COM(82)865 final - EUR-Lex

ANNEX 1

COMMISSION OF THE E U R O P E A N COMMUNIT IES

COM(82) 865 f i n a l

B r u s s e l s , 2 1 s t December 1982

PROPOSALS FOR A EUROPEAN S C I E N T I F I C AND TECHNICAL STRATEGY

FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME 1984-1987

( C o m m u n i c a t i o n f r o m t h e C o m m i s s i o n t o t h e C o u n c i l and t o t h e E u r o p e a n P a r l i a m e n t )

COM(82) 865 f i n a l

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION p & g e

I . THE CURRENT SITUATION - THE CHALLENGES TO BE FACED 2

I I . THE COMMUNITY IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 6

I I I . A S C I E N T I F I C AND TECHNICAL STRATEGY FOR EUROPE 10

A. P r i n c i p l e s , g o a l s and o b j e c t i v e s p r o p o s e d f o r t h e p e r i o d 1984-1987 10

B. Pr o g r a m m i n g g u i d e f o r t h e p e r i o d 1984-1987 18

I n t r o d u c t i o n

B . 1 . G o a l s - P r o m o t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s ( i n c l u d i n g f i s h ) - P r o m o t i n g i n d u s t r i a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s - I m p r o v i n g t h e management o f raw m a t e r i a l s - I m p r o v i n g t h e management o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s - R e i n f o r c i n g d e v e l o p m e n t a i d - I m p r o v i n g l i v i n g a nd w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s - I m p r o v i n g t h e e f f i c a c y o f t h e Community's s c i e n t i f i c

a nd t e c h n i c a l p o t e n t i a l

22 22 31 44 49 66 70

79

IV.

B.2. H o r i z o n t a l a c t i v i t i e s

WAYS AND MEANS

1. S t r u c t u r e s a nd p r o c e d u r e s

2.. Ways and Means - A c t i o n programmes

3. F i n a n c i a l resources

84

85

85

85

86

89 CONCLUSIONS

ANNEXES : Annex I : A n a l y s i s o f t h e Community's p o s i t i o n i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t

Annex I I : L i s t o f theme p l a n s

PROPOSALS FOR A EUROPEAN S C I E N T I F I C AND TECHNICAL STRATEGY

FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME 1984-1987

INTRODUCTION

T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s t h e f i r s t g e n e r a l f r amework programme f o r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t and d e m o n s t r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , w h i c h i s p r o p o s e d t o t h e E u r o p e a n Community f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 8 4-1987.

As a r e s p o n s e t o t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s r e q u e s t s , made a t i t s m e e t i n g s i n November 1981 and s u b s e q u e n t l y i n Ma r c h and June 1982 on t h e b a s i s o f C o m m i s s i o n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s " t h i s p r o p o s a l h a s be e n p r e p a r e d , u s i n g :

- c u r r e n t d a t a and f o r e c a s t s as t o n a t i o n a l r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t and d e m o n s t r a t i o n p o l i c i e s i n t h e Member S t a t e s , as w e l l a s t h o s e o f o t h e r main c o u n t r i e s ,

- Community f o r e c a s t s t u d i e s (work o f t h e FAST G r o u p ) a n c j t h e 13 theme p l a n s ' s p e c i a l l y d r a f t e d f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s f ramework programme,

- s t u d i e s and d i s c u s s i o n s u n d e r t a k e n by t h e C o m m i s s i o n s e r v i c e s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e a i d o f e x p e r t s f r o m t h e Member S t a t e s and e m i n e n t p e r s o n a l i t i e s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e E u r o p e a n R e s e a r c h and Deve l o p m e n t Committee (CERD) and t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h and Deve l o p m e n t Committee ( C O R D I ) .

(1) c f . The d o c u m e n t s C 0 M C 8 D 5 7 4 f i n a l , S E C ( 8 2 ) 3 1 0 , S E C ( 8 2 ) 8 9 6 f i n a l . S e e , i n Annex I , " A n a l y s i s o f t h e Community's p o s i t i o n i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t " . FAST : F o r e c a s t i n g and A s s e s s m e n t i n t h e f i e l d o f S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y . See t h e l i s t o f theme p l a n s i n Annex I I .

(2)

(3) (4)

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T h i s document a t t e m p t s t o s e t o u t :

- Community s o c i o - e c o n o m i c g o a l s w h i c h a r e t h e b a s i s o f t h e common s t r a t e g y i n s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y ,

- t h e m a j o r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h i t w o u l d be s u i t a b l e t o a d o p t a t Community l e v e l f o r t h e 1984-1987 p e r i o d ,

- t h e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s , f o r w h i c h t h e p r i o r i t i e s and t h e r e l a t i v e w e i g h t i n g s a r e i n d i c a t e d i n t h e p r o g r a m m i n g g u i d e t o be f o l l o w e d i n o r d e r t o d e c i d e w h i c h r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t and d e m o n s t r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n j o i n t l y .

The C o m m i s s i o n f e e l s t h a t w i t h t h i s as a b a s i s t h e C o u n c i l and t h e P a r l i a m e n t w i l l be i n a p o s i t i o n t o a r r i v e a t a v e r d i c t on t h e amount and o r i e n t a t i o n s o f t h e o u t l a y t o be a l l o c a t e d a t Community l e v e l t o s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y i n r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r Community a c t i v i t i e s and p o l i c i e s and i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s and p o l i c i e s o f t h e Member S t a t e s .

The f r a m e w o r k programme w i l l t h u s n o t o n l y be a Community p r o g r a m ming t o o l b u t a l s o one f o r medium t e r m f i n a n c i a l f o r e c a s t i n g l i k e l y t o r e n d e r i t c o n s i d e r a b l y e a s i e r t o make s e c t o r a l programme o r b u d g e t a r y d e c i s i o n s .

I . THE CURRENT SITUATION - THE CHALLENGES TO BE FACED

At t h e s t a r t o f t h e 1980s a l l i n d u s t r i a l i s e d c o u n t r i e s - and t h u s , a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f i n t e n s i t y a l l Member S t a t e s o f t h e Community -a r e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h f i v e m a j o r p r o b l e m s .

1. The e c o n o m i c c r i s i s w i t h i t s a t t e n d a n t i n f l a t i o n and u nemployment

Two c a l c u l a t i o n s i n t h i s r e s p e c t : t h e number o f u n e m p l o y e d w h i c h , w i t h i n t h e Community has c u r r e n t l y r e a c h e d t h e l e v e l o f 10.7 m i l l i o n , o r 9.6 % o f t h e a c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , i s l i k e l y t o r i s e t o 15 mi L l i o n i n 1985 .

(1) I t s h o u l d be r e c a l l e d h e r e , i n t h e c o n t e x t o f Community e n l a r g e m e n t , t h a t S p a i n and P o r t u g a l a r e f a c i n g c o n d i t i o n s a s d i f f i c u l t a s t h o s e i n t h e 10. The s o u r c e o f t h e d a t a g i v e n h e r e i s : EUROSTAT 6/1982 and t h e FAST r e p o r t .

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I n o r d e r t o g e t b a c k t o an unemployment r a t e o f 2 % i n 1995 i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y t o c r e a t e a b o u t 1 m i l l i o n new j o b s a y e a r f r o m now o n .

2. The u n s t a b l e ( n o t t o s a y d e c l i n i n g ) c o m p e t i t i v e c a p a c i t y o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f Member S t a t e s i n r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r m a j o r c o u n t r i e s . T h i s i s as t r u e o f s c i e n t i f i c o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s a s i t i s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and i n d u s t r i a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s . I n f a c t t h e EEC's a g r i c u l t u r a l b a l a n c e o f t r a d e w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d r e m a i n s i n d e f i c i t . I n d u s t r i a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s , w h i c h i s a l r e a d y i n a d e q u a t e s o f a r a s a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y i s c o n c e r n e d i s t e n d i n g t o d e t e r i o r a t e i n o t h e r , more t r a d i t i o n a l a r e a s o f p r o d u c t i o n s u c h as motor v e h i c l e s o r c h e m i c a l s . F i n a l l y , a l l n a t i o n a l and Community l e v e l s t u d i e s a r e i n a g r e e m e n t a s t o t h e i r c o n c l u s i o n s , w h i c h make i t c l e a r t h a t t h e r e i s a n e e d t o r e v i v e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l " c r e a t i v i t y " w i t h i n t h e Community.

3. The n e e d t o i m p r o v e t h e management o f e n e r g y and raw m a t e r i a l r e s o u r c e s

Whether f o r o i l , n a t u r a l g a s , u r a n i u m o r m i n e r a l r e s o u r c e s w h i c h can be e x p l o i t e d i n r e a s o n a b l e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s , t h e Community i s g r e a t l y d e p e n d e n t f o r t h e i r s u p p l y upon o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . The Community must t h e r e f o r e t a k e c a r e t o manage i t s own c a p i t a l o f p r i m a r y o r s e c o n d a r y r e s o u r c e s w i t h t h e u t m o s t c a r e ( r e c y c l i n g m a t e r i a l s , e x p l o i t i n g low g r a d e o r e s , u s i n g t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h e c o n o m i s e on e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , e t c . ) .

4. The v i t a l n e e d t o i n t e n s i f y r e l a t i o n s and c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s

I t i s as much o u t o f a s e n s e o f s o l i d a r i t y w i t h t h e t h i r d w o r l d a s f o r m u t u a l e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t t h a t t h e Community i s i n a p o s i t i o n t o p l a y a r o l e u n e q u a l l e d i n t h e w o r l d b o t h so f a r a s d e v e l o p i n g R,DSD w i t h i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s t h e m s e l v e s i s c o n c e r n e d , and f o r b u i l d i n g up i t s own R8D c a p a c i t y i n r e s p o n s e t o d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s ' n e e d s .

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5. To p r e p a r e s o c i e t y f o r t h e c h a n g e s a r i s i n g f r o m , o r L i k e l y t o a r i s e f r o m t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f new t e c h n o l o g i e s ( a s much a t l o c a l as a t Community l e v e l )

T a k i n g s i m p l y , by way o f e x a m p l e , t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d e v e l o p i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y i t i s w o r t h r e c a l l i n g t h a t one t h i r d o f a l l j o b s i n E u r o p e w i l l be d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d i n t h e i r n a t u r e o r t h e i r f u n c t i o n by d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s . T r a i n i n g , e d u c a t i o n and j o b s h a r i n g w i l l be m a j o r t o p i c s f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n by d e v e l o p e d s o c i e t i e s w h i c h w i s h t o m a i n t a i n and i m p r o v e t h e i r l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s , s o c i a l e q u i l i b r i u m and t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e .

A p a r t f r o m t h e s e f i v e m a j o r p r o b l e m s , w h i c h c a l l f o r r e s p o n s e s i n t h e s h o r t and medium t e r m , t h e Member S t a t e s o f t h e Community w i l l - as t h e work o f t h e FAST team has made c l e a r - i n t h e l o n g e r t e r m , n e e d t o f a c e up t o and m a s t e r t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s w h i c h can a l r e a d y be d i s c e r n e d :

- A p r o f o u n d r e a r r a n g e m e n t i n t h e way s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s a r e o r g a n i s e d . 1

T h e s e w i l l , i n t h e y e a r s t o come, be o f s p e c i a l i m p o r t a n c e and i n t e r e s t as f a c t o r s c r e a t i n g e m p loyment, c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n . ( I t s h o u l d be n o t e d h e r e t h a t i n 1980 t h e s e r v i c e s e c t o r a l r e a d y a c c o u n t e d f o r 51 % o f j o b s w i t h i n t h e Community a n d 56 % o f v a l u e a d d e d ) .

- The o r g a n i s a t i o n and r e n e w a l o f p r o d u c t i o n by m a k i n g u s e a s a p p r o p r i a t e , o f new t e c h n o l o g i e s , t h e e s s e n t i a l b a s t i o n o f new g r o w t h .

- M a k i n g optimum u s e o f l a n d v i a i n t e g r a t e d l a n d u s e management i n c l u d i n g w a t e r and n a t u r a l r e n e w a b l e r e s o u r c e s (by c o n t r a s t t h e r e i s a t t h e moment c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n u s e s o f l a n d f o r d i f f e r e n t p u r p o s e s ; i n d u s t r y , a gronomy, u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t , t r a n s p o r t , e t c . ) *

- The d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d o v e r and a b o v e t h e t r a n s f e r o f t e c h n i q u e s and p r o d u c t s ( o r g a n i s e d c o o p e r a t i o n , e x c h a n g e s , work s h a r i n g , e t c . ) .

(1) By way o f e x a m p l e one c o u l d c i t e t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f t r a n s p o r t s y s t e m s t o t h e new n e e d s o f t h e economy o f s o c i e t y .

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- F i n a l l y , c o n t i n u o u s a d a p t a t i o n o f s o c i e t y t o t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e ( t h e b a l a n c e b e t w e e n work and l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s , u r b a n s t r u c t u r e s , s o c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a c t i v i t i e s o f p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , t h e c u l t u r a l i m p a c t o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , e t c . ) .

W h i l s t s c i e n t i f i c d e v e l o p m e n t c a n n o t , i n t h e f a c e o f t h e s e h a r s h r e a l i t i e s and p r o s p e c t s , g u a r a n t e e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h , l o n g t e r m compet i t i v e c a p a b i l i t y o r s o c i a l w e l l b e i n g , i t d o e s c o n s t i t u t e a n e c e s s a r y a l b e i t i n a d e q u a t e e l e m e n t . The c o n t r i b u t i o n w h i c h t h e m u l t i - p u r p o s e t o o l o f R,D&D c a n make s o m e t i m e s seems e v e n t o be f u n d a m e n t a l .

Thus a l l d e v e l o p e d o r r a p i d l y i n d u s t r i a l i s i n g c o u n t r i e s a r e a s s i g n i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s o u r c e s t o t h e s u p p o r t o f R,D&D.

What i s t h e E u r o p e a n Community's p o s i t i o n i n t h i s g e n e r a l p i c t u r e ? What p l a c e d o e s i t h o l d i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t ?

An a n a l y s i s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n i s g i v e n i n a s c h e m a t i c manner i n Annex I ( w h i c h i s a summary o f a n a l y s e s c a r r i e d o u t by C o m m i s s i o n s t a f f , U N E S C O , t h e OECD e t c . ) and i n a more d e t a i l e d way and on a s e c t o r a l b a s i s , i n t h e theme p l a n s l i s t e d i n Annex 2.

Thus i n what f o l l o w s o n l y c e r t a i n o v e r a l l d a t a a r e g i v e n , d e a l i n g w i t h t h e Community's s t r e n g t h s and w e a k n e s s e s i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t .

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I I . THE COMMUNITY IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT The t e n Member S t a t e s o f t h e Community p o s s e s s c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h p o t e n t i a l , b e i n g r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 20 % o f e x p e n d i t u r e on R,R&D i n t h e w o r l d ( 1 9 8 2 ) .

More t h a n 1 m i l l i o n s c i e n t i s t s and t e c h n i c i a n s t a k e p a r t i n r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s t o d a y , 350,000 o f whom a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s .

The Community's r e s e a r c h c a p a c i t y i s , i f one o n l y t a k e s a c c o u n t o f p u r e l y c i v i l i a n r e s e a r c h , o n l y 27 % l e s s t h a n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , and d o u b l e J a p a n ' s ( 1 9 8 2 ) .

I n t e r m s o f pub l i e e x p e n d i t u r e , a c o m p a r i s o n o f e x p e n d i t u r e by t h e Comm u n i t y , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and J a p a n , e x p r e s s e d i n b i l l i o n s o f ECU, shows t h e f o l l o w i n g :

Budgetary allocations (Government Funding) Billions of ECUs

1975 1981 1982 prov.

Belgique/Belgie 0.36 0.54 0.56

Danmark 0.18 0.24 0.25

Deutschland 4.18 7.07 7.84

Ellas n.a. 0.07 0.07

France 3.18 6.63 8.17

Ireland 0.03 0.06 0.08

Ital i a 0.56 2.06 1.91

Nederland 0.64 1.18 1.28

United-Kingdom 2.37 5.99 6.33

EUR-IO 11.50 23.85 26.49

COMPARISON

1BCU U.S.A. (Federal outlays)

= $1.24077 14.56

=$1.11645 30.16 Est.

=$1.00324 38.15 Est.

1BCU= JAPAN (Gov. expenditure)

354.312YEN 2.49

=247.598Y 6.83 Est.

=244.671Y 7.50 Est.

PS. The f u n d i n g breakdown o f R&D between p u b l i c s e c t o r (Gov. f u n d i n g ) and p r i v a t e s e c t o r ( i n d u s t r y , NP0, e t c . ) i s a b o u t 50/50 f o r EUR-10 and USA, whereas J a p a n e s e Government f i n a n c e s R&D a c t i v i t i e s a t a l e v e l s l i g h t l y i n f e r i o r t o 30 %.

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Thus i n g e n e r a l t e r m s one c a n s e e t h a t t h e C o m munity's Member S t a t e s p o s s e s s s c i e n t i f i c and i n d u s t r i a l r e s o u r c e s o f r e m a r k a b l e b r e a d t h , r i c h n e s s and d i v e r s i t y . The p e r s o n n e l , t h e t e a m s , t h e e q u i p m e n t , t h e f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s ( e v e n i f t h e y a r e somewhat i n a d e q u a t e ) t h e m e c h a n i s m s f o r t r a n s f o r m i n g k n o w l e d g e i n t o i n n o v a t i o n a l t o g e t h e r make up what amounts t o a t o o l f o r p r o g r e s s w i t h a p o t e n t i a l e f f i c a y v i r t u a l l y w i t h o u t p e e r a t t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l .

H o w e v e r , on a s e c o n d a n a l y s i s E u r o p e ' s p o t e n t i a l e x h i b i t s some w o r r y i n g f e a t u r e s . The v a s t m a j o r i t y o f n a t i o n a l and Community s t u d i e s w h i c h have b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n r e c e n t y e a r s h i g h l i g h t t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a l i t i e s :

- s o m e t h i n g o f a d e c l i n e i n t h e c r e a t i v i t y o r s c i e n t i f i c p r o d u c t i v i t y o f E u r o p e a n r e s e a r c h s y s t e m s ,

- n o t enough m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h ( w h e r e a s f o r many a r e a s , s u c h as new s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y , t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , a g r o - f o o d , t h e s o l u t i o n s r e q u i r e d c a n o n l y be f o u n d by means o f m u l t i - s e c t o r a l o f m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h ) ,

- some r a t h e r l a r g e g a p s i n t h e r e s e a r c h c o n t i n u u m , where u n i v e r s i t i e s f e e l work i s t o o a p p l i e d i n n a t u r e b u t where i n d u s t r y f e e l s i t i s t o o b a s i c ( n a m e l y s y n t h e t i c m a t e r i a l s , a g r o - f o o d t e c h n o l o g y , t o x i c o l o g y , among o t h e r s ) ,

- t h e m i s m a t c h w h i c h c a n be d i s c e r n e d i n v a r i o u s s e c t o r s b e t w e e n s c i e n t i f i c " s u p p l y " ( t h e p r o d u c t o f r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r i e s ) and :

i ) s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l demand, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t a r i s i n g f r o m i n d u s t r y ,

i i ) s o c i a l demands, i i i ) t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , g o v e r n m e n t a l demand.

- 8 -

T h i s r e l a t i v e m i s m a t c h b e t w e e n s u p p l y and demand b r i n g s a b o u t some s e r i o u s l a c k s . The E u r o - S i b e r i a n p i p e l i n e i s a v e r y g o o d e x a m p l e i n t h i s r e s p e c t , where t h e A m e r i c a n embargo showed up E u r o p e ' s l e v e l o f d e p e n d e n c e . The m i s m a t c h a l s o l e a d s i n many c a s e s t o d e v e l o p m e n t s i n a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h w h i c h a r e n o t a c t u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e , o r t o t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f i n n o v a t i o n s f o r w h i c h t h e r e i s no m a r k e t ( s e r i e s o f c o m p u t e r s , a i r c r a f t p r o t o t y p e s , p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c t s , e t c . ) ,

- t h e f a i l u r e , o r o v e r s l o w n e s s , t o a d a p t shown by p u b l i c r e s e a r c h o r g a n i s a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s ( s u f f i c e i t t o q u o t e i n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e w e l l known p r o b l e m o f t h e d i v i s i o n o f f u n c t i o n s b e t w e e n r e s e a r c h and t e a c h i n g w i t h i n u n i v e r s i t i e s , and r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s and i n d u s t r y ) ,

- i n s u f f i c i e n t a t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n t o d i s s e m i n a t i n g s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n and e x p l o i t i n g R,D&D r e s u l t s ,

- f i n a l l y , t o o much d u p l i c a t i o n o f p u b l i c R&D a c t i v i t i e s c a r r i e d o u t i n c o u n t r i e s o f t h e Community : l a r g e p a r t s o f t h e r e s e a r c h f u n d e d by p u b l i c money i n t h e Member S t a t e s a r e b e i n g d e v e l o p e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y and a r e t h e same. W h i l s t i n many c a s e s s u c h d u p l i c a t i o n may be s t i m u l a t i n g o r f r u i t f u l t h e r e i s a l w a y s a t h r e s h o l d a b o v e w h i c h r e p e a t i n g work becomes a s t e r i l e e x e r c i s e , and a b o v e w h i c h i n t r a Community c o m p e t i t i o n d e v e l o p s t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e c o m p e t i t i v e c a p a c i t y o f t h e Community v i s a v i s o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . And t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e w h i l e t h e l e v e l o f t h e t e a m s c o n c e r n e d i s u n c o m p e t i t i v e i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e r m s . I t i s c e r t a i n l y t r u e t h a t f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , so f a r a s t h i s l a s t m a t t e r i s c o n c e r n e d t h e number and t h e s c o p e o f j o i n t a c t i v i t i e s a nd Community c o o p e r a t i o n h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d r a p i d g r o w t h . H o w e v e r , t h e c o m p e t i t i v e c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e Member S t a t e s r e m a i n s i n s e c u r e and t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c a nd t e c h n i c a l r e k n o w n u n e v e n .

- 9 -

The s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e s e n e g a t i v e a s p e c t s w i t h i n t h e C o m m u n i t y , t h e m a j o r e x p e n d i t u r e w h i c h i s d e v o t e d t o r e s e a r c h n a t i o n a l l y - w h i c h d o e s n o t h o w e v e r r e a c h t h e t h r e s h o l d o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s - t h e l i m i t s and i n a d e q u a c i e s o f e a c h c o u n t r y , a r e a l l f a c t o r s w h i c h b e a r w i t n e s s t o t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r s y s t e m a t i c c o o p e r a t i o n . But s h o u l d t h i s be b i - l a t e r a l and m u l t i - l a t e r a l , and a r r a n g e d on an a d - h o c b a s i s , o r a s t r a t e g y o r g a n i s e d a n d d e v e l o p e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y a t Community l e v e l ( a n d b r o u g h t i n t o r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r d e v e l o p e d and d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s ) ?

T h e s e a r e t h e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h t h e C o m m i s s i o n i s now a s k i n g Member S t a t e s t o d i s c u s s , u s i n g a s a b a s i s t h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h p r o p o s e s a s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l s t r a t e g y f o r E u r o p e , a n d i t s e x p r e s s i o n i n t h e f o r m o f a f r a m e w o r k programme f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 7 .

- 10 -

I I I . A S C I E N T I F I C AND TECHNICAL STRATEGY FOR EUROPE

A. PRINCIPLES,, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES PROPOSED FOR THE PERIOD 1984-1987

T h r e e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s upon w h i c h t h e common s t r a t e g y f o r 1 9 8 4 -1987 s h o u l d be f o u n d e d a r e s u g g e s t e d :

- F i r s t l y , a r e i n f o r c e d p r i o r i t y t o be g i v e n t o d e v e l o p i n g s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e r e d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e Community's p o l i c i e s and a c t i v i t i e s a nd t h e a l l o c a t i o n , i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h i s r e d e p l o y m e n t , o f an i n c r e a s i n g p e r c e n t a g e o f human and f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s t o t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s .

- S e c o n d l y , s t a r t i n g o u t f r o m t h e b a s i c g o a l s , m a k i n g u s e o f an o b j e c t i v e b a s e d a p p r o a c h , t h a t i s o f a s e l e c t i o n o f w e l l t h o u g h t o u t and s i g n i f i c a n t o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h e p e r i o d 1 9 8 4 -1987 w i t h a v i e w t o :

. f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e r e s e a r c h s p e c i f i c a l l y -d e s i r e d by t h e Member S t a t e s ,

. f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e s u b s e q u e n t a d o p t i o n o f a c t i o n programmes f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n by i d e n t i f y i n g and p u t t i n g i n t o o r d e r t h e p r i o r i t y n e e d s o f t h e Community and t h u s t h e r e l a t i v e w e i g h t i n g t o be g i v e n t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s c i e n t i f i c a nd t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s ,

. t e s t i n g i n a s p e c i f i c manner t h e m e t hod o f m a k i n g p o l i t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l c h o i c e s a s b e t w e e n n a t i o n a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d Community a c t i v i t i e s .

- T h i r d l y , t h e u n d e r t a k i n g o f a s u s t a i n e d e f f o r t t o s t i m u l a t e t h e e f f i c a c y o f t h e Community's s c i e n t i f i c a nd t e c h n i c a l p o t e n t i a l . T h i s t o p i c , w h i c h i s t h e s e v e n t h b a s i c g o a l s e l e c t e d f o r t h e f r a m e w o r k programme 1984-1987 i s t h e s u b j e c t o f a s e p a r a t e c h a p t e r i n t h e 2nd p a r t o f t h e d o c u ment s e t t i n g o u t t h e " p r o g r a m ming g u i d e s " .

Thus a t t h i s p o i n t o n l y t h e f i r s t two b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s p r o p o s e d a r e c o n s i d e r e d :

( 3 )

- 11 -

1. INCREASED PRIORITY FOR S C I E N T I F I C AND TECHNICAL A C T I V I T Y

The common R&D s t r a t e g y s h o u l d n o t h a v e t h e E u r o p e a n i s a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c a nd t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Member S t a t e s a s a n a i m i n i t s e l f , b u t s h o u l d a i m t o c r e a t e a n d s u s t a i n t h e most f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r j o i n t g r o w t h . W i t h t h i s j o i n t g r o w t h i s m i n g l e d a c o n c e r n f o r i m p r o v e d c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r d e v e l o p e d o r d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n s .

T h a t t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e f r e q u e n t l y u n f u l f i l l e d a t t h e Community l e v e l was r e c o g n i s e d by t h e Member S t a t e s a t t h e C o u n c i l m e e t i n g s o f 8 M a r c h a n d 30 J u n e 1982.

To make a r e a l c h o i c e b e t w e e n n a t i o n a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d Community a c t i o n p o s s i b l e , t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e v o l u m e o f Community e f f o r t s t o be e n v i s a g e d s h o u l d n o t be l i m i t e d i n a d v a n c e t o an a r t i f i c i a l l y r e s t r a i n e d amount h a v i n g v e r y l i t t l e t o do w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s t o be t a c k l e d . T h i s i s i n f a c t a q u e s t i o n o f t h e s c a l e , o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l w h i c h s h o u l d be g i v e n t o Community a c t i v i t y .

So t h a t d i s c u s s i o n , and h e n c e u s e f u l c h o i c e , c a n e x i s t , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t one be o p e n t o t h e i d e a o f s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l g r o w t h i n Community r e s o u r c e s , a t l e a s t f o r some g o a l s . O t h e r w i s e t h e c u r r e n t r e a l i t i e s o f o b v i o u s i m b a l a n c e s , a n d , i n f i e l d s n o t f o r m i n g t h e s u b j e c t o f Community a c t i v i t y , a v e r y c o s t l y n o n - E u r o p e , c a n o n l y be p r o l o n g e d . As an e x a m p l e , one m i g h t h e r e make r e f e r e n c e t o t h e r m o n u c l e a r f u s i o n , an a c t i v i t y w here t h e Member S t a t e s , c o m m i t t e d t o a p a t h i n v o l v i n g 3 b i l l i o n ECUs w o r t h o f e x p e n d i t u r e up t o 1990, have d e c i d e d t o c o o r d i n a t e a l l t h e i r e f f o r t s a n d i n v e s t 600 M i o E C U s j o i n t l y b e t w e e n now a n d 1986 f o r r e a s o n s b o t h t o do w i t h e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d economy w h i l s t a t t h e same t i m e f o l l o w i n g t h r o u g h an e x a m i n a t i o n o f e n l a r g e m e n t a n d c o o p e r a t i o n a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . I t i s c e r t a i n l y t r u e t h a t by no means a l l t h e s u b j e c t s t o be d i s c u s s e d w i l l be a s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d a s t h i s . H o w e v e r , t h e e x a m p l e s h o u l d be k e p t i n m i n d a s a r e f e r e n c e .

- 12 -

But e v e n more s o s h o u l d i t be r e c o g n i s e d by t h e Community i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t t h e C ommunity's s c i e n t i f i c a nd t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s a r e a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h i n t h e 1 9 8 0 s s h o u l d be g i v e n i n c r e a s e d p r i o r i t y b e c a u s e o f t h e v a l u e a d d e d w h i c h t h e y c o n t r i b u t e t o n a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s by p r o l o n g i n g and e x p a n d i n g them a t l e a s t c o s t t o a l l .

I n t h i s r e s p e c t one s h o u l d r e c a l l t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h E u r o p e a n c o o p e r a t i o n e f f o r t s d u r i n g t h e l a s t few d e c a d e s h a v e b e e n a d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r f o r t h e Member S t a t e s i n k e e p i n g them up w i t h c o m p e t i t i o n t h r o u g h i n n o v a t i o n ( n u c l e a r f i s s i o n , t h e r m o n u c l e a r f u s i o n , s p a c e , e t c . ) . I t s h o u l d a l s o be n o t e d t h a t , c o n v e r s e l y , i n t h o s e f i e l d s w here E u r o p e a n c o o p e r a t i o n has n o t o r h a s n o t y e t b e e n d e v e l o p e d s i g n i f i c a n t g a p s a r e a p p e a r i n g b e t w e e n t h e C o m m u n i t y , t h e USA and J a p a n ( a l r e a d y a p p a r e n t so f a r a s c o m p u t e r s c i e n c e a n d b i o t e c h n o l o g y a r e c o n c e r n e d , w e a k n e s s e s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o emerge i n more t r a d i t i o n a l s e c t o r s s u c h a s m o t o r v e h i c l e s , c h e m i c a l s and m a t e r i a l s .

By v i r t u e o f t h e d i r e c t v a l u e t o Member S t a t e s w h i c h t h e Community d i m e n s i o n p o s s e s s e s i n i t s e l f as c o m p a r e d w i t h any o t h e r f o r m o f c o o p e r a t i o n , i n t e r m s o f c o n t i n u i t y , e f f i c a c y and e c o n o m y , t h e e f f o r t s t o be c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t l y s h o u l d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y be p i n p o i n t e d e a c h t i m e t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f s u c h c o o p e r a t i o n becomes a p p a r e n t .

W o r k i n g f r o m t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o b l e m s a n d n e e d s w h i c h h a v e b e e n i s o l a t e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f p r e p a r i n g t h e c u r r e n t f r a m e w o r k p r o g r a m m e , t h e C o m m i s s i o n c a n o n l y s t a t e t h e n e e d t o a c c o r d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e t o s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e r e a d j u s t m e n t o f s t r a t e g i e s and p o l i c i e s w h i c h i t i s c a r r y i n g o u t .

2. THE O BJECTIVES BASED APPROACH - THE MAIN S C I E N T I F I C S TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES

The s e r i e s o f s t u d i e s and c o n s u l t a t i o n s w h i c h were u n d e r t a k e n s o a s t o p r e p a r e t h i s f r a m e w o r k programme p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h l i g h t e d and c o n f i r m e d : - t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m s f a c e d by Member S t a t e s o f

t h e Community ( t h e e c o n o m i c c r i s i s , c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s . . . ) , - t h e l a r g e amount o f d u p l i c a t i o n o f r e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t ( a t v a r i o u s l e

v e l s and w i t h v a r i o u s d e g r e e s o f f u n d i n g ) by t h e d i f f e r e n t Member S t a t e s ; a f a c t o r w h i c h l i m i t s E u r o p e ' s c a p a c i t y t o compete where t h i s d u p l i c a t i o n h a s no v a l u e ,

- 13 -

- t h e d e g r e e o f d e p e n d e n c e , s o m e t i m e s u n a c e e p t a b l y h i g h , on o t h e r c o u n t r i e s ( f o r e x a m p l e v e g e t a b l e p r o t e i n , t h e A m e r i c a n embargo upon t h e E u r o - s i b e r i a n g a s p i p e l i n e , raw m a t e r i a l s ) ,

- t h e p r o g r e s s i v e w o r s e n i n g o f N o r t h / N o r t h and N o r t h / S o u t h i m b a l a n c e s ,

- t h e d i s c r e p a n c y o r m i s m a t c h b e t w e e n s c i e n t i f i c s u p p l y , t h a t i s t h e p r o d u c t s o f r e s e a r c h , a nd e c o n o m i c and s o c i a l demand.

