking account!of day*byd*y weather variatiat* mfdthe condttionw necessary rô

• !iC

computes 'the number of eggs that willhatch each day, the number that willdevelop to the stage where they canre-infect the animals, and the concen-tration of these infective larvae on thepasture.

This sub-model has been checkedagainst field data obtained by theDIVISION OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY a t itsPastoral Research Laboratory, Armidale,and predictions based on the model havebeen in close agreement with actualobservation.

More eggs per bird

A novel method of selection is being used tobreed hens that can lay more frequently thanonce every 26 hours.

A novel breeding method in which theenvironmental factors that control eggproduction are removed has been testedsuccessfully by the DIVISION OF ANIMAL

GENFnes; The method has b«sen used tochange by selective breeding a. relativelyinvariable characteristic in the fowl.This characteristic, the very strongtendency for hens to ovulate and layonly once a day, is found in even themost highly productive strains whichhave been developed by many genera-tions of selective breeding from the bestlayers in a normal commercial environ-ment.

Because the average interval betweeneggs is about 26 hours, fowls lay a clutchof several eggs on succeeding days indaylight before the approach of nightinhibits the next ovulation, causing thefowl to skip a day in the sequence. Bykeeping the flock in continuous light andnoise this normal egg-laying rhythm isdisrupted and the birds lay at any timeof toe day or night. Accurate andinrtfMMfttfc recording of the time at whicheach «gg is laid emWçd the Division to

i

select as breeders those birds with thegreatest hereditary potential to lay morefrequently than once every 26 hours.This has now been done in three differentflocks for 11,9, and 3 generationsrespectively.

The results show that it is possible toselect for a higher rate of ovulation andeventually, by this method, for more eggsper bird. In less than 10 generations theaverage time between eggs was reducedfrom 26 to 24 hours, and a large part ofthis response was retained when the firstflock returned to a normal commercialenvironment of 14 hours light and 10hours dark.

Birds with patterns of abnormallyshort intervals between egg laying pro-duce eggs with defective shells. If thesebirds are avoided as breeders the higherrate of ovulation should mean greatertotal (commercially acceptable) eggproduction per bird. This is beingtested in two of the flocks.

These experiments give hope that thenew method of selection could provide ameans of improving productivity inflocks that have ceased to respond to thesimpler, cheaper, conventional breedingmethods. They may also encouragenovel approaches towards breedingto change apparently invariableproduction characteristics in other farmanimals.

Choosing the best breeders

Measuring the amount ofluteimzmg hormonein the blood of young sheep may simplifysélection of the animals most likely to increasetwinning rate. '

Different breeds and strains of sheepvary considerably in their tendency! toproduce twins and triplets. Selection formultiple births involves identifying ^he .most fecund animals in die flock. Until

now, this has been done either by usinganimals from multiple births or byselecting animals on the performance ofthemselves or their relatives. Thesetechniques not only involve keepingrecords but may postpone selection tilllater in life. Recent work by theDIVISION OF ANIMAL GENETICS may makeit possible to assess fecundity beforepuberty.

Litter size depends on the number ofeggs shed at ovulation and this is partlycontrolled by the amount of luteinizinghormone (LH) produced by the pitui-tary gland. Following the developmentof sensitive methods of measuring bloodlevels of LH, the DIVISION OF ANIMAL

GENETICS has been investigating the useof these levels as a guide to fecundity.Since it was known that LH levels inadult animals fluctuate too widely toallow useful comparisons, measurementswere made before puberty at about30 days of age, and have provedpromising as early indicators offecundity.

Three Merino flocks with low, high,and very high incidence of multiplebirths were surveyed, and average LHlevels in the flocks were found to rankin the same order as fecundity. Further-more, the LH levels in lambs of bothsexes from the flock with highestfecundity could be ranked according towhether the lambs were born single,twin, or triplet.

Further evidence that LH levels arerelated to an inherited factor thatcontrols fecundity came from measure-ments of LH in ïhe daughters of tworams from the highest fecundity group.The daughters of one sire had LH levelsmore than twice as high as those of theother.

The Division has also obtainedevidence that selection for fecundityincreases the libido or sexual drive oframs. Rams of highest libido came fromthe highly fecund flock, which had the

m A^^J^m.^ 28

highest LH levels in its lambs. Selec-tion of rams with high LH levels mayhelp therefore in overcoming theproblem of sexual inhibition in youngrams which was outlined in last year'sAnnual Report.

Further work is needed on this newmethod of selection, but the Division ishopeful that the technique will eventuallyprove practicable for both sheep andcattle.

Prostaglandins andproduction

Prostaglandins—a group of recentlyrediscovered substances with potent biologicalproperties—may be the key to a greatlyimproved level of control of the oestrous cyclein livestock.

In sheep, goats, and cattle, the lengthof the reproductive cycle depends on thefunction of the corpus luteum, a smallgland in the ovary that secretes ahormone called progesterone. After alength of time specific to each species(14-15 days in the sheep), this glandregresses and the concentration ofprogesterone in the blood falls, allowinganother ovulation. Just before ovula-tion, the animal displays oestrousbehaviour, at which time fertile matingcan occur.

T h e DIVISION OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

has been working on the control of theoestrous cycle and has developed àmethod of measuring as little as twentymillion-millionths of a gramme ofprostaglandin in the blood. Whenprostaglandin was injected into theuterine vein of sheep early in the oestrouscycle, the corpus luteum regressed and !progesterone concentration in the bloodfell; the animals then returned tooestn» prematurely. Prosts^feu*£n h«tnow been shown to he prawèt in the

blood leaving the uterus in ewes, cows,and sows that have a regressing corpusluteum. This suggests that prostaglandinis the hormone responsible for theregression of the corpus luteum, andthus for the regularity of the oestrouscycle. Hence, in these species it may bepossible to find practical ways of usingprostaglandin to synchronize oestrus.

After a fertile mating, the presenceof an embryo in the uterus appears toblock the otherwise normal release ofprostaglandin by the uterus; thus thecorpus luteum continues to secreteprogesterone, which is necessary tomaintain the uterus in a quiescent stateduring pregnancy.

The Division is investigating the use ofprostaglandin to control the oestrouscycle in cattle and pigs; this is likely tobe of practical value in conjunction withartificial insemination, since all animalscould be brought into oestrus andinseminated at one time. Prostaglandincannot be administered by intramuscularor intravenous injection for this purposebecause it is rapidly destroyed when theblood passes through the lungs.However, intra-utérine administrationof prostaglandin is comparatively easyin cattle and pigs and has proved veryeffective in cattle to date. Preliminaryresults from related research in Britainindicate that fertility is normal in cowssynchronized by intra-uterinc injectionof prostaglandin.

In addition to their effect on theoestrous cycle, prostaglandins alsoappear to play a major role in con-trolling the metabolism of a number oftissues, such as body fat, the gut, andthe kidiiey. Some of the implications ofthese functions in connection with animalproduction will be investigated by theDivision.

_

Grows and lambsAlthough crows are commonly found near deadlambs, they are not the pest many peoplebelieve them to be.A recently completed eight-yearinvestigation by the DIVISION OF WILDLIFE

RESEARCH on crows and ravens and theirinteraction with lambing flocks of sheeprevealed five different species of crowsand ravens where only three had beenrecognized before. Field and aviarystudies suggest that only two of thesespecies {Corvus coronoides and C. tasmanicus),both of which are large and havemassive bills, could kill lambs. Twosmaller species, the little raven (C. mellori)and the little crow (C. bennetti), do notappear strong enough to attack and killa healthy lamb. The fifth species, theAustralian crow (C. orru), occurs mainlyoutside the sheep-breeding zone exceptin the north-west of Western Australia.

Post-mortem examination of lambsthat had died showed that most of themhad died of starvation after failing toestablish or maintain a sucking relation-ship with the ewe. In nearly all casesthose lambs which had been killed bycrows or other predators were alreadyweak when attacked and would havedied within a few hours if left alone.

During some hundreds of hours ofwatching flocks of lambing ewes, fewserious attacks on healthy lambs bycrows were noted. On two of theseoccasions the lambs were caught soonafterwards and were found to be com-pletely unmarked, in spite of what hadappeared to be a vicious attack.

Although crows and ravens are oftenfound together with lambs, most of theirfeeding .consists of scavenging. Analysisof the food eaten by 1490 individualsshowed that insects form a large part oftheir diet. Grasshoppers, army grubs,and phasmatids are eaten extensively bynomadic flocks, although at other timesorchards, vineyards, and fields of sowngrain receive (heir attention. j

25

New enemies for an old weedThree organisms introduced from overseas—a rust fungus, an insect, and a mite—are beingused against skeleton weed, a major weed ofwheat crops in southern Australia.Skeleton weed, a native to the Mediter-ranean region and central and southernEurope, has been present in Australiasince 1914. Its success here has been dueto the absence of those insects and otherorganisms which, in its native habitat,have made it a plant of no great signi-ficance. Since 1966 the DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY has been searching inEurope, North Africa, and the MiddleEast for organisms that could beintroduced to Australia to aid in thebiological control of skeleton weed.

In the last year three of these organ-isms, a rust fungus, a gall mite, and agall midge, have been liberated. Beforereleasing them, however, an extensiveand thorough screening programme wasnecessary to make sure that they wouldrestrict their attention to skeleton weedand not attack any plants of economicimportance.

The rust fungus, Puccinia chondrillina,has spread over the entire skeleton weedarea in New South Wales from itsinitial liberation sites at Canberra,Tamworth, and Wagga. It has alsospread extensively in Victoria and SouthAustralia. At the most heavily infestedsites it has reduced the vigour of theskeleton weed stands quite noticeably.

The gall mite, Aceria chondrillae, andthe gall midge, Cystiphora sckmidHi, aresecurely established, but have not hadtune yet to make much impression onthe weed. The gall mite causes stuntingand reduces seeding by converting theflowers and flowering stems into leafygalls. The larvae of the gall midgeattack the leaves and stems. They areextremely damaging to skeleton weedin the hot dry areas of Greece andshould prove of great value in controllingthe weed in its drier Australian habitats.

I I

Gum trees and Christmas beetles

The large showy Christmas beetles {genusAnoplognathus) of eastern Australia can bea serious pest in eucalypt plantations. Theuse of forestry practices based on a knowledgeof their ecology greatly reduces the damagethey cause.

When eucalypts were planted on a largescale in the Coffs Harbour area of NewSouth Wales for the production of paperpulp, Christmas beetles feeding on theleaves of the young saplings had adisastrous effect on their early growth.Ecological studies by the DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY showed that the beetlestended to lay their eggs in the swardbetween young trees, and that if this wassupplanted by a vigorous growth oftropical legumes, breeding was reduced.In addition, the use of fertilizers wasfound to stimulate early canopy forma-tion, and this further inhibited grassgrowth between the trees and reduced thesuitability of the plantation for thebeetles. To divert damage from themain crop, Eucalyptus grandis, a preferredfood species, E, dunnii, was interplantedto act as a trap crop : the beetles con-centrated their attack on these plants,resulting in reduced damage toE. grandis.

The Division also found that thebeetle larvae, which have a two-yearlife cycle, occurred in two 'cohorts',maturing in alternate years. One ofthese cohorts is considerably smallerthan the other, so that every secondyear there are very large beetle flightsalternating with smaller flights in otheryears. It is possible therefore to timeeucalypt planting so as to avoid theexposure of first-year saplings to thelarge flights

Photograph of a radar screen showing a line ofadvancing echoes from a swarm of insects,including locusts, approaching from the south-west during the night. Such lines can be detectedat ranges of up to 50 kilometres and evenindividual insects can be tracked up to 3kilometres away. It is possible to differentiatebetween species and often between male andfemale locusts by analysing the wing beatfrequencies of the echoes received by the radarunit.

Tracking locusts with radar

Radar tracking is proving a valuable newtechnique for plague locust research.

Large numbers of the Australian plaguelocust, Chortoicetes terminifera, cansuddenly appear in an area where theyhave not been noticed before, withoutany large-scale flight activity beingobserved. It was only a few years agothat the DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY wasable to account for this when it foundthat individual locusts take offimmediately after sunset and fly atnight. The direction of their flight isdown wind so that they are often carriedinto cold fronts where rain is likely tofall and promote the growth of fresh

Using a modified marine radar, operating at a wavelength of 3

Li. 26

centimetres, the Division has beenable to follow the movement of swarmsof locusts and other insects up to 50kilometres away at night, and tointerpret their formation and history inrelation to weather patterns. Swarmsmay form by a concentration of vastnumbers of individuals along wind-shiftlines. Dense concentrations up to 80kilometres long and containing manythousands of kilogrammes of insects havebeen observed. The locusts in theseswarms take off soon after sunset and,within half an hour, some of them maybe at heights of 2000 metres. Theduration of the flights is affected byweather conditions but, unless weatherchanges possibly leading to rain are inevidence, most flights only last for anhour or two.

The Queensland king prawn fishery

New statistical techniques have beendeveloped for handling data obtained fromprawn tagging programmes.

Conventional methods for the statisticaltreatment of data on fish populations arenot applicable to prawn populations.This is because the pressure of fishingon prawn stocks can vary significantlydepending on the weather. Moreover,because of the short life span of prawns,even week-to-week fluctuations infishing pressure are significant. TheDIVISION OF FISHERIES AND OCEANOGRAPHY

has developed new statistical techniquesto cope with this problem in relation tothe king prawn fishery of southernQueensland

Since 1969, the Division has tagged15,000 juvenile and 10,000 adult prawnsin the region. This tagging programmehas shown that juvenile king prawns,which are abundant m Moreton Bayduring the summer, undertake rapid

migrations. Within six weeks they reachthe adjacent off-shore areas, where theygrow to maturity in a few months.Application of the new statistical modelto data obtained from the taggingprogramme can be used to estimate theproportion of the available prawn stockcaught by fishermen. This statisticalmodel is applicable to other prawnpopulations in Australia.

Brighter pastel shades for wooldrapes

The use of high-grade pigments instead ofsoluble dyes to create wool fabrics in brightpastel shades prevents colour deterioration whenthe fabric is exposed to sunlight or washed.

Until recently, wool fabrics in pastelshades have found only limited use indrapes because of their tendency to fade.T h e DIVISION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY hasovercome this problem by developing asuccessful method of applying pigmentsto wool. The new technique is based onknowledge gained by the Division duringthe development of the chlorine-resinshrink-resist process.

Figment dyeing has been successfullyused on open-weave wool drapes on afully industrial level and its marketpotential is now being assessed by theAustralian Wool Board.

In pigment dyeing, the pigment isdispersed in a shrink-proofing resin andapplied to prechlorinated wool, provid-ing an even layer which completelycovers each fibre. The colour is evenlydistributed throughout the fabric andv/ill not fade when exposed to daylight.To improve the applied pigment'sresistance to damage from rubbing, thefabric is coated with a soft polymer.This coating also adds to the shrink-proofing effect and improves the drapeof loosely woven curtaining.

27

The development of more realistic standards of textile flammability has involved studying clothing fireson fireproof modeh. The picture at left shows a model wearing a dry cotton chenille dressing gown.A half-second application of a small flame is all that is needed to ignite the garment. The picture atright shows the model less than two minutes later completely enveloped in flame.

Textile flammability

Research is providing a basis for thedevelopment of more realistic standards oftextile flammability.

Conventional methods of measuring theflammability of textiles used for clothingare misleading. The most commonly-used method assesses the rate of burningbut takes no account of other importantfactors such as ease of ignition, formationof molten droplets, and ease of extin-guishing. The DIVISION OF PROTEINCHEMISTRY has been investigating thesefactors in order to develop more realisticstandards of textile flammability. Thefirst standard based on the Division'swork has now been published by the

Standards Association of Australia andothers are expected to follow shortly.

The Division is cooperating with theBurns Research Unit of the RoyalChildren's Hospital, Melbourne, in aninvestigation of clothing fires. Burn

'accidents to children are investigatedfrom medical, sociological, and textileaspects and up-to-date statistics arebeing obtained. One of the unexpectedresults obtained so far is that theproblem of girls' nightwear catching fireis far less than the problem of boys'daywear catching fire. As many burningaccidents are from flammable solvents,prevention is more important thanincreasing the flame resistance oftextiles.

Diameter variation in wool Processing the purple passionfruit

Fast and accurate techniques for assessingvariation in fibre diameter in wool samples arebeing developed.

The fibres in the fleece of a single sheepvary considerably in diameter. Themixing of fleeces during manufactureleads to still further variation. Toogreat a spread of diameter is believed tohave an adverse effect on spinning andon certain fabric properties, but there islittle information on what degree ofvariation is acceptable. In the prepara-tion, handling, and marketing of woolthere are a number of operations con-cerned with maintaining a distinctionbetween wools of different diameter. Ifmore mixing of wools of different dia-meters were found to be acceptable,procedures might be simplified and costsreduced.

The. DIVISION OF TEXTILE PHYSICS has

been developing techniques that willenable it to make more extensive surveysof diameter variation in Australianwools. One method is an extension ofthe Coulter technique which wasdeveloped originally for estimating thesize of biological cells. It is particularlysuited to wool samples where the fibresare parallel, for example in the 'top9

stage of manufacture.In another technique, liquid contain-

ing oriented fibre 'snippets9 flows througha narrow tube past a light beam from alaser. A photo-electric device detectsthe amount of light cut off as eachsnippet passes the beam, and the electri-cal output is calibrated in terms of fibrediameter.

Both methods have the advantage thatmany thousands of fibres can beexamined in a few minutes, so ensuringhigh overall precision of themeasurement.

A technique for concentrating passionfruitjuice without affecting its flavour has led to asuccessful commercial operation in Papua NewGuinea and could open up potential marketsoverseas for Australian passionfruit.

The purple pasaionfruit (Passiflora edulis),which is grown widely in Australia andPapua New Guinea, has an intensetropical flavour and is used as aflavouring base for many drinks andfruit blends. Heat sterilization ofpassionfruit products markedly degradesthe flavour and hence juice of highquality is handled frozen. If the juice ofthe purple passionfruit could be con-centrated for frozen storage and trans-port without impairing its delicatevolatile flavour or aroma, a large marketfor the juice could be developed over-seas, as well as in Australia.

The DIVISION OF FOOD RESEARCH has

been studying the volatile constituentsof fresh passionfruit juice in order toidentify those which contribute to itscharacteristic odour. Seventy-one com-pounds have been identified in freshpassionfruit juice. Three of these con-stituents, one of which was a previouslyunknown chemical compound and hasan intense 'rose-like' aroma, are con-sidered essential to the passionfruitaroma. Fourteen other components arealso regarded as important.

The Division has also been workingon the design and construction of specialdistillât* <n equipment for concentratingfruit juice essences. The emphasis inthis work has been on the use ofextremely short heating periods tominimize heat damage and on efficientrecovery of the volatile aroma bycondensation during the removal ofwater from the juice. The condensate,which is recovered as several fractions,is added back to the concentrated juiceto give a product which, when recom-

29

bined with water, has the full naturalflavour of the original juice.

Information gained from the flavourinvestigations gives a clear understandingof how heat processing can affect theessential flavour constituents during theproduction of passionfruit juice con-centrate. A process has now beendeveloped which concentrates the juicethree and a half times without inter-fering with its characteristic flavour.The process is being used commerciallyin Papua New Guinea.

Tenderizing meat

Tenderness is probably the most sought-afterquality of meat. Suspending sides of beef,mutton, or lamb from the aitchbone or pelvisinstead of from the tendon of Achilles canbring about a marked improvement intenderness.

Meat consists mainly of muscle togetherwith some fat and a small amount ofconnective tissue. Until recently, thetenderness of meat was thought to beaffected mainly by the amount and typeof connective tissue in the meat and bythe extent to which the connective tissuewas softened during cooking. However,it is now realized that tenderness dependsto a considerable extent on the state ofcontraction of the muscle.

The Meat Research Laboratory of theDIVISION OF FOOD RESEARCH has beenexperimenting with ways of making meatmore tender by reducing or preventingmuscle contraction in meat carcasses andhas followed up earlier work at the TexasAgricultural and Mechanical University!This work has .shown1 that the way in 'which a carcass is hung while rigor ;mortis u developing has a big influence !on tenderness. When sides of beef were \suspended from the aitchbone or pelvis, jrather than from the Achilles tendon of

the leg, the hind leg dropped to a posi-tion at right angles to the carcass,tensioning those muscles from whichcome the cuts known as rump, knuckle,topside, cube roll, and striploin. Thismethod of hanging, called 'tenderstretch',improves the tenderness of these cuts,which together represent 35% of thevalue of a carcass.

Tenderstretched beef has been foundto be as tender after 24 hours of hangingas conventionally hung beef aged for3 weeks in a chiller at about 1°G.Aging adds about 5 or 6 cents a pound(11 to 13 cents a kilogramme) to the costof beef, so if tenderstretching replacesaging, premium table beef could becomea little cheaper. During aging, carcasseslose about 3% of their weight byevaporation, but evaporative loss fromtenderstretched meat is insignificantbecause it is kept for only a short time.Furthermore, cuts of tenderstretchedmeat lost only half as much fluid byweeping as normal cuts. This fluidrepresents salable weight and its lossaccounts for part of the cost of aging.

Tenderstretched meat can be on salein butchers' shops within two or threedays of slaughter. This is alreadyhappening in Queensland, where atleast one meatworks is supplying tender-stretched beef to about 45 Brisbanebutchers. There appear to be no prob-lems with the overhead carrying railsused in meatworks. Hot carcasses areprocessed in the u?ual way, hanging fromthe Achilles tendon; then, before goinginto the chilling rooms, they are simplyre-suspended by the pelvis. Floorclearance under tenderstretched carcassesis actually improved.

The Meat Research Laboratory hasalso obtained good results with tender-stretched lamb and mutton, althoughthe industry is not yet using the newmethod for sheep carcasses

.VA

Raw sugar crystallization

A computer has been linked to a large sugarcrystallizer in Queensland to test computercontrol of crystallization in an industrialenvironment.

The crystallization of sucrose from theimpure syrup is an important step inthe production of raw sugar. TheDIVISION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING is

working with the Sugar ResearchInstitute to develop techniques ofcontrolling this step by computer. It ishoped that this will lead to increasedproductivity in the sugar industry.

The Division's studies have involvedthe application of optimal control theoryto a mathematical model, based on amodel developed originally by theInstitute, of a single crystallizer. Theresults indicated that throughput ofsugar could be considerably increasedby using computers to regulate thefactors influencing supersaturation.

Information on material inflow andoutflow is fed into the computer alongwith various basic measurements such astemperature, pressure, and change inboiling point. This provides anaccurate knowledge of the amounts ofcrystal, water impurities, and dissolvedsucrose, all of which affect super-saturation. *

A laboratory-scale crystallizer wasbuilt at the DIVISION OF CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING and linked to the Division'shybrid computer. Successful operationof this unit demonstrated the feasibilityof compute»1 control in this field

The techniques are now being testedin a mill in Mackay where a full-scaleproduction crystallizer has been coupledto a caravan-mounted computer,! madeavailable by the Sugar Research' '.Institute.

This picture of dough made from a hard wheatwas taken by the WHEAT RESEARCH UNIT with ascanning electron microscope during a study ofthe structure of wheat flour and the changes thatoccur during dough formation. A network ofprotein strands can be seen surrounding sphericalstarch granules. The study has also shown thatfats or lipids play a much more important partthan was previously realized in giving structureand volume to loaves of bread.

New machine for curd production

A machine for producing curd for cheesemakingon a semi-continuous basis is being developed.

In stage one of the Bell-Siro system ofautomated cheddar cheese manufacture,milk is converted by a batch process intoa mixture of curds and whey and thencooked. The Bell-Siro system wasdeveloped by the Dairy ResearchLaboratory of the DIVISION OF FOOD

RESEARCH in collaboration with the foodmachinery manufacturing firm of BellBryant Pty. Ltd. The Laboratory is nowworking with Bell Bryant on the develop-ment of a machine that will enable stageone of the cheesemaking process to becarried out on a fully instrumented,semi-continuous basis.

The proposed machine, which incor-porates what has been called the 'cascade'system of curd preparation, consists of

31

three vats built into one vertical con-tainer about 27 feet (8 m) high and91 feet (3 m) in diameter. Each vatwill be used for a separate stage in theprocess. In the top vat, milk that hasbeen previously standardized to therequired casein/fat ratio will be treatedwith rennet and starter at the settingtemperature. When the curd has set tothe right consistency, it is cut into smallpieces by rotating blades to allow thecurd to shrink and whey to separate.The curd/whey mixture is then trans-ferred by gravity to the middle vat and'cooked'. During cooking, the curdparticles contract and become more acid.In the bottom vat, the mixture is helduntil the shrinking and'firming processesare complete and is then pumped outto be processed into cheese. All threechambers can be working at the sametime, providing a semi-continuous supplyof curd/whey mixture. • Four such unitscan provide a continuous supply.

The three-level container is com-pletely enclosed and supplied withfiltered air to prevent contamination.Extensive instrumentation ensures thatthe'process is closely controlled. Use of-'"the new machine is expected to result ina more uniform product, less wastage, asmoother flow of product through themanufacturing process, and reducedlabour costs. «• - .

Utilizing whey , "

Studies of whey utilization have led hi trialsof a new filtration process that will convertth$ whey to a high-protein seek feed and'avoid the pollution problems caused when it isdisposed of as waste. ^ „

During mantifacture of cheese Mid caseinin Australia tome 90.000 ton* (91,800tonnes) of food wlkb are prodiwecb o

t « a by-product in i&e fonn of

.é.\

whey. If the whey is disposed of aswaste, the solids are lost as a food andconstitute a pollution problem.

An extensive investigation into thevarious methods for utilizing whey istherefore being undertaken on a colla-borative basis by the Dairy ResearchLaboratory of the DIVISION OF FOOD

RESEARCH and the DIVISION OF CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING in association with theVictorian Department of Agriculture andthe Victorian Whey Utilization Associa-tion, an industry body formed specificallyfor the purpose.

To date, much of the work has beenconcerned with the application of ultra-filtration to whey processing. Thisprocess, which uses special semi-permeable membranes, enables thecomposition of whey to be modified byincreasing its protein content in relationto other ingredients. Calf-feedingexperiments have shown that this proteinconcentrate has excellent potential as aningredient for stock feed. Furtherresearch suggests possible uses as ahuman food.

