City Sanitation Plan for Khunti

City Sanitation Plan for

KHUNTI

Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure

Development Co. Ltd. (JUIDCO)SENES Consultants India Private Limited

(An ARCADIS Company)

Submitted to

JHARKHAND URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. (JUIDCO)

Prepared by

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company)

March 2016

City Sanitation Plan for Khunti

JUIDCO City Sanitation Plan – Khunti

Page ii March 2016

Table of Contents

Table of Content

List of Abbreviation

Recommendation ................................................................................................19 Short term / interim measures ............................................................................19 Long term ............................................................................................................19

1.0 BACKGROUND .........................................................................................................27

1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 27

1.2 Scope of the Work ........................................................................................... 29

1.3 Objective of the Study ..................................................................................... 30

1.4 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................... 30

1.4.1 Concept Approach ................................................................................30 1.4.2 Methodology .........................................................................................31

1.5 Structure of the Report .................................................................................... 34

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES

FOR CSP ......................................................................................................................37

2.1 National Urban Sanitation POLICY (NUSP) ................................................ 37

2.2 National River Conservation Plan and National Ganga River Basin

Authority 38

2.3 Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ................... 39

2.4 Swachh Bharat Mission Guidelines .............................................................. 40

2.5 Other Waste Management Rules .................................................................. 43

2.6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (Housing for All) ............................................. 43

2.7 State level Policies ........................................................................................... 44

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN....................................45

3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 45

3.1.1 Geographical Location of Town ...........................................................45 3.1.2 History/Growth of the Town .................................................................46 3.1.3 Soil Type ...............................................................................................46

3.1.4 Topography and Hydrology .................................................................49

3.2 Climate ............................................................................................................... 53

3.3 Flora ................................................................................................................... 54

3.4 Linkages and Connectivity ............................................................................. 54

3.4.1 Road Connectivity ................................................................................54

3.4.2 Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity ..............................................................54

3.5 Project Area Profile .......................................................................................... 55

3.6 Administrative Set up ...................................................................................... 55

3.7 Review of Existing Documents / Policies ..................................................... 59


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3.8 Land Use Pattern of Khunti as per Reconnaissance Survey .................... 59

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN ............................62

4.1 Population Growth rate and Spatial Distribution ......................................... 62

4.1.1 Population Distribution ........................................................................63 4.1.2 Population Density ...............................................................................64 4.1.3 Population Projection ..........................................................................64

4.2 Migration / Floating Population ...................................................................... 66

4.3 Other Population Indicators ............................................................................ 66

4.3.1 BPL population .....................................................................................66 4.3.2 Gender ratio .........................................................................................66 4.3.3 Literacy rate .........................................................................................66 4.3.4 SC/ST population ..................................................................................67

4.4 Economic Profile .............................................................................................. 68

4.4.1 Workforce Participation Rate ...............................................................68 4.4.2 Economic base of the town ...................................................................69

4.5 Social Profile of the Town ............................................................................... 72

4.5.1 Education ..............................................................................................72

4.6 Health ................................................................................................................. 72

4.7 Public Places/Recreational Facilities ............................................................ 72

4.8 Slum Profile ....................................................................................................... 73

4.8.1 Current Status of Slums ........................................................................73

4.8.2 Growth of Slums ...................................................................................74 4.8.3 Location of Slums .................................................................................74

4.9 Schemes for Slum Improvement ................................................................... 74

4.10 Health Indicators .............................................................................................. 76

5.0 WATER SUPPLY .......................................................................................................78

5.1 Existing Status .................................................................................................. 78

5.1.1 Water Source, Treatment and Storage .................................................78

5.1.2 Transmission and Distribution .............................................................79 5.1.3 Service Level .........................................................................................81

5.1.4 Water Availability in Slums ..................................................................82 5.1.5 Water Charges and Cost Recovery.......................................................82

5.2 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................ 83

5.3 Key Issues ......................................................................................................... 84

5.4 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed projects .................................................. 85

5.5 Demand Projections ........................................................................................ 85

5.6 Vision and Goals .............................................................................................. 85

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM ..................................................................87

6.1 Existing Scenario ............................................................................................. 87

6.2 Storm water Drainage Network in slums ...................................................... 91

6.3 Water logging ................................................................................................... 91


Page iv March 2016

6.4 Service Level Benchmarks ............................................................................. 91

6.5 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................ 91

6.6 Key issues ......................................................................................................... 92

6.7 Vision and goals ............................................................................................... 92

6.8 Proposals .......................................................................................................... 92

6.9 Other Recommendations ................................................................................ 95

6.10 Cost estimates .................................................................................................. 97

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET .................................................................................................98

7.1 Existing scenario .............................................................................................. 98

7.1.1 Individual Toilets ..................................................................................98

7.1.2 Community Toilets ..............................................................................100

7.1.3 Public Toilets ......................................................................................100

7.1.4 Open Defecation .................................................................................100 7.1.5 School Sanitation ................................................................................101 7.1.6 Toilet Access in Slums ........................................................................101 7.1.7 Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets .......................103

7.1.8 Service level benchmark .....................................................................103

7.2 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................. 103

7.3 SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................. 103

7.4 Key Issues ....................................................................................................... 104

7.5 Vision and goals ............................................................................................. 104

7.6 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 105

7.7 Demand gap Analysis ................................................................................... 105

7.7.1 Individual toilet ..................................................................................105 7.7.2 Community Toilet ...............................................................................106

7.7.3 Public Toilet .......................................................................................107 7.7.4 Cost Estimate ......................................................................................114

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM .............................................................................................115

8.1 Existing Scenario .............................................................................................. 115

8.1.1 Domestic waste water .........................................................................115 8.1.2 Existing waste water generation ........................................................116 8.1.3 Septage Management..........................................................................117 8.1.4 Industrial effluent ...............................................................................117

8.2 Service level benchmarks ............................................................................. 118

8.3 Ongoing Schemes And Proposed Initiatives ............................................. 118

8.4 SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................. 118

8.5 Key Issues ....................................................................................................... 119

8.6 Vision and goals ............................................................................................. 119

8.7 Waste water demand projection .................................................................. 120

8.8 Proposals and Recommendation ................................................................ 121

8.8.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures................................122


Page v March 2016

8.8.2 Recommendation Long term ...............................................................127

8.9 Cost Estimates ............................................................................................... 135

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ..........................................................136

9.1 Waste generation and composition ................................................................... 136

9.1.1 Waste generation ................................................................................136 9.1.2 Waste composition ..............................................................................137

9.2 waste generation projection .............................................................................. 138

9.2.1 Existing Scenario ................................................................................138

9.3 Industrial waste .............................................................................................. 142

9.4 Biomedical Waste .......................................................................................... 142

9.5 Cattle and Dairy waste .................................................................................. 143

9.6 Slaughter House Waste ................................................................................ 143

9.7 Carcass disposal ............................................................................................ 144

9.8 Service Level Benchmarks ........................................................................... 144

9.9 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................. 145

9.10 SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................. 145

9.11 Key issues ....................................................................................................... 145

9.12 Vision and goals ............................................................................................. 146

9.13 Best practices ................................................................................................. 149

9.14 Proposals and Recommendation ................................................................ 150

9.14.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures................................150 9.14.2 Recommendation Midterm ..................................................................156

9.15 Cost Estimates ............................................................................................... 157

10.0 RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT – RIVER TAJNA (KARKARI) .......................161

10.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 161

10.2 Need for River Front Development / Management .......................................... 161

10.3 Existing Scenarios ............................................................................................ 161

10.4 Religious and cultural significance................................................................... 162

10.5 River pollution .................................................................................................. 162

10.5.1 Non- Point sources of pollution ..........................................................163

10.6 Best Practices .................................................................................................... 165

10.7 SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................. 167

10.8 Key Issues ....................................................................................................... 167

10.9 Vision and goals ............................................................................................. 168

10.10 Options for River Front Development ......................................................... 168

10.11 Area Development and other management plan of River Tajna at Khunti

168

10.11.1 Outcome of proposed activities ..........................................................169

10.12 Plan of Action ................................................................................................. 169


Page vi March 2016

10.13 Cost Estimates ............................................................................................... 170

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS ......................................................................172

11.1 Crematoria ........................................................................................................ 172

11.1.1 Key issues ...........................................................................................172 11.1.2 Proposals & Recommendations .........................................................172

11.2 Dhobi Ghat ....................................................................................................... 174

11.2.1 Recommendation & Proposal.............................................................175

11.3 Ponds ............................................................................................................... 175

11.3.1 Key issues ...........................................................................................178 11.3.2 Proposal and Recommendation ..........................................................178 11.3.3 Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works .................................180

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING ...............................182

12.1 Existing Institutional System ............................................................................ 182

12.1.1 Urban Development Department, Jharkhand ....................................182 12.1.2 Drinking Water and Sanitation Department ......................................183 12.1.3 Water Resources Department .............................................................183

12.1.4 Khunti Nagar Panchayat ....................................................................183

12.2 institutional structure for sanitation ............................................................. 185

12.3 Human resource capacity assessment for Knp ........................................ 186

12.4 Key Issues of institutional mechanism ....................................................... 187

12.5 Capacity Building ........................................................................................... 188

12.5.1 Man power requirement .....................................................................188

12.5.2 Training ..............................................................................................189

12.6 Other measures for capacity building ......................................................... 190

13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION ......192

13.1 Objective of Stakeholder Consultation ....................................................... 192

13.2 Stakeholder Mapping .................................................................................... 192

13.3 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) ............................................................. 193

13.4 details of Stakeholder consultations in Khunti........................................... 195

Stakeholder Consultation – with Nagar Panchayat and PHED .......................195 Agenda: 196 Output: 196 Output: 197

13.5 Implementation of CSP by CSTF ..................................................................... 197

13.6 Awareness generation .................................................................................. 198

13.6.1 Strategy for awareness generation .....................................................198

14.0 Project Financing and Implementation Framework ...................................................200

14.1 Project Financing .............................................................................................. 200

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector ................................................ 203

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD ......................................................................210

15.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 210


Page vii March 2016

15.2 Way forward ..................................................................................................... 212

List of Annexures Annexure No. Page No.

Annexure 1: Stakeholder Consultation – City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) ...................... 215

Annexure 2: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 1 - KNP ........................................... 220

Annexure 3: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 2 - KNP ........................................... 222

Annexure 4: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 3 – KNP .......................................... 223

Annexure 5: Stakeholder Consultation – Health Institutions ................................................ 225

Annexure 6: Details of the treatment process ........................................................................ 226

Annexure 7: Detailing of DEWAT system ............................................................................ 231


Page viii March 2016

List of Tables

Table No. Page No.

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 3 ................................................................. 28

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE .... 38

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – KHUNTI .............................................. 62

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION .............................................................. 63

TABLE 4-3: KHUNTI TOWN DENSITY ........................................................................................ 64

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045 ..................................................... 65

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION ........................................................................................ 65

TABLE 4-6: KHUNTI – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE .............................................. 67

TABLE 4-7: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO ...................................................... 67

TABLE 4-8: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS, KHUNTI .................................................... 68

TABLE 5-1: WARD WISE SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER, KHUNTI ........................................... 78

TABLE 5-2: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER ..................................................................... 81

TABLE 5-3: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY ......................................................................... 82

TABLE 5-2: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN KHUNTI ................................................ 82

TABLE 5-4: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045 ................................................ 85

TABLE 5-5: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY .................................................................................... 86

TABLE 6-1: WARD WISE DRAINS AND OUTFALL POINTS ........................................................... 87

TABLE 6-2: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................... 91

TABLE 6-3: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM .............................................................................. 92

TABLE 6-4: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS ......................................................... 97

TABLE 7-2: SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK .............................................................................. 103

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN KNP ........................................................ 103

TABLE 7-4: DEMAND OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET .......................................................................... 106

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET ......................................................................... 106

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR KHUNTI TOWN ............... 114

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS .......................................... 115

TABLE 8-2: MAJOR DRAINS AND THEIR DISCHARGE POINTS .................................................... 116

TABLE 8-3: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN KHUNTI ........................................... 117

TABLE 8-4: SEWERAGE AND SANITATION SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS .............................. 118

TABLE 8-5: GOALS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM ........................................................................... 120

TABLE 8-6: WASTE WATER PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045 .............................................. 120

TABLE 8-7: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION AND VEHICLE REQUIRED FOR CLEANING ...... 121

TABLE 8-8: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ....................... 133

TABLE 8-9: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT ........................................ 135

TABLE 9-1: WASTE COMPOSITION ......................................................................................... 137

TABLE 9-2: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION ........................................................................ 138

TABLE 9-4: WARD WISE LIST OF KHATAL ...................................................................... 143

TABLE 9-5: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR KNP .................................................. 144

TABLE 9-6: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM ........................................ 148


Page ix March 2016

TABLE 9-6: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – COLLECTION AND

TRANSPORTATION .............................................................................................. 157


TRANSPORTATION (RS.LAKHS) ........................................................................ 158

TABLE 9-8: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND

DISPOSAL .......................................................................................................... 158

TABLE 9-9: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY ....................................................................... 159

TABLE 10-1: TENTATIVE PLAN OF ACTION ............................................................................. 170

TABLE 10-2: COST ESTIMATE OF RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT - KHUNTI .............................. 170

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIA ............................ 172

TABLE 11-2: STATUS OF PONDS IN KHUNTI ............................................................................ 175

TABLE 11-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS................................................... 180

TABLE 13-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS ...................................... 186

TABLE 13-2: AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE AT KNP ................................................... 186


Page x March 2016

List of Figures Figure No. Page No.

FIGURE 1-1: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP ....................................................................... 31

FIGURE 1-2: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN ....................................................... 32

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF KHUNTI ....................................................... 63

FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – KHUNTI ............................................. 64

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION ................................................ 65

FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - KHUNTI ...................................... 69

FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN KNP ................................ 99

FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER OUTLETS CONNECTED TO ............................................................ 115

FIGURE 8-2: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR KHUNTI

........................................................................................................................... 127

FIGURE 8-3: LONG TERM MEASURE FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT KHUNTI ..................... 128

FIGURE 11-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN KHUNTI ....................................... 177


Page xi March 2016

List of Maps Figure No. Page No.

MAP 1-1: LOCATION OF TOWN UNDER CLUSTER 3 .................................................................... 28

MAP 3-1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF KHUNTI TOWN .......................................................... 45

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF RANCHI DISTRICT & KHUNTI DISTRICT ...................................... 48

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR KHUNTI .......................................................................... 50

MAP 3-4: PRE MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL ................................................................... 52

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL ................................................................. 53

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF KHUNTI ............................................................................................. 56

MAP 3-7: SIGNED WARD MAP OF KHUNTI ................................................................................ 57

MAP 3-8: BASE MAP OF KHUNTI .............................................................................................. 58

MAP 3-9: LAND USE MAP OF KHUNTI TOWN ............................................................................ 61

MAP 4-1: MAP SHOWING INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL AREA IN KHUNTI ............................. 71

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS................................................................................................. 75

MAP 5-1: LOCATION WTP AND OHT IN KHUNTI ...................................................................... 80

MAP 6-1: MAP SHOWING DRAINS MEETING RIVER TAJNA ......................................................... 90

MAP 6-2: DRAINAGE MAP FOR KHUNTI TOWN SHOWING EXISTING AND PROPOSED DRAINS ...... 94

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF PUBLIC TOILET AND OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN KHUNTI ............. 102

MAP 7-2: PROPOSED PUBLIC TOILET AND COMMUNITY TOILET ............................................. 109

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT KHUNTI................................................... 130

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT KHUNTI ................................................. 131

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE ....................................................................... 141

MAP 10-1: MAP SHOWING NON-POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION .............................................. 164


Page 12 March 2016

List of Abbreviations

APL : Above Poverty Line

AUDA : Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority

BOD : Biochemical oxygen demand

BPL : Below Poverty Line

CAPEX : Capital expenditures

CBO : Community Based Organisation

CDP : City Development Plan

COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

COE : Centre of Excellence

CPHEEO : Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board

CSP : City Sanitation Plan

CSR : Corporate Social Responsibility

CSTF : City Sanitation Task Force

CWR : Clear Water Reservoir

DEWATS : Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System

DO : Dissolved Oxygen

DPR : Detailed Project Report

DRDA : District Rural Development Authority

DW&SD : Drinking Water & Sanitation Department

ESMF : Environmental and Social Management Framework

FGD : Focus Group Discussion

FR : Feasibility Report

GIS : Geographical Information System

GoI : Government of India

HHs : House holds

HPEC : High Powered Expert Committee

ICAR : Indian Council of Agriculture Research

IEC : Information, Education and Communication

IHSDP : Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme

JSPCB : Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board

JUIDCO : Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd

IHHL : Individual Household Toilet

KMA : Kolkata Metropolitan Area

KNP : Khunti Nagar Panchayat

KSWMIP : Kolkata Solid Waste Management Improvement Project

LPCD : Litre per capita per day

JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency

MADA : Mining Area Development Authority

MGD : Millions of Gallons per Day


Page 13 March 2016

MLD : Millions of Liters Per Day

MODWS : Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

MOUD : Ministry of Urban Development

MoEF : Ministry of Environment & Forests

MPN : Most Probable Number

MT : Metric Ton

MSW : Municipal Solid Waste

NBC : National Building Code

NGO : Non-Governmental organisation

NGRBA : National Ganga River Basin Authority

NH : National Highway

NRCP : National River Conservation Plan

NRW : Non-Revenue Waste

NUSP : National Urban Sanitation Policy

ODF : open defecation free

O&M : Operation and Maintenance

OHT : Over Head Tank

OPEX : Operating Expenses

OSS : On site sanitation

PHED : Public Health and Engineering Department

PMAY : Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna

PPE : personal protective equipment

PPP : Public-private partnership

SBM : Swachh Bharat Mission

SBM-U : Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban

SC : Schedule Caste

SCP : Secondary Collection Point

SDI : Spatial Data Infrastructure

SLB : Service Level Benchmark

SPCBs : State Pollution Control Boards

Sq. km : Square kilometre

Sqm : Square Meter

ST : Schedule Tribe

STP : Sewerage Treatment Plant

SWM : Solid Waste Management

TPD : Tons per day

ULB : Urban Local Body

UIDSSMT : Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns

VGF : Viability Gap Funding

VSS : Volatile Solids

WTP : Water Treatment Plant


Page 14 March 2016

Executive Summary

Background

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Khunti provides an integrated action plan to achieve

universal sanitation access as envisioned in Government of India’s National Urban

Sanitation Policy (NUSP). To address the sanitation issues of different Urban Local Bodies

(ULBs) in the state and in line with the Government policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban

Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd., Ranchi (JUIDCO), has prepared the City Sanitation

Plan (CSP) for 24 towns of Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns

and Cluster 3 with 14 towns. Khunti town falls under cluster 3 in Khunti district.

The CSP identifies issues, priorities and action plan for five major sanitation components

and other related components. The major components are i) water supply, ii) access to toilet,

iii) waste water management, iv) storm water drainage and v) solid waste management. In

addition to these, other components like crematoria, ponds, river front, slums and caracas

disposal identified under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme were

also studied. During the preparation of CSP, city sanitation task force (CSTF) was

constituted and all the major discussions and decisions were appraised to them and their

suggestions and concerns were incorporated in the final CSP report.

The study also incorporated detail analysis of current policies and guidelines available for

preparation of CSP and funding of the CSP projects so that the final document adhere to the

Government of India (GoI) and Government of Jharkhand vision. Important documents

assessed for the study were National urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Guidelines for

preparation of project reports under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme, The Municipal Solid Waste

(Management and Handling)

Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules),

Swatch Bharat Mission

guidelines, Hazardous Waste

Management Rules 2008,

The Bio-Medical Waste

(Management and Handling)

Rules, 2011, Plastic Waste

(Management & Handling)

Rules, 2011, Pradhan Mantri

Awas Yojna or Housing for All

scheme and Jharkhand

Water Policy.

Town Profile

Khuti is a class III town and

district headquarters of Khunti

District. The town is spread

over an area of 25.80 sq.km


Page 15 March 2016

and distributed in 16 administrative wards with total population of 36,390 as per Census of

India 2011. River Tajna forms the north eastern boundary of the town.

The population is projected using three statistical methods viz. Arithmetic Progression

Method, Incremental Increase Method and Geometric Progression Method. Average of all

the three methods i.e. Arithmetic, Incremental and Geometric progression methods is best

suitable for Khunti. The projected population for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045 is 47,864;

57,393 and 68585 respectively for Khunti.

Ward wise survey for BPL population was conducted in for Khunti town. As per the records

there are total 3168 households in Khunti living below poverty line which is 43% of the total

population. There are total 4 slums identifies by Khunti Nagar Panchayat with total

population of 36390 with average HH size of 5 persons. Total slum households in the town

are 488 scattered throughout the town area.

Sanitation sectors

1. Water supply

Water supply in KNP consist of ground water and surface water supply. Ground water -

There are 358 hand pumps in the town area. Mostly hand pumps are installed near the slum

areas and the areas without piped water connections. In addition 10 tanker are also used for

water supply during summer season.

Surface water - River Tajna/Karkari (Perennial River) is the only surface water supply source

for Khunti . Survey for new water supply scheme for khunti town is in process. At present

WTP with 2.25 MLD capacity is located at ward number 9 and only 1 OHT with 450000 litres

capacity is used for distribution of water. At present total 1001 number of water connections

are there i.e. is only 14% of the total household in KNP.

As per the water quantity being supplied and number of connections in Khunti, 65 lpcd of

water is provided. Water supply is intermittent; typically, water is supplied twice a day. The

duration of water supply is approx 45 minutes both in the morning and evening.

Key issues: One of the major key issue is that one of the OHT is not in working condition and

therefore water is not supplied in some of the areas. Also the capacity of the WTP is also low

as per the present requirement. Other major issues are, KNP has not yet initiated collection

of revised water charges for new connections as per the notification of state government,

shortage of permanent man power and technical staff within PHED as most of the O&M staff

are on daily rated basis, water supply duration in KNP is only 1.5 hours a day distributed in

morning and evening hours. Less duration of water supply results in to dissatisfaction

amongst the consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people commitment for getting

new connections, water theft, less revenue generation etc.

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 litres per capita

per day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be

10.65 MLD. It is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant i.e. 2.25 MLD is

sufficient to meet the demand of 2045 population.


Page 16 March 2016

Water supply section has been assessed to get the status of existing water supply scenario

and future proposals. Water supply has direct impact on the sanitation and sewerage

sectors, therefore it decides the type of strategy to be planned for future years.

2. Storm Water Drainage System

In Khunti, the storm water drainage system consists of natural drainage system / Nallah and

major drains of the town. There are roadside open drains either pucca or kutcha. Open

drains are available along all most entire road network of the town. These drains are

presently discharging both storm water and waste water to major drains of town, which

finally meet mostly the natural drainage system / Nallahs, and outfalls into the open fields

and agricultural land.

Khunti has no major drain flowing through the town. All the drains carrying Waste water from

ward number 1, 2, and 3 is discharged into agricultural land which finally outfalls into River

Tajna. Waste water from ward number 5, 6, 7 and 8 also outfalls into agricultural land.

Kuchha Drain along the NH is the main channel which carries storm water to the southern

side of the town and finally outfall is on the agricultural land. . It is a major drain flowing

through north to south part of the town and comes under jurisdiction of National Highway

Authority of India (NHAI).

Key issues: Some of the key issues for storm water drainage system in Khunti is its highly

undulating geographic feature, variations in road and drain level. Major storm water drain

along the NH is still not constructed. outlet of the drains are on roads in some of the wards.

There are no proper linkages between primary and secondary drains. Absence of proper and

efficient storm water drainage system in the town.

Key Recommendations: As per the contours, natural drainage pattern and topography of

Khunti, the entire town has been divided into six drainage districts. Drainage district I and II

is towards Northern side of the town where dry drains are the primary drainage channel and

all the storm water generated drains out to River Tajna. In drainage district IV and VI one

major drain is required to construct along the NH 75. In drainage district V one water logging

area is present and one major drain is required to construct to drain out water from the area

and outfall into natural drain.

To improve the drainage system in the town, there is urgent need to strengthen the existing

storm water network. Major drain along NH need to be streamlined and constructed as per

the road levels so that all the storm water goes through the drain instead of road . Alignment

of the drains, desilting of drains is necessary to avoid the overflowing of the drains. Apart

from strengthening of existing system, there is a need to construct major drains in the ward

number 6, 7 and 16.

3. Access to Toilet

Sanitation status and access to toilet is not proper in KNP. In absence of underground

sewerage system, the sanitation systems are septic tank based. Some of the households in

town have individual toilets whereas most of the slum and non-slum households defecate in

open.


Page 17 March 2016

Currently Onsite Currently OSS prevails in Khunti town whereby sewage is collected and

disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of underground sewerage system.

All the individual toilets and public toilet block in Khunti are based on OSS system. As per

census 2011, 54.8% (3970 HHs) of the total household in the Nagar Panchayat area have

toilets and rest 45.2% (3275 HHs) household are dependent on public toilet or defecate on

open. Septic tank is cleaned after it gets filled and the sludge from the septic tank is dumped

away from the town in forest area. There is no dedicated site for dumping the sludge. Khunti

Nagar Panchayat has one septic tank cleaning machine which was found not functional

during the field visit. One time septic tank cleaning charges are Rs 1200. Manual scavenging

is also practiced in some areas and many households take the services of private labour for

cleaning of septic tank sludge.

There are two working community toilet blocks for slum and BPL population in Khunti Nagar

Panchayat located in ward number 9 Belahati Road and ward number 10 Harijan Mahalla

with 5 number of seats each. At present there are 4 toilet blocks in Khunti operated by

Sulabh one located at ward 15 inside CRPF boundary used only by CRPF personnel. Others

are located at Jaipal singh market ward number 2, opposite Birsa munda stadium and court

compound at ward number 15 maintained by Sulabh Shauchalaya.Due to lack of individual

toilet system in a large part of KNP and also due to shortage of community toilets, practice of

open defecation prevails in the town. Schools and government offices are equipped with

toilet facility in town. Survey and discussions also indicate that willingness to pay for using

public and community toilets is low. There is utmost need to create awareness through IEC

activities, to motivate people to stop open defecation so as to make KNP open defecation

free (ODF).

Key issues: Status of access to toilet is at poor stage in Khunti. Some of the key issues are

high percentage of people defecate in open (approx. 43.5%), absence of awareness among

people with respect to environmental implication of open defecation, houses in the slum

areas do not have space to construct the toilet, use of in-sanitary toilets mostly in slums and

by the BPL families, absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance of public and

community toilet and low water supply and non-availability of water for sanitation discourage

use of toilet facilities.

Key Recommendations

To make the system more efficient, desludging of septic tanks should be done every 2 -

3 years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and

cleaning of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in the

morning hours.

Proper signage navigating to the public /community toilet should be there.

Female attendant should be available to promote the use of public /community toilet by

female floating population.

To make the public /community toilets more usable, odor control parameters should be

adopted.

To improve the aesthetic value of the public /community toilets, a small gardening space

(based on the availability of land) or some trees should be planted.


Page 18 March 2016

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at lower rates can be

taken by the operator.

Public /community toilet complex should be mechanically ventilated and should be fitted

with exhaust fans.

Litter bins should be provided near the wash basins.

All the public /community toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned two times in a

day with detergent and after every use should be wiped with cloth.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes, mops, etc.).

Compliant filling register should be maintained in every block.

Location of community toilets should be at walkable distance from the settlements.

Demand gap Analysis

Total of 2852 individual toilets need to be constructed with 25% targeted to be completed

every year. SBM has already been launched in Khunti town and 200 toilets have been

approved for the first year. 18 community toilets (6 seat per toilet block) need to be

constructed in Khunti, with53 seats for men and 69 seats for women. Between the period

2015 and 2019, proposed toilet blocks will be constructed in phase wise manner. There are

4 slum pocket in Khunti lacking toilet facility. Location of identified places for construction of

community toilets are will be near all the slum pockets to be identified by the KNP officials.

Being district headquarters, Khunti attracts large number of population from nearby villages

and towns. Key locations lacking in public toilet facility are mahadev manda ground, near

block office, near petrol pump. Currently, 1 public toilet blocks is required and 2 more toilet

blocks would be required between 2025 and 2045.

4. Sewerage System

Khunti town does not have sewerage facility. In absence of organized sewerage system in

the town, a major portion of waste water generated from domestic and kitchen waste (grey

water) normally finds their way to the existing drains or to the agricultural field, Current

drainage system comprises of open/ covered drains (pucca drain, kutchha drain) constructed

in a haphazard manner in different parts of the town, mainly built on as required and fund

availability basis. As per census of India, approximately 34 % of the town is covered by

drainage system, of which 27% open and 7% are covered drains; and rest 66% of the town

has no drainage system.

Besides that many households having pit latrines (1.8%) or not having septic tanks facility for

the flush/ pour flush latrines (2.8%) discharges the effluent directly into the existing drains or

open plots. Approximately, 50.2 % households having septic tank connected to flush/ pour

flush latrines system do not clean the septic tank regularly as a result septic tank overflow

and direct raw sewage flows into nearby drains. Many septic tanks do not have soak pits

and few are in dilapidated condition with the top slabs and pipes broken.

Key Issues: Due to absence of sewerage system, there are various hygiene and sanitation

related issues in Khunti such as untreated sewage flowing through open drains and released

in agricultural land/ ponds / vacant land, septage treatment and safe disposal not practiced.