T h u s , s i n c e any s t r a t e g y must be a r e s p o n s e , t h e C o m m i s s i o n , i n c o n f i r m a t i o n and a s a c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f i t s p r e v i o u s c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , i s now p u t t i n g f o r w a r d t h e f o l l o w i n g b a s i c g o a l s a nd m a j o r s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h e f i r s t f r a m e w o r k programme 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 7 :

COMMUNITY GOALS S C I E N T I F I C AND TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES

1 . P r o m o t i n g a g r i -c u l t u r a I c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s ( i n c l u d i n g f i s h )

1.1 . D e v e l o p m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and i m p r o v e m e n t o f p r o d u c t s

2 . P r o m o t i n g i n d u s t r i a I c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s

2 . 1 . E l i m i n a t i o n a nd r e d u c t i o n o f h i n d r a n c e s 2 . P r o m o t i n g i n d u s t r i a I c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s 2 . 2.Improvement & d e v e l p . o f new t e c h n i q u e s and

p r o d u c t s f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l i n d u s t r y


2 . 3 . P r o m o t i o n & d e v e l o p . o f new t e c h n o l .

2 . 3 . 1 . I n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y


2 . 3 . P r o m o t i o n & d e v e l o p . o f new t e c h n o l . 2 . 3 . 2 . B i o t e c h n o l o g y

3 . I m p r o v i n g t h e management o f raw m a t e r i a l s

3 . 1 . O p t i m a l u s e o f raw m a t e r i a l s ( i n c l u d i n g r e c y c l i n g them)

4 . I m p r o v i n g t h e management o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s & r e d u c i n g e n e r g y d e p e n d e n c e

4.1.The d e v e l o p . o f n u c l e a r f i s s i o n e n e r g y , e s p . s a f e t y a s p e c t s


4 . 2 . C o n t r o l l e d t h e r m o n u c l e a r f u s i o n ( J E T )


4.3.The d e v e l p . o f r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y


4 . 4 . R a t i o n a l u s e o f e n e r g y ( a n a l y s i s o f s y s t e m s , h y d r o c a r b o n s , c o a I , e n e r g y s a v i n g )

5 . R e i n f o r c i n g d e v e l o p m e n t a i d

5.1.The i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f S/T a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h b e n e f i t d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s

6 . I m p r o v i n g l i v i n g a n d w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s

6.1 .Improvement o f s a f e t y a nd p r o t e c t i o n o f h e a l t h

6 . I m p r o v i n g l i v i n g a n d w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s

6 . 2 . P r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t ( a n d p r e v e n t i o n o f h a z a r d s )

7. I m p r o v i n g t h e e f f i c a c y o f t h e EEC's S/T p o t e n t i a l ( S t i m u l a t i o n )

- 14 -

So t h a t one may b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r o g r a m m i n g g u i d e w h i c h i s t o be s e l e c t e d f o r t h e 1984-1987 p e r i o d - a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e g o a l s and o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s - i t i s f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o a n a l y s e t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l c h o i c e s w h i c h t h e Community has made up t o now.

The s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l c h o i c e s c u r r e n t l y f a c i n g t h e Community

The a d o p t i o n o f t h i s m a t r i x s y s t e m o f d e s c r i b i n g t h e Co m m u n i t y ' s c u r r e n t s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l (R,D&D) a c t i v i t i e s makes i t c l e a r t h a t t h e c h o i c e s w h i c h have b e e n made up t o now, i n a p r a g m a t i c and s e c t o r i a l m a n n e r , c a n be e x p r e s s e d i n f i n a n c i a l t e r m s ( f o r 1982) a s f o l l o w s :

(The t a b l e b e l o w was made by a n a l y s i n g a l l t h e s e c t o r a l programmes w h i c h h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d up t o now and s p e c i f y i n g w h i c h g o a l s t h e y c o r r e s p o n d t o e i t h e r i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t . Thus t h e o b j e c t i v e s a r e s e t o u t h o r i z o n t a l l y and t h e s e c t o r s v e r t i c a l l y ) .

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES / / ACTIVITY BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS FOR 1?« { SECTOR (Commitments) \

Expressed 1n HloECUS \

Agrlcult. Fish INDUSTRY Transport few materials

ENERGY DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL ENVIR0NNEN GENERAL INT.ACTIV _ TOTAL X BY 0SJECTIV

BY GOAL

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES / / ACTIVITY BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS FOR 1?« { SECTOR (Commitments) \

Expressed 1n HloECUS \

IgrUult. Fish lew technologies •.biotechnology, information technoU •icroelectronics 'emote sensing) conventional technologies (steel textiles, shoes. Pood stuffs) :oamunity Bureau Of leferences

metals uranium ceramics wood recycling substitut materials

energy savings hydrocarbons coal controlled thermonuclear fusion JET new sources of oneigy nuclear fission

research for the benefit of developing countries LONE research Into medectv ind public it.Uh lyglene and nine safety *adiation srotectian

protection of the environment

comimiTv GOALS

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL \ OBJECTIVES \

IgrUult. Fish lew technologies •.biotechnology, information technoU •icroelectronics 'emote sensing) conventional technologies (steel textiles, shoes. Pood stuffs) :oamunity Bureau Of leferences

metals uranium ceramics wood recycling substitut materials

energy savings hydrocarbons coal controlled thermonuclear fusion JET new sources of oneigy nuclear fission

research for the benefit of developing countries LONE research Into medectv ind public it.Uh lyglene and nine safety *adiation srotectian

protection of the environment

1. proaotlng agricultural competitive-Mll (Including flih) 1.1. Development of agricultural competitiveness and Improvement of products 4,52 4,08 - 0,20 1,84 - - 0,12 0,24 11,00 1.86 1,86

2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.1. Elimination and reduction of H1n-dx.?cces 0,43 0,92 - - 2,76 - - - 0,24 4,35 0,74 18,46

2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.2. Improvements ft devt. of new tech-niaues S orod.for Convent.Industries - 23,14 - 3,01 20,12 - 0,42 3,06 0,24 49,99 j 8,47 18,46 2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.3. promotion ft development of new technologies 2.3.1.Info Technology - 52,57 - - 0,10 - - - - 52,6? ! 8,92 18,46 2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.3. promotion ft development of new technologies 2.3.2. biotechnology - 0,75 - 0,28 0,92 - - - - j

1,95 1 0,33

18,46 3. Improving the management of raw materials 3.1. optimal use of raw materials (including recycling them)

0,05 1.27 - 4,11 0,15 - - 0,42 - 8,0C \ 1,36 1,3« 4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc

4.1. the development of nucltar fission energy esp. safety aspects - - - 0,91 111,79 - 1,53 0,12 I 114,35 ! 19,37

i 63,66 4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc 4.?. controlled thermonuclear fus1on(JET - - - - 179,47 - - - - 179,47 j 30,41 63,66 4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc

4.3. The devt. of renewable sour.energy - - - 0,10 21,22 - - - - 21,32 3,62 63,66 4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc

4.4. rational use of energy (analysis o1 systems, hudrocarbons, coat, enero) saving) 3,04 - 0,73 53,86 - - 1,99 0,96 60,58 10,26 63,66

S. Reinforcing development aid 5.1. the implementation of S/T activities which benefit devel.countries - 1,61 - 0,23 1,02 0,80 - 0,06 0,24 3,96 0,67 0,67 6· laprovlng living and working 6.1. improvement of safety t protection of health - 0,10 1,70 0,06 6,77 - 14,10 9,39 0.12 32,24 5,46 10,15 conditions 6.2. Protection of the environment (1 prevention of hazards) - 2,00 - 0,83 3,00 - 3,73 17,88 0,24 27,68 4,69 10,15 7. laprovlng tha affl cacy of the EEC's S/T potentiaKstlaulal . - - - - - - - - - - - -Horizontal activities (FAST, Formation, studies) - - - - - - - - 22,68 22,68 3,84 3,84 TOTAL 5,00 89,48 1,70 12,46 403,02 0,80 19,78 32,92 25,08 590,25 100,00 100 X by activity sector 0,85 15,16 0,29 2.11 68,28 0,14 3,35 j 5,58 4,25 100,00 I

- 16 -

T a k i n g t h e c h o i c e s w h i c h have b e e n made up t o now o b j e c t i v e by o b j e c t i v e r e v e a l s t h e f o l l o w i n g :

- a p r o n o u n c e d b i a s t o w a r d s i m p r o v i n g and m a n a g i n g e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s : . t h i s g o a l t a k e s 63.66 % o f Community r e s o u r c e s

- a r a t h e r l i m i t e d p r i o r i t y f o r i n d u s t r i a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s : . t h i s g o a l i s a c c o r d e d 18.46 % o f Community r e s o u r c e s

- a f a i r l y h i g h p r i o r i t y i n f a v o u r o f i m p r o v i n g l i v i n g a nd w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s ( h e a l t h , s a f e t y , e n v i r o n m e n t ) : . t h i s g o a l r e c e i v e s 10.15 % o f Community r e s o u r c e s

- a b e g i n n i n g h a s b e e n made i n e f f o r t s t o i m p r o v e t h e management o f raw m a t e r i a l s r e s o u r c e s : . t h i s g o a l r e c e i v e s 1.36 % o f Community r e s o u r c e s

- a r a t h e r low p r i o r i t y f o r p r o m o t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s : . t h i s g o a l r e c e i v e s 1.86 % o f Community r e s o u r c e s

- an a l m o s t t o t a l a b s e n c e up t o now o f a c t i v i t i e s f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s : . t h i s g o a l r e c e i v e s 0.67 % o f Community r e s o u r c e s .

The t o t a l amount o f f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s ( i n c l u d i n g a l l R,DSD a c t i v i t i e s ) had r e a c h e d t h e l e v e l o f 590 M i o E C U s by 1 9 8 2 , r e p r e s e n t i n g 2.6 X o f t h e Community's o v e r a l l b u d g e t , o r a g a i n 2.2 % o f t h e t o t a l e q u i v a l e n t p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e i n t h e Member S t a t e s .

The q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n b u i l t up a t Community l e v e l a r e o f a d e q u a t e s c o p e i n t h e g e n e r a l c o n t e x t o f t h e d i v e r s e a c t i v i t i e s and p o l i c i e s c a r r i e d o u t by t h e C o m m u n i t y .

- 17 -

Can t h e c h o i c e s w h i c h have b e e n made up t o now be c o n s i d e r e d b o t h a d e q u a t e and a p p r o p r i a t e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e c h a l l e n g e s w h i c h t h e Community must f a c e up t o i n t h e 1 9 8 0 s ( a g r i c u l t u r a l a nd i n d u s t r i a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and e m p l o y m e n t , b e t t e r b a l a n c e d r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e e m e r g e n c e o f new t e c h n o l o g i e s , t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f l i n k s w i t h d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s whi ch i s n e e d e d . . . ) ?

I t i s c l e a r t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n t h a t t h e s c a l e o f t h e e f f o r t u n d e r t a k e n , and t h e c h o i c e s w h i c h h a v e been made s o f a r must be r e c o n s i d e r e d . A t t h e same t i m e t h e amount o f r e s o u r c e s a l l o c a t e d t o e a c h g o a l s h o u l d be l o o k e d a t a g a i n , and t h e r e l a t i v e w e i g h t i n g t o be a c c o r d e d t o e a c h o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s a d o p t e d s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d .

- IB -

B. PROGRAMMING GUIDE

I n t r o d u c t i o n

On t h e b a s i s o f t h e Community's c h o s e n g o a l s a nd t h e m a j o r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d e m i n e n t p e o p l e f r o m t h e w o r l d s o f s c i e n c e and i n d u s t r y " - ' were g i v e n by t h e C o m m i s s i o n t h e t a s k o f p r e p a r i n g t h e theme p l a n s . T h e s e p l a n s make a s t u d y , o n c e h a v i n g r e s t a t e d t h e common p o l i c i e s w h i c h u n d e r l i e t h e R,DSD a c t i v i t i e s , o f :

- t h e s c a l e o f R,D&D i n t h e f i e l d u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n ,

- t h e d i r e c t i o n t a k e n by o t h e r m a i n c o u n t r i e s , by t h e Member S t a t e s and by t h e C o m m u n i t y ,

- t h e n a t u r e and t h e s c o p e o f t h e e f f o r t s w h i c h i t w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e t o d e v e l o p a t t h e E u r o p e a n l e v e l ,

- t h e o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h Community a c t i v i t y s h o u l d p u r s u e .

T h e s e d o c u m e n t s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h G o v e r n m e n t e x p e r t s a nd t h e work o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n s t a f f , s e r v e d as a b a s i s f o r t h e C o m m i s s i o n ' s d e l i b e r a t i o n s , p r i o r t o s e l e c t i n g t h e p r o g r a m m i n g g u i d e now p u t f o r w a r d . F i n a l l y , t h r e e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s e r v e d a s a g u i d e t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n s ' s t h i n k i n g .

a) I n t h e p r e s e n t p e r i o d o f b u d g e t a r y r e s t r i c t i o n , t h e r e s e a r c h d e v e l o p m e n t & d e m o n s t r a t i o n a c t i v i t y t o be u n d e r t a k e n i n common s h o u l d :

- make i t p o s s i b l e f o r Member S t a t e s t o e x p l o i t t o t h e f u l l t h e a d v a n t a g e s p r o f f e r e d by t h e Community d i m e n s i o n ,

- a c h i e v e , t h r o u g h c o s t s h a r i n g , a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l o f a c t i v i t y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s c a l e o f p r o b l e m s t o be r e s o l v e d ,

- be f i n a n c e d f r o m a v a i l a b l e Community b u d g e t a r y r e s o u r c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y by u s i n g e x i s t i n g f u n d s . I n f a c t , t h e v a r i o u s Community p o l i c i e s s h o u l d h a v e a d i r e c t i n v o l v e m e n t w i t h t h i s o v e r a l l s t r a t e g y , w h i c h i s a b a s i c e l e m e n t i n t h e d e v e l o p ment o f Community s c i e n c e a nd t e c h n o l o g y .

(1) See : d o c . SEC/82/310 ( p r e p a r a t i o n n o t e f o r t h e C o u n c i l o f 8 . 3 . 8 2 ) : Framework programme f o r t h e Co m m u n i t y ' s S/T a c t i v i t i e s , and d o c . S E C / 8 2 / 8 9 6 f i n a I ( C o m m i s s i o n w o r k i n g p a p e r ) : Framework p r o gramme f o r t h e Community's S/T a c t i v i t i e s - F i r s t o u t U - i e .

(2) See Annex I I .

- 19 -

b) The f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a s h o u l d be a d o p t e d a s a means o f s e l e c t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t a nd d e m o n s t r a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s :

- t h o s e S/T o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h , b e c a u s e o f t h e s c a l e o f human and f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s w h i c h t h e y r e q u i r e , c a n n o t be c a r r i e d o u t on a n a t i o n a l b a s i s , a t l e a s t n o t w i t h o u t g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y ,

- t h o s e S/T o b j e c t i v e s whose f u l f i l m e n t c a l l s f o r a v e r y l a r g e o r o r g a n i s e d m a r k e t ,

- t h o s e S/T o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h , t o be f u l f i l l e d , r e q u i r e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h a r e , by t h e i r n a t u r e , i n t e r n a t i o n a l ,

- t h o s e S/T o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h a r e r e s p o n s e s t o i d e n t i c a l o r s i m i l a r c o l l e c t i v e n e e d s w i t h i n t h e Member S t a t e s and w h i c h c o u l d t h e r e f o r e be u n d e r t a k e n a t l e a s t c o s t ,

- t h o s e S/T o b j e c t i v e s t o be a d o p t e d i n o r d e r t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o r d e f i n i t i o n o f o t h e r Community p o l i c i e s .

The s i m u l t a n e o u s e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e p r o p o s e d m a j o r o b j e c t i v e s a nd s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a d u r i n g Community l e v e l d i s c u s s i o n , w i l l make i t p o s s i b l e o v e r a nd a b o v e t h e d i r e c t m a t c h i n g o f g o a l s , o b j e c t i v e s and h e n c e a c t i o n s t o be u n d e r t a k e n :

- t o s e e k an o v e r a 11 b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s R,D&D a c t i v i t i e s t o be c a r r i e d o u t , as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e o c c a s i o n a l l y d i v e r g e n t i n t e r e s t s o f Member S t a t e s ( e i t h e r a t n a t i o n a l o r r e g i o n a l l e v e l ) ,

- t o t a k e a c c o u n t o f a c t i v i t i e s w i t h a j o i n t i n t e r e s t w h i c h m i g h t n o t r e q u i r e t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a l l Member S t a t e s ,

- t o s e e k a g r e e m e n t o r c o n s e n s u s i n s o f a r a s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t , a d a p t a t i o n , r o u n d i n g o f f o r t a k i n g , u p o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i o n o u t s i d e t h e Community i s c o n c e r n e d : f o r e x a m p l e s p a c e r e s e a r c h , o c e a n o g r a p h y , m e t e o r o l o g y , COST a c t i v i t i e s a n d a c t i v i t i e s t o be u n d e r t a k e n f o l l o w i n g t h e d i s c u s s i o n s h e l d by t h e " T e c h n o l o g y , g r o w t h and employment W o r k i n g G r o u p " s e t up a t t h e V e r s a i l l e s s u m m i t .

- 20 -

c ) The o b j e c t i v e s and s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a p r o p o s e d t o t h e Community f o r t h e y e a r s 1984-1987 s h o u l d , when i t comes t o s e l e c t i n g t h e a c t u a l a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h a r e t o be i m p l e m e n t e d , i n c r e a s i n g l y p a v e t h e way f o r a more f u t u r e o r i e n t e d c h o i c e . T h i s w i l l t h e r e f o r e be d e l i b e r a t e l y a n g l e d t o w a r d s t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f E u r o p e a n s o c i e t i e s t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c , e c o n o m i c and s o c i a l c h a n g e s w h i c h may be f o r e s e e n i n t h e l o n g e r t e r m

The C o m m i s s i o n h a s b e e n p e r s u a d e d t o a d o p t a s t e p b y s t e p a p p r o a c h b e c a u s e o f t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s w h i c h a r e c u r r e n t l y e v i d e n t , and b e c a u s e r e s p o n s e s f r o m Member S t a t e s a r e o f t e n t o o l a t e o r t o o l i t t l e , g i v e n t h e e v e r i n c r e a s i n g c o m p e t i t i o n o r t h e d a m a g i n g e f f e c t s o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l g r o w t h .

T h u s , s i n c e t h e 1 984-1987 p e r i o d w i l l b o t h p r e c e d e and l a y down t h e b a s i s f o r t h e a c t i o n s t r a t e g y w h i c h w i l l n e e d t o be c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e 1 9 9 0 s , t h e f i r s t t h i n g i t ca L i s f o r i s t h e - g r a d u a I i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a s t r a t e g y o f a d a p t a t i o n , t o r e o r i e n t a t e , d e v e l o p and comp l e m e n t t h e Community's c u r r e n t a c t i v i t i e s , c a r r i e d o u t on t h e b a s i s o f t h e t h r e e T r e a t i e s . The m a i n themes a d o p t e d by t h e C o m m i s s i o n f o r t h i s f i r s t f r a m e w o r k programme a r e t h e r e f o r e t o u s e t h e a v e n u e s o f R,D&D t o t a c k l e c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m o u t s i d e t h e Community and no l o n g e r j u s t t o m a i n t a i n c o m p e t i t i o n w h i c h i s e s s e n t i a l l y w i t h i n t h e Comm u n i t y , and t o s t r e n g t h e n i n t e r Member S t a t e s o l i d a r i t y t h r o u g h t h e c h o i c e o f j o i n t o b j e c t i v e s .

(1) The work o f t h e FAST t e a m .

>

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G e n e r a l r e m a r k s

- T h i s p r o p o s a l f o r a f r a m e w o r k programme i s t h e f i r s t o f i t s k i n d a n d , f o r t h i s r e a s o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f t h e c o n t i n u o u s e x a m i n a t i o n and o v e r a l l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g r e q u i r e d by t h e Community i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l m a t t e r s . B a s e d as i t i s upon d a t a w h i c h a r e s o m e t i m e s i n c o m p l e t e o r u n c o n f i r m e d i t n e c e s s a r i l y i n c l u d e s some f a u l t s and w e a k n e s s e s . T h i s i n s t r u m e n t i s one w h i c h must be b r o u g h t t o p e r f e c t i o n d u r i n g t h e y e a r s t o come, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s o f a r as d a t a c o l l e c t i o n i m p r o v e s . I t i s upon t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e b a s i c n a t i o n a l a nd i n t e r n a t i o n a l d a t a w h i c h a r e c o l l e c t e d t h a t t h e r e a l i s m and p r e c i s i o n o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n o v e r t h e c h o i c e t o be made b e t w e e n n a t i o n a l and Community s c i e n t i f i c a nd t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s d e p e n d s .

- A l r e a d y b o t h numerous and v a r i e d ( e v e n i f t h e y a r e f r e q u e n t l y o n a somewhat modest s e a l e ) , t h e a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h a r e b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t on t h e b a s i s o f t h e t h r e e T r e a t i e s c o n s t i t u t e a p o r t f o l i o o f programmes w h i c h must be i n t e g r a t e d , w i t h a d j u s t ments where n e c e s s a r y , i n t o t h e new s t r a t e g y w h i c h i s p r o p o s e d .

- The s e v e n m a i n Community g o a l s a r e t a k e n up one a f t e r t h e o t h e r i n what f o l l o w s , and s e t o u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a j o r o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d . D u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s p r o g r a m m i n g g u i d e a c c o u n t has b e e n t a k e n o f t h e o v e r l a p s b e t w e e n o b j e c t i v e s , d i s c i p l i n e s and t e c h n o l o g i e s whi ch a r e i n e v i t a b l e . The r e l a t i v e w e i g h t i n g t o be g i v e n t o t h e s p e c i f i c R,D&D o b j e c t i v e s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r e a c h m a i n o b j e c t i v e i s t o be f o u n d i n t h e t e x t r e l a t i n g t o t h e v a r i o u s g o a l s . S i n c e t h e c o s t o f r e s e a r c h v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o s e c t o r ( d e p e n d i n g f o r e x a m p l e upon w h e t h e r i t i s r e s e a r c h on n u c l e a r s a f e t y c a r r i e d o u t i n l a r g e i n s t a l l a t i o n s , o r r e s e a r c h o f t h e s y s t e m s a n a l y s i s v a r i e t y ) and a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o p e r a t i o n a l a r r a n g e m e n t s i n v o l v e d ( w h e t h e r t h e s e i n v o l v e c o n c e i — t e d a c t i o n , c o o r d i n a t e d a c t i o n , s h a r e d c o s t a c t i o n , d i r e c t a c t i o n o r d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o j e c t s ) t h e p e r c e n t a g e s f o r e a c h o f t h e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s p r o p o s e d h a v e b e e n a I l o c a t e d w i t h t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n m i n d .

- F i n a l l y , i t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o j e c t s i n c l u d e d i n t h e c u r r e n t f r a m e w o r k programme p u r s u e e c o n o m i c and c o m m e r c i a l o b j e c t i v e s o v e r and a b o v e t h e p u r e l y s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l g o a l s s e t o u t i n t h e p r o g r a m m i n g g u i d e , b e c a u s e among o t h e r t h i n g s t h e y have t o f u l f i l t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o c o n d i t i o n s : " t o have p r o s p e c t s f o r . c o m m e r c i a I u t i l i s a t i o n and p r e s e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s o v e r f i n a n c e b e c a u s e o f t h e m a j o r e c o n o m i c r i s k w h i c h s u c h p r o j e c t s i n v o l v e " *

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B-l THE GOALS

1. PROMOTING AGRICULTURAL COMPETITIVENESS (INCLUDING FISHING)

For often very s i m i l a r reasons, i t i s today necessary f o r both farming and f i s h i n g to adapt to i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t ODerating conditions.

The current economic d i f f i c u l t i e s f a c i n g a g r i c u l t u r e have highlighted the r i s k s of a p o l i c y based e s s e n t i a l l y on i n c r e a s i n g l y intensive production.

This approach has by now brought about the conditions f o r i t s own downf a l l : f o r almost a l l the main products the Community has reached the production l e v e l needed to meet i t s own requirements and t h i s i s r e s u l t i n g i n high costs f o r the common a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c y .

The increase i n f u e l and power p r i c e s and r i s i n g production costs i n general are making operating conditions more and more precarious f o r the less e f f i c i e n t farms.

These challenges can p a r t i a l l y be met by adapting production structures and improving p r o d u c t i v i t y aims to which research must make i t s contribution.

F i s h i n g i s not only a f f e c t e d by the cost of f u e l , which pushes up product p r i c e s , but i s also s u f f e r i n g from the l o s s of f i s h i n g r i g h t s i n the waters of non-member countries and the intr o d u c t i o n of conservation measures i n Community waters.

Here too s t r u c t u r a l changes and t e c h n i c a l improvements are e s s e n t i a l despite the d i f f i c u l t problems involved i n adjusting the sector to the new f i s h i n g conditions, and research can provide a powerful stimulus.

1.1. DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE COMMUNITY

The a g r i f o o d s t u f f s sector i s a key branch of the European economy. The importance of the CAP and i t s impact on the f i n a n c i a l resources a v a i l a b l e to the Community f o r a l l i t s p o l i c i e s - more than 70% of the budget goes to

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support a g r i c u l t u r a l p r i c e s - have been stressed on manv occasions. On the consumer side, about 30% of t o t a l household spending goes to buy food.

The research p r o j e c t s must obviously be i n l i n e with the o v e r a l l approach of the common a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c y and must therefore f i t i n with i t s main goals. More s p e c i f i c a l l y , they should help to :

- reduce d i s p a r i t i e s between the incomes of farm and other workers and also d i s p a r i t i e s within the sector r e s u l t i n g from production conditions; the l a t t e r , which obviously influence p r o d u c t i v i t y , themselves depend on farm structures (size and equipment) and environmental f a c t o r s (climate, type of s o i l , i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , e t c . ) ;

- improve farm p r o f i t a b i l i t y not by increasing production where there are already surpluses but rather by c u t t i n g costs and changing over to d i f f e r e n t enterprises that w i l l a lso help to reduce surpluses;

- a l l a y the concern amongst consumers about food q u a l i t y , stock farming and f a t t e n i n g methods, p o l l u t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l o r i g i n , the environment, etc.

The a g r i c u l t u r a l research conducted by the Member States i n e x i s t i n g research i n s t i t u t e s and centres has reached a very high standard. Inadequate coordination i s a major shortcoming.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The current l e v e l of Community support for a g r i c u l t u r a l research i s inadequate and the 1984-87 framework programme of Community a c t i v i t i e s proposes that i t should be more than doubled. The order i n which the s p e c i f i c objectives, are set out below, should not be interpreted as an order of p r i o r i t y .

1. Better use of waste and byproducts - biomass production

This research objective i s important because i t helps to improve farm competitiveness by reducing inputs i n the form of f e r t i l i z e r s , energy and animal f e e d i n g s t u f f s . More e f f i c i e n t use of farm waste would also help to reduce surface water and a i r p o l l u t i o n (see environmental p r o t e c t i o n o b j e c t i v e ) .

The Community must make more e f f o r t to coordinate n a t i o n a l programmes and to support work on technologies introducing new a p p l i c a t i o n s of

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waste : anaerobic fermentation, various uses of straw, p r o t e i n production from animal waste, use of slaughterhouse waste, composting, etc .

The use of biomass to produce energy has a t t r a c t e d i n t e r e s t i n the Community, r e s u l t i n g i n extensive biomass sections i n the Commission's so l a r energy programmes (shared-cost p r o j e c t s , demonstration p r o j e c t s ) . However, two comments are c a l l e d for on t h i s approach viewed from the angle of the competitiveness of a g r i c u l t u r a l production :

a) The use of waste to produce energy on the farm helps to cut energy costs f o r various products and therefore t h i s objective merits support.

b) The production of biomass (fuel crops such as fast-growing plants) i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l , however, because i t i s regarded as important from the energy viewpoint but has no p r i o r i t y f o r a g r i c u l t u r e . To produce biomass on a s i g n i f i c a n t scale, would take s u b s t a n t i a l resources, e s p e c i a l l y i n terms of the acreage to be put down. In any case, opinions d i f f e r on the r e l a t i v e p r o f i t a b i l i t y of the p o t e n t i a l uses of biomass f o r energy, food or as a raw material (for example, i n the chemical industry, which could better e x p l o i t the complex molecular structure of p l a n t s ) .

I t would therefore be u s e f u l i f the Community were to help devise methods f o r evaluating o b j e c t i v e l y the advantages of biomass production and use, based on a c l e a r terminology and good t o o l s f o r computing economic y i e l d s , so that the various p o s s i b l e a p p l i c a t i o n s of biomass could be compared.

2. Improvement of a g r i c u l t u r e i n marginal regions - (in p a r t i c u l a r Mediterranean regions)

One of the objectives here would be the b e t t e r i n t e g r a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r e i n other regional a c t i v i t i e s (integrated r u r a l development). This p r o j e c t could b e n e f i t from p i l o t and demonstration pr o j e c t s supported by the Community.

A data base containing objective information on land use and p o t e n t i a l , natural r i s k s and t h e i r e c o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n should be e s t a b l i s h ed and a g r i c u l t u r a l warning and f o r e c a s t i n g services set up. Advanced technologies such as remote sensing could play an important part.

1 Within the meaning of the Council D i r e c t i v e , of 24 June 1980 Amending D i r e c t i v e 75/268/EEC on mountain and h i l l farming and farming i n c e r t a i n less-favoured areas.

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Reclamation of d e r e l i c t land f o r r e a f f o r e s t a t i o n and more generally the improved e x p l o i t a t i o n of timber resources by s e l e c t i o n of new fo r e s t v a r i e t i e s should be given Community support way of research and demonstration p r o j e c t s .

3. Crops i n d e f i c i t

The Community imports large q u a n t i t i e s of products such as maize, tobacco, and high-protein animal f e e d i n g s t u f f s . Community support f o r work designed to encourage the growing of these products i s j u s t i f i e d , e s p e c i a l l y f o r economic studies on the e f f e c t of replacing t r a d i t i o n a l crops by crops that w i l l make up s h o r t f a l l s .

4. Reduction of surpluses

A f t e r each harvest the Community i s faced with the problem of surpluses that are s t r u c t u r a l rather than c y c l i c a l . Research i s needed to overcome t h i s problem e i t h e r by reducing production and marketing costs so that the surpluses can be sold a t competitive p r i c e s on the world market, or by processing them i n t o products f o r which there i s a more p r o f i t a b l e market or by converting to other purposes, (in p a r t i c u l a r the crops i n d e f i c i t mentioned above) the land, machinery, etc. used to grow them. The research needed f o r these three approaches to the problem w i l l be c l o s e l y linked to other a c t i v i t i e s with an a g r i c u l t u r a l , a g r i -food or a g r i - i n d u s t r i a l aspect : biomolecular engineering, remote sensing, wood, biomass f o r energy, research f o r the b e n e f i t of developing countries, etc.

Much of the e f f o r t should be devoted to demonstration p r o j e c t s , e s p e c i a l l y on changing land use, cropping techniques and products, the socioeconomic aspects of which should be given p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n .

5. Food q u a l i t y (research on the e f f e c t s of int e n s i v e farming)

Consumers are becoming more and more concerned about food q u a l i t y , which i s influenced by modern methods of intensive farming, and the Community should make a major research e f f o r t i n t h i s f i e l d . In view of the complexity and economic impact of t h i s subject, i t should be studied at Community l e v e l within the general context of the common a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c y .

The Community should also help to develop new t o x i c o l o g i c a l methods

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a l l o w i n g b e t t e r d e f i n i t i o n of the " s a f e t y " c r i t e r i a f o r f o o d s t u f f s .

Improvement of food processing i s a l s o an o b j e c t i v e t o be pursued. There are a l r e a d y coordinated COST p r o j e c t s on t h i s s u b j e c t . A b e t t e r d e f i n e d and more extensive Community e f f o r t should be made.

6. Improvement of animal production

In t h i s area a Community impulse could make a c o n t r i b u t i o n to the s t i m u l a t i o n and improved c o o r d i n a t i o n of the work of the Member States on

- c o n t r o l of diseases a f f e c t i n g young animals

- improvement of l i v e s t o c k breeding y i e l d s

- carcasse c l a s s i f i c a t i o n (with a view to b e t t e r transparency i n meat p r i c e formation)

- the development of more acceptable methods f o r the housing, t r a n s p o r t and slaughter of animals (animal w e l f a r e ) .

7. B i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l and i n t e g r a t e d c o n t r o l of diseases and pest s

This covers disease p r e v e n t i o n and pe s t c o n t r o l . Obviously r e s e a r c h i s being conducted i n a l l the Member States to reduce p r o d u c t i v i t y l o s s e s caused by the v a r i o u s pests and diseases a f f e c t i n g p l a n t s and animals. This work must be b e t t e r coordinated. I t a l s o helps to reduce p o l l u t i o n hazards.

The Community a c t i o n should i n p a r t i c u l a r i n v o l v e a few p i l o t demonstration p r o j e c t s on i n t e g r a t e d c o n t r o l .

P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t imported e x o t i c diseases should form p a r t of t h i s o b j e c t i v e . The research r e s u l t s would be u s e f u l i n improving r e g u l a t i o n s on p l a n t and animal imports.