Work is also being1 carried out on theconcentration of the protein-free

, remainder by another membraneprocess known as reversed osmosis andon the crystallization of lactose from theconcentrate.

Technological and economic studies' have indicated that the ultrafiltration -process can be satisfactorily appliedcommercially. The Whey UtilizationAssociation is therefore air»- ging forthe first small-scale plant to be tested ina commercial situation early in 1972/73.The establishment of larger plants indairy factories is expected to followshortly after r

Polyunsaturated meat and dairyproducts

- An improved technique has been developed forproducing a polyunsaturatedfeed supplementwhich, when fed-to sheep and cattle, increasesthe proportion of polyunsaturated fats in themeat and milk. The taste and keepingproperties of polyunsaturated meat and dairyproducts are being examined.

The 1969/70 Annual Report mentionedthat the DIVISION OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY,

in conjunction with the Dairy ResearchLaboratory of the DIVISION OF*FOOD

RESEARCH, had devised a method ofincreasing the proportion of poly-unsaturated fats in dairy products andthe meat of sheep and cattle. Themethod involved feeding the animals aspecial dietary supplement prepared frompolyunsaturated vegetable oil. Originally

- this supplement consisted of a finepowder made by spray-drying anemulsion of sunflower or safflower oiland protein. The powder was thentreated with formalinj^hich reactedwith the protein forming a coating thatprotected the oil from conversion tosaturated forms in the rumen of theanimal. This protective coat wassubsequently digested in the smallintestine, releasing the oil which was ,,_then absorbed into the animal's blood-stream. Polyunsaturated fatty acids fromthe oil were incorporated into both milkand body fats. ' The. proportion of poly-unsaturated fat in milk increased fromabout 3% to 20-30% within one or twodays of feeding the supplement. Similarincreases were observed in the meat oflambs and beef cattle'fed the supplementfor about six weeks before slaughter.

A much cheaper supplement can, nowbe made as a result of effort» to simplifyand improve the production process.Whole oil seeds such at saffiower andsunflower are now being used instead of *=4oil extracted from crushed ofl seedii

Spray-drying has been eliminated bysimply taking the whole oil seeds,homogenizing them to produce a slurry(which contains more solids than earlierpreparations), and formalin-treating theslurry directly.

Experiments to follow the fate of theformaldehyde in the supplements whenthey were fed to animals showed that itis'effectively broken down by ruminantsand does not accumulate in the meat ormilk.

T h e DIVISION OF FOOD RESEARCH is

examining the processing technology ofpolyunsaturated foodstuffs. It is alsostudying their taste, keeping properties,and texture, which may prove to differin some respects from those of theconventional products.

The two Divisions have been providingpolyunsaturated foodstuffs to the Depart-ment of Clinical Science at theAustralian National University, Canberra,for use in experiments to test the effectsof feeding polyunsaturated meat andmilk products to human beings.Preliminary trials showed that a dietcontaining polyunsaturated meat, milk,butter, cheese, and cream in place of thenormal foods lowers the blood choles-terol level in man. More extensiveclinical trials are being planned.

Iron ore pellet production increased

Identifying and eliminating drying delaysduring the productton of iron ore pellets has ledto a marked increase in output at the Dampierpetteti&ng plant of Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd.

The fine iron ore that makes up 40-50%of production by Hamersley Iron PtyLtd is either agglomerated for the blastfurnace in the customer's own steelworksor made into pellets for export byHamersley. The fines cannot be used inthe blast furnace in the form of dust

because they restrict gas circulation inthe furnace and interfere with theiron-making process.

In the pelletizing process, the ironore fines and lime-sand are ground to afine powder consistency and then,following addition of water, are rolledinto small pellets. The unfired pelletsare fed into a travelling grate furnacewhich has three main sections : in thefirst section, the pellets are dried out;the second section fires the pellets; andcooling takes place in the third beforedischarging. The pellets then havesufficient strength and abrasionresistance and are ready tor export.

Towards the end of 1969, productionlimitations were experienced atHamersley's pelletizing plant atDampier, Western Australia, when thepellets started to spall, or explode intodust, in the drying section. The companysponsored research in the DIVISION OF

MINERAL CHEMISTRY to identify the causeof spalling and to recommend ways ofdealing with it. Experiments establishedthat the spalling was due to the fact thatthe drying conditions in the furnacecould not accommodate variations in thecomposition of the ore. A dryingpattern suitable for an ore with a smallamount of goethite (a hydrated ironoxide found with haematite) causedspalling in ores containing greateramounts of goethite, ;,

Knowing this, the Division was able tosuggest ways of minimizing the effect,of spalling and thus increase plantthroughput The amount of goethitein the incoming ore could be monitoredusing a simple, reliable method devisedby the Division. The drying conditionsfor any particular goethite content couldthen be set using information obtainedin laboratory experiments.

The adoption of the Division'ssuggestions, in conjunction with certainchanges originated by the company, hasreduced production restrictions caused

by spalling during drying.The success of the project has led the

company to sponsor further research bythe Division into other limitations to theprocess.

Iron in ilmenite

The removal of iron from natural ilmenite isfacilitated by a method of avoiding ivter-ferencefrom impurities during the thermalreduction of the ore.

Ilmenite, a compound of iron andtitanium oxides found in beach sands, isa source of titanium dioxide which isused widely as a paint pigment. Anyiron remaining in the final productbecomes a major problem to industrybecause of its persistent colour. In oneindustrial treatment of ilmenite, completeremoval of iron is preceded by reductionof the chemically bound iron oxide toelemental iron.

In some cases processors have beenconcerned to find iron oxide persistingafter the reduction treatment shouldhave been completed. The DIVISION OF

MINERAL CHEMISTRY was asked by industryto investigate this problem.

Microscopic examination of ilmenitegrains after treatment showed that whilethe iron oxide in most of the grains hadbeen chemically reduced to completion,some grains displayed an unaltered corethat would not reduce however prolongedthe treatment Under polarized light a

i dark rim, scarcely one-hundredth ofa millimetre wide, could be discernedaround each such core and electron

! probe microanalysis disclosed these rimsto be greatly enriched in manganese and

i magnesium titanates present as impurities| in the llmenite,! > These impurities are immune to -

reduction and the Division concludedthat as the reduction of each grain of

v A '.,>.,

ilmenite proceeded from the surface ofthe grain to the centre, magnesium andmanganese titanate impurities retreatedinward until they had accumulated aprotective shell around the remainingiron-rich core of the grain, isolating itfrom further reduction.

A preliminary heat treatment wasfound to disorder the natural crystalstructure of each grain so that reductionproceeded simultaneously from innumer-able centres inside each grain ratherthan over one front advancing from theoutside. The pretreatment allowed thereduction to reach completion before anyprotective shells of impurity could buildup in any grain.

Origin of nickel ores in WesternAustralia

Gaining a better understanding of the originsof various nickel ores in Western Australiacould help future exploration for nickel.

Studies by the DIVISION OF MINERALOGY

of certain nickel sulphide ores ofWestern Australia have confirmed thatthey were introduced with partlymolten, rocks from deep in the earth.Most of the ores, including those fromKambalda, where the first discovery wasmade in 1966, are associated withultramafic rocks, that is, rocks rich inmagnesium and iron silicates. But notall ultramafic rocks contain economic 'nickel deposits. Virtually all thediscoveries so far lie in the EasteitoGoldfields Belt which runs from 'Norseman in the south to Wiluna in thenorth. ,_ v

The Division is undertaking regionalgeochemical studies to find out why \ultramafic rocks in other areas appear1,less productive. It is also working on ithe problem of how the ore bodies in pfavourable areas became localized as '

very small targets in a large mass ofultramafic rock. Clear evidence that theores are magmatic, that is, derived byseparation from molten rock, is animportant step in understanding howthey became localized.

At temperatures above about 1100° Gthe magma would comprise a mush ofcrystals of olivine, which is a magnesiumiron silicate, and chromite, along witha viscous silicate liquid and droplets ofa very fluid dense sulphide liquidcontaining the nickel. At Spargoville,south of Goolgardie; solidified dropletsof sulphide have been found trapped inolivine crystals.

As the magma was introduced as athin horizontal sheet, components of themagma would segregate under gravity.The sulphide liquid would settle withsome chromite towards the base andmight form a dense mass of oreessentially free of silicates. Above thiswould be a layer in which nickel-richsulphide liquid fills the space betweenolivine crystals and becomes thecontinuous phase of the matrix ore. Thetop of this zone is the upper limit of thecoalesced sulphide liquid. Above that -the olivine would be surrounded bysilicate liquid with only rare droplets ofuncoalesced sulphide liquid. This zonewould solidify to an ultramafic rock,which would contain disseminatedsulphides of low grade.

At Kambalda the massive ore and thematrix ore are the rich material that isbeing mined. Studies of the compositionof these ore zones have shown what hashappened as the ore solidified oncooling. It was found that the orebecame progressively enriched in theiron oxide, magnetite, away from thebase of the massive ore. This is definiteevidence that the sulphide was ,originally molten.

Further studies are aimed at obtaininga better understanding of how the ore Vi

was localized.

I

High-rise stope mining

Geomechanical studies in the CSA coppermine at Cobar are aimed at predicting theextent to which ore bodies can be mined by amethod involving the creation of undergroundsand-filled cavities higher than any attemptedpreviously in mining.

In the steep, narrow ore bodies of theGSA Mine of Gobar Mines Pty Ltd,mining proceeds by blasting ore from theroof of an excavation to f .m a cavity,or stope, in the lower regions of the orebody. The broken ore is taken awaythrough horizontal access tunnels fordelivery to an underground crusher andtransport to the surface. After eachbreak the height of the stope is about25 feet (7-5 metres). The currentaccess tunnel is bricked up and a thick

T rry of waste material from thejncentrating plant on the surface is

pumped into the stope to a depth ofabout 15 feet (4-5 metres). Provision ismade for excess water to drain away.The sandy material remaining forms afirm new working floor for the miningequipment to prepare for blasting of thenext 15-feet-thick slab of ore from thestope roof. In this way, mining proceedsupwards in 15-feet steps. Cobar Minesplans to raise the height of the sand-filledstopes up to 600 feet, two to three timeshigher than present mining practice.

Under the financial sponsorship of theAustralian Mineral Industries ResearchAssociation, and with assistance fromGobar Mines Pty Ltd, the DIVISION OF

APPLIED GEOMECHANICS is studying thecomplications which arise when the

Opposite: This model of the mine at Gobar isbeing continually updated as mining proceeds.

high-rise stope method is used at depthsof up to 1800 feet (550 metres). AtCobar, N.S.W., some 720,000 tons(732,000 tonnes) a year of copper andcopper-zinc ores are mined from depthsof this order and mining to muchgreater depths is planned. Answers arerequired well in advance to questionsconcerning the margins of safety infuture years and the ultimate extent ofore extraction.

The compressive forces experienced inrock at appreciable depths are variableand can be very great. The removal oflarge volumes of ore therefore raisesimportant questions regarding theredistribution of stresses and possibledeformation of the surrounding rock.

Investigations must also be made intothe possible conditions that might leadto instability in the large body of moistcompacted sand fill that provides aworking floor and may help to resistdeformation of the surrounding rock.

The approach being adopted in theinvestigations is to treat the CSA mineitself as a full-scale model which is beingextensively instrumented in order toprovide information continuously aboutthe conditions pertaining in both thesand fill and the rock.

Measurements are being made of theengineering properties of the sand-fillmaterial, the sand mass in place in themine, and the rock itself. Rockstructures near the stopes are beingsurveyed using newly developedphotogeological techniques and thestresses and strains occurring in thesestructures are measured as miningproceeds. In addition, rock stress levelsare monitored using acoustic emissiontechniques. The information gained willbe used to predict the margins of safetyunder various possible conditions ofextraction. The predictions will be madeby calculation, using a computer, andby observations on models in thelaboratory.

37

Minerais exploration by photography

High-altitude reconnaissance is being tested asa tool in mineral exploration.

Rockets, satellites, and high-flying air-craft are being considered for use inexploration for minerals on a largescale. The MINERAL PHYSICS SECTION isinvestigating the use of multispectralphotography carried out in thesehigh-flying vehicles.

Multispectral photography is a tech-nique which combines optical andinfrared methods of photography. Thework of the Section involves the study offour-colour photography from high-flying aircraft and at present a pro-gramme of evaluating various filters toresolve features of the terrain is beingcarried out.

Concurrently, the use of satellitealtitude photography is being investi-gated in collaboration with the BritishDepartment of Trade and Industry.Multispectral photographs taken from aSkylark research rocket at an altitude of160 miles (258 km) are being comparedwith photographs taken from aircraft ata much lower altitude. This experimentis designed to determine the effect of theatmosphere on the resolution and colourresponse of high-altitude camera systems.

The ultimate aim of the project is to ,use data from satellites orbiting the earthin the search for minerals. Facilities aretherefore being established in the Sectionto analyse photographs from the UnitedStates Earth Resources TechnologySpacecraft (ERTS).

Removing salt from bracldsh water

A proctss for removing salt from brackishwater is now success/idly operating on a pilot \scale in thru States.

• i

Australia, in common with other arid/ |countries, is concerned with the produc-1,

'-. .

tion of drinkable water from saline waterthat occurs underground, in rivers orlakes, or in the sea. To be useful fordomestic and industrial purposes, thetotal dissolved solids of such watershould be reduced to below 500 partsper million.

A new desalination process, knownunder the trade name Sirotherm, forpurifying water for domestic and indus-trial use, is being developed jointly byICI Australia Limited and the DIVISION

OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY. It uses a novelion-exchange technique in standardequipment to lower the salinity of waterand is effective for water containing upto 3000 parts per million of salt. Theprocess reduces salinity in brackish waterfrom bores, streams, and lakes to levelssuitable for town supply. It is notintended for sea water.

Under a research contract jointlyfinanced by CSIRO and the SouthAustralian Mines Department, theAustralian Mineral DevelopmentLaboratories (Amdel) have been activelytaking part in the project since itsinception.

The original Sirotherm concept wasa CSIRO invention which has beencomplemented by several jointCSIRO/ICI improvement inventionsrelating to an ion-exchange resin thatcan be regenerated by hot water. Thisrepresents a considerable advanceover most commercial ion-exchangeresins which require large-amounts ofrelatively expensive acids and alkalisfor their regeneration In theSirotherm pilot plants, brackish water ispassed through a resin bed that adsorbssalt. When the salt content of the outletwacer rises, indicating that the resin hasadsorbed its capacity of salt, the bed isregenerated' by passing hot water throughit. This results in the removal of thesalt in a concentrated effluent.

Sirotherm pilot plants have been ~ -installed in Perth to treat bore water, in

J-ideLk,.

Adelaide to desalinate surface water, andat ICI's Yarraville plant where anexperimental continuous process is beingtested. Throughout this part of theproject, research teams from CSIRO andICI have collaborated in an extremelyclose working relationship, jointlyplanning ,and developing each stage fromthe production and evaluation of large-scale batches of Sirotherm resin to theinstallation and commissioning of thepilot plants.

Millions of gallons of water havealready been treated by the new processwhich is capable of being scaled up tomuch greater capacities.

Quieter air conditioning

Research has shown how the design of roomair conditioners can be improved to reducenoise and increase performance.

With the general increase in the use ofair conditioning, the demand for smallpackaged air conditioners is growing, butsales have, until recently, been inhibitedby excessive noise. In 1968, realizingthat noise was the largest single obstacleto more widespread use of room airconditioners, Kelvinator Australia ,Limited approached the DIVISION DF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING and sponsoredresearch aimed at producing a quieterunit.

A series of experiments established thatby far the most important source ofnoise was highly disturbed air flow insidethe casing of the umt. The Division 'found that the noise level could bereduced considerably by redesigning the <aerodynamic characteristics of the unit soas to reduce this disturbance in the airstream.

Smoother and more uniform flow alsopromoted a greater penetration of (he airstream into the room. Re-design of theevaporator fan not only reduced thp noisebut provided a greater throughput of air,

thus increasing the thermal performanceof the unit. Noise was further reduced bylining the air passages with sound-absorbing materials.

The suggested design alterations wereaccepted by Kelvinator who had theindustrial experience to translate theminto manufacturing procedures. Theroom air conditioner, marketed byKelvinator as the 'Quiet Australian',won a Certificate of Merit in the 1971Prince Philip Prize for Australian Designcompetition conducted by the IndustrialDesign Council of Australia.

Pulping wood chips

A new process of pulping wood chips couldsimplify the problem of effluent treatmentduring paper-making.

To prevent pollution by mill effluentsthe paper industry has developedmethods of recycling the aqueous solu-tions of sodium and other salts used inthe pulping process. The plant requiredfor recycling is complex and can beoperated economically only on a largescale.

A joint research programme betweent h e DIVISION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,

the Forest Products Laboratory of theDIVISION OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY, a n d

Australian Paper Manufacturers Pty Ltdis examining a new pulping process inwhich wood chips are treated withliquid sulphur dioxide at temperaturesabove 100°C. All effluents from the newprocess can be burnt without residue andthe sulphur dioxide recovered andrecycled back to the digester. Theprocess produces pale pulps withstrengths that approach those of com-mercial sulphite practice. Using aspecially designed high-pressure batchdigester the two Divisions are nowstudying the yields ? id paper-makingqualities of pull» made with sulphurdioxide under varying process conditions.

39J' , /,: L

Bonding ceramics to metals Holding crystals steady

A reaction that joins ceramics and metalscould lead to new bonding techniques in avariety of industries.

Ceramics are hard, strong, brittlematerials, with a range of mechanical,thermal, and electrical properties thatmake them useful in applications frombuilding materials to space research.Joining ceramics to metals or otherceramics is a complex and costly opera-tion since conventional methods ofjoining materials such as soldering,welding, and brazing are not applicable.

Some years ago a research scientist,now with the Flinders University ofSouth Australia, found that an extremelystrong joint could be created betweenpieces of ceramic and graphite by meansof a reaction with each on either side ofa platinum sheet. .Electron microscopestudies by the DIVISION OF CHEMICAL

PHYSICS have shown that the extremelystrong bond involved in such reactionscan be used to join a wide range ofmaterials.

In conjunction with Flinders Univer-sity, the Division has taken out patentscovering the bonding process in a numberof countries. In its simplest form, thebond is made by placing the metal incontact with the ceramic and heating itto below the melting point of the metal.

Throughout the reaction, all tem-peratures are below the melting points of 'the components. No protectiveatmosphere is necessary since the reactiontakes place m any atmosphere com-patible with all of the components at theoperating temperature. To date, mostexperiments have been carried out inair at temperatures between 900 and "•,1200°C. It has been found that only ,slight pressure between the solid ;components is necessary.

77K; development of a new mountingmechanism for X-ray diffraction studies willassist the collection of fundamental informationabout atoms and molecules.

By bombarding a single crystal of asubstance with X-rays and studying theway in which they are transmitted ordiffracted, basic information can beobtained on the arrangement of atomsand molecules within the crystal. Agoniometer, which is an instrument formeasuring angles, is the mountingsystem used in these X-ray diffractionstudies. The crystal being examined ismounted on the goniometer head at aprecise angle to the incoming X-rays so

Opposite: Transmitting light from a helium-neonla«cr through a liquid-filled optical fibre.

A single beam oflight can carry vastly moreinformation than an electrical current. It can, forexample, carry the equivalent of more than1,000,000 telephone conversations. A number ofcountries are therefore working on thedevelopment of optical fibres for use in guidedlight beam systems since these systems offer themost likely prospect for coping with the enormousgrowth in communications in the next fewdecades.

The optical fibre in this picture was developedby the DIVISION OF TRIBOPHYSICS and is made of

fused quartz filled with tetrachloroethylene. Ata wavelength of 900 nanometres the loss ofsignal is less than 10 decibels per kilometre, alow enough level to make the new fibre suitablefor long-distance optical transmission systemsAlthough its bore is finer than a human hair,the optical fibre can transmit as much informationas existing wide-band submarine cables Itsultimate capacity is expected to be much greater.

The new optical fibre has been made availableto the Australian Post Office for its researchlaboratories to evaluate the fibre's potential inthe development of Australia's telecommunicationsnetwork.

Patent protection has been sought for theCSIRO fibre

40

that the angles of diffraction can bemeasured very accurately.

A goniometer head of radically newdesign which enables a sample to bepositioned with considerable accuracyhas been developed by the DIVISION OF

CHEMICAL PHYSICS. The new head is sostable that, once set, no movement canbe detected in operation. It is extremelysimple in design—it consists basically ofonly four components—and is corre-

overseas manufacturers of X-raydiffraction equipment have shownconsiderable interest in the new headand a non-exclusive agreement has beennegotiated with the Dutch firm of'Enraf-Nonius to produce these unitsunder licence from CSIRO.

Weather forecastingi'

Weather forecasting in the Southern \Hemisphere is being improved by \incorporating data obtained from satellites'^

In the Southern Hemisphere, one of themajor problems facing meteorologists jsthe lack of conventional weatherobservations over the vast ocean areas:1,At the Commonwealth Meteorology ,'Research Centre, staffed jointly by the,.DIVISION OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS and the

Bureau of Meteorology, considerable ;'progress towards a solution of this ''problem has been made by using \information from weather satellites in \numerical forecasting models.

M i r e cloud p lwror t over dita-1•pane ireçfatns cmrt, fee inti-i pi oterf to

provide information ni?t previoailyfva&bie, inch «i the tempentyra ofvarfôu» layers in th r mtmo*phe&^ Timinfocmatkto, when oombin«d vdA themow convontfoatl balloonerm land »*att, ou» be u»ed to »d«ta *

that is the best possible representationof existing conditions. Using a numberof these analyses, a mathematical modelbased on the complete equations ofatmospheric flow is undergoing a periodof extensive operational testing at theWorld Meteorological Centre inMelbourne. Preliminary results of thesetests are encouraging: the prediction ofbroad-scale wind and pressure patternsfor one to four days has an accuracy

EDffipawMe wîb, DJ bettor ta,conventional methods.

In addition, general circulation models

of the Southern Hemisphere areimproving our knowledge of themechanisms controlling the characteristicpatterns of motion in the atmosphere.In future, weather, forecasts may befurther improved by the incorporationof some of these results into numericalprediction models.

Cirrus clouds and climate

Optical studies of the effect of cirrus cloudcover on the Earth's climate are providingmeteorologists with much useful information.

Cirrus clouds are white, delicate-lookingclouds that occur at heights between1\ and 10£ kilometres. Since they arecomposed of ice crystals and are relativelycold, they emit much less radiation thanthe warm Earth below them and so theyreduce the radiant heat loss from theEarth to space. Cirrus clouds alsoscatter out a fraction of the Sun's

radiation, M teasing the solareucig)' input to the Earth . Whichever

process is the larger will determine

wfaetbjcr a cirrui cloud cover wili have .on average a net warming or coolingeffect on &£ Earth'» climate. '

It ii important to know the net effectof dm» cio«d» en the Earth's climatefor Kvenl reMoo», For example, «orne

meteorologists have expressed concernthat the increasing numbers of jet air-craft in the upper troposphere (8—12kilometres) may inadvertently increasethe natural cirrus cover through thecondensation of water vapour from theengines' exhausts. Again, the numericalmodels of the atmosphere currently beingdeveloped and used in weather forecast-ing do not adequately incorporateradiation fluxes, which control theEarth's energy budget.

Determining the net effect of cirrusclouds on the Earth's climate has proveda problem for atmospheric scientistsbecause of the high altitudes at whichthese clouds occur. However, a ground-based, remote-sensing infrared radio-meter developed by the DIVISION OF

ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, used in conjunc-tion with lidar (optical radar) equipmentmade available by the University ofAdelaide, has overcome this problem.The radiometer responds to radiationfrom the clouds using a wavelength towhich the atmosphere is transparent,while the lidar equipment measures theheight, thickness, and relative opticaldensity of the clouds using visible•wavelengths.

Combined measurements made oncertain types of cirrus at Adelaideshowed that these clouds emitted radiantheat, on average, at 25% efficiency(75% transparency), a lower figure thanwas previously thought. The measure-ments also predicted that scattering ofsolar radiation from the clouds woulddepend considerably on solar angle,that is on latitude and season.

These findings are being used to assistin the interpretation of infrared andvisible pictures taken from satellites.What the satellite 'sees' depends on thetransmissivity, reflectivity, and heightof the clouds beneath as well as on thenature of the Earth's surface.

The Division's work has also provideda means for distinguishing between ice

and water clouds. The lidar radiationbackscattered from cirrus clouds wasfound to be less than that theoreticallypredicted for clouds of water drops orice spheres. The reason lies in thenature of the cirrus ice crystals, whichare known to have an irregular geometryand which tend to form conglomerates.Whereas spheres have a maximumscattering in the 'back' direction,irregular particles scatter diffusely.

Detecting molecules in space

Highly sensitive microwave receivers installedat the 64-metre {210-foot) radio telescope atParkes, New South Wales, have detectedsignals from several organic compounds ininterstellar space. Two new molecules havebeen discovered, adding to the small butgrowing list of organic molecules that havenow been found in the depths of space.

A molecular line of thioformaldehyde(CH2S) at a wavelength of 9 cm wasdetected in September 1971 with theParkes radio telescope operated by theDIVISION OF RADioPHvsics. It was tke

first interstellar molecule to be dis-covered from outside the United States.Three months later a new molecularline from acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) wasdetected near the same wavelength of 9cm. Both compounds were detected nearthe centre of our Galaxy in the radiosource Sagittarius B2 which is believedto be a cloud of gas in the process ofcondensing into a star-planet systemlike pur own solar system.

The discovery of interstellar moleculesdepends critically on accurate laboratorymeasurements of transition frequencies.The Division has therefore been colla-borating closely with the Department ofChemistry at Monash University whichis well equipped to measure the naturalfrequencies,of suggested compounds.

43

As a result of this collaboration, themolecule methyleneimine (CHgNH) wasdiscovered in May 1972 by its emissionline radiation at a wavelength of 6 cm.Although methyleneimine exists onlyflectingly on Earth, chemists at MonashUniversity were able to synthesize itand measure a characteristic group ofsix spectral lines during the few secondsthat it survived in the laboratory.Ten days later the Division's radiotelescope picked up faint signals from theregion of Sagittarius B2 at a wavelengthof 6 cm. The signals matched perfectlythe line profile recorded at Monash.