Page 19 March 2016

Waste water demand projection

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd day (2020

onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 9.26 MLD. Current water

demand is based on existing per capita supply of 65 lpcd. It has been assumed that by year

2020, water supply infrastructure work will be upgraded and per capita supply will increase

to 135 lpcd. As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, waste water

generation is 80% of water supply along with 15% of ground water infiltration, hence total

waste generation till the year 2045 would be 7.41 MLD.

Recommendation

Short term / interim measures

Conversion of single pit latrine to double pit (leach pit), construction of new toilets to cover

100% households and disposal of grey water are the focused area under initial phase of

planning. Approx 43.8% people resort to open defecation in Khunti town; and therefore,

increasing the sanitation coverage from existing 54.8% to 100 % should be on the 1st priority

of KNP. Household having insanitary latrine are required to upgrade their toilets and connect

to septic tank with soak pits or construct a twin pit system for disposal of fecal sludge.

Sludge removal and proper septage collection and disposal is also part of the sanitation

system improvement. As per the national Building Code (NBC) of India, septic tanks should

be de-sludged as often as every year. As per the general good practice tanks should be

cleaned after every 2 years or so (standard practice in India). Records of desludging should

be maintained to get the idea of next round of cleaning. The records should include location

of the tank or pit, septage characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage

removed and name of the house owner. For the twin pit system removal of material can be

done manually after keeping the pit undisturbed for a year to eighteen month. The removed

dried sludge can be used in gardens or agriculture fields or can be dumped at septage

management site.

Long term

After Khunti achieve the per capita water supply of 135 liters and majority of the people have

access to toilet, all the waste water (black and grey) generating units such as individual,

public and community toilets, bathroom and kitchen can be connected to sewer network. A

Sewage treatment plant of capacity 8 MLD has been proposed for Khunti town. The capacity

of sewerage treatment plant has been designed for the horizon year 2045.

The general topography of the town is undulating, therefore, conventional sewerage system

establishment would be a feasible option for Khunti in long term. In addition, improvement in

per capita water supply and availability of power supply would support the optimum

functioning of the treatment facility. Based on the Khunti topography, town has been divided

into six parts i.e. Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, Zone V and Zone VI.

Two alternative options are recommended for long term sewerage system setup. Under the

option I, one STP with total capacity of 8 MLD can be set up with closed system pf pipes,

manholes and pumping station. Under option II, 4 MLD STP can be set up Zone I and Zone


Page 20 March 2016

II would have the conventional STP to be located along the bank of River Tajna (located at

zone I). All the waste water generated in zone I and II would be tapped via sewer lines and

will be transported to STP for disposal and treatment. Sewerage system in Zone III, IV, V, VI

can be developed by two methods, community based septic tank or Decentralized

Wastewater System (DEWAT system) with capacity of 1MLD each.

Other key measure to be taken is recycling/re-use of treated waste water for non-portable

applications such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, toilet flushing and replenishing a

ground water basin.

5. Solid Waste Management System

At present there is no weighbridge available at dumpsite; therefore no records exist for the

quantum of solid waste transferred daily to the dumpsite. As per the DPR on Solid Waste

Management prepared by RCUES, Lucknow total waste generation for khunti has been

assumed as 255gm/capita/day.

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5

million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation

rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with

population below 2,00,000. As per the India Infrastructure Report 2006, Based on the DPR,

the waste generation for the town of Khunti has been assumed as 255 gm/capita/day.

Therefore, with a projected population of 39611 in the current year, Khunti should be

generating 7 Tons per day (TPD).

Waste generation projection for Khunti town has been done based on the projected

population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been assumed that per capita

solid waste generated in Khunti will increase with growth rate of 1.3 percent per annum1.

Waste generation projected for year 2020 (Short term), 2025 (mid-term) and 2045 (long

term) is 8 TPD, 9 TPD and 14 TPD respectively.

There is no door to door collection system and source segregation of waste in the town. 60

numbers of small bins are available in KNP and are kept at different locations throughout the

town area. Each ward is equipped with four bins located at different parts of the town. KNP

has three tractor and one auto tipper for waste collection and transportation. There is no

transfer station in the town for secondary storage of waste. There is no treatment facility or

scientific disposal of waste in KNP area. There are no dedicated waste dumping sites

situated in the town, as of now waste is dumped near River Tazna outside the Nagar

Panchayat. Site area for SWM management is yet to be finalized. Apart from municipal

waste other category of waste has also been assessed to provide a comprehensive waste

management solution. Other types of waste include cattle and dairy waste, slaughter waste

and carcase waste.

Key issues in waste management system of Khunti are acute shortage of man power;

mixing of waste is a common phenomenon in KNP, which has been observed not only at

dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the biomedical waste and slaughter waste

is getting mixed with municipal waste; loading and unloading of waste is done manually, and

1 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page 21 March 2016

safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any personal protective equipment

(PPE), waste dumping site located in ward is adjacent to River Tajna and uncontrolled

disposal and accumulation of solid waste on road sides, vacant plots, and open drains.

Recommendation: To improve the SWM system in Khunti key areas require attention are

collection, segregation, transportation, disposal and processing of waste. Primary collection

will include tricycle rickshaws and auto tippers to collect waste from households and

commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto tipper shall be adjusted on-site

depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc. The waste from the 4 identified slums

in Khunti shall be collected in community bins. The waste collected through primary

collection shall be transferred to the secondary collection point (SCP), comprising of

platform/ramp over which containers are placed. MSW at every SCP shall be stored in

covered containers of required capacity, which shall be lifted by dumper placer. The size of

container and frequency of lifting shall be decided at the DPR stage by the ULB. The waste

shall be transported from the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the proposed

treatment plant . Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste from vegetable

markets/haats and major construction sites. Source segregation is also targeted for the town

in the long term measures to attain 100% processing of waste and cost recovery from waste.

As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with population

below 100,000 including peri-urban areas generating less than 30 TPD waste with 30 to

65% of biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation, composting (VC/CC) and

RDF preparation is considered as the most suitable technological option for management of

MSW. A small scale treatment plant is suggested for the segregation of recyclables and

processing of biodegradables in Khunti with an initial capacity of 20 TPD for the short term

and mid-term i.e. 2015-2030 and another module of 5 TPD for the long term i.e. 2030-2045.

The treatment plant shall require an area of 2acres along with pre-sorting plant.

Other key measure apart from development of physical infrastructure is compliant redressal

cell with minimum of two (2) operational dedicated phone lines for receiving customer calls /

complaints and generating awareness among the citizens regarding the environmental

concerns associated with waste mismanagement.

6. River Front Development – River Tajna

Khunti town does not have any systematic development of river front along the stretch of

river Tajna flowing through north east of the town. The existing ghats (kutcha) serve various

purposes such as immersion of idols, cremation, performance of religious rites and rituals,

bathing and holy dips, leisure and recreation of citizens, occasional visit to historic and

heritage spots. There is one crematorium in the town, which is wood based and located

outside the ward area along the river. River Tajna is very important from cultural and

religious point of view. The river plays a significant role in major festival i.e. Chath Puja .

The river is getting polluted due to presence of various sources of pollution categorized into

point and non-point sources of pollution. Non-Point Source of pollution include presence of

dhobi ghats, crematoria, waste dumping, open defecation, immersion of idols and puja

samagri during festivals and discharge of waste during new year celebration.


Page 22 March 2016

Key Recommendations

Development of 2 small ghats of about 50 - 100 mtr length with platforms and steps

leading to the river to facilitate a safe approach.

Changing rooms separately for males and females in all ghats.

Toilets, solid waste collection bins, washroom and drinking water facilities at the

ghats. It is also necessary to provide public toilet facilities for the floating population

assembling at such congregations. Provision of mobile toilet may be one of the way

to address this problem.

Adequate number of benches / sitting arrangements of people visiting river front.

Lighting and landscaping of 1 parks / areas with fountains, flowerbeds etc.

Development of approach roads, parking lots to facilitate easy access of beneficiaries

Provision of commercial activities like kiosks for sale of eatables, boating etc. These

facilities should operate on pay-and use/eat basis and, therefore, are expected to be

self-sustaining.

Given the size of congregations and diversity of the people assembling there suitable

enclosures / ‘mela ground’ for holding cultural and recreational programmes.

Afforestation along the banks of river, particularly the areas ecologically sensitive

across the town and beyond.

7. Crematoria

In Khunti town, there are three crematorium available located at Ward Number 8 and 9.

These two crematoria are not sufficient as per the existing demand; hence, a new facility is

set up near River Tajna. Approximately 200 to 300 kg of woods is used for one cremation

,no waste management facility is available at the crematoria and waste generated such as

ashes, flowers, clothes etc. are thrown along the bank of River Tajna. Apart from this there

are graveyards located at different wards under different Church.

Key issues at the crematoria site are absence of waste management facility at the

crematoria, waste generated at the place such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc. are thrown

near the River Tajna, absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria site, no

boundary wall is there at the crematoria complex and also there is absence of waiting halls,

prayer hall, satsang bhavan.

Key Recommendations: There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based crematorium as

‘improved wood based crematorium’ as per the project preparation guidelines under NGRBA

programme. As of now, only two sheds and one handpump is available at the facility and

there is immediate need to develop other required facilities such as waiting room, wood

storage room, care taker room, payer hall etc. In addition to these facility, there is urgent

need to improve the solid waste and ash management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain

construction.

8. Dhobi Ghat

Dhobi ghats present along the bank of River Tajna is used by villagers very rarely. Due to

absence of individuals’ bathroom facility and piped water connection, many of the people

also wash their clothes in the adjacent ponds. Washing and bathing activity is most


Page 23 March 2016

commonly practiced in almost in all the ponds within town area. Cloth washing at large scale

occurs Naya Talab, Sahu Talab and Dadul ghat Talab.

Key Recommendations

• Construction of sheds for washer men in these locations by providing, stoned platform

for washing bhatties, drying places, sheds for pressing of clothes with water supply,

electricity, toilet facilities, waste water disposal arrangement, boundary wall etc.

9. Ponds

There are 12 key ponds in Khunti located in various wards. These ponds are used for

washing, bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle wallowing and car

washing purpose. Esthetically, condition of ponds in Khunti is not good and mostly they are

not being maintained. Steps are mostly not provided to access the ponds and timely

cleaning is also not done, wherever steps are constructed. In some of the ponds, dumping of

solid waste on the banks has been observed. In many area open defecation is also observed

near the ponds.

Key issues for most of the ponds are all the natural ponds in the town are being used for

washing, bathing, cattle wallowing and car washing purpose, discharge of sewage through

drains, religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and chath puja take place in all

the ponds, no steps available in the ponds and regular cleaning of ponds is also not done,

solid waste dumping in the banks of ponds and people living near the ponds go for open

defecation in areas adjacent to such ponds.

Key Recommendations: To improve the existing condition of ponds and make them

sustainable and hygienic there is urgent need to diversion of waste water flowing towards

the ponds and renovations / construction of ghats and steps along all the sides of pond.

Selected ponds in Khunti can be renovated for scientific surface water management and

also be converted as recharge structures for rain water harvesting. There is also scope for

development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities at Kamanta dam.

Institutional Structure & Capacity Building

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other state

level agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for final

implementation of sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level. Khunti Nagar

Panchayat (KNP) is the key local body responsible for providing public amenities and

services in Khunti. Apart from KNP, there are other parastatal and state level authorities

which are directly or indirectly involved in planning and policy formulation activities such as

Urban Development Department (UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic

services in urban areas of the state, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD)

responsible for planning, designing, constructing and O&M of water supply schemes, and

Water Resources Department engaged in construction and maintenance of major, medium

and minor irrigation schemes, flood control works, ground water conservation and

reclamation.

Key Issues faced by KNP and DW&SD to operate and maintain the infrastructure facility are

overlapping of functions and disintegration of responsibilities among the departments,


Page 24 March 2016

shortage of field level technical man power, lack in the inter-departmental coordination for

providing day to day services to the community and absolute lack of data management in

KNP and other major state government offices.

Key Recommendations: Improvement of institutional system in Khunti include capacity

building of officials through increasing technical man power, frequent trainings of the existing

staff to cater to the needs of increasing burden on nagar panchayat and the technological

advancements, which could be required to cope up with present and future responsibilities.

Other than these recommendations, there is need to undertake the “activity mapping” for

nagar panchayat’s own departments and other para-statal departments to identify precisely

who is responsible for doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve efficiency and

accountability in the provision of urban local services. Development of a central data bank

will be necessary to create a common platform for all the departments to effectively use such

data in planning and management of municipal services.

Stakeholder Consultations and Awareness Generation

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning, implementation

and management of sanitation infrastructure stakeholder consultations and awareness

generation is very much needed. Stakeholder consultation also support in encouraging

community and private participation and define their role in creation and maintenance of the

sanitation infrastructure with possible involvement of several intervening and contributing

institutions like markets, hospitals, schools and thereby ensure a sense of ownership. To

integrate the views and concerns of all the sections of the society City Sanitation Task Force

(CSTF) was constituted as per NUSP guidelines. The aim of the constitution of CSTF was to

elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government

agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city.

Project Financing and Implementation Framework

This section identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various sectors in City

Sanitation Plan for Khunti town.

Financing options Source

14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation

Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational

revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of

basic services to Urban Population including urban poor.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including sanitation sectors of

water supply, sewerage and septage management and storm water

drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission

(SBM) Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are being provided for

various sanitation components such as individual toilet, community

toilet, public toilet, solid waste management, IEC and public

awareness and capacity building and administrative & office

expense.

National Ganga River Basin

Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including Jharkhand

particularly for the towns having impact on Ganga and its tributaries.

Key sectors covered under the scheme are solid ware management,

river front development, sewerage and sanitation system and


Page 25 March 2016


industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost

Sanitation (ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into low cost twin

pit pour flush latrines and construction of new individual toilets to

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) households who have no

latrines in the urban areas of the country. Under the scheme the

pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy, 15% State Subsidy

and 10% beneficiary share.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA

component. The SSA component has considerable funding for

school sanitation.

International Donors/Funding

Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed

at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop

sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services

improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation

services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property tax;

the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be directed to

the sanitation department for utilization for funding sanitation

improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the operation &

maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment

and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the

urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP

options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately -

(a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a

management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); (d)

BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures between State

Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak

financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner

support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the

O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of

ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the

event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the

Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the

equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move

shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that

involves greater community participation and hence promote greater

accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services

sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models

shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the

development and O&M activities.

Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector


Page 26 March 2016

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of public resources for

investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore avenues for increasing investment in

infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal services in the state.

The private sector has the ability to provide waste services more efficiently than government on

account of following factors

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible labour

practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid access to

capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other businesses or

business activities.

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State Governments and Urban

Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging sectors. The object of the initiative is to

develop robust PPP projects and successfully bid them to establish their replication potential in the

sectors concerned

Conclusion & Way Forward

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Khunti has been developed aiming to maintaining a clean, safe

and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing of

all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in Khunti

through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction

and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and

responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short, medium and long term

goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan by way of formulation of project proposals

in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs) and detailed project reports (DPRs). Such project documents

should conform to the relevant policy / programme / scheme of both the state government and the

central government to arrive at a techno-economically feasible option, which would be most suitable

for the town for in-time implementation as well as sustainable operation and maintenance.

Khunti Nagar Panchayat should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate the steps needed to

implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) has already

been formulated in the town comprising representatives from CNP, officials of various department,

representing various public stakeholders to sheer implementation of the projects identified in the CSP

document. CSTF will provides useful platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public

support and participation during the development and implementation phase of various project

identified in the CSP.

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town in different

locations and land requirement for each of the projects should be assessed and the land parcels

should be made available to the concern implementing agencies in advance. It may be pertinent to

mention that the provision of basic amenities in Khunti is not just important for environmental

improvement but is also desired for improved health and hygiene of residents and visitors and

downstream towns using available water resources for domestic purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first

input into a long-term endeavor to rehabilitate and later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation

facilities in Khunti.


Page 27 March 2016

1.0 BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Sanitation for all has been identified as one of the priority area by Government of India and

efforts are being done to address the deficits in the provision of safe sanitation facilities. The

status of sanitation facilities in India can be realized from the statistics that as per census

2011, 49.2 percent of the households defecate in open and 36 per cent households have to

go out to fetch water2. The situation is more alarming for the state of Jharkhand which have

77%3 of the total households with no toilet facilities and tops the list of Indian states, closely

followed by the state of Orissa and Bihar. The inadequacy in sanitation and water supply

facilities along with inefficient management of solid and liquid waste management has led to

an unhygienic environment in the urban areas of the state. The situation in slum areas with

congested living conditions is very grim. In most of the urban areas, the untreated waste

water from the municipal area leads to contamination of the rivers and other surface water

sources. Poor sanitation not only impairs health but also has a very large economic and

social impact. The problem of sanitation has attained a larger and complex dimensions,

requiring integrated and sophisticated interventions in terms of policies/rules and regulations

and technologies.

To address the sanitation issues of different Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the state and in

line with the Government policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure

Development Co. Ltd., Ranchi (JUIDCO), is preparing the City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for

38 ULBs in the state of Jharkhand along with State Sanitation Policy. SENES Consultants

India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company) has been appointed by JUIDCO to prepare CSP for

24 towns of Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns and Cluster 3 with

14 towns.

The objective to the project is to support various ULBs of Jharkhand, in preparing City

Sanitation Plan and achieve the objective of comprehensive sanitation as per the guidelines

provided in Swachh Bharat Mission, National Urban Sanitation Policy and National River

Conservation Plan. The proposed CSP will provide an integral solution addressing different

aspects of environmental sanitation, which include solid waste management, industrial waste

management, drainage management and water supply management for different ULBs of

the state. CSP will also identify the sources for access of funds for development of sanitation

infrastructure from various Government of India / Government of Jharkhand schemes.

The current report is for Khunti town of Khunti district and has been listed by JUIDCO in

cluster 3. The list of all the towns in cluster 3 is provided in

Table 1-1 and locations with respect to state and district is shown in Map 1-1.

2 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/article2991835.ece 3 https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/india-census-more-people-have-a-mobile-phone-than-a-

household-toilet/


Page 28 March 2016

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 3

Sl. No. Towns Districts Population 2011

Area of town in sq.km

Class of

towns4

1. Garhwa Garhwa 46,059 12.42 II

2. Majhion Garhwa 18,349 24.84 IV

3. Hussainabad Palamu 29,241 12.54 III

4. Bishrampur Palamu 49,925 40 II

5. Bundu Ranchi 21,054 11 III

6. Chakuliya East Singhbhum 16,306 15 IV

7. Saraikela Saraikela Kharsawan 14,252 6.52 IV

8. Lohardaga Lohardaga 57,411 35 II

9. Gumla Gumla 51,264 16 II

10. Simdega Simdega 42,944 49.4 III

11. Khunti Khunti 36,390 25.80 III

12. Chakradharpur West Singhbhum 56,531 9.85 II

13. Latehar Latehar 26,981 13.42 III

14. Ramgarh Ramgarh 88,781 26.45 II

Source: Census of India for 2011 population

http://www.census2011.co.in/city.phpfor 2011 population

MAP 1-1: LOCATION OF TOWN UNDER CLUSTER 3

Gharwa

Manjhiaon

Hussainabad

Bishrampur

Bundu

Chakulia

Saraikela

Lohardaga

Gumla

Simdega

KHUNTI

Chakradharpur

Latehar

Ramgarh

Cluster 3 – City Sanitation Plan, Jharkhand

4 As per census: Class I – Population greater than 100,000

Class II – Population between 50,000 – 99,999

Class III – Population between 20,000 – 49,999

Class IV - Population between 10,000 to 19,999

Class V - Population between 5,000 to 9,999

Class VI - Population less than 5,000

http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php


Page 29 March 2016

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK

Following are the broad task outlines in the scope of work provided in the RFP document

Review of the baseline scenario

Review of available secondary information and relevant studies carried out for the

project towns from various agencies such as Water Resource Department, Ground

Water Department, Drinking Water & Sanitation Department (DW&SD, erstwhile

PHED) and Concerned Urban Local Bodies;

Review of National Urban Sanitation Policy, Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission

guidelines, guidelines for project preparation under NRCP and NGRBA programme,

CPHEEO Guidelines and Manuals for Sewerage and Solid Waste Management and

relevant rules for site selection for STP and Land Fill Site and other relevant

guidelines.

Review of Census data, master plan reports, development plans, city development

plans (if available), annual statistics, etc.

Survey and Investigation

Undertake detail survey of the town and identify areas that are prone to open

defecation, informal dumping of municipal waste, open discharge of sewage and

other intervention causing environmental health hazard.

Survey of status of existing service provider, available solid waste management

facilities and recommend a series of actions , which can be implemented to

mainstream recycling of waste material and scientific management of municipal solid

waste.

Survey in details the specific condition of slums in terms of open defecation,

availability of toilets, facilities for SWM, drainage and sewerage.

Identify the areas where manual scavenging is still carried out and providing

suggestive method for 100% removal of manual scavenging.

Mapping of all the data collected and proposed infrastructure for the town.

Data analysis & option evaluation

Detail the roadmap for the town for achievement of goals explained in National Urban

Sanitation Policy.

Demand and gap analysis and identification of town specific strategies on both

existing and new developments.

Stakeholder Consultations & Recommendations

Stage 1 consultation with the public representatives and stakeholders with the

available secondary data and information received from different departments.

Stage 2 Consultation: During this consultation, the Consultant will share the findings

of the base line data, secondary data and detailed survey carried out with the Town

level Implementation Committee/ public representatives and other stakeholders for

validation of findings and for soliciting their suggestions.


Page 30 March 2016

The Consultant will prepare a list of recommendations and decisions arrived at in the

consultation meeting

Undertake and present the outcome of consultations with public and other

stakeholders including NGO, CBO, self-help, women and child welfare organizations

Finalization of City Sanitation Plan:

Based on the analysis of the available information, consultations and

recommendations from the stakeholders, finalize the draft city sanitation plan for the

target town.

Suggestions from the city level consultative workshop on draft City Sanitation Plan

will be incorporated in the Final City Sanitation Plan and presentation to the City

Sanitation Task Force (CSTF).

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to promote sustainable environment and basic urban sanitation facilities and

relevant infrastructure to the all citizens and floating population of the proposed towns and to

ensure effective abatement of pollution by adopting a holistic and river basin approach for

comprehensive planning and management, with the aim of ensuring quality and

environmentally sustainable development.

The ‘National Urban Sanitation Policy’ seeks to address the gap in sanitation infrastructure

and move Indian cities towards ‘Total Sanitation’ through a ‘Systems’ driven approach.

Therefore, equal or greater importance has been awarded in the City Sanitation Planning

(CSP) process, towards development of local institutions, a systematic process of

community awareness generation as well as long term monitoring and evaluation of

sanitation status in the urban area.

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Approach and methodology adopted to formulate City Sanitation Plan (CSP) primarily

focuses on achieving 100% sanitation in Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP) area through a

series of steps to be taken by the KNP. Khunti is one of the ten towns selected under cluster

3, having variation from other cities on ground of urban character, population growth rate,

economic activities, and existing sanitation status. In the process of preparing the strategies

and proposals the outcome would be based on the demand and need, local context,

availability of financial and human resources and the opportunity for innovations.

Another considered factor while formulating the strategies would be consistency of CSP with

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). The NUSP envisions CSP as a strategic

framework which can covert development inputs in a holistic approach to engage city

administration and stakeholders to crystallize vision, action and strategy to achieve NUSP

goals. Keeping in mind the foresaid factors, approach and methodology for CSP has been

formulated.

1.4.1 Concept Approach

The formulation of CSP relies on information/data available and action-led multi-level

consultative approach. The CSP is prepared keeping in view the available financial and

human resources available with Khunti town. The first target is towards improvement of


Page 31 March 2016

existing facilities and then moving further for creating new facilities. To make the approach

integrated it is necessary to look into all the aspects in a holistic manner. The diagram

shown below elaborates the integrated perspective on inclusive sanitation indicators.

FIGURE 1-1: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP

ACCESS TO TOILET

•No Open defecation

•Individual/Shared connections

• Public area connections

•No manual handling of human

excreta

WATER SUPPLY

• Quality of portable water and

water bodies

• Reduction in water-borne

diseases

SWM

• Ratio of waste generation and

collection

• Ratio of waste generation and

safe disposal

• No environmental impact of

waste

WASTE WATER

Grey water

(Kitchen and bath)

Strom water

(Rainfall, flooding)

Black water

(Toilet waste)

Re

cyc

lin

g o

f w

aste

wa

ter

an

d u

se

fo

r

no

n p

ort

ab

le w

ate

r d

em

an

d

Op

era

tion

an

d m

ain

ten

an

ce

of th

e

sa

nita

tion

infra

stru

ctu

re a

nd

pro

pe

r

fun

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n o

f ins

titutio

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invo

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1.4.2 Methodology

Three stages of development are proposed for the project and it has been ensured that

logical and implementable linkages at macro and micro level are provided for each stage.

The execution of activities is distributed across following three main stages:

Stage 1: Inception report

Stage 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Stage 3: Final City Sanitation Plan


Page 32 March 2016

FIGURE 1-2: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN

PRELIMINARY STAGE SECONDARY STAGE FINAL STAGE

Initiation•Profiling ULB

•Starting up Task Force

Base line study•Primary and secondary data

collection

•Demography, socio-economic and

spatial study

•Service level; indicators

•Institutional understanding

Interactions•State level interactions

•Focused group discussion

•Multi level stakeholder consultation

Expected outcomes

• Understanding of the study area

and its dynamics

• preparation of pilot study area.

• Involvement level of various

agencies

Analysis•Demographic and spatial issues

•Sanitation infrastructure demand

gap assessment

•GIS mapping of Infrastructure

•Analysis of various policies and

organizations

•Financial status of the ULB

Strategic options for

achieving 100% target for

sanitation•Technical option to bridge the gap

•Options for funding of the

projects

•Special approach for urban poor

Finalization of options•Technology choice

•Funding option finalization

•Institutional setup

•Implementation schedule

Draft City Sanitation Plan•Discussion with concerned

agencies/authorities at state and

local level

Finalization of City Sanitation

Plan

Expected outcomes

• Clear understanding of gaps and

issues

•Identification of sector wise possible

options for filling the gaps (technical,

financial, institutional)

Expected outcomes

• Finalization of City Sanitation Plan

Key Task 1 -Formulation of City Sanitation Task Force

The preliminary stage of the CSP incorporate consultant’s interaction with local agencies

and authorities responsible for providing sanitation services in towns. The first step is

formation of City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) which includes representatives from various

field directly and indirectly involved in city sanitation activities. The request for constitution of

CSTF for Khunti has been made, which shall be formed including representatives from ULB,

various government departments (such as Drinking Water & Sanitation etc. NGOs, eminent

persons from civic affairs sectors, people from educational and health institutions and private

sectors.

Key Task 2 - Base line Study of Town

Reconnaissance survey was followed by basic study of the town to know its urban character,

sanitation status and urban dynamisms. The study is comprise of land use details, rainfall

data, climate type, demographic details (population growth rate with time series data, socio-

economic profile, in and out migration data, infrastructure and services available, share of

urban poor and slum population etc.) these details were gathered from the available town

documents such as KNP records / registers, survey reports, DPRs etc. The information

which is not documented has been obtained through stakeholder consultations including the

concerned officials.

Key Task 3 – Extensive Data Collection and Detailed Field Survey

To assess sanitation status in the town, details data collection and survey of the sensitive

areas was conducted by SENES in consultation with nagar panchayat officials. Identification

of sectors and preparation of details checklist was done in consultations with the sector

specialists.


Page 33 March 2016

In the absence of base maps and infrastructure maps, SENES has done a detailed survey of

the town and marked the coordinates to prepare the relevant maps indicating important

available infrastructures such as markets, ponds, natural water bodies, major drains,

industries, solid waste dumping site, overhead tanks etc.

The baseline data has been collected across the following key components:

1. Water Supply

2. Access to toilets

3. Sewerage and sewage Management (including sludge management)

4. Solid Waste Management

5. Storm Water Drainage

6. Others

a. River front and pollution

b. Ponds

c. Dhobi ghat

d. Crematoria

e. Carcass disposal system

f. Cattle / Khatal – Diary waste

g. Industrial pollution

Special attention has been accorded to urban poor, particularly the slum dwellers. The

sanitary conditions in each of the slum with respect to access to toilets, drainage system,

sewage management and solid waste management has been conducted.

Key Task 4 - Demand-Gap-Need Assessment

Followed by data collection and stakeholder consultation the next step was to assess the

current status of sanitation infrastructure and related sectors e.g. governance, funding,

community involvement, awareness among the people on quantitative as well as qualitative

parameters. Mapping of the all the sanitation infrastructure has been done at this stage.

Spatial and quantitative assessment of the current service level paved the way in finding the

gaps in the system. At this level, it was mandatory to assess the financial and human

resources available with ULB to implement the project in the future. After assessing the

current demand supply scenario, need assessment for future demand was made based on

the population projections done by SENES.

Key Task 5– Stakeholder Consultation

The stakeholders comprise of representatives from CSTF, NGOs, Urban Local Body

members, media representatives, other public representatives and public in general . The

agenda of the meeting were to discuss about existing sanitation infrastructure available in

the town, demand gap assessment for the next 25 - 30 years and shortfall, if any, in the data

collected.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 1

Key Task 6 - Identification of Sectoral Projects and Evaluation of Options

Demand gap assessment was followed with formulation of sector wise technical strategies

and proposals to fill the gaps. However instead of looking into one option, we tried to have

number of alternative options to meet the target and identification of the best model meeting

the town wide need in local context. In the same way there was need to explore more than


Page 34 March 2016

one funding sources for different projects discussed in the CSP, so as to make the whole

plan sustainable and working. To make the plan inclusive, participatory approach from all

sections of the society has been adopted and due consultations with urban poor and slum

dwellers of town have also been conducted.