8. Development and a p p l i c a t i o n of advanced methodologies

S e l e c t i v e Community a c t i o n i s r e q u i r e d to achieve b e t t e r c o o r d i n a t i o n Of work i n the Member S t a t e s , to d i s s e m i n a t a ^ knowledge, encourage m o b i l i t y of research workers and support r e s e a r c h i n c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l or h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d f i e l d s such as genetic manipulation and the p r o t e c t i o n of genetic resources (see the biotechnology o b j e c t i v e ) or remote sensing f o r a g r i c u l t u r e ( e v a l u a t i o n of y i e l d s , i r r i g a t i o n water management, d e c i s i o n s on crops and monitoring of t h e i r s t a t e ) .

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In the genetic f i e l d , the usefulness of gene banks i n p r o t e c t i n g c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t species and improving t h e i r r e s i s t a n c e t o diesase i s recognized by a l l the Member St a t e s . There are n a t i o n a l banks but they need to be i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a European system. The Community should a l s o examine the f e a s i b i l i t y and usefulness of gene banks f o r p r o d u c t i v e l i v e s t o c k .

9. Information

Research teams working on a wide v a r i e t y o f t o p i c s are s c a t t e r e d throughout the Member States and c l o s e r c o o r d i n a t i o n of the work would be extremely h e l p f u l . For t h i s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o improve the Community arrangements f o r i n f o r m a t i o n on cu r r e n t or planned research p r o j e c t s . An in f o r m a t i o n network based on the AGREP (Permanent Inventory of the A g r i c u l t u r a l Research P r o j e c t s of the European Community), which should be updated and supplemented by data on p r o j e c t resources, would be extremely v a l u a b l e . Community support i s r e q u i r e d to s e t i t up, i n p a r t i c u l a r to encourage i n f o r m a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s i n some of the Member States so as to have a complete network.

Remarks

A g r i c u l t u r a l research i n support of a i d t o developing c o u n t r i e s i s covered i n another s e c t i o n of the framework programme (see " R e i n f o r c i n g development aid") which deals w i t h the importance o f and d e s i r a b l e g u i d e l i n e s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l research f o r the b e n e f i t of the developing c o u n t r i e s . This research should p r e f e r a b l y be conducted i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h research i n s t i t u t e s i n the developing c o u n t r i e s .

Many of the items above c o n t a i n an environmental element : the p r e s e r v a t i o n of the n a t u r a l environment and w i l d l i f e must be taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n (see the o b j e c t i v e " P r o t e c t i n g the environment").

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1.2. DEVELOPING THE PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND PROCESSING OF FISHERY PRODUCTS

INTRODUCTION

F i s h e r i e s research i s one of the e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r s f o r a s t r u c t u r a l p o l i c y i n t h i s s e c t o r . So f a r Community support f o r t h i s research has been confined t o a few concerted a c t i o n p r o j e c t s of l i m i t e d scope and the s e t t i n g up of a S c i e n t i f i c and T e c h n i c a l Committee f o r F i s h e r i e s (Commission Decision of 8 June 1979 (OJ No L 156/29)) to advise the Commission. Amongst the proposals r e l a t i n g to s t r u c t u r a l p o l i c y i n the f i s h e r i e s s e c t o r s e t out i n a communication to the C o u n c i l (COM(80)420 f i n a l of 18 J u l y 1980), the Commission proposes a Regulation concerning the c o o r d i n a t i o n and promotion of f i s h e r i e s research which c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n on the choice of f i e l d s i n which res e a r c h should be coordinated. This document i s s t i l l t o p i c a l and t h e r e f o r e the proposed subjects are taken up again below. Further suggestions and new l i n e s of research r e s u l t i n g from recent development i n the s e c t o r w i l l be added t o them.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The p r i o r i t y o b j e c t i v e s of f u t u r e Community p r o j e c t s should come under f i v e general headings :

1. E v a l u a t i o n of resources

This i s a This i s a f i e l d which i s already reasonably w e l l covered by r o u t i n e work i n the Member States designed to monitor a l l species of commercial value . However, i t would be u s e f u l to coordinate t h i s work a t Community l e v e l and support i t s development along the f o l l o w i n g l i n e s :

- Bioeconomic modelling of resources. In t h i s f i e l d a p o l i c y of a i d f o r exchanges of s c i e n t i s t s from the Member Sta t e s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y ICES (except f o r the Mediterranean), and c o n t a c t s o u t s i d e the Community (United S t a t e s , Canada) would be p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l .

- Development of methods f o r monitoring and e v a l u a t i o n of resources. In view of the h i g h c o s t and l i m i t e d number of l a b o r a t o r y s h i p s , adequate monitoring by n a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s i s i m p o s s i b l e . J o i n t a c t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l here to cover v a s t expanses of ocean i n c l u d i n g l i t t l e - k n o w n regions ( f o r example the South A t l a n t i c ) .

In the t e c h n i c a l improvement of methods, emphasis should be p l a c e d on new methods of echo sounding and tagging f o r c e r t a i n s p e c ies.

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2. F i s h i n g and s e l e c t i v e c a t c h i n g techniques

Energy saving i n f i s h i n g and f i s h p r o c e s s i n g methods. T h i s s u b j e c t i s w e l l covered by Member S t a t e programmes but Community c o o r d i n a t i o n i s necessary f o r t e c h n i c a l and economic s t u d i e s on the improvement of f i s h i n g gear ( e s p e c i a l l y t rawls) and m i n i m i z a t i o n of energy consumption, and on advanced techniques t h a t save energy i n f i s h p r o c e s s i n g and p r e s e r v a t i o n . See the o b j e c t i v e " R a t i o n a l u t i l i z a t i o n of energy".

3. Product p r o c e s s i n g

The improvement of product p r o c e s s i n g techniques (e.g. r e f r i g e r a t i o n ) m e r i t s Community support and should have a s p i n o f f a f f e c t i n g food q u a l i t y and energy c o n s e r v a t i o n .

The use of s m a l l f i s h ( f o r example Mediterranean p e l a g i c f i s h ) , f i s h e r y by-products and waste co u l d y i e l d an as yet u n e x p l o i t e d source of p r o t e i n f o r human and animal consumption. A Community r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t on t h i s s u b j e c t i s recommended.

4. I n t e r a c t i o n between sp e c i e s and t h e i r environment

The study of complex i n t e r a c t i o n s between the v a r i o u s s p e c i e s and the environment i s a f i e l d i n which l i t t l e r e s e a r c h has been done and coordinated a c t i o n a t Community and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l would be very u s e f u l .

Community a c t i o n i s p a r t i c u l a r l y d e s i r a b l e i n the general f i e l d of contamination a f f e c t i n g the human food c n a i n .

Such rese a r c h would go beyond the present stage which c o n s i s t s mainly of d e v i s i n g and implementing r o u t i n e a n a l y s i s methods f o r m o n i t o r i n g marine p o l l u t i o n , and would pay g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n to the r e l a t i o n s between p o l l u t i o n and dis e a s e s c a r r i e d by f i s h coming from p o l l u t e d areas.

5. Aquaculture

T h i s growth s e c t o r m e r i t s s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n . The major t o p i c a l subjects i n c l u d e improvement of the r e p r o d u c t i o n of s p e c i e s , g e n e t i c manipulation and the study of di s e a s e s a f f e c t i n g a quaculture.

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Developing a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y and improving the q u a l i t y and processing of a g r i c u l t u r a l products

S p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s %

- Waste ( i n c l u d i n g biomass) 20 - M a r g i n a l r e g i o n s 10 - Crops i n d e f i c i t 5 - Reduction of s u r p l u s e s 15 - Food q u a l i t y 10 - Improvement c f animal p r o d u c t i o n 15 - B i o l o g i c a l and i n t e g r a t e d c o n t r o l of d i s e a s e s and p e s t s 10 - Development and a p p l i c a t i o n s of advanced methodologies 15 - Information < 3

F i s h e r i e s

S p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s %_

- E v a l u a t i o n of stocks 35 - F i s h i n g techniques ' 15 - Product p r o c e s s i n g techniques 15 - Environment (diseases i n the n a t u r a l environment,

p o l l u t i o n , etc.) 15 - Aquaculture ( i n c l u d i n g d i s e a s e s i n a r t i f i c i a l

environments) ;2Q

To achieve the minimum l e v e l of e f f e c t i v e n e s s r e q u i r e d , expenditure on p r o j e c t s under the g o a l "Promoting a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s , i n c l u d i n g f i s h i n g " should be 130 m i l l i o n ECU ( i n constant 1982 values) f o r the p e r i o d 1984-87, broken down as f o l l o w s : A g r i c u l t u r e i i 5 m i l l i o n ECU F i s h e r i e s 15 m i l l i o n ECU.

For t h i s g o a l , the Commission w i l l as f a r as p o s s i b l e make use of the budget resources o f the funds i n t h i s s e c t o r t o f i n a n c e the R&D d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o i t .

GOAL 1 ; PROMOTING AGRICULTURAL COMPETITIVENESS, INCLUDING FISHING

Approximate breakdown between the s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s .

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2. PROMOTING INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS

INTRODUCTION

The need f o r a Community i n d u s t r i a l s t r a t e g y , the importance of R,D&D i n t h i s s t r a t e g y and the p r i o r i t y to be given t o the goal "Promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness" i n the plan n i n g of Community s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s were po i n t e d out i n two recent communications from the Commission t o the C o u n c i l .

The r a p i d development of new technologies and t h e i r i n e v i t a b l e i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o the i n d u s t r i a l f a b r i c w i l l b r i n g about r a d i c a l changes not only i n manufacturing processes but a l s o i n the nature of products and s e r v i c e s , and the s t r u c t u r e , o r g a n i z a t i o n and l o c a t i o n of i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s . I t i s e s s e n t i a l to a n t i c i p a t e these changes i f i n d u s t r y i s to be able t o adapt q u i c k l y enough and become more competitive r a t h e r than being outdone by more e f f i c i e n t competitors and, fo r c e d on t o the defensive, being o b l i g e d to p r o t e c t i t s e l f by adapting when i t i s too l a t e . I t i s p r i m a r i l y up to i n d u s t r y t o make the necessary e f f o r t , but where i t can be u s e f u l , depending on the economic, s o c i a l and s t r a t e g i c importance of the se c t o r s concerne, the Commission can and must p l a y an important r o l e i n t h i s process, i n harmony w i t h n a t i o n a l measures and i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h i n d u s t r i a l o p e r a tors, i n c l u d i n g the small and jnedium e n t e r p r i s e s .

The Community s t r a t e g y stemming from the need f o r a long-term p o l i c y of i n d u s t r i a l change must centre on observation and forward s t u d i e s , R&D and p i l o t or demonstration operations :

- Observation and forward s t u d i e s

I t i s s t r a t e g i c a l l y important to i n v e s t i g a t e ways i n which t r a d i t i o n a l s e c t o r s can make best use of the new technologies so as t o improve, i f not change, t h e i r i n f r a t e c h n o l o g y .

- Research and development

Infratechnology modernization c a l l s f o r i n c r e a s e d knowledge a t three l e v e l s :

the new technologies t h a t have enormous p o t e n t i a l f o r change. P r i o r i t y w i l l be given t o new i n f o r m a t i o n technology which has already started to r e v o l u t i o n i z e numerous economic s e c t o r s and i n which an enormous e f f o r t i s r e q u i r e d , and t o biotechnology which w i l l have

1 COM(81)639 f i n a l / 2 - "A Community Strategy t o Develop Europe's Industry". COM(81)574 f i n a l - " S c i e n t i f i c and T e c h n i c a l Research and the European Community-Proposals f o r the 1980s".

Infratechnology : a l l the technologies u n d e r l y i n g a s e c t o r o r a product. 2

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a s u b s t a n t i a l impact on many economic s e c t o r s , i n p a r t i c u l a r a g r i c u l t u r e , h e a l t h , the chemical i n d u s t r y and the environment;

. m u l t i s e c t o r a l technologies, i . e . , key technologies common t o numerous s e c t o r s ;

. adaptation of convergent technologies (such as m a t e r i a l s , design and manufacturing technologies) to s p e c i f i c s e c t o r s ;

- P i l o t or demonstration operations on i n f r a t e c h n o l o g y modernization

In some i n d u s t r i a l branches or se c t o r s of importance to the European economy and l i k e l y to undergo i n t e r e s t i n g changes w i t h i n the f a i r l y near f u t u r e , i t may be necessary to take measures to overcome r e l u c t a n c e t o change. These s p e c i f i c measures should concern companies spread over s e v e r a l Member States and of d i f f e r e n t s i z e s , , i n order t o b e n e f i t from the d i v e r s i t y of the experiments.

The promotion of i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness i s perhaps the most complex goal i n t h i s framework programme, touching as i t does upon almost the whole of the pr o d u c t i o n process. Community R,D&D cannot of course cover a l l s e c t o r s but i t must, through i t s c a t a l y t i c e f f e c t , a c t as a spur f o r measures by the Member Sta t e s and by i n d u s t r y . This approach cannot be s u c c e s s f u l unless i t gains the support and p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the i n d u s t r i a l c i r c l e s . I n the implementation of the Community s t r a t e g y , the small and medium e n t e r p r i s e s must have s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r needs and c o n s t r a i n t s .

One p o i n t should be made before t u r n i n g to the major o b j e c t i v e s i n t h i s goal : because of the v a r i e t y of economic and s o c i a l goods produced by i n d u s t r y , these o b j e c t i v e s are c l o s e l y l i n k e d to other o b j e c t i v e s i n the framework programme. For example, improved use of raw m a t e r i a l s and energy resources leads t o the design of new and more competitive m a t e r i a l s , products or processes and has a s u b s t a n t i a l impact on the development of the c o n v e n t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s ( i n a c t u a l f a c t about o n e - t h i r d of the a c t i v i t i e s b e n e f i t i n g these i n d u s t r i e s can stem from the s p i n - o f f from p r o j e c t s mainly d i r e c t e d towards other o b j e c t i v e s ) . In the same way, the new te c h n o l o g i e s , through t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s , w i l l make a v i t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n to the development of a g r i c u l t u r a l competitiveness, h e a l t h , s a f e t y , the r a t i o n a l use of energy, e t c .

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THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES

In i t s r o l e as a c a t a l y s t , Community R,D&D must s t i m u l a t e cooperation both between d i f f e r e n t s e c t o r s of i n d u s t r y and between i n d u s t r y , research centres and u n i v e r s i t i e s . Improvement of European-wide cooperation i s an ever-present c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t i s r e f l e c t e d i n the three major o b j e c t i v e s i d e n t i f i e d f o r the promotion of i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness.

2.1. Removing and reducing impediments.

2.2. Improving and developing new technologies and new products f o r conventional i n d u s t r i e s .

2.3. Promoting and developing new technologies :

2.3.1, Information technology 2.3.2. Biotechnology.

2.1. REMOVING AND REDUCING IMPEDIMENTS

The c o m p a r a b i l i t y and q u a l i t y o f measurements are of great importance i n the marketing of i n d u s t r i a l goods and products : complaints about product q u a l i t y stemming from i n c o r r e c t or i n a c c u r a t e measurements can be c o s t l y . When they i n v o l v e the s p e c i f i c a t i o n of q u a l i t y c r i t e r i a , the Community's s t a n d a r d i z i n g a c t i v i t i e s a l s o c a l l f o r the development of reference m a t e r i a l s and measuring methods recognized by a l l , as otherwise the d e s i r e d harmonization e f f e c t cannot be obtained. Research and development i n t h i s f i e l d can c e r t a i n l y be regarded as a task f o r the Community. The s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l aims w i l l be t o improve measurement methods and to prepare and c e r t i f y reference m a t e r i a l s i n the nuclear f i e l d (energy and medical a p p l i c a t i o n s ) and i n f i e l d s where there are growing needs, such as metrology (dimensional, mechanical, e l e c t r i c a l , o p t i c a l and temperature), chemical a n a l y s i s ( e s p e c i a l l y metals, foods and i n d u s t r i a l p o l l u t a n t s ) , and the p h y s i c a l and t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s .

With t e c h n i c a l progress l e a d i n g t o g r e a t e r complexity i n products and hence i n the i n s p e c t i o n and measurement methods r e q u i r e d , t h i s a c t i v i t y i s g a i n i n g i n importance and i s one of the ever-present aims of Community R&D.

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In a d d i t i o n to t h i s a c t i v i t y , other o b j e c t i v e s such as the promotion and development of i n f o r m a t i o n technology c a l l f o r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s t h a t are a l s o designed to remove b a r r i e r s .

2.2. IMPROVING AND DEVELOPING NEW TECHNIQUES AND NEW PRODUCTS FOR THE CONVENTIONAL INDUSTRIES

This o b j e c t i v e i s of v i t a l importance because i t i s r e l e v a n t to the greater p a r t of the i n d u s t r i a l f a b r i c of our s o c i e t y . So f a r Community work i n t h i s f i e l d has been r e l a t i v e l y l i m i t e d and s p e c i f i c but i t w i l l be i n c r e a s e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y during the p e r i o d covered by the framework programme.

1. F o l l o w i n g the approach o u t l i n e d i n the i n t r o d u c t i o n , observation and forward s t u d i e s w i l l be c a r r i e d out i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the s e c t o r s concerned.

F i r s t l y , i t i s necessary to analyse, f o r a given s e c t o r or product, i t s p r o p e r t i e s , i t s f u n c t i o n s , i t s market and the p r o d u c t i o n process so as t o examine how f a r the a v a i l a b l e technologies could improve q u a l i t y , or modify the product and increase p r o d u c t i v i t y . Secondly, a f u n c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s must be c a r r i e d out to i d e n t i f y the important t r a d i t i o n a l and new technologies and decide where they can best be used. I t i s a l s o necessary to observe experiments on i n f r a t e c h n o l o g y renewal being conducted i n Europe and elsewhere, e s p e c i a l l y the U n i t e d States and Japan. The r e s u l t s of these s t u d i e s w i l l h e l p i n the e v a l u a t i o n of p r i o r i t i e s f o r p r o j e c t s w i t h the f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i v e s .

2. R&D on m u l t i s e c t o r a l t e c h n o l o g i e s . The aim i s t o i d e n t i f y and improve key technologies common to many i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r s . This c a l l s f o r cooperation between i n d u s t r y , research centres and u n i v e r s i t i e s .

In the l i g h t of the s t u d i e s already conducted and the requirements expressed by European i n d u s t r i a l i s t s , i t w i l l be necessary t o make a v a i l a b l e s u f f i c i e n t resources t o o b t a i n a r e a l break through by 1988 i n the f o l l o w i n g d i r e c t i o n s :

the development of new m a t e r i a l s (composites, s u p e r a l l o y s , polymers, ceramics, etc.) w i t h a higher performance or able t o r e p l a c e s t r a t e g i c .materials t h a t have t o be imported,

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- the improvement of r e l i a b i l i t y and wear r e s i s t a n c e ,

- the development of new techniques f o r shaDincr and workincr m a t e r i a l s , i n p a r t i c u l a r the use of l a s e r s ,

- the improvement of surface and membrane p r o p e r t i e s ,

- the development and improvement of welding and other j o n i n g techniques,

- the development of new techniques and instruments, e s p e c i a l l y f o r q u a l i t y c o n t r o l of products and f o r p o l l u t i o n measurements (see the o b j e c t i v e "Environmental p r o t e c t i o n " ) ,

- the development of c a t a l y t i c processes.

Many s e c t o r s i n c l u d i n g the motor, machine t o o l , non-ferrous, t r a n s p o r t and chemical i n d u s t r i e s w i l l b e n e f i t from the r e s u l t s obtained.

3. R&D f o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l renewal i n s p e c i f i c s e c t o r s The i n f r a t e c h n o l o g y of a se c t o r can be renewed by the combined use of convergent technologies such as computer-aided manufacturing, new m a t e r i a l s and new j o i n i n g techniques. These technologies have o f t e n been developed i n a d i f f e r e n t s e c t o r and have to be adapted to s p e c i f i c requirements and made compatible.

P r i o r i t y w i l l be given to the se c t o r s c u r r e n t l y most v u l n e r a b l e , such as the t e x t i l e , c l o t h i n g and s t e e l i n d u s t r i e s , and t o s e c t o r s of economic or s t r a t e g i c importance l i k e l y to b e n e f i t most from i n f r a t e c h n o l o g y renewal, such as t r a n s p o r t , machine t o o l s , b u i l d i n g and a g r i f o o d s t u f f s .

4. P i l o t or demonstration operations To speed up the renewal of i n f r a t e c h n o l o g y i n some s e c t o r s , i t w i l l be necessary not only t o keep manufacturers informed of the new p o s s i b i l i t i e s opened up by e a r l i e r research but a l s o to speed up t h e i r p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n i n the s e c t o r s concerned by means of p i l o t l a b o r a t o r y operations or even experimental demonstration o p e r a t i o n s w i t h i n companies themselves. These p r o j e c t s w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y be l i m i t e d i n number and the s e c t o r s , f i r m s , regions and c o u n t r i e s concerned w i l l be s e l e c t e d , i n c l o s e cooperation w i t h i n d u s t r y , mainly w i t h a view to maximizing the d e s i r e d snowball e f f e c t . The s t e e l and c l o t h i n g i n d u s t r i e s appear to m e r i t p r i o r i t y here.

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2.3. PROMOTING AND DEVELOPING NEW TECHNOLOGIES

2.3.1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information technology (IT) i s of s t r a t e g i c importance not only because of i t s f a r - r e a c h i n g impact on many economic and s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s but a l s o because of the s i z e of the i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r i t represents. I f curre n t growth r a t e s continue, t h i s s e c t o r w i l l by 1990 be the l a r g e s t i n manufacturing i n d u s t r y , w i t h a world turnover of around $ 600 thousand m i l l i o n . In t h i s s e c t o r , where competitiveness depends on t e c h n o l o g i c a l progress, the European i n d u s t r y i s a l l too o f t e n dependent on imported s o l u t i o n s and lags behind i n i n t r o d u c i n g the most recent t e c h n o l o g i e s . The competitiveness of the European IT i n d u s t r y i s a t stake and a la r g e R,D&D e f f o r t i s of the utmost importance i f Europe i s t o be brought to the t e c h n o l o g i c a l l e v e l of i t s American and Japanese competitors. Aware of what i s a t i s s u e , the Member States have launched or are pre p a r i n g major R,D&D programmes at n a t i o n a l l e v e l . The Community should not only help to concert n a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s but should a l s o , through p o w e r f u l l y c a t a l y t i c a c t i v i t i e s , encourage the intra-Community c o l l a b o r a t i o n necessary f o r reaching the s c a l e of a c t i v i t y s u f f i c i e n t to ensure e f f e c t i v e n e s s and f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n of common norms and standards.

The o b j e c t i v e s of the Community e f f o r t w i l l be as f o l l o w s :

1. R&D t o master b a s i c technologies

From the s t u d i e s conducted and n a t i o n a l experts consulted i t i s c l e a r t h a t the Community e f f o r t should be concentrated on the f o l l o w i n g f i v e f i e l d s simultaneously. I t i s not p o s s i b l e to narrow down the choice today because progress i n one f i e l d depends on progress made i n the oth e r s .

Microelectronics

The c o s t and performance of a l l modern e l e c t r o n i c systems depend on the progress made i n m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s and i n p a r t i c u l a r VLSI c i r c u i t s . Europe, which absorbs 20% of the i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t market but produces only 6%, cannot continue t o be dependent on the United States and Japan i n t h i s key f i e l d . A s u b s t a n t i a l e f f o r t i s necessary to develop i n Europe a design, manufacturing and t e s t c a p a c i t y f o r VLSI c i r c u i t s . To be co m p e t i t i v e , the work must focus on submicron geometries.

Software_engineering

Progress i n software i s as v i t a l as progress i n m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s i n making European products c o m p e t i t i v e . Software development i s c o s t l y and c a l l s f o r European-wide cooperation so as to make best use of the

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human resources a v a i l a b l e i n Europe. S u b s t a n t i a l progress must be made . i n software engineering, e s p e c i a l l y i n improving generating techniques f o r "reusable" modular software needed to c o n t r o l the new generation of advanced i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g systems.

Advanced i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g

The new generation of advanced systems w i l l enable man to communicate d i r e c t l y w i t h the machine, which w i l l operate i n a way more s i m i l a r to human reasoning, employing processes of a s s o c i a t i o n and deduction r a t h e r than c a l c u l a t i o n and data storage. The research must concern i n f o r m a t i o n science ( r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of knowledge, i n f e r e n t i a l and deductive techniques), storage and use of knowledge, s i g n a l process i n g , outside i n t e r f a c e s and new computer a r c h i t e c t u r e s . This research w i l l i n p a r t i c u l a r l e a d t o the design and o p e r a t i o n of expert systems.

O f f i c e automation

O f f i c e automation w i l l probably become the l a r g e s t market f o r IT. In the United S t a t e s , IBM and Xerox have so f a r spent more i n t h i s f i e l d than the whole of the European i n d u s t r y . The work should be concentrated on the many aspects of i n t e l l i g e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s between man and machine ( i n t e g r a t e d image-text-speech communication, document c r e a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n , e t c . ) . Of the o f f i c e automation f u n c t i o n s , machine t r a n s l a t i o n i s of p a r t i c u l a r importance a t Community l e v e l .

I n tegrated f l e x i b l e manufacturing

The whole of manufacturing i n d u s t r y , whether small f i r m s or b i g , w i l l b e n e f i t g r e a t l y from the development of i n t e g r a t e d systems combining computer-aided design, manufacturing, assembly, t e s t i n g and r e p a i r . Together w i t h o f f i c e automation, t h i s i s one of the i n f o r m a t i o n technology a p p l i c a t i o n s t h a t w i l l have the l a r g e s t market.

Research should r e l a t e i n p a r t i c u l a r to the a r c h i t e c t u r e of i n t e grated systems, r o b o t i c s and sensors and w i l l need f u r t h e r developments i n m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s and software.

2. S e t t i n g up of an i n t e r - l a b o r a t o r y communication system

An i n f o r m a t i o n exchange system l i n k i n g research c e n t r e s , u n i v e r s i t i e s and i n d u s t r i a l l a b o r a t o r i e s throughout the Community i s an e s s e n t i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e f o r the implementation of cooperative Community R&D p r o j e c t s .

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The system should supply a v a r i e t y of s e r v i c e s (exchange of i n f o r m a t i o n , exchange of codes and data banks and mutual access to computing f a c i l i t i e s by the p a r t n e r s i n the p r o j e c t ) and i t should be implemented mainly by using the communications f a c i l i t i e s s u p p l i e d by the p o s t a l and telecommunications a u t h o r i t i e s a t n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l and data p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t i e s s u p p l i e d by manufacturers. The Community e f f o r t should concentrate i n p a r t i c u l a r on the s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of h i g h - l e v e l p r o t o c o l s .

Research w i l l have to be c a r r i e d out to a s c e r t a i n the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and procedures f o r r a p i d implementation of the system, which w i l l be c o n t i n u a l l y modified i n the l i g h t of experience and could l a t e r be extended to the whole of the European research community.

3. A p p l i c a t i o n s development and user t r a i n i n g

E x p l o i t i n g t e c h n o l o g i c a l c a p i t a l so as to b r i n g to the marketplace new products t h a t are competitive and a t t r a c t i v e t o the user i s o b v i o u s l y a weak l i n k i n the i n n o v a t i o n process i n i n f o r m a t i o n technology i n Europe. An inadequate mastery of the b a s i c technologies i s not the o n l y reason f o r t h i s . Another i s the tendency of European i n d u s t r i a l i s t s and users t o p r e f e r imported s o l u t i o n s , which are regarded as l e s s r i s k y .

A greater e f f o r t t o develop IT a p p l i c a t i o n s and exchanges of experience would help to develop the European market and a l s o to improve the competitiveness of the i n d u s t r i e s t h a t would use the new technology. An e f f o r t on a Community s c a l e i s r e q u i r e d because s c a t t e r e d n a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s may do no more than open up a n a t i o n a l market and because the f i e l d of a p p l i c a t i o n s i s so v a s t t h a t there i s a r i s k of the new techniques not being introduced i n t o some f i e l d s u n t i l i t i s too l a t e .

The emphasis should be on s e c t o r s l i k e l y to b e n e f i t most from IT such as c o n v e n t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s , a g r i c u l t u r e , medecine, t r a n s p o r t , the nuclear i n d u s t r y , e t c .

Implementation of these a c t i v i t i e s i n the form of cooperative p r o j e c t s b r i n g i n g together users, i n d u s t r y and r e s e a r c h centres w i l l help to v i t a l i z e the i n d u s t r y / u s e r i n t e r f a c e and w i l l make a v i t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o user t r a i n i n g .

1 This o b j e c t i v e should be examined i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the chapter on the t e c h n o l o g i c a l renewal of s p e c i f i c s e c t o r s under the o b j e c t i v e "Improving and developing new techniques and new products f o r the c o n v e n t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s " .

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2.3.?, BIOTECHNOLOGY

The pragmatism which has so f a r h e l d sway i n the a p p l i c a t i o n of the l i f e s ciences w i l l i n the years ahead be transformed by the systematic and increased e x p l o i t a t i o n of the chemistry of s e l f - o r g a n i z i n g systems. Because of i t s p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s i n a wide range of a b s o l u t e l y v i t a l s e c t o r s , biotechnology i s a t o o l which may i n the long term fundamentally modify c u r r e n t technologies and improve European competitiveness.

The aim of the proposed s t r a t e g y i s th e r e f o r e to promote and improve the e f f i c a c y of p u b l i c and p r i v a t e measures i n t h i s f i e l d and t o create a favourable environment i n which European biotechnology can f l o u r i s h .

Biotechnology w i l l c r eate numerous products and s e r v i c e s and w i l l transform a c t i v i t i e s i n s e v e r a l major conventional s e c t o r s such as pharmaceuticals, f i n e chemicals, a g r i - f o o d s t u f f s , t h e environment and i n s p e c i a l i z e d s e c t o r s , some of which w i l l become of great importance, such as energy from biomass, o i l recovery, m i c r o b i a l metal l e a c h i n g , e t c .

Because of the wide v a r i e t y of p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s and the d i v e r s i t y of the s o l u t i o n s t h a t biotechnology has t o o f f e r , work and exchanges must go beyond the n a t i o n a l framework i n order to achieve optimum e f f i c i e n c y . A l s o the " c o n t e x t u a l " aspects ( e s p e c i a l l y i n the way of standards and r e g u l a tions) must be developed i n p a r a l l e l w i t h the resea r c h and i t s a p p l i c a t i o n s i f the l a t t e r are a c t u a l l y t o be undertaken, as was made c l e a r by the d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered i n the production of b i o p r o t e i n s . These co n t e x t u a l aspects o b v i o u s l y have a Community dimension. Consequently the o b j e c t i v e s are as f o l l o w s :

- m i s s i o n - o r i e n t e d research i n key s e c t o r s (50% of the t o t a l e f f o r t ) ,

- development of the a p p l i c a t i o n s of biotechnology (30%) ,

- support f o r European res e a r c h i n biotechnology by means of c o n t e x t u a l measures to f a c i l i t a t e i t (20%).

1. M i s s i o n - o r i e n t e d research i n key s e c t o r s of biotechnology

Here the main o b j e c t i s to s t i m u l a t e and promote Community research p r o j e c t s w i t h the long-term o b j e c t i v e of removing o b s t a c l e s t o the use of modern biochemical and genetic methods i n i n d u s t r y and a g r i c u l t u r e .

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These p r o j e c t s should i n c l u d e :

- fundamental s t u d i e s on the g e n e t i c s , p h y s i o l o g y and biochemistry of microorganisms t h a t can be used t o synthesize from simple and abundant m a t e r i a l s (carbon d i o x i d e , hydrogen and methanol) a wide range of complex compounds now obtained from imported l i q u i d hydrocarbons,

- improvement of methods f o r expression and t r a n s f e r of new g e n e t i c i n f o r m a t i o n i n organisms u s e f u l t o man,

- harnessing of enzymes, microorganisms and c e l l l i n e s f o r the production of high-value substances and the c o n t r o l of important processes,

- m i c r o b i a l p h y s i o l o g y s t u d i e s f o r improved understanding of f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g product y i e l d , s t r a i n s t a b i l i t y and r a t e of biomass p r o d u c t i o n ,

- p h o t o b i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h f o r the development of new b i o c o n v e r s i o n processes,

- d i l u t e e f f l u e n t p r o c e s s i n g techniques,

- computer systems f o r t h e o r e t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n and drawing of the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of b i o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e molecules,

- c r y o p r e s e r v a t i o n techniques f o r p l a n t c e l l s and t i s s u e s ,

- improved b a s i c knowledge of c e l l u l a r and molecular pathology and development of new i n - v i t r o pharmacological t e s t s and new m e d i c i n a l products, e s p e c i a l l y f o r p r e v e n t i v e treatment, which can only be developed i f p u b l i c funds are made a v a i l a b l e (see the o b j e c t i v e "Improving s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h " ) ,

- r e s e a r c h on the general t o p i c of b i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y .

2. Development of a p p l i c a t i o n s

In these development p r o j e c t s p r i o r i t y should be given to o b j e c t i v e s i d e n t i f i e d i n the framework programme; i n the long term they w i l l be the n a t u r a l extension of the research p r o j e c t s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r .