The arrangement of the atoms, in themethyleneimine molecule and in anothermolecule that has been found in inter-stellar space, formic âcid (HCOOH), issuch that if they could be combined asynthesis of the amino acid glycine

. (CH2NHSCOOH) might result.Glycine is the simplest of the aminoacids—the units from which proteins arebuilt up. The discovery of methylene-imine therefore provides evidence for thenew idea that the ingredients of carbon-based life may start to form in spacelong before planets condense from cloudsof gas into solid bodies. •» .,;

lie rays from the Son

but then suddenly the radio emissionbroke into sharp pulses of strikingregularity, spaced at intervals of 2-7seconds. After about fifty pulses theemission returned, with equal suddenness,to its former continuous character, whilethe intensity diminished and faded. Atthe same time a solar shock wave wasseen to be travelling out from the flareexplosion; and shortly after, cosmic rayswere observed by detectors on anAmerican satellite.

RigtUar pulses from the Sun provide a chu toAt origin 0/solàr cosmic rays. ,

On 27 September 1969, a rare event onthe Sun was recorded by the Cujgooraiadiospe«trographV This instrument,ïqeéfcrf 4t ttûrthern New South Wales,iti0uimti; hf Ae ptvmot* ormina- "nmra«wi «ùiotviw * regulw w»tch

The Division has now developed asimple dieory which explains the wholesequence of events—the rise in radiointensity, the sudden pulsations, and thegeneration of cosmic rays. According tothe theory'the complete phenomenon isthe natural consequence of an arch- ••shaped magnetic field above the flarebeing disturbed and set in oscillation bythe shock wave passing through it. A few

, similar events since observed fit the samepattern. The important contribution of

!; these observations k that they not onlylink together a series of observedcharacteristics but, in addition, provide'the first observation*! clue as to howsolar cosmic rays are generated.

' />-

sot'* . » i k s . A: 1 - m i , . " . » « > .

Measuring temperatures moreaccurately

Quicker and more accurate measurements oftemperature can now be made with platinumresistance thermometers following thedevelopment of a new type of resistance bridge.

Although the mercury-in-glass thermo-meter is widely used for measuringtemperatures in the range — 35°C to500°G, there are many situations inindustry and science where temperaturesmust be measured more accurately than ispossible with thermometers of this type.Many of these measurements are madewith platinum resistance thermometers.If the temperature of a platinum wire israised, its electrical resistance increasesby about 4% for every 10"C. For anyparticular platinum resistance thermo-

• meter the relation between temperatureand electrical resistance can be deter-mined precisely and temperatures canthen be measured by measuring theelectrical resistance of the platinumwire.

A precise knowledge of temperature isimportant in practically all of themeasurements made in the NATIONALSTANDARDS LABORATORY. A few years

, ago, measurements accurate to about ahundredth of a degree were sufficiently

" accurate and these could be made withmercury-in-glass thermometers. Nowthe accuracy required in many measure-ments makes it necessary for tempera-tures to be known and in some cases tobe controlled to within less than athousandth of a degree. -> Measurements

' to this accuracy with conventional „, r> platinum resistance thermometry equip-

ment are time-consuming and'ctifficulttA new resistance bridge developed in theDIVISION oV APPLIED PHYSICS makes nichmeasurements much quicker and gives >improved àccuïàcy.

The hew bridge makes use of tech-niques developed in the Division for

using specially constructed transformersto give very precise ratios. Following thesuccessful testing of a bridge of this type,twelve bridges have now been con-structed and tested in various applica-tions in the Laboratory.

An immediate application for one ofthese bridges was found in the DIVISIONOF PHYSICS which calibrates several

.hundred mercury-in-glass thermometersa year for other users. Because of thedifficulty of using the conventionalequipment, the earlier practice was tocalibrate high-quality mercury-in-glassthermometers by reference to theLaboratory's standard platinum resis-tance thermometers and to use thesemercury thermometers as standards forthe calibration of those from clients.The ease of use of the new bridge hasmade it possible for thermometers ofthis type to be calibrated directly againstreference platinum resistance thermo-meters. This change has been accom-panied by a time-saving of about 20%and in the case of some special cali-brations as much as 50%.> The bridge is also being used in the

DIVISION OF PHYSICS in a detailed investi-gation of phenomena associated with thefreezing of water which provides thebasic reference point for the measurementof temperature. To make these experi-ments possible it was necessary to be ableto detect differences of temperature assmall as a few millionths of a degree andthis sensitivity has been achieved byusing some supplementary equipment toprocess the information provided by thebridge. Although the phenomena ,,

investigated have been of interest tophysicists concerned with temperaturemeasurement for'many years, this is thefirst time that equipment has beenavailable with sensitivity sufficient tomake the experiments possible.

. - • •>>

; j . L

Locating defects in microwavesystems

An instrument has been developed whichdetects and measures defects in microwavesystems.

In radar, long-distance telephony, andsatellite communications, extensive useis made of systems involving the passageof electrical energy through wave-guides. These are precisely made metaltubes, usually rectangular in section,which are used instead of wires to carryelectrical energy in the form of currentsalternating at very high frequencies. Ifthere are mechanical imperfections inthe waveguides or in the fittings used toconnect the lengths of waveguidetogether, energy is reflected from theseand the equipment cannot performwith maximum efficiency.

Until recently, it was possible, tomeasure the total effect of these îreflec-tions but not to locate and measureindividual reflections when several werepresent. A locating reflectometerdeveloped in the DIVISION OF APPLIED

PHYSICS makes it possible to locateindividual reflections precisely and tomeasure the extent-to which they reflect-,energy. The locations of individualreflections in a component can be dis-played on an oscilloscope screen orrecorded on a paper chart. If thischut is made the actual size of thecomponent it can be placed beside thecomponent to indicate where the reflec-tions are occurring.

Advisory Council

Executive

J. R. Price, D.Phil., D.Sc, F.A.A. (Chairman)V. D. Burgmann, B.Sc, B.E.C. S. Christian, C.M.G., B.Agr.Sc, M.S.M. F. C. Day, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.A.L. Lewis, B.Met.E.D. L. Ford, M.Sc, Ph.D.E. P. S. Roberta, C.M.G.Sir Henry Somerset, C.B.E., M.Sc.Professor E. J. Underwood, C.B.E., Ph.D.,

D.Rur.Sc, D.Sc(Agric), F.A.A., F.R.S.

Chairmen of State Committees

NEW SOUTH WALES—K. L. Sutherland, Ph.D.,D.Sc., F.A.A.

QUEENSLAND—Professor F. N. Lahey, D.Sc.SOUTH AUSTRALIA—A. M. Simpson, C.M.G., B.Sc.TASMANIA—V. G. Burley, C.B.E., B.E.VICTORIA—H. P. Weber, C.B.E., M.Sc.WESTERN AUSTRALIA—L. C. Brodie-Hall,

A.W.A.S.M.

Co-opted Members

Professor G. M. Badger, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.A.A.A. P. BeattyK. E. Beazley, M.A., M.H.R.G. W. Bridges-MaxwellJ. Darling ; jProfessor F. J. Fenner, M.B.E., M.D., F.A.A.,

F.R.S.j : M. Harvey, D.Sc.M. W. Howell, O.B.E., F.S.A.S.M.C. R. Kelly, M.H.R.J. Melville, C.M.G., M.Sc., Ph.D.Professor Sir Rutherford Robertson, C.M.G.,

Ph.D., D.Sc., F.A.A., F.R.S.Professor J. M. Swan. Ph.D., D.Sc., F.A.A.Professor H. R VaUentine, B.E, M.S.W. J. Vines, C M.G., A.A S.A., A.C I SR. G. Ward, M.A , Ph.D.R. M. Watts, B.V.Sc: ,Professor B. R. Williams, M.A.D. R. Zeidler, C.B.E., M.Sc.

" '•' I '

State Committees

New South Wales State Committee

K. L. Sutherland, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.A.A. (Chairman)Sir Brian Massey-Greene, M.A.D. F. McMichael, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil.Professor B. R. Williams, M.A.A. J. Higgs, B.Sc. (Secretary)

Queensland State Committee

Professor F. N. Lahey, D.Sc. (Chairman)K.J.C. Back, M.Sc, Ph.D.C. B. P. Bell, C.B.E.K. E. Gibson, B.Sc.B. H. Gunn, B.Com., A.A.U.Q,., A.A.S.A.R. E. Harrison, B.Agr.Sc.J. M. Harvey, D.Sc.E. B. de N.Joyce, O.B.E.I. W. Morley, I.S.O., B.M.E., B.Met.E.Sir Ellis Murphy, M.B., Ch.M., F.R.C.P.,

F.R.A.C.P.L. V. Price, O.B.E.R. M. ReynoldsE. P. S. Roberts, C.M.G.W.J.D. Shaw, O.B.E.Professor M. Shaw, M.Eng., M.Mech.E.Professor R. L. Specht, M.Sc., Ph.D.Professor J. F. A. Spront, Ph.D., D.Sc'.,

F.R.C.V.S., F.A.A.E. F. Hen:.-?!.. B.Agr.Sc., D.Phil. (Secretary)

South Australian State Committee

A. M. Simpson, C.M.G., B.Sc. (Chairman)A. J. Allen, A.R.M.T.C., F.R.A.C.I.D. H. Brown, M.Sc.A. D. CHeneryProfessor A. M. Clark, M.Sc., Ph.D.W. W. Forrest, B.Sc., Ph.D.B. J. Hailstone, M.I.T.A.R G M Harvey, B.Sc.Agr.J. E Harris, B E.D R HawkesM. R. Irving, B.V.Sc.J. F. Jenkinson, A A S A., A.C.I.S.Brigadier J. G. McKinna, C.B E , D.S.O., "

M.VO., C.StJ., ED.J. Melville, C.M.G., M.Sc., Ph.D.L W. Parkin, M.Sc., A.S T,C.Emeritus Professor J A Prescott, C B E., D.Sc.,

D Ag.Sc., F.A.A., F R.S.H C. SchmidtE.,W. Schroder, B.E., A.A.S.A. ,H. Wikkent, F.I.O.B Lond., F J U . B . , F.A.I.M.D. W. Dewey (

47

Tasmanian State Committee

V. G. Burley, C.B.E., B.E. {Chairman)C. AlcorsoK. A. BrodribbW. Bryden, C.B.E., B.A., M.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S.E. J. Cameron, C.B.E., M.A.A. H. Crane, B.Sc, M.For.R. J. DowneyT. A. Frankcomb, O.B.E.G. HaU, C.B.E., B.Sc.R. W. Henry, B.Sc.Professor W. D. Jackson, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. W. Knight, C.M.G., B.Sc., B.Com., M.E.A. R. Mead, Dip.Comm.P. R. StoneJ. G. Symons, B.E., F.S.A.S.M.H. R. Twilley, F.I.D., F.A.I.M.D. D. von Bibra, O.B.E.Professor G. C. Wade, M.Agr.Sc., D.Sc.D. Martin, D.Sc. (Secretary)

Professor J. P. Quirk, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D., D.Sc.W. D. L. Ride, M.A., D.Phil.L. W. Samuel, B.Sc., Ph.D.J . H. Shepherd, B Sa, B.Agr.Sc, Dip.For.Professor W. R. Stern, M.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.Professor E. J. Uiderwood, C.B.E., Ph.D.,

D.Rur.Sc., D.Sc.(Agric), F.A.A., F.R.S.Professor H. H. Waring, D.Sc., F.A.A.R. Woodall, M.Sc.J . P. Brophy (Secretary)

Victorian State Committee

H. P. Weber, C.B.E., M.Sc. (Chairman)A. D. Butcher, M.Sc.Professor J. M. Swan, Ph.D., D.Sc.. F.A.A.R. G. Ward, M.A., Ph.D.D. S. Wishart, B.V.Sc, M.A.C.V.Sc.D. R. Zeidler, C.B.E., M.Sc.R. N. Sanders, B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S. (Secretary)

Western Australian State Committee

L. C. Brodie-Mall, A.W.A.S.M. (Chairman)C. C. Adams, F.A.I.M.A. McA. Batty, B.Sc., Dip.Chem.Eng.(Lpnd.)Professor N. S. Bayliss, C.B.E., B.A., Ph.D., D.Sc.,

Ç.A.A.R. F. Blanks, M.Sc., Ph.D.C, R. Bunning, C.B.E., B.C.E.G. H. CooperD. M. Cullity, B.Sc. , o ^R. R. H. Doran, F I E AustK. W. Edwards, O.B E,, A.A S A.Air Chief Manhal Sir Basil Embry (R.A.F, retired),

G.C.B, KJB.E ; D.S.O, (4 bai»), D.F.C, A.F C.Professor B. J . Gncve, M.Sc., Ph D , D I.C.,

F.I.BiolN.G. Humphries, CB.E,A.A:S.A o ' !ProCessor P. R. Jefferies, M.Sc , Ph.D. "j / N . Langfiaa1

( |P. B, heùay - ,, ,iG. N. Lewis, Dip.Agr. 'T.J.Lewti ' ' \ , ' ;ProfèNor II J. lAmxi B.Sc.(Agric)J. PtNortPO,OvB.E.

, BJ&c., Ph.D."'

KdiC H

StaffThe following is a list of professional and senior administrative staff of the Organization as at 30 June 1972.

Head OfficeLimestone Avenue, Campbell, A.C.T.

ExecutiveCHAIRMANJ. R. Price, D.Piiil., D.Sc, F.A.A.MEMBERS OP THE EXECUTIVEV. D. Burgmann, B.Sc., B.E.G. S. Christian, C.M.G., B.Agr.Sc, M.S.M. F. C. Day, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.A.D. L. Ford, M.Sc, Ph.D. (part-time)L. Lewis, B.Mct.E.E. P. S. Roberts, G.M.G. (part-time)Sir Henry Somerset, C.B.E., M.Sc. (part-time)Professor E. J. Underwood, C.B.E., Ph.D., D.Rur.Sc, D.Sc.(Agric), F.A.A., F.R.S. (part-time)

Secretariat

Executive OfficerJ. A. Allen, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Administrative BranchSECRETARY (ADMINISTRATION)L. G. Wilson, M.Sc.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY (WORKS ANDBUILDINGS)

B. Beresford Smith, B.Sc., B.E.

W. C. Curnow, B.Arch. (at Brisbane)J . V. Dunn, A.R.A.I.A., Dip.Arch.R. B. Fuller, F.R.A.I.A., Dip.Arch.,

F.R.M.T.C.B. G. Gibbs, B.E., F.S.A.S.M.D. K. Pincus, F.R.A.I.A., B.Arch,,

Dip.T *l.P.P. G. A. Relf, F.R.A.I.A.G. F. Smitl, A.R.A.I.A.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY (STAFF)J. Coombe

M. J. BeechP. J. R. Ghivers, B.Sc.H. G. Crozier, B.A., Dip.Ed.A. J. GulnaneE. G. FrenchN. H. Grafen

j . W. Hallam, A.M.T.G.I. L. Harvey, B.Sc., B.A.J . F . MitchellR. W. Murnain, B.Sc.L. C. R. Thompson, B.Sc.". R. Warwick, B A-. D . Whiting, B A.

D.V.Young^BA.iCHIEF LIBRARIANMas B C L Doubleday, O.B E ,

M.A., F.L A.A

DEPUTY CHIEF LIBRARIANP. H. Dawe, B.A., A.L.A.A.

P. Aukland, B.A.Miss J. A. Conochie, B.Sc., F.L.A.A.A. Dalby, M.A., B.Sc.(Econ.)Miss M. J. Dunstone, B.Sc., Dip.Ed.Miss M. J. Elliott, A.L.A.A.W. F. Evans, B.Sc.J. H. Gilmore, B.Sc.G. Hitoun, BJV.N.E. Hollier, B.Sc.G. L. Jackson, B.Sc., Ph.D.Miss L. C. Lawrence (at Canberra)G. Losonci, Dip.Ing., A.R.A.C.I.

(at Sydney)Miss M. E. McMullen, B.A.,

A.L.A.A.M. Prazak (at Brisbane)J. Rhemrev (at Sydney)J. P. Robinson, B.A., A.L.A.A.J. D. Shortridge, B.A. (at Adelaide)Miss F. B. South, B.A., A.L.A.A.

FINANCE MANAGERR. W. Viney, M.B.E., F.A.S.A.,

A.C:I .S,

D. J. Bryant, À.A.S.A.P.J.ByrneI. F. Carrucan, A.A.S.A.M. F. CombeH KwongF. G. Martich ' ;R. C. McVilly, F.A.S.A., A.C.I.S.E. OsfieldM. G. SinclairT. B. SiéighV. J. Taylor, B.Com , A C I.S.

i:

ASSISTANT SECRETARY(COMMUNICATION SERVICES)

G. R. Williams, B.Ec.

H. P. BlackM. E. Bourke, B.Sc.P. Bruce, A.R.P.S.S. T. Evans, B.Sc.C. D. Kimpton, B.Agr.Sc.D. J. Sandry, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICESG. D. McLennan, B.Com.

. L. Cummings

. GrahamE. S. JohnsonP. C.J. KnuckeyF. S. Lowson, A.C.W.A,P. V. MoggJ. M. Short, A.A.S.A., A.C.I.S.J. M. Symond

LIAISON OVERSEASLondonCHIEF SCIENTIFIC LIAISON OFFICERG. N. Lance, M.Sc., Ph.D.LIAISON OFFICERSI. C. Bogg, B.Ec.R. D. Croll, B.Agr.Sc.TokyoCOUNSELLOR (SCIENTIFIC)E. E. Adderley, B.Sc.WashingtonCOUNSELLOR (SCIENTIFIC)Professor H. C. Webster, C.M.G ,

Ph D , D.ScSCIENTIFIC ATTACHEC Garrow, B Com , D P A ,

M Agr.Sc, A A.S A.

-ft»

Agricalttural

SECRETARY (AGRICULTURAL ANDBIOLOGICAI. SCIENCES) " ,

A. F. Gurnett-Smith, B.Agr.Sc.' Jf ' ti , "' ,. •

jUHnvunr MJQKBTAKIS» »K. L. Avent, B.AgrJSc. - .P. F. Butler, M^g.Sc.

49 O

, A W. Charte», B.ScAgr , M Se. ,' " i =

1 SCŒNTmC SERVICE* OFFICERST. F. Burdett, M.Ag.Se.D.M.paly.F.Agr.Sc.A. C. Doery, BAp.Sc.D. W. Norwood, MAg.Sc

R. W. R. MiBer, BA., Dip.Agr.Sc.P. 85 ï*«ceke, B.8c,, Ph.Éf.

.'' ,A ' ' , '

' » 1 ' J k -

G T. Sibley, BAgrSc.D. V Walters, MAgr.Sc. (stcrndtd

to Qjuensland Department of PrimaryIndusirus) ' >• v ' ,,

H R. Webb, B.Agr.Sc., B.Com. 'B J Woodruff, B.Sc.(For.)

JECRBTAKY TO COMMONWEALTH AND. STATES VETEXINAIIY COMMRTtt

J.H.Whittem,Ë.ySc

Industrial and Physical SciencesBranch

SECRETARY (INDUSTRIAL AND PHYSICALSCIENCES)

J. P. Shelton, M.Sc., A.B.S.M.ASSISTANT SECRETARIESJ. B. Allen, B.Sc, Ph.D.

P. A. Grant, F.R.MJ.T., F.I.P.A.A.S. Lattimore, B.Sc, A.R.C.S.,

F.Inst.P.

SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERSR. L. Aujard, B.Sc.D. Burgess, B.Sc.

A. D. Duncan, M.Sc., A.R.C.S.,F.I.P.A.A.

T.J. Healy, B.Sc.S. Y. Ip, B.Ec., Dip.Appl.Chem.,

Dip.Chcm.Eng.W. J. Land, B.Sc., A.M.R. S. McCredie, B.Sc., Ph.D.

CONSULTANT TO THE EXECUTIVE(FUEL TECHNOLOGY)

H. R. Brown, B.Sc.(Eng.) (at Sydney)

Regional Administrative Offices

Regional Administrative Office,Brisbane

Hibernian Building, 246 Queen Street,Brisbane, Qld.

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERD. B. Thomas, B.A.ACCOUNTANTK, J. Turner, B.Com.PERSONNEL OFFICERM. H. Lamont

Regional Administrative Office,Canberra

Limestone Avenue, Campbell, A.C. T.REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERK. J. ProwseACCOUNTANTI. L. Farrar, A.A.S.A.PERSONNEL OFFICERP. A. O'BrienRegional Administrative Office,

Melbourne314 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Vic.

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

A. P. Patterson, F.A.S.A.

ACCOUNTANTW. C. Hosking, A.A.S.A., A.C.I.S.PERSONNEL OFFICERJ. BourneRegional Administrative Office,

SydneyGrace Bros. Building, 213 Broadway,

Sydney, N.S.W.REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERF. J. Whitty, F.A.S.A., A.C.I.S.ACCOUNTANTT. C. Clark, A.A.S.A., A.C.I.S.PERSONNEL OFFICERT. G. Brock, D.P.A,

Animal Research LaboratoriesANIMAL RESEARCH COMMITTEEI. W. McDonald, B.V.Sc, B.Sc.,

Ph.D. (Chairman)A. T. Dick, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.A.A.A. E. Pierce, Ph.D., D.Sc.,

F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M.J. M. Rendel, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.A.D. F. Stewart, D.V.Sc, Dip.Bact.

Division of Animal GeneticsHeadquarters: Delhi Road, North Ryde,

JÏÏSWCHIEFJ. M. Rendel, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.A.RESEARCH-ASSISTANT TO CHIEFA. Packham, B.V.Sc., A.A.S.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERR. W. Harrisi, B.Ec."LIBRARIAN

Min E. Ahearn, A.L.A.A,CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTIST'S.'N. Fazeka» de St.- Groth, M.D,

iCh.B., ScM,FA.ASENIOR PRINCIPAL RE1. SCIENTISTSG. W. Gngg, M,Sc.i' Ph.D.H J. Hojfmiiaf M.Scft-Ph.D. "••MwTTKôch, M.D,'B IXH Latter, B ScAgr , Ph D.M A>N»ughton, B.Sc., Ph.D

, Mus H, Newton Turner, B.Arch.,D.Sc.

A. Sibatani, D.Sc., O.Mcd-Sc. ,PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. A. Dunk», M.Agr.Sc, Ph.D.M » M. E. McCUin, B.A., Ph.D.T. Nay ,pA. H. Rtiwer, A3., Ph.D.D. M. Robert»*, IkSc., Ph.D.B. L. Shrfdon,BA:^fr..PbD

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSF. E. Binet, M.D.T. S. Ch'ang, M.Agr.Sci., Ph.D.I. R. Franklin, B.Sc., Ph.D.Miss P. R. Pennycuik, M.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB. M. Bindon, M.Rur.ScJ; Ph.D.N.Jackson, B.Sc., Ph.D.L. R. Piper, B.Rur.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSK. M. AdamsMiss A. M. Angyal, B.Sc.Mrs. V. J. Bender, M.Sc., Ph.D.Miss C. L. Bloomfield, B.Sc.Miss L. W. Bobr, M.ScAgr., Ph.D.Mrs.- Ç. A. Bucholtz, B.Sc.E. J. Burnett, B.Sc,B. S: Chandler, B.Sc:, Ph.D.Miss D. I. -Cbholly, Dip.Sc.P. Davis, M.'I.B.R. Evans, B.Sc., Dip.Ed. "•D. E. Finlay, B.ScAgr.J Lax, B Agr.Sc.B.J McHugh,B.ScK G Kenrîck, F A.I.M T.R. N. Podgcr, B.Agr.Sç.G. A. Rockwell, M Se.Mn. M.J. Sleigh,BSçMrs E. L. Stevenson, 3 Se.A, j . Vezi*, B.EN. H. Westwood, M Se.

At McMmttr Field Station,Badgety's Creek.Jf.S.W

OmCER-nl-CHARGE .R. H Hayman, M.Agr.Sç -PRINÇaPAL: RKtBARCH SCIENTISTT; E. AUtjn, B.Scs ., ;,'SEtUOR RCRjUUBH K3»<TKT ,, ,Y. S. Pan) M^yc^^gr., Ph .D. •••VXPKHunicsijiTAii o m c E aMM» S. M[. Donegan, B.Rur.Sc.

At Dairy Cattle Proj'ct, Wollongbar,

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

R. W. Hewetson, B.V.Sc.

At National Cattle Breeding Station, ,Belmont, Rockhampton, Qld.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEJ. F. Kennedy, M.Agr.Sç.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTG. W. Seifert, B.Sc.(Agric), Ph.D.

At Cattle Research Laboratory,Rockhampton, Qld.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEH. G. Turner, B.Agr.Sc, M.A.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTST. B. Post, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. H. Springell, M.A., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. C. O'Kelly, B.Sc., Dip.Biochem.,

Ph.D. '*A V. Schleger, B.Sc. (at Division of

Animal Health Long PocketLaboratories, Indoorooptlly)

R M Seebeck, M.Agr.SctJ Ph D.J. E. Verçpe, MAgr.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER '

J. E. Fnsch, B Agr.Sc.

Division of Animal HealthHeadquarters Cnr. Flemtngton Road

and Park Strut, ParkviUe, Vu.CHIEFA. E Pierce, Ph.D , D'.Sc,

F R C V S , D V S M ,FA.CV.Sc

SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT TO CHIEFR. N Sanders, B.V Se , M.R.C.V S.,

h MA.CV.SC. - ; " «ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICKK --~ <

K; L Hodg» c

At Animal Health Research Laboratory,Parkville, Vic. J

OFFICER-IN-CHARGE AND ASSISTANTCHIEF

E. L. French, M.Sc, Ph.D.LIBRARIANMrs. J. A. Kennedy, B.A., A.L.A.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

M.J.RolfsCHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTC. C.J. Culvenor, Ph.D., D.Phil.,

D.Sc.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSC. C. Curtain, Ph.D., D.Sc.A. W. Rodwell, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. S. Cottew, M.Sc.Mrs. M. V. Jago, B.Sc, Ph.D.G. W. Lanigan, M.Sc.L. C. Lloyd, B.V.Sc, Ph.D.,

M.A.G.V.SC.J. E. Peterson, B.V.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc.P. Plackett, B.A., Ph.D.W. A. Snowdon, B.V.Sc.,

M.A.C.V.SC.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSS. H. Buttery, B.Sc.B. L. Clark, B.V.Sc., Dip.Bact.,

M.R.C.V.S., M.A.C.V.SC.J. A. Edgar, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. S. Hogarth-Scott, B.V.Sc.,

M.R.C.V.S., M.A., Ph.D.,M.A.C.V.SC.