Key Task 7 – Cost Estimates for the Project

Based on consultations with stakeholders, SENES has finalize the most feasible option to

derive the preliminary costing of different projects / project components. Costing is based on

the prevailing rates in the market and, SORs, state and central government manuals,

guidelines and benchmarking and SENES’s experience in preparing similar documents. The

process helps in refining the strategies for future and working out the financial aspect in

vision plan.

Key Task 8 - Implementation Schedule and Detail Action Plan

Apart from financial resource management, implementation strategies is another major

aspect. There would be no overlapping of functions in the various departments rather they

shall work closely to avoid any issues in planning and implementation process.

Implementation schedule has been framed out by the consultant into short term and long

term.

Key Task 9- Stakeholder Consultation 2

Identification of projects and strategies has been followed by the extensive stakeholder

consultation with CSTF members and other representatives from local agencies and

authorities. All the development strategies and options for the projects were discussed and

their recommendations were sought on the most feasible option. In addition, other focus

area of discussion were implementation schedule, project costing and funding pattern.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 2

Deliverable 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Output: Second stage stakeholder consultation with CSTF is followed by submission of

Draft City Sanitation Plan report. The second stage of work involved collecting and compiling

data on the current status of sanitation in all the ULBs. This was the basis for analyzing the

demand-supply gap and for initial exploration on strategies and solutions.

The final stage/Conclusive phase

After incorporating suggestion received out of the recommendations made in town level

workshops, a final meeting would be organized by SENES to consult the JUIDCO officials

and take their concern. Suggestions and issues raised by JUIDCO officials would be

included in the report followed by submission of final city sanitation plan documents.

Deliverable 3: Final City Sanitation Plan

Output: Final City Sanitation Plan would include all the comments and suggestions provided

during state and town level workshops.

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT


Page 35 March 2016

Project Background: The chapter deals with the project introduction, its background

and proposed approach and methodology for the project. Tentative list of the

departments, documents and data to be collected is also part of this chapter. The

chapter also details out the project mobilization details.

Review of Existing Policies, Guidelines and Legislation relevant for CSP: The

chapter briefs out the existing policies, schemes, legislations and guidelines available

for preparation of city sanitation plan across the country and with the state

government.

Regional setting and Overview: The particular chapter details out the geographical

location of town and its connectivity with surrounding regions. A brief of town history

and its growth pattern over the decades are also discussed in the chapter. Apart;

climatic, rainfall and geological details have also been provided here.

Demographic & socio economic profile of town: The chapter provides an insight

into the demographic profile of Khunti. Details such as growth rate, density,

population distribution, sex ratio, literacy, SC & ST population details etc. have been

analyzed at town and ward level. The chapter also discusses about the social profile

of the town in terms of health, education and recreational facilities.

Water supply: The chapter details out the existing status of water supply system in

Khunti. Service level benchmarks pertaining to water supply are also discussed here.

Projection of water demand till the year 2045 is also given.

Storm water drainage system: This section of the report discusses the natural

drainage pattern of the town. Status of existing drainage system and gaps in dealing

with flooding &storm water discharge in the town. In addition, proposed alignment of

the major drains, recommendations to improve the existing system are part of the

report.

Access to toilet: Access to toilet in terms of individual toilet, community toilet and

public toilet is detailed out in the chapter. Issue and gaps are discussed followed with

projections and recommendations made for the future years.

Sewerage system: Waste water management in Khunti and current status is

discussed in the chapter. Future proposals for waste water management in phased

manner along with technology options are detailed out.

Solid waste management: The section presents the details of solid waste

management system being practiced in the town. Apart from municipal waste, bio-

medical waste, dairy waste and slaughter house waste is also discussed. Proposal

for the next 25 - 30 years for SWM are given in the chapter.

Other non-sewerage works: This section discussed the status of crematoria, Dhobi

ghat and carcass disposal in Khunti. Proposals for the same sections are also

detailed out.

Natural water bodies – river and ponds: Status of River Tazna including natural

and man-made ponds in the town with their existing status is discussed in the

chapter. Recommendations to improve the condition of water bodies are also part of

the chapter.


Page 36 March 2016

Financial assessment: Financial assessment of Khunti Nagar Panchayat is given in

the chapter which details out the income and expenditure of the nagar panchayat

towards capital and revenue accounts.

Institutional arrangement & capacity building: Institutions involve in providing

sanitation related services to the citizens, and their functions are given in the chapter.

Capacity building of the human resource and recommendations to improve the

efficiency is also part of the section.

Stakeholder consultations & awareness generation: Detailing of stakeholder

consultations, their need, agenda of the meetings and output of the discussions are

given in the chapter. Proposals for IEC campaign and awareness generation for

citizens are presented in the chapter.

Conclusion and way forward: This chapter discusses the conclusion of the city

sanitation plan giving reference to short, medium and long term goals indicated in the

CSP and also indicate the next steps required for development of sanitation facilities

in Khunti.


Page 37 March 2016

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES FOR CSP

Review of existing legislations, policies, and guidelines relevant to the preparation of City

Sanitation Plan has been done under this chapter.

2.1 NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP)

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has been formulated by Government of India in the

year 2008 with a goal to achieve total sanitation in different towns and cities of the country.

The vision statement for urban sanitation in India as per NUSP visualizes that:

“All Indian cities and towns should become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure

and sustain good public health and environmental outcome for all their citizens with a special

focus on hygiene and affordable sanitation facilities for urban poor and women”.

The policy addresses not only the management of human excreta, associated public health

and environmental impacts; it also recognize that integral solution needs to take into account

other element of environmental sanitation i.e. solid waste management, management of

industrial and other specialized / hazardous waste, provisioning storm water drainage

system and management of drinking water supply in urban centers. The key sanitation

policy issues addressed in NUSP to achieve the vision include poor awareness, social and

occupational aspects of sanitation, fragmented institutional responsibilities, lack of integrated

town wide / pan city approach, limited technological choices, reaching the unserved and

poor and lack of demand responsiveness.

The specific policy goals identified include:

Awareness generation and behavioral changes

Open defecation free cities

Integrated town wise sanitation

o Reorienting institutions and mainstreaming sanitations

o Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid waste from all

sanitation facilities

o Proper operation and maintenance of all sanitary installations

Milestones prescribed in the NUSP for totally sanitized town include:

Town must be defecation free

Must eliminate the practices of manual scavenging and ensure safe handling of

waste by sanitation workers

Municipal waste water and storm water should be safely and efficiently managed

Recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Total and safe solid waste collection, transportation, processing and disposal

Sustainable services to urban poor

Improved public health out come and comply with environmental standards

The Union government recognizes sanitation as state subject and as per NUSP each state

should develop its own State level Sanitation Strategy; and ULBs are required to prepare

City Sanitation Plan addressing all aspect of sanitation to achieve the policy goals. NUSP


Page 38 March 2016

also addresses the key sanitation policy issues that need to be addressed. City Sanitation

Plan is a vision document on sanitation with 20-25 years horizon including five years short

term town level action plan.

2.2 NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN AND NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN

AUTHORITY

Guidelines for preparation of project reports under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)

and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme has been formulated by the

National River Conservation Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in

December 2010. The guidelines were prepared to help state agencies in developing a

holistic approach to address river pollution problems with river basin as the unit.

Subsequently, NGRBA programme Framework has been developed in May, 2011 under

Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in consultations with 5 (five) Ganga

basin states on the main stem of river Ganga and communicated to all the state

governments including the state of Jharkhand for implementation of the programme.

The guidelines as well as the framework indicates that project development for pollution

abatement is a three step process and includes preparation of City Sanitation Plan (CSP),

Feasibility Report (FR), followed by the Detailed Project Report (DPR). CSP shall be the

basis for planning and formulating projects. Its preparation has been considered as

necessary first stage documentation and all the preceding reports, which include FR and

DPR for sewerage and non-sewerage components admissible under the programme shall

conform to CSP. In regards to CSP , the guidelines outlined the components / items to be

included in CSP, including objective of CSP, details of the schemes that form part of CSP,

contents of city sanitation report and approval process for CSP. This CSP, as approved,

should form the basis of preparation of FR & DPR of sewerage schemes and the DPRs of

non-sewerage and other schemes.

Selection and priority of towns for implementation of projects under NRCP or NGRBA is

done based on the data collected regarding polluted stretches of rivers and the information

on level of pollution of such rivers / river stretches made available by Central Pollution

Control Board (CPCB) and other agencies such as State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).

So far, 150 Polluted stretches of different polluted rivers in the country have been identified

by the CPCB. This include stretches of the rivers, where water quality is not meeting the

bathing standard and is worse than the prescribed limits (BOD> 3mg/l, DO < 5 mg/l and

Fecal coliform > MPN 2500). Annexure – VI of the guidelines present the list of the polluted

river stretches identified by the CPCB. In Jharkhand state, only two stretches of river

Subarnarekha near Ranchi and river Sankh at Bolba has been included in this list provided

by CPCB. Table 2-1 provides detail of the stretch identified by the CPCB in the state of

Jharkhand for ready reference.

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE

River Polluted Stretch Source/ Town Monitoring location BOD

Subarnrekha D/s of Ranchi (Tatisilwal)

Industrial & domestic waste from Ranchi

1.Ranchi(tatisilwal)

2 Namkum Road bridge

10.5

6.8

Sankh Along Bolba Municipal .Bolba 6.2


Page 39 March 2016

Sewage

Hence, towns identified under Cluster 2 & Cluster 3 for the project may not qualify for

funding under NRCP / NGRBA as per the guidelines and the Framework. However,

after declaration of Jharkhand as model state under ‘Clean Ganga Mission’, towns /

cities polluting river Damodar and its tributaries will qualify for funding projects under

NGRBA programme.

2.3 MUNICIPAL WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) establish

consistent regulations governing collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal of all

types of municipal solid wastes throughout India. The MSW Rules apply equally to every

municipal authority regardless of its size.

Collection of Waste: The Municipal Authority shall be responsible to provide waste collection

services in compliance with the MSW Rules, 2000. The authority shall notify the waste

collection schedule and likely methods to be followed by the generators. Littering of

municipal solid waste is prohibited and generators are responsible to utilize the collection

systems provided by the municipality and avoid littering.

Waste Segregation: The Municipal Authority must establish waste collection and segregation

(preferably at source) systems in consultations with waste generators. The MSW Rules

recommend segregating waste into three categories viz. Organic wastes, Recyclables, and

Others (inorganic / inert) to facilitate diversion and appropriate management.

Storage Facilities: The Municipal Authority shall establish and maintain municipal waste

storage facilities so that unhygienic and insanitary conditions are not created around such

locations.

Transportation: The MSW Rules specifies that vehicles used for transportation of wastes

shall be covered to avoid visibility of waste to the public and exposure to open environment

preventing possible trickle out on the roads during transportation.

Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste: The MSW Rules, 2000 seek to minimize

the burden on landfills for the disposal of municipal waste by adopting appropriate waste

segregation and treatment technologies. The MSW Rules restrict landfill disposal to non-

biodegradable, inert, and other wastes that are unsuitable for either recycling or biological

processing. Residues of waste processing facilities, as well as pre-processing rejects,

should be land filled. Land filling of comingled waste should only be permitted in situations

where the waste stream is unsuitable for alternative processing or when additional fund and

time shall be required to establish appropriate waste diversion and treatment process and

technologies.

Specifications for Landfill Sites: Only non-biodegradable and non-recyclable waste should go

to a landfill site. Municipal and hazardous waste should not be mixed by disposing them in

the same landfill.


Page 40 March 2016

Site for Landfilling: Site selection criteria based on examination of environmental issues has

been established in MSW rules 2000 for selection of a landfill site.

Landfill Site Facilities and Maintenance: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies guidelines for

maintenance of a landfill site including the procedures and specifications for landfilling.

Pollution Prevention: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies the measures in order to prevent

pollution and related environmental problems from landfill operations:

Air & Water Quality Monitoring: The MSW Rule 2000 specifies the requirement for regular

air and water quality monitoring in and around the site.

Landfill Gas Management: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies installation of landfill gas control

system including gas collection system to be made at the landfill site to minimize odour

generation, prevent off-site migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the

rehabilitated landfill surface.

Landfill Closure and Post-Closure Care: The post-closure care of landfill sites should be

conducted for at least fifteen years and long term monitoring or care plan shall be prepared.

Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered

for suitable development activities or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous and

leachate analysis comply with the specified standards.

Composting and Treated Leachate Quality: In order to ensure safe application of compost,

the MSW Rules 2000 specify compost quality standards. Product that does not achieve the

levels set out in the following table should not be used for growing food crops. However, it

may be utilized for purposes other than producing food. In addition, specific standards have

been established for leachate quality control. The leachate quality standards depend on the

disposal method used with the most stringent criteria specified for disposal to surface water

bodies.

2.4 SWACHH BHARAT MISSION GUIDELINES

Swatch Bharat Mission launched on 2nd October 2014 and will be in force till 2nd October

2019. Swatch Bharat is being implemented by Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD) and

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MODWS) for urban and rural areas respectively.

The mission objective as listed in SWM guidelines include:

Elimination of open defecation,

Eradication of manual scavenging,

Modern and scientific municipal solid waste management,

Behavioral change regarding health sanitation practices,

Awareness generation about sanitation and its linkages with public health

Capacity augmentation for ULBs and

Create enabling environment for private sector

The main components of the mission include

Household toilets including conversion of insanitary latrines into pour flush latrines


Page 41 March 2016

Community toilets

Public toilets

Solid waste Management

IEC and Public awareness

Capacity Building and Administrative and Office Expense

The special focus group to be looked at as part of the mission include manual scavenger ,

informal sector working in waste management sector, scavengers (rag pickers), migrants

and homeless in the urban areas, construction labourers in urban area, households with

vulnerable sections.

Since the SBM (Urban) is applicable for the statutory towns5, all the projects towns under

Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 are covered under the scheme.

SBM guidelines for the urban sector acknowledges the fact that comprehensive sanitation

planning is requisite for objective of Swachh Bharat Mission and mandates the preparation

of City Sanitation Plan for each town of the state and State Sanitation Strategy as per NUSP

2008. The brief description of the targeted components under SBM (Urban) is provided in

the following section:

Household toilets: This components targets the construction of household toilets for i)

estimated 80% of the urban household engaged in open defecation, ii) all households with

insanitary latrines and iii) all households with pit latrines. The toilet should be connected to

either onsite treatment system or to an existing underground sewerage system. Central

government incentive for construction of household toilet will be Rs 4000.00 per household

toilet

Community toilet: Community toilets are estimated to be used by 20% of the household’s

currently practicing open defecation, who cannot construct individual household latrine due

to land and space constraint. \The specifications for construction of community toilets and

tentative cost has been provided in the guidelines.

The central government support for construction of community toilets will be 40% grant /

VGF and balance will be procured from various sources which include private sector

investment , beneficiary charge, user charge , Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ) fund,

land leveraging , market borrowing, external assistance.

Project for community toilets including sanctions (except central assistance) will be done at

ULB level. All community toilets constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance

contract.

Public toilets: Public toilets for floating and other population to be constructed under the

mission. The suggested technical specification, technologies and tentative cost has been

provided in the guidelines.

5 Statutory towns are urban areas defined by administrative units that have been defined by ‘Statute’ as urban

such as municipal corporation, municipalities, cantonment board, notified town area committee, town Parishad

and nagar palika.


Page 42 March 2016

There will be no central government incentive support for construction of public toilets under

SBM. State and ULBs shall identify land parcel(s) and encourage the private sector to

construct and manage public toilet in PPP arrangements. All community toilets to be

constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance contract.

Solid Waste Management

DPRs for solid waste management are to be prepared by ULBs emanating from the needs

identified from City sanitation plan. Central government incentive for SWM projects will be in

the form of maximum 20% grant /VGF for the project. Remaining funds are to be generated

from various other sources like private sector investment, beneficiary charge, user charge,

CSR fund, land leveraging, market borrowing, external assistance.

States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match 75% Central

Share. (10% in the case of North East States and special category states).

IEC & Public Awareness

This component includes behavior change communication to mainstream sanitation as an

issue with general public at large, covering issues of open defecation, prevention of manual

scavenging, hygiene practice, proper use and maintenance of toilet facilities. A total 15% of

the central allocation will be earmarked for this component.

Capacity Building & Administrative and Office Expense

State to propose extensive capacity building activities to be implemented in mission mode

manner, which will enable progressive achievement of SBM in time bound manner. This will

be specified in the annual action plan prepared by each state.

Three percent of the total central allocation will be earmarked for capacity building and

administrative & office expense, with 2% being utilized at MOUD level for capacity building,

convening national and regional workshops, various awards and best practice recognition,

programme research, studies, international cooperation for capacity building and technology

development etc.

Financial Arrangements

Under Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission, projects in PPP mode are encouraged, to invite

private capital in urban infrastructure as well as to bring in private sector efficiency in delivery

of urban services including O & M. Government of India share .as per prescribed funding

pattern will be available for claiming VGF.

In case state government feels that a project is not suitable to be taken up in PPP mode,

then only the GoI share shall be provided as Grant to the ULB. It will be up to the state

government and ULB to arrange for the balance resources for the project, which must be

ensured at the time of approving a project.


Page 43 March 2016

2.5 OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES

Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2008 are notified to ensure safe handling,

generation, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, defuse and disposal of

Hazardous Waste. Management and handling of all type of hazardous waste including

radioactive, waste chemicals and waste fuel from industrial, commercial and other units

within the town is governed by the Hazardous waste Rules 2008.

The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 have been notified by

the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) to ensure scientific and safe handling,

treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste being generated from all different sources

including hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, medicine manufacturing units and other sources

including the consumers,

There is a separate notification known as ‘Plastic Waste (Management & Handling)

Rules, 2011 published by MoEF to ensure scientific and efficient management & handling of

Plastic waste both at manufacturer and consumers end.

2.6 PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJNA (HOUSING FOR ALL)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna or Housing for All scheme will be implemented during 2015-

2022. Under the scheme, central assistance will be provided to the ULBs and other

implementing agencies through States/UTs for following components:

1. In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through

private participation

2. Credit Linked Subsidy

3. Affordable Housing in Partnership

4. Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.

The scheme will cover entire urban area consisting of 4041 statutory towns with initial focus

on 500 Class I cities in three phases. The mission will support construction of houses up to

30 square meter carpet area with basic civic infrastructure.

The programme will provide flexibility to the States for choosing the best options amongst

four verticals of mission to meet the demand of housing in their states. Process of project

formulation and approval in accordance with the programme guidelines will be done at state

level. State will send proposals to the Ministry for inclusion of towns / cities in the programme

along with broad assessment of housing and resources requirement. Ministry will approve

inclusion of these cities considering availability of resources.

Slum redevelopment projects and Affordable Housing projects in partnership should have

provision for providing basic civic infrastructure like water, sanitation, sewerage, road,

electricity etc.


Page 44 March 2016

2.7 STATE LEVEL POLICIES

Jharkhand Water Policy

Government of Jharkhand came up with a new water policy in the year 2011 with a vision ‘to

ensure sustainable development and optimal use and management of the State’s water

resources to provide the greatest economic and social benefit for the people of the state of

Jharkhand in a manner that maintains important ecological values within rivers and adjoining

lands’.

The objective of the policy is an Integrated, Multi-sectoral and River Basin Approach and the

State has been stated to be divided into five major river basins (Subarnarekha, Damodar

Barakar, North Koel, Gumani & South Koel). The policy indicates for appropriate river basin

agencies/authorities to be established within each/or group of river basins. Integrated river

basin plan shall include a development plan, a long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a

comprehensive watershed management plan, an efficiency improvement and water

conservation plan, a waste minimization and water quality management plan.

Based on the above, the State shall prepare a State Water Resources Plan to promote a

balanced development by proper coordination among diverse water uses which shall include

structural measures, operational measures, watershed management measures, demand

management measures such as conservation scheduling and efficient technologies, water

pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure comprehensive

sustainable management of the water resources and equality of water distribution for the

benefit of the State as well as to its people. Preparation of State Water Resources Plan will

require convergence of various departments and agencies of the State like State

Environment and Forest Department, Agriculture Department, Drinking Water and Sanitation

Department, State Watershed Development Agency, State Pollution Control Board, etc. The

policy also addresses the aspects on interstate water sharing, utilization of water, water

quality, water conservation, drought and flood water planning and priority of water usage

having ecology and drinking water needs of human beings and animals as the first priority on

any available water resource.


Page 45 March 2016

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Khunti is a class III town and district headquarters of Khunti District, located at the central

part of Jharkhand .Part of the South Chotanapur Commissionary, Khunti district was

established on 12th September 2007, with 6 Blocks, and is 40 Km south of the state capital,

Ranchi. The district is historically known as the center of activity of the Birsa movement. The

town is spread over an area of 25.0 sq. km with total population of 36,390 as per Census of

India 2011.

3.1.1 Geographical Location of Town

Khunti is situated 611 meters above sea level and is located along National Highway 23 at

latitude 23.08º north and longitude 85.28º East located in south central part of the state.

Khunti is surrounded by Ranchi District in the north, Karra Block in west, Erki block in east

side and Murhu block in southern side. National Highway 23 and SH 3 is major road

crossing the town connecting link to other urban areas. Khunti is agriculture and forest

product based town.

Map 3-1: Geographical Location of Khunti Town

Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat, Mapsofindia.com


Page 46 March 2016

3.1.2 History/Growth of the Town

Khunti is synonymous with rebellion and struggle since it was historically a center of activity

during the famed Birsa movement in 1875. Khunti is famous for its long drawn struggle

against the British under the aegis of Birsa Munda, the revolutionary hero of Jharkhand.

Khunti is also famous as the lac producer of the Jharkhand region. A large share of India's

total lac is produced in this place. This agricultural profession of lac cultivation is a

secondary source of income for many tribal in the Khunti region. With the support of

government and local NGOs the cultivation of Lac has been increasing over the years.

It is also said that the place derived its name from the mythological character Kunti in the

Mahabharata. Kunti and her sons, the Pandavas, had spent some time in this place, during

their fourteen years of anonymity. The region is currently a part of the Red Corridor

(The Red Corridor is a region in the east of India that experiences considerable Naxalite–

Maoist insurgency. Khunti is mainly dominated by Munda tribes. As per the information

available from Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP), in the year 1972 Khunti was declared Nagar

Panchayat. For the ease of administration the town is divided into 16 numbers of wards.

3.1.3 Soil Type

Three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Ranchi district

(Figure.2.2 and Table 1). Alfisols were the dominant soils covering most of the town area.

The soils is mostly is of the residual type. High temperature and high rainfall have led to the

formation of lateritic type of soils from rocks of Archean metamorphic complex exposed in

the greater part of the district. Texturally the soils of the region have been classified into four

classes-

Stony and gravelly soils--- These are low grade soils having a large admixture of

cobbles, pebbles and gravels generally found at the base of the hills.

Red and yellow soils: - This soil is formed by the decomposition of crystalline

metamorphic rocks like granite- gneiss etc. These rocks contain mineral particles like

biotite, hornblende and iron. Higher areas have soils with light red color but the lower

areas have relatively dark color. It lacks nitrogen, Phosphorus acid and humus.

Potash and lime are sufficiently found.

Lateritic soils: - This type of soil is found in Ratu, Bero and parts of Mandar Blocks.

The soil has dark red or brown colour .It has high iron content and has been formed

by the process of lateralization of the weathered material in the favorable climate and

topography.

Alluvial soils: - River channels in the district are covered with alluvial soils consisting

mainly of coarse sand and gravel mixed with silt and clay. Soil thickness depends

upon the topographical control.

Type of soil and its geo-physical and chemical properties have direct bearing on different

aspects related to sanitation. The porosity and moisture content influence movement of

pathogens through soil and thus safe distance of drinking water sources from source of

possible pollution (e.g. Soak pits, Landfill sites, pond based STP etc.) should be ascertained

during detailed designing /preparation of Detailed Project reports (DPRs) of any sanitation

project / scheme.

Similarly, type of soil has direct bearing on the structural aspects (e.g. compaction, lining,

choice of construction material etc.) of landfill sites, pond based STPs, drying beds, Soak


Page 47 March 2016

pits etc. Also, the Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) and related physico-chemical parameters of

soil should be assessed at DPR stage for designing foundation of different structures of

Sewage Treatment Plants, Solid Waste Landfill sites, Pumping Stations & Sewer Network.

Information of Soil type also helps in determining the ‘Ground Water Infiltration’ while

designing a sewer network. Design of Storm Water Drainage system has also relevance with

soil characteristics in terms of ‘time of concentration’ / variation of Ground Water Table etc.


Page 48 March 2016

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF RANCHI DISTRICT & KHUNTI DISTRICT

Source: State Agriculture Management & Extension Training Institute (SAMETI), Department of Agriculture & Cane Development, Govt. of Jharkhand

Note: Red circle shows location of Khunti Town


Page 49 March 2016

Legend

3.1.4 Topography and Hydrology

The topography of the town is very undulating and surrounded by forest area. Most part of

the Jharkhand state comes under the Chotanagpur Plateau region divided into three steps.

Khunti is in the southern part of the Chota Nagpur plateau, which forms the eastern edge of

the Deccan plateau system.

Topographical map of Khunti and rivers crossing near the town are shown in Map 3-3.


Page 50 March 2016

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR KHUNTI

Source: Survey of India

Ward boundary marked on Survey of India map.


Page 51 March 2016

Legend for topography map given above.

River Tajna (Karkari) is the major water body flowing through northern part of the town

forming its north eastern boundary (ward number 9 .River Karkari is the Tributary of River

Subarnarekha.

The highest elevation point is 633 meters along the Ranchi-Chibasa road (NH 75). General

slope is towards southern side of the town. The city is highly undulating with difference of 15-

20 meters.

Central ground water board (CGWB) provides the details of ground water table and its

development percentage at different locations of Ranchi district. Khunti town falls under the


Page 52 March 2016

area of ground water table conducted by CGWB. Pre monsoon water table depth of Khunti

area is 8 - 10mbgl (26 to 32 feet) and post monsoon levels are 4-6 mbgl (13- 19 feet).

The red circle indicates Khunti Town in Map 3-4 and Map 3-5.

MAP 3-4: PRE MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna


Page 53 March 2016

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna

3.2 CLIMATE

The district experiences pleasant climatic condition due to higher elevation. Relative

humidity also remains low, so summer season is also not uncongenial. December is the

coldest month with minimum temperature of 10.3°C and May is the hottest month with


Page 54 March 2016

maximum temperature of 37.2°C. Average annual rainfall of the district is 1375 mm and

more than 80 percent precipitation received during monsoon months

3.3 FLORA

Important trees in the town and the surrounding areas are Sisam, Palas, Neem, Mango,

Kanthal etc.

3.4 LINKAGES AND CONNECTIVITY

3.4.1 Road Connectivity

National highway 75 (Ranchi –Chaibasa road) and State Highway 3 are the major roads

crossing through the town and connects it to state capital Ranchi and other nearby towns.

NH 75 bifurcates the town into two parts. It connects Khunti to Major town located on the

route Ranchi (48 km), Chaibasa (118 km), Chakradharpur (93 km) and Bandgaon (40

km).SH 3 connect Khunti to Tamar, Arki, Kamdara and Basia. Other major roads in the town

are Karra Road, Maranhada Road, Keso Road, Melatand Road, Girijatoli Road, Datia Road,

Torpa Road and Dak Bangla Road.

3.4.2 Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity

There is no railway station within Khunti town. However, Hatia Railway Station and Ranchi

Railway Station are the major railway station located at the distance of 39 km and 48 km

respectively. The nearest airport is in Ranchi located at the distance of 48 km. A government

bus depot is available in Khunti (ward number 14) and daily 40-45 buses going towards

Ranchi, Gumla, Jamshedpur, Bundu, Simdega, Chaibasa, Chakradharpur etc. cities are

operated. For public transportation, three wheelers and cycle rickshaw are available in

Khunti. Nearest Airport is Ranchi Airport which is at distance of 46 km from Khunti.

Government Bus Stand Public Transport modes


Page 55 March 2016

Ward Road

3.5 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

There are two urban centers in Khunti district, namely Khunti and Torpa. Khunti contributes

81% of the urban population in the district. KNP is spread over an area of 25 sq. km with

total population of 36,390 and average density is 1,410 persons per sq. km. The Nagar

Panchayat area has River Karkari (Tajna) in the northern boundary of the town and

surrounded by villages from rest of the sides.

3.6 ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP

Khunti is districts headquarter in Khunti District. The local administrative body of town is

known as Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP). The Nagar Panchayat is responsible for

establishment and operation and maintenance of all basic amenities like water supply,

sanitation, sewerage, and solid waste disposal. Nagar Panchayat is also responsible for

holding public meeting, function, fairs, public awareness programs and implementation of all

government schemes. For efficient development and convenient administration, the town is

distributed in 16 wards based on population, area and Land use. Ward boundaries are

distinguished by streets, river and main roads.


Page 56 March 2016

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF KHUNTI


Page 57 March 2016

MAP 3-7: SIGNED WARD MAP OF KHUNTI


Page 58 March 2016

MAP 3-8: BASE MAP OF KHUNTI


Page 59 March 2016

3.7 REVIEW OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS / POLICIES

During the site visits information regarding the available schemes, plans and policies were collected by the team members. As per KNP officials no Master Plan or City Development Plan for Khunti town is prepared till now. As informed by the KNP officials at present there is no scheme or policy available for slum improvement and BPL population, Survey under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan for individual toilet is under process. Following documents are available for the town and were reviewed.