T h is o b j e c t i v e should be regarded i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the chapter on t e c h n o l o g i c a l renewal of s p e c i f i c s e c t o r s under the o b j e c t i v e "Improving and developing new techniques and new products f o r the c o n v e n t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s " .

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In the immediate f u t u r e the main emphasis w i l l be on p i l o t or demonstrat i o n p r o j e c t s i n the f o l l o w i n g f i e l d s :

- s o l a r energy and the use of biomass, - optimum land use and i n t e g r a t e d management, - enhancing the p r o f i t a b i l i t y of cu r r e n t a g r i c u l t u r a l products., - waste p r o c e s s i n g , - t r a n s f e r t o t r o p i c a l a g r i c u l t u r e of modern b i o t e c h n o l o g i c a l methods

and m a t e r i a l s , - use of modern b i o t e c h n o l o g i c a l methods and m a t e r i a l s i n the study

of n u t r i t i o n problems.

3. Contextual measures

The f o l l o w i n g c o n t e x t u a l measures have been i d e n t i f i e d :

a.encouraging Member States to develop centres of ex c e l l e n c e (with a s p e c i f i c w o r l d - c l a s s c a p a b i l i t y ) i n s e l e c t e d f i e l d s ; developing a European network based on these centres so t h a t the Community as a whole has a w o r l d - c l a s s c a p a b i l i t y i n a l l f i e l d s t h a t i s a c c e s s i b l e to each Member St a t e ;

b.promoting the set t i n g - u p of m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o j e c t teams i n u n i v e r s i t i e s and the exchange of s c i e n t i s t s between i n d u s t r y and the u n i v e r s i t i e s and between the d i f f e r e n t Community c o u n t r i e s , so as to develop the e s s e n t i a l human resources;

c.developing the q u a l i t y of supporting s e r v i c e s and f a c i l i t i e s so as t o improve the environment f o r biotechnology (e.g. l o g i s t i c support by developing European c u l t u r e c o l l e c t i o n s and a s s o c i a t e d data banks);

d.improving the European p o s i t i o n i n res p e c t of i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y so as t o p r o t e c t i t and f a c i l i t a t e i t s use.

Measures a. and b. above w i l l p a r t l y be d e a l t w i t h through the o u t l i n e p l a n f o r s t i m u l a t i o n (see goal 7 ) .

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GOAL 2 : PROMOTING INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS

Approximative breakdown between the s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s .

2.1. Removing and reducing impediments

S p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s

- Nuclear reference m a t e r i a l s and techniques (energy and medical a p p l i c a t i o n s )

- Dimensional, mechanical, e l e c t r i c a l , o p t i c a l and temperature metrology

- Chemical analyses (metals, food and p o l l u t a n t s )

- P h y s i c a l and t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s

45

25

15

15

2.2. Improving and developing new techniques and products f o r the conventional i n d u s t r i e s


- Forward s t u d i e s and observation

- R&D on m u l t i s e c t o r a l t e chnologies ( l a s e r s , new m a t e r i a l s , etc.)

- S e c t o r a l R&D ( s t e e l , t e x t i l e s , c l o t h i n g , t r a n s p o r t , etc.)

- P i l o t or demonstration operations t o speed up i n f r a t e c h n o l o g y modernization i n c e r t a i n i n d u s t r i e s ( s t e e l , t e x t i l e s , etc.)

%

< 3

40

40

20

(S)

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2.73. Promoting and developing new t e c h n o l o g i e s

2.3.1. Information technology


- R&D t o master b a s i c t e c h n o l o g i e s : m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s , software e n g i n e e r i n g , advanced i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g , o f f i c e automation and i n t e g r a t e d f l e x i b l e manufacturing

- S e t t i n g up of an i n t e r - l a b o r a t o r y communication system needed f o r intra-Community cooperation i n R&D

70

5

- Development of a p p l i c a t i o n s (conventional i n d u s t r i e s , n u c l e a r , a g r i c u l t u r e , medecine, etc.) 25

2.3.2. Biotechnology


- Support f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h i n key s e c t o r s 50

30

20

- Strengthening o f the European'position by a p p l i c a t i o n s o f biotechnology

- C o n t e x t u a l measures

I f the Community a c t i o n i s t o be s i g n i f i c a n t and make an e f f e c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o improving Europe's i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness i n comparison t o i t s main r i v a l s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o a l l o c a t e funds t o t a l l i n g more than 1 000 m i l l i o n ECU ( i n constant 1982 values) f o r the p e r i o d 1984-87, broken down as f o l l o w s amongst the major o b j e c t i v e s :

Removing and reducing impediments 30 m i l l i o n ECU

- Conventional i n d u s t r i e s 35Q m i l l i o n ECU

- New t e c h n o l o g i e s 680 m i l l i o n ECU

Inform a t i o n technology 600 m i l l i o n ECU Biotechnology 80 million ECU

This breakdown between the identified objectives w i l l be reviewed as the implementation of the relevant actions w i l l proceed.

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3. IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF RAW MATERIALS

3.1. OPTIMUM USE OF RAW MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION

Over and above f o s s i l f u e l s , f o r which i t s degree of dependence i s w e l l known, the Community i s h e a v i l y dependent on imports t o cover i t s requirements f o r most renewable and non-renewable raw m a t e r i a l s . I t s dependence on outside sources i s put a t 75% f o r a l l the products i t needs most. I t i s 100% or c l o s e t o i t f o r m a t e r i a l s such as phosphates, chromium, c o b a l t , manganese, molybdenum, platinum, t i t a n i u m , vanadium, niobium and tantalum. This s i t u a t i o n i s f u r t h e r aggravated by the uneven d i s t r i b u t i o n of raw m a t e r i a l resources throughout the world. More than t h r e e - q u a r t e r s of the proven or estimated reserves of numerous raw m a t e r i a l s are concentrated i n a small number of c o u n t r i e s , a l l o u t s i d e the Community.

Aware of the i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s s i t u a t i o n , the European c o u n t r i e s have taken steps to secure r e g u l a r s u p p l i e s of these e s s e n t i a l m a t e r i a l s . The range of measures i n c l u d e s the d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f sources of supply, s t o c k p i l i n g , i n c r e a s i n g s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y , more frequent use of secondary (recycled) raw m a t e r i a l s , development of own resources of renewable m a t e r i a l s (such as wood) and the replacement of scarce m a t e r i a l s by others t h a t can be obtained more e a s i l y .

Community rese a r c h w i l l help the Community t o become l e s s dependent on outside sources by b u i l d i n g up i t s own p r o d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l and making optimum use of the raw m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e .

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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1• M i n e r a l s

E x p l o r a t i o n of de p o s i t s

The emphasis w i l l be on the pr o s p e c t i n g of d e p o s i t s a t great depths and the development of o f f s h o r e methods. The f i e l d s to be given Community support i n c l u d e :

- e x p l o r a t i o n f o r d e p o s i t s a t great depths; improvements i n remote sensing and s t u d i e s on the genesis, s t r u c t u r e and composition of the f i r s t 2-3 km of the earth's c r u s t u s i n g a m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y approach;

- the improvement of p r e d i c t i o n models;

- data i n t e r p r e t a t i o n techniques;

- c o o r d i n a t i o n and improvement of in f o r m a t i o n and data exchange systems;

- research on the marine environment.

Ore e x t r a c t i o n and treatment and mining technology

Community a c t i v i t i e s should be d i r e c t e d towards the development of advanced technologies f o r :

- e x p l o i t i n g l e a n and complex ores;

- making marginal d e p o s i t s workable by improving mining s a f e t y , ore e x t r a c t i o n and haulage methods i n the mines and techniques f o r working d e p o s i t s w i t h a high content and low tonnage;

- improving f i n e s recovery;

- saving energy;

- improving the a p p l i c a t i o n of g e o s t a t i s t i c s and the mo d e l l i n g of mineworking;

- improving the design and performance of i n d u s t r i a l ore f l o t a t i o n and treatment p l a n t s .

2. Wood

The Community has to import i n order to cover more than h a l f of i t s requirements f o r wood and products made from wood. In order of importance, t h i s f o r e i g n trade d e f i c i t comes j u s t a f t e r o i l . Consumption i s now

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i n c r e a s i n g f a s t e r than domestic production and the growing d e f i c i t c a l l s f o r f o r c e f u l a c t i o n s by the Community, i n p a r t i c u l a r through i t s R,D&D programmes.

Research on wood w i l l t h e r e f o r e have two o b j e c t i v e s : t o reduce dependence on out s i d e sources and improve the economic v i a b i l i t y of the wood i n d u s t r i e s . Obviously these o b j e c t i v e s are c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o two other s e c t i o n s of the framework programme, i n d u s t r y and a g r i c u l t u r e , or .more s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r e s t r y .

For timber p r o d u c t i o n , the emphasis i n the Community should be on i n c r e a s i n g the q u a n t i t y and improving the q u a l i t y of wood f o r i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . There are a l s o other more s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s :

- T e c h n o l o g i c a l problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the processing of wood and i t s use i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n and f u r n i t u r e i n d u s t r i e s .

- P r o c e s s i n g of wood and s i m i l a r organic m a t e r i a l s i n t o f i b r e products. P r i o r i t y should be given to new methods of making pulp from wood, techniques f o r producing b e t t e r pulp from straw and other ligneous organic f i b r e s and the adaptation of paper and board manufacturing processes to the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the new pulp produced;

- Chemical and b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s i n g of wood and the by-products of the timber i n d u s t r y (biotechnology a p p l i c a t i o n s are found h e r e ) , i n p a r t i c u l a r the improvement of methods of sepa r a t i n g the c o n s t i t u e n t s of wood and i t s by-products and of processes f o r the use of l i g n i n , h e m i - c e l l u l o s e and c e l l u l o s e .

3. R e c y c l i n g

Community R,D&D p r o j e c t s i n t h i s f i e l d are j u s t i f i e d not only because they w i l l help t o improve the Community's raw m a t e r i a l s i t u a t i o n but al s o because of t h e i r u s e f u l e f f e c t s on the environment and the energy balance ( f o r example conversion of waste i n t o f u e l ) . Research on r e c y c l i n g o f t e n has very c l o s e l i n k s w i t h other o b j e c t i v e s under the headings of a g r i c u l t u r e , biotechnology, environmental p r o t e c t i o n , et c .

The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s of the Community a c t i v i t i e s concerning r e c y c l i n g w i l l be :

- improvement of waste s o r t i n g and pr o c e s s i n g techniques (mechanical and thermal) and the upgrading of products;

- p r o c e s s i n g of a g r i c u l t u r a l , f o r e s t r y and organic waste (see the o b j e c t i v e s " A g r i c u l t u r e " and "Biotechnology");

- advanced techniques f o r the recovery of s t r a t e g i c metals;

- the r e f i n i n g of secondary metals and other advanced techniques.

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4. S u b s t i t u t i o n and m a t e r i a l s technology

To reduce the r i s k s of shortages and cut the d e f i c i t on i t s trade balance, the Community must promote R,D&D p r o j e c t s y i e l d i n g a b e t t e r knowledge of m a t e r i a l s so t h a t optimum use can be made of the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of r e p l a c i n g s t r a t e g i c substances by more common elements, f o r example the s u b s t i t u t i o n of chromium, s i l v e r , t i n , tungsten and c o b a l t which are e s s e n t i a l m a t e r i a l s i n the e l e c t r i c a l , e l e c t r o n i c and machine-tool i n d u s t r i e s , f o r the treatment of surfaces and f o r f a c i n g s .

Apart from improving the Community's economic independence, research i n t h i s f i e l d w i l l make a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the o b j e c t i v e s concerning the environment, energp and above a l l i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness. That i s why s u b s t i t u t i o n and m a t e r i a l s technology are i n c l u d e d under the o b j e c t i v e "Improving and developing new techniques and new products f o r the conventional i n d u s t r i e s " .

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GOAL 3 : IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF RAW MATERIALS

Approximate breakdown between the s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s .

3.1. Optimum use of raw m a t e r i a l s


- M i n e r a l s

. e x p l o r a t i o n

. e x t r a c t i o n , treatment, mining technology

- Wood

- R e c y c l i n g

25

40

65

25

10

For reasons of e f f e c t i v e n e s s , the funds to be a l l o c a t e d t o t h i s o b j e c t i v e a t Community l e v e l d u r i n g the p e r i o d 1984-87 should be a t l e a s t 8 0 m i l l i o n ECU ( i n constant 1982 v a l u e s ) .

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4. IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY RESOURCES AND REDUCING ENERGY DEPENDENCE

The need f o r the Community t o face up to the energy challenge has f r e q u e n t l y been r e a f f i r m e d by the European C o u n c i l over the l a s t few years.

The Community's energy s t r a t e g y u n d e r l i n e s the l o g i c of a wide-ranging community a c t i v i t y i n the energy f i e l d , as w e l l as the need f o r an increased e f f o r t to speed up the r e d u c t i o n i n dependence on o i l (energy savings,development of s u b s t i t u t e energy sources, and d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n of supply and demand) and f a c i l i t a t e the adjustment of Community i n d u s t r y to the energy market.

Since 1974 t h i s Community go a l has been given the g r e a t e s t weighting i n s c i e n t i f i c terms. By the year 2000, without r e t a i n i n g absolute p r i o r i t y , the p u r s u i t of t h i s g o a l should mean nonetheless a strengthening and above a l l an expansion of the corresponding R,D&D a c t i v i t i e s geared to the f o l l o w i n g major o b j e c t i v e s : independence, long-term s e c u r i t y of supply, competitiveness and s a f e t y .

At Community l e v e l , the develoment of nuclear f i s s i o n energy must above a l l be viewed from the standpoint of nuclear s a f e t y and the s p e c i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t h a t Community R,D&D can make t o the acceptance of t h i s form of energy, thanks among other th i n g s to wide-ranging work which, over and above the s c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t s i t c o n t r i b u t e s because of i t s exemplary v a l u e , the consensus i t demonstrates and the independence appropriate to Community work, w i l l be capable of e x e r t i n g a p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e on the nuclear controversy.

Research i n the f i e l d of c o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear f u s i o n has, s i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n , been c a r r i e d out i n the context of a coordinated Community programme. The C o u n c i l f e l t t h a t , given on the one hand the c o n t r i b u t i o n which f u s i o n could make t o energy s u p p l i e s i n the long term, and on the other hand the s c a l e of the e f f o r t needed t o reach the stage a t which t h i s technology could be a p p l i e d , work which had been c a r r i e d out u n t i l then i n i t s v a r i o u s phases of development should be continued on a j o i n t b a s i s .

The development of renewable energy sources i s not only intended to increase Europe's independence as f a r as energy i s concerned but a l s o to promote i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness and a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y as w e l l as strengthening a i d to developing c o u n t r i e s . A s p e c i a l e f f o r t needs t o be made i n t h i s very wide f i e l d t o promote, a t Community l e v e l , those a c t i v i t i e s which are most l i k e l y to b e n e f i t from the Community dimension.

R,D&D i n the se c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the optimum use of f o s s i l f u e l s , i n p a r t i c u l a r the increased use of c o a l and other s o l i d f u e l s , the production and use of s y n t h e t i c f u e l s , energy c o n s e r v a t i o n , the optimum use of heat (production, t r a n s p o r t and storage) and new uses of e l e c t r i c i t y , coupled w i t h systems a n a l y s i s and energy pl a n n i n g s t u d i e s , must enable energy to be used r a t i o n a l l y , thus c o n t r i b u t i n g to the aim of i n c r e a s i n g independence, d i v e r s i f y i n g energy sources and o p t i m i z i n g c o s t s .

1 com(81)540 f i n a l : "The development of an energy s t r a t e g y f o r the Community".

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4.1. DEVELOPING NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY (IN PARTICULAR ITS SAFETY ASPECTS)

INTRODUCTION

The development of nuclear f i s s i o n energy i s one of the main ways of reducing, through the d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n of energy sources, the Community's dependence on o i l . The c o n t i n u a t i o n of a r e s o l u t e nuclear programme i s therefore,an e s s e n t i a l aspect of European energy p o l i c y . The Community s t r a t e g y provides f o r the c o n s o l i d a t i o n and i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n of research a c t i v i t i e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r i n the general f i e l d s of nuclear s a f e t y , h e a l t h and environmental p r o t e c t i o n , and f i s s i l e m a t e r i a l s safeguards. The European Parliament has adopted a r e s o l u t i o n approving and confirming t h i s s t r a t e g y upon which the C o u n c i l a l s o took a favourable p o s i t i o n . I t should a l s o be r e c a l l e d t h a t the nuclear o p t i o n embraces the development of the e n t i r e f u e l c y c l e , i n c l u d i n g r e p r o c e s s i n g and f a s t r e a c t o r s .

I t i s w i t h t h i s i n mind t h a t the present g u i d e l i n e s f o r Community R&D have been drawn up.

ORIENTATIONS

Community R,D&D a c t i v i t i e s w i l l t h e r e f o r e be mainly d i r e c t e d towards the s a f e t y aspects, i . e . the p r o t e c t i o n of workers and the general p u b l i c a g a i n s t nuclear hazards. In t h i s manner Community research can e x e r t a p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e on the nuclear controversy, by p r o v i d i n g o b j e c t i y e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t transcends the n a t i o n a l dimension. By h e l p i n g to harmonize n a t i o n a l approaches to s a f e t y , Community a c t i o n a l s o a s s i s t s i n promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness by reducing the b a r r i e r s t o i n t r a -European tr a d e .

At i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , there i s an i n c r e a s i n g l y marked tendency t o cooperate i n the general f i e l d of nuclear s a f e t y , a t r e n d which i s considered extremely favourable f o r the development of t h i s energy source and w i l l be taken i n t o account by Community a c t i o n .

The main areas taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n are r e a c t o r s a f e t y , the management and storage of r a d i o a c t i v e waste, r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n , f i s s i l e m a t e r i a l s safeguards, the decommissioning of nuclear p l a n t s , and- i n the remainder of the f u e l c y c l e t h a t has already reached the i n d u s t r i a l stage- c e r t a i n s a f e t y aspects which c a l l f o r Community a c t i o n .

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Reactor s a f e t y The l i g h t water r e a c t o r concept has already reached i n d u s t r i a l and commercial m a t u r i t y : over two hundred r e a c t o r s of t h i s type are i n s e r v i c e throughout the world. The d i s s e m i n a t i o n of t h i s technology and the impact i t has had on s o c i e t y c a l l f o r f u r t h e r research on s a f e t y .

1

2

COM (82) 36 f i n a l : An Energy Strategy f o r the Community : the Nuclear Aspects.

Energy C o u n c i l of 13 J u l y 1982.

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The main reasons r e s i d e i n the need to assess more a c c u r a t e l y the s a f e t y margins - and thus increase the a v a i l a b i l i t y - of r e a c t o r s , t o e s t a b l i s h a j o i n t approach to s a f e t y standards, and to f a c i l i t a t e the d e c i s i o n making process. Furthermore, a Community research programme can c o n t r i b u t e to b e t t e r p u b l i c acceptance of t h i s energy source.

The a c t i o n s , t a k e n by the Community i n t h i s area should t h e r e f o r e pursue the f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i v e s :

- t o e x p l o i t to the f u l l the operating data from the 80 of so r e a c t o r s c u r r e n t l y i n s e r v i c e i n the Member S t a t e s , which provide an i r r e p l a ceable data base f o r improving our knowledge of the r e l i a b i l i t y of the p l a n t , systems and components, and of the e f f e c t of human f a c t o r s on s a f e t y . Using these data, p r o b a b i l i s t i c methods - whose development should be continued - w i l l enable r i s k assessment to be improved;

- to develop d i f f e r e n t a c cident p r e v e n t i o n techniques and methodologies, f o c u s i n g i n p a r t i c u l a r on monitoring systems, i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and i n s p e c t i o n techniques;

- t o improve our knowledge of the mechanisms governing a c c i d e n t s , by combining t h e o r e t i c a l and experimental research, i n order t o improve the c a l c u l a t i o n codes used f o r s a f e t y analyses. The comparison of the d i f f e r e n t codes, the d i s s e m i n a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n and the p r e s e n t a t i o n of the codes v a l i d a t e d i n the l i g h t of t h i s work to t h e i r p o t e n t i a l users are a l l f a c t o r s t h a t should b r i n g about a gradual harmonization of nuclear s a f e t y analyses a t European l e v e l ?

- to improve, by means of i n - p i l e and o u t - o f - p i l e experiments, the knowledge of a c c i d e n t sequences, w i t h a view to e s t a b l i s h i n g r u l e s f o r the behaviour of operators i n the event of an emergency.

These o b j e c t i v e s should be pursued i n p a r a l l e l w i t h an e f f o r t t o s t i m u l a t e the exchange of i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n the Community, which w i l l provide the i n d i s p e n s a b l e t e c h n i c a l b a s i s f o r harmonizing s a f e t y guides and p r a c t i c e s at European l e v e l .

The f i r s t commercial-size f a s t r e a c t o r f o r power generation i s c u r r e n t l y being b u i l t i n Europe; the sodium-cooled f a s t breeder r e a c t o r design has t h e r e f o r e not yet been developed to the same degree as the l i g h t water concept. Safety research i s s t i l l necessary i n order to prepare more e f f e c t i v e l y f o r the widespread use of these r e a c t o r s on an i n d u s t r i a l s c a l e . The main f e a t u r e s of such research w i l l be a c c i d e n t p r e v e n t i o n , the study of f u e l and core behaviour i n abnormal o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s (covering the v a r i o u s accident phases up to and i n c l u d i n g the disassembly st a g e ) , the study of the behaviour of s t r u c t u r e s and components under loads corresponding to these h y p o t h e t i c a l a c c i d e n t s , and the e v a l u a t i o n of p o s t - a c c i d e n t c o n d i t i o n s . These s t u d i e s should l e a d to the establishment of a common b a s i s f o r c a l c u l a t i o n codes t h a t would be w i d e l y accepted and capable of harmonizing the approach to the s a f e t y of these r e a c t o r s a t European l e v e l and h e l p i n g to remove the b a r r i e r s to trade i n f a s t r e a c t o r components.

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In a more general context, i . e . without any reference to a s p e c i f i c r e a c t o r concept, s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n w i l l be devoted to man-machine i n t e r a c t i o n and ergonomics, as w e l l as t o the i n t r o d u c t i o n of new technologies ( i n p a r t i c u l a r i n f o r m a t i o n technology a p p l i c a t i o n s ) i n t h i s i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r (see a l s o the o b j e c t i v e s "Improving s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h " and "Promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness").

A l l these o b j e c t i v e s can only be a t t a i n e d through a balanced combination of t h e o r e t i c a l and experimental research. The l a t t e r aspect r e q u i r e s the use of l a r g e f a c i l i t i e s and m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y teams of a high standard, and should be c a r r i e d out w i t h the widest p o s s i b l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l coo p e r a t i o n . Such cooperation should be r e f l e c t e d a t Community l e v e l i n a p o o l i n g of e f f o r t s around major experiments, conducted e i t h e r i n Community research centres or i n n a t i o n a l centres w i t h Community p a r t i c i p a t i o n . T h i s would a l s o f a c i l i t a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n , the r e s u l t s of which would be a v a i l a b l e t o a l l the Member S t a t e s .

2. The Community has s e v e r a l decades of experience i n the management of r a d i o a c t i v e wastes; however, the u l t i m a t e stage i n the c y c l e - f i n a l d i s p o s a l - i s c a r r i e d out only i n the case of l o w - a c t i v i t y , r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t - l i v e d wastes. The aim of Community R, D&D i s t h e r e f o r e t o demonstrate a complete management scheme t h a t ensures at every stage the p r o t e c t i o n of man and h i s environment.

The twelve-year (1980-92) Community p l a n of a c t i o n on r a d i o a c t i v e waste , which the C o u n c i l approved i n 1980, provides f o r i n d i s p e n s a b l e Community c o n s u l t a t i o n , as w e l l as the guidance and c o n t i n u i t y of the a c t i v i t i e s conducted i n t h i s f i e l d . The o b j e c t i v e s pursued by Community a c t i o n w i l l be :

- as f a r as the waste treatment, c o n d i t i o n i n g and handling phase are concerned : . the o p t i m i z a t i o n of the e x i s t i n g methods f o r low- and medium-activity wastes and the p r o v i s i o n of more economical, s a f e r and more e f f i c i e n t methods;

. the development of processes f o r i m m o b i l i z i n g c e r t a i n h i g h - a c t i v i t y , l o n g - l i v e d wastes i n s u i t a b l e s o l i d forms w i t h a view to f i n a l storage;

. the development of s i m i l a r processes f o r gaseous wastes, since i t may no longer be p o s s i b l e i n f u t u r e t o discharge them as e f f l u e n t s .

1 O.J. C 51, 29.2.1980, p. 1.

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In a d d i t i o n to t h i s work, c r i t e r i a should be drawn up f o r the q u a l i t y of wastes w i t h a view to t h e i r storage;

- as regards the f i n a l d i s p o s a l of h i g h - a c t i v i t y wastes:

. the demonstration, by means of the design, engineering and ope r a t i o n of experimental underground chambers and prototype f a c i l i t i e s , of the f e a s i b i l i t y of f i n a l d i s p o s a l i n deep c o n t i n e n t a l g e o l o g i c a l formations ( s a l t , g r a n i t e , c l a y , e t c . ) ;

. the e v a l u a t i o n , by means of l a b o r a t o r y experiments and i n - s i t u t e s t s , of the f e a s i b i l i t y of the f i n a l storage method c o n s i s t i n g of b u r i a l under the ocean sediments;

. the e v a l u a t i o n of the s a f e t y of the d i f f e r e n t f i n a l d i s p o s a l options by developing r i s k a n a l y s i s methodologies and by modelling phenomena on the b a s i s of experimental r e s u l t s . This approach compensates f o r the f a c t t h a t very long-term s a f e t y cannot be demonstrated d i r e c t l y , and i t w i l l be r e f i n e d i n the l i g h t of a l l the experimental achievements.

I f these o b j e c t i v e s are to be a t t a i n e d , the Community R,D&D e f f o r t -which has f o r s e v e r a l years pooled a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n of the Member S t a t e s ' a c t i v i t i e s , concerning f i n a l d i s p o s a l i n p a r t i c u l a r must be continued without i n t e r r u p t i o n .

European cooperation and Community c o o r d i n a t i o n should be strengthened, as w e l l as i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation i n the wider sense, since i t i s on l y through j o i n t e f f o r t s t h a t f i n a l d i s p o s a l w i l l be demonstrated c o n v i n c i n g l y to p u b l i c o p i n i o n .

3. The problems r a i s e d by nuclear p l a n t s withdrawn from s e r v i c e are of general i n t e r e s t and c a l l f o r Community a c t i o n on the decommissioning of nuclear p l a n t s . The aims should be t o improve and develop new s p e c i a l i z e d decommissioning techniques, and to t e s t them i n r e a l - s e r v i c e c o n d i t i o n s during major decommissioning operations undertaken i n the Member S t a t e s . The problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the p o s s i b l e re-use of the m a t e r i a l s recovered w i l l a l s o be t a c k l e d .

4. The other stages i n the f u e l c y c l e , namely f a b r i c a t i o n , enrichment and rep r o c e s s i n g , which have reached i n d u s t r i a l and commercial m a t u r i t y , should not i n themselves be the subject of Community research, except p o s s i b l y on c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c aspects of general i n t e r e s t t h a t always have a bearing on s a f e t y (aeroso l s , f o r example).

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5. The methods f o r p r o t e c t i n g workers and the general p u b l i c a g a i n s t the r a d i a t i o n emitted throughout the f u e l c y c l e and the monitoring of i t s consequences c o n s t i t u t e a p r i o r i t y Community o b j e c t i v e . The b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n - e s p e c i a l l y the e f f e c t of low doses - should be stu d i e d i n order to evaluate r i s k s r e a l i s t i c a l l y (see the o b j e c t i v e "Improving s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h " ) .

6. The importance and economic impact of safeguards and the need t o e s t a b l i s h a European s t r a t e g y on t h i s i s s u e f o r the n i n e t i e s r e q u i r e a major a c t i o n to be taken by the Community and n a t i o n a l e f f o r t s to be concerted. In order to f a c i l i t a t e the implementation of m u l t i n a t i o n a l (Euratom) and i n t e r n a t i o n a l (IAEA) safeguards systems, work conducted by the Community w i l l be geared to developing instrumentation f o r the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , measurement, confinement and s u r v e i l l a n c e of nuclear m a t e r i a l s , and e v a l u a t i n g the i n - p l a n t performance of such instrumenta t i o n ; developing a f u n c t i o n a l , i n t e g r a t e d data assessment and tra n s m i s s i o n system; and studying or developing methodologies f o r the parametric a n a l y s i s and o p t i m i z a t i o n of safeguards techniques i n d i f f e r e n t types of p l a n t or i n the f u e l c y c l e . A l l these a c t i v i t i e s w i l l give due regard to i n d u s t r i a l needs i n Europe and the increase i n the amount of nuclear m a t e r i a l s i n c i r c u l a t i o n .

7. In order t o achieve the aims mentioned i n t h i s p l a n , i t i s necessary t o have a number of accurate, u n i v e r s a l l y - a c c e p t e d nuclear data; the development of the nuclear i n d u s t r y and the a p p l i c a t i o n of nuclear techniques i n other f i e l d s make i t necessary to have nuclear reference m a t e r i a l s (see a l s o the o b j e c t i v e "Removing or reducing impediments").

8. L a s t l y , fundamental research should not be absent from the Community's concerns i n the nuclear f i e l d , and an a c t i v i t y compatible w i t h the above-mentioned o b j e c t i v e s w i l l be maintained i n research on a c t i n i d e s , i n which the Community has f o r many years been i n the f o r e f r o n t .

S p e c i a l mention should be made of the high f l u x r e a c t o r (HFR) a t the J o i n t Research Centre's Petten Establishment, which i s used f o r i r r a d i a t i n g f u e l s and s t r u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l s as p a r t of the r e a c t o r s a f e t y a c t i v i t i e s , i n v e s t i g a t i n g the st r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l s f o r the f u s i o n programme and producing r a d i o - i s o t o p e s .

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4.2. CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION

INTRODUCTION

Since thermonuclear f u s i o n i s one of the p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s to the l o n g -term energy problem, huge research programmes were embarked upon as soon as the Second World War was over i n order to b r i n g thermonuclear f u s i o n out of the realm of theory and i n t o t h a t of r e a l i t y .

OBJECTIVES FOR COMMUNITY R,D&D

Three major o b j e c t i v e s w i l l have t o be f u l f i l l e d i n t u r n :

- s c i e n t i f i c f e a s i b i l i t y , which i t i s hoped to demonstrate i n the e i g h t i e s by the l a r g e tokamak experiments, the c o n s t r u c t i o n work f o r which i s almost completed (JET i n the European Community, TFTR i n the US and JT 60 i n Japan);

- t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y , i n p a r t i c u l a r as regards the l a r g e - s c a l e production and handling of t r i t i u m , the st r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l s , remote handling, superconducting c o i l s and conversion of the f u s i o n energy, which i s to be demonstrated by the extremely l a r g e and c o s t l y machines c u r r e n t l y envisaged : NET i n Europe, ETR i n the United S t a t e s , FER i n Japan, INTOR under a j o i n t p r o j e c t grouping together the European Community, the United S t a t e s , the S o v i e t Union and Japan, and other machines t h a t could be b u i l t i n the context of i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation;

- l a s t l y , commercial f e a s i b i l i t y , which could be demonstrated a t the beginning of the next century u s i n g an experimental power r e a c t o r r e f e r r e d t o as DEMO.

This w i l l be a long and c o s t l y endeavour, and i t seems u n l i k e l y t h a t energy w i l l be produced i n d u s t r i a l l y from nuclear f u s i o n on a l a r g e s c a l e before some f i f t y years hence; by then, world R,D&D expenditure w i l l probably have exceeded 100 000 m i l l i o n ECU.

Europe leads the f i e l d i n research on f u s i o n r e a c t o r s based on the magnetic confinement p r i n c i p l e , and the European programme - which-groups together under Community c o o r d i n a t i o n a l l the Member S t a t e s ' a c t i v i t i e s , i n t h i s f i e l d - should be continued without r e s p i t e . I t i s necessary t o pursue e f f o r t s aimed a t demonstrating the s c i e n t i f i c f e a s i b i l i t y of f u s i o n , w h i le a t the same time undertaking new e f f o r t s t o demonstrate i t s t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y . European cooperation and c o o r d i n a t i o n by the Commission should be strengthened, since i t i s o n l y through j o i n t a c t i o n t h a t the Member Stat e s w i l l be able to take up the challenge of f u s i o n . The o p o r t u n i t i e s f o r cooperating w i t h the other world programmes should a t the same time be f u l l y e x p l o i t e d .

The s t r a t e g y u n d e r l y i n g the European programme c o n s i s t s of the f o l l o w i n g :

- c a r r y i n g out a s u b s t a n t i a l programme on the tokamak concept with., a view

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to b u i l d i n g a demonstration r e a c t o r , completing the f i r s t stage of t h i s programme (the JET p r o j e c t and i t s extensions) and c a r r y i n g out programmes to back up work on the tokamak c o n f i g u r a t i o n ;

- c o n t i n u i n g to develop the technology necessary f o r the second stage of the tokamak programme (NET) i n accordance w i t h the g u i d e l i n e s emerging from the conceptual s t u d i e s ;

- studying a l t e r n a t i v e confinement systems t h a t are l i k e l y t o l e a d to a f u s i o n r e a c t o r , p r e f e r a b l y i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h other world f u s i o n programmes, i n p a r t i c u l a r i n the United S t a t e s ;

- examining towards the end of the e i g h t i e s the r e s u l t s of JET and of s i m i l a r experiments t h a t are to be c a r r i e d out elsewhere and d e c i d i n g whether to go ahead w i t h the second stage of the tokamak programme.