A. W. D. Lepper, B.Vet.Med.,M.R.C.V.S., Ph.D., M.A.C.V.SC.

I. M. Parsonson, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.,M.A.C.V.SC.

W. T. Riley, B.A., D.Phil.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSN. R. Adams, B.V.Sc.T Ph.D.N. Anderson, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.,

MAC:VS

1p:M. Outteridge, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERS. B. Bingley, D.A.C.. H. Dufty, B.V.Sc, M.R.C.V.S.. R. Etheridgé, B.E.M.,A.A.I.M.L.T.

Mrs. P. Miller, M.Sc.Miss M. J. Monsbourgh, B.Sc.Mrs. A. Outteridge, B.Sc.Mrs. C. W. Pearson, B.Sc.D. W. T. Piercy, B.Vet.Med.,

M.V.Sc, M.R.CV.S.Mrs. E. S. Rodwell, M.A., Ph.D.L. W. Smith, M.Sc.N. E. Southern, A.A.I.M.L.T.

At McMaster Laboratory, Sydney

ASSOCIATE CHIEF.D. F Stewart, D.V.Sc.,-Dip Bact,

F.ACV.Sc. .ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERTr A. LewisLIBRARIANMist J. R. Franklin, A L A.ASENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSJ. K. Dineen, B.Sc., Ph.D.

, H. McL. Gordon, D?V.Sc.,FA.CV.Sc.

M D. Murray, B.Sc (Vet. Sa.),F R C.V.S., M.A,.C V Sc

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. D. Donald, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.,

M.A.CV.SC.A. L. Dycè, B.Sc.Agr.J. R. Egerton, B.V.Sc., Dip.Bact,

M.A.CVSC. nL. E. A. Svmon», M.Sc., B.V.Sc.,

MJLCV.Sc. , V ». '

RESEARCH SCIENTISTSK. M. Dash, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.B. S. Goodrich, B.Sc., Ph.D.C. R. Huxtable, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.,

M.A.C.V.SCR. K. Prichard, B.Sc., Ph.D.T. L. W. Rothwell, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.,

M.A.C.V.SC.J. W. Steel, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH FELLOWMiss B. M. Ogilvie, B.Rur.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSD. B. Adams, M.V.Sc.D. H. P. Burrcll, B.V.Sc.D. R. Hennessy, Dip. Tech.(Sci.)W. O. Jones, B.Sc.R.J. Love, B.V.Sc.G. C. Merritt, A.A.I.M.T.M. J. Muller, B.Agr.Sci.P.J. Waller, M.V.Sc.J. E. Watts, B.V.Sc.

At Long Pocket Laboratories,Indooroopilly, Qld.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEP. H. Durie, M.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSK. C. Bremner, M.Sc., Ph.D.D. F. Mahoney, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.,

M.A.C.V.SC.J. A. Roberts, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.,

M.A.C.V.SC.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. K. Keith, Dip.Ind.Chem., - "

A.R.A.C.I.T. D. St. George.'M.V.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. H. Kemp, B.Sc., Ph.D.H. A. Standfast, B.Sc.B. M. Wagland, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. P. Bryan, B.Sc.R. Fridemanis, B.A., Dip.Ind.Chrai.B. V. Goodger, Dip.Med.Lab.

Techn.Miss N. Horsfall, B.Sc.P. D. Tracey-Patte, Dip.Med.Lab.

Techn.R. Winks, B.V-Sc.I. G. Wright, B.V.Sc, Ph.D.

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,TownsvUU, Qld.

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTL. A. Y. Johnston, B.V.Sc.,., MA.CV.Sc. 'EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

G.Leatch, B.V.Sc.

Division of Animal PhysiologyHeadquarters. Ian Clumes Ross Animal

Research Laboratory, Gnat WesternHighway, Prospect, XS.W.

CHIEFI. W. McDonald, B.V Sc., B.Sc.,

Ph.D. ,ASSISTANT CHIEF

K. A. Fergusqp, iB.V.Sc.,ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERR. ElllS, A.A l

À \Miss M. Frost, B.A., A.L A.A.SENIOR PJHNCIPAI. RES. SCIENTISTSG. Alexander, D^Agr.Sc.A. W.H. Brada», M.Sc, Ph.D.R. I. Cost, B.Sc,,-Ph.D.A. M. Downa, M.Sc. lTV. McC. Grehaih, B.Sc., B.Agr.,

PK.D. i

J. C. D. Hutchinson, M.A.A. G. Lyne, B.Sc., Ph.D.G. D. Thorburn, B.Sc., M.B., B.S.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. M. Bassett, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. P. Hogan, B.ScAgr., Ph.D.P. E. Mattner, B.Agr.Sc, M.V.Sc.,

Ph.D,B. A. Panaretto, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.P. J. Reis, B.ScAgr.T. W. Scott, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.B. D. Stacy, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. L. C. Wallace, B.Sc.R. H. Weston, B.Sc.Agr., M.S.O. B. Williams, M.Agr.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. D. Brown, B.Sc., Ph D.R. E. Chapman, B.Sc.App., M.Sc.G. J. Paichney, M.ScAgr., Ph.D.J. A. Hemsley, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.H. M. Radford, B.Sc.A. C. I. Warner, B.Sc.,

Dip.Microbiol., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. L. Black, fi.Agr.Sc., Dip.Ed., Ph.D.L. J. Cook, B.Agr.Sc, M.Sc., Ph.D.J. R. S. Hales, M.Sc., Ph.D.Mrs. J. Hawkins, B.Sc., Ph.D.C. D. Nancarrow, B.Agr.Sci., Ph.D.ENGINEERJ. W. U. Beeston, M.B.E., A.S.T.C.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. W. Bennett, B.Sc.V. A. Bettington, B.V.Sc.W. F. Colebrook, B.Sc.Agr.P.J. Connell, B.Sc.R. T. Gemmcll, B.Sc.N. T. Hinks, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.D. E. Hollis, F.A.I.M.L.T.J. R. Lindsay, M.Sc.Miss D. Madill, B.Sc.D. E. Margan, B.Sc.C. S. Mills, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.Miss A. Pritchard, B.Sc.T. W. Searle, B.Sc.L. F. Sharry, M.Sc., A.R.M.T.C.D. A. Tunks, B.Sc.K. E. Turnbull, B.A,, M.Sc.P. H. Van Dooren, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.Miss M. Vickery, M.Sc.MissJ3. A. White, M.Agr.Sc.B. W. Wilson, B.Sc.Mrs. P. A. Wilson, B.Sc.M. Wong, B.Sc., Ph.D.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICER

W. H. Clarke, M.A.I.A.S.

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,ArmidaU, N.S.W.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEW. M Willoughby, B.Sc.Agr.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERT.J. CookeSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTS. L. Corbett, M.Agr.Sc, D Sc.\ H. Southcott, D.V.Sc.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR L. Davidson, B.Sc, Ph.D.K. J. Hutchmson, M.ScAgr., Ph.D.J. L. Wheeler, B Sc.Agr., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSE J Hilder, B Sc (Agnc )J. P. Langlands, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.J J. Lynch, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.A. R. Till, MScRESEARCH SCIENTISTL F. Le Jambre, M.S., Ph.D.RESEARCH FELLOWP.J. Vickery, B.Sc.Agr., M.Rur.Sc.,

Ph.D.

51

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSI. A. Barger, B.Agr.Sc.£. P. Furnival, B.Sc.J. M. George, B.ScAgr., M.Rur.Sc.D. A. Hedges, B.Sc.Agr.A. P. Kennedy, B.Sc.Agr.Miss K. L. King, B.Sc.B. E. Mottershead, B.Sc.F. S. Pickering, A.R.C.I.R. L. Rocks, B.Sc.J. R. Wiseman, B.Sc.

At Cunningham Laboratory, St. Lucia,OJd.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTL. J. Lambourne, M.Sc, Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTD. A. Little, M.V,Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERD.J. Brett, B.Sc.

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,Townsville, Qld.

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTB. D. Siebert, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERP. M. Kennedy, B.Sc.

At Division of Chemical Engineering,Melbourne

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTR. H. Laby, M.B.E., M.Sc., Ph.D.

.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSB. Kautzner, F.R.M.I.T.I. Saxton, B.Agr.Sc.

Division of NutritionalBiochemistryHeadquarters: Kintore Avenue,

! Adelaide, S.A.CHIEFA. T. Dick, O.B.E., D.Sc, F.A.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERB. W. Bartlett, A.A.S.A.LIBRARIANMrs. D. Watkins, A.L.A.A.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSI., G. Jarrett, D.Sc.H. J. Lee, M.Sc.R. M. Smith, M.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SUENTISTSj . L. Frahn, M.Sc, Ph.D.G. B. Jones, D.Sc.J. A. Mills, M.Sc., Ph.D. (located at

Department of Organic Chemistry,University of Mw South Wales)

B. J. Potter," M.Sc.D.J.Walker, B.Sc, Ph.D.R\ A. Weller, B.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSF.J. Ballard, B.Sc., Ph.D.K , 0 Godwin, B.Sc, Ph D.R. E. Kuchel, B.ScA. F. Pilgrim, B Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. M. Gawthorne, B.Sc.A$-, Ph D.G. H. Mclntosh, B.V.Sc., Ph D.F. M. Tomas, B.ScAgr., Ph DENGINEER = )V. A StephenEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERS <D. W. Dewey ,. *O. H'FibcH,B.Sc.Mrs C. N. Fuss, B Sc. ' ,M F Hopgood, MSc.R W IUman, BSc.S,'E Knowks,B.ScC.J. Nader, B.Sc.W. S. Oibome-White, B.Sc. -, o,G. R, RuneM, A.N.ZJ.C.G. B. Stowr, B.Sc.

Division of Applied ChemistryHeadquarters: Larimer Street,

Fishermen's Bend, Vic.

CHIEFS. D. Hamann, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.A.ASSISTANT CHIEFD. E. Weiss, D.Sc., F.A.A.TECHNICAL SECRETARYF. A. Priest, A.S.A.S.M.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERA. C. Loftus, B.Com.LIBRARIANMrs. D. E. Lamberton, B.A.,

A.L.A.A.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. H. S. Horn, M.Sc., Ph.D.J. A. Lamberton, Ph.D., D.Sc.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSI. Brown, D.Sc.G. Holan, F.R.M.I.T.W. W. Mansfield, B.Sc.W. H. F. Sasse, B.Sc., Ph.D.D. H. Solomon, Ph.D., D.ScR. G. Vines, D.Sc.M. E. Winfield, Ph.D., D.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB. A. Bolto, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. C. Croft, M.Sc.L. K. Dalton, A.S.T.C.L. F. Evans, A.S.M.B.V. A. Garten, D.ScR. W. Hinde, B.Sc.S. R.Johns,'B.Sc, Ph.D.C. H.J.Johnson, B.Sc.J. E. Lane, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. W. Loder, M.Sc., Ph.D.T. Mole, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. C. Wailes, M.Sc., Ph.D.J. A. Wunderlich, M.Sc., Dr.cs Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB. B. Carrodus, M.Sc., R.D.Oen.,

D.Phil.M. N. Galbraith, M.Sc., Ph.D.C. Harris, Ph.D.R. B. Head, M.Sc., Ph.D.J. H. Hodgkin, B.Sc, Ph.D.E. A. Jeffery, B.Sc, Ph.D.W. N. K. King, B.Sc.T. H. Spurting, B.Sc, Ph.D.E. A. Swintôh, B.Sc.H. Weigold, B.Sc, Ph.D.D. Willis, M.Sc, D.Phil.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB. C. Elmes, M,Sc, Ph.D.M. B.Jackson, B.Sc, Ph.D.C. Kowala, M.ScT. Teitei, M.Sc., Ph.D. ,ENGINEERS ,S. J. Attwood, CEng., M.I.Mech.E.A. J- Ecdeston, A.R.M.I.T.R. L. GÙUy, A R M.I.T.J . B ROM, B.Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. S P Coutts, M Se,, A.S M B ,

Dip.Met. ,- ,K. WJV. Cross, B.E. -S Demerac, B Se. ~D R Dixon, B.ScR J Ejàpàge, B.ScK Eppfugcr, B Sc.

A. F. Faux, A.R.M I.T.N. K.HÎirt,M.App.Sc.D. G Hnwthora, M.Sc, Ph.D'. R Jefli, B Sc.: Jonaaben, M,Sc. ,

L. Kolanlk, M.Sc. "Z . K f a » , Dip.Ind.Chem,

D.J.O

». C. Lpfc&Sc.

F. D. Looney, F.M.T.C.R. D. MacDonald, B.Sc. (at

University of Melbourne)R. McNeffl, A.Sw.T.C.A. S. Macpherson, B.Sc.A. Meisters, A.R.M.T.C.E. J. Middleton, B.Sc, Ph.D.T. C. Morton, B.Sc, Ph.D.R. H. Nearn, L.R.I.C.D. O'Keefe, A.R.M.I.T.D. R. Packham, A.R.M.I.T.N. Pilkington, M.Sc. (at

University of Melbourne)A. Pompe, M.Sc. •J. H. Price, B.Sc, Ph.D.Mrs. I. Salivan, A.R.M.T.C.A. A. Sioumis, M.Sc.Mrs. R. V. Siudak, Dipl.Ing.Chem.F. Smith, B.Sc.Mrs. J. D. Swift, F.R.M.I.T.A. C. T. Triffett, A.M.T.C.I. A. Weeks, M.Sc, Ph.D.D. Wells, B.Sc.R. I. Willing, B.Sc.

At 69 Tarra Bank Road, SouthMelbourne, Vie.

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERN. W. WhelanSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSH. G. Higgins, B.Sc, D.App.Sc.W. E. Hillis, A.G.Inst.Tech., D.Sc.A. J. Watson, F.R.M.I.T.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. E. Bland, D.Sc.A. J. Michell, B.Sc, Ph.D.G. Scurfield, B.Sc, Ph.D.R. C. McK. Stewart, D.ScSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSV. Balodis, M.Sc.R. C. Foster, B.Sc, Ph.D.H. D. Ingle, B.For.Sc.P. J. Nelson, B.Sc, Ph.D.J. W. P. Nicholls, M.Sc.L. Shain, M.Sc, Ph.D.A. F. A. Wallis, M.Sc, Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. Colley, B.Sc, Ph.D.R. W. Hemingway, M.Sc, Ph.D.Y. Yazaki, M.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. D. Coleman, A.R.M.T.C.G. W. Davies, M.ScK. J. Harrington, M.Sc.A. F.J. Logan, A.R.M.I.T.A. W. McKenzie, A.M.T.C.F. H. Phillips, A.R.M.I.T.B. J. Poppleton, M.Sc.J. Skicko, B.Sc.J. A. Smelstorius, F.R.-M.T.C.S. H. Tham, M,ScJ L deYong, B.Sc.LIBRARIANMiss A Forbes, A L A A. j

Division of AppliedGeomeckanicsHeadquarters Kxmundl Grove, Syndal,> Vu S7^

CHIEF 'G. D Aitchison, M.E., Ph D.ASSISTANT CHIEFD. Lafeber, D S cTECHNICAL SECRETARYJ D Dover, A . S T CADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER •K. T. WenhamEPrroRMrs K. Haertel, StMtsexamen

(Munich)1 „ ''1: tf^aSfci "'P *« f

LIBRARIANMiss E. A. Beaumont, A.R.M.I.T.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSL. G. Alexander, M.Sc.C. M. Gerrard, B.E., M.Eng.Sc,

Ph.D.K. Grant, B.Sc.O. G. Ingles, B.A., M.Sc.P. L. Newland, B.Sc. (at Sydney)B. G. Richards, B.E., M.S.K. Tanimoto, B.Sc., Dr.Eng.G. Worotnicki, Dip.Mech.Eng.,

A.S.T.C.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSC. M. Barton, M.Sc., Ph.D.R. G. Friday, B.E.(Civil),

M.Eng.Sc.M. Kurzeme, B.E., M.Eng.Sc.,

Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSG. H. Carson, A.R.M.I.T.D. G. Foulger, B.Sc. (at Cobar)J. G. Lang, Dip.C.E.K. G. Mills, B.Eng.R. C. Neil, B.E., M.Sc.P. Peter, B.Tech. (at Adelaide)N. C. Walters, A.R.M.I.T.P. M. Warburton, B.Sc., Ph.D.L.J. Wardle, B.Sc.D. R. Willoughby, B.Sc. (at Cobar)M. B. Wold, F.R.M.I.T.

Division of Applied PhysicsSee Nations! Standards Laboratory

Division of Building ResearchHeadquarters: Graham Road, Highett,

Vic.CHIEFR. W. R. Muncey, M.E.E.,

D.App.Sc.ASSISTANT CHIEFF. A. Blakey, B.E., Ph.D.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYJ. A. Pattison, A.A.S.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERK. V. Robertson, D.F.G., A.F.C.

and barEDITORI. G. H. Croll, B.Sc.INFORMATION OFFICERSK. L. Biggs, B.Sc.E. M. Coulter, M.Agr.Sc.R. E. Lewis, B.Sc.R. C. McTaggart, B.Sc. -LIBRARIANMis» J. Mooney, A.L.A.A.,SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSK. M. Alexander. M:Sc. Ph.D.

(at University of Sydney)E R. Ballahtyne, B SeJ F Brotchie, B.C E , D.EngW. B Kennedy, B.Mech,EM.J Ridge, D.Sc.H E. Vivian, B Sc.AgrviPRINCIPAL RSSEA&CH «CŒNTISTSF.J Bromilow, M Sc, Ph D.G M. Bruer, MSc.W F Cole, Ph.D, D.Sc.K G Martin, B Sc,E Tauber, Dipl.Ing.E C.S ' ,A R. ToaUey, B.A ,BC.Ev

M.EngSc., Ph.D. (secondtd toLawn Tana Crossing Authority)

SENIOR RESEARCH

,

J. Beretka, B.Ch.Bag., IWLScL. Fœch, B Arch., B.Sc., Ph.D.'P. F. Lewe, C.Sc, R.N.Dr.

E. H. Waters, M.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTP. S. Scanes, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. Sharpe, B.E., M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D.S. N. Tucker, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. F. Walsh, B.E., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSI. S. Abidin, M.Arch.P. A. Ahem, B.E. (Civil)J. R. Barned, B.Sc.D. F. Batten, B.E. (civil)F. D. Beresford, F.M.T.C.T. B. Brealey, M.Arch.N. G. Brown, A.M.T.C.R. R. Couper, A.Sw.T.C.D. N. Crook, A.Sw.T.C.W. A. Davern, F.R.M.T.C.P. Dubout, B.Sc.I. P. Dunn, F.R.M.I.T.G. J. Hanson, B.Sc.B. T. Hawkins, A.R.M.T.C.R. K. Hill, A.M.T.C. (located at

Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea)J. A. Hope, B.A.G. A. King, B.Sc.B. Kroone, Chem.Drs.C. J. Lancucki, B.Sc.M. P. T. Linzey, B.E. (civil),

M.E.(mech.)G. B. Marshall, B.Sc.E. N. MattisonM. L. Meaton, B.Sc.(Agric.)B. C. Molony, A.F.T.C.A. R. Moodie, B.E. (civil)M. J. Murray, Dip.Elec.Eng.,

Dip.Mech.Eng.T. R. North, M.I.E.(Aust.)L. F. O'Brien, A.R.M.I.T.H. J. Pepplinkhouse, A.B.I.A.E.D. A. Powell, B.Sc.A. Saracz, Dipl.Ing.B. L. Schafer, A.R.M.I.T.R. M. Schmidt, B.E.(civil)A. Souprounovich, B.Sc.J. W. Spencer, B.Sc.T.J. Stevens, B.Sc.J. Wardlaw. B.Sc.S.J. Way, B.Sc.B. G. Wilson, F.R.M.I.T.W. D. Woodhead, M.S.

At 69 Tana Batik Road, SouthMelbourne, Vic.

ASSISTANT CHIEFW. G. Kauman, A.M.T.C.,

Dr. en Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERJ. H. VavasseurLIBRARIANMrs. J. PageSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSJ. D. Boyd, M CE-E W B Da Costa, M Agr ScN. Tamblyn, M Sc (Agnc)PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG N Chnstensen, M Sc, Ph D.L N, Clarke, B Eng Sc , M Mech.ER Johanson, M ScN. H. Kloot, M ScR. H Leicester, B.E , M Sc , Ph.D.W. M McKenzie, M.Sc.(For.),

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M.Sc., PhlD.'nzntAXCH Mwrrnm , 'J. F. G.Maçkay, B Sc, Ph DM Okuma.Dr.Agr.

I'

ENGINEERL. Santer, Dipl.Ing., M.Mech.E.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSL. D. Armstrong, F.R.M.I.T., M.Sc.L. S. Barker, B.Mech.Eng.J. E. Barnacle, Dip.Mech.E.,

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J. Beesley, M.Sc.(For.) (ColomboPlan, Malaysia)

Mrs. L. D. Bezemer, M.Sc.R. N. BournonL. J. BrennanG. S. CampbellF.J. Christeiyen, A.M.T.C.R. L. Cowling, Dip.Mech.E.,

Dip.E.E.F. A. Dale, A.M.T.C.R. Donaldson, A.R.M.T.C.N. C. Edwards, A.S.M.B.W. R. Finighan, A.M.T.C.K. W. Fricke, A.M.T.C.H. F. A. Hergt, A.M.T.C.K. Hirst, Dip.Mech.Eng.C. D. Howick, A.I.W.Sc.R. M. Liversidge, A.R.M.T.C.D. F. McCarthy, A.M.T.C.J.J. Mack, A.M.T.C.P. J. Moglia, Dip.Mech.Eng.J. E. Nicholson, B.Sc. (For.)R. E. Palmer, A.R.M.I.T.E. R. Pankevicius, A.R.M.I.T.G. F. Reardon, A.M.T.C.A. Rosel, A.I.W.Sc.Miss A. Ryan, A.M.T.C.K. B. Schuster, A.M.T.C.A. Stashevski, Dip.For.Eng.N. E. M. Walters, B.Sc.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERSW. G. Keating, F.R.M.I.T.A. P. Wymond, M.Sc.

Canberra Laboratories LibraryBlack Mountain, Canberra, A.C.T.LIBRARIANSP. Russell, B.A., A.L.A.A.Mrs. S. F. Malcolm, B.A., Dip.Lib.Mrs. V. L. Pulîen, B.A.

Division of Chemical EngineeringSee Minerals Research Laboratories

Division of Chemical PhysicsHeadquarters: David Rivett Laboratory,

Bqyview Avenue, Clayton, Vic.CHIEFA. L G Rees, Ph.D , D Sc, F.A AASSISTANT CHIEFA Walsh, M ScTech., D.Sc.,

Hon D Se (Mon ), F A.A., F.R S.ASSISTANT TO THE CHIEFA. E Pernman, B.ScADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERD.J SculhnLIBRARIAN

. Mrs. H Wulff, B A , Dip.SorbonneCHIEF RESEARCH «CŒNTHTSB Dawson, M Se , Ph D

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SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSA. F. Beecham, B.Sc.C. K. Coogan, M.Sc, Ph.D.D. A. Davies, M.Sc.P. Goodman, M.Sc.N. S. Ham. M.Sc, Ph.D.J. K. Mackenzie, B.Sc, B.A., Ph.D.J.J. McNeill, M.Sc.A. J. C. Nicholson, M.Sc, Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. Billington, B.A.I. D. Campbell, B.A., M.Sc, Ph.D.W. C. T. Dowell, M.Sc, Dr.rer.nat.J. D. McLean, B.Sc, Ph.D.J. V. Sullivan, M.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSE. E. Chakanovskis, Dip.Ing.T. O. Cope, M.Sc.W. A. Denne, B.Sc, Ph.D.W. Fock, B.SrP. Hannaford, M.Sc, Ph.D.G. R. Hercus, M.Sc, D.Phil.A. W. S. Johnson, M.Sc, Ph.D.R. M. Lowe, M.Sc.V. W. Maslcn, M.Sc, D.Phi!.C. E. Warble, B.Sc.H. J. Whitfield, M.Sc, Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTST. S. Bastow, B.Sc, Ph.D.P. H. Gannington, M.Sc, Ph.D.D. F. Lynch, B.Sc, Ph.D.T. McAllister, B.Sc, Ph.D.ENGINEERSS. Janky, Dip.Mech.E.J. N. McKenzie, B.Mech.E.T. F. WignallEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSF. P. Bailey; Dip.Mech.E.Mrs. K. J. T. Black, B.Sc.G. F. BoxR. J. Carter, F.R.M.I.T.I. R. Dick, B.E.E.D. S. Gough, A.R.M.I.T.P. D. Haines, B.E.E.R. G. Horn, B.Sc.N. R. Kay, B.E.E., M.Eng.ScP. L. Lwkîns, F.R.M.I.T.D. C. McDonald, F.R.M.I.T.G. R. Plant, A.R.M-I.T.G. M. Stiff, M.B.E.S. N. Stuart, B.Sc.D. L. Swingler, B.Sc.

Division of Computing Research''Headquarters: Black Mountain,

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J. F. O'Callaghan, B.E., Ph.D.B. Rosenberg, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. A. Webster, M.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSD. Fraser, B.Mech.Eng.C. D. Gilbert, Dip.Eng., A.M.I.E.E.P. P. Hanlon, M.Sc.R. H. Hudson, M.S.E. H. Kinney, B.Sc.H. G. Mackenzie, B.Sc.P. W. Milne, Dip.El.Eng.. A. B. Palmer, B.Sc.". R. Pummeroy, B.Sc.* .

g.Sc, Ph D.uMABcn MnwnmJ. B. MOta, . U c , Ph.D

M

Adelaide Branch at University ofAdelaide

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSM. R. Kuss, B.Sc.J. R. Mooney, B.Sc.B. T. Sawas, B.E., B.Sc.