Inception report on Urban Water Supply scheme for Khunti.

DPR on Municipal Solid Waste Management was prepared under Urban

Development Department, Jharkhand by consultant namely RCUES, Lucknow for

Khunti Town.

Slum survey for the town was carried out in the year 2008 under Integrated Housing

for Slum Development Programme (IHSDP).

Provisions made for the first year under SBM scheme.

3.8 LAND USE PATTERN OF KHUNTI AS PER RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

Land use map for Khunti town is not available with the Nagar Panchayat, therefore to

understand the spatial pattern and existing land use pattern; the team has conducted a

reconnaissance survey of the town. There is no definite pattern of growth in Khunti as most

of the development has taken place in haphazard manner. Growth direction of the town is

along the main road crossing through the town in northern and southern direction.

Residential: Mostly mix land use can be seen in the town excluding the main market

area. Ward number 1, 3, 5,6,7,8 and 11 are majorly residential excluding the

commercial areas on major ward roads.

Commercial: All the major commercial area is both sides along the main road i.e. on

NH- 75. Netaji Chauk is the center of the town located on Ranchi Chaibasa road and

another important point is Bhagat Singh Chauk located on the same road. There are

two shopping complex in the town namely Gaya Munda Complex located in ward

number 13 and Jaipal Singh Daily Market located in ward number2. Bazar Samiti

market is located at ward number 6 on Ranchi Chaibasa Road.

Industrial : within the Nagar Panchayat area two small scale Lac processing industry

is situated at ward number 9; one at Ranchi-Chaibasa road and other at Belahathi

Road. Other industries include Brick klin industry and stone crusher industry.

Institutional: All the major government institution/administrative offices are located

along the main road in western side of the town, at ward number 15 and 16. Block

office/ district headquarters, is at ward number 16. Nagar Panchayat office, DC

office, PHED office, Court compound are at ward number 15. Ursuline convent

school and Birsa Munda College is at ward number 14.Balika Maha vidyalaya is at is

at ward number 12.

Recreational: A well maintained Birsa Munda Park is located at ward number 15.

Birsa college stadium is located at ward number 14 As per KNP officials during New

Year celebration River Tajna is favorite tourist spot for the locals. Annual fairs are

organized at Mahadev Manda temple at ward number 4, Shivalay Road. A church is

located at Girja Toli ward number 6.

Transportation: National highway 75 (Ranchi –Chaibasa road) and State Highway 3

are the major roads crossing through the town and connects it to state capital Ranchi

and other nearby towns. NH 75 bifurcate the town into two parts. State Highway 3 is


Page 60 March 2016

another major road crossing the town (Ranchi-Torpa road). Khunti town is connected

is well connected to nearby towns via roads. A bus depot is located at ward number

14. For public transportation, three wheelers, jeep and cycle rickshaw are available in

Khunti town.

Water Body: River Tajna flows through the northern boundary of the town and there

are 12 ponds located in the Nagar Panchayat area. Major ponds include Naya Talab

(ward 4), Raja Talab (ward 15), Sahu talab (ward 1), Baman mada Talab(ward 7).

Agriculture: There are few small patches of agriculture land area in the town located

in ward numbers 3, 4, 7, 6, 8,9, 11and 13 All these wards are located near the

boundary of the town. Key crops grown in the town are rice, potato, onion and other

seasonal vegetables


Page 61 March 2016

MAP 3-9: LAND USE MAP OF KHUNTI TOWN


Page 62 March 2016

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN

Demography analysis includes details on size, structure and distribution of populations, and

spatial and or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death.

The analysis helps in analyzing the previous and present conditions of population, growth,

development and uses of natural resources. The existing data used for demographic

analysis would be utilized for the population projection till the year 2045.

4.1 POPULATION GROWTH RATE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Khunti being the oldest Nagar Panchayat in Khunti district is a hub of employment, trading

activities, commercial activities, social facilities like education, health etc. The presence of

various facilities and services has resulted into migration of people from nearby villages to

Khunti.

Population data for Khunti town is available between the year 1971 and 2011 which is used

to get the trends of population growth rate in the previous decades. Between the decade

1971-1981 the population growth rate was extremely high i.e. 60% due to migration of

people from nearby villages to Khunti. The possible reasons for such migration were the

employment opportunities, trading and migration from settlements.

From 1981 to 2011, improvements in transportation infrastructure lead people from villages

to migrate to big cities rather than to small towns resulting Khunti had experienced average

growth rate of about 24%.

The town has recorded lowest decadal growth i.e. 21% as per 2001 census. This shows that

people migrating from town to big cities are larger in number than people migrating from

nearby villages to Khunti. This states that big cities are offering more and better employment

opportunities and infrastructure in comparison to Khunti. 2001-2011 decade had recorded

growth rate of 24.27%. As per the data available from Census 2011, total population of the

town is 36,390 in the year 2011 with average household size of five persons.

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – KHUNTI

Year Population Total Decadal Change Decadal Growth Rate

1971 11,743

1981 18,787 7,044 59.98%

1991 24,183 5,396 28.72%

2001 29,282 5,099 21.09%

2011 36,390 7,108 24.27%

Source: Census of India 1971-2011 and Khunti Nagar Panchayat


Page 63 March 2016

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF KHUNTI

4.1.1 Population Distribution

The spatial distribution of population has been examined, based on the ward population. The

population of Khunti town is unevenly distributed 16 wards. Ward number 12 Hutubdug

located in the east central part of the town has lowest population share in the town with 3.4%

of population; whereas ward number 5 Khunti, located in west central side of the town has

maximum population in the town i.e. 9.2 % of total. The ward-wise population distribution of

KNP is shown in Table 4-2.

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Ward Number Ward Name Population 2011 Household Share in town

1 Dahagutu 2,836 527 7.79%

2 Mishra Toli 1,487 265 4.09%

3 Kusum Toli 2,278 480 6.26%

4 Harijan Toli 2,574 537 7.07%

5 Khunti 3,347 606 9.20%

6 Girja Toli 1,244 261 3.42%

7 Khunti Toli 1,607 331 4.42%

8 Katthal Toli 2,788 588 7.66%

9 Jamudag 3,073 650 8.44%

10 Bagicha Toli 1,549 287 4.26%

11 Datiya 2,329 495 6.40%

12 Hutubdag 1,236 249 3.40%

13 Lobin Bagaan 2,268 468 6.23%

14 Kadma 2,533 469 6.96%

15 Maidan Toli 2,426 416 6.67%

16 Kamanta 2,815 616 7.74%

Total 36,390 7,245 100.00%


Page 64 March 2016

Source: Census of India, 2011

FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – KHUNTI

2,836

1,487

2,278

2,574

3,347

1,244

1,607

2,788

3,073

1,549

2,329

1,236

2,268

2,5332,426

2,815

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Po

pu

lati

on

in

Nu

mb

er

Ward Number

4.1.2 Population Density

Area of Khunti town has not increased in the last 25-30 years therefore density of KNP has

continuously increasing over the decades. In the last five decades the density of the town

has increased approximately two times. However, density pattern throughout the town varies

a lot. Only central part of the town accommodates most of the population and surrounding

area comes under agriculture area. Town density between the year 1961 and 2011 is

provided in Table 4-3.

TABLE 4-3: KHUNTI TOWN DENSITY

Year Area in sq. km Population Density – persons per sq. km

1971 25.80 11,743 455

1981 25.80 18,787 728

1991 25.80 24,183 937

2001 25.80 29,282 113

2011 25.80 36,390 1410

Source: Census of India, 1971-2011 and Khunti Nagar Panchayat

4.1.3 Population Projection

Population growth of any place not only depends upon natural increase but also on in-

migration. In addition to Khunti slow and steady socio-economic development that had a

significant impact on the urbanization in the town, future growth is governed to a large extent

by the development patterns in the town.

The population of Khunti Nagar Panchayat has been projected up to the horizon year 2045

taking into consideration the decadal population trend of Census of India from 1971 to 2011.

The population is projected using three statistical methods viz. Arithmetic Progression

Method, Incremental Increase Method and Geometric Progression Method. The average

decadal population growth rate of Khunti town has been 34% between the year 1971 and

2011. Table 4-4 given below shows the various population projection methods for Khunti

town.


Page 65 March 2016

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Census Population Arithmetic Progressio

n

Incremental

Increase

Geometric Progressio

n

Average

Population Growth Rate

1971 11,743

1981 18,787 59.98

1991 24,183 28.72

2001 29,282 21.09

2011 36,390 24.27

2015 38,855 39,478 40,497 39,610 8.85

2020 41,936 42,571 46,287 43,598 10.07

2025 45,016 45,670 52,906 47,864 9.79

2030 48,097 48,773 60,472 52,447 9.58 2035 51,178 51,883 69,119 57,393 9.43

2040 54,259 54,997 79,002 62,753 9.34

2045 57,340 58,117 90,299 68,585 9.29 Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION

Average of all the three methods i.e. Arithmetic, Incremental and Geometric progression

methods is best suitable for the town. The projected population for the year 2025, 2035 and

2045 is 47,864; 57,393and 68,585 respectively for Khunti.

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION

Year 2015 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected Population 39610 43601 47,864 57,393 68,585

Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants


Page 66 March 2016

4.2 MIGRATION / FLOATING POPULATION

Till the decade 1991 there was lot in-migration happening in Khunti town from the nearby

village area in search of employment opportunity. However, permanent migration has

reduced over the years as most of the people are migrated to big cities these days due to

development of transportation linkages. Presently temporary migration is happening

whereby approximate 100 to 150 people daily come to Khunti for employment. These people

are generally engage in proving informal services to the town people such as labour,

masons, carpenters rickshaw pullers, cobblers etc..

4.3 OTHER POPULATION INDICATORS

4.3.1 BPL population

As per the information available from Khunti nagar panchayat number of BPL household is

3168 people in Khunti and population is approx 1,5840 taking household size as 5 person

per household.

Ward number

Number of household

Ward number

Number of household

1 306 9 487

2 59 10 125

3 248 11 428

4 349 12 43

5 91 13 56

6 113 14 111

7 82 15 205

8 177 16 288

Total 3168 Source Khunti Nagar Panchayat

4.3.2 Gender ratio

Gender ratio in Khunti has been improved from 907 in 2001 to 960 in 2011 which is above

the state gender ratio of 947. At present total population of Khunti is constituted of 51% of

male and 49% of females. The improvement in gender ratio points up two reasons:

1. Male from families are migrated to other cities in search of work leaving females

behind at home.

2. Society is opening up to broader mind set of respecting the significance of females in

society.

4.3.3 Literacy rate

In Khunti the literacy rate has been improved marginally to 83.12% as per the 2011 census

which was 78.51% in 2001. Both male and female literacy rate has improved to 88.65% and

77.39% in comparison to 85.56% male literacy and 70.66% female literacy as per 2001

census. The town has good number of government and private schools, but efforts need to

be made to raise literacy rate of town.


Page 67 March 2016

4.3.4 SC/ST population

In 2011 Khunti population is composed of 7.10% SC population and 34.18% ST population.

In Total about 41.28% of population was in SC/ST categories. However, the share of SC and

ST population has increased 12.5% and 40.11% from the last census 2001.

TABLE 4-6: KHUNTI – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE

Sr. No.

Name 2011 2001

Total Male Female Total Male Female

1 Population 36,390 18,566 17,824 29,282 15,358 13,924

2 Literates 26,287 14,263 12,024 26,287 14,263 12,024

3 Literacy Rate 83.12% 88.65% 77.39% 78.51% 85.56% 70.66%

4 Gender ratio 960 907

5 SC Population 2,340 1,177 1,163 2,080 1,064 1,016

6 ST Population 14,022 6,874 7,148 10,008 5,097 4,911

7 Share of SC 6.43% 7.10%

8 Share of ST 38.53% 34.18%

Source: Census of India 2001, 2011

Ward wise summary of literacy rate, SC/ST population, sex ratio is provided in Table 4-7. As

per the data available from Census 2011, ward number 16 has maximum share of ST

population i.e. 91.83% of the total ward population and ward number 4 has maximum share

for SC population i.e. 58.12% of ward population. Literacy rate among all wards ranges

between 65% and 96% whereas there are huge variations for sex ratio between the wards

which ranges between 650 to 1100, lowest in ward number 15 (661) and highest in ward

number 14 (1093).

TABLE 4-7: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO

Ward No.

Ward Name Literacy Rate in %

Sex Ratio

SC Population

Share of SC Population

ST Population

Share of ST Population

1 Dahagutu 81.41 941 116 4.09% 245 8.64%

2 Mishra Toli 84.93 949 30 2.02% 50 3.36%

3 Kusum Toli 78.48 934 30 1.32% 215 9.44%

4 Harijan Toli 66.90 991 1496 58.12% 33 1.28%

5 Khunti 90.87 878 79 2.36% 122 3.65%

6 Girja Toli 92.26 1077 22 1.77% 799 64.23%

7 Khunti Toli 93.06 1034 0 0.00% 1063 66.15%

8 Katthal Toli 87.51 1040 120 4.30% 1454 52.15%

9 Jamudag 63.93 954 42 1.37% 1222 39.77%

10 Bagicha Toli 84.94 968 106 6.84% 380 24.53%

11 Datiya 69.79 984 34 1.46% 1244 53.41%

12 Hutubdag 90.18 1026 48 3.88% 169 13.67%

13 Lobin Bagaan 96.10 969 51 2.25% 721 31.79%

14 Kadma 91.79 1093 45 1.78% 2185 86.26%

15 Maidan Toli 87.65 661 88 3.63% 1535 63.27%

16 Kamanta 82.06 1061 33 1.17% 2585 91.83%

Source: Census of India, 2001, 2011


Page 68 March 2016

4.4 ECONOMIC PROFILE

Khunti is developing town and its economy is majorly depending on agricultural and its allied

activities and forest products. Other driving factors of town’s economy growth are

commercial and trading activities. Town and surrounding areas is also famous for cultivation

of button mushroom.

4.4.1 Workforce Participation Rate

As per census data 2011, analysis for working profile of the town has been done. As per

2011 census only 30.37% (11,052) of population is working, out of which 75% and 25% are

male and female respectively. Main workers population was 23.85% of total population,

6.52% were marginal workers and 69.63% was non-working population. In 2011 census, the

economic profile of workers was defined in 4 sectors which clearly indicate that major portion

of the main workers i.e. 82.92% are engaged in various activities such as service,

commercial activities etc. followed by household industries, cultivators and agriculture labors

with 9.72%, 3.43% and 3.92% share respectively. This concludes that the town is rapidly

growing towards commercial, service and construction sector and dependency on

agricultural activities is reducing.

TABLE 4-8: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS, KHUNTI

Category Number of Person %

Main workers

Cultivators 844 9.72%

Agricultural Labours 298 3.43%

HH industries 340 3.92%

Other services 7,197 82.92%

Sub Total Main Workers 8,679 23.85%

Marginal Workers 2373 6.52%

Total Workers 11,052 30.37%

Non Workers 25,338 69.63%

Grand Total Population 36,390 100.00%

Source: Census of India 2011


Page 69 March 2016

FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - KHUNTI

Marginal working

6%

Non working70%

Cultivators2%

Agriculture1%

HH Industries1%

Other Workers20%

Main Workers24%

4.4.2 Economic base of the town

Majority of the population is tribal in the Khunti sub-division and they are dependent on

agriculture, livestock and forestry for their livelihood. Lack of food security from the land has

compelled many tribal families to migrate out of their own villages. This is despite the fact

that the existing landholdings can provide stable livelihoods to the tribal families. Lack of

land development, irrigation, credit, know-how for improved agriculture, access to market

etc. are major issues which act as serious constraints leading to a large number of

impoverished tribal families.

Agriculture and forest produce

Agriculture is the most important segment of the economy and is still the largest source of

employment in the district. Most of the peoples are agriculturists. They also collect minor

forest products from forest to supplement their economy; Hunting, Fishing and Animal

husbandry are subsidiary to agriculture. They also work as agricultural labors and unskilled

labors. Mushroom, which grows in abundance in the wilderness here during monsoon, is

popular among tribal as well as town-dwellers; it is also supplied to Ranchi.

Industries

Due to Lac (Lah) cultivation development of small scale industries in the area providing

employment opportunities to local villagers. Khunti is famous as the Lac producer of the

Jharkhand region. A large share of India's total lac is produced in this place. Lac is a natural

polymer (resin) that is produced by a tiny insect called Kerria lacca (Kerr). This insect is

specially grown on the shoots of several species of trees such as palas, kusum and ber. This

agricultural profession of lac cultivation is a secondary source of income for many tribal in

the Khunti region. And it is with the Government assistance and many other voluntary and

NGO's that this cultivation has taken a new form. There are three Lac producing industry in

the town in the town.


Page 70 March 2016

Lac extraction industry Lac extraction chambers

Commerce

Commercial area mainly located around Kunti thana area, Bhagat singh chowk and Azad

road. There are two shopping complex in the town namely Gaya Munda Complex located in

ward number 13 and Jaipal Singh Daily Market located in ward number 2, the shops include

stationary, grocery shops, motor part repair shops, garment shops etc. Weekly hat is held on

friday in front of Khunti College where locals and villagers sell vegetables, rice, and various

forest produce. One weekly vegetable market is located on Dak Bangla road.

Bhagat Singh Chawk Jaipal Singh Daily Market

Gaya Munda Complex Local Market

.


Page 71 March 2016

MAP 4-1: MAP SHOWING INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL AREA IN KHUNTI


Page 72 March 2016

4.5 SOCIAL PROFILE OF THE TOWN

4.5.1 Education

Khunti has numbers of educational institutes and colleges to support the existing population.

Khunti has 7 private schools and 20 government schools categorized into senior secondary

schools, higher secondary school and middle schools. Some of the famous schools in the

town are St. Pikhilla School, SDA Schools, Usrline Convent School, Loyolla School, and

D.A.V School.

There is one major college in the town namely Birsa Munda College for graduation affiliated

under Ranchi University located in ward number 14. There is no technical training institute

available in Khunti.

4.6 HEALTH

There are few hospitals, private clinics and dispensaries in Khunti to support the population.

Among the five key hospitals one is government hospital and four are private hospitals.

Some of the key hospitals are Sadar Hospital located in ward number 15, Daya Sagar

Hospital in Jojo Toli, Nirmala devi private hospital at ward number 13. Apart; there are few

private clinics in the town.

4.7 PUBLIC PLACES/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

There is well maintained park in Khunti known as Birsa Children Park located in ward

number 15 of the town. Small patches of forest area can be found in 3, 9, 11 and 12. One

stadium is available in the town located in ward number 14. Other community facilities

available in the town are Marriage Hall in ward number 4, Mahatma Gandhi Dharamshala,

Khunti Club, Cinema Hall, Dak Bangla. Town hall is located at ward number 13

Birsa college Sadar Hospital


Page 73 March 2016

Mahadev manda Temple Khunti Nagar Panchayat Office

4.8 SLUM PROFILE

4.8.1 Current Status of Slums

Under IHSDP scheme, a Survey for the slum was conducted in the year 2008. During that

period slum pockets in Khunti town were located in ward number 4, 9, 10, 14 and 15 .Total

numbers of slum households were 350, out of which 89 families live in scattered form and

261 in community form as per IHSDP.

At present there are 4 slum pockets in Khunti town majorly located at Baraik toil, mahadev

toil, harijan toil Jumudag, and harijan toil Belahathi, falling under ward number 3,4, 9 and 10

respectively (As per Khunti Nagar Panchayat) . As per KNP 2339 people reside in slum

areas. Total numbers of slum households are 488. All the slum houses are kutcha and made

of thatched roof and mud wall.

Slum at belahati road ward 9 Construction of community toilet at ward no

9


Page 74 March 2016

Slum at ward 3 Stand post for water supply at ward 3

4.8.2 Growth of Slums

Due to presence of industrial and its allied activities, slum population increased continuously.

Between the year 2008 and 2015 there has been growth of 14% on total slum population.

Records of slum population before 2008 are not available with KNP.

4.8.3 Location of Slums

Mostly slums are located Chamra Toli, Tutoli Gram, Harjan Toli, Mahadev Toli, Namkom,

Kushom Toli. Most of the slums are on nagar panchayat land or state government land.

4.9 SCHEMES FOR SLUM IMPROVEMENT

As of now no scheme for slum improvement is available in KNP. Slum survey report has

been prepared under IHSDP scheme in 2008.


Page 75 March 2016

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS


Page 76 March 2016

4.10 HEALTH INDICATORS

As per the WHO report, 80 % of the diseases in human beings are water-borne and water-

related. It is mainly due to water pollution or water contamination and water logging. The

indiscriminate disposal of human excreta or sewage from habitations may contain hazardous

micro-organisms (pathogens) for water pollution and harbouring vectors which act as

carriers of pathogens.

The names of diseases mentioned in Table below might appear to be conventional which

occur in many parts of the country. The occurrence of such diseases depends upon various

factors relating to illiteracy, personal hygiene, standard of living, malnutrition, adulteration of

food items, lack of community awareness among all stakeholders and other factors related

to environmental pollution. The Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years (DALY) is a measure of overall

disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health, disability or early

death.

Burden of water related diseases in India, 1990

Source: World Bank, 1993

There is no doubt that these factors play an important role in the occurrence of diseases but

unsafe disposal of untreated or partially treated sewage plays a vital role in aggravating the

chances of occurrence of these communicable diseases.

According to CPHEEO, reduction in morbidity from better water supply and sanitation

including safe disposal of municipal solid waste is estimated to be 26 % for diarrhoea, 27 %

for trachoma, 29 % for ascaris, 77 % for schistosomiasis and 78 % for dracunculiasis. Mean

reduction in diarrhoea-specific mortality can be 65 %, while overall child mortality can be

reduced by 55 %.

Few of the health indicators that were assessed by the Annual Health Survey (AHS) 2012-

13, have been examined in the published ‘Human Development Report with reference to

various districts of the state.


Page 77 March 2016

The values of some of the health indicators released by the Annual Health Survey, 2012-13

and few malnutrition indicators for all the districts of the state present the unhealthy state of

all such districts. This un-healthiness is supplemented by the huge shortage of health care

infrastructure in the district.

The aforesaid report has however, indicated that availability of safe drinking water and

sanitation facilities to the people, especially those living in remote areas, would prevent them

from most of the diseases that these people contract. Most of the common diseases the

residents of this district suffer from are directly or indirectly related to use of unsafe water for

drinking and even for cleaning.


Page 78 March 2016

5.0 WATER SUPPLY

5.1 EXISTING STATUS

Water supply in KNP consists of ground water and surface water supply. In the fringe areas

of the town, water from wells is also used for drinking purpose. River Tajna/Karkari right

bank tributary of the River Subarnarekha is the nearest major water body from KNP flowing

through the north-eastern boundary of Khunti town.

5.1.1 Water Source, Treatment and Storage

Ground Water: Hand pumps have been installed by Khunti Nagar Panchayat at various

places of the town. There are 358 hand pumps in the town .Mostly hand pumps are installed

in the areas without piped water connections. As per the information received from Nagar

Panchayat, ground water table of Khunti has gone down in the last few years.

TABLE 5-1: WARD WISE SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER, KHUNTI

Ward

Number

Number of

connections

No. of Hand

pump

Ward Number Number of

connections

No. of Hand

pump

1 56 19 9 95 35

2 133 17 10 83 23

3 71 24 11 18 19

4 107 23 12 82 20

5 171 15 13 60 14

6 24 17 14 2 46

7 9 5 15 11 33

8 38 15 16 Nil 33

Total connection working 960

connections Discontinued 21

Total Hand pump 358

Source: Khunti Naga Panchayat

Note: above provided data is of June 2015, however at present total connection is 1001as per KNP

Surface Water: River Tajna/Karkari (Perennial River) is the only surface water supply

source for Khunti flowing through the north-eastern boundary of Khunti town. Construction of

weir, WTP and Intake well were constructed in the year 1982; whereas water pumping

facility from intake well and WTP were installed later in the year 2006 after which piped

water supply system was initiated. Intake well is located near Mukti dham adjoining

NH75.The Piped water supply system was commissioned in the year 2006.

During the summer season tankers are also used for water distribution to general public on

request only. In addition, there are 14 tankers and only 10 in running condition available for

supplying water during summer season.


Page 79 March 2016

Water Treatment Plant

Public Stand Post Over Head Tank at ward 2

5.1.2 Transmission and Distribution

Total length of the raw water rising line is 1.35 km, with 300 mm diameter DI pipe. Length of

clear water pipeline to OHT is 34 km, with 250 mm diameter DI pipe. . Length of the

distribution network is approx 30 .8 km within town area. Diameter of the distribution pipeline

varies from 80 mm to 300 mm, and the pipeline material includes DI, PVC, and HDPE.

Water from this WTP is being supplied to 1001households at present which is 14% of the

total households of Khunti. Category wise water supply sources available for households

data is presented in Table 5-2 based on census of India 2011. The table suggests that only

10.1% of the households in Khunti are getting water from treated piped water supply source

followed by uncovered well, tap water from untreated source, hand pumps with share of

48%, 2.2% and 30.3 % respectively.


Page 80 March 2016

MAP 5-1: LOCATION WTP AND OHT IN KHUNTI


Page 81 March 2016

TABLE 5-2: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER

Ward

numb

er

Tap water from

treated source

Tap water from un-

treated source

Covered

well

Un-covered well

Hand pump

Tube well/ Borehole

Spring

River/

Canal

Tank/

Pond/

Lake

Other sourc

es

Total 10.1 2.2 5.6 48 30.3 3 0 0 0 0.8

1 20.6 6.6 7.8 34.9 29.7 0.4 0 0 0 0

2 43.5 0.4 1.5 27.1 27.1 0.4 0 0 0 0

3 7.8 1.7 10 53 26 0 0 0 0 1.5

4 10.8 0 0.2 3.2 84 1.9 0 0 0 0

5 27.3 10.1 6.4 36.5 15.6 4 0.2 0 0 0

6 1.8 0.4 14.1 69.6 13.4 0.7 0 0 0 0

7 0.6 1.2 19 58.8 8.6 11.9 0 0 0 0

8 3.4 0.2 7.1 62.1 24.6 1.3 0 0 0 1.3

9 5.9 0.2 1 37.3 55 0.3 0 0 0 0.3

10 14.4 8.8 2.8 39.4 33.8 0.7 0 0 0 0

11 0.2 0 0.8 38.7 52.4 0.2 0 0 0 7.6

12 30.8 1.6 4 39.6 19.2 3.6 0 1.2 0 0

13 3.6 1.5 11.9 58.6 7.4 16.8 0.2 0 0 0

14 1.1 0 5.6 71.4 16.6 4.9 0 0 0 0.4

15 8.5 1.8 1 63.7 24.6 0.3 0 0 0 0

16 0.3 0.7 1 74.4 21.4 1.4 0 0 0 0.9

Source: Census of India

Note: Figure are in %

River Tajna/karkari public tap at ward 3

5.1.3 Service Level

Coverage and connections: At present total 1001 numbers of water connections are there

i.e. is only 14% of the total HHs in KNP.


Page 82 March 2016

Per Capita Water Supply: As per the KNP and PHED officials water quantity being supplied

in Khunti is 65 lpcd approximately. The final per capita supply is calculated after deducting

20% of non-revenue water.

Supply Hours: Water is supplied only for 45 minutes in the morning and 45 minutes in the

evening.

Metering: At present there is no metering of water connection in KNP.

Non-Revenue Water: Average water losses during the transmission and distribution are

about 20 % in Khunti.

Complaint redressal system: Water supply complaint redressal system is available at

KNP. People can file their complaints through phone calls and letters. PHED tries to address

the complaint within a period of 2-3 days.

TABLE 5-3: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Sl. No. Water Supply Indicators Benchmarks KNP Status

1 Coverage of water supply 100% 14%

2 Per capita supply of water 135 lpcd 65 lpcd

3 Extent of metering of water connection 100% 0%

4 Extent of non-revenue water 20% 20%

5 Continuity of water supply 24 hours 1.5 hours

6 Quality of water supplied 100% NA

7 Efficiency in redressal of customer

complaints

80% 60%

8 Cost recovery in water supply services 100% NA

9 Efficiency in collection of water related

charges

90% 25%-30%

Source: SLB by MoUD, PHED, Khunti Nagra Panchayat

5.1.4 Water Availability in Slums

Ground water (hand pumps) is the primary source for water supply in the slums. At some

places public stand posts are installed to supply the surface water. No individual connection

to the slum households is there. At some places wells are used as water source, however,

the quality of water is not reliable for drinking purpose.

5.1.5 Water Charges and Cost Recovery

New water connection charges in Khunti are Rs. 4000 for APL families and for BPL families

no charges are taken. User Charges are Rs. 120 for all the category of population. These

water charges are being collected by KNP. Average user charges collection in the town is

25% to 30% of the total bill raised.