Simultaneously w i t h these a c t i v i t i e s , s t u d i e s are being c a r r i e d out on fusion r e a c t o r systems i n order to keep c o n s t a n t l y abreast of the s t a t e of the a r t and t o hol d the programme on course towards i t s u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e -the demonstration r e a c t o r (DEMO).

The C o u n c i l D e c i s i o n of 25 May 1982 adopted the 1982-86 programme, which has a budget of 620 m i l l i o n ECU, c o n s i s t i n g of 319 m i l l i o n ECU f o r the JET pr o j e c t and 301 m i l l i o n ECU f o r the r e s t of the programme. Some 1000 researchers are i n v o l v e d i n the Community programme.

This recent D e c i s i o n has th e r e f o r e l a i d down the g u i d e l i n e s f o r R,D&D i n t h i s area u n t i l 1986, and the long-term goal on f u s i o n i s thus being d e l i b e r a t e l y and r e s o l u t e l y pursued. The corresponding a c t i v i t i e s designed to demonstrate the s c i e n t i f i c f e a s i b i l i t y of f u s i o n and t a c k l i n g the problem of demonstrating i t s t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y should r e c e i v e throughout the d u r a t i o n of t h i s framework programme f i n a n c i a l resources t h a t w i l l remain f a i r l y constant i n the case of p h y s i c s research, but w i l l i n c r e a s e considerably f o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l research.

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4.3. DEVELOPING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

INTRODUCTION

Under the Community's energy supply stragegy , the development of renewable energy sources i s one of the p r i o r i t y o b j e c t i v e s ; t h i s w i l l c o n t r i b u t e to a more r a p i d r e d u c t i o n i n o i l dependence and help i n adapting Community i n d u s t r y to the energy market.

As regards the renewable energies, which are a t t r a c t i v e because of t h e i r d e c e n t r a l i z e d nature and the p o s s i b i l i t i e s they o f f e r f o r g a i n i n g some independence from imports, a l a r g e number of a c t i v i t i e s have been embarked upon t h a t pave the way f o r a p p l i c a t i o n s i n the short , medium and long term.

A considerable e f f o r t nevertheless remains to be made i n order to demonstrate t h e i r t e c h n i c a l and economic f e a s i b i l i t y and to increase the chances of a market developing f o r the devices t h a t use these energy sources.

The development of such a market would be b e n e f i c i a l both i n reducing the Community's energy dependence and i n terms of employment.

The c o n t r i b u t i o n of the renewable energies should almost double during t h i s decade and reach the f i g u r e of approximately 26 m i l l i o n TOE/y by 1990. I f due regard i s given to the investment needed t o develop t h i s energy production c a p a c i t y , the b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s on employment of the implementation of these new technologies are evident.

A l s o , the a c t i v i t i e s to be undertaken i n t h i s area w i l l not only work towards the main goal of "Improving the management of energy resources", but w i l l a t the same time c o n t r i b u t e t o other o b j e c t i v e s such as improving the environment, i n c r e a s i n g i n d u s t r i a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l competitiveness and a s s i s t i n g the developing c o u n t r i e s .

The f o l l o w i n g paragraphs w i l l d i s c u s s the main renewable energy sources : d i r e c t s o l a r energy, biomass, wind power, geothermal energy and hydroe l e c t r i c power, each p r o v i d i n g the t a r g e t f o r a s p e c i f i c research o b j e c t i v e . P r i o r i t y w i l l be given to d i r e c t s o l a r energy, biomass and geothermal energy, f o l l o w e d by wind and h y d r o e l e c t r i c power. Work c a r r i e d out to pursue these s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s should a l s o i n c l u d e the development a t Community l e v e l of methods and i n s t a l l a t i o n s f o r t e s t i n g and assess i n g devices and concepts, as w e l l as a c t i o n s to solve the problems l i m i t i n g the a p p l i c a t i o n o f new concepts, such as those i n v o l v i n g m a t e r i a l s .

1 COM(81) 540 f i n a l , 2.10.1981, "The Development of an Energy Strategy fori-the Community".

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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. D i r e c t s o l a r energy

The c o n s i d e r a b l e s o l a r energy p o t e n t i a l t h a t i s a v a i l a b l e i n the Community j u s t i f i e s a s u b s t a n t i a l R,D&D a c t i v i t y f o c u s i n g on heat and e l e c t r i c i t y p r o d u c t i o n .

As regards thermal a p p l i c a t i o n s , the Community programmes should continue to develop - e s p e c i a l l y as demonstration p r o j e c t s - t e c h n o l ogies f o r space heating, hot water production and a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g of b u i l d i n g s , a p p l y i n g i n t e r a l i a the techniques of passiv e a r c h i t e c t u r e . The i n t e g r a t i o n of v a r i o u s technologies (heat pumps, storage, etc.) i n t o " h y b r i d " systems i n which s o l a r energy p l a y s a p a r t w i l l be assessed.

These programmes should a l s o study the development of new technologies t h a t can be a p p l i e d to i n d u s t r y (heat f o r v a r i o u s i n d u s t r i a l processes), a g r i c u l t u r e ("solar" greenhouses and d r y i n g , water pumping and i r r i g a t i o n ) and water d e s a l i n a t i o n . In some of the areas mentioned, i n which considerable progress has already been made, greater emphasis should be l a i d on demonstration than on research.

In the e l e c t r i c i t y p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r , work on s o l a r power s t a t i o n s should be brought to a s u c c e s s f u l c o n c l u s i o n , while s t r e s s should be l a i d on p h o t o v o l t a i c conversion, by c o n t i n u i n g research on new s o l a r c e l l s and i n s t a l l i n g p i l o t f a c i l i t i e s .

2. Biomass

The t h e o r e t i c a l p o t e n t i a l of biomass i n Europe makes i t one of the l a r g e s t renewable energy sources. Wood together w i t h a g r i c u l t u r a l wastes and c e r t a i n " f u e l " crops could make a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n . The r e l a t i v e p r i o r i t i e s to be a t t r i b u t e d to the v a r i o u s p o s s i b l e uses of biomass and the types of land on which i t could be harvested, and the research t h a t should be devoted t o the s u b j e c t have been discussed under the o b j e c t i v e "Improving a g r i c u l t u r a l competitiveness" of t h i s document.

Be t h a t as i t may, R,D&D work i n t h i s s e c t o r should be conducted a t Community l e v e l , i n p a r t i c u l a r b a s i c research on photobiology, fermentation and c e l l u l o s e h y d r o l y s i s u s i n g enzymes.

F u e l crops ( i n c l u d i n g algae) w i l l be the subject mainly of research p r o j e c t s , as w e l l biomass combustion, p y r o l y s i s and h y d r o l i q u e f a c t i o n and the development and improvement of thermochemical and fermentation processes f o r c o n v e r t i n g biomass i n t o l i q u i d f u e l s (see a l s o the o b j e c t i v e "Biotechnology").

(6)

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3. Wind power

New technologies could promote the l a r g e - s c a l e use of wind power i n c e r t a i n regions of the Community. R,D&D w i l l concentrate on generators of a l l s i z e s , on c e n t r a l i z e d and d e c e n t r a l i z e d e l e c t r i c i t y generating w i t h connection to the n a t i o n a l g r i d i n the m a j o r i t y of cases, and on the other a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s energy source. In a d d i t i o n , the p o t e n t i a l of Community wind power production w i l l be assessed.

4. Geothermal energy

Thanks to new d i s c o v e r i e s , t h i s form of energy could provide a greater c o n t r i b u t i o n to the European energy scene. P r i o r i t y should be given i n Community p r o j e c t s to hot dry r o c k s , i n view of the l a r g e p o t e n t i a l they represent f o r e l e c t r i c i t y p r o d u c t i o n , and t o the production and u t i l i z a t i o n of low-grade heat, i n which r e i n j e c t i o n problems s t i l l c a l l f o r r esearch work and space heating u n i t s u s i n g lukewarm water should be the.subject of demonstration p r o j e c t s .

The study of high-temperature sources (mainly p r e s s u r i z e d brine) s u i t a b l e f o r producing e l e c t r i c i t y w i l l r e q u i r e increased R&D e f f o r t s , f o r example the study of c o r r o s i o n and r e i n j e c t i o n problems.

In a d d i t i o n , the Community programme should continue i t s assessment of European geothermal p o t e n t i a l .

5. H y d r o e l e c t r i c power

H y d r o e l e c t r i c technology, which i s already well-developed, does not req u i r e f u r t h e r research. The Community w i l l n e vertheless support demonstration p r o j e c t s aimed a t e x p l o i t i n g s m a l l - c a p a c i t y h y d r o e l e c t r i c power sources.

6. Other aspects of renewable energy sources

Apart from the t e c h n i c a l and economic problems curbing the market p e n e t r a t i o n of the renewable energies, other f a c t o r s of a l e g a l , s o c i a l or environmental nature can a l s o a c t as a hindrance t o such p e n e t r a t i o n . These f a c t o r s should as f a r as p o s s i b l e be the s u b j e c t of work conducted simultaneously w i t h the R,D&D proper.

I t w i l l a l s o be necessary to give due regard t o l o c a l f e a t u r e s when developing the v a r i o u s t e c h n o l o g i e s . This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y obvious i n the case of the technologies t h a t are l i k e l y to c o n t r i b u t e to the energy s u p p l i e s of the developing c o u n t r i e s (see the o b j e c t i v e "S and T a c t i v i t i e s of b e n e f i t t o developing c o u n t r i e s " ) .

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4.4. RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY

INTRODUCTION

The aim of r a t i o n a l use of energy (RUE) i s to optimize the energy system, which i s subjected to a v a r i e t y of p o l i c i e s and c o n s t r a i n t s . This i s t h e r e f o r e a huge area t h a t i s c l o s e l y connected w i t h s e v e r a l other o b j e c t i v e s , such as the improvement of i n d u s t r i a l processes and e n v i r o n mental p r o t e c t i o n .

Our understanding of the way i n which the energy system operates should be improved, while a t the same time new techniques should be developed t h a t w i l l help towards o p t i m i z i n g i t . With t h i s i n mind and d e s p i t e the d i s p a r i t i e s between the Member S t a t e s ' energy resources, a number of Community o b j e c t i v e s can be i d e n t i f i e d . The most important are the study of s o l i d f u e l s (coal i n p a r t i c u l a r ) , energy savings, hydrocarbons, heat t r a n s p o r t and storage, e l e c t r i c i t y p r o duction and systems a n a l y s i s .

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Systems a n a l y s i s

The a c t i v i t i e s r e l a t i n g to systems a n a l y s i s coordinated by the Commission have c o n t r i b u t e d to a b e t t e r understanding of energy supply and demand systems and of t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h each other, w i t h other s e c t o r s and w i t h the economy i n general. Models have been developed and are a t present o p e r a t i o n a l .

The main aims of Community a c t i v i t i e s are c u r r e n t l y to improve and apply the models t h a t have al r e a d y been developed, i f necessary t o extend them, to update the data bases and t o develop new models and models t h a t can be a p p l i e d to the developing c o u n t r i e s .

2. Energy savings

R e s i d e n t i a l and commercial s e c t o r

The importance of the energy resource represented by savings i n space heating i s c o n s i d e r a b l e : by the year 2000, such savings could amount to as much as 50% of a consumption t h a t c u r r e n t l y accounts f o r o n e - t h i r d of the o v e r a l l energy demand.

Most of the R,D&D e f f o r t s have h i t h e r t o focused on new b u i l d i n g s . I t i s now necessary f o r g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n to be devoted to the improvement of the e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g stock, where there i s a considerable p o t e n t i a l f o r savings.

1 The Role of Coal i n the Community Energy St r a t e g y , O.J. C 105, 26.4.1982.

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The Community a c t i o n s w i l l d e a l w i t h the c o o r d i n a t i o n , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n and d i s s e m i n a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n using a data base on e x i s t i n g energy saving techniques, t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y and the standards governing them.

R,D&D a c t i v i t i e s proper w i l l focus p r i m a r i l y on advanced techniques f o r the i n s u l a t i o n , v e n t i l a t i o n , h eating and energy management of b u i l d i n g s . Systems and a r c h i t e c t u r a l s t u d i e s and socio-economic research w i l l a l s o be conducted.

Demonstration p r o j e c t s w i l l mainly i n v o l v e p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s , blocks o f f l a t s , and cooperative or l o c a l a u t h o r i t y b u i l d i n g s and w i l l provide the data enabling n a t i o n a l and r e g i o n a l p r o j e c t s to be assessed, adopted and implemented.

I n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r

This s e c t o r accounts f o r approximately 35% of t o t a l energy demand, which .makes c l e a r immediately the considerable impact of the savings t h a t can be made by v a r i o u s means, namely :

1. by reducing energy consumption i n production processes and recoveri n g the thermal energy r e l e a s e d a t v a r i o u s stages i n these processes;

2. by implementing new, more e n e r g y - e f f i c i e n t processes; and

3. by usin g m a t e r i a l s and products whose manufacture i n c o r p o r a t e s as l i t t l e energy as p o s s i b l e .

In order to avoid having t o devote too great an e f f o r t to s p e c i f i c s e c t o r s , Community research w i l l focus p r i m a r i l y on p o i n t 1, w h i l e the demonstration w i l l concentrate on p o i n t s 1 and 2 and, as a matter of p r i o r i t y , on the problems of RUE i n sm a l l and medium-sized f i r m s , a more modest e f f o r t being made f o r the b e n e f i t of heavy i n d u s t r y .

Energy modelling of processes w i l l be used i n order t o a t t a i n the most important o b j e c t i v e , which i s t o a r r i v e a t grea t e r e f f i c i e n c y i n the production and use of heat and e l e c t r i c i t y i n i n d u s t r y .

Another important aspect i s t h a t of the s u b s t i t u t i o n o f hydrocarbons, i . e . the use of non-renewable energy sources i n s t e a d o f l i q u i d o r gaseous hydrocarbons.

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A g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r

Demonstration p r o j e c t s are one of the best ways of r e v e a l i n g the energy savings t h a t can be made i n a g r i c u l t u r e . A p r e f e r e n t i a l area f o r such p r o j e c t s i s the d r y i n g of crops.

Transport sec t o r

The energy consumed i n t h i s s e c t o r i s der i v e d almost e x c l u s i v e l y from petroleum products, which has already made i t the subject of major programmes c a r r i e d out by p r i v a t e and p u b l i c bodies. The Community w i l l devote s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o energy savings i n t r a n s p o r t , both by improving e x i s t i n g technologies and by developing unconventional v e h i c l e s and new techno l o g i e s . In p a r t i c u l a r , the development and use of m a t e r i a l s , a l l o y s and ceramics w i l l make i t p o s s i b l e to achieve greater energy e f f i c i e n c i e s .

3. S o l i d f u e l s

The r e v i v a l of i n t e r e s t i n R,D&D on s o l i d f u e l s i s connected w i t h the aim of i n c r e a s i n g the share of c o a l i n e l e c t r i c i t y p r oduction and of r e p l a c i n g o i l by c o a l (or by s y n t h e t i c f u e l s produced from coal) i n a number of s e c t o r s .

Without n e g l e c t i n g the t r a n s p o r t and pr o c e s s i n g of s o l i d f u e l s , R,D&D w i l l have to focus p r i m a r i l y on the f o l l o w i n g t o p i c s :

Production

As regards c o a l p r o d u c t i o n , the o b j e c t i v e remains increased p r o d u c t i v i t y ; Community R,D&D a c t i v i t i e s w i l l consequently continue on the l i n e s of the c u r r e n t ECSC programme, which i s a l s o concerned w i t h s a f e t y and the improvement of working c o n d i t i o n s (see the o b j e c t i v e "Improving s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h " ) .

U t i l i z a t i o n

Community R,D&D w i l l be aimed a t improving combustion processes and the processes f o r c o n v e r t i n g s o l i d f u e l s i n t o gaseous or l i q u i d products, i n order more f u l l y to s a t i s f y the requirements of energy systems based on the use of l i q u i d f u e l s .

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The aim of the work on combustion w i l l be to develop and demonstrate new technologies - such as f l u i d i z e d - b e d combustion and combustion of s o l i d / f l u i d mixtures - and to improve burners and conventional combustion systems.

As f a r as g a s i f i c a t i o n i s concerned, i n view of the scope of the work i n progress i n v a r i o u s p l a c e s , the Community programmes w i l l concentrate on demonstration and b a s i c research on new processes. The Community w i l l a l s o continue t o support underground g a s i f i c a t i o n p r o j e c t s .

As regards l i q u e f a c t i o n e i t h e r a f t e r p r e l i m i n a r y g a s i f i c a t i o n or by d i r e c t h y d r o l i q u e f a c t i o n , the Community w i l l support R,D&D p r o j e c t s on the production of s y n t h e t i c l i q u i d f u e l s . This work could a l s o have repercussions on biomass conversion technology.

Coal c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , the techno-economic e v a l u a t i o n of the d i f f e r e n t s y n t h e t i c f u e l s , t h e i r s p e c i f i c uses and s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n and problems concerning m a t e r i a l s w i l l a l s o be st u d i e d .

A s s o c i a t e d R,D&D a c t i v i t i e s

The work described above, which i s of a t e c h n o l o g i c a l nature, w i l l be backed up by b a s i c research i n p h y s i c s and chemistry aimed a t g a i n i n g a b e t t e r understanding of the v a r i o u s processes i n v o l v e d .

In a d d i t i o n , a t each stage i n the development, production and use of s o l i d f u e l s , i t w i l l be extremely important t o examine whether they are compatible w i t h the need to p r o t e c t the environment (see the o b j e c t i v e " P r o t e c t i n g the environment").

4. Heat

Community research i n t h i s f i e l d w i l l r e l a t e to the t r a n s p o r t and storage of heat. As regard t r a n s p o r t , the aim i s to improve the energy management of d i s t r i c t heating systems through the use of te l e m e t e r i n g devices and modelling, t o develop thermochemical systems f o r supplying process heat and to p e r f e c t l a r g e heat pumps.

Work on storage w i l l r e l a t e t o s m a l l - and l a r g e - s c a l e storage over short and long p e r i o d s using methods such as chemical storage. This work w i l l be supplemented by economic assessments.

4. E l e c t r i c i t y

The o b j e c t i v e s of Community R,D&D w i l l concern the development of new i n d u s t r i a l processes f o r using the e l e c t r i c i t y generated by sources other than hydrocarbons, the development of el e c t r i c - p o w e r e d v e h i c l e s and new types of b a t t e r i e s and the improvement of the e f f i c i e n c y w i t h which t h i s form of energy i s used.

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GOAL 4 : IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY RESOURCES

Approximative breakdown between the s p e c i f i c o bjectives.

4.1. Nuclear f i s s i o n energy

S p e c i f i c objectives % %

- Reactor safety . Light water reactors : use of operating

data; accident prevention; improved knowledge of the mechanisms governing accidents; harmonization.

. Fast reactors : accident prevention; study of the behaviour of f u e l subassemblies, the core, structures and components i n abnormal operating conditions; evaluation of post-accident conditions.

60

40

20

- Radioactive waste : waste treatment, conditioning and handling; f i n a l d isposal of h i g h - a c t i v i t y wastes. 15

— Plant decommissioning : development and a p p l i c a t i o n of techniques i n r e a l - s e r v i c e conditions. Safety aspects of other steps: of the f u e l c y c l e . Protection of workers and the general p u b l i c .

- Safeguards.

10

10

- Nuclear measurements and reference materials. Research on a c t i n i d e s . 5

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4.2. C o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear f u s i o n


- C o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n of JET - Tokamak of medium dimensions ( i n c l u d i n g

h e a t i n g and d i a g n o s t i c s ) - NET and technology - A l t e r n a t i v e l i n e s of development t o tokamaks - Lasers

50

<

30 15 5 3

4.3. Renewable energy sources


- D i r e c t s o l a r energy - Biomass - Wind power - Geothermal energy - H y d r o e l e c t r i c power - Other

30 25 15 20 5 5

4.4. R a t i o n a l use of energy


- Systems a n a l y s i s - Energy savings - S o l i d f u e l s - Heat - E l e c t r i c i t y

< 3 40 45 10 5

I f r e s u l t s t h a t are both s i g n i f i c a n t and commensurate w i t h requirements are t o be obtained i n t h i s f i e l d , the f i n a n c i n g of Community a c t i v i t i e s f o r the g o a l "Improving the management of energy resources and reducing energy dependence" should amount t o a t l e a s t 1 900 m i l l i o n ECU ( i n constant 1982 values) over H u e p e r i o d 1984-87, broken down as f o l l o w s :

- developing n u c l e a r f i s s i o n energy 54 0 m i l l i o n ECU - c o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear f u s i o n 480 m i l l i o n ECU - developing renewable energy sources 310 m i l l i o n ECU - r a t i o n a l use of energy 520 m i l l i o n ECU

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5. REINFORCING DEVELOPMENT AID

5.1. UNDERTAKING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

INTRODUCTION

Up t o now t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n w h i c h t h e Community has made t o t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s so f a r as s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l r e s e a r c h i s c o n c e r n e d has been i n f o u r b a s i c forms :

- f i n a n c i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s r e l a t e d t o t h e CGIAR,

- f i n a n c e f o r a " r e s e a r c h " element i n development o p e r a t i o n s ,

- f i n a n c e f o r c e r t a i n i n v e s t m e n t s w i t h s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s ,

- c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e t r a i n i n g o f r e s e a r c h e r s and t e c h n i c i a n s .

T h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n has been by no means n e g l i g i b l e , e i t h e r i n t h e amount o f a i d o r i n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d , s i n c e i n a d d i t i o n t o o t h e r s o u r c e s o f a i d , both b i l a t e r a l and m u l t i l a t e r a l i t has made p o s s i b l e t h e development o r c o n s e r v a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c a c t i v i t i e s o f v a l u e t o development.

But s u c h a c t i o n s have n o t been p a r t o f an o v e r a l l p o l i c y framework. T h e i r ad hoc n a t u r e may w e l l p a r t l y m i l i t a t e a g a i n s t t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

The Framework Programme w i l l make i t p o s s i b l e t o g i v e more c o h e r e n c e t o t h i s a c t i v i t y and make i t more e f f e c t i v e . I t t a k e s on p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e because o f t h e chance i t w i l l g i v e t o d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s t o choose t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e avenues by w h i c h t o encourage t h e i r own development. Community a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a r e a , as i n o t h e r a r e a s , s h o u l d o n l y s u p p o r t p o l i c i e s f r e e l y d e f i n e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a d i a l o g u e between t h e Community and t h e c o u n t r i e s c o n c e r n e d on t h e e f f i c a c y and adequacy o f s u c h p o l i c i e s . The framework programme w i l l e n a b l e t h e Community t o o r i e n t a t e i t s s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s i n a b e t t e r way. The Community d i m e n s i o n h o l d s o u t p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n t h i s r e s p e c t w h i c h ought t o be f o l l o w e d up, and i n t h i s c o n t e x t , i t would be u s e f u l t o examine t h e whole range o f Member S t a t e s and Community programmes i n such a way as t o g i v e t h e o v e r a l l e f f o r t maximum co h e r e n c e and e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The o r i e n t a t i o n t o be g i v e n t o t h i s a i d s h o u l d be founded upon t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s :

a) S c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n t h e development p r o c e s s . The i n a d e q u a t e a t t e m p t s i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n made by t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s c a l l f o r a r e a l i s a t i o n on t h e p a r t o f t h o s e w i t h t h e p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e w h i c h r e s e a r c h had f o r t h e i r own development. The s i t u a t i o n a l s o c a l l s f o r o u t s i d e h e l p so t h a t an autonomous r e s e a r c h c a p a c i l i t y can be b u i l t up w i t h i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h would be a b l e t o c a r r y o u t t h e i r own s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h d e s i g n e d t o c o n t r o l t h e i r own d e s t i n y .

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b) T h i s o u t s i d e h e l p s h o u l d have two a s p e c t s :

- a i d v i a i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r Community o r g a n i s a t i o n s , w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e a l r e a d y and wh i c h g u a r a n t e e immediate e f f i c a c y and t h e n e c e s s a r y c o n t i n u i t y . T h i s p r o c e d u r e has g i v e n good r e s u l t s i n t h e p a s t . I t s h o u l d a t t h e same t i m e be b e t t e r o r i e n t e d towards t h e needs o f t h e r e c i p i e n t c o u n t r i e s and b e t t e r m o b i l i s e , f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , t h e h e r i t a g e o f knowledge w h i c h i s a v a i l a b l e i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e Community as w e l l as t h e b a s i c r e s e a r c h c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e Member S t a t e s .

- a i d f o r t h e development o f n a t i o n a l and r e g i o n a l r e s e a r c h systems i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . T h i s i s a l o n g j o b , made r i s k y by t h e e x i s t e n c e o f the f i r s t form o f a i d . But i t i s t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e w h i c h w i l l , i n t h e end, make i t p o s s i b l e t o en s u r e t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l m a t u r i t y o f S t a t e s and c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c community.

When i m p l e m e n t i n g a c t i v i t i e s , i t would be e x p e d i e n t t o make s u r e t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h i s f i r m l y p l a c e d i n t h e l o c a l c o n t e x t p a r t i c u l a r l y by :

- c o n s e r v i n g what i s a l r e a d y known by making an i n v e n t o r y o f and making use.' o f t r a d i t i o n a l t e c h n i c a l knowledge and s u s t a i n i n g e x i s t i n g s c i e n t i f i c c ommunities ;

- s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h a t u n i v e r s i t y l e v e l i n t o t r a d i t i o n a l s k i l l s ( m e d i c i n e , c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , a r c h i t e c t u r a l s t y l e s ) so t h a t ways o f u s i n g them i n t h e development p r o c e s s may be s p e c i f i e d .

- s u p p o r t f o r b a s i c l o c a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s f o r d e s i g n i n g and i m p l e m e n t i n g a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h g e n e r a t e i n n o v a t i o n ( e x h i b i t i o n s , c o m p e t i t i o n s , t h e d o n a t i o n o f p r i z e s ) .

c) I t i s a g r i c u l t u r e w h i c h must a t f i r s t form t h e p r i m a r y theme o f t h e e f f o r t : t h i s p r i o r i t y i s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e EEC's p o l i c y w h i c h p u t s a g r i c u l t u r e a t t h e c e n t r e o f d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s development e f f o r t s and w h i c h i s about t o i n c r e a s e t h e r o l e o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n community s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h themes.

W i t h t h i s i n mind an a c t i v i t y i s c u r r e n t l y under way t o m o b i l i s e Europe's s c i e n t i f i c p o t e n t i a l - v e r y much on t h e b a s i c s i d e - f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f development. I t s h o u l d be supplemented by an e f f o r t aimed a t d e v e l o p i n g i n d i g e n o u s r e s e a r c h c a p a c i t y i n t h e p a r t n e r s t a t e s by e n c o u r a g i n g r e s e a r c h w i t h a v i e w t o s h o r t o r medium-term r e s u l t s , b u t n o t t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f a l l e l s e .

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING ACTIVITIES AND DECIDING RESOURCES

a) Depending on a c o u n t r y ' s l e v e l o f s c i e n t i f i c development, a i d must t a k e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m s . I n t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h a r e l e a s t d e v e l o p e d , b a r e l y a t s u b s i s t a n c e l e v e l , a i d v i a f o r e i g n r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s must p r e d o m i n a t e f o r the t i m e b e i n g , w h i l s t an e f f o r t t o t r a i n l o c a l r e s e a r c h e r s and t o make r e a d y a r e c e p t i o n i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s h o u l d be b e i n g made as a r e s e r v e f o r the f u t u r e .

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I n S t a t e s w h i c h have a l r e a d y r e a c h e d a c e r t a i n s c i e n t i f i c c a p a c i t y t h e dominant form o f a i d s h o u l d be t h a t d i r e c t e d t o c e n t r e s o f e x c e l l e n c e w h i c h , when b o o s t e d i n t h i s way c o u l d become c e n t r e s f o r n a t i o n a l and r e g i o n a l advancement i n g r e a t l y v a r y i n g forms r a n g i n g from i n t e r -i n s t i t u t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n programmes t o t h e s e t t i n g up o f systems d e s i g n e d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e r e i n t e g r a t i o n o f n a t i o n a l r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s who happen t o be i n European o r o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .

I t i s on t h e b a s i s o f s u c h c e n t r e s t h a t a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f r e g i o n a l c o o r d i n a t i o n c o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n w i t h a v i e w t o making b e t t e r use o f a v a i l a b l e human and m a t e r i a l s r e s o u r c e s .

b) On t h e one hand, o u t s i d e r e s e a r c h must be m o b i l i s e d more and more i n r e s p e c t o f t o p i c s w h i c h r e q u i r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d human and m a t e r i a l r e s o u r c e s , l e a v i n g l o c a l r e s e a r c h c a p a c i t y t o t a c k l e , p r o g r e s s i v e l y , t h o s e t o p i c s w h i c h can more e a s i l y be coped w i t h under l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s .

On t h e o t h e r hand, a i d t o r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s s h o u l d undergo a r i g o r o u s e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h o b j e c t i v e s a r e r e l e v a n t , t h e methodology a p p r o p r i a t e and t h e r e c i p i e n t teams w e l l t h o u g h t o f . I n s h o r t , i t i s v i t a l t h a t c r i t e r i a r e l a t i n g t o q u a l i t y p r e v a i l o v e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f l o c a l o p p o r t u n i t y .

c) S i x s e c t o r a l o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e s u g g e s t e d because o f t h e i r c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h Community p o l i c y on development a i d :

- a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , t h e campaign a g a i n s t t h e encroachment o f d e s e r t a r e a s , f i s h ( i n c l u d i n g f i s h b r e e d i n g ) , f a v o u r i n g t h o s e t o p i c s r e l a t i n g t o s e l f s u f f i c i e n c y i n f o o d , and r u r a l development,

- t h e e n v i r o n m e n t : h y d r o g e o l o g y and c l i m a t o l o g y ,

- h e a l t h n o t a b l y p roblems o f i n f a n t n u t r i t i o n and t h a t o f t h e mother ( r e l a t e d t o a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n and f o o d a i d ) and t r o p i c a l d i s e a s e s ,

- r e s o u r c e s o f t h e s o i l , and belowground : g e o l o g i c a l p r o s p e c t i n g ,

- energy : r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s o f energy a p p r o p r i a t e t o s u b s i s t a n c e economies,

- p o p u l a t i o n : demographic s t u d i e s .

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GOAL 5 : REINFORCING DEVELOPMENT AID : SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

An i n d i c a t i v e s p l i t o f t h e o u t l a y as between t h e v a r i o u s s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s

5.1. S c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s

S p e c i f i c Objectives

- A g r i c u l t u r e , b r e e d i n g , f o r e s t r y , d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n 50 %

- F i s h and f i s h b r e e d i n g 1Q %

- P o p u l a t i o n and h e a l t h 20 %

- F o s s i l r e s o u r c e s 10 %

- Energy 5 %

- E n v i r o n m e n t 5 %

The o v e r a l l Community a c t i o n i n t h i s g o a l , t a k i n g p l a c e b o t h w i t h i n t h e Community and t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , s h o u l d r e c e i v e r e s o u r c e s a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e o b j e c t i v e . F o r t h e p e r i o d 1984-1987 t h e s e a r e e s t i m a t e d t o be a t l e a s t 150 MioECUS ( a t 1982 p r i c e s ) .

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6. IMPROVING LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Within t h i s exteremely wide f i e l d only two s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l oc^ectives , have 7been selected at t h i s time. They are set out i n more d e t a i l s below. Further s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l objectives may be a n t i c i p a t e d i n successive r e v i s i o n s of the Framework Programme.

6.1. IMPROVING SAFETY AND PROTECTING HEALTH

INTRODUCTION

Improving safety and protecting health are important measures to assure a high quality of l i f e for the individual. Since health refers to the state of well-being of the individual and safety to his protection from environmental risks, both are interdependent and are considered jointly. Health i s also one of the priority objectives in Community sc i e n t i f i c and technical a c t i v i t i e s for the benefit of developing countries. The objective of Community R, D&D efforts i s to improve knowledge in the following areas :

1. Human adaptation 2. Reproduction, growth and ageing, 3. Personal environment, 4. Health technology 5. Health care, and 6. Health promotion,

The c r i t e r i a for selection of p r i o r i t i e s include the relevance in terms of the dimension of the problem(s), the potential for application, the expected impact on the decrease of health care costs, and the significance of s t a t i s tical data, the value of which increases with the size of the population. The criteria used must be viewed in a perspective of the global objectives as determined by WHO and other agencies. Throughout, the concept applied i s one of health defined in terms of maximal performance recognizing internal, and more importantly, external constraints. A major aim i s to promote the transfer of bairJc knowledge gained by ongoing research into practice. Concerning overall orientation, there i s a shift from corrective measures to primary prevention. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Human a d a p t a t i o n

I n d i v i d u a l a d a p t a b i l i t y

R e s e a r c h s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s i d e n t i f y i n g i n d i c a t o r s o f a d a p t a b i l i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l f u n c t i o n i n g i n h i s f a m i l y and s o c i a l c o n t e x t a t v a r i o u s ages.