Melbourne Branch at David RivettLaboratory, Clayton, Vi,.

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Sydiiry Branch at National StandardsLaboratory, Chippendale, N.S. W.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSC. S. Allison, B.Sc.Mrs. J. K. TJubb, B.Sc., Dip.Ed.C. H. Gray, B.A., B.Sc.Miss J. D. Hayhurst, M.Sc.B. P. McDowall, B.Sc.

Brisbane Branch at CunninghamLaboratory, St. Lucia, Qld.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERA. L. Henzell, B.Sc.D. R. Ross, B.Sc.

Perth Branch at Rural SciencesLaboratory, Floreat Park, W.A.

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Griffith Branch at Division of IrrigationResearch, Griffith, N.S.W.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERP. R. A. Rutter, B.Sc.

Townsviile Branch at TownsviltePastoral Research Laboratory, Qld.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

D. M. Ryan, B.Sc.

Editorial and PublicationsSectionHeadquarters 372 Albert Street, East, Melbourne, VuEDITOR-rH-CIUEFB J Walby, B SeSENIOR EDITORJ S. Fitaigerald, M Se, Ph Dr, D I.CBDtTOM 'L A Bennett, B SeD E BclydjBScT W Clarke, M Se rG A Feinter, B.Sc, B.A.Mas S. % Ingham, B.A.R.J. Lewloa, B.Sc., Ph.D.R.Schoonfdd,BScG G Vtckery, B Sc , Ph.D.Miss MJWalkom, B.A.G.J.WYhe,B.Sc., B.A.

.L -,

Division of EntomologyHeadquarters: Black Mountain,

Canberra, A.C.T.CHIEFD. F. Waterhouse, C.M.G., D.Sc,,

F.A.A., F.R.S.ASSISTANT CHIEFK. R. Norris, D.Sc.SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT TO THE CHIEFR. G. Lukins, B.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERK.J. Thrift, B.A.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTK. H. L. Key, Ph.D.,-D.I.C, D.Sc.,

F.A.A.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSS. W. Bailey, B.Sc.L. B. Barton Browne, B.Sc., Ph.D.E. B. Britton, D.Sc.L. R. Clark, D.Sc.D. H. Colless, B.ScAgr., Ph.D.I. F. B. Common, M.A., D.Agr.Sc.P. W. Geier, B.Sc.(Agr.)3 Ph.D.A. R. Gilby, M.Sc., Ph.D.R. H. Hackman, M.Sc., Ph.D.B. P. Moore, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Phil.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSE. McC. Callan, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. B. Came, B.Agr.Sc, Ph.D., D.I.C.D. P. Clark, B.Sc., Ph.D.T. D. C. Grace, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. D. Hughes, Ph.D., D.Sc.R. W. Kerr, B.ScC. G. MacDonald, M.Sc.R. F. Powning, M.Sc., A.S.T.C.E. F. Riek, M.Sc.J. A. L. Watson, B.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. J. Bartell, B.Sc., Ph.D.T. E. Bellas, B.Sc, Ph.D.B. K. Filshie, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. L. Readshaw, B.Sc, Ph.D.G. H. L. Rothschild, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. W. Taylor, M.Sc., Ph.D.R. M. M. Traynier, B.A., Ph.D.M. J. Whitten, B.Sc., Ph.D.C. P. Whittle, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSH.J. Banks, B.A., Ph.D.P. M. Barrer, B.Sc, Ph.D.J. M. Cullen, B.A., Ph.D.M.J. Dallwitz, B.Sc, B.A.G. G. Foster, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. L. Kitching, B.Sc, Ph.D.W. G. Vogt, B.Sc, Ph.D.RESEARCH FELLOWI. M. Mackerras, B.Sc., M.B., Ch.M.,

F.R.A.C.P., M.C.P.A., F.A.A.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. T. A. Arnold, B.Agr.Sc,C. D. Beaton, B.Sc.W. V. Brown, BiSc, Ph.D.H W Brzostowski, B Sc AgrMassJ. C. Cardale, BScL J Chinnick, R D AW. J Davidson, B ScB M. Doube, B Sc, Ph DE E E&vards, B Sc AgrP Ferrar,*£S<\Mrs M M. Goldberg, B.ScN E GryUs, D D AMiss R E Jones, B.Sc , Ph DM.J Lacey, MScMrs L A. Lawrence, B Sc. W. McKdlar, B.Sc

H O'Koefe, M.Sc, Ph.D ,M. Reed, BSSc.

J. A. Roberts, B.ScMrs M Tyndale-Bbcoe, B.Sc.

1

M. S. UptonG. R. Wearne

At Long Pocket Laboratories,Indooroopilly, Qld.

Oi" . CER-IN-CHARGER. H. Wharton, M.Sc, Ph.D.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RESEARCH

SCIENTISTW. J. Roulston, M.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB. R. Champ, B.Agric.Sci., Ph.D.J . E. O'Hagan, M.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSK. L. S. Harley, B.Sc., Ph.D.B. F. Stone, M.Sc, Dip.Ind.Chem.,

Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTR. W. Sutherst, B.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSP. W. Atkinson, M.Sc.K. C. Binnington, Dip.Med.Lab.

Techn.Miss J. Knowles, B.Sc.H. J. Schnitzerling, Dip.Ind.Chem.C. A. Schuntner, B.Sc.Mrs. M. J. Smith, B.Sc.K. B. W. Utech, B.V.Sc.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OvFICERMrs. S. R. Monteith, B.Sc.

At Rural Sciences Laboratory, FloreatPark, W.A.

SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTM. M. H. Wallace, B.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTB. P. Springett, B.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER3J . M. Mattiessen, B.Sc.Agr.Z. Mazanec, B.Sc, Dip.For.

At Biological Control Station, SydneySENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTG. J. Snowball, B.Sc.

At Department of Zoology, University ofSydney

SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTD. Gilmour, D.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTM. A. Bateman, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTB. S. Fletcher. B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERMrs. P. O. Elliott, M.Sc., Ph.D.

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,Armidale, JV.S.W.

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTR. J. Roberts, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTR J Milner, B Sc , Ph DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERJ Rtdsdill-Smith, B A , M Sc.

At Tasmantan Regional Laboratory,Hobart

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTK. L Taylor, B Sc AgrSENIOR RESEARCH SCŒNTUTSR A Bedding, B Sc , A.R.C.S ,

Ph D , D.I CJ P Spradbery, B Sc , Ph.DRESEARCH SCIENTISTR. F Simpson, B Sc , Ph DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICER»R J Akhurst, B Sc.A. A Kirk,(3ScR. M. McCyilkin, B Se, Ph D.

55

At Rockhampton, Qld.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSK. G. Birmingham,

Cert.Lab.Tech.Qld., A.I.M.L.T.I. M. Cook, M.Sc.

At Montpellier, FrancePRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTA. J. Wapshere, B.Sc., Ph.D.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSL. A. Caresche, B.Sc.,

Dip.Trop.Agric.S. Hasan, M.Sc.

At Pretoria, South AfricaPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTG. F. Bornemissza, Ph.D.

Environmental Physics ResearchLaboratories

CHAIRMANC. H. B. Priestley, M.A., Sc.D.,

F.A.A., F.R.S.(at Station Street, Aspendale, Vic.)

Divisfoa of AtmosphericPhysics

Headquarters: Station Street, Aspendale,Vic.

CHIEFC. H. B. Priestley, M.A., Sc.D.,

F.A.A., F.R.S.ASSISTANT CHIEFA. J. Dyer, Ph.D., D.Sc.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYP. D. Berwick, B.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERF. K. Tighe, B.A.LIBRARIANMrs. E. SchutzSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTE. L. Deacon, B.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. F. A. Benson, Dr.Phil.R. H. Clarke, B.A., M.Sc.R. N. Kulkarni, M.Sc., Ph.D.I. C. Mcllro/, B.Sc.K. T. Spillane, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. T. Tayîor, M.Sc.E. K. Webb, B.Sc., B.A.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB. B. Hicks, M.Sc.A. D. McEwan, B.E., M.Sc.,

Ph.D.G W. Paltndge, Ph DA B Pittock, M Sc, Ph DC. M R Platt, M Sc, Ph D.W. Shepherd, B Se , M Agr ScRESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. R Garratt, B Sc , Ph D.G D Hess, M S., Ph D.D F Parkhurst, M S , Ph D.G I Pearnian, B Sc , Ph DR M Robibson, B Sc , Ph D.EXPERIMENT Kl^OFFICEMN £ Bacora, BScD J . Beardtimore, A R.M 11 'B G .Collins, B.Sc.A C Dilley, BScI E GalbaUy, M SeR H Hill, & E , Ûip Elec Eng.P Hyson, B.Sc. ' •R R. McGiegor, A.M.T.C.

F. J. Maher, A.R.M.T.C.n'. A. H. Rabich, Dip.Phys.A. J . Troup, B.Sc.

At Cloud Physics Section, VimieraRoad, Epping, N.S.W.

ACTING ASSISTANT CHIEFJ. Warner, B.Sc., B.E.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RESEARCH

SCIENTISTSE. K. Bigg, M.Sc., Ph.D.S. C. Mossop, M.Sc., Ph.D.E. J . Smith, M.B.E., B.Sc., Ph.D.S. A. Twomey, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTC. E. Coulman, M.Sc., Ph.D.,

DI .C.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTA. Ono, M.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB. F. Ryan, B.Sc., Ph.D.Z. Kviz, C.Sc.E. Holroyd, M.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSB. M. Bartlett, B.Sc.E. R. Wishart, B.Sc.Mrs. E. F. Turton, B.Sc.W. I. Robertson, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. L. Hobbs, B.Sc.

Commonwealth MeteorologyResearch Centre, 380 Russell Street,Melbourne, Vic.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEG. B. Tucker, B.Sc., Ph.D.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERN. W. BransonSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTB. G. Hunt, M.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. L. T. Anderson, B.Sc, Ph.DA. A. Barker, M.Sc., Ph.D.W. P. Bourke, M.Sc., Ph.D.L. M. Leslie, M.Sc., Ph.D.B. J . McAvaney, B.Sc, Ph.D.K. K. N. Purl, B.Sc., Ph.D.M. A. G. Willson, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERR. W. Simpson, B.Sc.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERMiss F. J . Taubman, B.Sc.

Division of EnvironmentalMechanics

Headquarters: Black Mountain,Canberra, A.C.T.

CHIEFJ . R. Philip, B.C.E., D.Sc., F.A.A.-EDITORIAL AND INFORMATION OFFICERR J Evans, B ScADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERR J CornishPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSE F Bradley, B Sc , Ph DO. T Denmead, B Agr Sc, Ph.D.D E Smiles, B Sc Agr., Ph.D.T Talsma, Ir Agr , D Agr Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSMiss M C Anderson, M A , Ph DR. G Boothroyd, M Se, M.A,

PhDRESEARCH SCIENTISTP H Groenevelt, M Se , Ph DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERS

Fmnigan, B.Sc (Aeronaut Eng )__. Knight, B.A.D. Millar, B.ScAgr., Ph D.

Division of Fisheries andOceanography

Headquarters: Nicholson Parade,Cronulla, N.S.W.

ACTING CHIEFD.J. Rochford, B.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERG.T.J. McDonald, B.A.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYC. A. MobbsINFORMATION OFFICERR. H. Austin, M. A.OPERATIONS OFFICERT. R. Cowper, B.Sc.EDITORMiss M. P. Titterton, B.Sc.,

Dip.Lib.LIBRARIAN

Mrs. J. L. Brown, B.A., Dip.Ed.,Dip.Lib.

SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSB. V. Hamon. B.Sc., B.E.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. S. Hynd, B.Sc.I. S. R. Munro, M.Sc.D.J. Tranter, M.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSH. R. Jitts, B.Sc.B. S. Newell, M.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTS

G. R. Cresswell, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. S. Godfrey, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D.D. A. Rite, B.Sc., Ph.D.D. F. Smith, A.B., M.S., Ph.D.C. A. Stanley, B.Sc., Ph.D.D.J. Webb, B.Sc.,

Dip.Adv.Stud.Sci., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSF. M. Boland, B.Sc.N. C. Buileid, M.Sc.D. J, Carpenter, B.Sc.B. L Cliff; B.Sc.A. D. Crooks, B.Sc.C. H. Evans, B.Sc.F. B. Griffiths, B.Sc.W. S. Hearn, B.Sc.A. C. Heron, B.Sc.D. R. Lockwood, B.E.G. A. Major, B.Sc., Dip.Ed.N. W. Ridgway, B.Sc.R. J. Roborgh, B.Sc.W. J. Stamper, B.Sc.D.J. Tuma, B.Sc.Ag.R. H. Walker, B.Sc.K. F. Williams, B.Sc.D. Vance, B.Sc.

At Fisheries Research Station,Deception Bay, Qld.

RESEARCH SCIENTISTS• W. E. Barber, B.A., M.S., Ph.D.P. C Young, B Se , A.R C S , Ph.DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSH. Kirkman, B.Ag Sc.I. F. Somers, B.Sc , Dip.Comp Sa.

At Western Australian Marine ResearchLabtrafynes, Wstsrman, WA

PJUN<9P/a. RUEARCH SCIENTISTSR. G. Chittleborough, M Se., Ph.DW. Dali? M Se., Pt. D.MtiEAitcH icnurnrrB F Phillip», B Sc , Ph D

Divir/ion of Food ResearchHeadquarters : Food Research Laboratory,

Delhi Road, North Ryde, NS. W.

CHIEFM. V. Tracey, M.A., F.I.Biol.ASSOCIATE CHIEFJ. H. B. Christian, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.DIVISIONAL SECRETARY

I. R. McDonald, B.Com.

At Food Research Laboratory, DelhiRoad, North Ryde, N.S. W.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGE AND ASSISTANTCHIEF

J. F. Kefford, M.Sc.TECHNICAL SECRETARYG. Fisher, M.Inst.P.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERP D. Lipscomb, B.Sc.DIVISIONAL EDITORG. J. Walker, M.Sc.ASSISTANT EDITORMiss J. Bastian, M.A.LIBRARIANMiss B. E.Johnston, 1J.SC, F.L.A.A.LIAISON OFFICERK. C. Richardson, B.Sc.DIVISIONAL ENGINEERR. AtL'ns, M.I.E.(Aust.)SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWJ. R. Vickery, O.B.E., M.Sc., Ph.D.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTK. E. Murray, D.Sc.SENIOR PRINCIPAL R2S. SCIENTISTSA. R. Johnson, B.Sc., Ph.D.W. G. Murrell, B.Sc.Agr., D.Phil.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSE. F. L. J. Anet, M.Sc., Ph.D.Miss J. M. Bain, M.Sc., Ph.D.P. W. Board, B.Sc.R. W. Burley, M.Sc, Ph.D.B. V. Chandler, B.Sc., Ph.D,E. G. Hall, B.ScAgr.D. L. Ingles, M.Sc., Ph.D.D. McG. McBean, B.Sc.J. Middlehurst, M.Sc.J. Shipton, B.Sc.Agt.M. B. Smith, M.Sc, A.S.A.S.M.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. J. Casimir, M.Sc., Dip.Ed.J. B. Davenport, M.Sc.E. G. Davis, B.Sc.A. C. F(-»erty, M.Sc.R. V. Holland, M.Sc., Ph.D.Mrs. J. A. Howard, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.,

Ph.D. • -W. B. McGlasson, BAg.Sc, Ph.D.J. D. Mellor, A.A.I.P.R. S. Mitchell, M.Agr.Sc.N S. Parker, B Sc , Ph DG S. Sidhu, B Sc Agr , Pb.DA D Warth, M Sc , Ph DF. B. Whitfield, M Se, A S T C ,

Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG R. Germaine, B A , M S , Ph D.D G.i Lauig, B Se., Ph DD CiOakenfull, B S c . P h D .J. I. Pitt, M Se, A.S.T C, Ph.D.A K.; Sharp, B^E, M bng.Sci., Ph.D.

MissMrs

F. Back, B.Sc , Dip EdjB.Sc

3.E."Femvick,A.S.T.CL. R.fFtaher, M.Sc.R. L. Hood, B.ScA. R. Irving, B.ScB. H, Kennett, A^.T.C

J. H. Last, A.S.T.C.R. L. McBride, B.Sc.W. A. Montgomery, A.S.T.C.K.J. Nicol, M.Sc., Ph.D.D*. F. Ohye, D.I.C.Mrs. J. A. Pearson, M.Sc.M. L. Rooney, M.Sc.Mrs.J. H. Ruello, M.Sc.F. S. Shenstone, A.S.T.C.R. W. Sleigh, M.Sc.G. Stanley, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.R. J. Steele, B.Sc., Ph.D.Mrs. B. J. Stewart, A.S.T.C.G. Sugowdz, Dipl.Ing.Chem.,

M.Sc.Mrs. W. Szulmayer, Dip.Phys.

At Plant Physiology Unit, MaequarieUniversity

CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTR. M. Smillie, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSC. J. Brady, M.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.D. Graham, B.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTS

D. G. Bishop, M.Sc., Ph.D.J. K. Raison, B.Sc, Ph.D.N. S. Scott, B.Agr.Sc, Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTA. Shneyour, M.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSMiss E. A. Chapman, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. B. O'Connell, B.Sc.N. F. B. Tobin, B.Sc.

At Dairy Research Laboratory, Highett,Vic.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGE AND ASSISTANTCHIEF

B. S. Harrap, M.Sc., Ph.D.INDUSTRY LDJSON OFFICERB. F. McKeon, B.Agr.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERL. H. DickensonLIBRARIANMrs. M. B. O'Connor, A.L.A.A.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSJ. Czulak, B.Sc.(Agric.), Dip.Bacl.,

R. D. Hill, B.Sc., B.Com.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. Conochie, B.Sc.(Agric.)L. L. Muller, B.Sc.E. G. Pont, M.Sc.Agr.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. Becby, A.R.M.T.C.R. A. Buchanan, B.Agr.Sc., M.Sc.,

Ph.D.Miss B. M. P. Keogh, M.Sc.E. H. Ramshaw, M.A., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTG. T Lloyd, B Sc , Ph DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ A. Dunkerley, Dip App ChcmJ. F Hayes, B.ScJ F Horwood, A G Inst.TechF G Kieseker, B Agr ScA J Lawrence, B ScMrs J O Markoksis, B.Tech. (Food)W. Stark, A R A C.IMrs G E Urbach, M SeMrs K M Van Leeuwen,

Dip App Chem.R A Wilkinson, A R A \i,l.J G Zadow, B Sc..

At Russell Grimwa* School ofBtochemutr», Ummrstty of Melbow te

PRINCIPAL RKBSASCH SCIENTIST

G R Jago, B Se-, Ph D

56

At Meat Research Laboratory,Cannon Hill, Qld.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGE AND ASSISTANTCHIEF

W. J. Scott, B.Agr.Sc, D.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERM. J. LilleyLIAISON OFFICERP. L. Thomas, B.Sc.INFORMATION OFFICERB. Y. Johnson, B.Agr.Sc.EXTENSION OFFICERD. W. Roberts, B.ScAgr. {at

Perth, W.A.)PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSF. H. Grau, M.Sc, Ph.D.L. S. Herbert, B.Sc.J. J. Macfarlane, M.Sc.R. P. Newbold, M.Sc,, Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. J. Morton, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. V. Harris, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. J. Park. M.Sc.. Ph.D.W. R. Sho'rthose, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. F. Egan, M.Sc., Ph.D.D. J. Horgan, B.Sc.. Ph.D.R. W. Rowe, B.Sc.,' Ph.D.R. R. B. Russell, B.A., Ph.D.R. F. Thornton, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. C. Bensink, B.Sc.P. E. Bouton, B.Sc.H. \. Bremner, A.R.M.I.T.Miss A. L. Fisher, B.Sc.A. Graham, B.Sc.D. A. Lovett, B.Sc.K. G. Newton, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. M. O'Shea, M.Sc., Ph.D.N. T. Russell, D.I.C.F. D. Shaw, M.V.Sc.M. G. Smith, B.Sc.R. K. Tume, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. F. Weidemann, B.Sc.

At Tasmanian Regional Laboratory,Hobart

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTMiss J. N. Olley, Ph.D., D.Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSD. G.James,.B.Sc.S. J. Thrower, B.Sc.

Division of HorticulturalResearchHeadquarters: Hartley Grove,

Glen Osmond, S.A.

CHIEFJ. V. Possingharn, B.Ag.Sc. M.Sc.,

DPhilSCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT TO CHIEFK A Handrcck, B Se , M Ag SeADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERK.J SmithSENIOR PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTP May, Ing Agr, Dr Se TechPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA F Bird, M Se , Ph DM S Buttrose, B Ag Sa, M Se ,

Dr Se NatSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSC R Hale, B Se (Agric ), Ph DJ. S. Hawker, B Se, Ph DK G. M Sfcene, B.Agr Se , Ph D.RESEARCH SCIENTIST»D. G Cran, B Se , Ph DP d'Etchon, B Se , Ph DB R. Loveys, B Se , Ph D

57

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSC. J. Brien, B.ScAgr.A. W. Billitzer, M.Sc.Mrs. G. P. N. Hohnen, B.Sc.J. G. Swift, M.Sc.

At Merbein, Vie.

OJFFICER-IN-CHARGEM. R. Sauer, B.Agr.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERB. P. RogersSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTA. J. Antcliff, B.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. McE. Alexander, B.Sc., M.S.D. H. Maggs, B.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTS

M. Grncarevic, Ing.Agr.P. E. F. Kriedemann, B.Agr.Sc.,

Ph.D.R. C. Woodham, B.Agr.Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSP. R. Clingeleffer. BAg.Sc.P. B. Scholefield, B.Agr.Sc.LIBRARIAN

Mrs. R. A. Wren, A.L.A.A.

At Tasmanian Regional Laboratory,Hobart

OFFICER-IN-CHARGED. Martin, D.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTT. L. Lewis, M.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERJ. Cerny, D.Tech.Sc, M.Sc.

Division of Irrigation ResearchHeadquarters: Griffith, N.S.W.

CHIEFE. R. Hoare, B.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERB. W. Birch, A.R.M.I.T., A.AJ.M.LIBRARIANMiss H. M. R. Hicks, B.Sc,

Dip.Lib., A.L.A.A.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSH. D. Barrs, B.Sc, Ph.D.A. R. G. Lang, B.Sc, A.Sw.T.C,

Ph.D.E. S. Trickett, B.Sc.(Eng.)SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSP. R. Cary, B.Sc, Ph.D., M.I.Biol.A. Low, B.Sc. (Agric.)F. M. Melhuish, B.Sc, Ph.D.E. M. O'Loughlin, B.Eng.,

M.Eng.Sc, Ph.D.P. J. M. Sale, B.Sc, Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSMiss K. H. Bowmer, B.Sc, Ph.D.B. Darbyshire, B.Sc.(Agric), Ph.D.G I Moss, B Se , Ph DB T. Steer, B Se , Ph D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSA Ceresa, A MI E.EK V. Garzob, B Mech E , M EA H Gunn, A R A C IW A Muirhead, M Ag SeT. Plownght, B SeR E W Speed, M Se.

Division of Land ResearchHeadquàrUrs Black Mountain,

Canberra, A.C T

CHUT 'G. A Strwart, M.Agr SeSOENTIflC ASSISTANT TO CHIEFJ R. McAlpine, B A.

DIVISIONAL EDITORMiss M. M. Mills, B.ScADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERP. C. RawlinsonSENIOR PRINCIPAL RESEARCH

SCIENTISTSH. A. Haantjens, Ing.Agr.R. J. Millington, M.Sc, Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. J. Basinski, B.Sc, M.A.J. E. Begg, B.ScAgr., Ph.D.R. W. Galloway, M.A., Ph.D.C. VV. Rose, B.Sc, B.E., Ph.D.B. P. Ruxton, M,A.R. Story, D.Sc.B. W. R. Torssell, B.Sc(Ag.), M.Sc,

Ph.D.R. Wetselaar, Ing.Agr,SFNIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. F. Byrne, B.Sc.K. D. Cocks, M.Agr.Sc, Ph.D.M. J. Goodspeed, B.Sc.R. H. Gunn, B.Sc.C. Hackctt, B.Sc, Ph.D.T. G. Hartley, M.Sc, Ph.D.P. C. Heyligers, Ph.D.H. A. Nix, B.Agr.Sc.K. Paijmans, Ing.Agr.J. B. Passioura, B.Agr.Sc, Ph.D.R. M. Scott, B.Sc.J. G. Speight, M.Sc.K. D. Woodyer, B.ScAgr., M.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSM. P. Austin, B.Sc, Ph.D.J. D. Kalma, M.Sc.Ag., Ph.D.A. Kanis, Ph.D.E. Loffler, M.A., Ph.D.H. M. Rawson, B.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSP. Bleeker, Geol.Drs.B. G. Cook, B.Sc.P. M. Fleming, B.E. (Civil)P. F. Hcweston, B.A.B. V. Johnson, M.Sc.M. Lazarides, M.Sc.J. C. Saunders, B.ScAgr.I. M. W. Wood, B.Sc, B.Agr.Sc.G. A. Yapp, B.A.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERB. R. Ramage, B.Sc.

At Katherine Research Station, N.T.OFPICER-iN-CHARGEL.J. Phillips, Q..D.D.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERB. H. LowdeSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTM. J. Fisher, B.Agr.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTR. J. K. Myers, B.Rur.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. R. Ive. B.Agric.Sc.B H Wall, B E

At Kimberley Research Station, W A

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEA J Milhngton, D Se (Agric )ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERI D GordonPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTP C. Owen, B Se , Ph.D {at

Canberra)SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTN J P Thomson, B Agr Se ,

M Se (Agric ) {at Canberra)RESEARCH SCIENTISTA B Hearn, B SeEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSD F BeechC G Blunt, B Agr Se

A. L. Chapman, B.Agr.Sc., M.S.P. Jakobsen, B.S;.Agr., A.R.M.I.T.D. H. Mackenzie, B.Agr.Sc.A. G. L. Wilson, B.Sc.

At Tobacco Research Institute,Mareeba, Qld.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEW.J. Lovett, M.Agr.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERR. T. Orchard, A.A.S.A.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTF. E. M. Gillham, B.Sc.Agr., M.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. J. Nicholson, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.Miss F. M. Quinn, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. F. Archibald, M.Sc.A. S. Black, M.Agr.Sc.G. R. Chaplin, B.Sc.Agr., M.Sc.R. H. Crockford, A.R.M.T.C.M. A. Foale, M.Sc.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICER

D. T. Roth, B.Sc.

At Coastal Plains Research Station, N.T.OFFICER-IN-CHARGEE. C. B. Langfield, M.B.E.,

Dip.W.A.T.C.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIST

B. G. Williams, B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.

RANGELANDS RESEARCH UNIT

Headquarters: Black Mountain,Canberra, A.C. T.