TABLE 5-4: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN KHUNTI

Components Status / Remark

Water supply source

Ground water – Bore well, tube well

Surface water – River Tajna/Karkari (northern boundary of Khunti) 14%

Pumping machinery at intake installed in year 2006


Page 83 March 2016


Ground water table

levels

As per CGWB data-

9.87 meter pre monsoon

2.22 meter post monsoon

Quantity of water

supplied 0.9 MLD

LPCD As per PHED – 65 lpcd

Treatment

Water treatment plant (installed in year 1982)

Pumping at WTP installed in year 2006

Type - conventional

Capacity 2.25 MLD

Water storage

1 OHT- capacity 450000 liters

Location -at ward number 2 ,behind police line campus

Year of installation 2007

Transmission and

Distribution

from Intake well – WTP – OHT – HHs

Raw water

Diameter – 300 mm

Pipe material - DI

Length – 1350 meters

Clear water to ESR

Dia – 250 mm

Pipe material - DI

Length – 34000 meters

Distribution

Pipe material – DI, PVC, HDPE

Diameter (in mm) – 300,250,200,175,150,125,100 and 80

Length – approx 30816 m ~30.8 kms

Number of water

connections 1001 (14% of the total HHs)

Water charges

New Connection – Rs. 4000 for APL

New Connection – No charges for BPL

User Charges – Rs. 120

Water supply duration Twice a day for 45 minutes each

Total supply hours - 1hr30min

Complaint redressal

system Available, generally complaints are addressed within 1-2 days

Organisation PHED and KNP

New water supply

schemes Yes; survey is in the process.

Collection efficiency of

user charges 50% as per KNP

5.2 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

No shortage of water, dependable

source of water is available from the

perennial river Tajna(karkari)

Implementation of new projects to

upgrade the water supply system in

Khunti

DPR preparation for new infrastructure

No coverage with metered connection.

86% of population is not connected with piped

water supply network.

Intermittent water supply for a duration of about

1.5 hours

Lack of awareness regarding water conservation

among the citizens.


Page 84 March 2016

is ongoing. In spite of availability of water, system is not yet

adequate to support the whole population

Opportunity Threats

100% metering will lead to 100%

collection of water taxes thereby

increasing the revenue income of KNP.

Improvements to quality water supply to

the town

Per capita water supply of 135 litre per

day with adequate pressure in the town,

predominantly in the outer areas.

Contamination of ground water and surface water

due to discharge of waste water into open drains

Lack of awareness to establish willingness to

pay

Shortage of technical man power both at ULB &

State level for the Water Supply scheme of KNP

5.3 KEY ISSUES

As per the data analysis (both primary & secondary) and stakeholders’ consultations at

several time, SENES has identified following issues pertaining to water supply system in

KNP, which need to be addressed by PHED and KNP to make the water supply system self-

sufficient and sustainable:

Maintenance of infrastructure: Maintenance work for existing infrastructure is very

poor .WTP is more than 25 yrs old and in dilapidated condition.

Connection charges: Khunti nagar panchayat has not yet initiated collection of revised

water charges for new connections as per the notification of state government. Still

water charges at the pre-revised rate are being paid by the consumers, which hampers

the O&M of the water supply infrastructure.

Manpower: There is shortage of permanent man power and technical staff within

PHED. Most of the O&M staff are on daily rated basis. Lack of manpower is a huge

constraint in the management of water supply infrastructure.

Funds shortage: Shortage of funds with PHED is another major issue in O&M.

Operations and maintenance is being done by PHED and the user charges are being

collected by KNP only and no fund is being transferred to PHED.

Willingness to pay: There is lack in awareness amongst the people and often are not

willing to pay user charges for water supply. Due to less collection of water charges,

O&M process gets hampered. Till now, only 25% of the user charges are being

collected during the FY 15-16.

Less number of water connections: As informed by the PHED, the rate of increase in

number of new water supply connections is very low in KNP. People are not ready to

apply for new water supply connections, as they are generally used to fetch water from

public stand posts and hand pumps. Only 14% of the total population has piped water

connections.

Illegal connection: Tendency of making illegal connections from rising main is very

severe in the town. This reduces the required water pressure in rising main and thereby

reduces the quantum of water supply.

No Metering in current system: Currently there is no metering in the water supply

system in KNP resulting into huge wastage by consumers. Unaccounted for Water is

reported / observed as 20%. This has an adverse implication on revenue collection for

water supply by the KNP.

Frequency of water supply: Water supply duration in KNP is only 1.5 hrs a day

distributed in morning and evening hours. Less duration of water supply results in to


Page 85 March 2016

dissatisfaction amongst the consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people

commitment for getting new connections, water theft, less revenue generation etc.

Intermittent supply of water is also resulting to pipe bursting due to frequent water

hammer. The intermittent water supply is also resulting to contamination of water due to

development of negative pressure followed by suction of pollutants inside the pipes

through linkages and ill maintained stand posts during non-supply hours.

Low water pressure at various places: Problem of low water pressure has been

observed at many places in KNP and most of the complaints are generally being

registered by the consumers for this purpose. Other, reasons of low water pressure is

leakage in pipelines at various places and illegal connections from rising main.

5.4 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED PROJECTS

Survey process for new water supply scheme is under process by Urban Development

Department, Jharkhand and the inception report has been submitted by JHINFRA. Ltd

Ranchi.

5.5 DEMAND PROJECTIONS

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 liter per capita

per day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be

10.65 MLD. From 2015 to 2045 water demand after every five year has been given in Table

5-5. It is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant i.e. 2.2 MLD is not sufficient to

meet the demand of 2045 population.

TABLE 5-5: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Population Per capita water supply

Water demand in MLD

Water demand including 15% NRW

2015 39610 65 2.57 2.96

2020 43598 65 2.83 3.26

2025 47864 135 6.46 7.43

2030 52447 135 7.08 8.14

2035 57393 135 7.75 8.91

2040 62753 135 8.47 9.74

2045 68585 135 9.26 10.65

Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual

Though the above calculation is based on the rate of piped water supply in the town, as per

the information obtained from DW&SD / PHED; however the actual calculation should be

carried out at DPR stage incorporating the consumption of water from spot water sources as

well and also by in calculating the ground water infiltration etc. as per the provisions made in

the CPHEEO manual on sewerage and sewage treatment

5.6 VISION AND GOALS

Vision:

“Equitable distribution of quality water to all the HHs with minimisation of T&D losses”


Page 86 March 2016

Goals: To achieve the targets and translate the vision into reality, certain goals have been

marked as per water supply service level benchmarks. These goals are bifurcated within 10

years of time frame in three phases, i.e. short term goals till three year, medium term till five

years and long term till ten years.

TABLE 5-6: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline Short term 3 years

Medium term 6- 10 years

Long term 10-30 years

Coverage of water supply

% 100 14 √

Per capita supply of water

LPCD 135 65 √

Extent of metering of water connection

% 100 0 √

Extent of non-revenue water

% 15 20 √

Continuity of water supply

Hrs 24 1.5 √

Quality of water supplied

% 100 NA √

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

% 80 NA

√ √

Cost recovery in water supply services

% 100 NA √

Efficiency in collection of water related charges

% 90 25 √


Page 87 March 2016

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

6.1 EXISTING SCENARIO

In Khunti, the storm water drainage system consists of natural drainage system / Nallah and

major drains of the town. There are roadside open drains either pucca or kutcha. Open

drains are available along all most entire road network of the town. These drains are

presently discharging both storm water and waste water to major drains of town, which

finally meet mostly the natural drainage system / Nallahs, and outfalls into the open fields

and agricultural land.

Khunti has no major drain flowing through the town. All the drains carrying Waste water from

ward number 1, 2, and 3 is discharged into agricultural land which finally outfalls into River

Tajna. Waste water from ward number 5, 6, 7 and 8 also outfalls into agricultural land.

Kuchha Drain along the NH is the main channel which carries storm water to the southern

side of the town and finally outfall is on the agricultural land. . It is a major drain flowing

through north to south part of the town and comes under jurisdiction of National Highway

Authority of India (NHAI). Construction and maintenance of the drain is responsibility of

NHAI only.

Pucca Drains at ward 4 kuchha drain at ward 6 Kutcha Drains

TABLE 6-1: WARD WISE DRAINS AND OUTFALL POINTS

Ward number Drainage system

Ward number 1, 2 All the waste water along with storm water from Janat Nagar, Gayatri nagar and Dahugutu goes to Agricultural land. During rainy season the waste water gets collected through a natural drain and water is finally discharged in River Tajna.

Ward number 3 All the drains have outlet on agricultural land.During rainy season waste water from the khattal /Cows hed get mixed with storm water in the Kusum toil, Nava toil and Mahto Toli.

Ward number 4,5 Drains constructed in the ward which carries all the waste water to the agricultural land via Mahadeo toil. Water gets discharged to Dodulghat, Mela tard, and vacant plots.

Ward number 6 Due to the absence of proper drainage system most of the vacant plots and pits also gets filled with water. Absence of proper drains in the area led to discharge of waste water on the roads near Girja Toli and khattal toil.

Ward number 7,8 Drainage system in ward number 7 is at poor stage, most of the drains carrying waste water having outlets in the ponds or accumulated in open vacant land


Page 88 March 2016

Ward number 9,10,11

Waste water from these wards are discharged into Agricultural land or vacant plots through small drains namely Pipra toil drain, Sameer kocha nalah. Waste water from Lac industry is discharged into agricultural land.

Storm water generated from ward number 9, 11, and, 13 through natural drains (seasonal) outfalls in River Tazna outside the nagar panchayat area (belahati and to dankel village).

Ward number 13, 14 Due to poor drainage system most of the drains carrying waste water having their outlets in agricultural land via amapur drain and main road drain.

Ward 15 Due to poor drainage condition water logging can be seen behind the Sadar hospital. From other areas waste water gets discharged to agricultural land via main road drain.

Ward number 16 Poor drainage condition resulting into discharge of waste water into open vacant fields.

Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat and discussion with Councilors

Tertiary drains Waste water from khatal discharged on road

Water logging at Girja Toili, ward 6 Absence of waste water drains ward 6


Page 89 March 2016

Absence of waste water drains Drain carrying waste water to agricultural land at

ward 3


Page 90 March 2016

MAP 6-1: MAP SHOWING DRAINS MEETING RIVER TAJNA

Source: Drainage channels taken from Survey of India topographical sheets marked on satellite image


Page 91 March 2016

6.2 STORM WATER DRAINAGE NETWORK IN SLUMS

Many of the slums lack in proper storm water drainage system. Only road side open drains

are available in some of the slum pockets, which are carrying both waste water and storm

water. Mostly these drains find their way in open land and agriculture fields, in absence of

any linkage with the major drains.

6.3 WATER LOGGING

Due to its undulating topography, there is no identified water logged or flood prone area in

the town, however, there are report of temporary water logging during high intensity rain fall,

particularly in densely populated areas of ward No. 6 & 7 which is mostly due to clogging

and chocking of open roadside drains due to disposal of solid waste, particularly plastic

waste. Ward number 6 is most problematic as per the KNP officials and observations made

during field visit by SENES team. Many of the vacant plots and pits also gets filled with water

and become breeding grounds of the mosquitoes. There is no water draining pump available

with KNP. Some areas do not have storm water drains and waste water outlet is on road.

Drain desilting is done by KNP workers once in a month for major drains. After cleaning, the

silt is taken to temporary solid waste dumping site. Due to less frequency of drain cleaning

most of the time drains remain clogged.

6.4 SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

As discussed with the officials from nagar panchayat, there is only 1 water logging point in

Khunti located in ward number 6. Service level benchmark and its status with respect to the

town is shown in Table 6-2

TABLE 6-2: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sl. No. Drainage System Benchmarks KNP Status

1 Coverage of storm water drainage network 100% NA

2 Incidents of water logging/flooding 0 1

Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat

6.5 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Undulating topography

of the town to provide

easy passage to storm

water

Town is generally free

from major water

logging and flooding

Dumping of solid waste / plastic waste /garbage in storm water

drains / tertiary drains- leading to clogging of drains

Discharge of untreated sewage including effluent from septic

tank in road side /natural drains / Nallahs / local ponds

Absence of storm water drainage network in the slums

Absence of linkages between secondary and primary drains

Encroachments on the banks of natural drains

Opportunity Threats

Funding sources are

available for new

projects

Opportunity to utilize

natural drains as

recreation spots

Untreated sewage running through the open drains and finally

released to agricultural land

Removal of encroachment from storm water drain and

construction of Storm water drainage network in narrow

streets of the town is challenge

Huge investment required for development of key storm water

drains due to highly undulating nature of the city.


Page 92 March 2016

6.6 KEY ISSUES

Mixing of storm water and waste water: Storm water drains of KNP have

converted into waste water carrying drains. Due to absence of proper sewerage

system and public ignorance HH waste water is discharged into the drains. Mixing of

waste water and storm water drain is one of the major problems faced by the town.

Degradation of natural water bodies: Flowing of waste water into natural drains

and agricultural land. As per ward councillor farmers have started opposing waste

water disposal on their fields.

Absence of proper storm water drainage network: In the existing situation, KNP

lacks in proper and efficient storm water drainage system in the town.

Choked drains: Most of the drains are choked with solid waste / plastic waste and

causing localised water logging situation in many of the residential areas.

Silting in drains: Regular and proper cleaning of drains is not being done. Major

drains are cleaned as per requirement only or if any complaint is there. Heavy silting

of drains resulting into overflow of water and temporary water logging in rainy

season.


Vision

Goals

Primary goal to improve the existing drainage system of Khunti is desilting of all the drains,

removal of encroachment and convert kutcha drains into puckka drains. Followed with the

strengthening of exiting system, next goal in the long term is to construction of drains in the

areas deficient in drainage network.

TABLE 6-3: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline

Time frame for Achievement of Goals

Short term 3 years

Medium term 5 years

Long term 10 years

Desilting of drains % 100% 0% √

Incidents of water logging/flooding

No. 0 1 √

Convert kutcha drains to pucka

% 100% 0% √ √

Coverage of natural drains

% 100% 80% √ √ √

Source: Discussion with KNP officials Note: These parameters are not as part of MoUD SLB indicators and have been introduced to complement the SLB indicators

6.8 PROPOSALS

As per the contours, natural drainage pattern and topography of Khunti, the entire town has

been divided into six drainage districts. Drainage district I and II is towards Northern side of

the town where dry drains are the primary drainage channel and all the storm water

“Strengthening and revitalisation of existing drainage network and construction of new

drainage network to capture the entire storm water of Khunti”


Page 93 March 2016

generated drains out to River Tajna. In drainage district IV and VI one major drain is required

to construct along the NH 75.

In drainage district V one water logging area is present and one major drain is required to

construct to drain out water from the area and outfall into natural drain.

All the proposed drainage alignment is subject to land availability and other techno-economic

analysis to be carried out during pre-feasibility study/ PFR stage.


Page 94 March 2016

MAP 6-2: DRAINAGE MAP FOR KHUNTI TOWN SHOWING EXISTING AND PROPOSED DRAINS


Page 95 March 2016

6.9 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

1) Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network for Khunti Town:

Topography of the town makes drainage situation relatively difficult in Khunti. The

general slope of the town is towards north western and southern direction. However,

some of the natural drains are heavily silted and thus, are inadequate to

accommodate and transport the storm water. Also, some of the storm water corridors

also run through thickly populated and highly congested localities and as such are

encroached by permanent and semi-permanent structures / buildings, significantly

affecting the carrying capacities. Some areas do not have storm water drains and

storm water is directly discharged on roads. Thus strengthening of storm water

drainage channel is recommended. The strengthening is primarily comprise of

following activities

a. All the natural drains flowing through Khunti need to be converted into

constructed drains. All the drains will also be covered with iron net to prevent

from waste dumping and open defecation.

b. The water logging area is in private land and not in government land therefore

local authority should keep regular monitoring of the site and owner of the

land should be responsible for management of the water logging at vacant

plot. Local authority should charge for the same if the person is found

defaulter. Local authority can also provide pumps for waste water disposal

and charge for the facility.

c. Removal of encroachment from the existing drains is required.

2) Construction of New Storm Water Drainage system: Review of the current status

and efficacy of the primary and secondary drainage in Khunti and suggestion for the

construction of new drains as required.

a. There is absence of drains in ward number 6 which leads to inundation of

storm water into roads along with waste water.

3) Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town in the storm water

drainage network: Some of the drains in the town carries storm water and waste

water to the pond and pollute the water. These drains should be rerouted and either

connected to other natural drains.

4) Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to be developed for

storm water drains:

Urbanization and development of hard pavement and dedicated storm water

drainage system leads to high surface runoff to bigger drains and finally to rivers.

Rain water harvesting for utilizing the primary source of water and preventing the run

off from going to the storm water drains should be encouraged. Recharging of the

ground water using appropriate technology should be done for Khunti. Central Public

Works Department. Government of India has developed a technical manual for rain

water harvesting and conservation. Khunti Nagar panchayat can refer to the manual

for design details of rain water harvesting structure (refer

http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/rain_wh.PDF).


Page 96 March 2016

Some of state governments have been proactive in development of legislations for rain water

harvesting. Jharkhand state water policy though gives due consideration to rain water

harvesting in planning water resources. However there has been no state level legislation for

development for implementation of rain water harvesting to conserve water resources. The

state of Jharkhand can also look into the aspect of developing legislation for the state of

Jharkhand.

LEGISLATION ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Many states and cities have passed legislation regarding the implementation of rain water

harvesting to conserve the water. Some of the legislation examples are given below:

Ahmedabad

In 2002, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) had made rainwater harvesting

mandatory for all buildings covering an area of over 1,500 square meters. According to the rule, for

a cover area of over 1,500 square meters, one percolation well is mandatory to ensure ground

water recharge. For every additional 4,000 square meters cover area, another well needs to be

built.

Bangalore

In order to conserve water and ensure ground water recharge, the Karnataka government in

February 2009 announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to compulsorily adopt rain

water harvesting facility. Residential sites, which exceed an area of 2400 sq ft (40 x 60 ft), shall

create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.

Chennai

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in three storied buildings (irrespective of the size

of the rooftop area). All new water and sewer connections are provided only after the installation of

rainwater harvesting systems.

Kerala

The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 was amended by a notification dated January 12,

2004 issued by the Government of Kerala to include rainwater harvesting structures in new

construction.

Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 250 sq m or

more. A rebate of 6 per cent on property tax has been offered as an incentive for implementing

rainwater harvesting systems.

Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 1000 sq m or

more.

Source: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm


Page 97 March 2016

6.10 COST ESTIMATES

The capital estimates for development of storm water drains for Khunti town has been

estimated taking into account as strengthening of the existing network about 40 km and

development of new storm water network about 4.8 km for the town.

TABLE 6-4: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS

Sl No.

Short Description

Cost (Lump Sum) (Rs. In Lakhs)


Short term Medium term

Long term

2017-20 2020-2025 2025-2045

1 Conduct Topographical Survey for the NP area to recognize the current condition of the sites etc.

200 200

2 Cost estimate for construction of new pucca storm water drain

279 123 157

3 Cost estimate for strengthening the storm water drain

1,773 779 994

Base Cost Total 2,252 200 901 1,150

Add 2% external development work 45 4 18 23

Sub Total 2,297 204 919 1,174

Contingencies 3% 69 6 28 35

Grand Total 2,366 210 947 1,209

Source: Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs

and CPWD / State schedule of rates.

Note:

1. Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.

2. O&M for storm water drains to be budgeted by NP under revenue fund.

Basis:

Topographical survey, cutting of shrub etc. lump sum basis.

Assuming new drain to be constructed @ Rs. 4000.00 per running meter

Assuming up gradation of existing drain @ Rs. 3000.00 per running meter

For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.

All the cost are excluding land cost.


Page 98 March 2016

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET


Sanitation status and access to toilet is in very poor shape in Khunti Nagar Panchayat. In

absence of underground sewerage system, the sanitation systems are septic tank based.

Effluents from public urinals are directly discharged in drains. Most of the households in town

have individual toilets or have accessibility to public toilets, whereas most of the households

in the slums either use public toilet or defecate in open

On site sanitation (OSS): Currently OSS prevails in Khunti town whereby sewage is

collected and disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of underground

sewerage system. All the individual toilets and public toilet block in Khunti are based on OSS

system. OSS consist of two main structures, one is toilet (pan and water closet) and another

is treatment unit i.e. twin pit, soak pit etc. However, many of the individual units contain only

first components i.e. toilet block and lacks the treatment / disposal unit.

7.1.1 Individual Toilets6

Pour flush toilet connected to septic tank is the predominant mode of toilets in households.

Number of individual toilets in the town is 671 (constructed so far under different schemes

such as ILCS other departmental fund recorded data available with the KNP). However the

number of toilets as per census 2011 is for 54.8% (3970 HHs) of the total household in the

Nagar Panchayat area and rest 45.2% (3275 HHs) household are dependent on public toilet

or defecate on open . Field investigation revealed that most of the toilets are single pit and

houses in the town do not have septic tanks connected to soak pit, therefore sewage from

septic tanks is discharged directly in to the drain.

Septic tank is cleaned after it gets filled and the sludge from the septic tank is dumped away

from the town in forest area. There is no dedicated site for dumping the sludge. Khunti Nagar

Panchayat has one septic tank cleaning machine which was found not functional during the

field visit. One time septic tank cleaning charges are Rs 1200. Some areas manual

scavenging is also practiced and some of the residents also take the services of private

labour for cleaning of septic tank sludge.

6 There is slight variation in the data provided by Khunti Nagar Panchayat and Census of India 2001 on

individual toilets. The data from nagar panchayat was provide on assumption basis, therefore, for the purpose of

future projections and proposal identification we have considered toilet records available from Census of India

2011.


Page 99 March 2016

FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN KNP

Drain Septic Tank Soak Pit

Toilet Block

Dried sludgeWaste water

Ward wise status of individual toilets and open defecation status from Census of India 2011

for Khunti town is provided in Table 7-1

TABLE 7-1: WARD WISE STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL TOILETS

Ward

num

ber

Number

of HHs

having

latrine

facility

within

the

premise

s

Flush/pour flush latrine connected to

Pit latrine

Night soil disposed into open drain

Service Latrine

Number of HHs not having latrine facility within the premises

Alternative source

Piped sewer system

Septic tank

Other system

With slab/ ventilated improved pit

Without slab/ open pit

Night soil removed by human

Night soil serviced by animal

Public latrine

Open

Total for KNP

54.8 1.4 50.2 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.1 0 0 45.2 1.3 43.8

1 55.7 0.6 49.5 1.4 3 0.8 0.4 0 0 44.3 6.4 37.9

2 69.5 0.7 65.8 2.2 0.4 0.4 0 0 0 30.5 3.7 26.8

3 24 1.3 20.3 2.4 0 0 0 0 0 76 0.2 75.8

4 21.2 0 19.7 0.9 0.6 0 0 0 0 78.8 0 78.8

5 84.9 4 74 4.7 0.7 1.5 0 0 0 15.1 0 15.1

6 77 0.4 74.6 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 23

7 67.1 2.4 64.1 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 32.9 0.9 32

8 61.6 2.6 54.3 1 2.9 0.5 0.3 0 0 38.4 1.9 36.5

9 37.1 0.2 34.6 0.5 1.5 0.3 0 0 0 62.9 0 62.9

10 51.8 0 51.1 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 48.2 0 48.2

11 25.5 0 24.8 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 0 74.5 0 74.5

12 62.4 1.2 59.2 1.6 0.4 0 0 0 0 37.6 9.6 28

13 93.4 2.3 80.3 1.1 9.8 0 0 0 0 6.6 0.8 5.7

14 64.5 4.3 58.5 0.9 0 0.9 0 0 0 35.5 0.9 34.6

15 65.5 0.3 63.5 1 0 0.8 0 0 0 34.5 0.8 33.7

16 41.4 1 39.5 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 58.6 0.3 58.3


Note: Data is in %


Page 100 March 2016

7.1.2 Community Toilets

There are two working community toilet blocks for slum and BPL population in Khunti Nagar

Panchayat located in ward number 9 Belahati Road and ward number 10 Harijan Mahalla.

Whereas one at ward number 4 is not in working condition. Construction of 1 new

community toilets is under Swachh Bharat Mission is proposed however land for the same

still needs to be identified. At present 2 community toilets are being constructed for slum

population at ward number 9 and 10, each with with 5 number of seats from internal funds of

KNP.

7.1.3 Public Toilets

At present there are 4 toilet blocks in Khunti operated by Sulabh one located at ward 15

inside CRPF boundary used only by CRPF personnel. Others are located at Jaipal singh

market ward number 2, opposite Birsa munda stadium and court compound at ward number

15.

Total 22 number of seats and all are in working condition. The toilet blocks have poured

flush system connected to septic tanks. The toilets are equally divided for men and women

and proper privacy is maintained in the blocks. User charges for public toilet are Rs. 5 for

toilet and bathing.

7.1.4 Open Defecation

Households not having individual toilet system and not connected to of community toilets,

defecate in open. As per Census 2011 data, approximately 43.5% of the town population

defecates in open. People from the slums defecate along ponds, drains, vacant plots, and

near the agricultural land. As informed by the KNP officials, ward number 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9,

11and 16are more prone to open defecation Due to lack of individual toilet system and

shortage of community toilets, open defecation prevails in the town.


Page 101 March 2016

7.1.5 School Sanitation

There are total 20 government schools in Khunti and all the schools are equipped with

toilets. Among the 14 Anganwadi in Khunti only two Anganwadi has toilet blocks and rest of

the centers do not have access to toilet facility.

Sulabh Sauchalay at Main road Community Toilet at ward no 9

7.1.6 Toilet Access in Slums

Some of the Slum household have individual toilet within their premises although the number

is very less and maximum households do not have individual toilet facility. Community toilets

are available near the slum area in ward 9 and 10 both are in working condition. One

available at ward number 4 is in dilapidated condition and not in use. In the absence of

adequate number of individual and community toilets people are bound to defecate in open.

Mostly people defecate in agriculture fields, open vacant land, near the ponds and along the

major drains.

Community toilet at ward 4 in dilapidated

condition

Open defecation area around the pond at ward 4


Page 102 March 2016

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF PUBLIC TOILET AND OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN KHUNTI


Page 103 March 2016

7.1.7 Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets

Based on the preliminary level discussion, it is observed that the willingness to pay for public

and community toilets is low. There is utmost need to create awareness through IEC

activities to motivate people to stop open defecation so as to make KNP open defecation

free (ODF).

7.1.8 Service level benchmark

Service level benchmark for sanitation status in Khunti is provided in Table 7-2. As per the

current status the toilet coverage in town is only 54.8% for individual households and rest of

the people defecate in open. Status of Khunti with respect to service level benchmark for

access to toilet facility is indicated in Table 7-2.

TABLE 7-2: SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK

Sl No. Sewerage and Sanitation Benchmarks KNP Status

1 Coverage of toilets 100% 54.8%


7.2 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED INITIATIVES

Currently Swachh Bharat Mission is under implementation in Khunti town. The mission is

providing funding for construction of individual, public and community toilets. Under the

mission a time period (2015-2019) of five years has been considered for construction of

toilets, distributed into annual plan. More than 515 applications were received for the

construction of individual toilets However for the first year total 200 number of individual

toilets have been approved for construction. As per KNP officials, per ward minimum 12

units of individual toilets have been sanctioned for the first phase. Along with individual

toilets, 1 public toilet is also proposed. Land parcel for the proposed public toilet still needs to

be identified. Summary of the sanitation system in Khunti is provided Table 7-3.

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN KNP


Individual Toilets 671 number as per KNP, all have Pour flush toilet connected to septic tanks

As per census 54.8% of the household.

Community toilets 3community toilets in ward no 4 ,9 and 10

Community toilet at ward 4 not in working condition.

Public toilets

4 public toilet , One toilet used only by CRPF personnel

Total 22 number of seats

Pour flush toilet connected to septic tanks Private ownership

Suction machine 1 available with KNP (not in working condition)

One time cleaning charges – Rs. 1200

Urinals One available

Open defecation Majorly in ward number 1, 3, 4, 5 and 8

Toilets is slums

1 community toilet available at ward 9 in working condition

1 community toilet available at ward 10 in working condition

1 community toilet available at ward 4 not in working condition

Organization PHED(for water supply) and KNP

7.3 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness


Page 104 March 2016

Availability of government

land at various places in

the town for construction

of community and public

toilet.

Declared State Water

Policy of Jharkhand

Very high percentage of people defecate in open

(approx. 43%)

Absence of awareness among people with respect to

environmental implication of open defecation.

Houses in the slum areas do not have space to

construct the toilets.

Shortage of Community toilets available in the town

,some are dilapidated

Maintenance of community toilet

Flow of untreated sewage in natural drains

On-site sanitation facilities in the slums

Manual scavenging prevent in certain areas

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to avail

funding under new central

government schemes (

SBM) for construction of

Individual, Public and

community toilets

Opportunity to provide

sewer network as a green

field project

Absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance

of public and community toilet

Low water supply and non-availability of water for

sanitation discourage use of toilet facilities.

Willingness to pay is not there among the people for

public and community toilets.

Possible difficulties in laying of sewer network in narrow

streets of the town

Untreated sewage flowing through open drains and

released in vacant land and agricultural land.

Huge investment required for development of sewerage

system

Central sewerage system cannot be proposed due to

undulating geographical features.

7.4 KEY ISSUES

Shortage of community/public toilets: Number of community toilets in the town for

slums and urban poor is less which results into open defecation. Public toilets are

also less in number as per the existing demand.

Open defecation: Number of people defecating in open is very high .Open

defecation by slum and non-slum dwellers can be seen majorly in ward number 3, 4,

8, 9, 10, 11 and 16 of the town. Most affected areas are Agricultural land, along

drains, near the ponds and vacant areas.

Willingness to Pay: Willingness to pay for public and community toilet is low.


Vision

Goals



Short term 3 years

Medium term 5 years

Long term 10 years

“Make the town open defecation free through provision of equitable and efficient access to

individual, public and community toilet”


Page 105 March 2016

% of population practising open defecation

% 0%

43.8%

√ √

Individual toilets coverage

% 100% 54.8%

√ √ √

Community toilet coverage

% For 20% of the population defecating in open

0% √ √

Public toilet coverage

% 5% of the floating population

75% √ √ √

Source: Discussion with KNP officials and Census of India 2011 Note: These parameters are not as part of MoUD SLB indicators and have been introduce to complement the SLB indicators

7.6 RECOMMENDATIONS

Individual toilet

To make the system more efficient, desludging of septic tanks should be done every 2 -

3 years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and

cleaning of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in the

morning hours.