S t i m u l a n t s O cOffee, a l c o h o l , p s y c h o t r o p i c s , and i l l i c i t d r u g s ) t h a t a f f e c t i n d i v i d u a l b e h a v i o u r s h o u l d be i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t erms o f t h e i r e f f e c t on the a d a p t i v e p r o c e s s .

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A d a p t a t i o n and w o r k i n g e nvironment

The problem o f o p t i m a l m a t c h i n g between t h e i n d i v i d u a l and t h e w o r k i n g e n vironment i s a c r i t i c a l a r e a f o r t h e improvement o f h e a l t h . Ergonomics and knowledge o f p s y c h o - p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o f i l e s o f d i f f e r e n t j o b s s h o u l d be promoted, i n c l u d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h e e f f e c t s o f l i g h t , n o i s e , e t c . , as w e l l as o f t h e impact o f i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y on j o b - p r o f i l e s , w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o employment o f h a n d i c a p p e d p e r s o n s .

2. R e p r o d u c t i o n , g r o w t h and a g e i n g

C o n g e n i t a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s and i n f a n t m o r t a l i t y

Improvement o f methods f o r p r e n a t a l d e t e c t i o n o f c o n g e n i t a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s and f o r s c r e e n i n g t h e newborn f o r c o n g e n i t a l m e t a b o l i c o r o t h e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l d e f e c t s r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r R, D&D e f f o r t s . P r e v e n t i v e s t u d i e s s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o b e t t e r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l r i s k s i n c l u d i n g embryo-t o x i c e f f e c t s and d e f i c i e n c i e s t h a t might i n c r e a s e t h e i r i n c i d e n c e .

The c o r r e l a t i o n o f i n f a n t m o r t a l i t y and m o r b i d i t y w i t h p e r i n a t a l c o n d i t i o n s s h o u l d be i n v e s t i g a t e d . R e s e a r c h i n t o i n f a n t p h y s i o l o g y d e f e n c e mechanisms and t h e i r a c t i v a t i o n s h o u l d be promoted.

Growth

B i r t h c o h o r t s t u d i e s s h o u l d be encouraged t o m o n i t o r p e r s o n a l , e n v i r o n m e ntal and s o c i a l f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g p h y s i c a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l d e v e l o p ment. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n i n c r o s s - c u l t u r a l s t u d i e s s h o u l d be p a i d t o d i e t and n u t r i t i o n i n c h i l d h o o d and e a r l y l i f e . N u t r i t i o n a l needs i n l a t e a d u l t l i f e a r e i l l - d e f i n e d . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t c a l o r i c , f a t and p r o t e i n i n t a k e s h o u l d be examined i n r e l a t i o n t o p r e v a i l i n g h e a l t h s t a t u s , and a t t e m p t s made t o d e f i n e o p t i m a l n u t r i t i o n a l p a t t e r n s .

The E l d e r l y

The problems o f c h r o n i c b r a i n d y s f u n c t i o n , and o f s e n s o r i a l ( a u d i t o r y and v i s u a l ) and motor h a n d i c a p s i n t h e e l d e r l y s h o u l d be i n t e n s i v e l y e x p l o r e d . P r e v e n t i v e measures, as w e l l as e a r l y d i a g n o s t i c ones, and b o t h m e d i c a l and s u r g i c a l t r e a t m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l i m p l a n t s , s h o u l d be g i v e n a v e r y h i g h p r i o r i t y .

P h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s s h o u l d a l s o be promoted i n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d b e t t e r t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b i o c h e m i c a l , p h y s i o l o g i c a l and r e g u l a t o r y i n t e r p l a y i n t h e e l d e r l y .

3. P e r s o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t

A c c i d e n t s

Epidemiological studies of accidents at home and on the roads are required to assess both human and technological factors involved. Driving a b i l i t y should be studied with consideration to possible effects of prescribed drugs.

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F o r a c c i d e n t s a t work, r e s e a r c h i s n e c e s s a r y on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f i n t e g r a t e d s a f e t y on machine d e s i g n and use, m a t e r i a l s c h o i c e and work o r g a n i z a t i o n . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o c e r t a i n i n d u s t r i e s e.g. c o n s t r u c t i o n , and c e r t a i n g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s e.g. young, m i g r a n t s , s u b - c o n t r a c t o r s .

R e s e a r c h on t h e l i m i t a t i o n o f consequences o f r a d i a t i o n a c c i d e n t s r e m a i n s an a r e a o f h i g h p r i o r i t y . I n t h i s r e s p e c t , l o c a l i r r a d i a t i o n s o f l i m i t e d i m p o r t a n c e - w h i c h happen r a t h e r f r e q u e n t l y among wo r k e r s - a r e t o be g i v e n more a t t e n t i o n .

E x p o s u r e s

R e s e a r c h i n t o t h e e f f e c t s o f i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n on man and h i s e n v i r o n m e n t must c o n s i d e r s o m a t i c and g e n e t i c e f f e c t s , r i s k e v a l u a t i o n and o p t i m i z a t i o n o f p r o t e c t i o n as w e l l as improved d o s i m e t r y , t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s p e c t s o f o c c u p a t i o n a l p r o t e c t i o n , t h a t o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c and t h a t o f p a t i e n t s u n d e r g o i n g r a d i o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n . I n t h i s l a s t c a s e s p e c i a l a t t e m p t s must be made t o i d e n t i f y a l t e r n a t i v e methods t o r e d u c e r a d i a t i o n e x p o s u r e i n d i a g n o s t i c p r o c e d u r e s (see a l s o t h e o b j e c t i v e " D e v e l o p i n g n u c l e a r f i s s i o n e n e r g y , p a r t i c u l a r l y i t s s a f e t y a s p e c t s " .

The i n c r e a s i n g use o f o p t i c a l and n o n - o p t i c a l n o n - i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n s ( u l t r a s o u n d s , u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t , microwaves, l a s e r , r a d i o w a v e s , e t c . ) s h o u l d be m o n i t o r e d f o r p o s s i b l e damage o r l o n g - t e r m e f f e c t s . R e l i a b l e d o s i m e t r y needs t o be d e v e l o p e d .

A s t r a t e g y t o c l e a r t h e b a c k l o g o f c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s f o r w h i c h t o x i -c o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n i s l a c k i n g s h o u l d be p r o g r e s s i v e l y d e v e l o p e d . New methods o f t o x i c i t y t e s t i n g and b i o a s s a y s need t o be d e v e l o p e d and s t a n d a r d i z e d (see a l s o t h e o b j e c t i v e " P r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and p r e v e n t i n g p o l l u t i o n " ) .

Dust, n o i s e , v i b r a t i o n s and t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e s s a r e t y p i c a l p o l l u t a n t s o f m i n i n g , s t e e l and o t h e r heavy i n d u s t r i e s and r e m a i n r e s e a r c h p r i o r i t i e s .

B i o t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e l i k e l y t o become an i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t i n i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s b e f o r e t h e end o f t h e c e n t u r y . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l r i s k s and ways t o d e t e c t , p r e v e n t o r c o n t a i n them be encouraged (see a l s o t h e o b j e c t i v e " P r o m o t i n g and d e v e l o p i n g new t e c h n o l o g i e s ; b i o t e c h n o l o g y " ) .

S u r v e i l l a n c e o f w o r k e r s and p u b l i c exposed t o r i s k s r e q u i r e s t h e d e v e l o p ment o f i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m s . R e s e a r c h and development o f d a t a s o u r c e s f o r h e a l t h r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s i s a h i g h p r i o r i t y .

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4. H e a l t h t e c h n o l o g y

D i a g n o s i s

N o n - i n v a s i v e methods f o r e a r l i e r d e t e c t i o n o f a l t e r e d f u n c t i o n , b i o l o g i c a l m o n i t o r i n g , and methods f o r measurement o f r e g u l a t o r y f a c t o r s and markers s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d . C e l l c u l t u r e s , g e n e t i c m a r k e r s , membrane t r a n s p o r t s t u d i e s , advanced enzymology, immunochemistry and c y t o c h e m i s t r y , e t c . s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d i n c l i n i c a l p r a c t i c e .

Recent developments i n i m a g i n g t e c h n i q u e s s h o u l d be m o n i t o r e d f o r t h e i r c l i n i c a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

Advanced computer methods and t e l e m a t i c s s h o u l d be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o c l i n i c a l p r o c e d u r e s .

Treatment

R e c e p t o r s b i o c h e m i s t r y s h o u l d be encouraged i n c l u d i n g t h e development o f s p e c i f i c c a r r i e r s f o r a c t i v e m o l e c u l e s by advanced immune t e c h n i q u e s . Moreover, t h e development o f i n - v i t r o p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l systems a c c e p t a b l e by a l l o r most o f t h e Member S t a t e s and t h e development o f new - p a r t i c u l a r l y p r e v e n t i v e - drugs r e q u i r i n g s i g n i f i c a n t R, D&D e x p e n d i t u r e and h a v i n g i m p o r t a n t i n f l u e n c e on t h e o v e r a l l c o s t o f h e a l t h c a r e , s h o u l d a l s o be encouraged (see a l s o t h e o b j e c t i v e " P r o m o t i n g and d e v e l o p i n g new t e c h n o l o g i e s ; b i o t e c h n o l o g y " ) .

G e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g s h o u l d be e x p l o i t e d f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f p r o t e i n - m o l e c u l e s .

Plasma and b l o o d t r e a t m e n t f o r e x t r a c o r p o r e a l r e m o v a l o f endogenous o r exogenous n o x i o u s s u b s t a n c e s by c o m b i n i n g b i o l o g i c a l and p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l methods s h o u l d be f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d .

C o m b i n a t i o n o f s u r g i c a l , p h y s i c a l and p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l methods f o r s e l e c t i v e d e s t r u c t i o n o f l e s i o n s s h o u l d be promoted and e v a l u a t e d .

F u r t h e r development o f t r e a t m e n t and p r o g n o s i s methods o f t h e e f f e c t s o f l o c a l and t o t a l body i r r a d i a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y .

R e s e a r c h s h o u l d be c o - o r d i n a t e d i n t h e a r e a o f o r g a n t r a n s p l a n t s , r e l e v a n t i m m u n o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h , a r t i f i c i a l o r g a n s and t i s s u e s , i n c l u d i n g h y b r i d t e c h n i q u e s and b i o c o m p a t i b l e m a t e r i a l s .

5. H e a l t h c a r e

D e l i v e r y

D i s a b l i n g common c o n d i t i o n s , e.g. e m o t i o n a l d i s o r d e r s , r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e , a r e h i g h p r i o r i t y p r o b l e m s .

The assessment o f b e n e f i t s o f p r e v e n t i v e methods, c l i n i c a l p r o c e d u r e s , and new m e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g i e s s h o u l d be c a r r i e d o u t t h r o u g h c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l s .

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R e s e a r c h on s c r e e n i n g and h e a l t h s u r v e i l l a n c e w i t h methods f o r t h e e a r l y d i a g n o s i s and d e t e c t i o n o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n p erformance must be d e v e l o p e d .

O r g a n i z a t i o n

R e s e a r c h i n t o r e s o u r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n , u t i l i s a t i o n and e f f e c t i v e n e s s s h o u l d be encouraged i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h f o r m a l c o s t assessment. C o m p a r a t i v e s t u d i e s between Member S t a t e s on r e s o u r c e a l l o c a t i o n and p l a n n i n g s h o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n . The i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r h e a l t h s e r v i c e management s h o u l d be d e f i n e d and h e a l t h i n f o r m a t i o n systems d e s i g n e d and d e v e l o p e d .

6. H e a l t h p r o m o t i o n

R e s e a r c h i n t o methods o f p r o m o t i n g h e a l t h y l i f e s t y l e s s h o u l d be p u r s u e d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o h i g h r i s k g r o u p s , e.g. m i g r a n t s , and e v a l u a t i o n o f t e c h n i q u e s and programmes u n d e r t a k e n . Campaigns t o e ducate p u b l i c a t t i t u d e s , e x p e c t a t i o n s and use o f h e a l t h s e r v i c e s s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d and e v a l u a t e d .

6.2. PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT AND PREVENTING POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION

The b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c y a r e t o p r e s e r v e h e a l t h , human l i f e and l i v i n g systems n e c e s s a r y t o man, t o s a f e g u a r d p l a n t and a n i m a l l i f e and t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t as a whole and g e n e r a l l y t o improve t h e qual i t y o f l i f e .

Up t o now, t h e a p p r o a c h t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l management has b a s i c a l l y been a r e a c t i v e one, w i t h problems g e n e r a l l y b e i n g t a c k l e d i n an ad hoc manner as and when t h e y emerged, o r r a t h e r as t h e y became o b v i o u s l y u r g e n t . I t i s now g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d t h a t p r e v e n t i o n would be more a p p r o p r i a t e , more e f f e c t i v e and l e s s c o s t l y t h a n c u r e . N a t u r a l l y a new a p p r o a c h o f t h i s k i n d p r e s u p p o s e s a change o f emphasis i n t h e R, D&D c a r r i e d o u t i n s u p p o r t o f t h e e n v i ronment p o l i c y . V e r y b r i e f l y , t h e a d j u s t m e n t s needed may be summarized as f o l l o w s :

- P r e v e n t i o n

E n v i r o n m e n t R, D&D s h o u l d back up t h e p r e v e n t i v e a p p r o a c h t o e n v i r o n m e n t management. T h i s means t h a t t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t have t o be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n a t t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e s t a g e and a t t h e h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e d e c i s i o n making l e v e l . R&D s u p p o r t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n o f h a z a r d s o f p h y s i c a l ( i o n i z i n g and n o n - i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n , e t c . ) , c h e m i c a l o r b i o l o g i c a l o r i g i n and f o r t h e d e s i g n and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f p o l i c i e s and p l a n s i n t e n d e d t o p r o t e c t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .

A c t i o n Programme o f t h e European Communities on t h e E n v i r o n m e n t (1982-1986) ( d r a f t b e i n g r e v i s e d ) - C0M(8l)626 f i n a l , 4.11.1981.

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- Long l e a d t i m e r e s e a r c h programmes

I n a d d i t i o n t o r e s e a r c h on t a c k l i n g p r oblems t h a t a l r e a d y e x i s t o r w i l l come up i n t h e medium t e r m , l o n g l e a d * t i m e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s a r e e s s e n t i a l . The aim w i l l be t o improve t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f f u n d a m e n t a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l and e c o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s . They w i l l have t o examine i n p a r t i c u l a r c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s w h i c h , d e p e n d i n g on t h e way t h e y i n t e r a c t , may h e l p o r h i n d e r human a c t i v i t i e s . Long l e a d t i m e r e s e a r c h w i l l h e l p t o g i v e d e c i s i o n m a k e r s a b e t t e r awareness o f f u t u r e p r o b l e m s and t r e n d s .

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

S i n c e most human a c t i v i t i e s have an i m p a c t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e e n v i r o n ment o b j e c t i v e i s c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o a l l t h e o t h e r o b j e c t i v e s i n t h e framework programme ( s u c h as a g r i c u l t u r e , i n d u s t r y , e n e r g y , d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , raw m a t e r i a l s , e t c . ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e range o f p r o b l e m s c a l l i n g f o r environment a l R, D&D a c t i v i t i e s i s e x t r e m e l y w ide.

E n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s a r e n o t c o n f i n e d w i t h i n n a t i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s and most of them a r e common t o s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s . E x t e n s i v e c o o p e r a t i o n a t Community l e v e l i s t h e r e f o r e e s s e n t i a l , e s p e c i a l l y i n v i e w o f t h e l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e s ( b o t h human and f i n a n c i a l ) a v a i l a b l e t o each member c o u n t r y f o r r e s e a r c h on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . The v a l u e o f t h i s c o o p e r a t i o n i s even more o b v i o u s f o r l o n g l e a d t i m e r e s e a r c h , w h i c h i s g e n e r a l l y c o s t l y and i s o f i n t e r e s t t o a l l the Member S t a t e s and even t o o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .

The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s f o r Community r e s e a r c h a r e o u t l i n e d below :

1. R e s e a r c h i n s u p p o r t o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l management

T h i s c o v e r s t h r e e f i e l d s : p o l l u t i o n , r e s o u r c e s and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between man and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . I n each o f t h e s e f i e l d s more s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s can be d e f i n e d .

P o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l c o n c e n t r a t e s on a s p e c t s s u c h as p o l l u t i o n s o u r c e s , pathways, e c o l o g i c a l and h e a l t h e f f e c t s , r e d u c t i o n and p r e v e n t i o n . The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s a r e , f o r example :

- e f f e c t s o f c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s and t h e i r m o n i t o r i n g ,

- b e h a v i o u r and m o n i t o r i n g o f r a d i o n u c l e i d e s i n v a r i o u s e c o s y s t e m s ,

- e v a l u a t i o n o f p o l l u t i o n , development o f p o l l u t i o n abatement methods and c l e a n t e c h n o l o g i e s f o r s e l e c t e d i n d u s t r i e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r those c o n c e r n e d w i t h energy (mi n e s , c o a l c o m b u s t i o n and c o n v e r s i o n , v e h i c l e s ) ,

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f C 0 o i n t h e atmosphere and i t s c l i m a t i c i m p l i c a t i o n s ,

i m p a c t o f human a c t i v i t i e s on t h e s t r a t o s p h e r e ,

e f f e c t s o f a t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t i o n on t e r r e s t r i a l e c o s y s t e m s , e s p e c i a l l y a c i d r a i n ,

- 76 -

- p r o c e s s i n g , s t o r a g e and r e d u c t i o n i n volume o f t o x i c and dangerous w a s t e ,

- e x h a u s t i o n and p o l l u t i o n o f t h e w a t e r t a b l e , p o l l u t i o n o f f r e s h w a t e r and c o a s t a l e c o s y s t e m s and ma r i n e p o l l u t i o n by h y d r o c a r b o n s ,

- i m p a c t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f new t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h as b i o t e c h n o l o g y ,

- abatement and c o n t r o l o f n o i s e p o l l u t i o n and v i b r a t i o n s .

The p r e s e r v a t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s i n bhe n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t i s v e r y c l o s e l y t i e d up w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r e and f i s h e r i e s s e c t i o n s . More s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s i n c l u d e :

- p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e d i v e r s i t y o f l i v i n g s p e c i e s and g e n e t i c r e s o u r c e s ,

- p r e v e n t i o n o f - . s o i l d e g r a d a t i o n and t h e r e d u c t i o n i n a r a b l e areas,.

- e f f i c i e n t f o r e s t r y w o r k i n g ,

- r a t i o n a l use o f p e s t i c i d e s and f e r t i l i z e r s ,

- p r e s e r v a t i o n o f ocean r e s o u r c e s .

As r e g a r d s man/environment i n t e r a c t i o n s . Community R, D&D w i l l e n deavour t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r a c t i v i t i e s o f a m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y n a t u r e and t o a s s e s s the o v e r a l l i n t e r a c t i o n between man and h i s s u r r o u n d i n g s .

P r i o r i t y w i l l be g i v e n t o r e s e a r c h on :

- t h e e f f e c t s o f u r b a n encroachment, t o u r i s m and i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e ,

• - t h e e f f e c t s o f p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s ,

- t h e l o s s o f c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e .

2. O v e r a l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s

The Community R, D&D work s h o u l d g i v e an o v e r a l l p i c t u r e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f i e l d s :

- i m p r o v e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e fundamentc 1' p r o c e s s e s i n e c o s y s t e m s ,

- i m p r o v e d knowledge o f c l i m a t i c mechanisms and the i n f l u e n c e o f human a c t i v i t i e s on c l i m a t e ,

- e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i m p a c t o f c l i m a t i c changes on w a t e r and a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e s ( e r o s i o n , d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n ) ,

- p u b l i c awareness o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s and management o f i n f o r m a t i o n on e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n ,

- development a t Community l e v e l o f i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t t e c h n i q u e s , m o d e l l i n g methods, e t c .

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Over and above t h e s e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e European p o s i t i o n as r e g a r d s i n s t r u m e n t s f o r m e a s u r i n g and m o n i t o r i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l p a r a m e t e r s (see t h e o b j e c t i v e " I m p r o v i n g and d e v e l o p i n g new t e c h n i q u e s and p r o d u c t s f o r t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s " ) .

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GOAL 6 : IMPROVING LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS

A p p r o x i m a t e breakdown between t h e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s

6.1. I m p r o v i n g s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h


— Human a d a p t a t i o n 10

- R e p r o d u c t i o n , g r o w t h and a g e i n g 5

- P e r s o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t 25

- H e a l t h t e c h n o l o g y 40

- H e a l t h c a r e 15

- H e a l t h p r o m o t i o n 3

6.2. PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT AND PREVENTING POLLUTION


- E n v i r o n m e n t a l management 70

r e d u c t i o n and p r e v e n t i o n o f p o l l u t i o n 40 p r e s e r v a t i o n o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s 25 i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n man and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t 5

- O v e r a l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f e n v i r o n m e n t a ] p r o b l e m s p r o c e s s e s o f t h e e c o s y s t e m and c l i m a t i c mechan i s m s ; i n f o r m a t i o n f o r and a t t i t u d e o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c ; i m p a c t a s s e s s e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s , e t c . 30

To r e a c h t h e n e c e s s a r y l e v e l o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s a t Community l e v e l , t h e f u n d s t o be d e v o t e d t o t h i s g o a l f o r 1984-1987 s h o u l d be a t l e a s t 2 7 0 m i l l i o n ECU ( i n c o n s t a n t 1982 v a l u e s ) b r o k e n down as f o l l o w s :

- i m p r o v i n g s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l l h - p r o t e c t i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

110 m i l l i o n ECU 160 m i l l i o n ECU

I t should be noted (see page 70) that f u r t h e r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l objectives will'need to be taken i n t o consideration i n the future and w i l l have to have appropriate resources a l l o c a t e d to them.

- 79 -

7. IMPROVING THE EFFICACY OF THE COMMUNITY'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POTENTIAL

INTRODUCTION

T h i s new form o f a c t i o n , w h i c h d u r i n g t h e y e a r s 1983 and 1984 i s t o be t h e s u b j e c t o f an e x p e r i m e n t a l e x e r c i s e i n t e n d e d to t r y o u t t h e ways and means o f i n t e r v e n t i o n w h i c h a r e s p e c i f i c t o t h e a c t i o n , c o r r e s p o n d s t o one o f t h e major g o a l s o f t h e framework programme and needs t o be a d o p t e d as one o f t h e b ases o f t h e common s t r a t e g y .

F i r s t l y , i t i s d i r e c t l y d e s i g n e d t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e s c i e n t i f i c c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s o f t h e Community and t h e r e b y has a more o r l e s s d i r e c t i m p a c t on i n c r e a s i n g economic c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s , i m p r o v i n g s a f e t y f a c t o r s and d e v e l o p i n g t h e d i a l o g u e between t h e Community and non-member c o u n t r i e s .

S e c o n d l y , w i t h i n t h e framework programme i t i s an e s s e n t i a l complement t o the programmed a c t i v i t i e s i f t h e e l e m e n t o f f l e x i b i l i t y , speed and "edge" so n e c e s s a r y t o t h e common R&D s t r a t e g y i s t o be r e t a i n e d . Because o f i t s v e r y n a t u r e , t h i s a c t i v i t y o c c u p i e s a s p e c i a l p l a c e i n t h e framework programme. S i n c e i t s aim i s t o i n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f R&D i n t h e Community, the s t i m u l a t i o n scheme c o n c e n t r a t e s more on p r o v i d i n g s u p p o r t f o r r e s e a r c h teams and d i f f e r e n t forms o f R&D ( m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y and m u l t i n a t i o n a l ) t h a n devel o p i n g r e s e a r c h and development a c t i v i t i e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y i t c o n s i s t s o f a number o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t c a n n o t be p l a n n e d i n advance.

The s t i m u l a t i o n a c t i o n t h u s

- f i l l s o u t t h e r ange o f measures a l r e a d y t a k e n a t n a t i o n a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l and Community l e v e l t o s u s t a i n t h e c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s o f European s c i e n c e md techno](gy,

- c o n t r i b u t e s whenever n e c e s s a r y , a s u pplement t o t h e Community's medium term R, D&D programmes i n t h e f o r m o f " u n r e s t r i c t e d " a c t i o n .

I n o r d e r t o b r e a k down t h e i s o l a t i o n o f m o n o d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h , open i t up t o t h e Community m u l t i n a t i o n a l d i m e n s i o n , e n s u r e c r o s s f e r t i l i z a t i o n , t a k e f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f p r o m i s i n g b r e a k t h r o u g h s o r r e s p o n d t o u n f o r e s e e n r e q u i r e -ments, t h e r e must be a c a p a b i l i t y t o r e a c t t o new s i t u a t i o n s as and when they emerge. The weakness o f t h e f a c t o r s making f o r m o b i l i t y , t h e s h o r t a g e o f j o b s f o r young g r a d u a t e s and t h e i n a d e q u a c y o f s t r u c t u r e s t o cope w i t h t h e changes i n s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y a r e a l l h a n d i c a p s t h a t have t o be overcome.

To j u d g e from an a n a l y s i s o f s t r u c t u r a l and human f a c t o r s l i m i t i n g t h e e f f i c a c y o f European R&D i n f i e l d s where i t d i r e c t l y a f f e c t s t h e c h a n c e s o f a t t a i n i n g t h e Community's s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s , t h e most t h a t can be done i n advance i n t h e way o f s t i m u l a t i n g e f f i c a c y i s t o d e t e r m i n e the c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n t h a t c o u l d r e d u c e o r a b o l i s h t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s and t o e s t i mate t h e r e s o u r c e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h a t p u r p o s e .

- 80

The c h o i c e o f t h e " p a r t n e r s " who w i l l p u t t h e s t i m u l a t i o n scheme i n t o e f f e c t by c o n d u c t i n g c e r t a i n R&D work must be based on an assessment o f t h e i r qual i t y and p o t e n t i a l and t h e l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e i r work w i l l g e n u i n e l y h e l p t o improve e f f i c a c y i n t h e t y p e o f R&D c o n c e r n e d . T h i s e v a l u a t i o n must be made on a c a s e - b y - c a s e b a s i s by t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l Community i t s e l f i n the l i g h t o f t h e o f f e r s o f c o o p e r a t i o n r e c e i v e d .

The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s has l e d t o t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f an o u t l i n e plan o f s t i m u l a t i o n , summarised below w h i c h aims t o improve t h e e f f i c a c y o f R&D c a p a b i l i t i e s w h i l s t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l g o a l s and o b j e c t i v e s i n t h e g e n e r a l framework programme f o r t h e p e r i o d 1984-1987.

F i n a l l y , and t a k i n g a c c o u n t o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f methodology w h i c h t h e Commis s i o n w i l l u n d e r t a k e a t t h e end o f t h e f i r s t y e a r o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l phase, t h e Community I n s t i t u t i o n s w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o come t o a d e c i s i o n on the o u t l i n e p l a n so t h a t t h e a c t i o n , whose " v a l u e and o p p o r t u n e n e s s " were r e c o g n i s e d a t t h e C o u n c i l ' s m e e t i n g o f 30 June 1982, c a n , from 1985 onwards be d e v e l o p e d w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e bases and f u n d s .

FIELDS OF ACTION

Several dozen s t u d i e s ( i n c l u d i n g 36 p r o s p e c t i v e s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d by t h e FAST team), more t h a n 30 mee t i n g s ( c o n f e r e n c e s , s e m i n a r s , p a n e l s o f e x p e r t s ) h e l d by o r under t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e g e n e r a l a d v i s o r y committees (CERD, CORDI), numerous d i s c u s s i o n s a t n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l (ESF, S o l v a y I n s t i t u t e s , NATO, NAS ), t h e work on comparing n a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s (COPOL) and on p r e p a r i n g p l a n s f o r t h e v a r i o u s g o a l s o f t h e framework programme have y i e l d e d the f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s :

- they have i d e n t i f i e d f a c t o r s r e s t r i c t i n g t h e e f f i c a c y o f European R&D systems and t h e way t h e y measure up t o t o d a y ' s r e q u i r e m e n t s ;

- they have made i t p o s s i b l e t o e v a l u a t e t h e l i m i t s t o n a t i o n a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l and Community a c t i v i t e s t h a t have a l r e a d y been c a r r i e d o u t t o s t i m u l a t e t h i s e f f i c a c y and r e d u c e t h e mismatch w i t h r e q u i r e m e n t s ;

- they have i d e n t i f i e d a v a s t number o f f i e l d s , b o t h m u l t i s e c t o r a l and m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y , w h i c h c a l l f o r s u i t a b l e s u p p o r t and a m u l t i n a t i o n a l dimension i n o r d e r t o b r i n g about b e t t e r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l development.

The f u l l v e r s i o n o f t h e o u t l i n e p l a n i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e "theme p l a n s " p r e a p r e d f o r t h e v a r i o u s b a s i c o p t i o n s s e l e c t e d f o r t h e framework programme (see t h e l i s t o f t h e s e p l a n s i n Annex I I ) .

' ESF European S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n NATO N o r t h A t l a n t i c T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n mm N a t i o n a l Academy o f S c i e n c e (USA)

- 81 -

B e a r i n g i n mind t h e o t h e r s i x g o a l s i n t h e framework programme, t h e r e a r e s u b s t a n t i a l s t i m u l a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s i n many a r e a s . I n an a m b i t i o u s and p r a g m a t i c a p p r o a c h , t h e Commission i s f i r s t f o c u s s i n g on a few o f t h e s e areas i n t h e l i g h t o f an a n a l y s i s o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l i m p o r t a n c e o f each o f them, t h e e f f i c a c y o f t h e R&D c o n d u c t e d i n i t , how c l o s e l y i t i s i n t e r - r e l a t e d w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l s e c t o r s , i t s u s e f u l n e s s i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e g o a l s o f t h e framework programme and t h e p r o s p e c t s o f s u b s t a n t i a l p r o g r e s s .

F i n a l l y , p a r t i a l o v e r l a p s w i t h Community R, D&D programmes a r e a n t i c i p a t e d so as t o make i t p o s s i b l e , whenever t h i s seems n e c e s s a r y , t o b r i n g a " s t i m u l a t i o n d i m e n s i o n " t o s e c t o r s c o v e r e d by medium term Community programmes.

These c h o i c e s w i l l be a d a p t e d and supplemented as t h e s t i m u l a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e d e v e l o p e d , b e a r i n g i n mind r e q u e s t s from t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l w o r l d s t h e m s e l v e s .

F r e q u e n t l y o v e r l a p p i n g and o f t e n dependent on t h e development o f common c o n c e p t u a l t o o l s , t h e a r e a s d e s c r i b e d d i f f e r e s s e n t i a l l y i n t h e l e v e l o f knowledge c o n c e r n e d and i n how remote t h e y a r e from p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s .

- S c i e n c e o f complex systems

A v a s t a r e a i n wh i c h t h e development o f b a s i c knowledge i s o f i n t e r e s t t o numerous s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l s e c t o r s and d i s c i p l i n e s . Some components a r e o f p a r t i c u l a r s o c i a l and economic i n t e r e s t . The more s p e c i f i c i n c e n t i v e a c t i v i t i e s w i l l be c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e s e and w i l l e s s e n t i a l l y be d e s i g n e d t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e l i n k s between t h e " b a s i c " r e s e a r c h , " a p p l i e d " r e s e a r c h and "development" p a r t s o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t y . The f o l l o w i n g w i l l be c o v e r e d : b a s i c b i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h and i t s developments, e a r t h atmosphere i n t e r f a c e s , c h e m i s t r y ( e s p e c i a l l y f i n e c h e m i c a l s and b a s i c c o m b u s t i o n phenomena), t h e e a r t h s c i e n c e s and o p t i c s .

- I n f o r m a t i o n and communication s c i e n c e s

There a r e a l r e a d y numerous Community p r o j e c t s under way i n t h i s f i e l d and a major R&D programme has been p r o p o s e d (ESPRIT) ; a l l t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a l s o r e q u i r e c o n c e p t u a l c a p a c i t y t o be b u i l t up by i m p r o v i n g exchanges between b a s i c r e s e a r c h e r s and a c t i v a t i n g t h e r e s e a r c h / a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t e r f a c e s t h r o u g h c o l l a b o r a t i o n between r e s e a r c h e r s and u s e r s .

- Oceanography

A v e r y p r o m i s i n g R&D f i e l d o f a t y p i c a l l y m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y n a t u r e i n which t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e c r o s s f e r t i l i z a t i o n o f d i s c i p l i n e s and R&D a c t i v i t i e s can be improved t h r o u g h t h e s t i m u l a t i o n scheme. Three a r e a s can be c o n s i d e r e d h e r e ( c o a s t a l z o n e s , t h e g r e a t deeps and t h e i n t e r f a c e between ocean and atmosphere) and s t i m u l a t i o n measures a r e needed t o s t r e n g t h e n and s u p p l e ment t h e n a t i o n a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l R&D programmes t h a t a r e a l r e a d y i n p r o g r e s s o r w i l l be d e v e l o p e d .