LEADERR. A. Perry, M.Sc.SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT TO LEADERJ. Murphy, B.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERR. A. Rummery, B.A.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSP. M. Petrusevics, B.Tech.R. E. Winkworth, B.Sc.

At Alice Springs Field Centre, N.T.OFFICER-IN-CHARGEM. A. Ross, M.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTIST

W. A. Low, M.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER?C. Lendon, Dip.Ag., B.Sc.Mrs. B. S. Low, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D.

At Riverina Laboratory, Deniliquin,N.S.W.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEC. W. E. Moore, M-Agr.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

G. A. EverettSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTST. K Marshall, B Sc , Ph DA G D Wilson, B Agr Sc , Ph DRESEARCH SCIENTISTSS W Cowling, B.Sc, Ph.D.K C Hodglunson, B Agr Sc , Ph DM. L Sharma, B.Sc Ag, M Se ,

Ph.DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSMiss V. E Rogers, B AV. R Squires, M.A, Litt BD J. Tongway, Dip App Chem,G. J. Tupper, B Agr Sc, Dip.Ed.

WOODLAND ECOLOOV UNIT

Headquarters • Black Mountain.Canberra, ACT.

LKADSR

R. M. Moore, D.ScAgr.

58

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERG.J. Sinclair, B.Ec.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. O. Nicholls, B.Sc., Ph.D.J . Walker, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERS

B. R. Tunstall, B.Sc.K. F. Wells, B.Sc, M.S.

At Cooper Laboratory, Lawes, Qld.J. A. Robertson, Q.B.B.

Long Pocket LaboratoriesHeadquarters: Meiers Road,

Indooraopilly, Qld.The services of this office are

common to Divisions located atIndooroopilly

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENTP. H. Durie, M.Sc. {Chairman)K. L. S. Harley, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. K. Keith, Dip.md.Chem.R. H. Wharton, M.Sc., Ph.D.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS. H. Carne, B.A.LIBRARIAN

Miss E. M. Krohn, A.L.A.A.

Marine Biochemistry UnitHeadquarters: University of Sydney,

Sydney, N.S.W.OFFICER-IN-CHARGEG. F. Humphrey, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTMiss S. W.Jeffrey, M.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERMiss J. C. Samuel, B.Sc.

Division of MathematicalStatisticsHeadquarters: Waite Road, Glen

Osmond, S.A.CHIEFE. A'. Cornish, B.Agr.Sc., D.Sc,

F.A.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERF. R. Graeme-EvansSENIOR PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTG. W. Hill, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. W. Davis, M.A., Ph.D,R. A. Duncan, B.Sc> Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSK. M. Cellier, B.Sc.A. G. Constantine, B.Sc., Pb-D.W. B. Hall, B.A.L. G. Veitch, B.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTIST

D RatchffyB Sc , Ph D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSD E Abel, B.App ScMiss M. M. Arend, B ScA K. P cChm, Dip Maths ,

A R M.I T\R B Cunningham, B Sc , Dip EdR R. Lamacraft, B Sc.E R Williams, B Sc

At Al$*a House, Newtown, NS. W.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTA J Miller, M>Sc , Ph D.RESEARCH KCŒNTISTD A) Griffiths, B Sc, D Phil.EXPBIUHBHTAL OFFICERSG. H| Brown, M.Sc., Dip Ed.M. Aj. Cameron, M.Sc

Mrs. N. B. Carter, B.Sc.D. Culpin, B.Sc.N. I. Fisher, M.Sc.P. N. Jones, B.Sc.D. E. Shaw, B.Sc.

At Division of Animal Health,Parkville, Vic.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

P.J . Pahl,B.Sc.

At Division of Building Research,Highetl, Vic.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTIST

R. Birtwistle, B.Sc.

At Division of Fisheries andOceanography, Cronulla, N.S. W.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTH. Weiler, Lic.ès Se, M.Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

Mrs. S. M. Smart, B.Sc., M.Stats.,Dip. Ed.

At Division of Food Research,Ryde,N.S.W.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTIST

G. G. Coote, B.Sc, B.A.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. I. Baxter, B.Agr.Sc., M.Sc.(Agric),

Ph.D. {at Cannon Hill, Qld.)D. J . Best, B.Sc., Dip.Met.P. G. Gipps, B.Sn.

At Division of Building Research,South, Melbourne, Vic.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICEP.

Miss N. Ditchburne

At Long Pocket Laboratories,Indooroopilly, Qld.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

J. D. Kerr, B.Sc.

At Division of Plant Industry,Canberra

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTM. L. Dudzinski, B.Sc., B.Ec.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIST

A. Grassia, Dr.Ma.&Phys., B.A.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. I. Forrester, B.Sc., Dip.Ed.W.J . Muller, B.Sc.

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,Armidcle, N.S.W.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTP. F. May, B.Sc.Agr.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

J. B. Donnelly, B.Sr.(Agrir.)

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,Townsoille, Qld

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

J B F Field, B Sc

At Tasmaman Regional LaboratoryHobart

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIST

D A Ratkowsky, B Ch E., Ph D,

At Division of Tropical Pastures,St Lucia, Qld

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTK P Haydock, B Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERS

G. R Dolby, M SeR, L Sandland.BSc ,

At School of Agriculture, University ofMelbourne

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTA. M. W. Vcrhagen, Cand.Nat.PhiL,

B.A., Ph.D.

At liural Sciences Laboratory, FloreatParh, W.A.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTC. A. P. Boundy, B.E.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSN. A. Campbell, B.Sc.E. S. De Boer, B.Sc.R. A. Mailer, B.Sc.

Division of MechanicalEngineeringHeadquatters: Graham Road, Highett,

Vic.

CHIEFR. N. Morse, B.Sc., B.E.ASSISTANT TO CHIEFF. G. Hogg, B.E.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERF. B. JonesLIBRARIANMiss M. E. OHeyCHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTR. V. Dunkle, M.S.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSJ. J. Kowalczewski, Dipl.Ing.,

Dr.sc.techn.R. A. Wallis, M.E., A.S.T.C.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSH. J. Griffiths, B.Sc., B.E.E.M". Kovarik, Ing.P. A. Taylor, B.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSP. J. Banks, B.Mech.E., M.A., Ph.D.D. G. Gibson, B.Sc., B.E., Ph.D.R. H. S. Riordan, B.E.E.M. J. Wooldridge, B.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. Cabelli, 3.E., M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D.P. I. Cooper, B.E., Ph.D.J. H. Perry, B.Sc., Ph.D.D. Proctor, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSL. M. Adams, Dip.Mech.Eng.,

F.R.M.I.T.G. Y. L. Chan, A.B.T.C.H. L. Chapman, A.R.M.I.T.A. Choda, M.E.E. A. Christie, Dip.App.Chem.D. W. Cunliffc, F.M.T.C. {seconded to

Department of Education and Science)J T Czarnecki, Dipl Ing , E T HJ. K Czech, IngR J Downie, Dip Mech EngW B Elder, A G Inst TechW. M Ellul, B ET. F Ghaly, M SeD J Morns, A M 1 CD Pescod, ASwTCP Pott, Ing (Grad )W. R W Read, A R M T C.K A Robeson, B Mech EN Ruglen, A R M T CI C Shepherd, B EG T Stephens, Dip Mech Eng.,

Dip ElecEngJ W Sutherland, B Se.R. S Trayford, F R.M T.CL W WelchM C Welsh, B E.

59

Minerals Research LaboratoriesDIRECTORI. E. Newnham, M.B.E., M.Sc.{at Albert Street, East Melbourne, Vic.)

Division of Chemical EngineeringHeadquarters: Bayview Avenue,

Clayton, Vic.

CHIEFH. R. C. Pratt, Ph.D., D.Sc.ASSISTANT CHIEFT. H. Blakcley, B.Sc., Ph.D.TECHNICAL SECRETARYW. C. G. Raper, A.R.M.I.T.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERJ. L. McDonaldLIBRARIANMiss S. C. Garran, A.L.A.A.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTD. F. Kelsall, M.A., Ph.D.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSJ. D. Blackwood, M.Sc., Ph.D.A. B. Whitehead, B.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTO. Sitnai, Dip.Chem.Eng., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSM. J. Cumming, B.E.E., M.Eng.Sc.,

•pi -p

J. D. Ésdaile, B.Eng., A.S.T.C.,Ph.D.

K. R. Hall, M.Sc., Dip.Gas Eng.S. B. Hudson, M.Sc.D. J. McCarthy, B.E., MApp.Sc.P. S. B. Stewart, B.Sc., Ph.D.F. A. Sweett, B.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. A. Auff, M.Sc., B.Eng., Ph.D.R. J. Batterham, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. M. Floyd, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. A. Frew, M.Eng., Ph.D.H. Mamers, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. V. Ramamurthy. B.Tech.,

M.Eng., Ph.D.B. R. Smith, M.Sc., Ph.D.K. R. Weller, B.E., Ph.D.ENGINEERN. R. Sheppee, M.I.E.(Aust),

C.Eng., M.I.Mech.E.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. F. Alvin, Dip.Met.R. M. Anthony, B.Sc.P. Casamento, Dr.Chem.D. C. Dent, Dip.Chem.Eng.F. D. Drews, A.M.Aus.I.M.M.Mrs. F. R. C. Gardiner, A-R.M.T.C.N. C. Grave, F.R.M.T.C.G. W. Heyes, A.S.M.B.R. R. Lever, A.R.A.C.I.J. C. H. McAdam; A.R.M.T.C.T E Norgate, Dip App OhemJ P K Peeler, FR M I TC J Restarick, A S M BJ Siemon, BEngJ . J Sterns!, B SeR N Taylor, A R M I TG J. Thornton, A R M I TJ. A Thurlby, B EngW J Trahar, B SeG W. Walters, A R.M I.T.B W Wilson, M Se.

Division of Mineral ChemistryHeadquarters, Salmon Street, Port

Melbourne, Vie

CHIEF I

D F A Kjoch, M Se , Ph D.

At Port Melbourne, Vic.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYW. M. Balding, B.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

V. HennessyLIBRARIANB. Edwards, B.A., Dip.N.Z.L.S.,

A.N.Z.L.A., A.L.A.A.EDITORC. H. Bagot, M.Sc.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTT. R. Scott, B.Ed., D.Sc.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSW. T. Denholm, B.Met.E.,

M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D.F. K. McTaggart, D.Sc.A. F. Reid, Ph.D., D.Sc.D. E. Roney, A M.T.C.,

A.M.Tech.I.E. R. Segnit, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. Arnold, M.Sc., Ph.D.K.J. Cathro, B.E., Ph.D.E. Foiey, B.Sc.H.J. Gardner, B.Sc., Ph.D.G. M. Lukaszewski, M.Sc., Ph.D.E. S. Pilkington, A.S.T.C.D. E. Scaife, B.Sr., Ph.D.H. R. Skewes, A.R.A.C.I.A. G. Turnbull, B.Chem.Eng.,

M.Eng.Sc, Ph.D.G. Winter, Ph.D., D.Sc.J. T. Woodcock, B.Met.E.,

M.Eng.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSMissI.J. Bear, F.R.M.I.T.,

A.M.T.C.T. Biegler, B.Sc., M.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.F. H. Dorman, M.Sc., M.A., Ph.D.J. D. G. Hamilton, B.Sc., Ph.D.W. G. Mumme, M.Sc., Ph.D.R. Woods, M.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. H. Canterford, B.Sc., Ph.D.I. Grey, B.Sc., Ph.D.H. G. Linge, B.Sc., Ph.D.L.J. Warren, B.Sc., Ph.D.ENGINEERSJ. A. Hamilton, F.R.M.I.T.M. A. Zuiderwyk, A.R.M.I.T.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSD. V. Barclay, A.R.M.I.T.J. C. Bowater, B.Sc., A.Sw.T.C.Mrs. E. E. Brownbill, B.Sc.R. J. Caney, A.R.S.M.P. T. Davsy, A.R.A.C.I.R. Dorin, A.R.M.I.T.R. C. Flann, A.Sw.T.C.J. R. Gardner, B.Sc.J. H. Henkel, B.Met.Eng.A. E. Holland, A.M.T.C. (tern,

porarily at Division of BuildingResearch, Highett)

H S. Hull, A M T CS W Ihle, Dipl Ing ChemM H Jones, A P T CMrs C Li, ASwTCR. J Mclntyre, B SeR R Merntt, B Sc , Pfc D.J F. Moresby, A MI Chem.EF J Moyle, B ScD A J Rand, M \ , Ph D.L J Rogers, A M T CMrs S Saunders, B ScP R. Smith, A R M T.C.D A Swift, A R M I T.M W Wadsley, B ScJ A Watts, A M T CC H Week», BEEB. W Wilson, B.Sc.

At Sydney Laboratoiy, Dtlhi Road,North Ryde, N.S.W.

ASSISTANT CHIEFR. A. Durie, Ph.D., D.I.C., D.Sc.BUDGET OFFICERH. E. Brown, M.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERT. A. CahalanLIBRARIANMrs. T. F. Michaelides, B.A.,

A.L.A.A.EDITORSMrs. S. Jones, B.Sc.Miss J. P. Macklin, B.Sc.(Pharm.)DIVISIONAL ENGINEERE. R. OsiAotherly, A.S.T.C.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTE. C. Potter, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.I.C.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSM. F. R. Mulcahy, D.Phil., D.Sc.P. L. Waters, B.Sc., B.A., Ph.D.,

D.I.G.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSK. McG. Bowling, B.Sc., Ph.D.J . C. Ward, B.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSM. Y. Smith, B.Sc.(Eng.), M.Sc.,

Ph.D.D. J . Williams, B.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. G. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. McKenzie, M.Sc., Ph.D.P. C. Nancarrow, M.Sc., A.S.T.C.I. W. Smith, M.Sc.B. C. Young, M.Sc., Ph.D.ENGINEERD. K. Philipp, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSA. B. AylingP. J. Collin, M.Sc., A.S.T.C.P. R. Goard, B.Sc.G. M. Johnson, B.Sc.R. B. Kahane, B.Sc. (Tech.)J. W. Milne, M.Sc., A.S.T.C.C. A. J . Paulson, B.Sc.D. B. Roberts, B.Sc.H. W. Rottendorf, B.Sc.H. N. S. Schafer, B.Sc.Y. Shewchyk, Dipl.Ing.Chem.D. M. Spratt, B.Sc.J . R. Steven, M.Sc.S. G. Szirmai, B.Sc.G. à Donau Szpindler, Dipl.Ing.,

D.I.C.C. G. Thomas, B.Sc.R. J, Tyler, B.Sc.A. Watts, B.A., A.S.M.B.H. J. Wouterlood, Chem.Docts.C. C. Young, B.Sc.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERMissJ. F. North, B.Sc.

Mineral Physics SectionHeadquarters Delhi Roçd/frarth

Ryde, NSWOFFICSR-IN-CHARQE

K G. McCracken, Ph D , D Sc. .

At North Ryde, NSWr PRINCIPAL' RESEARCH SCIENTISTS' l K . L Burn», B Sc , Ph D .

O. R Newman, B Sc , Ph D , D I CG. H Riley, B.Sc, Ph.DSENIOR MtSEARCH K3KNTIST

M. J. Dugpn, B.Sc., Ph.D.

B.Sc, Ph!D

A. P. Raiche. M.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. D. Beattie, B.Sc.G. Buselli, B.Sc., Ph.DR. L. Drinkrow, M.Sc.R . J . Holmes, M.Sc., Ph.D.C. J. MacleanB. M. O'Neill, A.Q..I.T.

At Port Melbourne, Vic.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTA. W. Wylie, Ph.D., D.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTP. L. Eisler, M.Sc.ENGINEERSP. Huppert, A.R.M.I.T.J . G. Miles, Dip.Mech.Eng.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERP. J. Matthew, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Division of MineralogyHeadquarters: Underwood Avenue,

Floreat Park, W.A.CHIEFA. J . Gaskin, M.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERD. S. Baccini

At Floreat Park, W.A.OFFICER-IN-CHARGEW. E. Ewers, M.Sc.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTE. H. Nickel, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESFARCH SCIENTIS1J. Graham, M.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD. R. Hudson, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. H. Taplin, B.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSW. W. Barker, B.Sc., Ph.D.C. R. M. Butt, B.A., Ph.D.J. A. Hallberg, M.Sc., Ph.D.T. C. Parks, B.Sc., Ph.D.M. R. Thornber, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSC. E. G. Bennett, B.Sc.M. Bussell, B.Sc.C. E. S. Davis, B.Sc.A. B. Fletcher, A.I.T.(W.A.)B. W. Robinson, B.Sc.

At University of Melbourne, Vic.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTJ. McAndrew, M.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTP. J . Darragh, B.Sc. (temporarily at

Division of Applied Chemistry,Fishermen's Bend)

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

T . H Donnelly, A R M I T

At North Ryde, VSWASSISTANT CHIEFG H Taylor, D Se , Dr rer NatPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA H. Ewald, B Se, Ph DW R. Hesp, Dipl Ing Chem ,

D Sic TechM Slubaoka, D.EngD. J Swaine, M Sc, Ph DSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA R.Ramsden, B Sc , Ph D~ W.'Smith, F R I G, A M lost F.

F Stepheru, M;Sc.__ WL T. Witkin», M Sc , Ph DJ. R. IWiimshunt, B Sc , Ph DJUEf&AJRCH KaXNTBTSD E. A/re», M.Sc., Ph.D

i60

J. D. Saxby, M.Sc., Ph.D.G. F. Taylor, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSF. Agus, A.M.Inst.F.S. A. Bailey, B.Sc.A. J. R. BennettM. S. Burns, M.Inst.F.J . A. Corbett, A.M.Aus.I.M.M.,

A.R.A.C.I.P. J. Eadington, B.Sc.B. H. Flinter, B.Sc.Mrs. A. M. Giblin, B.Sc.S. C. Goadby, B.Sc.K. W. Gould, B.Sc. -D. Osetsky, B.Sc., Ph.D.D. Rigby, A.R.I.C, A C.T.K. M. Scott, B.Sc.Mrs. M. Smyth, B.Sc.N. C. Watson, A.M.Inst.F.,

A.F.Inst.Pet.

At BOPS Becking GeobiologicalLaboratory, Bureau of MineralResources, Canberra

EXECUTIVE OFFICERP. A. Trudinger, B.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. D. Agate, M.Sc., Ph.D.B. V. Bubelas Dip.Eng.Chem.,

B.Sc., Ph.D.G. W. Skyring, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSC. J. Downes, B.Sc., Ph.D.H. H. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D.I. B. Lambert, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERMiss L. Chambers, B.Sc.

National Standards LaboratoryHeadquarters: University Grounds,

Chippendale, N.S.W.NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY

COMMITTEEF. J. Lehany, M.Sc. [Chairman)R. G. Giovanelli, D.Sc., F.A.A.LIBRARIANSMiss J. M. Cook, B.A., A.L.A.A.Miss E. E. Dickason, B.Sc., Dip.Ed.,

Dip. Lib.Mrs. M. A. Jack, B.A., Dip.Lib.

Division of Applied PhysicsHeadquarters: University Grounds,

Chippendale, N.S.W.CHIEFF.J . Lehany, M.Sc.ASSISTANT TO CHIEFJ F H Wright, B ScADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERG A WildmanCHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTSW K Clothier, B Se , M EA M Thompson, B Sc ,

Dr Ing ( e h ) (Han), F A ASENIOR PRINCIPAL RES SCIENTISTSG. A. Bell, B Sc.C F Bruce, D ScJ S Drydcn, M Se , Ph D , D.I CD L Hollway, B E E , M Eng Sc ,

DSc(Eng)J A Maculante, B E , A S.T.CR J Meakini, Ph\D , D I C , D ScM J Puttock, B Sc (Eng )PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSP E Ciddor, M.Sc.

J. S. Cook, M.Sc.D. L. H. Gibbings, B.Sc, B.E., Ph.D.J . L. Goldberg, B.Sc, M.E.I. K. Harvey, M.E., A.S.T.C.L. U. Hibbard, B.Sc., M.E., Ph.D.G. Lorenz, Dipl.Ing.Eth.V. T. Morgan, B.Sc.(Eng.), Ph.D.D. W. Posener, M.Sc, Ph.D.E. G. Thwaite, B.Sc.H. K. Welsh, M.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSL. G. Dobbie, M.E.D, M. Eagles, M.A., Ph.D.J. C. Macfarlane, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. G. Richardson, B.E.H. A. M. Ross, A.S.T.C.P. J . Sim. B.Sc., B.E.P. I. Somlo, Dipl.Ing.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSN. Bignell, B.Sc., Ph.D.G. J. Bowden, B.Sc., Ph.D.C. H. Burton, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. B. Cole, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. K. Day, B Sc, Ph.D.B. D. Inglis, B.E., Ph.D.J . Rungis, M.Sc., Ph.D.ENGINEERJ. C. Coles, B.A., A S.T.C.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. W. Archer, A.S.T.C.D. B. Armitage, B.Sc., B.E.H. BairnsfatherB. N. Beilby, B.Sc.J . W. Bell, A.M.T.Prod.E.(Aust.)A. Bendeli, B.E.D. J. Benjamin, A.M.I.E.E.(U.K.)P. J . Betts, Dip.Elec.Eng.,

A.M.I.E.E.fU.K.)M. Blanco, B.Sc.D. E. Brown, A.S.T.C.F. C. Brown, A.S.T.C.G. C. Carr, 3.Sc.(Eng.)G. J. A. Cassidy, B.E.E.N. H. Clark, Dip.Tech.(Sci.)A. L. Clarke, B.Sc.H. C. Collins, A.S.T.C.T. E. Cousins, A.S.T.C.B. H. P. Cresswell, A.S.T.C.M. F. Currey, B.E., A.S.T.C.Miss M. C. Dive B.Sc.B. Dorien-Brown, B.Sc. (Tech.)R. Driver, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. M. Duffy, B.E , A.S.T.C.K. H. Edensor, A.S.T.C.R.J.Ellis, B.E.J . R. Fiander, B.Sc.J. S. Field, A.M.I.Mech.E.n. H. Fox, A.M.I.E.(Aust.)C. C. Franchimon, B.Sc. (Tech.)R. B. Frenkel, M.Sc.R. H. Furniss, A.S.T.C.A. A. V. Gibson, A.S.T.C.J I Gosling, A R M I.TJ A Harvey, B ScK. D Heeley, B ScR. G Heydon, A.A P (W.A I.T.)R. P Hoffman, A Sw T CR E Holmes, A S T CJ W Humphries, B ScM C McGregor, A S T CI G Morgan, B ScW, Muller, MSc(Eng.)J B Patterson, A S T CMiss M G I Pearce, MScW H Reid, A S T CM Sarwar, Dip Tech (Sci.) 'F. P. Sharpies, B.ScG. W. Small, B E'"H A Smith, A.S T CJ Thorn, Dip Elect EngK G Weir, BE.

Division of PhysicsHeadquarters : University Grounds,

Chippendale, N.S.W.

CHIEFR. G. Giovanelli, D.Sc, F.A.A.LABORATORY SECRETARYA. G. Driver, B.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERH.J. F. L.MuskensCHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTG. K. White, M.Sc., D.Phil., F.A.A.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSJ. H. Piddington, B.E., M.Sc.,

Ph.D., F.A.A.J. V. Ramsay, B.Sc., Ph.D.W. H. Steel, B.A., Dr. es Se.R. G. Wylie, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCi: SCIENTISTSE. B. Armstrong, B.Sc., Ph.D. {at

Solar Observatory, Culgoora, N.S.W.)W. R. Blevin, M.Sc., Dip.Ed.R. J . Bray, M.A., D.Phil.W. R. G. Kemp, B.Sc.R. E. Loughhead, D.Sc.H. F. Symmons, B.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSW. A. Caw, B.Sc.J . G. Collins, M.Sc., Ph.D.T. P. Jones, M.Sc.R. C. Kemp, B.Sc., Ph.D,J. V. McAllan, M.Sc.K. R. Ryan, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH FELLOWST. C. Cetas, B.A., Ph.D.D. C. Wallace, B.A., M.S., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTE. R. Rumbo, B.A., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSMiss I. M. BeavJs, B.Sc., Dip.Ed.J. A. Bell, B.Sc.R. E. Bentley, B.Sc.L. M. Besley, B.Sc.J. A. Birch, B.Sc.W. J . Brown, A.S.T.C.V. R. Burgess, M.Sc-., A.S.T.C.J. J. Connolly, B.Sc.T. M. Egan, B.Sc.P. M. G. Fead, B.E.E.R. S. Fisher, B.E., A.R.M.T.C.,

A.S.T.C.I. G. Graham, B.Sc., Ph.D.H. W. Kinnersly, F.R.M.T.C.E. C. Morris, B.Sc., Ph.D.G. J. Nelson, B.Sc., B.E., Ph.D.

(at Solar Observatory, Culgoora,N.S.W.)

R P. Netterfield, B.Sc.A. M. Perriman, A.M.T.C.C. P. Pickup, B.Sc., B.E.,

A.M.I.E.E.R. B. Roberts, M.Sc. (Eng.)A J Scerri, B ScJ. E Shaw, B Sc , Dip EdJ. V Sierms, A S T CR J. Tainsh, M Se , A S T CJ Tapping, BSçF J Wilkinson, BScJ G Winter, BScK A. B Wright, BSc.

i.

Division of NutritionalBiochemistry

See Animal Research Laboratories

Division of Plant IndustryHeadquarters: Black Mountain,

Canberra, A.C.T.