Public toilet / Community Toilets

Proper signage navigating to the public toilet should be there.

Female attendant should be available to promote the use of toilet by female floating

population.

To make the toilets more usable, odor control parameters should be adopted.

To improve the aesthetic value of the toilets, a small gardening space (based on the

availability of land) or some trees should be planted.

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at lower rates can be

taken by the operator.

Public toilet complex should be mechanically ventilated and should be fitted with

exhaust fans.

Litter bins should be provided near the wash basins.

All the toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned two times in a day with detergent

and after every use should be wiped with cloth.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes, mops, etc.).

Compliant filling register should be maintained in every block.

Location of community toilets should be at walkable distance from the settlements.

7.7 DEMAND GAP ANALYSIS

7.7.1 Individual toilet

The projection on the individual toilets has been done taking census data as the baseline. As

per census 2011, 50.2% of households have individual toilets, 4.6% have insanitary latrine

and rest 45.2% of the HHs either defecates in open or is dependent on public toilets. Plan

for toilet facilities is in line with the government vision to make all town open defecation free

by year 2019.


Page 106 March 2016

This section identifies the gaps in the individual toilets which need to be covered between

the years of 2016 - 2019 in a phase wise manner. Total of 2852 individual toilets need to be

constructed with 25% targeted to be completed every year. The details demand analysis of

Individual toilet is provided in Table 7-4.

TABLE 7-4: DEMAND OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 39,610 40387 41174 41971 42779

Projected house holds 7886

Existing individual toilet 3959

Households defecating in open 3564

80% of HHs defecating in open need toilet 2852

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year 25% 25% 25% 25%

Gap in individual toilet 713 713 713 713

Toilets approved under SBM 200

Actual number of toilets to be constructed 513 713 713 713

Insanitary to sanitary latrine 371

Source: SENES assessment based on SBM guidelines and existing gaps in Khunti

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is being implemented by MoUD and providing funding for the

construction of individual toilets (applicable till 2nd October 2019). SBM has already been

launched in Khunti town and 200 toilets have been approved for the first year.

7.7.2 Community Toilet

At present, 3 community toilets are available in Khunti, only two in working condition and one

in dilapidated condition. Based on the standards provided under SBM, 20% of the population

defecating in open area requires community toilets; accordingly, demand for community

toilets has been calculated. Demand gap analysis indicates that 20 community toilets (6

seats per toilet block) need to be constructed in Khunti, with 53 seats for men and 69 for

women. As two toilets are already present therefore total 18 community toilets are needed.

Between the period 2015 and 2019, proposed toilet blocks will be constructed in phase wise

manner. Table 7-5 presents the number of toilet blocks to be constructed each year.

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET7

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 39610

Projected house holds 7886

Existing individual toilet 4322

Households defecating in open 3565

20% of the HHs defecating in open need community toilet 713

20% of total population defecating in open 3581

52% of male population 1862

48% of female population 1719

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 35 men 53

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 25 women 69

7 Standards for construction of community toilets as per SBM guidelines –

1 seat – 25 women ; 1 seat – 35 men


Page 107 March 2016

No. of seats for Khunti 122

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block) 20

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year

25% 25% 25% 25%

Number of Community toilet to be constructed

5 5 5 5


As discussed with officials from nagar panchayat, community toilet blocks need to be

constructed in the slum areas. There are almost 4 slum pockets in Khunti of which two is

lacking toilet facilities. Location of identified places for construction of community toilets are

will be near all the slum pockets to be identified by the KNP officials.

Each of the toilet blocks contains 6 seats for which a water tank with capacity of 5000 liters

would be required. Along with toilet block, one bathroom is also required in the block. Area

requirement for each of the block would be approximately 36 sq. m.

At present 2 working community toilets are present therefore 18 toilets is required. Total 11

community toilets has been identified location for 7 toilets will be indentified at later stage.

7.7.3 Public Toilet

At present there are four public toilet in Khunti located near Jaipal Singh Market ,another

opposite to Birsa Munda Stadium, one in court compound and one is used only by CRPF

personnel located inside the CRPF boundary which is not sufficient for the floating

population. Being district headquarters, Khunti attracts large number of population from

nearby villages and towns. Key areas lacking in public toilet facility is Petrol pump chowk

and slum area at ward number 4. Based on the standard provided in SBM guidelines 5% of

the total population has been assumed as floating population for which public toilets need to

be constructed. Demands for public toilets on the projected floating population till the year

2045 are given in TABLE 7-6.

TABLE 7-6: DEMAND OF PUBLIC TOILET8

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected population

39610 40387 41174 41971 42779 43598 47864 57393 68585

Floating population

@5% 1981 2019 2059 2099 2139 2180 2393 2870 3429

Men - public toilet

for 2/3 of the

floating population

1327 1353 1379 1406 1433 1461 1603 1923 2298

Women - public

toilet for 1/3 of the

floating population

654 666 679 693 706 719 790 947 1132

No. of toilet seats

(@ 1 seat per 100

men

13 14 14 14 14 15 16 19 23

No. of toilet seats

(@ 1 seat per 50

women

13 13 14 14 14 14 16 19 23

Total number of 26 27 27 28 28 29 32 38 46

8 Standards for construction of public toilets as per SBM guidelines –

1 seat – 50 women ; 1 seat – 100 men


Page 108 March 2016

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045

seats required for

public toilet

Number of toilet

seats available 22

Actual number of

seats required 4 5 5 6 6 7 10 16 24

No. of toilet blocks

(@ 6 seat per toilet

block)

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4

Phase wise

construction of

public toilet

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1


Currently, 1 public toilet blocks are required and 3 more toilet blocks would be required

between 2025 and 2045.

Location and area requirement: To meet the demand for public toilets, three locations are

finalized as of now, one more location will be finalized at later stage by KNP.

1 Near Mahadev manda ground

2 Near Block office

3 Near petrol pump, Bhagat Singh Chowk.

Each of the toilet block contains 6 seats for which a water tank with capacity of 5000 liters

would be required. Area requirement for each of the block would be approximately 36 sq. m.


Page 109 March 2016

MAP 7-2: PROPOSED PUBLIC TOILET AND COMMUNITY TOILET


Page 110 March 2016

Namma Toilet

Namma toilet is an option to develop community and public toilet which is user friendly universal

toilet, sustainable and can be successfully used by the people across all socio economic

spectrum. Namma Toilet is a Modular Toilet solution that has been designed to eradicate open

defecation, keeping in mind the requirements of Indian sanitary practices. A series of user

studies, interviews and follow up presentations have resulted in a specific set of requirements

based on which Namma Toilet has been designed.

Namma Toilet can be configured to many different complexes based on the requirement at the

site, as they are modular. One is the basic toilet module. This is available in 4 options. Male

Physically Challenged (EWC), Ladies Physically Challenged (EWC), Male Regular (IWC) and

Ladies Regular (IWC). There is a Urinal Module (2 People can use at same time), there are

standalone modules for hand wash, Partitions for separating the women sections from the men,

End partitions designed to keep stray animals away, Overhead Water tank structure and

Canopies (Privacy Screens) for the individual toilet modules. In addition to these, the Solar based

lighting module varies according to the design or size of the toilet complex. In rural areas where

power is a problem or remote areas an additional option is available for having the bore motor run

of solar power. The system is designed so that there is light from sunset to daybreak without any

manual intervention. The system is designed with a backup of 3 days. This means if there is

cloud cover or rainfall the backup will work for 3 days. A toilet complex can be designed with a

combination of these individual modules to best fit the requirements of the site selected. In Urban areas where Underground drainage connections are available, the system can connect

the waste to these lines. In areas where this option is not available septic tank with a bio-enzyme

based treatment system can be opted. This helps control the COD/BOD levels and Ecoli in the

waste. Additionally, in areas which have a very sensitive ecological system, batch waste

treatment system can be provided which totally controls the waste water let out and this water

can be used for watering nearby trees. Each module is 3.5ft x 4ft in size and 7.5ft height.

Namma Toilets Complex at Srirangam Trichy

Namma toilet in Ooty outside Botanical Gardens View


Page 111 March 2016

9

9 Detail design and specification can be referred from Guidelines on Community Toilets by Ministry of Urban

Affairs and Employment, Government of India

Specification for Community or Public Toilet Block

Community or public toilet is a shared toilet facility provided for group of residents or for an

entire settlement. Whereas public toilet facility is also shared toilet provided for floating

population. Along with toilet blocks the facility also include bathroom component. Septic

tank with soak pits is the most preferred option for Khunti town. In the later phase of

planning, all the public and community toilets will be connected to sewerage network. Key

features of toilet block are as follows:

Area requirement for a block is 36 sq. m for 6 number of toilet seats and one

bathroom.

Toilet seat for children in the women section.

A store room sum caretaker room should be provided within the complex.

A separate space for clothes washing should be provided in the community toilet

complex to sop the clothes washing at ponds or river.

Soak pits should be made mandatory in the public/community toilet complex to

drain out the water coming from washing and bathing activities.

The toilet block system can be based on septic tank, leach pit or digester (to

generate biogas) form.


Page 112 March 2016

Promotion of public / community toilet roof tops with solar panels

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic (PV) cells by scientists, convert sunlight directly into

electricity. Today, thousands of people power their homes and other utilities with

individual solar PV systems. Utility agencies (both government and non-government

sector) are also using PV technology for different projects and installations. Solar panels

used to power homes and utility services are typically made from solar cells combined

into modules that hold about 40 cells. A typical home will use about 10 to 20 solar panels

to power the home. The panels are mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they can

be mounted on a tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture the most

sunlight. Many solar panels combined together to create one system is called a solar

array. For large electric utility or public / industrial applications, hundreds of solar arrays

are interconnected to form a large utility-scale PV system.

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the

most efficient. Second-generation solar cells are called thin-film solar cells because they

are made from amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials such as cadmium telluride.

Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick.

Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles,

building facades, or the glazing for skylights.

Third-generation solar cells are being made from a variety of new materials besides

silicon, including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes,

and conductive plastics. Some new solar cells use plastic lenses or mirrors to

concentrate sunlight onto a very small piece of high efficiency PV material. The PV

material is more expensive, but because so little is needed, these systems are becoming

cost effective for use by utilities and industry. However, because the lenses must be

pointed at the sun, the use of concentrating collectors is limited to the sunniest parts of

the country.

The CSP towns are in general suffering from huge power cut, particularly during the

peak hours. Hence, promotion of solar energy utilisation has been considered essential,

for all the upcoming projects in general and particularly for the community / public toilet

blocks proposed for the town under SBM. Such solar panels may be erected on the

rooftop of the community / public toilet blocks, or on the top of the rooftop water reservoir

placed on the toilet blocks suitably. Such solar panels are available in the market along

with necessary arrangements / structures for erecting, and hence separate cost

involvement for making any structural arrangements shall not be there. One unit of solar

panel of 250 watt / 24 Volt capacity powered with LED lights and having backup battery

shall be enough for a toilet block housing 10 units (@ 25 Watt per unit) and such unit

cost shall be around Rs. 12,500.00 in the present market value. Hence, a toilet block to

accommodate 20 units (combining urinals and WCs) shall be feasible to be provided

with solar power at an estimated cost of Rs. 25,000.00 only.


Page 113 March 2016

https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Compendium-of-Best-Practices-Rural-

Sanitation-India.pdf

Case Studies on Elimination of Open defecation

Bikaner district has witnessed an unprecedented campaign by the name of ‘Banko Bikano’ to

eliminate open-defecation completely.

The Banko Bikano campaign is progressing at a rapid pace, with more and more communities

coming forward to embrace change. Within four months, 81 Gram Panchayats have become ODF

and more are pledging their commitment all the time. Key steps taken by the administration to make

the GPs open defecation free were:

Any Gram Panchayat can join the campaign, as long as there is demand from either the

Sarpanch or the community. The campaign should be truly demand-driven.

People were expected to construct toilets using their own resources and labor, as per their

choice. There will be no standard size for toilets, nor will any NGOs be engaged for

construction.

Constitution of nigrani committee in each village for regular follow-up, particularly during the

morning and evening hours when people normally resort to open-defecation.

It was the women of Bikaner who showed the greatest support for the Banko Bikano

campaign, turning out in large numbers for every meeting and taking a lead role in the

construction of toilets in their respective households.

The campaign’s success is additionally due to the support and guidance of elected

representatives, such as Zilla Pramukh, MLA s, Sarpanchs, as well as leaders of all parties,

irrespective of political divides.

The District Collector, Zilla Pramukh, CEO, ACEO, SDMs, and BDOs hold regular meetings

of key officers at their respective levels with the express purpose of discussing the sanitation

campaign. Moreover, these officers visit villages on a regular basis to review the campaign’s

progress.

The mobile application ‘Outcome Tracker’ developed by WSP has been used by the district-

level verification team to survey households, schools, and Anganwadi centers in Gram

Panchayats having claimed ODF status. The application, featuring photographs and GPS

coordinates, provides reliable information.

A team of 21 people known as District Resource Committee motivated the people to remove

the practice of open defecation bring change in the behavior towards sanitation.

https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Compendium-of-Best-Practices-Rural-Sanitation-India.pdf

https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Compendium-of-Best-Practices-Rural-Sanitation-India.pdf


Page 114 March 2016

7.7.4 Cost Estimate

Phase wise cost estimates for the individual toilets, community toilet and public toilet are

provided in Table 7-7.

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR KHUNTI TOWN

Particulars 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045 total

Cost estimates for Individual Toilet

total number of toilets required 513 713 713 713 2652

Cost estimate - @12,000 per toilet seat 65 94 99 104 362

Cost of Insanitary latrine 371 371

'Insanitary to sanitary latrine - @9000 per toilet 35 35

Cost estimates for Public Toilet 0

Number of seats required 6 6 6 6 24

Cost estimate - @75,000 per toilet seat 4.7 7.33 11.9 19.45 43

Cost estimates for Community Toilet 0

Number of seats required 30 30 30 30 0 0 0 0 122

Cost estimate - @65,000 per toilet seat 21 22 23 24 0 0 0 0 90

Total estimated cost in INR lakh 125 116 122 128 0 7 12 19 530

Source: SENES calculation

Note 1: Cost for each of the components has been referred from SBM guidelines for Individual and Community

toilet seats.

2. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds towards community toilet projects to match

75% Central Share as per SBM guidelines. (10% in the case of North East States and special category states).

3. For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.

4. All the cost are excluding land cost.

5. For conversion of insanitary latrine into sanitary latrine 75% cost of individual toilet has been considered.


Page 115 March 2016

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM


8.1.1 Domestic waste water

Khunti town does not have sewerage facility. In absence of organized sewerage system in

the town, a major portion of waste water generated from domestic and kitchen waste (grey

water) normally finds their way to the existing drains or to the agricultural field.

Current drainage system comprises of open/ covered drains (pucca drain, kutchha drain)

constructed in a haphazard manner in different parts of the town, mainly built on as required

and fund availability basis. As per census of India 2011, approximately 34 % of the town is

covered by drainage system, of which 27% open and 7% are covered drains; and rest 66%

of the town has no drainage system. The brief status of the drainage system in Khunti is

provided Table 8-1.

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS

Sl. No. Category of Drain % of HHs connected

1 Closed drainage 7

2 Open drainage 27

3 No drainage 66

Total 100%


FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER OUTLETS CONNECTED TO

The Census report 2011 indicates that few households having pit latrines (1.8%)10 or not

having septic tanks facility for the flush/ pour flush latrines (2.8%)11and discharges the black

water directly into the existing drains or open plots.

10Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 7-1of the report for details) 11Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 7-1of the report for details)


Page 116 March 2016

Approximately, 50.2 % households are having septic tank connected to flush/ pour flush

latrines system, however do not clean the septic tank regularly. Most of the septic tanks do

not have soak pits, while few soak pits are found in dilapidated condition with broken top

slabs and pipes .As a result, septic tanks generally overflow and discharge into nearby

drains.

There by, major quantum of sewage generated from the town finds its way into the road side

drains, which ultimately dispose waste water into Agricultural lands. Most of the waste water

gets discharged on the agricultural field before meeting the river. Mostly water from ward

number 1, 2, 3 and 4 finds its way to the river through agricultural land.

Major drains flowing through the town carrying both storm water and waste water with their

disposal points are given in the table below.

TABLE 8-2: MAJOR DRAINS AND THEIR DISCHARGE POINTS

Ward number Sewage disposal system

Ward number 1, 2 All the waste water along with storm water from Janat Nagar, Gayatri nagar and Dahugutu goes to Agricultural land. During rainy season the waste water gets collected through a natural drain and water is finally discharged in River Tajna.

Ward number 3

All the drains have outlet on agricultural land.

During rainy season waste water from the khattal /Cows hed get mixed with storm water in the Kusum toil, Nava toil and Mahto Toli.

Ward number 4,5 Drains constructed in the ward which carries all the waste water to the agricultural land via Mahadeo toil. Water gets discharged to Dodulghat, Mela tard, and vacant plots.

Ward number 6 Due to the absence of proper drainage system most of the vacant plots and pits also gets filled with water. Absence of proper drains in the area led to discharge of waste water on the roads near Girja Toli and khattal toil.

Ward number 7,8 Drainage system in ward number 7 is at poor stage, most of the drains carrying waste water having outlets in the ponds or accumulated in open vacant land

Ward number 9,10,11

Waste water from these wards are discharged into Agricultural land or vacant plots through small drains namely Pipra toil drain, Sameer kocha nalah. Waste water from Lac industry is discharged into agricultural land.

Ward number 13, 14

Due to poor drainage system most of the drains carrying waste water having their outlets in agricultural land via amapur nala and main road nalah.

Ward 15 Due to poor drainage condition water logging can be seen behind the Sadar hospital. From other areas waste water gets discharged to agricultural land via main road nalah.

Ward number 16 Poor drainage condition resulting into discharge of waste water into open vacant fields.

Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat and discussion with Ward Councilors

8.1.2 Existing waste water generation

The current domestic water supply system is based on surface water source from river Tajna

and also ground sources like tube well, hand pump and dug well in Khunti town. In addition,

private tube wells bore wells and hand pumps are also being used by the citizens within the

town. There is no accurate estimate of per capita water consumption available with PHED.

However, based on discussion with PHED officials, it was assessed that approximately 65

lpcd of water is being consumed by the residents both from government and private sources.

Waste water generation for the town is calculated considering 80% of the water consumed

(i.e. 52 lpcd) , comprising of 30% black water ( 16 lpcd) and 70% grey water (36.4 lpcd).

Data from secondary sources indicate that waste water generation from pour flush toilet is


Page 117 March 2016

approximately 10 -25 lpcd per day[1], which was further confirmed by the residents during

field visit that 10 -15 lpcd of water is used for flushing toilet facilities. An estimate of the total

waste water being generated for the town is presented in Table 8-6.

TABLE 8-3: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN KHUNTI

Total

Population Total

Households1

Total

Water

Supplied

@ 65

lpcd (m3)

Total

Waste

Water

generated

@48 lpcd2

(m3)

Total

Households

Connected

to Septic

Tank3

Total Black

Water

transferred

to the

Septic

Tanks2

@14.4 lpcd

(m3)

Total grey

water

generated

@ 34

lpcd2 ( m3)

39610 7886 2575 2060 3959 634 1442

Note:

1 As per Census data 2011 2 Waste water assumption - 80% of water supplied (65 lpcd); black water 30% of total waste water and grey water 70% of total waste water 3 As per data obtained from Census data 2011, 50.2% household connected to septic tank 4 Assuming average household size of 5 (as per Census 2011)

It is important to note that due to low level of water supply, the number of household having

toilet facilities with septic tank is very low and 43.8%of the household still defecate in open.

8.1.3 Septage Management

KNP has one suction machine for maintenance of the septic tanks, which is inadequate to

cater to the needs of entire town. On requisition of the house owner, suction machine is

being provided by the ULB for cleaning purpose at the rate of Rs. 1200 per trip. Collected

septage is often disposed in places outside the town ,near the forest area,which poses

serious threat to the human health and the environment.There are no records available with

KNP regarding the number of trips of suction machine generally being made in one year and

for septage collection and disposal. During site survey it was found that the machine is not in

working condition.

8.1.4 Industrial effluent

Khunti is famous for Lac production, there are two Lac industries at ward number 9 on

belahathi road and other one is small household industry on the main road. Waste water

generated from the industry is transferred to the cleaning chambers .The water from the

cleaning chambers is reused again in the industry.

[1]Source : Technology options for Urban Sanitation in India


Page 118 March 2016

Effluent chambers / cleaning chambers at Premier Shelac Industries, Khunti


Service level benchmark for sewerage status for Khunti is provided in Table 8-6. Although

the town does not have the integrated sewerage system, the service level benchmarks have

been provided to indicate the level of service expected in the long term.

TABLE 8-4: SEWERAGE AND SANITATION SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

Sl No. Sewerage and Sanitation Benchmarks KNP Status

1 Coverage of toilets 100% 54.8%

2 Coverage of sewage network services 100% 0%

3 Collection efficiency of the sewage network 100% 0%

4 Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity 100% 0%

5 Quality of sewage treatment 100% 0%

6 Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage 20% 0%

7 Complaint Redressal 80% 0%

8 Extent cost recovery in sewage

management

100% 0%

9 Efficiency in collection of sewage related

charges

90% 0%

Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat and Census of India,2011


Currently, no scheme or work for development of sewerage system at Khunti is ongoing. No

initiatives are proposed for the sewerage system

8.4 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Declared State Water Policy

of Jharkhand

Town’s topography is ideal

for laying of sewer lines as

the sewage would flow with

gravity without pumping

Low ground water level

makes on site sanitation

Lack of sewerage network and Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).

High percentage (40.5%) of people defecate in open Septage management (treatment and safe disposal) not

practiced. Household and commercial waste directly released to

open drains and nallas Discharge of untreated sewage in natural drains and

agricultural lands


Page 119 March 2016

with soak pits feasible Most of the drains discharging in agricultural land Animal excreta are also dumped directly into the open

fields. Animal excreta discharged directly on roads and drains.

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to provide

sewer network as a green

field project

Funds available for development of onsite sanitation facilities

Untreated sewage flowing through open drains and

released in open fields and in vacant land

Possible difficulties in laying of sewer network in narrow

streets of the town majorly in ward 6,7.

Due to undulating features central sewerage system is

not a viable solution.

Huge investment required for development of sewerage

system

Operation and maintenance of sewerage system with

limited resources (both human and financial)

8.5 KEY ISSUES

Absence of sewerage system: There is absolute absence of sewerage system in

KNP resulting into discharge of waste water in open drains leading to unhygienic

conditions in the town.

Mixing of storm water and waste water: Storm water drains of KNP have

practically converted into waste water carrying drains. Due to absence of proper

sewerage system and public ignorance HH waste water is discharged into the drains.

Release of waste water in road side drains is one of the major problems in the town.

Degradation of natural water bodies: Flowing untreated storm water into natural

drains and finally to the River Tajna during rainy season lead to degradation of

quality and eco-system of water bodies and causing pollution of river and pond water.

There is threat to human health and environment due to degradation of water quality.

Choked drains: Most of the drains are choked with dumped solid waste / plastic

waste and causing localised water logging (mixed with waste water) situation in many

of the residential areas.

No reuse and recycling of waste water: At present there is no reuse and recycling

of waste water in Khunti NP.

Awareness Campaigns: There are no ongoing awareness programs at the town

level to cover all classes including slum of the residents to highlight suitable disposal

of waste water, prevention of encroachment, prevention of dumping of solid waste

and discharge of sewage/sullage from households and other related issues.


Vision

Goals

“100% treatment of black and grey water to the prescribed standards and reuse of waste

water for non-portable application”


Page 120 March 2016

The main goal is to develop suitable waste water collection and treatment system for Khunti.

In the long term, all the waste water generated in the town shall be collected and conveyed

through an appropriate sewer network to treatment plants, treated to acceptable quality

levels and disposed, recycled or reused. Considering the above key challenges, the

following goals for different horizon years have been identified. The sewerage goals with

respect to the service level benchmarks have been provided in Table 8-5.

TABLE 8-5: GOALS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM



Short term 5 years

Medium term 10 years

Long term 30 years

Coverage of toilets % 100% 54.8% √

Coverage of sewage

network services % 100% 0% √ √

Collection efficiency

of the sewage

network

% 100% 0% √ √

Adequacy of sewage

treatment capacity % 100% 0% √ √

Quality of sewage

treatment % 100% 0% √ √

Extent of reuse and

recycling of sewage % 20% 0% √ √

Complaint Redressal % 80% 0% √ √

Extent cost recovery

in sewage

management

% 100% 0% √ √

Efficiency in collection

of sewage related

charges

% 90% 0% √ √

Source: Discussion with KNP officials

8.7 WASTE WATER DEMAND PROJECTION

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd (2020

onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 9.26 MLD. Current water

demand is based on existing per capita supply of 65 lpcd. It has been assumed that by year

2020, water supply infrastructure work will be completed and per capita supply will increase

to 135 lpcd.

As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, waste water generation is

80% of water supply, hence total waste generation till the year 2045 would be 8.52 MLD.

Table 8-6 provides the projected waste water generation details ffrom 2015 to 2045.

TABLE 8-6: WASTE WATER PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Population Net Water demand at

Consumers’ end Waste water generation including 15% ground water infiltration etc

2015 39610 2.57 2.37

2020 43598 2.83 2.61

2025 47864 6.46 5.94

2030 52447 7.08 6.51


Page 121 March 2016

Year Population Net Water demand at

Consumers’ end Waste water generation including 15% ground water infiltration etc

2035 57393 7.75 7.13

2040 62753 8.47 7.79

2045 68585 9.26 8.52

Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual and Population Projections

Note: 1 Assumption being 65 lpcd, as the rate of piped water supply

2 Assumption being 135 lpcd, considering that piped water supply will be start by 2025

TABLE 8-7: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION AND VEHICLE REQUIRED FOR CLEANING

Particular Unit 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Population No. 39610 40387 41174 41971 42779

No of households No. 7886 8041 8197 8356 8517

Households having septic

tank No. 3959 4036 4115 4195 4276

No of septic tank to be cleared

every year – 50% of the total No. 1979 2018 2058 2097 2138

Septage generation @ 2.5 m3

per septic tank m3 4949 5046 5144 5243 5344

No of cleaning vehicles

required No. 4 4 4 4 4

Source: SENES Calculation

Following assumptions were made for above calculation

Average volume of septage produced by emptying one septic tank – 2.5 m3.

Septic tank is cleaned once in two years. On an average 50% of the septic tank gets

cleaned in a year.

Each vacuum desludging vehicle will empty4 septic tanks in a day

After 2020, with the development of sewerage system the septage generation will

reduce.

Percentage of the households having septic tank in year 2015 is considered same as

census 2011.

It has been assumed that 25% of the total soak pit will be cleaned every year. For

current calculation it has been assumed that number of soak pit are same as number

of septic tank.

It has been assumed that vacuum desludging vehicle will function for 300 days in a

year.

8.8 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

Waste water disposal service for the town has been planned as a phased development

programme with short term and long term projections / plans. Following factors have been

considered for deciding the most suitable waste water management strategy

Quantity of water supply and waste water generated

Topographical and hydro geological details which include soil type, ground water

depth and general topography of the town

Housing density and available space

Status of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the town

Khunti town has a very low level of water supply (approximately 65 lpcd) and high

dependence on ground water. Waste water generation is low approximately of 52 lpcd.


Page 122 March 2016

Hence, Conventional off site underground sewerage system for waste water management

cannot be proposed for the town and on site waste water management can be the options

for Khunti in short term. The shift from onsite to offsite will be decided based on the factors

such as sufficient water supply ( at least 135 lpcd) is made available for the town, In

addition other factors like availability of uninterrupted electricity, peoples’ acceptability of

sewerage system and high capital and operation cost are other factors which will decide on

the time frame for shifting from on site to integrated sewerage collection and disposal

facility.

Currently, the electric power supply is unstable in KNP, which is crucial for operation and

maintenance of sewerage system. Integrated sewerage system usually involves a long

interception sewer necessitating laying of sewers at considerable depth and installation of

intermediate pumping stations. These require stable electric power and in case of shortage

of electricity, standby arrangements in the form of DG sets have to be provided, which

further increases the operation and maintenance cost. Also, narrow roads and dense

development might affect the efficiency of laying the sewer network.

In Khunti, the BPL household is 44% and slum population is 6.42% percent respectively,

who may not afford high cost of maintenance of conventional sewerage system. In addition,

the majority if population is having already constructed septic tank may take longer time for

connection of toilets to the sewerage system. Therefore, utmost care should be taken in the

decision making process / in DPR stage to avoid any waste full investment in the sector.

It is, therefore, necessary to consider cost effective / decentralized sewerage system in the

town, which maybe affordable and operated in a financially sustainable manner.

8.8.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures

1) Increase sanitation coverage

Conversion of single pit latrine to double pit (leach pit), construction of new toilets to cover

100% households and disposal of grey water are the focused area under initial phase of

planning. Approx 43.8% people resort to open defecation in Khunti town; and therefore,

increasing the sanitation coverage from existing 54.8% to 100 % should be on the 1st priority

of KNP. Various options for 100 % sanitation coverage and effective management of waste

water of the town is provided in the following section.