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- Space

Space i s an e x c e p t i o n a l l a b o r a t o r y e n v i r o n m e n t i n w h i c h s u b s t a n t i a l s c i e n t i f i c p r o g r e s s can be made ( e s p e c i a l l y i n b i o l o g y and t h e s t u d y o f p r o c e s ses t a k i n g p l a c e a t t h e h e a r t o f m a t t e r - f o r m a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l s i n c o n d i t i o n s o f m i c r o - g r a v i t y ) ; t h i s can be f o s t e r e d by s t i m u l a t i o n measures t o a s s i s t R&D a c t i v i t i e s on t h e ground i n s u p p o r t o f i n - f l i g h t e x p e r i m e n t s and t o h e l p breaksdown t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l i s o l a t i o n o f c e r t a i n teams i n t h e Community.

- S u r f a c e c h e m i s t r y and p h y s i c s

T h i s f i e l d has a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e s c i e n c e s o f complex s y s t e m s , and can l e a d t o more d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f any advances i n b a s i c knowledge. T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e o f c a t a l y s i s , s u r f a c e exchange and a d h e s i o n phenomena. S u i t a b l e s t i m u l a t i o n measures w i l l h e l p overcome t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s r e s u l t i n g from t h e s c a t t e r e d l o c a t i o n o f teams, t h e i r o f t e n i n a d e q u a t e s i z e o r poor communications between R&D d i s c i p l i n e s .

- S c i e n t i f i c i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n

T h i s s e c t o r i s e x p e r i e n c i n g s u b s t a n t i a l economic g r o w t h and a g r e a t e r R&D e f f o r t o f an a p p r o p r i a t e n a t u r e s h o u l d be encouraged so as t o s t r e n g t h e n i t s s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l b a s e s , s i n c e i t i s b o t h o f i m p o r t a n c e f o r t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s and an major i n d u s t r i a l market i n i t s own r i g h t . The s t i m u l a t i o n measures s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e s u p p o r t f o r b a s i c R&D work o r t h e development o f new i n s t r u m e n t s i n v o l v i n g c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n between d i f f e r e n t teams. P r e f e r e n c e w i l l be g i v e n t o i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s e c t o r s r e l e v a n t t o t h e f i e l d s s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s t i m u l a t i o n scheme.

- S c i e n c e o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o s i t e m a t e r i a l s

T h i s f i e l d i s o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e f o r advanced t e c h n o l o g i e s , b u t an e l e ment o f e m p i r i c i s m i s sometimes a d r a g on s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s . A p a r t from t h e need t o d e v e l o p g e n u i n e j o i n t R&D programmes, i t i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y t o encourage g r e a t e r e f f e c t i v e n e s s ( e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e a r e a s o f m e t a l l i c c o m p o s i t e s and b i o m a t e r i a l s ) by s t r e n g t h e n i n g b a s i c m u l t i d i s -c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h combined w i t h e x p e r i m e n t s .

To ensure t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n s t a k e n do n o t r u l e o u t t h e c a p a c i t y t o r e a c t t o u n f o r e s e e n s i t u a t i o n s , some o f t h e f u n d s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e s t i m u l a t i o n scheme would be s e t a s i d e t o be s p e n t on any o t h e r f i e l d i n w h i c h a r e q u i r e m e n t might emerge.

Forms o f a i d

The k i n d o f d i f f i c u l t i e s t o be f a c e d i n t h e s e f i e l d s d e r i v e from t h e o p e r a t i o n a l arrangements w h i c h t h e Commission i n t e n d s t o t e s t and p e r f e c t i n 1983 and 1984. The s t i m u l a t i o n a c t i v i t y i n t h e p e r i o d 1985-1987 s h o u l d b a s i c a l l y take t h e f o u r forms t e s t e d i n 1983-1984 : s u b s i d i e s , r e s e a r c h a l l o c a t i o n s , l a b o r a t o r y t w i n n i n g c o n t r a c t s and o p e r a t i o n s c o n t r a c t s . There w i l l be two

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t y p e s o f a c t i o n : i n c e n t i v e o p e r a t i o n s t o promote m o b i l i t y , c o o p e r a t i o n and new avenues o f R&D, and o p e r a t i o n s w i t h a s p e c i f i c t a r g e t d e s i g n e d t o mobil i z e a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n a s p e c i f i c r e s u l t .

Funds r e q u i r e d

I n v i e w o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s t o be met and t h e t h r e s h o l d o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s f o r a t t a i n m e n t o f t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t ( e s t i m a t e d i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e l e v e l o f n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i d o f t h e s a m e . t y p e ) , i t has been c o n c l u d e d t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o earmark 5% o f t h e " t o t a l amount o f Community f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s f o r s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y " : t h i s i s an o b j e c t i v e t o be a t t a i n e d a t t h e end o f t h e 1984-1987 p e r i o d .

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B-2 HORIZONTAL ACTIVITIES

The adoption of an o v e r a l l framework programme im p l i e s , as a ' c o r o l l a r y , that the Community pay s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n to "ho r i z o n t a l a c t i v i t i e s " which are of s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l i n t e r e s t : •

- forecasting studies (a FAST II programme),

- the dissemination of s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l information and knowledge,

- protecting inventions,

- e x p l o i t i n g R,D&D r e s u l t s ,

- f i n a l l y , the continuous evaluation of R,DSD r e s u l t s and t h e i r use.

Taken together these a c t i v i t i e s are of considerable value. Since they form, d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y , one of the keys to the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of Community R,D&D they need to be systemat i c a l l y sustained.

By v i r t u e of t h e i r " h o r i z o n t a l " nature they are the subject of s p e c i f i c proposals by the Commission which w i l l go together with and act as supporting measures .for t h i s framework programme proposal.

The minimum threshold of resources for 1984-1987 above which these a c t i v i t i e s are l i k e l y to be both adequate and e f f e c t i v e i s 110 MioECUs (at 1982 constant p r i c e s ) . This sum includes a c t i v i t i e s d i r e c t e d towards u t i l i s i n g the r e s u l t s of Community R,DSD, for which a s p e c i a l system of financing i s proposed by

the Commission

(1) See documents : "Promoting the u t i l i z a t i o n of Community-sponsored RSD" and "Community plan of action r e l a t i n g to the evaluation of Community RSD programmes".

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IV. WAYS AND MEANS

The i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e Common R, D&D s t r a t e g y p r o p o s e d i n t h i s programme f o r t h e p e r i o d 1984-1987 w i l l e n t a i l a d a p t a t i o n o f

- c o n s u l t a t i o n , d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g and management s t r u c t u r e s and p r o c e d u r e s ;

• - p r o c e d u r e s f o r c a r r y i n g o u t Community s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l p r o j e c t s .

1. S t r u c t u r e s and p r o c e d u r e s

The g l o b a l a p p r o a c h on w h i c h t h e v e r y c o n c e p t o f a framework programme r e s t s has now l e d t h e Commission t o t a k e v a r i o u s d e c i s i o n s o f i t s own on r e o r g a n i s a t i o n .

More t h a n a y e a r has p a s s e d s i n c e i t g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r i n t o on D i r e c t o r a t e - G e n e r a l t h e d e p a r t m e n t s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r JRC a c t i v i t i e s and f o r a major p a r t o f t h e Community's s h a r e d - c o s t programmes.

S e c o n d l y , i t has begun s e t t i n g up a sys t e m o f i n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l c o n s u l t a t i o n g e a r e d t o t h e new a p p r o a c h o f t h e framework programme.

As r e g a r d s t h e m a c h i n e r y f o r p r e p a r i n g d e c i s i o n s and f o r management a t n a t i o n a l l e v e l f o r R, D&D p o l i c y makers and government e x p e r t s a l i k e , t h e Commission i n t e n d s t o p r e s e n t a p p r o p r i a t e recommendations t o t h e C o u n c i l s h o r t l y .

D i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s p r o p o s a l f o r a framework programme i n t h e Community i n s t i t u t i o n s s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e a l l o w t h e Commission t o come t o a f i n a l d e c i s i o n p a r t i c u l a r l y as r e g a r d s :

- t h e i n t e r m i n i s t e r i a l ( o r i n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l ) n a t u r e o f t h e sys t e m t o be pu t f o r w a r d i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e g e n e r a l framework programme of Community R, D&D a c t i v i t i e s i s drawn up and r e v i e w e d p e r i o d i c a l l y ;

- changes i n t h e s t r u c t u r e s and p r o c e d u r e s o f t h e c o n s u l t a t i o n w h i c h has t o t a k e p l a c e b e f o r e and a f t e r d e c i s i o n s a r e t a k e n by t h e Community i n s t i t u t i o n s on s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s a r i s i n g from the framework programme.

The Commission's recommendations w i l l be aimed i n t h e main a t s p e e d i n g up and r a t i o n a l i s i n g t h e c u r r e n t s y s t e m and h a r m o n i s i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r e x a m i n i n g t h e s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n i c a l and f i n a n c i a l a s p e c t s o f Community p r o p o s a l s .

2. Ways and means - a c t i o n programmes

a) I n i t s Programming Guide t h e framework programme s e t s o u t a number of s p e c i f i c s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s i n t e n d e d as a b a s i s f o r d e f i n i n g what Community a c t i o n i s needed. The Community a c t i o n programme, g e n e r a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d on a s e c t o r a l o r d i s c i p l i n a l b a s i s , w i l l n o t n e c e s s a r i l y be d e s i g n e d t o s a t i s f y one s i n g l e o b j e c t i v e ;

- 86 -

i n s t e a d , they w i l l c o n s t i t u t e a simultaneous approach t o s e v e r a l o b j e c t i v e s , p o s s i b l y r e p r e s e n t i n g d i f f e r e n t g o a l s . A matrix s t r u c t u r e should t h e r e f o r e develop, s e t t i n g o b j e c t i v e s a g a i n s t a c t i o n s .

b) Some of the a c t i o n programmes designed to meet the s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s f o r 1984-1987 w i l l from now on be the s u b j e c t of C o u n c i l D e c i s i o n s : i n p a r t i c u l a r demonstration p r o j e c t s i n the energy s e c t o r and a number of research and development programmes. For the l a t t e r the Commission intends i n f u t u r e to apply the concept o f a c t i o n programmes.

An a c t i o n programme to achieve one or s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s w i l l comprise a s e t of R&D p r o j e c t s i n a p a r t i c u l a r area b r i n g i n g together the d i f f e r e n t procedures a p p l i e d at Community l e v e l : research w i t h i n the JRC ( d i r e c t 'action), shared-c o s t c o n t r a c t s ( i n d i r e c t a c t i o n ) and coordinated research (concerted a c t i o n ) , one of the fundamental c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the a c t i o n programme being the i n t e g r a t e d management of a l l the procedures a p p l i e d . The a c t i o n programme w i l l be e x p r e s s l y designed to take i n t o account demonstration p r o j e c t s , a c t i o n undertaken as p a r t of COST and a c t i o n taken a t n a t i o n a l l e v e l by the Member S t a t e s .

c) The Commission intends p r o g r e s s i v e l y t o submit i t s proposals f o r i n i t i a t i n g or c a r r y i n g out a c t i o n i n the R&D f i e l d , i n the form o f a c t i o n programmes i n c l u d i n g , i f need be, a number of the R&D programmes al r e a d y under way.

The a c t i o n programmes w i l l be the s u b j e c t of i n d i v i d u a l d e c i s i o n s on the p a r t of the C o u n c i l .

For the p e r i o d 1984-1987 the JRC programme w i l l continue to be the s u b j e c t of a composite d e c i s i o n w i t h i t s d i f f e r e n t p a r t s s l o t t i n g i n t o the a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n programmes ; approval of programmes conducted under A r t i c l e 55 of the ECSC Treaty w i l l f o l l o w the s p e c i f i c procedures l a i d down i n t h a t Treaty.

d) The Commission w i l l s h o r t l y present i t s proposed scheme f o r i n t r o d u c i n g programmes of a c t i o n designed to achieve the Community o b j e c t i v e s i t puts' forward i n t h i s document.

3. F i n a n c i a l resources

The s t r a t e g y of a d a p t a t i o n put to the Community f o r the p e r i o d 1984-1987 brings i n some marked changes to the d i r e c t i o n s and the s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s undertaken so f a r at the Community l e v e l .

This s t r a t e g y i s based on :

- a c l e a r p r i o r i t y f o r improvement o f s c i e n t i f i c , a g r i c u l t u r a l and i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness, i n v o l v i n g a marked increase i n the r e l a t i v e importance ( i n terms of funds) to be accorded to these goals

- 87 -

-- a d e f i n i t e b i a s i n favour c f s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s of i n t e r e s t to developing c o u n t r i e s . In view o f the v i r t u a l l y complete absence o f p r o j e c t s i n t h i s connection a t present, i t would seem th a t the g r e a t e s t e f f o r t should be made here ;

- keeping an eye on improving the management of energy resources, without g i v i n g t h i s g oal the absolute p r i o r i t y i t enjoyed i n the Seventies ;

- an increase i n e f f o r t s to improve the management of raw m a t e r i a l s ;

- c o n t i n u i n g to develop a c t i v i t i e s to improve l i v i n g and working c o n d i t i o n s and " h o r i z o n t a l " a c t i v i t i e s o f the Community ( d i s t r i b u t i o n of knowledge, w v a i o r i B a t i o n " , forecasting, e t c . ) .

In order to achieve the proposed o b j e c t i v e s , the fund's made a v a i l a b l e f o r the p e r i o d 1984-1987 should correspond ( i n l i n e w i t h the amounts i n d i c a t e d f o r each o b j e c t i v e i n the programming guide) t o the f o l l o w i n g minimum thr e s h o l d s :

m i l l i o n ECU

- Promoting a g r i c u l t u r a l competitiveness, i n c l u d i n g f i s h

. sub-goal a g r i c u l t u r e

. sub-goal f i s h 115 15

- Promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness

. Removal and r e d u c t i o n o f hindrances

. Conventional i n d u s t r i e s

. New technoLog ies

30 350 680

- Improving the management o f raw m a t e r i a l s 80

- Improving the management o f energy resources

. Development of nuclear energy - f i s s i o n

. C o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear f u s i o n

. Development o f renewable energy sources

. RationaZ use of energy

540 480 310 520

- R e i n f o r c i n g a i d to the developing c o u n t r i e s 150

- Improving l i v i n g and working c o n d i t i o n s

. Improvement of safety and protection of health

. P r o t e c t i o n o f the environment 160 110

- 88 -

,- Improving the e f f i c a c y of s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l p o t e n t i a l 5% of the

t o t a l amount of a p p r o p r i a t i o n s

- H o r i z o n t a l a c t i o n (including the u t i l i s a t i o n of R&D) 110

These amounts to an estimated minimum o u t l a y of around 3.750 m i l l i o n ECU f o r the p e r i o d 1984-1987.

Although i t can h a r d l y be c a l l e d ambitious given the requirements to be met, t h i s proposal r e f l e c t s a renewed vigour and commitment on the p a r t of Europe, comparable to t h a t evolved and pursued by the Member States i n the 1960's .

The proposed s t r a t e g y presupposes t h a t there i s once *again a common w i l l and an e x p l i c i t choice o f s i g n i f i c a n t o b j e c t i v e s of common i n t e r e s t which meet the needs of the Member S t a t e s . I t r e s t s on the assumption th a t i n the medium-term R, D&D i s a p a r t i c u l a r l y e f f e c t i v e means both of countering the e f f e c t s of the present c r i s i s and o f emerging from i t .

In the Commission's o p i n i o n , s i n c e R, D&D i s one of the most pro d u c t i v e l o n g - and medium-term investments f o r both the Member Sta t e s and the Community as a whole, the f i n a n c i a l o u t l a y f o r t h i s purpose needs not only to be i n c r e a s e d to a s i g n i f i c a n t e x tent, but a l s o to be guaranteed agains short-term economic phenomena or pressures which may a f f e c t the r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Community resources..

The Commission t h e r e f o r e considers i t d e s i r a b l e f o r a c e r t a i n percentage of the Community's b u d g e t to ^ e s e ^ aside f o r the f i n a n c i n g of Community R, D&D a c t i v i t i e s .

Given the minimum o v e r a l l estimate i n d i c a t e d above f o r the 1984-1987 framework programme, t h i s should amount to around 4% per year of the Community'r resources by the end of the p e r i o d i n q u e s t i o n .

Subsequent d e c i s i o n s taken with regard to s c i e n t i f i c a n d ^ t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s would have to observe the l i m i t s thus d e f i n e d , the l a t t e r being s u b j e c t to review f o r each framework programme.

1

2

3

percentage to be reached by the end o f the p e r i o d 1984-1987.

I t i s worth r e c a l l i n g t h a t i n 1968 Community R&D a c t i v i t i e s alone accounted f o r 2.5% of the t o t a l amount of the Member St a t e s ' p u b l i c budgets, whereas i n 1982 R, D&D a c t i v i t i e s accounted f o r only 2.2% t h e r e o f .

R, D&D a c t i v i t i e s ensuing from the ECSC Treaty would a l s o have to comply with the s p e c i f i c f i n a n c i n g r u l e s connected with t h i s Treaty.

- 8 9 -

CONCLUSIONS

On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s c o m m u n i c a t i o n , w h i c h p u t s f o r w a r d t h e f r a m e w o r k p r o g r a m m e 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 7 t h e C o m m i s s i o n i n v i t e s t h e C o u n c i l a n d t h e P a r l i a m e n t :

a ) t o t a k e a v i e w o n t h e s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n s e l e c t e d , t h e i r r e l a t i v e p r i o r i t y a n d t h e m i n i m u m f i n a n c i a l o u t l a y w h i c h i s i m p l i e d i n t h e i r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ,

b ) t o e x p r e s s t h e i r a g r e e m e n t t h a t f i n a n c e f o r C o m m u n i t y R,DSD a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d f r o m t h e C o m m u n i t y ' s b u d g e t a n d t h a t t h i s f u n d i n g s h o u l d , b y t h e e n d o f 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 7 p e r i o d r e a c h t h e l e v e l o f a b o u t 4 % p e r y e a r o f C o m m u n i t y r e s o u r c e s .

A N N E X I

A N A L Y S I S OF THE COMMUNITY'S P O S I T I O N I N THE I N T E R N A T I O N A L CONTEXT

By t a k i n g a n o v e r a l l v i e w o f t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e ( f r o m d o c u m e n t s p r e p a r e d b y C o m m i s s i o n s t a f f , d e t a i l e d a n a l y s e s a p p e a r i n g i n t h e t h e m e p l a n s , d o c u m e n t s p r o d u c e d b y UNESCO, OECD a n d NATO) i t i s p o s s i b l e , i n a f e w f i g u r e s a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s t o s h o w t h e C o m m u n i t y ' s p l a c e i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t a s w e l l a s t r e n d s w h i c h c a n b e f o r e c a s t .

T h e s e d a t a s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d w i t h c a u t i o n h o w e v e r , s i n c e c o m p a r i s o n c a n o f t e n b e made d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o f d e f i n i t i o n o r n o m e n c l a t u r e w h i c h a r e u s e d i n t h e v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s a n a l y s e d a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t f l u c t u a t i o n s i n e x c h a n g e l e v e l s a n d c o n s u mer p r i c e i n d e x e s ( f o r m u l a e u s e d i n f o r e c a s t s t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s a r e o b v i o u s l y f o u n d e d u p o n h y p o t h e s e s ) .

1. T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t

I n 1 9 8 1 , m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 b i l l i o n E C U s w e r e s p e n t o n R,DSD i n t h e w o r l d ( b o t h p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e s p e n d i n g ) . M o r e t h a n t w o m i l l i o n r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s t o o k p a r t i n t h i s a c t i v i t y , w h i c h h a d a s t r o n g l y i n t e n s i f y i n g e f f e c t o n t h e s t r e a m o f c o m p e t i t i o n b y i n n o v a t i o n .

T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , w h i l s t n o t r e t a i n i n g t h e s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l p r e d o m i n a n c e w h i c h i t h a s h e l d f o r 2 0 y e a r s , r e m a i n s t h e c o u n t r y w h i c h h a s t h e m o s t c o m p l e t e r e s e a r c h a n d i n n o v a t i o n p o t e n t i a l t o d a y , a n d a s a g e n e r a l r u l e , t h e o n e w h i c h i s m o s t p r o d u c t i v e . W i t h o u t a n y s e r i o u s g a p s o r i n a d e q u a c i e s i n t h e r e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i t m a i n t a i n s a n o u t l a y o f c o n s i d e r a b l e s i z e .

(8)

- 2 -

U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a 1 9 8 2 F e d e r a l R&D f u n d i n g b y a g e n c i e s ( e s t i m a t e s )

2 B i l l i o n B i l l i o n ECU % T o t a l

N a t i o n a l D e f e n s e S p a c e R e s e a r c h a n d T e c h n o l o g y H e a l t h a n d Human s e r v i c e s E n e r g y N a t . r e s o u r c e s a n d E n v i r o n m e n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g r i c u l t u r e S o c i a l s e r v i c e s N . S . F . O t h e r A g e n c i e s

1 9 . 6 5

5 . 7 4

3 . 9 0 4 . 8 6

0.72 0.36 0.84 0.51 0 . 9 0 0 . 7 8

1 9 . 5 9

5 . 72

3 . 8 9 4 . 8 4

0.72 0 . 3 6 0.84 0.51 0 . 9 0 0 . 7 8

5 1 . 3 4

1 5 . 0 0

1 0 . 2 0 1 2 . 6 9

1 .88 0.94 2.21 1 . 3 3 2 . 3 6 2 . 0 5

TOTAL 3 8 . 2 8 3 8 . 1 5 1 0 0 . 0 0

1 ECU = $ 1 . 0 0 3 2 4 ( 6 m o n t h a v e r a g e 1 9 8 2 )

S o u r c e : N . S . F .

D e s p i t e some d o w n w a r d t r e n d s w h i c h a r e t o b e s e e n i n t h e g r o w t h c u r v e s o f f u n d s a l l o c a t e d t o R&D b y t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t , f o r e c a s t s w h i c h h a v e b e e n a s s e m b l e d s h o w t h a t t h i s e f f o r t w i l l c o n t i n u e i n t h e y e a r s t o c o m e .

T o t a l R&D e x p e n d i t u r e i n t h e USA ( i n c l u d i n g p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e r e s e a r c h )

F o r e c a s t e x p e n d i t u r e e x p r e s s e d i n b i l l i o n E CU

1 9 8 2 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 7 (1 ECU = 1 . 0 0 3 2 4 2)

R&D s p e n d i n g 7 7 , 3 8 ^ 9 4 +_ 1 1 6

R a t i o o f R&D e x p e n d i t u r e t o g r o s s d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t 1 9 8 0 : 2,4 %

- 3 -

S o f a r a s a c t i v e r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s a r e c o n c e r n e d , t h e i r n u m b e r i n t h e USA c a n t o d a y be e s t i m a t e d a t _+ 660,000. I t m i g h t a l s o b e n o t e d t h a t u n i v e r s i t y s t a f f a r e t h r e e t i m e s g r e a t e r i n n u m b e r h e r e t h a n w i t h i n t h e E u r o p e o f 10.

I t i s J a p a n w h i c h i s c u r r e n t l y g i v i n g R,D&D i n v e s t m e n t p r o p o r t i o n a l l y t h e g r e a t e s t p r i o r i t y . D u r i n g t h e l a s t d e c a d e t h e r a t i o o f R&D e x p e n d i t u r e t o GDP g r e w f r o m 1.5 % t o 2 % ( w h e r e a s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f e f f o r t w i t h i n t h e C o m m u n i t y (EUR 10) h a r d l y a l t e r e d , r e m a i n i n g a t a b o u t 1.9 % ) . I t i s i n t e n d e d t h a t t h i s r a t i o s h o u l d be b u i l t u p t o 2.5 % i n 1985 a n d 3 % i n 1990

An i n t e n s e r e s e a r c h e f f o r t l i n k e d t o a c l e a r a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d i n d u s t r i a l p o l i c y h a s a l l o w e d J a p a n t o a c q u i r e p r o g r e s s i v e l y m o r e a d v a n c e d , n o t t o s a y p r e d o m i n a n t , p o s i t i o n s i n w o r l d m a r k e t s s u c h a s i r o n a n d s t e e l , s h i p b u i l d i n g , o p t i c s , c o m p u t e r s c i e n c e a n d b i o t e c h n o l o g y .

T h e o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h e f u t u r e h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n a n n o u n c e d . T h e y a r e ( a p a r t f r o m s t r e n g t h e n i n g c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s i n t h e f i e l d s o f new i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d b i o t e c h n o l o g y ) :

- m a t e r i a l s f r o m i n d u s t r i a l r e c y c l i n g - o c e a n o g r a p h y - h i g h l y p r o c e s s e d f o o d s t u f f s - h o u s i n g a n d u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t - m e d i c a l a n d c h i r u r g i c a l m a t e r i a l s - a n d , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s , a l l e q u i p m e n t

m a k i n g i t p o s s i b l e t o e c o n o m i s e o n man p o w e r .

(1)

(2)

R e p o r t b y t h e S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y A g e n c y o f t h e J a p a n e s e G o v e r n m e n t (1981).

S o u r c e : M i n i s t r y o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e a n d I n d u s t r y , T o k y o .

_ 4 -

So f a r a s f i n a n c i a l f o r e c a s t s a r e c o n c e r n e d t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o b a b l e t r e n d s c a n b e p u t f o r w a r d :

T o t a l R&D e x p e n d i t u r e i n J a p a n ( i n c l u d i n g p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e r e s e a r c h )

F o r e c a s t e x p e n d i t u r e e x p r e s s e d i n b i l l i o n ECU

1 9 8 2 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 7 (1 ECU = 2 4 4 . 6 7 1 Y e n )

R&D s p e n d i n g + 2 5 . 2 6 + 3 0 + 4 1

A c t i v e r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s i n 1 9 8 1 t o t a l l e d a b o u t 4 0 5 , 0 0 0 ( i n o t h e r w o r d s a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f r e s e a r c h e r s t h a n t h e C o m m u n i t y . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y p o p u l a t i o n i s a l r e a d y h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e E u r o p e o f 1 0 ) .

F i n a l l y i t i s w o r t h s t r e s s i n g t h e f a c t t h a t RSD e x p e n d i t u r e i n J a p a n g o e s e x c l u s i v e l y t o w a r d s r e s e a r c h f o r c i v i l i a n p u r p o s e s .

T h e USSR a n d t h e COMECON c o u n t r i e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g f e a t u r e s :

- c o n s i d e r a b l e RSD i n v e s t m e n t ( m a i n l y i n t h e USSR w h e r e t h e r a t i o o f RSD e x p e n d i t u r e t o GNP i s t h e h i g h e s t i n t h e w o r l d , e x c e e d i n g 3 % i n 1 9 8 1 a c c o r d i n g t o o f f i c i a l f i g u r e s ) ,

- a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e f f o r t i n c e r t a i n a r e a s : m i l i t a r y r e s e a r c h , s p a c e , p r o p u l s i o n , h y d r o a c c o u s t i c s , o p t i c s , e t c . (we m i g h t a l s o m e n t i o n i n t h e f i e l d o f b a s i c r e s e a r c h : m a t h e m a t i c s , t h e o r e t i c a l p h y s i c s , a s t r o n o m y , n u c l e a r p h y s i c s ) ,

- a n o t a b l e i n a d e q u a c y s o f a r a s a p p l y i n g RSD r e s u l t s t o p r o b l e m s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l o r i n d u s t r i a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s i s c o n c e r n e d , o r t o t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s .

A n o t h e r p o i n t w o r t h e m p h a s i s i n g i s t h e i m m e n s e t r a i n i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n e f f o r t , p a r t i c u l a r l y d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y w h i c h i s b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n a n d s u s t a i n e d i n t h e COMECON c o u n t r i e s .

- 5 -

Th e USSR a n d o t h e r COMECON c o u n t r i e s t h u s d i s p l a y t h e d u a l - a n d c o n t r a d i c t o r y - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b e i n g a t o n e a n d t h e same t i m e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h a r e h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d s c i e n t i f i c a l l y s p e a k i n g w h i l s t b e i n g d e p e n d e n t o n t h e W e s t i n many f i e l d s f o r a l o t o f t e c h n o l o g y o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s w h i c h a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y f u n d a m e n t a l . I n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e y a r e i n b o t h s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l , a n d m a r k e t t e r m s , c o u n t r i e s w h i c h w i l l b e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t t o t h e C o m m u n i t y i n y e a r s t o c o m e .

C h i n a , a h u g e n a t i o n s l o w l y b e c o m i n g i n d u s t r i a l i s e d , i s a t t h e s a m e t i m e s c i e n t i f i c a l l y a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y a d v a n c e d i n c e r t a i n f i e l d s ( s p a c e , n u c l e a r q u e s t i o n s , b i o l o g y ) a n d u n d e r d e v e l o p e d i n v a r i o u s f u n d a m e n t a l s e c t o r s . I t s d e c l a r e d i n t e n t i o n , w h i c h c a n o n l y w i t h g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y b e e x p r e s s e d i n f i g u r e s , i s t o i n c r e a s e i t s i n v e s t m e n t s i n R&D o n a r e g u l a r b a s i s . T h i s s h o u l d b e n o t e d w i t h i n t e r e s t b y t h e C o m m u n i t y b e c a u s e o f t h e a m o u n t a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f C h i n a ' s r e s o u r c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y human r e s o u r c e s .

So f a r a s o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l i s e d n a t i o n s a r e c o n c e r n e d ( s u c h a s C a n a d a , S w e d e n , S w i t z e r l a n d , A u s t r i a o r S p a i n . . . ) t h e d a t a w h i c h h a v e b e e n c o l l e c t e d s h o w a m a r k e d w i s h f o r g r o w t h i n r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .

A t t h e same t i m e , b u t w i t h i n d u e l i m i t s , t h e r a p i d l y d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s ( s u c h a s B r a z i l , M e x i c o , I n d i a a n d K o r e a . . . ) w h i c h h a v e r e c e n t l y e n t e r e d t h e m a r k e t f o r c l a s s i c o r a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y a r e m a k i n g e v i d e n t t h e i r i n t e n t t o s u p p o r t R,D&D i n v e s t m e n t i n c r e a s i n g l y i n v a r i o u s f i e l d s .

S e e t h e 1 3 t h e m e p l a n s i n t h i s r e s p e c t .

- 6 -

2 . T h e Member S t a t e s o f t h e EEC

The n a t i o n a l R,D&D p o l i c y c o n f r o n t a t i o n e x e r c i c e s w h i c h h a v e t a k e n p l a c e among t h e Member S t a t e s ( C O P O L 7 9 a n d COPOL 81 ) , a n d t h e c o m p a r i s o n s w h i c h h a v e b e e n made w i t h p o l i c y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d J a p a n h a v e v e r y much b r o u g h t o u t t h r e e g r o u p s o f f a c t s :

a ) T h e E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y p o s s e s s e s a m a j o r p o t e n t i a l f o r r e s e a r c h a t t h e t h r e s h o l d o f t h e e i g h t i e s v i z . :

. 2 0 % o f a l l money s p e n t o n R,D&D i n t h e w o r l d ( p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e r e s e a r c h - m o r e t h a n 5 2 b i l l i o n ECU i n 1 9 8 2 ) ,

. m o r e t h a n 1 m i l l i o n s c i e n t i s t s a n d t e c h n i c i a n s ( i n c l u d i n g 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 r e s e a r c h e r s ) a r e c u r r e n t l y e n g a g e d i n t h i s s o r t o f a c t i v i t y ) ,

. E u r o p e ' s R&D c a p a c i t y i s l e s s t h a n h a l f a s g r e a t a s t h e U S A ' s ( b u t o n l y 2 7 % l e s s i f o n e c o n f i n e s t h e c o m p a r i s o n t o c i v i l r e s e a r c h ) , a n d i t i s d o u b l e J a p a n ' s .

b) W h i l s t , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h e t e c h n o l o g y g a p b e t w e e n t h e E u r o p e o f 1 0 a n d t h e USA h a s b e e n s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d o v e r 15 y e a r s , new w e a k n e s s e s a r e b e c o m i n g a p p a r e n t a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e USA a n d J a p a n . B y t h e same t o k e n o n e c a n n o t h e l p b u t n o t e t h e C o m m u n i t y ' s i n a d e q u a c i e s , c o m p a r e d t o t h e s e t w o c o u n t r i e s i n r e s p e c t o f t h e u t i l i s a t i o n o f r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s a n d t h e i r a d o p t i o n i n t e r m s o f i n n o v a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n d u s t r i a l i n n o v a t i o n .

c ) F o r t h e m a j o r f u n d a m e n t a l r e s e a r c h a r e a s ( t h e " b i g s c i e n c e s " ) a n d t h e h i g h t e c h n o l o g i e s , E u r o p e a n c o o p e r a t i o n h a s made i t p o s s i b l e f o r E u r o p e a n S t a t e s t o a v o i d b e i n g l e f t o u t o f t h e m a i n s t r e a m o f s c i e n c e a n d i n d u s t r i a l i n n o v a t i o n i n f i e l d s s u c h a s h i g h e n e r g y p h y s i c s , s p a c e , a e r o n a u t i c s o r t h e r m o n u c l e a r f u s i o n .