CHIEFL. T. Evans, B.Sc., M.Agr.Sc,

D.Phil., F.A.A.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYD. W. BanyardACTING ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERP. D. BrownDIVISIONAL EDITORD. G. Thomas, M.Sc., Dip.Agr.SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW

Sir Otto Franke!, D.Sc., D.Agr.,F.A.A., F.R.S., F.W.A.A.S.

CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTSN. K. Boardman, M.Sc., Ph.D.,

F.A.A.. B. Langridge, M.Sc., Ph.D.\ H. W. Morley, B.V.Sc, Ph.D.

SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSA. J. Anderson, D.Sc.(Agric.)F. J. Bergersen, D.Sc.R. D. Brock, M.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.Miss N. T. Burbidge, D.Sc.D. J. Cosgrove, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. B. Costin, D.Sc.Agr.I. A. M. Cruickshank, D.Sc.J. N. Phillips, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.D. Spencer, B.Sc., ^h.D.P. R. Whitfeld, B.Sc., Ph.D.C. H. Williams, D.Sc.R. F. Williams, D.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSMiss J. M. Anderson, M.Sc., Ph.D.C. A. Appleby, B.Sc., Ph.D.L. A. T. Ballard, M.Ag.Sc, M.A.,

Ph.D.W. Bottomley, B.Sc., Ph.D.D. Beuma, Ir.Agr., D.Agr.Sc.P. M. Bremner, M.Sc., Ph.D.S. M. Bromfield, M.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.H. V. A. Daday, M.Sc.D.J.David, D.Sc.J. L. Davidson, M.Ag.Sc, Ph.D.W. F. Dudman, B.Sc., Ph.D.M. Freer, M.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.J. R. Frency, M.Sc., Ph.D.D. J . Goodchild, B.Sc.Agr., M.A.,

Ph.D.M. D. Hatch, B.Sc., Ph.D.F. W. Hely, M.Sc.Agr., M.S.J. T. O. Kirk, M.A., Ph.D.K. D. McLachlan, B.Sc.Agr.,

B.Com.Miss A. A. Millerd, M.Sc., Ph.D.L. F. Myers, M.Agr.Sc.W. J. Peacock, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. H. G. C. Rijven, B.Sc., Ph.D.E. A. Schwinghamer, B.Sc, Ph.D.C. J. Shepherd, M.A., Ph.D.J R Simpson, M 8c , Ph.D.K Spencer, B Se Agr , M SS W Thorne, B ScD C Wark, MAgrScSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSB T Browr., M Se, Ph.D.J B Coombe, M Agr Sc , Ph.DR W Downes, M Agr Sc , Ph.D.A H Gibson, B Sc Agr , Ph DR. H. Groves, B Ag Sc , Ph.D.R. L N Harris, B Sc , Ph.D.Miss K Helms, M Se, Ph D.J L Huppatz, B Sc , Ph D.J V. Jacobsen, B Ag Sc , Ph DG F Katekar, B Sc , Ph DJ H Leigh, B Se , Ph D.J Lipsett, M Agr ScP K Macnicol, M Sc , Dr Rer Nat.C A Neal-Smith, B Ag Sc.

61

R. N. Oram, B.Ag.Sc, Ph.D.Mrs. D. R. Perrin, M.Sc.R. J . Porra, B.Sc, Ph.D.W. R. Scowcroft, B.Agr., Ph.D.I. F. Wardlaw, B.Agr.Sc, Ph.D.J. A. Zwar, M.Ag.Sc, Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. R. Aston, M.Sc., Ph.D.D. R. Biggs, B.Sc, Ph.D.R. M. Gifford, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. M. GiU, B.Ag.Sc, M.Sc., Ph.D.D. R. Marshall, B.Sc.Ag., Ph.D.R. A. Pantcr, B.Sc., Ph.D.A.J. Prior, B.Sc, Ph.D.P.J . Randall, B.Sc., Ph.D.HONORARY RESEARCH FELLOWW. Hartley, B.A.RESEARCH FELLOWS. K. Jain, B.Sc., Ph.D.ENGINEERSB. C. Bautovich, Dip.Mech.Eng.B. N. Condon, A.S.T.G.,

Dip.Rad.Eng.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. Appels, B.Sc.J. S. Armstrong, M.Sc.A. Axelsen, Q..D.A.H.J . Brockwell, D.D.A.P. Broué, B.ScAgr., M.Sc.K. R. Christian, iJ.Sc.Mrs. A. Cossey, B.Sc.D. G. De Marco, B.Sc.Agr.J . E. R. Dennis, B.Ag.Sc.J . R. Donnelly, B.Ag.Sc.F. X. Dunin, B.Agr.Sc.R. L. Dunstone, B.A.Miss A. E. Grant Lipp, M.Sc.M. Gray, M.A.I.A.S.A. M. Hogan, B.Sc.G. C. J . Irving, B.Sc.Miss D. E. Johns, B.Sc.D. B. Joncs, B.Agr.Sc.O. L. Jones, B.Sc.(Agrk\)Mrs. M. B. Lowe, B.Sc.Miss W. M. Lush, B.Ag.Sc.J . H. E. Mackay, B.Sc.Agr.M. Mandryk, Ing.Agr.G. T. McKinney, B.Rur.Sc.G. E. Melville, M.Sc., Ph.D.B. W. Norman, B.Sc.Agr.E. O'Neill. M.I.Mech.E.(Lcndon),

M.I.E.(Âust.)Mrs. L. T. Oswald, M.Sc., Vh.D.J. W. Peak, M.A.I.A.S.Miss P .J . Phillips, M.Sc.A. Pinkerton, B.Sc.E. W. Popk, M.Sc -N. A. Pyliotis, M.Sc.Mrs. A. Smith, B.Sc.Mrs. I. Sofield, B.Sc.Mrs. F. J . Stuart, B.Sc.Miss M. L. Tonnet, M.Sc., Ph.D.G L. Turner, M Se ,J. R Twine, Dip Ind Gh^mJ D William, D D ASCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERSMrs G Paine, B.Sc , B.AJ. W Wanless, M Se

At Gmtiinderra Experimental Stalton,A.CT.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER

R J. Hutching», D D AAtLIF Building, BrisbanePRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTJ E Coaldrake, M SeAt Long Pocket Laboratories, Brisbane,

PWNCWAL nWARCH SCtBNTISTL.J Webb, fcLSc., PhJD

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERJ. G. Tracey, Q..D.A.

At Waste Point (Kosciusko State Park),M.S.W.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERD. J. Wimbush, M.Sc.

At Rural Sciences Laboratory,FloreatPark, W.A.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEG. W. Arrjld, M.Sc.(Agric), Ph.D.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RE!.. SCIENTISTR. C. Rossiter, D.Sc.(Agric)PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSN. J. Barrow, M.Agr.Sc, Ph.D.A. B. Beck, D.Sc.E. F. Biddiscombe, M.Sc.(Agric)E. A. N. Greenwood, B.Agr.Sc,

Ph.D.P. G. Ozanne, B.Sc.(Agric)D. B. Purser, B.Sc., Ph.D.E. R. Watson, M.Sc.(Agric)RESEARCH SCIENTISTM. J . Trinick, M.Sc , Ph.D.EXPERIMEhTAL OFFICERSD. Bennett, B.Sc.(Agric), Ph.D.B. A. Carbon, B.Sc.P. Farrington, B.Agr.Sc, Dip.Ed.J. L. Hill, A.P.T.C.K. M. W. Howes, B.Sc.(Agric.)P. Lapins, Dip.Agronom., M.Agr.Sc.T. C. Shaw, B.Sc.G. B. Taylor, M.Sr..(Agric.)Z. V. Titmanis, Dip.Pure Chem.

At Talanbee Experiment Station,Baker's Hill, W.A.

EXPERIMENTAI. OFFICERG. W. Anderson, B.Sc.

At Beerwah Tobacco Breeding Laboratory,OJd.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERH. Wuttke, Dr.Agr.

Division of Protein ChemistrySee Wool Research Laboratories

Division of RadfophysicsHeadquarters: Vimiera Road, Ebbing,• N.S.W.

CHIEFJ . P. Wild, M.A., Sc.D., F.A.A.,

F.R.S.ASSISTANT CHIEFH. C. Minnett, O.B.E., B,S<\, B.E.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYN G SeddonADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERP J KellyLIBRARIANSMus M McKechnie, B.A ,

A L A AMus P. I Ross, B A , A L A ASENIOR PRINCIPAL RES SCIENTISTSM Beard, B Sc, M.E.B F. Cooper, B Se , M EF F. ,GRrdner, B Se , B E , Ph DR. X| McGee, D ScJ A Roberts, M Sc , Ph DB J Robinson, M.Sc , Ph DK. V| Sheridan, B.Sc , B.AS. F. Smerd, D ScPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSD.J jCole, B E E

' I

E. R. Hill, M.Sc.N. R. Labrum, B.Sc.D. E. Yabsley, B.Sc, B.E.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. A. DayM. M. Komesaroff, B.Sc.D. J. McLean, Dr.ès Se.0 . B. Slee, D.Sc.S. Suzuki, B.E., D.Sc.B. M. Thomas, B.E., M.Eng.Sc,

Ph.D.J . B. Whiteoak, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. G. Abies, B.A., M.Sc, Ph.D.J. L. Caswell, B.A., Ph.D.T. W. Cole, B.E., Ph.D.D. N. Cooper, B.E., Ph.D.A. R. Kerr, B.E., M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D.P. M. McCulloch, B.Sc., Ph.D.1. D. Palmer, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. C. Riddle, B.Sc., M.E.,

M.Eng.Sc, Ph.D.A. E. Wright, B.Sc., Ph.D.HONORARY RESEARCH FELLOW

{at Tasmania)G. Reber, Ph.D., D.Sc.RESEARCH FELLOWSA.J.Higgs,B.Sc.W. K-H. Huchtmeier, Ph.D.R. S. Roger, B.A.Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR. A. Batchelor, B.E.E., A.S.T.C.J. W. Brooks, B.Sc.(Tech.)N. Fourikis, A.R.M.I.T.R. J. Grognard, Ing.Phys.Mrs. J. P. Hawkes, B.A.L. H. Heisler, B.Sc.P. Hrebeniuk. B.E., A.S.T.C.P. Y. Lee, B.Sc.K. R. McAlister, A.S. f.C.D. K. Milne, M.Sc., A.S.T.C.A. C. Monticone, B.Sc, B.E.P. Mulhall, B.Sc.J . D. Murray, B.Sc.(Eng.)Mrs. K. Purdum, B.A.L. C. Purdum, M.S.E.E.M. W. Sinclair. Dipl.Rad.Eng.R. T. Stewart, B.Sc.F. G. Tonking, A.S.T.C.G. A. Wells, A.S.T.C.M. W. Willing, A.R.M.T.C.A. F. Young, M.Sc.

At Australian National RadioAstronomy Observatory, Parkes,N.S.W.

CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTJ. G. Bolton, B.A., F.A.A.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTA. J. Shimmins, B.Com., M.E.E.RESEARCH SCIENTISTJ . V. Wall, M.Sc,, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERD. J Cooke, B E , M I E.E ,

A M I E (Aust )

At Solar Observatory, Culgoora, NS.W.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERW J Payten, A S T C.

Rural Sciences LaboratoryHeadquarters Underwood'Avenue,

FloreatPark, W AThe services of this office are commonto Divisions and Sections representedm Western AustraliaOFFICER-IN-CHARGEM J Mulcahy, B Se., Ph D

j

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERJ. P. BrophyLIBRARIAN

Mrs. D. M. E. Leadbetter,B.A.(Soc.Dip.)

Division of SoilsHeadquarters: Waite Road, Glen

Osmond, S.A.

CHIEFE. G. Hallsworth, Ph.D., D.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERF. W. BlanksbyLIBRARIAN

Miss M. A. Symons, B.A., A.L.A.A.TRANSLATORD. R. Eddy, B.Sc.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTSK. Norrish, M.Sc, Ph.D.R. J. Swaby, M.Sc., M.Agr.Sc,

Ph.D.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTS

G. Blackburn, B.Agr.Sc.E. L. Greaton, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.L. H. P. Jones, B.Ag.Sc, Ph.D.K. E. Lee, D.Sc.K. H. Northcote, B.Agr.Sc.A. C. Oertel, D.Sc.M. Raupach, M.Sc.A. D. Rovira, B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTS

G. D. Bowen, M.Sc.W. W. Emerson, B.A., Ph.D.J. T. Hutton, B.Sc., A.S.A.S.M.J. N. Ladd, M.Sc., Ph.D.E. W. Radoslovich, B.A., Ph.D.,

D.Sc.K. G. Tiller, M.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. S. Bcckwith, B.Sc.R. D. Bond, B.Tech., A.S.A.S.M.J. H. A. Butler, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. W. Fordham, M.Sc., D.Phil.G. G. Gurr, B.Sc.J. R. Harris, M.Sc.R. W. L. Kimbei, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. K. Martin, M.Sc., Ph.D.R. M. McKenzie B.Tech.,

A S.A.S.M.H. G. T. Stace, M.Sc.T. R. Sweatman, M.Sc., Ph.D.R. M. Taylor, M.Sc.B. M. Tucker, B.A., M.Sc.C. B. Wells, M.Agr.Sc.T. G. Wood, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. B. Allison, B.Sc., Ph.D.B. Cartwright, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. S. Colvillr, M.Sc.P. J. M. Greenslade, M.A., Ph.D.,

D.I.C.P G Slade, B Sc , Ph DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSP G Brisbane, M Se (Agric )A R P Clarke, B Tech, A.S.A S.MM P C de Vnes (11.) 'R B Jackson, M Se.R H. Merryi B Agr SeA R Milnes, B ScE H. Fidge, BSc 'H. Rosser, Dip App Phys.M. F. Skinner, B Agr Se,,C Theodorou, B Agr ScRESEARCH ASSOCIATE >T B. Paltndge, B Sc '

At Cunningham Laboratory, St. Lucia,

Qld.

CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTIST

A. E. Martin, D.Agr.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSW. Arndt, M.Agr.Sc.G. D. Hubble, B.Ag.Sc.A. W. Moore, M.Sc., Ph.D.G. B. Stirk, B.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. G. Beckmann, M.Sc., Ph.D.D. C. van Dijk, Ing.Agr., D.Sc.W T. Ward, M.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSP. J. Ross, B.Sc.A. ,W. L. Veen, M.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. C. Drinnan, Dip.Ind.Chem.I. F. Fergus, B.Sc.I. P. Little, B.ScAgr.R. E. Prebble, B.Sc.R. Reeve, A.B.T.C.G. H. Thompson, Q..D.A.

At Black Mountain, Canberra

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

J. N. NichollsSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSR. Brewer, D.Sc.B. E. Butler, B.Sc. (Agric.)PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. V. Blackmore, M.Sc., Ph.D.J. D. Colwell, B.ScAgr., B.A., Ph.D.J. Loveday, M.Ag.Sc, Ph.D.D. S. Mclntyre, M.St., Ph.D.J. R. Sleeman, B.Agr.Sc.P. H. Walker, M.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSW. H. Litchfield, B.ScAgr.A.J. Moss, B.Sc., Fh.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSH. J. Beatty, A.B.T.C.Miss M. P. Green, B.Sc.C. L. Watson, B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.

At Tasmanian Regional Laboratory,

Hobart

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTK. D. Nicolls, B.Agr.Sc, M.Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSA. M. Graley, B.Sc.J. L. Honeysett, B.Sc., A.H.T.C.

At Rural Sciences Laboratory,

FlorealPark, W.A.

SENIOR PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTIST

M. J. Mulcahy, B.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSE. Bettcnay, M.Sc. (Agric.)W. M. McArthur, M.Sc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSH. M. Churcûw^-d, M Se (Agric )F. J. Hmgston, M SeA J Peck, B.Sc , Ph DEXPERIMENTAL OFFICERS

G M Diminock, B.ScT S Grove, B Sc AgncA G Turton, B ScD R Williamson, B Sc Agr

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,

" Townsvtllt, Qld

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTR F IibcU, MSc.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTM K Prbbbrt, B.Sc., Ph.DRESEARCH SCIENTIST

Gr McL Smith, B,Sc, Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER, 1

G. P:Gilimian.B.Sc

Tasmanian Regional LaboratoryHeadquarters: Stowell Avenue, Hobart,

Tas.

The services of this office are commonto Divisions and Sections representedin TasmaniaOFFICER-1N-CHARGED. Martin, D.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

M. H. F. Bennett, A.A.S.A.

Division of Textile IndustrySee Wool Research Laboratories

Division of Textile PhysicsSee Wool Research Laboratories

Division of TribopnyalcsHeadquarters: University ./Melbourne,

Fmkville, Vic.

CHIEFJ. R. Anderson, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERJ. W. BarrieLIBRARIAN

Mrs. S. M. London, B.A., B.Com.,A.L.A.A.

CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTSL. M. Clarebrough, B.Met.E.,

M.Eng.Sc, Ph.D., D.Sc.A. K. Head, B.A., Ph.D., D.Sc.,

F.A.A.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSR. C. Gifkins, D.Sc.A. J. W. Moore, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. F. Nicholas, B.Sc., B.A.J. V. Sanders, B.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. G. AUpress, M.Sc.D. Michell, B.E.E., A.B.T.C.G. J. Ogilvie, B.Met.E., M.Eng.Sc.,

Ph.D.P. M. Robinson, B.SL., Ph.D.J. W. Suiter, M.Sc, Ph.D.G. W. West, B.Sc, B.E.E.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTS

N. R. Avery, B.Sc., Ph.D.Mrs. L. A. Bruce, B.Sc., Ph.D.A. J. Davis, B.Eng.C. T. Forwood, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. Humble, B.Sc, Ph.D.H. Jaeger, A.R.A.C.IA. J. Morton, B.Sc., Pii.D.H. J. Rossell, B.Sc, Ph.D.H. G. Scott, M.A., Ph.D.J. A. Spiak, M.Sc.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. I. Blombery, B.Sc., Ph.D.D. E. Mainwaring, B.Sc., Ph.D.C. M Perrott, B Sc „ Ph D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSR J Esdaile, B.ScM A O'Keefe.BSc A.R.M.I.T.G R Perger, FRMT.C.H F Ryan, M ScR G Sherwood, A R M T CA P Smith, F R M I TENGINEER

G. N Payne, B.Eng.At Engineering Ceramics and Réfractants

Section, Fishermen's Bend, Vic

OPFICER-IN-CHAROEN A McKinnon, M Se., Ph.D.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE*

W A DauntPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTR C Garvic, B.A Sc , M.A.

63

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSS. M. Brisbane, B.Sc, B.À.,

A.M.T.C.H. A. Stephens, B.Sc.J. H. Weymouth, B.Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSW. J. Bennett, A.M.T.C.D. B. Ellson, B.Met.E., A.S.T.C,

M.Eng.Sc.W. G. Garret, A.M.T.C.R. R. HughanG. L. Hunt, B.Sc, Ph.D.K. A. Johnston, B.Sc., Ph.D.H. A. Kanost, B.Cer.Eng.R. K. Stringer, B.Sc.Miss B. C. Terrell, B.Sc.A. N. Waterworth, A.H.T.C.,

A.M.T.C.A. F. WilsonJ. D. Wolfe

Division of Tropical PasturesHeadquarters: Cunningham Laboratory,

St. Lutta, Qld.

CHIEFE. M. Hutton, B.Agr.Sc, D.Sc.ASSISTANT CHIEFE. F. Henzell, B.Agr.Sc, D.Phil.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYA. G. Eyles, B.Sc.(Agric)ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERR. C. Davidson, B.A.LIBRARIANMiss K. M. O'BrienCHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTSC. S. Andrew, D.Agr.Sc.D. O. Norris, D.Sc.(Agric.)'W. T. Williams, Ph.D., D.I.C.,

D.Sc. •SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSW. W. Bryan, D.Agr.Sc.N. H. Shaw, B.Agr.Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSC. T. Gates, M.Sc(Agric)M. P. Hegarty, M.Sc, Ph.D.R. J. Tones, B.Sc.(Agric), D.T.A.D. J. Minson, B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.R. Roe, "B.Sc. (Agric.)J. S. Russell, B.Agr.Sc, M.Sc., Ph.D.J. C. Tothill, B.Agric.Sc, Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. A. Bray, B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.D. F. Cameron, B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.R. A. Date, M.Sc.Agr., Ph.D.T. R. Evans, B.Sc., D.T.A.J.B. Hacker, B.Sc. (Agric.), Ph.D.G.J. Leach, B,Sc,, Ph.D.L. *t Mannetje, In, Ph.D. l

T. H. Stobbs, B.Sc, (Agric.), Ph.D.R J Will M S

H. Stobbs, B.Sc, (R J. Williams, M.ScJ. R Wl M S A,

Wiliony M Se Agr, Ph Dm C N S r . —

C. W Fora,"ESC.," Ph D7 ~R; L Hall, B Sc(Agric ), Ph DB C. Imne, B.Agr Sc , Ph.DF. a Kerridge, B.Agr Sc, Ph.D.M. M. Ludlow.JB.^Sr.Sc, Ph.D.M. W. SUvey, ftSc^gnc ; Ph.DF. W Smith, M.Sc.Agr, Ph DKXrWUMBNTAL OFFICER»V R Catchpoole, M.Agr Sc.R. D. Court, B,Sc.A D J à h n % B S

At Narqyen Research Station viaMundubbera, Qld.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER(OFFICER-IN-CHARGE)

D. B. Coates, B.Rur.Sc.

At Pastoral Research Laboratory,ToumsviUe, Qld.

OFFICER-IN-CHARGEL. A. Edye, M.Agr.Sc.LIBRARIAN •Mrs. J. Tonnoir, B.A.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERG. G. WinesSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. L. Burt, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. K. Jones, B.Agr.Sc., Ph,D.M. J. Playne, M.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSP. Gillard, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. L. McCown, M.Sc., Ph.D.P. J. Robinson, M.Sc., Ph.D.W. H. Winter, B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSC. J-. Gardener, B.S.A., M.Sc.R. G. Mcgarrity, B.Sc.R. Reid, B.A.

Wheat Research UnitHeadquarters: Ebbing Road, North

Ryde,N.S.W.OFFICER-IN-CHARGEE. E. Bond, M.B.E., A.M.T.C.,

F.R.A.C.I.LEADER OF UNITD. H. Simmonds, M.Sc., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTJ. W. Lee, B.Sc., Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTC.W. Wrigley, M.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTF. MacRitchie, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERS'Miss K. K. Barlow, B.Sc.P. W. Gras, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. A. Ronalds, B.Sc.

Division of Wildlife ResearchHeadquarters: Barton Highway,

Canberra, A.C.T.CHIEFH.J. Frith, D.ScAgr.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERP. E. R. Magi, B.A.LIBRARIANMiss B. A. Staples, B.A., Dip.Lib.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTK. Myers, B.Sc.

'SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTM E. Griffith*, D.Sc. -PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTS. H._Calaby _ . . __ _

D Dunimore, B V Sc , Ph DMykytowycz, D.V.M <,,

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. E Nevpïôine, M.Sc., Ph DW E Poole, 6.ScG. F. vjn, Ten, M.A., Ph.D <RESEARCH. SCIENTBTSL. W. Bnûthvwdte, M.Sc,, PfcDP . j . Fulfe^mr,B.Sc,Ph.DB.F. G & S B S P h D

i

5 , B.Sc, Ph,DR. T. Wa^Mm, B Se, Ph D.

M . S c ^ ~

B. S. Parker, B.Sc.Miss P. D. Woollard, B.Sc.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERB. V. Fennessy, B.Agr.Sc.

At Helena Valley Laboratory,via Midland, W.A.

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSS. J. J. F. Davies, M.A., Ph.D.I. C. R. Rowley, B.Agr.Sc.RESEARCH SCiENnSTG. T. Smith, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSM. G. Brooker, M.Sc.Agr.T. A. Knight, B.Sc.D. A. Saunders, B.Sc.

At Alice Springs Research Station,Alice Springs, JV. T.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSL. W. Best, M.Sc.L. K. Corbett, B.Sc.

At Tobacco Research Institute, Mareeba,Old.

EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERF. H. J. Crome, B.Sc.

At Darwin Laboratories,McMillan Road, Darwin, N. T.

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERB. C. AbbeyPRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTM. G. Ridpath, B.Sc., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. H. Barrett, M.S., Ph.D.C. K. Williams, B.Sc.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERT. D. Redhead, B.Sc.

Wool Research LaboratoriesWOOL RESEARCH LABORATORIES

COMMITTEEF. G. Lennox, D.Sc.(Chairman)J. G. Downes, B.Sc.M. Lipson, B.Sc., Ph.D.

Division of Protein ChemistryHeadquarters: 343 Royal Parade,

Parkville, Vic.CHIEFF. G. Lennox, D.Sc.ASSISTANT CHIEFW. G. Crewther, D.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERB. G. BondLIBRARIANMiss A Birnitis, B A,, Dip Lib.,

ALA ACHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR D B Fraser, Ph D , D SeH Lmdley, B A , Ph DSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES SCIENTISTSJ. M GiUespie, D.ScM A Jermyn, M.Sc,, Ph D.I J. O'Donnell, M Sc /T. A Pressley, B Sc., Ph,DF H C Stewart, Ph D , D ScE F. Woodi, D Sc.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSA. S. Inghs, M.Sc~, A Maclaren, M Se , Ph D

an, B Se»y, M.Ag Sc.

P. Fkn^, B.Agr.Sc.

•»b •.•-•.iLi'ji' ii, B.Sc , P h D .W E î»vigc, M.Sc, Ph D.J. G Scroggie, M.Sc, Ph.D.

r> r

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. Frater, B.Sc, Ph.D.L. C. Gruen, B.Sc., Ph.D.G. C. Ramsay, B.Sc., Ph.D.I. W. Stapleton. B.Sc., Ph.D.E. Suzuki, B.Eng.J. F. K. Wikhire, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. R. Yates, M.A., Ph.D.RESEARCH SCIENTISTSR. J. Blagrove, B.Sc., Ph.D.T. A. A. Dopheide, B.Sc., Ph.D.T. C. Elleman, B.Sc., Ph.D.N. A. Evans, B.Sc., Ph.D.P. S. Gee, B.Sc.,

, P. G. Gordon, B.Sc., Dip.Ed., Ph.D.f K. F. Langley, B.Sc., Ph.D.