Page 123 March 2016

Since the average ground water table is 5.81 m in Khunti any of the foresaid options can be

proposed for on site management of sewage.

The system is also feasible for Khunti town with respect to soil type and ground water

percolation. The soil type affects the operation of soak pits due to infiltration capacity of the

soil. Laterite (loamy texture12) soil is predominant in Khunti which is ideal for the infiltration of

soak pit water into the ground. However, prescribed safe distance of soak pits for about 20 -

30 m (depending on soil condition) from ground water sources should be maintained.

Coverage of 100% households under the system will reduce the risk from contamination of

water. This become more important as the source of drinking water is in the town and

phenomena like open defecation, washing and bathing along the river contaminate the

water.

Till the proposed long term measures for treatment of waste water is implemented, the grey

water or sullage can be either diverted to the soak pit or can be collected through existing

drains. There should be provision of cleaning and improvement of drains in areas where they

do not function properly and with treatment facilities at selected locations within the town.

Such arrangement is suggested as an interim arrangement till the appropriate sewerage

system is developed. After the development of sewerage system, the sullage can be

combined with the sewage and transported through the sewerage system.

12 Loam soil is mixture of sand and silt with some of amount of clay (about 40%-40%-20% concentration,

respectively) which helps in percolation of water.

Onsite Sewage Management Technologies – Available Options

Twin Pit latrines: Twin pit latrines consist of two underground pit to hold fecal sludge. Waste water is

discharged to one chamber until it’s full of fecal sludge. Discharged is then switched to the second

chamber. Pits are exchanges at regular interval so that before removal of sludge pit contents decomposes

and pathogens die off. Minimum land requirement for twin pit system is 40 sq. ft. to 60 sq. ft.

Septic tank with soak pits: Septic tank is a buried chamber that collects, stores and partially treat the

waste water under anaerobic conditions. Sediments and solids are settled in septic tank and waste water

is discharged into soak pit or dispersion trenches. Soak pits are ideal for the areas with water table depth

of 2 meter or more. Septage from septic tank is removed once in 2- 3 years and transported to off-site for

disposal and treatment. The design of a septic tank and soak-away system can considered to take load of

the entire household wastewater (black as well as grey water). Existing septic tanks may not have been

designed for this.

Twin soak pits (leach pits): Wastewater from latrine is discharged into soak pits. Domestic waste water

from bathing, washing, cooking, cleaning, etc. is also disposed into another soak pit.

Bio digester toilets: Bio digester toilet is an anaerobic multi compartment tank with inoculum which

digest organic matter biologically. Can be used for individual, community or public toilet. In this process

there is no sludge formation and there is no need for desludging and treatment. For 5-6 user the land

requirement for bio tank is 25 Sq ft and the total toilet cost is in between 12000 to 15000.

Aerobic bio tanks: Bio tank process involves different multi strains of bacteria which break down the

waste matter through oxidation (Aerobic Process). The process is relatively faster and digestion happens

within 24 hours with end product as carbon di oxide and water. This process also eliminates the need of

periodic sludge removal. Limitation of the process include requirement of temperature control (4-55 0 C)

and dysfunctional toilets if timely inoculation not done. Land requirement 16 sq ft and total cost of toilet is

approximately Rs 2000.

For more details, please refer to Swachh Bharat Mission – Guidelines for Urban Areas (www.moud.gov.in)


Page 124 March 2016

2) Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure

As per census data, approximately 3.6 % households have insanitary latrines which require

improvement and conversion to sanitary latrines. 54.8% of the households have toilet within

house premises, however, out of it; 2.8% do not have connection with the septic tank and

dispose the fecal sludge in open drains or other sources. These household are required to

upgrade their toilets and connect to septic tank with soak pits or construct a twin pit system

for disposal of fecal sludge. The improvement options suggested for Khunti are provided in

the following section.

3) Industrial effluent management

Waste water generated from Lac industry does not cause any pollution to the water body or

discharge waste water to any drain which gets mixed with River Tajna. All the industries

have their own chambers for cleaning of the effluent and its storage

4) Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/ septage from onsite

sanitation facilities

In the current scenario, there is no management system for fecal sludge including no

treatment and proper disposal. Sanitation system up-gradation, periodic removal of fecal

sludge and septage from the pits along with proper septage management is required to

avoid manual scavenging and overflowing of the septic tanks.

Fecal sludge/ septage from septic tank requires treatment before safe disposal due to

high concentration of pollutants and pathogens

o Sludge removal: As per the National Building Code (NBC) of India, septic tanks

should be desludged as often as every year. As per the general good practice

tanks should be cleaned after every 2 years or as prescribed in the approved

design of septic tank (standard practice in India). NBC also suggests that,

disinfectants should not be used in the toilets attached with tanks as they kill the

organism digesting sewage.

Sludge removal from twin pit system should be done after prescribed time interval

according to the design of the pits. Before filling of second pit with sludge to its

ultimate capacity, the contents of first pit should be allowed to dry to get

converted to natural manure and dug out from pit.

o Recordkeeping - Records of desludging should be maintained to get the idea of

next round of cleaning. The records should include location of the tank or pit,

septage characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage removed

and name of the house owner. Mapping of all such record in GIS platform should

be aimed for efficient management of septage.

Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure – Available Options

1) Conversion of insanitary latrines into sanitary latrines

2) Conversion of single pit latrines to Twin pit

3) Construction of soak-away for existing WCs with septic tanks

4) Upgrading other latrines to WCs connected to septic tank with soak pit


Page 125 March 2016

o Safety gear – Khunti Nagar Panchayat need to provide prescribed safety gears

for sanitary workers. The mandatory items are masks, gloves and boots etc. to be

provided to all the workers to ensure no health risk and general safety.

o Septage collection and disposal – For the twin pit system the removed dried

sludge can be used in gardens or agriculture fields as natural manure along with

cow dung or can be dispose that septage management site.

Fecal sludge from Septic tank is to be collected by vacuum desludging equipment

only. The removed sludge from septic tank shall require treatment before final

disposal. A case study of the sludge / septage treatment plant in Tamil Nadu is

provided for ready reference. Various options for septage management are

discussed in the following section below.

CASE STUDY: SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AT MUSIRI, TAMILNADU

Musiri is a panchayat town at Tiruchirappalli district in Tamil Nadu. To prevent the nuisance due to sludge in the water bodies, Sludge Treatment Plant (STP) is constructed in Musiri. It is operating since July 2010 and is based on constructed wetland model. To treat the sludge from the septic tanks, a vertical flow constructed wetland is built as a Pilot cum Demonstration Unit. The treatment unit consist of three compartments for rotation of sludge application. All the three compartments have a common feed channel for loading of sludge and a common under drain for removal of percolates. The feed channel is located on the one side of the beds and the percolate channel at the centre. At the bottom of the beds, a slope of 1/8 is provided towards the channel. The media in each compartment is supported by a stainless steel mesh laid on the top of the channel. The beds are planted with locally available species of reeds namely Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia. Preventative measures are also proposed to prevent the inconvenience caused due to the foul odour emanated from the anaerobic digested sludge. Steps like: loading of the beds only during night time, usage of dilute lemon grass oil spray to mask bad odour as well as for vector control and planting of trees along the periphery of the unit to provide a green belt has been contemplated. It is estimated that 75-80 percent of the volatile solids (VSS) in the sludge will be reduced by this process. Source: Policy paper on Septage Management in India, centre for Science and Environment,

New Delhi, May 2011


Page 126 March 2016

Septage Management Technology Options

Land Application after Stabilization: It is widely used septage management system particularly

for town where land availability is not an issue. The method is less capital intensive with low O&M

cost.

Surface application – Spreading of sludge on the soil by suction machine which is used for

disposing and transporting the sludge. The system has high odor potential during application

and possibility of pathogen dispersal.

Sub surface – In the system, untreated septage is placed just below the soil surface,

reducing odor and health risk while fertilizing and conditioning the soil. The method allows

better odor control than surface spreading and reduces the risk of pathogen dispersal.

Burial – The method include disposal of septage in holding lagoons almost 6 feet deep),

trenches use of multiple chambers) and sanitary landfills. High odor during septage

application until a final cover is placed on the top.

Independent Septage treatment facility

Independent septage treatment facilities use processes like stabilization lagoons, chlorine

oxidation, and aerobic and anaerobic digestion, biological and chemical treatment. Solid

residual can be sent to a landfill, composted, applied to the land, or incinerated. The

remaining effluent can be released to another treatment works where it can undergo further

treatment and then finally can be discharged.

Composting: Another feasible option is composting where bulking agents are easily

available. The humus is produced after composting which can be used as a soil conditioner.

Treatment at waste water treatment plant:

Co-treatment of septage along with domestic sewage at a sewage treatment plant is a

feasible and acceptable alternative for septage treatment. Though septage is much

concentrated in its strength than the domestic sewage, its constituents are similar to

municipal wastewater. For co- treatment of septage with waste water facility, it may be

necessary to increase treatment plant aeration capacity as a result of direct septage

discharge

Non-conventional septage management technologies

Improved septic tank/ Anaerobic Baffle reactor: In this case a baffle walls is introduced in

the existing septic tank design to have a multi chambered baffled septic tank. This increase

movement of wastewater inside the tank helps in creating the turbulent flow which causes

enhanced mixing of the raw sewage with already existing activated sludge and accelerates

the decomposition of the solids because of intensive contact between the activated sludge

and fresh influent. Anaerobic filters are provided in the penultimate chamber of the improved

septic tank. Hence by increasing the retention time of the incoming sewage, sludge

accumulation problem can be significantly reduced and overall efficiency of septic tank can

be greatly improved.

Constructed wetlands: In the areas where water table is shallow, the effluents from the

septic tank/improved septic tank could be connected to constructed wetlands to prevent

ground water contamination. Constructed Wetlands are a biological wastewater treatment

technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. These

systems use wetland plants, soils and their associated micro-organisms to remove

contaminants from wastewater. They act as a filter removing sediments and pollutants such

as nutrients and other heavy metals from waste water and septage. These systems require

land but offer very effective biological treatment response in a passive manner so that

mechanical equipment, energy and skilled operator attention are minimized.

Source: “Policy Paper on Septage management in India” by Centre for Science and Environment, May 2010


Page 127 March 2016

Most suitable septage treatment technology for Khunti can be burial in the landfill after drying

the septage in the septage drying bed. The total areas requirement for septage drying for

Khunti would be 0.3 acre. A land parcel measuring 7 acres for Khunti is being procured for

setting up waste management facility. The new septage management site should be set up

within the same premises or 0.3 acre of land adjacent to waste management land should be

procured.

The septage drying bed can be located adjacent to the solid waste processing and disposal

site. This arrangement has low capital and operating cost. However, land requirement is

slightly higher than other technologies.

The summary of the short term sanitation system prescribed for Khunti is provided in Figure

8-2.

FIGURE 8-2: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR KHUNTI

Source Sanitary units Output Collection /

storageTransportation

Urine

Flush water

Cooking

Bathing

Washing

Toilet

Bathroom

Kitchen

Black water

and fecal

sludge

Grey water

Collection of

grey and

black water in

septic tank /

twin pit

Storage of

fecal sludge

in twin pit /

septic tank

Disposal of

waste water

from septic

tank and twin

pit to the

ground

Transportation

of fecal sludge

from septic

tank / pit to

septage

management

site

SHORT TERM / INTERIM MEASURES

8.8.2 Recommendation Long term

After Khunti achieve the per capita water supply of 135 liters and majority of the people have

access to toilet, all the waste water (black and grey) generating units such as individual,

public and community toilets, bathroom and kitchen can be connected to sewer network. At

present no Sewage treatment plant is proposed in Khunti.

For Long term recommendation for waste water treatment Khunti are provided in Figure 8-3.


Page 128 March 2016

FIGURE 8-3: LONG TERM MEASURE FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT KHUNTI

Source Sanitary units Output Collection /

TransportationTreatment

Urine

Flush water

Cooking

Bathing

Washing

Toilet

Bathroom

Kitchen

Black water

and fecal

sludge

Grey water

Option I

Collection by

wide network

of sewer lines

(pumping

from zone II)

Treatment of

waste water into

Sewage

Treatment Plant

for 9 MLD

Option II

Collection by

wide network

of sewer lines

separately in

zone I and II

Treatment of

waste water into

STP (for zone I

and II only)

located in Zone I

– 6 MLD and

Treatment via

community

septic tank or

DEWAT in zone

III, IV, V, VI

LONG TERM MEASURES

1) Development of Sewerage system along with treatment plant

The general topography of the town is undulating; therefore, conventional sewerage system

establishment would not be a feasible option for Khunti. In addition, low per capita water

supply and low availability of power supply would not support the optimum functioning of the

treatment facility.

Based on the Khunti topography, town has been divided into six parts i.e. zone I, II, III, IV, V

and VI and conventional sewerage system along with centralized/ decentralized treatment

option can be worked out for Khunti. The town authorities may also look into selected low

cost options for development of sewerage system.

Some of the options for development of sewerage systems is provided in following section.


Page 129 March 2016

Alternatives to set up sewage collection and transportation system for Khunti are discussed

as option I and II.

Option I - This is a conventional centralized sewerage treatment system proposed for

Khunti. The system consists of closed system of pipes, manholes and pumping station.

Matching with the topography of the town, the sewerage system has been planned primarily

as a gravity based system. To take maximum advantage of the topography in lying of sewer

network and to minimize pumping requirement, the town has been divided into six sewerage

I to VI. Waste water generated from each zone will be collected either through gravity or

pumped to the highest elevation point within the zone and further transported to the STP

with total capacity of 9 MLD. Since there is variation in the elevation levels, adequate

pumping requirement is expected under this option, which at times become difficult due to

low availability of power in the region.

.

Waste Water Conveyance System – Options

Conventional sewerage system: Conventional sewerage system is centralized waste water treatment system consist of closed system pf pipes, manholes and pumping station. The underground sewer network conveys black and grey water from individual households to centralized treatment facility. The underground sewer line are categorized into primary, secondary and tertiary networks. The main line or primary line runs through the center of the system and all the other lines empty into it.

Low cost sewerage system

Shallow Sewers: Shallow sewers are conventional sewers constructed to relaxed standards. Shallow depth made possible by low traffic loads and short connection lengths allows the use of inspection chambers rather than manholes. Since these are not designed for entry of persons, they can be much smaller and cheaper than manholes, thus considerably reducing the cost of sewerage.

Small-bore sewerage: All waste water is diverted to an on-plot septic tank. Households

constructing new individual sanitation facilities should be encouraged to construct septic tanks.

Some households could use pit latrines. Only gray water may be connected to sewers.

Septage is removed for further treatment and final disposal. Small diameter sewer pipe (< 200

mm) is laid at a flatter gradient to carry the effluent from septic tanks.

Combined system: The combination includes both on-site sanitation arrangements and off-

site sanitation systems.


Page 130 March 2016

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT KHUNTI

Proposed

STP – 9 MLD

Option II - Another feasible option to set up fully off-site sewerage system with combination

of STP and decentralized treatment units based on the natural topography and gravity flow

of sewage. As already discussed, Khunti town is divided into six zones based on topography

of the town. In the second option decentralized sewerage system has been proposed.

Zone I and II- Zone I and Zone II would have the conventional STP to be located along the

bank of River Tajna (located at zone I). All the waste water generated in zone I and II would

be tapped via sewer lines and will be transported to STP for disposal and treatment. As the


Page 131 March 2016

slope of the town in zone I and II is towards River Tajna, the sewage would flow with gravity;

therefore installation of pumping station is not required.

Zone III –VI - Sewerage system in Zone III, IV, V, VI can be developed by two methods,

community based septic tank or Decentralized Wastewater System (DEWAT system) with

capacity of 1MLD each. In both the systems the sewage will flow with gravity to the

treatment site and the effluent after treatment will be disposed in natural drains. Description

of both the systems is given below.

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT KHUNTI

Proposed

STP –6 MLD


Page 132 March 2016

The selection of most suitable technology is guided by factors such as effluent quantity and

quality, availability of land and location and capital and operation cost and operational

requirements. Khunti has low level of water supply; technology which promotes reuse of

waste water can be most feasible technology.

Detailed feasibility report followed by detailed project report should be prepared for

development of sewerage system along with treatment facility in Khunti. However for ready

reference, various sewage treatment processes are compared in Table 8-8 (Details of the

treatment processed are provided in Annexure 5.


Page 133 March 2016

TABLE 8-8: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Particular

Treatment Technologies

Activated

Sludge

Process

(ASP)

Trickling

Filters

BIOFOR

(Biological

Filtration &

Oxygenate

d Reactor)

Up-flow

Anaerobic

Sludge

Blanket

(UASB)

Fluidize

d Bed

Reactor

( FAB)

Sequent

ial

Batch

Reactor

(SBR)

Rotating

Biological

Contractor

Up flow

Anaerobi

c Filter

Waste

Stabilizati

on Ponds

Aerated

Lagoons

Oxidation

Ponds

Duck

weed

ponds

Shallow

Sewerage

Reed Bed

/Construct

ed

Wetlands/

root zone

Land

requireme

nt

0.15 - 0.25

Hectares /

MLD

0.25 -

0.65

Hectares

/ MLD

0.08

Hectares /

MLD

0.2 - 0.3

Hectares /

MLD

0.06

Hectares

/ MLD

0.1 -

0.15

hectares

/ MLD

NA NA

0.8 - 2.3

Hectares /

MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/ MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/ MLD

1.5 - 2 Hectares / MLD

NA NA

Energy

requireme

nt

180 - 225 Kwh

/ MLD

180 Kwh

/ MLD

220 - 335

Kwh / MLD

10 -15 Kwh/

MLD

99 - 170

Kwh /

MLD

150 -

200 Kwh

/ MLD

high medium

Negligible,

only for

Screen &

Grit

chamber

18 Kwh /

MLD 18 Kwh / MLD

Negligible

Negligible Negligible

Resource

requireme

nts and

associate

d costs

Moderately

high (require

skilled

manpower)

Moderat

ely high

(require

skilled

manpow

er)

High capital

cost

(require

less skilled

manpower)

Moderately

high (require

moderately

skilled

manpower)

High

(require

highly

skilled

manpow

er)

High

(require

highly

skilled

manpow

er)

High (require

highly skilled

manpower

Moderatel

y high

(require

moderatel

y skilled

manpowe

r

Very low

(not

require

skilled

manpower

)

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpowe

r)

Moderately

Low (require

semi-skilled

manpower)

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpow

er)

Moderately

Low (require

semi-skilled

manpower

Moderately

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpower

Resource

Recovery

Feasible

(High)

Moderat

ely high

(marginal

ly lower

than

ASP)

High (higher

than ASP)

Medium

(much less

than ASP,

but more

than pond

based

systems)

High

(50%

higher

than

ASP)

High

(much

higher

than

ASP)

High high

Lowest

(Periodical

maintenan

ce of

ponds

required)

Moderatel

y Low

Moderately

Low

(Comparable

to Lagoons)

medium Moderately

Low high

Annual

(O&M)

cost

5.2lakhs/year/

MLD NA Na

1.5

lakhs/MLD/a

nnum

Moderate

ly high

High Rs.14,000/pm

/MLD NA NA

3.4

lakhs/MLD/an

num

NA Rs.215/m3 less

Capital

Cost 48 lakhs/MLD

1.3

crores/M

LD

35

lakhs/MLD

5-20

crores/M

LD (vary

dependin

g on

capacity)

33 lakhs/MLD 15

lakhs/MLD

4.8

crores/MLD

1.8

lakhs/ML

D

Rs.50,000/m3/

day

Rs.13,

00/m2 for

horizontal

flow and

Rs.2,

100/m2 for

vertical

flow beds.


Page 134 March 2016

Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS)13 – DEWAT is a decentralized

waste water treatment system with low capital cost, simple technology, less energy

consumption and minimum O&M cost. It is based on the various natural water treatment

techniques which are combined accordingly as per the characteristics of the waste water. It

is based on the aerobic (horizontal planted gravel filters and polishing pond) and anaerobic

treatment process (settlers, baffle reactor, anaerobic filters). The system includes various

stages of treatment i.e. primary treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment and post

treatment. Details of the technology are provided in Annexure 6.

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Tertiary treatment Polishing pond

2) Recycling/Re-Use of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Recycling of wastewater is essentially, reusing treated waste water for beneficial purposes

such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, toilet flushing and replenishing a ground water

basin. Recycling and reusing are both aimed at conservation and reduction of wastage.

Action plan for recycling and reuse of waste water should be developed along with the

development of sewerage system and sewage treatment plant. Reuse is especially critical

for Khunti since water supply is relatively low and high cost of getting piped water supply for

the town.

Waste water can be recycled to industries, commercial and institutional establishments. This

will entail a direct saving to the consumer of water and a direct saving for the town

authorities which continuously struggles to find or locate new sources of water to meet the

growing demands of the town population.

3) Proper operation and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure

13 Source: Advisory on Septage Management in Indian Cities: Preparation and Implementation of a Septage

Management sub-Plan (SMP) as a part of the City Sanitation Plan (CSP)


Page 135 March 2016

Sewerage System needs to be maintained as per the guidelines provided in CPHEEO

Manual on Sewerage and Sewage treatment. Both preventive and the emergency

maintenance should be done regularly for the proposed sewerage system.

8.9 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost for development of onsite and offsite sewerage system has been discussed in

Table 8-9.

TABLE 8-9: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Sl. No. Particular Total

Time frame (all Rs. are in lakhs)

2017 - 2020 2020-2025 2025-2045

A Short term

1 Septage collection and conveyance infrastructure

65.1 31 34

2 Septage treatment facility 500.0 250 250

B Long term

1 Site Development works 50.0 50

2 Cost for development of sewerage system

6448.5 3224.25 3224.25

3 Cost for development of Sewage Treatment Plant (4 MLD)

1612.1 798 814.45

Base Cost Total (APEX) 8675.7 280.87 4321.92 4072.90

Add 2% Architectural Works 173.5 5.62 86.44 81.46

Sub Total 8849.2 286.49 4408.36 4154.36

Contingencies 3% 265.5 8.59 132.25 124.63

Grand Total 9114.7 295.08 4540.61 4278.99

O & M Cost for 5 years (10% of CAPEX)

455.7 14.75 227.03 213.95

Source: CPHEEO Guideline and A Guide to Decision making – “Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in

India” Sept, 2008 and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme

Note: 1 Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.

2 Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.

3 Cost for development of onsite sanitation facilities have been considered in chapter on ‘access to Toilet’

4 For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.

5 All the costs are excluding land cost

Basis:

Septage collection and conveyance cost on lump sum basis

Septage treatment community based or DEWAT system cost on lump sum basis

Development of Sewage Treatment Plant assumed 125 lakhs per MLD

Development of sewerage system i.e. laying of pipes, pumping station etc. 4 times of STP cost and after

construction of STP i.e. in long term cost on lump sum basis for laying of sewerage network etc.


Page 136 March 2016

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has always been a great challenge to the

urban local bodies (ULBs) in India and Khunti Nagar Panchayat being no exception.

Municipal solid waste in Khunti is being managed inefficiently, as the systems adopted are

primitive in nature, tools and equipment outlived their life & also inadequate, and there is

absence of skilled manpower, hence productivity is low. Processing and treatment of waste

is not practiced and final disposal is being made unscientifically in dumpsites, posing threats

of ground and surface water contamination and air pollution. KNP is yet to comply with

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000.

Existing waste management scenario with respect to waste generation, storage, collection,

transportation, treatment and disposal for Khunti has been discussed in the following section

along with the proposed recommendation for effective management of waste.

9.1 WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION

Knowledge about the quantum of waste generation and composition of MSW is essential for

determining collection, transportation, processing and disposal options that could be adopted

for KNP. These factors are dependent on the population, demographic details, principal

activities in the town, income levels and lifestyle of the community. Studies carried out in

Indian cities by NEERI indicates that waste generation and its composition is strongly

dependent on the local socio-economic condition, lifestyle & behavioral pattern, and

available infrastructure for solid waste management (SWM) in the urban center. It has been

well established from such studies that waste generation of an area is directly proportional to

average income of the people of that area.

9.1.1 Waste generation

At present there is no weighbridge available at dumpsite; therefore no record exists for the

quantum of solid waste transferred daily to the dumpsite. As per the DPR on Solid Waste

Management prepared by RCUES, Lucknow total waste generated is 10.4 MT and waste

generated in 2008 is approx 256 gm/capita/day. In the absence of any other records, the

waste generated in Khunti has been assumed based on waste generation estimates derived

from DPR. The waste estimation is based on Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organisation, 2000 (CPHEEO) Manual on SWM and India Urban Infrastructure

Report, 2011 by High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC14).

CPHEEO Manual on SWM, 2000

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5

million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation

rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with

population below 2,00,000.Based on the above, the per capita waste generation of 210

gm/capita/day may be considered for KNP.

14 This Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services is a result of over two years’ effort on the part of the High Powered

Expert Committee (HPEC) for estimating the investment requirement for urban infrastructure services. The HPEC was set up by the Ministry of Urban Development in May, 2008.


Page 137 March 2016

Based on the DPR, the waste generation for the town of Khunti has been assumed as 255

gm/capita/day and same shall be used as base data for all necessary calculations carried

out in this chapter.

9.1.2 Waste composition

In the municipal solid waste stream, waste is broadly classified as biodegradable and non-

biodegradable. In this report, waste composition is categorized as organic, paper, plastic,

glass, metals, and inert.

Exact waste composition details for Khunti town are available, as per the DPR .Based on the

available data; waste composition for Khunti is provided in the Table

TABLE 9-1: WASTE COMPOSITION 15

Particulars Weight in kg

Wooden pieces 1.8

Paper 5

Textile 1.9

Thermocole 1.3

Coconut shell 1.2

Green leaves 6

Green matter 4

Concrete/stone 1.9

Sand/soil/dust/earth 5.5

Metal 0.2

Brick 1.4

Glass 1.4

Rubber/leather 2.1

Kitchen waste 5.7

Ceramic 0.3

P.V.C/pipes 0.3

Plastics 2.5

Polythene 0.8

Vegetable 4.2

Dry matter straw 2.9

Source: DPR on MSWM for Khunti prepared by RCUES Lucknow

15 As per DPR on SWM for Khunti, RCUES Lucknow


Page 138 March 2016

9.2 WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Waste generation projection for Khunti town has been done based on the projected

population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been assumed that per capita

solid waste generated in Khunti will increase with growth rate of 1.3 percent per annum16.

Table 9-2 shows the waste generation projection for Khunti.

TABLE 9-2: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Year Population gm/capita/day Waste Projected(TPD)

2020 43,598 272 12

2030 52,447 310 16

2045 68,585 376 26

Source: SENES Calculation

Based on the Table 9-2, the waste generation projected for year 2020 (Short term), 2030

(mid-term) and 2045 (long term) is 12 TPD, 16 TPD and 26 TPD respectively.

9.2.1 Existing Scenario

Barring a few progressive municipal corporations in the country, all other municipalities

suffer due to non-availability of adequate expertise and experience; thereby the solid waste

is not properly handled resulting into creation of environmental pollution and health hazards.

16 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page 139 March 2016

Most of the small ULBs like Khunti lack technical, managerial, administrative, financial

resources and adequate institutional arrangements for effective solid waste management.

Waste generated in the town include waste from residential, market, commercial, institutional

and industrial areas, and includes construction & demolition waste and street sweeping &

green waste. The residential, market and commercial sources contribute the maximum

quantum of waste in Khunti. KNP is responsible for the solid waste management system in

Khunti. Brief status of current waste management system is outlined in the following section.

Residential Waste: Waste from the residential areas is collected in the containers kept

along the road side, but mostly either thrown in the open drains, vacant plots or on the banks

on ponds and the river Tajna

Market & Commercial Waste: The commercial areas in KNP are located majorly along the

NH 75 on Ranchi Chibasa road on both the sides, densely established near Shaheed Chowk

and Bhagat Singh Chowk. Vegetable weekly market is also organized in different areas of

the town. These areas comprise of both commercial (shops and markets) and residential

areas. Waste from these markets are kept in open area or thrown in bins kept along the

roads, from where the sweepers collect waste and get transferred Near the banks of River

Tajna outside the municipal boundary.

Institutional Waste: Waste from offices and schools are collected in containers, but also

mostly thrown in open vacant land or find its place in open drains and near water bodies. .

There is no separate system of collection of solid waste for institutions. Most of the waste

are collected inside the campus and burnt.

Industrial Waste: Due to absence of any major industrial activity, no specific type of

hazardous waste is generated as of now.

Drain silt: Drain silt typically comprises of market & commercial waste, household waste,

waste from street sweepings, construction waste, etc. The major portion of drain silt is

generated by way of disposal of different type of waste in open drains. After desilting drains,

silt is kept along the drain on the road sides, allowed for getting naturally dried up, which is

later picked up by waste collectors and transferred to the dumping yard.

Construction and demolition waste: Construction and demolition waste is the sizeable

part of the total waste being generated in KNP. However, the quantum varies from time to

time depending on the construction or demolition activities. There are no standard practices

being followed for disposal of construction waste in KNP area. A major portion of this waste

is generally used in reconstruction activities or for filling up low-lying areas or constructing

temporary (kachha) roads. The left over waste lies unattended on the road sides.


Page 140 March 2016

Open Dumping at ward no.2 Bio medical waste disposal within Sadar hospital

boundary

Waste disposal at ward Dumping Waste dumping near Tajna River

Waste Segregation & Primary collection: There is no door to door collection system and

source segregation of waste in the town. 60 numbers of small bins are available in KNP and

are kept at different locations throughout the town area. Each ward is equipped with four

bins located at different parts of the town. KNP has three tractor and one auto tipper (TATA

ace) for waste collection and transportation.