(1) S e e t h e r e l e v a n t d o c u m e n t s - CREST/1237/,79 - C R E S T / 1 2 0 2 / 2 / 8 2 r e v . 2

- 7 -

Conversely, i n f i e l d s where European cooperation has not or not yet developed, n o t i c e a b l e gaps are appearing between the Europe of 10, the United States and Japan ( t h i s i s already evident i n the case of computer science and biotechnology, and worrying signs are emerging i n more t r a d i t i o n a l s e c t o r s ; the automobile, chemical and m a t e r i a l s i n d u s t r i e s ) .

Developments and trends

- General data

So f a r as budgets are concerned i t may be noted that between 1970 and 1980 the t o t a l of budget ap p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r R&D (nearly 20 b i l l i o n ECUs i n 1980'") grew by one t h i r d , p u t t i n g i t somewhere between the stagnation of R&D budgets i n the USA and the more than doubling i n Japan.

As f o r p r i o r i t i e s one may note the large p r o p o r t i o n always assigned to defence, which i s i n

EUR 10 25 % of p u b l i c expenditure on R&D USA 47 % Japon 2 % "

However i t should be s t a t e d t h a t the p o s i t i o n d i f f e r s very much from one country to another w i t h i n the Community, and the prop o r t i o n given over to defence can vary from 0 to more than 50 %.

Apart from defence the R&D p o l i c i e s of the Member States of the European Community are e s s e n t i a l l y based upon the f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s :

- promoting i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y competitive economic development, - s o l v i n g s o c i a l problems such as improving working c o n d i t i o n s

a n d p r o t e c t i n g the environment, - maintaining a proper balance between basic research and

research o r i e n t e d toward p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s .

(1) 26,5 bi I l i o n i n 1982.

- 8 -

- S e c t o r a l d a t a

T h e i m p o r t a n c e a c c o r d e d t o A g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e C o m m u n i t y ( e x p r e s s e d m a i n l y i n t h e Common A g r i c u l t u r a l P o l i c y ) i s o n . l y p a r t i a l l y r e f l e c t e d i n R8D a t n a t i o n a l l e v e l . I n f a c t o n e s e e s t h a t p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e o n a g r i c u l t u r e R&D f o r a l l Member S t a t e s a c c o u n t s o n a v e r a g e f o r o n l y 3.7 % o f t h e t o t a l , a n d t h a t i t i s d i s t r i b u t e d v e r y u n e v e n l y ( N e t h e r l a n d s a n d D e n m a r k 9 %, F r a n c e 4 %, W e s t G e r m a n y 2 % ) .

On t h e o t h e r h a n d I t a l y , w h e r e t h e a r e a o f l a n d u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n h a s s h r u n k b y 6 % o v e r t h e l a s t 1 0 y e a r s ( c o m p a r e d w i t h a C o m m u n i t y a v e r a g e o f 3 % ) , s p e n d s n o m o r e t h a n 0.9 ECU p e r h e a d o f p o p u l a t i o n w h i l s t t h e N e t h e r l a n d s s p e n d s 6 . 8 . I n I r e l a n d ( w h i c h s p e n d s 4.7 ECUs p e r h e a d o n R&D, t a k i n g s e c o n d p l a c e a f t e r t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ) , a g r i c u l t u r e h a s a k e y p o s i t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y ' s e c o n o m y , b u t p r o d u c t i v i t y r e m a i n s s o m e w h a t l o w c o m p a r e d t o o t h e r M ember S t a t e s .

I n t h e i n d u s t r i a l f i e l d i n t e r v e n t i o n b y n a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s i s m o r e t h a n s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h a t i t a c c o u n t s f o r 5 0 % i n s ome Member S t a t e s ; i t i s c l e a r t h a t d e v e l o p i n g t h e i n n o v a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f i n d u s t r y h a s come t o b e o n e o f t h e w a y s o f t a c k l i n g t h e c r i s i s w h i c h i s a f f e c t i n g W e s t e r n e c o n o m i e s . T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t h o w e v e r s i n c e , f o l l o w i n g a m a j o r r e d u c t i o n i n R&D f o r i n d u s t r i a l p u r p o s e s a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e 7 0 s , t h e come b a c k was n o t a p p a r e n t u n t i l a r o u n d 1 9 7 8 . K e e p i n g u p t h i s t r e n d made i t p o s s i b l e t o g e t b a c k t o 1 9 7 4 l e v e l s i n 1 9 8 1 .

S i n c e 1 9 7 4 E n e r g y h a s b e e n g i v e n a v e r y h i g h p r i o r i t y i n t h e C o m m u n i t y s o f a r a s f i n a n c i n g R&D i s c o n c e r n e d ( 1 1 % o f t h e t o t a l R&D b u d g e t ) . T h i s h a s l a r g e l y b e e n j u s t i f i e d b y t h e h i g h l y n e g a t i v e t r a d e b a L a n c e i n e n e r g y p r o d u c t s . H o w e v e r s i n c e 1 9 7 4 i t i s n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n a r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p u b l i c f i n a n c e w i t h i n t h e o v e r a l l b u d g e t d e v o t e d t o e n e r g y r e s e a r c h : n u c l e a r f i s s i o n e n e r g y h a s e x p e r i e n c e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n i t s s h a r e ( o f t h e o r d e r o f 2 0 % i n t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y a n d 7 % i n F r a n c e b e t w e e n 1 9 7 5 a n d 1 9 8 0 ) i n f a v o u r o f f o s s i l f u e l s , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a n d e n e r g y s a v i n g . On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

- 9 -

t h e p r o p o r t i o n a s s i g n e d t o c o n t r o l l e d t h e r m o n u c l e a r f u s i o n h a s r e m a i n e d f a i r l y h i g h ( 6 % o f t h e o v e r a l l p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e o n e n e r g y r e s e a r c h i n t h e C o m m u n i t y i n 1 9 7 9 ) .

A f t e r e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , t h e s u p p l y o f Raw M a t e r i a l s i s t h e s e c o n d w e ak p o i n t i n t h e C o m m u n i t y ' s e c o n o m y , w h e r e i m p o r t s a r e m o r e t h a n d o u b l e e x p o r t s . P u b l i c RSD e f f o r t i n t h e Member S t a t e s t o d o w i t h o p t i m a l u s e o f r a w m a t e r i a l ' s a n d r e c y c l i n g t h e m i s l i m i t e d h o w e v e r a n d i s o f t h e o r d e r o f 7 % o f p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e o n i n d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h .

I m p r o v i n g L i v i n g S t a n d a r d s i s o n e o f t h e b a s i c g o a l s o f t h e M e m b e r S t a t e s w h i c h , p a r t i c u l a r l y v i a t h e i r RSD b u d g e t s , h a v e g i v e n t h e q u e s t i o n i n c r e a s i n g a t t e n t i o n d u r i n g t h e l a s t d e c a d e . I t m i g h t b e n o t e d t h a t f r o m 1 9 7 0 t o 1 9 7 9 t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f RSD e x p e n d i t u r e d e v o t e d t o m a n a g i n g t h e human ° n v i r o n m e n t , t o p r o t e c t i n g a n d p r o m o t i n g h e a l t h , a n d t o p r o b l e m s o f l i f e i n s o c i e t y h a s g r o w n f r o m 7.5 % t o 1 1 . 2 %. H o w e v e r , t h i s t r e n d s e e m s t o h a v e s t a b i l i s e d a n d i n 1 9 8 0 a s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n w a s n o t i c e a b l e , i n p a r t i c u l a r f o r t h e o b j e c t i v e d e a l i n g w i t h l i f e i n s o c i e t y .

F i n a l l y , i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d E u r o p e a n s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n ( a p a r t f r o m C o m m u n i t y a c t i v i t i e s and COST actions) 4» mainly concerned with :

- b a s i c r e s e a r c h o p e r a t i o n s , 'lo b e n o t e d h e r e a r e m a i n l y t h e E u r o p e a n N u c l e a r R e s e a r c h C e n t r e ( C E R N ) , t h e E u r o p e a n M o l e c u l a r B i o l o g y L a b o r a t o r y ( E M B L ) o p e r a t i n g w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h e E u r o p e a n M o l e c u l a r B i o l o g y O r g a n i s a t i o n , t h e O b s e r v a t o r y r u n b y t h e E u r o p e a n O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r A s t r o n o m i c a l R e s e a r c h i n t h e A u s t r a l h e m i s p h e r e ( E S O ) a n d t h e G l o b a l A t m o s p h e r i c R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m m e ( G A R P ) . I n t h i s c o n t e x t i t i s w o r t h n o t i n g t h e s p e c i a l r o l e p l a y e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n s o f a r a s i n f o r m a t i o n e x c h a n g e s a n d t h e c o n c e r t a t i o n o f b a s i c r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s a r e c o n c e r n e d .

- m a j o r t e c h n i c a l r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e s . Among t h e m a i n e x a m p l e s t o b e n o t e d i s t h e E u r o p e a n S p a c e A g e n c y ( E S A ) w h i c h , f r o m t h e f i n a n c i a l p o i n t o f v i e w i s t h e b i g g e s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l

- 10 -

c o o p e r a t i o n o r g a n i s a t i o n i n t h e w o r l d w i t h a b u d g e t o f 7 3 0 M i o E C U s i n 1 9 8 0 a n d g e t t i n g o n f o r 1 . 5 0 0 s t a f f . One m i g h t a l s o m e n t i o n t h e E U R 0 D I F a s s o c i a t i o n ( c o n s t r u c t i n g a n e n r i c h m e n t p l a n t f o r n u c l e a r f u e l s u s i n g t h e g a s e o u s d i f f u s i o n m e t h o d ) , a n d t h e A i r b u s p r o g r a m m e .

A l a s t p o i n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y s o f a r a s M e m b e r S t a t e s RSD a c t i v i t i e s i n t e n d e d t o s u p p o r t d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s a r e c o n c e r n e d , i s t h a t F r a n c e s p e n d s t h e m o s t ( o f t h e o r d e r o f 6 5 % o f t o t a l C o m m u n i t y e x p e n d i t u r e , w h i c h was a b o u t 2 6 0 M i o E C U s i n 1 9 8 0 - a n e t i n c r e a s e o v e r 1 9 7 5 when e x p e n d i t u r e was 2 0 0 M i o E C U s ) .

TOTAL FOR EUR-1Q : 23,842.14 M i o E C U

1981

TOTAL FOR EUR-10 SET OUT BY COUNTRY TOTAL FOR EUR-10 SET OUT ACCORDING TO NABS OBJECTIVES

Figures for Luxembourg not available

1. Exploration and exploitation of the earth and its atmosphere

2. Planning of human environments 3. Protection and improvement of human health

(of which 33 research on pollution) 4. Production, distr ibution and rational u t i l isa t ion

5. XgriculfuVal productivity and technology

* nomenclature for analysing and comparing sc ient i f ic budgets

6. Industrial productivity and technology 7. Social & sociological problems 8. Exploration & exploitation of Space 9. Defence 10. General promotion of Knowledge

12 R&D EXPENDITURE IN THE MEMBER STATES SET OUT ACCORDING TO THE 10 NABS OBJECTIVES.

NO FIGURES AVAILABLE FOR LUXEMBOURG

- 13 -

Changes i n p u b l i c funding since 1975 are shown by the f o l l o w i n g :

Budgetary allocations (Government Funding) Billions of ECUs

1975 1981 1982 prov.

Belgique/Belgie

Danmark

Deutschland

Ellas

France

Ireland

Italia

Nederland

United-Kingdom

EUR-10

COMPARISON

0.36

0.18

4.18

n.a.

3.18

0 . 0 3

0.56

0.64

2.37

11.50

0.54

0.24

7.07

0.07

6.63

0.06

2.06

1.18

5.99

23.85

0.56

0.25

7.84

0.07

8.17

0.08

1.91

1.28

6.33

26.49

1ECU= $1.24077 U.S.A. (Federal outlays) 14.56

=$1.11645 30.16 Est.

=$1.00324 38.15 Est.

1ECU=354.312YEN JAPAN (Gov. expenditure) 2.49

=247.598Y 6.83 Est.

=244.671Y 7.50 Est.

P.S. The funding breakdown of R&D between public sector (Gov. funding) and private sector (industry, NPO, etc.) is about 50/50 for EUR-10 and U.S.A., whereas Japanese Government finances R&D activities at a level slightly inferior to 30%.

(1) Forecast i n f o r m a t i o n f o r the period 1984-1987 i n the Member States of the EEC i s s t i l l too u n c e r t a i n to be given here.

COMMUNITY GOALS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES NAME OF EXPERT

1. Promoting a g r i c u l t u r a l competitivenss (including f ishing)

1.1. Developing a g r i c u l t u r a l productivity ( s o i l s , animal and ̂ plant products, a g r i c u l t u r a l technology)

A g r i c u l t u r a l section : Prof. W.F. Raymond,Agricultural |Science Consultant, Maidenhead UK.

1.2. Improving the quality and processing of a g r i c u l t u r a l products

Fishing section : Dr. S.F. De Groot, Mi n i s t e r i e van Landbouw en V i s s e r i j , R i j k s i n s t i t u u t voor Visserijonderzoek, NL

2. Promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness

2.1. Removing and reducing impediments 2.2. Improving conventional techniques and products 2.3. Promoting and developing new technologies

2.3.1. Information technology

2.3.2. Biotechnology

Dr. U. Colombo, President ENEA. I

Mr.A. Danzin, former Director of the I n s t i t u t de Recherche en Informatique (IRIA) F [Mr. M. Cantley.DG XII, FAST I Dr. K. Sargeant, DG XII,FAST

3. Improving the management of raw materials

3.1. Optimum use of raw materials (including recycling) Commission departments

4. Improving the management of 4.1. Developing nuclear f i s s i o n energy ( i n p a r t i c u l a r energy resources and reducing i t s safety aspects) energy dependence

Prof.Dr.A.Birkhofer, Ge s e l l -schaft fur Reaktorsicherheit GmbH (GRS), D Mr. A. Gauvenet, Inspecteur general d'EDF pour l a surete et l a securite nucleaire.F

4.2. Controlled thermonuclear fusion, JET ( F i l e of the Fusion Panel]

COMMUNITY GOALS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES NAME OF EXPERT

4.3. Developing new sources of energy 4.4. Optimul use of f o s s i l fuels (hydrocarbons, coal) 4.5. Energy savings

Prof. H. Durand, Université de Paris,F (former President of the Commissariat à l'Energie Solaire (C0MES),F)

5. Reinforcing development aid 5.1. Setting up s c i e n t i f i c and technical a c t i v i t i e s of benefit to developing countries

Mr. D. Williams,Crown Agent for Overseas Government and Administration, UK, Member of the Economic and Social Committee

Improving l i v i n g and working conditions

6.1. Improving safety 6.2. Protecting health 6.3. Protecting the surroundings (environment and prevention

of health hazards)

Prof.L.Donato,CNR, Pise

Dr.A. Sors, DG XII, Environment Programme (Former Deputy Director of the Monitoring Assessment Research Centre, Chelsea College,University of London)

7. Improving the e f f i c a c y of the EEC's s c i e n t i f i c and technical potential (stimulation) Commission departments with the assistance of Special Advisors

ANNEX II

THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Clarifications and adjustments made by the Commission in respect of the i n i t a l proposals put forward in document COM(82)865 f i n a l .

- 1 -

F o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n i n Council on the Communication e n t i t l e d "Proposals f o r a European S c i e n t i f i c and T e c h n i c a l Strategy -Framework Programme 1984-1987, COM(82)865 f i n a l " , the t a l k s which preceeded t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , and bearing i n mind the r e s u l t s of the ongoing examination of the Framework Programme being undertaken by the s p e c i a l i s e d s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l committees, the Commission f e e l s t h a t i t would be appropriate to provide a c e r t a i n number of supplementary c l a r i f i c a t i o n s . Without c a l l i n g i n t o question the o v e r a l l package and the main i n d i c a t i o n s of p r i o r i t y t h e r e i n , the Commission now suggests c e r t a i n m o d i f i c a t i o n s concerning the goals and o b j e c t i v e s put forward i n communication C0M(82)865 f i n a l .

These are set out i n e i g h t sheets and a summary t a b l e .

- 2 -

Goal n°l. "Promoting agricultural competitiveness (Including f i s h e r i e s ) " 130 MioECUs

In i t s proposal the Commission wanted to underline the importance attached to this goal by providing for a t r i p l i n g , in absolute terms, of the amount of research expenditure devoted to objectives linked to the promotion of agricultural competitiveness. This approach marks the f i r s t stage of a strengthening in the objectives related to this goal. During discussion in bodies responsible to the Council, some delegations suggested an even greater expenditure. The Commission, bearing in mind the importance of Common Agricultural Policy, has considerable sympathy for this point of view. However, i t would draw Member States' attention to the fact that any increases for this goal would change the overall balance proposed and would therefore require a new assessment.

Since most Member States welcomed the overall balance, the Commission would, subject to further discussion in the Council, retain i t s original proposal which in i t s e l f significantly shows the renewed importance attached to agricultural competitiveness.

The adoption of the common f i s h e r i e s p o l i c y u n d e r l i n e s the importance of an increased R,D&D e f f o r t i n order to improve the b e n e f i t to the Community of the renewable ressources of the sea.

Community R&D should be concentrated on the main o b j e c t i v e s i d e n t i f i e d i n the programming guide - s e c t i o n 1.2 - "Developing the p r o d u c t i v i t y and improving the q u a l i t y and processing of f i s h e r y products" of document COM/82/865 f i n a l .

- 3 -

Goal n°2. "Promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness" - 1.060 MioECUs

The Framework Programme i l l u s t r a t e s the Commission's d e s i r e consi d e r a b l y to strengthen R, D&D o r i e n t e d towards promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness. This d e s i r e was favourably r e c e i v e d by the C o u n c i l , but the d i s c u s s i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t would be u s e f u l to c l a r i f y the Commission's i n t e n t i o n s . With t h i s g o a l , and over and above the e l i m i n a t i o n and r e d u c t i o n of impediments, the Commission has two aims i n mind : - to promote, on the one hand, research i n t o new technology and thus

encourage the growth of the corresponding new i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r s ; the Commission w i l l put forward proposals to t h i s e f f e c t and w i l l examine the s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l problems r e l a t e d to the f i e l d of telecommunications;

- on the other hand, to promote the development of b a s i c technology common to s e v e r a l s e c t o r s ( m a t e r i a l s technology, l a s e r s , etc..) and encourage i t s d i f f u s i o n h o r i z o n t a l l y among a l l the "conve n t i o n a l " s e c t o r s of a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t h i s technology and f o r new technology, p a r t i c u l a r l y v i a p i l o t or demonstration p r o j e c t s d e a l i n g w i t h i n f r a t e c h n o l o g i c a l renewal. In f a c t i t i s the d i f f u s i o n of a p p l i c a t i o n s which i s one of the keys to the modernisation of the f a b r i c of European i n d u s t r y which i s so v i t a l i n the face of the challenge being mounted by i t s e x t e r n a l competitors. This i s the aim of the o b j e c t i v e "Improving and developing new techniques and new products f o r conventional i n d u s t r i e s " the over-abbreviated t i t l e of which, "Conventional i n d u s t r i e s " , used i n the summary t a b l e s might w e l l have caused confusion. The proposals which the Commission w i l l s h o r t l y put forward w i l l i l l u s t r a t e t h i s approach.

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I t i s not t h e r e f o r e a case of s u b s i d i s i n g conventional i n d u s t r y , or a i d i n g c r i s i s - h i t s e c t o r s , but a c t u a l l y encouraging the competitiveness of conventional i n d u s t r i e s by developing and a p p l y i n g new techniques e s p e c i a l l y i n s e c t o r s where the s i z e of the e n t e r p r i s e s concerned (SMEs) makes i t impossible f o r them to do the necessary research and development themselves.

I t i s c l e a r that promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness cannot simply be done by research, development and demonstration a c t i v i t i e s i n themselves but t h a t i t i s necessary t o take a c e r t a i n number of accompanying measures going beyond the s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l context i n the s t r i c t sense of the term, such as measures t o encourage investment, develop a t r a n s n a t i o n a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n the f i e l d of i n n o v a t i o n , f a c i l i t a t e i n d u s t r i a l reconversion, e t c . .

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Goal n°3. "Improving the management of raw m a t e r i a l s " - 80 MioECUs

The l e v e l of resources a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s goal was considered too r e s t r i c t e d to a l l o w , notably, f o r an a c t i v i t y to develop " o f f - s h o r e " methodology, which c a l l s f o r considerable amounts of money. Since the Commission's i n t e n t i o n i s f i r s t of a l l to s e t about p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s on the s u b j e c t , i t keeps open the p o s s i b i l i t y of expanding the scope of t h i s goal at the f i r s t r e v i s i o n of the Framework Programme, i n the l i g h t of r e s u l t s from these p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s .

The presence of research r e l a t i n g to wood i n t h i s o b j e c t i v e was queried. In f a c t one could a l s o consider wood to be an a g r i c u l t u r a l product or regard research i n t o i t s u t i l i s a t i o n as being more a p p r o p r i a t e l y placed under the heading "Improving i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness". However the important t h i n g i s t h a t the heading "wood" be included as a s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e of the Framework Programme. The b a s i c problem caused by the Community's import of wood and wood products, to the extent of one h a l f of i t s t o t a l needs, has m i l i t a t e d i n favour of r e t a i n i n g t h i s s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e i n t h i s g o a l , but cross r e f e r e n c i n g i t w i t h the two other goals concerned. At the same time the recommendation was made th a t the problem of water, considered as a raw m a t e r i a l , should be examined, together w i t h the question of i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y . The o b j e c t i v e " P r o t e c t i n g the environment" covers "the exhaustion and p o l l u t i o n of water t a b l e s " and thus i n v o l v e s some study of t h i s aspect.

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Goal n°4. "Improving the management of energy resources and reducing energy dependence" - 1.850 MioECDs, adjusted t o 1.770 MioECUs.

As a response to c e r t a i n queries made by n a t i o n a l delegations the Commission f e l t i t necessary to go r a t h e r deeper i n t o i t s a n a l y s i s of the amount o f resources r e q u i r e d f o r the o b j e c t i v e "Developing Nuclear F i s s i o n Energy". This a n a l y s i s made i t p o s s i b l e to d i f f e r e n t i a t e , among the o b j e c t i v e s i d e n t i f i e d between research making a d i r e c t c o n t r i b u t i o n to the development of t h i s form o f energy and research which c o n t r i b u t e s to the o b j e c t i v e s "Improving Safety and P r o t e c t i n g Health" and " P r o t e c t i n g the Environment", which should t h e r e f o r e be a l l o c a t e d to the goal "Improving L i v i n g and Working Co n d i t i o n s " . This examination l e d to the t r a n s f e r of 80 MioECUs i n favour of the l a t t e r g o a l .

With t h i s exception the Commission i s r e t a i n i n g the i n t e r n a l balance as i n i t i a l l y proposed, t h a t i s :

- Developing nuclear f i s s i o n energy 460 i n s t e a d of 540 - C o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear f u s i o n 480 - Developing renewable energy sources - R a t i o n a l use of energy

310 520

Option 4 : Improving the management of energy resources and reducing energy dependence 1.770 MioECUs

i n s t e a d of 1.850

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However i t should be noted that i n 1984 the Commission w i l l have cause to formulate concrete proposals of major importance i n the f i e l d of thermonuclear f u s i o n and demonstration p r o j e c t s . These proposals w i l l take account of r e s u l t s obtained from programmes now under way and should lead to a p e n e t r a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n of the c r i t e r i a which should p a r t i c u l a r l y be adopted i n these f i e l d s so f a r as community a c t i v i t y i s concerned. This could lead to a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the i n t e r n a l balance f o r t h i s g o a l . The Commission thus c o n s i d e r s , w h i l s t maintaining i t s proposal as to the r e l a t i v e s c a l e of resources devoted to t h i s o p t i o n i n the Framework programme, t h a t the p r o p o r t i o n s a l l o c a t e d to the f o u r o b j e c t i v e s making i t up could be reviewed i n the l i g h t of f a c t o r s r e l a t e d to the implementation of the programmes.

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Goal n°5. " R e i n f o r c i n g development a i d " - 150 MioECUs

F o l l o w i n g the l i n e of the "Memorandum on Community development p o l i c y " 1 , and i n response to the i n c r e a s i n g volume of requests f o r developing c o u n t r i e s f o r Community a c t i o n i n the f i e l d of science and technology f o r development, the Commission in c l u d e d the goal " R e i n f o r c i n g development a i d " i n the Framework Programme from the outset. This goal was subsequently q u a n t i f i e d i n the document C0M(82)865 f i n a l . Some delegations requested t h a t the r e s u l t s of the programme "Science and technology f o r development" be awaited before coming to a d e c i s i o n on the proposed expenditure.

The Commission would l i k e i t to be noted t h a t the p o i n t now i s to demonstrate i t s p o l i t i c a l w i l l and i n d i c a t e the f i n a n c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s of i t s proposals. The o p e r a t i o n a l procedures w i l l be defined g r a d u a l l y and experience gained during the f i r s t s p e c i f i c programme i n t h i s f i e l d w i l l be taken i n t o account.

The Commission f e e l s t h a t the current programme "Science and Technology f o r Developing Countries" w i t h i t s two p a r t s " A g r i c u l t u r e " and " T r o p i c a l Medicine" i s the s t a r t of a more wide ranging a c t i v i t y . I t would emphasise t h a t i t i s not f e a s i b l e to wait f o r the completion of a subsequent e v a l u a t i o n before launching another a c t i v i t y i n t h i s f i e l d . This approach would be too r i g i d and would e n t a i l the danger of i n t e r r u p t i n g a long term a c t i v i t y and thus damaging the m o t i v a t i o n of researchers and d i s a p p o i n t i n g the expectations of developing c o u n t r i e s , which are i n c r e a s i n g l y c a l l i n g f o r community a c t i o n i n science and technology.

In the Commission's view i t i s not necessary to modify the expenditure proposed f o r t h i s o p t i o n .

1 COM(82)640

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Goal n°6. "Improving l i v i n g and working c o n d i t i o n s " - 270 MioECUs, increased to 385 mioECUs.

As i n d i c a t e d above, the development of nuclear f i s s i o n energy included research a c t i v i t i e s more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to the goal "Improving L i v i n g and Working Co n d i t i o n s " . This goal i s thus to b e n e f i t from the t r a n s f e r of 80 MioECUs from the energy g o a l . This goal has a l s o been subjected to a reexamination on the b a s i s of d i s c u s s i o n s i n the Council as w e l l as subsequent d e l i b e r a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h i n s p e c i a l i s e d s c i e n t i f i c committees. Research i n t o n a t u r a l catastrophes, covering aspects of f o r e c a s t i n g them, preventing them and m i t i g a t i n g t h e i r e f f e c t s i s a subject of common i n t e r e s t where the Community dimension w i l l , by b r i n g i n g research together, and through the f o l l o w on e f f e c t o f a m o b i l i s i n g programme, make p o s s i b l e an increase i n knowledge and hence a redu c t i o n i n the human and m a t e r i a l consequences o f these n a t u r a l phenomena ( f l o o d i n g and drought, earthquakes, v o l c a n i c e r u p t i o n s , e t c . ) . This s o r t of research w i l l be b a s i c a l l y s p l i t between the two o b j e c t i v e s r e l a t i n g to t h i s g o a l .

I t might a l s o be expedient to increase the importance given to healthcare i n the o b j e c t i v e "Improving s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h " and not to reduce the l e v e l of research i n absolute terms i n comparison w i t h the curr e n t l e v e l .

In o b j e c t i v e " P r o t e c t i n g the environment", the problem of the d e s t r u c t i o n of f o r e s t s as a r e s u l t of a c i d r a i n - already c i t e d i n the Commission's proposal - should r e c e i v e a higher p r i o r i t y .

These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s have encouraged the Commission to set the f o l l o w i n g proposed expenditure against these two o b j e c t i v e s :

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Improving s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h 190 MioECUs P r o t e c t i o n of the environment 195 MioECUs

Goal n°6 : Improving L i v i n g and Working C o n d i t i o n s " 385 MioECUs i n s t e a d o f 270

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Goal n°7. "Improving the e f f i c a c y of the Community's s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l p o t e n t i a l " - 8 5 MioEcus

C e r t a i n delegations suggested t h a t the r e s u l t s of the experimental p e r i o d of the s t i m u l a t i o n a c t i v i t y should be awaited before a l l o c a t i n g any major sums to i t . The Commission would mention t h a t the experimental p e r i o d 1983-1984 i s e x c l u s i v e l y concerned w i t h the o p e r a t i o n a l procedures of implementing the a c t i o n and not the p r i n c i p l e of i t , which has already been approved by the C o u n c i l .

Since preparatory s t u d i e s have l e d the Commission to the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t 5% of the finance to be set aside f o r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s at the community l e v e l should be reserved f o r non programmed s t i m u l a t i o n a c t i o n s , t h i s p r o p o r t i o n has been adopted as an o b j e c t i v e to be achieved by the end of the p e r i o d . This i s why the Commission proposes g r a d u a l l y to increase the f i n a n c i a l resources a l l o c a t e d to t h i s o p t i o n and to provide f o r a t o t a l sum of 85 MioECUs f o r the p e r i o d 1984-1987.

I f the conclusions a r i s i n g from the experimental p e r i o d l e a d to a fundamental r e v i s i o n of some of the i n t e r v e n t i o n methods a n t i c i p a t e d and to a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the programme timetable of development envisaged f o r t h i s a c t i o n the f i n a n c i a l resources which would consequently become a v a i l a b l e d u r ing the p e r i o d 1984-1987 could be t r a n s f e r r e d to other research a c t i v i t i e s .

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HORIZONTAL ACTIVITIES - 110 MioECUs, reduced to 90 MioECUs.

In response to c e r t a i n questions posed during d i s c u s s i o n of the Framework Programme, the Commission would l i k e to make i t c l e a r t h a t s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s of a h o r i z o n t a l nature i n c l u d e : - the FAST programme, - preparatory s t u d i e s f o r f u t u r e programmes, - promoting the u t i l i s a t i o n of r e s u l t s (taken i n the wider sense which

covers a c t i v i t i e s aimed at p r o t e c t i n g , d i s s e m i n a t i n g and e x p l o i t i n g research r e s u l t s as w e l l as l i c e n c e concessions on i n v e n t i o n s ) ,

- t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s together w i t h grants and courses, - ongoing e v a l u a t i o n of R, D&D r e s u l t s and t h e i r u t i l i s a t i o n ,

In undertaking a r i g o r o u s a n a l y s i s of these h o r i z o n t a l a c t i o n s i n order to e l i m i n a t e those which do not r e a l l y possess an R, D&D element, the Commission has come to the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t the resources needed to undertake these a c t i v i t i e s could be reduced from 110 to 90 MioECUs.

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TABLE SUMMARISING THE OBJECTIVES AND THE AMOUNTS CONSIDERED NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE THEM

MioECUs 1 % 1. Promoting agricultural competitiveness 130 3,5

- developing a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y and improving products : a g r i c u l t u r e 115

f i s h e r i e s 15 2. Promoting industrial competitiveness 1060 28,2

- removing and reducing impediments 30 - new techniques and products f o r the conventional

i n d u s t r i e s 350 - new technologies 680

3. Improving the management of raw materials 80 2,1 4. Improving the management of energy resources 1770 47,2

- developing nuclear f i s s i o n energy 460 - c o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear f u s i o n 480 - developing renewable energy sources 310 - r a t i o n a l use of energy 520

5. Reinforcing development aid 150 4,0 6. Improving l i v i n g and working conditions 385 10,3

- improving s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i n g h e a l t h 190 - p r o t e c t i n g the environment 195

7. Improving the efficacy of the Community's s c i e n t i f i c and technical potential 85 2,3

- Horizontal a c t i v i t i e s 90 2,4

3750 100,0

1 i n ECUs at 1982 constant values

2 corresponds to 5% by the end of the p e r i o d .

SUMMARY TABLE

C o r r e l a t i o n between c r i t e r i a and ob j e c t i v e s

1 = Main c o r r e l a t i o n 2 = High degree of c o r r e l a t i o n 3 = Secondary c o r r e l a t i o n

COMMUNITY DIMENSION •VALUE TO THE COMMUNITY .

Scope of human & f i n a n c i a l resources required

Size of the p o t e n t i a l market

Trans-nationalism

C o l l e c t i v e needs

Support f o r the Community's major objectives

1. Promoting a g r i c u l t u r a l competitiveness - Developing a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y and

improving products : a g r i c u l t u r e f i s h e r i e s

2 2

2 1

2 1 2. Promoting i n d u s t r i a l competitiveness

- Removing and reducing hindrances - New techniques and new products f o r

conventional i n d u s t r i e s - New technologies

2 2 1 1

1 2 1 3 2

3. Improving Management of Raw Mat e r i a l s 2 1 1

4. Improving the Management of Energy Resources - Development of nuclear f i s s i o n energy - C o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear fu s i o n - Development of renewable energy sources - Rational use of energy _,. .

2 1

2

2 2 2 2

1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1

5. Reinforcing development a i d 2 1 1 6. Improving L i v i n g and Working Conditions

- Improving Safety & p r o t e c t i n g Health ..

- Protect i n g the Environment 2 3 3 1

1 2

2 1

7. Improving the e f f i c a c y of the Community's s c i e n t i f i c & t e c h n i c a l p o t e n t i a l

.2 1 1

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