D. E. Peters, B.Sc., Ph.D.,A.R.M.I.T.

R. N. Reddie, B.Sc., Ph.D.L. G. Sparrow, M.Sc, Ph.D.C. W. Ward, B.Sc, Ph.D.P. G. Whitmore, B.Sc., Ph.D.J. R. Zdysiewicz, B.Sc., Ph.D.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSP.J. Beck, A.R.M.I.T.J. B. Caldwell, B.Sc.Mrs. M. H. Davis, M.Sc.L. M. Dowling, B.Sc.G. F. Flanagan, F.R.M.T.C.M. J. Frenkel, A.R.M.I.T.D. J. Gale, Dip.App.Chem.L. A. Holt, B.Sc.A. Kirkpatrick, A.R.M.I.T.I. H. Leaver, M.Sc.E. P. Lhuede, B.Mech.E.N. M. McKern, B.Sc.P. W. Nicholb, M.Sc, D.I.G.,

A.R.M.I.T.Mrs. M.J. Pont, M.Sc.D. v.. Rivett, F.R.M.I.T., Ph.D.R. J. Rowlands, B.Sc.C. M. Roxburgh, B.Sc., Ph.D.L. J. Stephens, M.Sc., F.R.M.I.T.P. A. Tulloch, M.Sc, Ph.D.K. I. Wood, A.R.M.T.C.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICERSJ. P. E. Human, M.Sc., Ph.D.M. G. King, A.G.Inst.Tech.

Division of Textile IndustryHeadquarters: Princes Highway,

Belmont, Geelong, Vic.

CHIEFM. Lipson, B.Sc., Ph.D.ASSISTANT CHIEFG. W. Walls, B.Sc.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERJ. H. G. Watson, A.A.S.A.LIBRARIANMrs. S. G. Lewis, A.L.A.A.CHIEF RESEARCH SCIENTISTJ Delmenico, B Sc , Ph DSENIOR PRINCIPAL RES SCIENTISTSD S Taylor, B.Sc , B.A , Ph DG F Wood, B.Sc , Ph D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSC A Anderson, B Sc , Ph DR E Behn, MScD. E Henshaw, M B.E , B.ScSENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIfi*L A. Allen, B.Sc., Ph DP R Brady, M Se , Ph.DB E. Fleischfreaser, M Se., Ph DG. B. Guue. M Se., Ph.DïA. A. Harry, M Se., Ph.D. ,R. M Hoskinton, B Se., Ph DJ Î J L e e a e r 7 M . S c - - - - - - --D E A PUte, B.Sc , Ph D.V. A Williams, B.Sc., Ph D.

65

RESEARCH SCIENTISTSG. M. Abbott, B.Sc., Ph.D.F. W. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D.R. J. Mayfield, B.Sc., Ph.D,I. M. Russell, B.Sc., A.G.Inst.Tech.M. A. White, M.S., Ph.D.ENGINEERB. B. Beard, A.G.Inst.Tech.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSI. B. Angliss, A.G.Inst.Tech.J. R. Cook, A.G.Inst.Tech.A. G. De Boos, B.Sc.J. R. Eley, B.Sc.B. C. Ellis, A.M.C.T.H. D. Feldtman, A.G.Inst.Tech.K. W. Fincher, Dip. Tex. Chem.G. N. Freeland, A.G.Inst.Tech.R. J. Hine, A.G.Inst.Tech.H. J. Katz, B.Sc., Ph.D.B. O. Lavery, Nat.Cert. in

Mech.Eng.A. Marfatia, D.T.I., D.T.T.Mrs. I. M. Morgan, A.G.Inst.Tech.B. G. Parnell, G.I.Mech.E.D. G. Phillips, M.Sc.C. P. Pritchard, A.G.Inst.Tech.R. J. Turner, Dip.Text.A. M. Wemyss, A.G.Inst.Tech.G. G. West, A.G.Inst.Tech.SCIENTIFIC SERVICES OFFICER

J. F. Sinclair

Division of Textile PhysicsHeadquarters: 338 Blaxland Road,

RydeiN.S.W.

CHIEFJ. G. Downes, B.Sc.DIVISIONAL SECRETARYJ. I. Platt, B.Sc.(Econ.)LIBRARIANMrs. Y. B. Esplin, B.Sc., Dip.Lib.SENIOR PRINCIPAL RES. SCIENTISTSA. R. Haly, M.Sc.Mrs. K. R. Makinson, M.A., Ph.D.PRINCIPAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTSM. W. Andrews, I».r=., Ph.D.K. Baird, M.Sc., Ph.D.R. B. Beevers, B.Sc., Ph.D.E. G. Bendit, B.Sc.(Eng.), M.Sc.,

Ph.D.H. G. David, B.Sc.J. F. P. James, M.Sc.B. H. Mackay, B.Sc., A.S.T.C.P. Nordon, B.Sc., A.S.T.G., Ph.D.I. C. Watt, M.Sc, Ph.D.SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTSJ. H. Brooks, M.Sc., Ph.D.E. F. Denby, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.I.C.H. W. Holdaway, B.Sc., M.E.B. J. Rigbv, M.Sc., A.S.T.C.A E Steam, B ScI M Stuart, MScRESEARCH SCIENTISTSB M Chapman, B.Sc , Ph.D.B N Hoschke, B Sc , Ph.DL J Lynch, B Sc, Ph.D.ENGINEERSK A Harley, B Se , B EE R Leard, B EH W. M Lunney, B Se, B EK. D SiacLiur, A S.T C.EXPERIMENTAL OFFICERSJ. E Algie, B E , A.S T C, M ScN W. Bambndge, B Sc (Eng ),

M.Eng.Sc.R. Ctffin, lf4.Sc. _y FXfcafielirilScr'R. L D'Arçy, B.Sc., A.S T CR A. Foukb, B Se , M Phil

V. Gardavsky, Dipl.Ing.MissJ. A. Lead, B.A.T. W. Mitchell, A.S.T.C.A. McD. Richardson, B.E.E.K. A. Rottenbury, B.Sc.J. E. Sisson, B.A.L. J. Smith, A.S.T.C.G. L. Stott, B.A., A.S.T.C.L.J.Wills, B.Sc.

Unattached OfficersG. B. Gresford, B.Sc., A.R.M.T.C.

(seconded to United Nations asDirector for Science and Technology,Department of Economic and SocialAffairs)

PRINCIPAL RESEARCH1 SCIENTIST

Miss S. H. Allen, B.Sc.(seconded to the Institute of Medicaland Veterinary Science, Frame Road,Adelaide, S.A.)

Finance

Annnal Expenditure

The following summary gives details of expenditureby CSIRO Divisions and Sections on other than capital itemsfrom 1 July 1971 to 30 June 1972.

DIVISION OR SECTION

TreasuryFunds

(*)

ContributoryFunds

Total

Head OfficeThe main items of expenditure under this headingare salaries and travelling expenses of the admin-istrative staff at Head Office and the RegionalAdministrative Offices, salaries and expenses ofofficers at the Liaison Offices in London, Washing-ton, and Tokyo, and general office expenditure.

Research Programmes

Animal Health and ReproductionAnimal GeneticsAnimal HealthAnimal PhysiologyNutritional BiochemistryPlant IndustryEntomology and WildlifeEntomologyWildlife ResearchSoilsHorticulture and IrrigationHorticultural ResearchIrrigation ResearchTropical PasturesLand ResearchLand ResearchRangelands ResearchWoodland EcologyProcessing of Agricultural Products ,Food Research *Wheat ResearchTextile IndustryTextile Physics

Central LibraryEditorial and Publications SectionFilm Unit

4,003,299 11,823 4,015,122

1,291,3412,098,862683,300585,596

3,243,600

2,403,217855,880

2,105,095

705,064652,136

1,718,699

1,579,605, 487,6941 93,201

-2,421,51324,09993,088

1

422,446753,712103,211

558,032609,497

1,742,447225,636898,310

667,579330,695134,805

27,81537,451

363,949

545,604202,96563,941

720,64788,381

1,366,7541,253,121

—300

_ 1,849,3732,708,3592,425,747811,232

4,141,910

3,070,7961,195,5752,239,900

732,879689,587

2,082,648

2,125,209690,659157,142

3,142,160112,480

1,459,8421,253,121

422,446753,712103,511

Chemical Research of Industrial InterestChemical EngineeringApplied ChemistryChemical PhysicsProtein ChemistryFisheries and OceanographyFisheries and OceanographyMarine BiochemistryProcessing and Use of Mineral ProductsMineral ChemistryMineralogyMineral PhysicsBaas Becking Geobiological GroupPhysical Research of Industrial InterestPhysicsApplied PhysicsGeneral Physical ResearchRadiophysicsAtmospheric PhysicsCommonwealth Meteorological Research CentreEnvironmental MechanicsRadio Research BoardGeneral Industrial ResearchBuilding ResearchTribophysicsApplied GeomechanicsMechanical EngineeringResearch ServicesComputing ResearchMathematical StatisticsRural Sciences LaboratoryExtramural investigationsAustralian Mineral Development LaboratoriesDevelopmental projectsMiscellaneous

Grant*

Research AssociationsResearch Studentships ,Other grants and contributions

983,1342,269,2371,244,970127,059

1,315,16870,232

2,232,888910,992386,39412,000

1,251,1762,176,124

1,878,9971,382,475124,400262,02840,000

2,495,4581,042,248660,978821,115

897,779793,663300,36776,87859,997149,796456,999

372,517293,321995,459

27,877140,69911,721

1,149,756

100,000—

179,27632,08738,46385,427

9,8482,974

13,718——7,852

65,857

160,80612.69179,970109,049

—230

————30,024

——

1,011,0112,409,9361,256,6911,276,815

1,415,16870,232

2,412,164943,079424,85797,427

1,261,0242,179,098

1,892,7151,382,475124,400269,880105,857

2,656,2641,054,939740,948930,164

897,779793,893300,36776,87859,997149,796487,023

372,517293,321995,459

52,408,507 12,117,077 64,525,584

67

Capital Expenditure under CSIRO Control

The table which follows shows capital expenditure from funds made available directly to CSIRO. It includesexpenditure on capital and developmental works and on items of equipment costing more than $10,000 each.

DIVISION OR SECTION'

Head OfficeAnimal Health and ReproductionAnimal GeneticsAnimal HealthAnimal PhysiologyNutritional BiochemistryPlant IndustryEntomology and WildlifeEntomologyWildlifeSoUsHorticulture and IrrigationHorticultural ResearchIrrigation ResearchTropical PasturesLand ResearchLand ResearchRangelands ResearchProcessing of Agricultural ProductsFood ResearchTextile IndustryTextile PhysicsInformation and PublicationsFilm UnitChemical Research of Industrial InterestChemical EngineeringApplied ChemistryProtein ChemistryFisheries and OceanographyProcessing and Use of Mineral ProductsMineral ChemistryMineralogyMineral PhysicsPhysical Research of Industrial InterestPhysicsApplied PhysicsGeneral Physical ResearchRadiophysicsAtmospheric PhysicsGeneral Industrial ResearchBuilding ResearchTribophysicsApplied GeomechanicsMechanical EngineeringResearch ServicesComputing ResearchMathematical StatisticsRural Sciences Laboratory

Total capital expenditure

TreasuryFunds

($)

3,417

65,39917,698—20,63489,812

7,2507,611

45,256

27,20450,782

118,879

74738,155

67,295——

2,605

1,78087,513—

137,077

91,7157,025

18,644

55,07151,696

106,87031,102

48,23361,22313,74467,726

196,586267850

1,539,866

ContributoryFunds

($)

53,23222,26073,4143,7177,036

337,7215,4773,335

——3,853

4712,072

1,36593,276

282,636

—

——

124,84634,154

360——

——

——

————

——

1,049,225

Total

($)

3,417

118,63139,95873,41424,35196,848

344,97113,08848,591

27,20450,782

122,732

1,21840,227

68,56093,276

282,636

2,605

1,78087,513

124,846171,231

92,0757,025

18,644

55,07151,696

106,87031,102

48,23361,22313,74467,726

196,586267850

2,589,091

ContributionsThis table summarizes receipts and expenditure during 1971/72 of funds provided by contributors andrecorded in a special account entitled 'Specific Research Account'. The largest amounts contributed forspecific research projects are provided from joint Commonwealth-Industry Research Funds such as theWool Research Trust Fund and the Meat Research Trust Account. However, sums which are quite substan-tial in total are contributed by industrial organizations and other bodies, including several United StatesGovernment agencies.

DIVISION OR SECTION

Animal GeneticsWool Research Trust FundMeat Research Trust AccountOther contributorsAnimal HealthWool Research Trust FundMeat Research Trust AccountDairy Produce Research Trust AccountOther contributorsAnimal PhysiologyWool Research Trust FundMeat Research Trust AccountOther contributorsNutritional BiochemistryWool Research Trust FundPlant IndustryWool Research Trust FundWheat Research Trust AccountDairy Produce Research Trust AccountTobacco Industry Trust AccountOther contributorsEntomologyWool Research Trust FundMeat Research Trust AccountWheat Research Trust AccountOther contributorsWildlife ResearchWool Research Trust FundMeat Research Trust AccountOther contributoisSoilsWheat Research Trust AccountOther contributorsHorticultural ResearchDried Fruits Research Trust AccountOther contributorsIrrigation ResearchOther contributorsTropical PasturesMeat Research Trust AccountDairy Produce Research Trust AccountOther contributorsLand ResearchMeat Research Trust AccountTobacco Industry Trust AccountOther contributorsRangelands ResearchWool Research Trust FundOther contributors

Receipts 1971/72and balances

brought forward(*>

452,763113,22373,002

346,348297,00921,62034,937

1,872,40081,43541,654

239,550

773,96913,89912,88054,210

132,381

66,102384,56124,244

623,204

257,926122,231

b,218

31,221163,983

19,10016,048

73,080

194,90574,409

162,002

38,380230,116365,194

221,77245,539

Expenditure1971/72

(*)

437,344116,668*57,252

320,795271,718

20,87518,369

1,711,79277,60626,463

229,353

721,05812,33811,24152,573

108,136

63,491338,144

17,480586,185

223,166117,061

4,945

25,895112,245

15,53912,276

37,451

195,358*73,30599,139

34,867215,681295,527

186,41918,618

* Expenditure in excess of receipts will 'be recovered in 1972/73

69

DIVISION OR SECTION

Receipts 1971/72and balances

brought forward(*)

Expenditure1971/72

<*>

Woodland EcologyOther contributorsFood ResearchMeat Research Trust AccountDairy Produce Research Trust AccountFishing Industry Research Trust AccountDried Fruits Research Trust AccountOther contributorsWheat ResearchWheat Research Trust AccountOther contributorsTextile IndustryWool Research Trust FundOther contributorsTextile PhysicsWool Research Trust FundOther contributorsFilm UnitOther contributorsChemical EngineeringOther contributor»!Applied ChemistryOther contributorsChemical PhysicsOther contributorsProtein ChemistryWool Research Trust FundOther contributorsFisheries and OceanographyFishing Industry Research Trust AccountOther contributorsMineral ChemistryOther contributorsMineralogyOther contributorsMinerai PhysicsOther contributorsBaas Becking Geobiological GroupOther contributorsPhysicsOther contributorsApplied PhysicsOther contributorsRadiophysicsOther contributorsAtmospheric P>y«icsOthe* contributors -Environmental MechanicsOther contributorsRadio Research BoardOther contributorsBuilding ResearchOther contributorsTrlbophysicsOther contributorsApplied GaomechaniciiOther contributor!

* Expenditure in excess of receipts will be recovered in 1972/73.

79,066 63,941

549,684215,29216,0906,910

61,295

89,5221,881

1,693,00230,443

1,282,256621,080

3,300

46,271

200,595

32,004

1,318,03339,599

100,00058,962

275,343

31,141

49,167

86,285

13,290

8,256

190,700

13,866

19,975

81,843

260,390

35,321

115,622

461,780198,19412,6996,910 "

42,429

87,854527

1,445,27414,756

1,154,601381,156

300

27,877

140,699

11,721

1,230,87443,728*

100,00034,154

179,636

32,087*

38,463

85,427

9,848

2,974 '

13,718

—

7,852

65,857

160,806

12,691

79,970 <

70

DIVISION OR SECTION

Receipts 1971/72and balances

brought forward(»

54,913103,981

372

13,400

327,997

15,808.662

Expenditure1971/72

<»

50,78158,268

230

11,823

30,024

13,166,302

Mechanical EngineeringWheat Research Trust AccountOther contributorsMathematical Statistic*Other contributorsHead OfficeWool Research Trust FundMiscellaneousOther contributors

Total contributions

General Revenue

During 1971/72, general revenue amountingto $1,343,050 was received by the Organization.Details of the receipts are as follows :

Sale of publications 62,442Sale of equipment purchased in former years,and other receipts 173,193Sale of produce, including livestock 114,323Royalties from patents 135,880*Testing fees 81,352Computing charges to outside users 743,484Miscellaneous receipts 32,376

Total 1,343,050

Of the above sum»Sl,214,507 was spent during 1971/72and a further $134,000 was spent from the balance remainingin the Special Account as at 1 July 1971. This expenditure wasapproved by the Minister for Education and Science andthe Treasurer as part of the general estimates.

• A further $51,834 was received as royalties on CSIROpatents and was paid to the Commonwealth Departmentof Primary Industry for credit to the Wool ResearchTrust Fund The patent royalties included $44,000 forthe self-twist spinning machine

71

AUDITOR-GENERAL'S OFFICECANBERRA, A.C.T.

6 August, 1972

The Honourable the Minister forEducation and Science,

Parliament House,CANBERRA, A.C.T.

Dear Sir,

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization

In. compliance with section 30(2.) of the Science andIndustry Research Act 1949-1968, the Organization has submittedfinancial statements for the year ended 30 June 1972 for myreport thereon. These comprise—

Summary of Receipts and PaymentsConsolidated Statement of PaymentsStatement of Payments—Special AccountStatement of Payments—Specific Research

Account

One set of the statements, which are in the form approvedby the Treasurer, is attached.

I now report, in terms of section 30(2.) of the Actthat, in my opinion—

(a) the accompanying statements are based on accountsand financial records kept in accordance with theAct;

(b) the statements are in agreement with the accountsand financial records and show fairly the financialoperations of the Organization; and

(c) the receipt, expenditure and investment of moneys,and the acquisition and disposal of other property,by the Organization during the year have been inaccordance with the Act.

Yours faithfully,

(Sgd ) V.J W SKERMER

(VJ.W SKERMER)

AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR THE COMMONWEALTH

73

Summary of Receipts and Payments

Special AccountParliamentary

Appropriation iOperational

ParliamentaryAppropriation:Capital

Revenue andOther Receipts

Total: SpecialAccount

Specific ResearchAccount

Other TrustMoneysJ

CafeteriaAccount§

Total

Funds held1 July 1971

<*>

—(-)*

3,617.26(26,893.25)

240,382.80(155,781.05)

244,000.06(182,674.30)

2,698,111.73(3,231,738.44)

12,100.91(32,653.38)

10,882.95(9,565.96)

2,965,095.65(3,456,632.08)

Receipts

w

51,060,000.00(44,541,000.00)

1,540,000.00(1,596,000.00)

1,343,050.12(1,140,713.25)

53,943,050.12(47,277,713.25)

13,110,550.76(12,460,475.98)

340,297.13(207,674.69)

74,0i;.64(99,303.05)

67,467,913.65(60,045,166.97)

Total fundsavailable

($)

51,060,000.00(44,541,000.00)

1,543,617.26(1,622,893.25)

1,583,432.92(1,296,494.30)

54,187,050.18(47,460,387.55)

15,808,662.49(15,692,214.42)

352,398.04(240,328.07)

84,898.59(108,869.01)

70,433,009.30(63,501,799.05)

Payments

(*)

51,060,000.00(44,541,000.00)

1,539,865.62(1,619,275.99)

1,348,507.27(1,056,111.50)

53,948,372.89(47,216,387.49)

13,166,302.50(12,994,102.69)

333,475.38(228,227.16)

78,719.06(97,986.06)

67,526,869.83(60,536,703.40)

Funds held30 June 1972

(*)

—( - )

3,751.64(3,617.26)

234,925.65(240,382.80)

238,677.29(244,000.06)

2,642,359.99f(2,698,111.73)

18,922.66(12,100.91)

6,179.53(10,882.95)

2,906,139.47(2,965,095.65)

• Figures in brackets refer to 1970/71 financial year.t Includes investments totalling $1,223,550.00.% Moneys held temporarily on behalf of other organizations and individuab.§ Operating receipts and expenses of GSIRO cafeterias at Melbourne and Sydney.

J. R. Price {Chairman) R. W. Viney {Finance manager)

73

Consolidated Statement of Payments

1970/71<*)

2,442,558258,235216,981620,625

3,538,399

6,966,83 J4,502,4r>l3,728,4492.017,4351,221,6731,964,6261,958,2325,344,8631,090,7984,880,2801,241,1763,417,3103,016,5223,288,1733,027,6771,827,9731,845,953

523,185

51,866,612

329,859348,974856,892

1,535,725

1,945,941456,000745,51548,29973,999

3,269,754

109,326

118,901

228,227

97,986

97,986

Head Office (including Regional Administrative Offices)Salaries and allowancesTravelling and subsistencePostage, telegrams, and telephoneIncidental and other expenditure

Research programmesAgricultural research

Animal health and reproductionPlant industryEntomology and wildlifeSoilsHorticulture and irrigationTropical pasturesLand research

Processing of agricultural productsInformation and publicationsChemical research of industrial interestFisheries and oceanographyProcessing and use of mineral productsPhysical research of industrial interestGeneral physical researchGeneral industrial researchProcessing of forest products*Research servicesMiscellaneous

Grant*Research associationsResearch studentshipsOther grants and contributions

Capital Works and ServicesBuildings, works, plant, and developmental expenditureScientific computing equipmentOther equipmentDevelopment of Queensland cattle stationDevelopment of Ginninderra field station

Other Trust MoneysRemittance of revenue from investigations financed from industry

Trust AccountsOther miscellaneous remittances

Cafeteria AccountOperating expenses of CSIRO cafeterias at Melbourne and Sydney

Total Payments

1971/72

2,982,016256,731225,491550,884

4,015,122

7,794,7114,141,9104,266,3712,239,9001,422,4662,082,6482,973,0105,967,6031,279,6695,954,4531,485,4003,877,5273,440,1223,774,9915,382,315

2,278,710487,359

58,849,165

372,517293,321995,459

1,661,297

1,341,326499,889694,886

52,990

2,589,091

190,342

143,133

333,475

78,719

78,719

67,526,869

* As from 1 July 1971, the research activities of tfap Division were integrated with general industrial researchand chemical research of industrial interest. ,

J.

74

R W Viney (Finance manager)

Statement of Payments—Special Account*

1970/71($)

2,428,461257,599216,981608,281

3,511,322

3,815,1963,078,5962,829,4951,864,0991,173,1931,639,4971,640,7982,295,1961,090,7983,678,6971,241,0933,140,9993,005,7743,217,6962,844,9971,681,0981,845,295

467,547

40,550,064

329,859348,974856,892

1,535,725

417,986456,000622,99248,29973,999

1,619,276

47,216,387

Head Office (including Regional Administrative Offices)Salarie, and allowancesTravelling and subsistencePostage, telegrams, and telephoneIncidental and other expenditure

Rtssearch ProgrammesAgricultural research

Animal health and reproductionPlant industryEntomology and wildlifeSoilsHorticulture and irrigationTropical pasturesLand research

Processing of agricultural productsInformation and publicationsChemical research of industrial interestFisheries and oceanographyProcessing and use of mineral productsPhysical research of industrial interestGeneral physical researchGeneral industrial researchProcessing of forest productsfResearch servicesMiscellaneous

GrantsResearch associationsResearch studentshipsOther grants and contributions

Capital Wbrlc^ and Service»Buildings, works, plant, and developmental expenditureScientific computing equipmentOther equipmentDevelopment of Queensland cattle stationDevelopment of Ginninderra field station

Total Payments

1971/72

<*)

2,971,326255,598225,491550,884

4,003,299

4,659,0993,243,6003,259,0972,105,0951,357,2001,718,6992,160,5002,538,7001,279,3694,624,4001,385,4003,5*2,1:743,427,3003,687,9005,019,799

2,278,480456,999

46,743,911

372,517293,321995,459

1,661,297

379,988499,889606,999

52,990

1,539,666

53,948,373

* Special Account refer» to moneys paid to CSIRO out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Common-wealth-and other related moneys specifically covered by Section 26C of the Science and Industry ResearchAct 1949-1968t As from 1 July 1971, the research activities of this Division we.-e integrated with general industrial research%td chemical research of industrial interest

J R. Price (Chamnan) R W Viney (Finance manager)

•

i

14,097'636

12,344

27,077

3,151,6351,423,855898,954153,33651,480325,129317,434

3,049,672

1,201,58383

276,31110,748

. 70,477182,680146,875

65855,638

11,316,548

1,527,955122,523

1,650,478

12,994,103

Statement of Payments—Specific Research Account

1970/71

Head Office (including Regional Administrative Offices)Salaries and allowancesTravelling and subsistencePostage, telegrams, and telephoneIncidental and other expenditure

Research ProgrammesAgricultural research

Animal health and reproductionPlant industryEntomology and wildlifeSoilsHorticulture and irrigationTropical pasturesLand research

Processing of agricultural productsInformation and publicationsChemical research of industrial interestFisheries and oceanographyProcessing and use of mineral productsPhysical research of industrial interestGeneral physical researchGeneral industrial researchProcessing of forest products*Research servicesMiscellaneous

Capital Works and ServicesBuildings, works, plant, and developmental expenditureOther equipment

Total Payments

1971/72(*)

10,6901,133

11,823

3,135,612898,310

1,007,274134,80565,266

363,949812,510

3,428,903300

1,330,053100,000335,253

12,82287,091

362,516

23030,360

12,105,254

961,33887,887

1,049,225

13,166,302

• As from 1 July 1971, the research activities of this Division were integrated with general industrial researchand chemical research of industrial interest.

J . R. Prirt {Chairman) R. W. Viney {Finance manager)

Printed by CSIRO, Melbourne

76