Waste storage & Secondary Collection: Primarily waste is stored in bins, from where

waste is transported to dumping site. There is no transfer station in the town for secondary

storage of waste.

Waste Transportation: To transport the waste from roads and bins. At present, once in a

day waste is collected from road side through tractor and auto tipper and dumped at

dumping site. KNP has 8 numbers of handle carts, 17 long handle brooms, 2 tractors. Waste

from road side bins is generally picked up once in every 2-3 days in a week.\


Page 141 March 2016

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE


Page 142 March 2016

Willingness to pay: As of now no user charges are being collected from the public.

However, willingness to pay minimal charges has been generally expressed by the residents

and commercial establishments, if present conditions are improved both aesthetically and

hygienically.

Waste Treatment and Disposal: There is no treatment facility or scientific disposal of waste

in KNP area. There are no dedicated waste dumping sites situated in the town, as of now

waste is dumped near River Tazna outside the Nagar Panchayat. Site area for SWM

management is yet to be finalized however the waste disposal site of approx 7 acre is to be

procured as per KNP along Belahathi Road.

Dustbin at ward number 3 Waste disposal at mahadev manda

Street Sweeping: Street sweeping on the major roads such as NH, main commercial &

market area, highway and sabji market is done once in a day during morning hours. While,

street sweeping is carried out only once in a week in the other roads & ward roads,

Rag Pickers: Approximate presence of 10-15 rag pickers, including women and children,

were reported in the town. These rag pickers generally collect resalable from waste in the

town area and being purchased by the Waste iterant buyers (Kabadi Walas).There are few

shops (approx. 1-2 as per KNP officials), who are engaged in this business. The resalable

items primarily include disposed household appurtenance, discarded equipment, machinery,

furniture, metals and plastic products. There is no organized recycling unit in the town.

9.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

There are two small scale Lac extraction industry, there is hardly any waste generation (solid

and liquid), and therefore, does not cause any adverse impact to the environment.

9.4 BIOMEDICAL WASTE

There is one Sadar hospital with 50 bed capacity and 3 private hospitals in Khunti. As

discussed with the Sadar hospital officials, no proper waste management is available to deal

with bio medical waste in KNP.


Page 143 March 2016

As per standard, approximately 1.25kg/bed of hospital waste is generated per day inclusive

of biomedical waste being approximately 0.380 kg/bed/day. Biomedical waste need to be

handled as per Biomedical Waste Management and Handling rules 1998.

As discussed with officials from ULB and hospital staff, and field visit indicated that

biomedical waste is buried in a pit in the backyard of a hospital premises, waste which

cannot be decomposed by simple burning are treated with bleaching powder and buried

deep under the ground within the hospital campus. Private clinics in town do not have any

system to manage their waste; therefore it gets mixed with the municipal solid waste.

Since the biomedical waste generated in the Khunti is very less and it is not feasible to

develop a separate biomedical waste management facility for the town, KNP should get

associated with the biomedical waste management facilities of the other District headquarter

Ranchi or any other town in the vicinity. All the hospital and clinics including the government

and private hospital should be directed to mandatorily dispose their biomedical waste safely

under guidance of the State Pollution Control Board to a suitably identified associated

facility.

9.5 CATTLE AND DAIRY WASTE

Number of cattle population is high in Khunti. Ward number 7 have maximum number of

cattle population as most of the Khatal are established in these areas. In total, there are 2-3

Khatal located in ward 7 and 16, in the town and each of the Khatal has 15-20 numbers of

cattle. In addition to Khatal, each of the ward has approximately 50 -60 number of cattle

including cow and buffalo. Total number of cattle population in Khunti is about 1500 including

khattal and individual households. There is no recognized dairy unit in the town. Milking is

generally being done within Khatal and individual households, and there is no dairy waste

generated as such in the town.

For management of Cattle and Dairy waste generated in the Khatals, there is no systematic

plan being practiced by the owner of the Khatal. Cow/Buffalo dung is the major waste

generated in the Khatals. Most of the waste is stored in open and is exposed to environment.

As discussed with owners of the Khatals, most of them sell the majority of left over dung to

local farmers at Rs.1000-Rs.1200 per tractor. Some portion of the dung is used to make fuel

cakes. Waste water (generated after cattle washing) along with left over waste and urine of

the cattle coming from Khatal is also discharged into open drains and fields without any

treatment.

TABLE 9-3: WARD WISE LIST OF KHATAL

Ward number Number of Khatal Ward number Number of Khatal

7 2 16 1 Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat and based on discussion with ward councillors

9.6 SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE

There is no proper slaughter house in the town. However, many shops (approximate 10-20

Shops) can be found in the town selling chopped meat and poultry. All the waste generated

at these shops is thrown in the vacant place near the shop.


Page 144 March 2016

9.7 CARCASS DISPOSAL

At present there is no system established for carcass disposal in KNP. As informed by the

official, on an average 4 to 5 animal die per month in Khunti and buried in open spaces.

There is no dedicated place for carcass disposal

Cattle in Khunti cattle waste discharged on roads at ward 7

Open dumping of cattle waste at ward 7 Khatal in ward 16


Comparison of service level benchmarks with current status of KNP indicates very poor solid

waste management services with respect to collection, segregation, treatment etc. Existing

town status with respect to standards is provided in Table 9-4.

TABLE 9-4: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR KNP

Sl No. Solid waste management Benchmarks KNP Status

1 Household level coverage of solid waste

management services

100% 0%

2 Efficiency in collection of municipal solid

waste

100% 50%-60%

3 Extent of source segregation of municipal

solid waste

100% 0%


Page 145 March 2016

4 Extend of municipal solid waste reused,

recycled and recovered

80% 0%

5 Extent of scientific disposal of municipal

solid waste

100% 0%

6 Efficiency in redressal of customer

complaint

80% 0%

7 Extent of cost recovery in SWM services 100% 0%

8 Efficiency in collection of SWM charges 90% 0%


To address the issues of SWM in the town, detailed project report for Solid waste

management of Khunti town has been prepared by KNP. The site proposed for SWM

according to DPR has now changed and a new SWM site is being proposed 2 kms away

from the previous site. New waste disposal site, spread over an area of approx 7 acres, has

been identified outside the nagar panchayat boundary along Belahathi Road.

9.10 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Due to high percentage of organic

waste setting up of compost plant /

vermi composting / manure pits would

be successful in KNP.

Citizens willingness to pay

No dedicated dumping site available , land

acquiring still in process

No door to door collection of waste in KNP.

Waste is being dumped in open places leading to

environmental degradation.

Segregation of waste is not practiced People are

not aware of the consequences of mismanaging

the waste.

Dumping of waste in open drains.

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to develop a complete new

waste management system for the town

Involvement of rag pickers in organised

waste source-segregation system can

provide them permanent employment.

User charges can be one of the sources

of income for ULB.

Ignorance of public towards scientific solid waste

management.

Continuous dumping of waste in open areas is

polluting the environment and near water bodies

including river Tajna in particular.

Dumping of waste in drain and water bodies lead

to over flow of drains and water logging in many

areas.

9.11 KEY ISSUES

Shortage of man power: There is acute shortage of man power for solid waste

management in town. No permanent staff is available in KNP, only 3 drivers and 8

daily basis labor are presently engaged for waste collection and transportation in the

town.

Waste mixing: Co-mingling of waste is a common phenomenon in KNP, which has

been observed not only at dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the

biomedical waste and slaughter waste is getting mixed with municipal waste.


Page 146 March 2016

Manual handling of waste: Manual Handling of waste is prevalent which may have

serious impact on health of sanitary workers. The loading and unloading of waste are

done manually, and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any personal

protective equipment (PPE).

Dumping site along the river bank: In absence of dedicated waste dumping site

collected waste is dumped near bank of River Tajna outside the panchayat boundary.

Apart, waste dumping in the banks of some ponds is observed throughout the town

area.

Lack of Sanitary landfill site: Currently, there is no sanitary engineered landfill, and

MSW is dumped in open, leading to ground & surface water and soil pollution, vector

nuisance, etc.

No primary collection of solid waste: Waste is discharged by establishments

(residential and non-residential) mostly into open plots, open drains, etc. These

uncontrolled disposals have resulted in accumulation of solid waste on road sides,

vacant plots, and open drains.

Transportation of solid waste in open vehicles: Solid waste is transported primarily

in open trucks, tippers and cycle rickshaw. It is also observed that these vehicles are

overloaded with waste, resulting in the littering of roads during transportation without

any top cover.

Lack of awareness: There is absolute lack of awareness among people about

scientific handling and management of waste.


Vision

Goals

The goals indicated by the Ministry of Urban Development should be based on service level

benchmarks for solid waste management. The service level benchmarking provides a

standardized framework for performance monitoring and assists State level agencies and

local level service providers to initiate a process of performance monitoring and evaluation

against agreed targets.

Short Term

Awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Providing household level solid waste management services

Efficiency of source segregation, collection and disposal of municipal solid waste

Increased recovery from municipal solid waste

Mid Term

“100% source segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and safe disposal of solid waste along with capacity building of all stakeholders.”


Page 147 March 2016

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive household level coverage of solid waste management services

Increased efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

Extensive source and secondary segregation of municipal solid waste

Extensive recovery from municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive cost recovery in SWM

Long Term

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive segregation of municipal solid waste

Extensive recovery of municipal solid waste

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive of cost recovery in SWM services

Efficiency in collection of SWM Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

Table 9-5 shows the baseline scenario against benchmarks and also depicts the time frame

for achievement of various goals


Page 148 March 2016

TABLE 9-5: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM

Parameters Definition Benchmarks Baseline


Immediate ( 2015-2020)

Medium term (2020- 2025)

Long term ( 2025-2045)

Household level of coverage of

solid waste management services

Percentage of households and

establishments that are covered by a

daily doorstep collection system.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency of collection of

municipal solid waste

The total waste collected by the ULB and

authorized service providers versus the

total waste generated within the ULB,

excluding recycling or processing at the

generation point.

100% 50% √ √

Extent of segregation of


Percentage of waste from households

and establishments that is segregated. 100% 0% √ √

Extent of municipal solid waste

recovered

Quantum of waste collected, which is

either recycled or processed expressed in

terms of percentage of waste collected.

80% 0% √ √ √

Extent of scientific disposal of


The amount of waste that is disposed in

landfills that have been designed, built,

operated and maintained as per

standards laid down by Central agencies.

100% 0% √

Efficiency in redressal of

customer complaint

The total number of SWM-related

complaints redressed within 24 hours of

receipt of the complaint, as a percentage

of the total number of SWM-related

complaints received in the given time

period.

80% 0% √ √

Extent of cost recovery in SWM

services

The total annual operating revenues from

SWM as a percentage of the total annual

operating expenses on SWM.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency in collection of SWM

charges

Efficiency in collection is defined as

current year revenues collected,

expressed as a percentage of the total

operating revenues, for the corresponding

time period.

90% 0% √ √

Source: Discussion with KNP officials


Page 149 March 2016

9.13 BEST PRACTICES

The management of waste in semi-urban areas like Khuni should be much easier due to low

population density, thus better control over the entire system could be possible. It may also

be a small scale business opportunity for a group of people due to the high percentage of

biodegradables and less chances of contamination in the recyclables and sellable

byproducts. Some of the successful case studies are presented below:

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Mudichur Village Panchayat, Kanchipuram District has a Population of 20,000 and collects

approximately 2,000 kg of waste per day. In the year 2005, Mudichur Panchayat contacted

Hand in Hand/SEED Trust, a Kanchipuram-based NGO, and negotiated a 4-year memorandum

of understanding (MoU) by which the panchayat provides land and buildings for vermicompost

production and waste sorting, and the NGO manages the waste collection and processing

system. The Kanchipuram collectorate provided Rs. 4.8 lakhs for the purchase of waste

buckets and tricycles, and the construction of physical facilities. The NGO collects a monthly

user fee of Rs. 20 from every household, and also earns revenue from the sale of compost and

recyclable material. The panchayat officials were actively involved in raising public awareness

about the new waste collection system, and painted 109 large yellow notices throughout the

village. Waste is sorted into 15 categories before being sold to scrap merchants. The NGO

earns Rs. 3,000 per month from the sale of vermicomposting, and Rs. 6,500 per month from

the sale of recyclable material. The NGO also collects Rs. 68,000 in user fees each month.

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Musiri a Special Grade Town Panchayat in Trichy District with a population of 30000 collected

approximately 6,000 kg/day of waste. In 2005, Musiri's 4 acre dump was filled to 70% of its

capacity. Panchayat officials realized that they either had to find a new dump yard, or

dramatically change the way that they manage the town's waste. They approached SCOPE, a

Trichy-based NGO that specializes in sanitation, and requested help to develop a system to

better manage the town's solid waste. SCOPE trained the residents of 6 wards to sort their

waste at home, and organized a tour for officials to study solid waste management systems in

Vellore and Bangalore.

With Rs. 4 lakhs from the 12 Finance Commission, the town cleared 1.5 acres of its dump, and

constructed a compost shed. They further constructed a concrete platform for vermin compost

production from their own resources. SCOPE designed and donated a machine for sieving the

compost. The township also received Rs. 1.5 lakhs from Exnora International and Rs. 3 lakhs

from the DRDA to construct a decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS) facility for a

community toilet in the compost yard.

Currently, the facility treats 4,000 liters of water per day, which is sprayed on the compost

windrows. House to house collection of waste has been extended to all 18 wards. Annual

Revenue of Rs. 70,000 from sale of compost and Rs. 40,000 from sale of mixed plastic is

generated from the project.


Page 150 March 2016

9.14 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

The proposals and recommendations for the town has been planned to achieve the goals in

a systematic and phased manner over a period of 5 years, 10 years and 30 years. The

proposals and

recommendations are

based on the following:

Status of the

existing SWM

system of the

town

Solid waste

generated and

projections

Waste

composition

Area available for

treatment &

disposal of

waste with the

ULB

The existing waste collection system has 60 secondary waste collection system of 4 Plastic

Bins per ward ,4 cemented bin , 2 Tractor Trolley and 1 Auto Tipper. A new waste disposal

site has been identified in belahathi road outside the municipal area. The area for the new

site is 7 acres and acquisition is in the process.

9.14.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures

1) Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste collection efficiency

Primary Collection

Tricycle Rickshaws and Auto Tippers shall be used to collect waste from households and

commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto tipper shall be adjusted on-site

depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc. The household level collection shall

be introduced in a phased manner eventually covering all the households and commercials

in the municipal limits.

Major efforts are required from the ULB towards public awareness campaigns on solid waste

management and establishing its link to public health, hygiene and the environment through

various means including - radio, social media, documentaries, plays, workshops, etc. People

should be made aware not to throw their garbage in the drains or open plots or any

undesignated points instead it should be handed over to the person appointed by the ULB.

The waste from the 4 identified slums in Khunti shall be collected in community bins.

Secondary Collection & Transportation

HIERARCHY FOR AN INTEGRATED WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Source: www.seas.columbia.edu

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/faq.html


Page 151 March 2016

The waste collected through primary collection shall be transferred to the secondary

collection point (SCP), comprising of platform/ramp over which containers are placed. MSW

at every SCP shall be stored in covered containers of required capacity, which shall be lifted

by dumper placer. The size of container and frequency of lifting shall be decided at the DPR

stage by the ULB.

The secondary waste collectors should be well equipped to avoid direct contact with waste.

The existing infrastructure for secondary collection of waste should be upgraded to comply

with MSW Rules 2000 and additional secondary collection locations will be developed to

ensure that no primary collection staff has to travel more than 375m for dumping of waste.

This density of placement of bins can be adjusted on-site depending on type of locality,

density, road width, etc.

The waste shall be transported from the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the new

proposed treatment plant in belahathi road.

Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste from vegetable markets/haats and

major construction sites. Efforts shall be made to prevent mixing of drain and solid waste.

2) Processing/Recovery

Management of municipal solid waste and adoption of processing technologies are

dependent on the quantity and characteristics of the total waste generated in a local

authority, the financial resources available and in-house capability of local authorities to

oversee project implementation.

Various components of MSW have an economic value and can be recovered, reused or

recycled cost effectively. Currently, the informal sector picks up part of the resources from

the streets and bins to earn their living. However, a sizeable portion of organic waste as well

as recyclable material goes to dumpsite untreated. Over 81% of MSW annually is disposed

at open dump sites without any treatment. With planned efforts to Reduce, Reuse, Recover ,

Recycle and Remanufacture (5R’s) and appropriate choice of technology, the country can

profitably utilize about 60% of the waste in producing energy and/or compost and another 10

to 15% to promote recycling industry and bring down the quantity of wastes going to landfills/

dumps under 20%.

Recycling is the process by which materials that are otherwise destined for disposal are

collected, processed and remanufactured or reused. Recycling diverts a significant fraction

of municipal, institutional and business waste away from disposal and, thereby, saves scarce

resources as well as reduces environmental impacts and the burden of waste management

on public authorities. If appropriate market mechanisms are established, recycling can

generate revenues, contributing to the overall cost recovery for municipal solid waste service

provision.

Recyclables mainly consist of paper, plastic, metal, and glass— and can be retrieved from

the waste stream for further recycling. Since, the quantity of waste is less than 30 TPD,

recovery of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) may not be the most feasible option as recovery is


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less than 20%. RDF recovery involves involvement of shredders and dryers in the

processing line leading to an increase in the per ton processing cost of waste.

As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with population

below 100,000 including peri-urban areasgenerating less than 30 TPD waste with 30 to 65%

of biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation, composting (VC/CC) and RDF

preparation is considered as the most suitable technological option for management of

MSW.

A small scale treatment plant is suggested for the segregation of recyclables and processing

of biodegradables in Khunti with an initial capacity of 15 TPD for the short term and mid-term

i.e. 2015-2030 and another module of 10 TPD for the long term i.e. 2030-2045. The

treatment plant shall require an area of 2 acres along with pre-sorting plant. The following

considerations shall be taken into account before deciding upon any technology for KNP:

1. The technology is suitable to treat the waste characteristics of KNP area, in an

environmentally sustainable manner;

2. The technology meets the regulatory requirements (i.e., confirms to the MSW

Rules, 2000 requirements/CPCB/Manual on SWM by MoUD) and is socially

acceptable with minimum impacts to the environment and citizens; and

3. The technology is economical and commercially available.

Based on above criteria, the following relevant options for treatment of biodegradable waste

are provided in the following section.


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OPTIONS FOR TREATING BIO-DEGRADABLES COMPOSTING: Composting is a natural micro-biological process where bacteria break down the organic

fractions of the MSW stream under controlled conditions to produce a pathogen-free material called “Compost” that can be used for potting soil, soil amendments (for example, to lighten and improve the soil structure of clay soils), and mulch. The microbes, fungi, and macro-organisms that contribute to this biological decomposition are generally aerobic. A mixture of organic materials is placed into one or more piles (windrows), and the natural microbial action will cause the pile to heat up to 65-80°C, killing most pathogens and weed seeds. Systematic turning of the material, which mixes the different components and aerates the mixture, generally accelerates the process of breaking down the organic fraction, and a proper carbon/nitrogen balance (carbon to nitrogen or C/N ratio of 20:1) in the feedstock insures complete and rapid composting. The composting process takes from 17 to 180 days. VERMICOMPOSTING: Vermicomposting involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through

earthworm consumption which converts the material into worm castings. Vermicomposting is the result of combined activity of microorganisms and earthworms. Microbial decomposition of biodegradable organic matter occurs through extra cellular enzymatic activities (primary decomposition) whereas decomposition in earthworm occurs in alimentary tract by microorganisms inhabiting the gut (secondary decomposition). Microbes such as fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc. are reported to inhabit the gut of earthworms. Ingested feed substrates are subjected to grinding in the anterior part of the worm’s gut (gizzard) resulting in particle size reduction. BIOMETHANATION: In this process, organic fraction of the wastes is segregated and fed to a closed

container (Biogas digester) where, in the presence of methanogenic bacteria and under anaerobic conditions, it undergoes bio-degradation producing methane-rich biogas and effluent. Biogas mainly consists of methane (about 60-75%), carbon dioxide (about 25-40%) besides small quantities of NH3 and H2S and has a Calorific Value of about 5000 kcal /m3. Depending upon the waste composition, the biogas production ranges from 50-150m3/tonne of wastes. The biogas can be utilized either for cooking / heating applications, or for generating motive power or electricity through dual-fuel, gas engines, low pressure gas turbines or steam turbines. The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilization, can be used as a soil conditioner, or as manure depending upon its composition, which is determined mainly by the composition of the input waste IN VESSEL COMPOSTING: The in-vessel composting process is a closed reactor process with aeration

and automated process flow. In-vessel composting is a completely enclosed and odour controlled system with continuous loading facility and is available in customizable capacity. The waste can be loaded and discharged either by an automated mechanical system or by simply using a front loader. For loading, a tunnel loading machine or a system of conveyor belts can be used. The most common discharging method is either by a pushing floor system or front loader. The technology is a continuously loading, fully enclosed, flow-through process that transforms food and other organic material into compost with a 14-28 day retention period. The process output is a soil conditioner suitable for agricultural and horticultural purposes. Temperature and moisture levels inside the vessel's air zones are monitored constantly, and airflow is independently controlled in the composting zones to assure optimum composting conditions. The mixing zones (between each composting zone) assure proper mixing and aeration for bacterial growth. As the waste travels inside the vessel, it passes through composting zones and mixing zones.


Page 154 March 2016

Home composting:

Compost is organic material that can be added to soil to help plants grow. Food scraps and yard

waste currently make up 20 to 30 percent of what we throw away, and should be composted

instead. Making compost keeps these materials out of landfills where they take up space and

release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

All composting requires three basic ingredients:

Browns - This includes materials such as dead leaves, branches, and twigs.

Greens - This includes materials such as grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps,

and coffee grounds.

Water - Having the right amount of water, greens, and browns is important for compost

development.

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio

All compostable materials are either carbon or nitrogen-based, to varying degrees. The secret to

a healthy compost pile is to maintain a working balance between these two elements.

Carbon - carbon-rich matter (like branches, stems, dried leaves, peels, bits of wood, bark

dust or sawdust pellets, shredded brown paper bags, corn stalks, coffee filters, conifer

needles, egg shells, straw, peat moss, wood ash) gives compost its light, fluffy body.

Nitrogen - nitrogen or protein-rich matter (manures, food scraps, green lawn clippings

and green leaves) provides raw materials for making enzymes.

A healthy compost pile should have much more carbon than nitrogen. A simple rule of thumb is to

use one-third green and two-thirds brown materials. The bulkiness of the brown materials allows

oxygen to penetrate and nourish the organisms that reside there.

Simplest Composting Methods (also called "No-turn" composting):

The biggest chore with composting is turning the pile from time to time, which may not be a

suitable option for home composting in such semi-urbanised area / town of the state of

Jharkhand. However, with 'no-turn composting', compost can be aerated without turning and this

may be practiced successfully by the individual households with the support of the ULB.

The situation analysis of the ongoing ‘Solid Waste Management (SWM)’ in the ULB indicates that

100% coverage with scientific SWM may require adequate funding and would be achievable

through appropriate capacity building and institutional development at town level. Till that time

‘home composting’ with such simple method should be promoted by the ULB.

The secret is to thoroughly mix in enough coarse material, like straw, when building the pile. The

compost will develop as fast as if it were turned regularly, and studies show that the nitrogen level

may be even higher than with turned compost.

With 'no-turn' composting, add new materials to the top of the pile, and harvest fresh compost

from the bottom of the pile. This can be easily done in compost pit or in an artificial Aerobin

Composter, or a compost pot. However, thin earthen cover after every 5-6 days of piling should

be made in ‘no-turn’ composting to break the life-cycle of eggs of insects including flies and

mosquitos to end their natural breeding process. The pile will compost in 4 - 6 months, with the

material being dark and crumbly.


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Any one of the options or a combination of option described above can be adopted by the KNP for the treatment of the waste. 3) Disposal of rejects

As per MSW Rules 2000, land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing. Assuming 365 days of operation, the landfill rejects @20% for next 30 years is 60,000 m3. After setting up the waste treatment facility, the land required for KNP for scientific disposal of rejects is 3.10 acres. The maximum height of the landfill shall be 10 meters with a slope of 1:3.5. Therefore, the total land requirement for the integrated waste processing facility is 5.10 acres. . However, the following siting criteria should be adhered before selecting the site for development of processing and disposal facility.

Promotion of unemployed youth:

The unemployed youths may be provided with basic training of ‘home composting’ so as to

promote this method in household level under the short term plan. Such youths may also be

provided with training on ‘Vermi-composting’, which may be practiced at community level in a

decentralised manner by the ULB. The CPHEEO manual (Chapter -16) on Municipal Solid Waste

Management may be referred for the purpose of introducing such technology through

engagement of unemployed youths by the ULB. Another emerging technology prescribed in this

chapter for ‘Bio-gas’ generation from SWM may be best suitable for the market waste generated

in such towns and such units may be installed within the market complexes and operated &

maintained by the unemployed youths. The departments responsible for developing new &

renewable energy support such endeavours and may be accessed by the town authority.

Apart from these, the unemployed youth may also be trained up for recycling and reuse of solid

waste. For this, the scavengers, rag pickers, ‘Kabadi-wallas’ and the middlemen may be engaged

through such youths for taking up a comprehensive recycling and reuse (including reduce and

reproduce) campaign in the town.

The ULB may support such youths for organising door to door campaign along with organising

road shows, street dramas, puppet shows, sit & daw etc. competitions etc. in the town during the

short and medium term plan period, and even thereafter, till the town get fully covered with a

scientific solid waste management system. Such youth may later on be involved in the main

stream of solid waste management in the town by the authority.


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9.14.2 Recommendation Midterm

Midterm measures are suggested for the period 2020 -2025. It is expected that KNP shall

achieve 100 % collection efficiency within next 5-7 years and shall have a treatment plant for

processing of both biodegradables and non-biodegradables. The following additional

measures shall be taken during this period to make the facility more efficient and self-

sustainable.

1) Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste

Source segregation of recyclables and wet (organic waste) will not

only provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also

substantially reduce the pressure and pollution at landfill sites. It is

understood that implementation of such practices takes time and

requires significant cooperation from the public. However, initiation

should be made and efforts should be diverted to progressively

increase the segregation practices with an increase in public

participation for the management of MSW. Waste segregation at source can be achieved by

storing dry and wet fraction of MSW in two different bins/ bags and dispose them separately.

Value addition to recyclables like paper, plastics, rubber, wood, metal, leather and glass in

an organized manner shall attract residents to adopt best practices of segregation at source.

However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately therefore it is

recommended in midterm. A prolonged campaign by KNP shall be required with adequate

Locational criteria for the selection of Landfill Facility as per CPHEEO manual

1. Lake or Pond: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of any lake or pond. Because of concerns

regarding runoff of waste water contact, a surface water monitoring program should be established if a

landfill is sited less than 200m from a lake or pond.

2. River: No landfill should be constructed within 100 m of a navigable river or stream. The distance may be

reduced in some instances for non-meandering rivers but a minimum of 30m should be maintained in all

cases.

3. Flood Plain: No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year flood plain. A landfill may be built within the

flood plain of secondary streams if an embankment is built along the stream side to avoid flooding of the

area. However, landfills must not be built within the flood plains of major rivers unless properly designed

protection embankments are constructed around the landfills.

4. Highway: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of the right of way of any state or national highway.

This restriction is mainly for aesthetic reasons. A landfill may be built within the restricted distance, but no

closer than 50 m, if trees and berms are used to screen the landfill site.

5. Habitation: A landfill should be at least 500 m from a notified habituated area. A zone of 500 m around a

landfill boundary should be declared a No-Development Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalized.

6. Public Park: No Landfill may be constructed within the restricted distance if some kind of screening is used

with a high fence around the landfill and a secured gate.

7. Critical Habitat Area: - No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat areas. If there is any doubt

then the regulatory agency should be contacted.

8. Wetlands: - No Landfill should be constructed within wetlands. It is often difficult to define a wetlands area.

Maps are available for some wetlands, but in many cases such maps are absent or incorrect. If there is any

doubt, then the regulatory agency should be contacted.

9. Ground water Table: A landfill should not be constructed in areas where water table is less than 2 m below

ground surface. Special design measures to be adopted, if this cannot be adhered to.

10. Airports: No landfill should be constructed within the limits prescribed by regulatory agencies

(MOEF/CPCB/Aviation Authorities) from time to time.

11. Water Supply Well: No landfill should be constructed within 500m of any water supply well. It is strongly

suggested that this location restriction be abided by at least down gradient wells. Permission from the

regulatory agency may be needed if a landfill is to be sited within the restricted area.

12. Coastal Regulation Zone: A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones such as landside

prone areas, fault zone etc.

13. Buffer Zone: A landfill should have a buffer zone around it, up to a distance prescribed by regulatory

agencies.


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budgetary provisions under Information Education and Communication Programs, taken up

with the help of RWA’s and Non Governing Bodies.

2) Customer complaint / Grievance redressal Cell

A customer complaint / Grievance redressal cell shall be established by the ULB in its

jurisdiction. Compliant redressal cell would have a minimum of two (2) operational dedicated

phone lines for receiving customer calls / complaints. Mobile application for grievance

redressal is also a popular option. The telephone numbers of the customer complaint cell are

to be clearly reflected on all Street Corner Bins and transportation vehicles. Establishing

wireless communication network between “customer complaint cell” and the supervisory field

staff of the ULB. The “customer complaint cell” shall be kept operational at all times on all

seven days of a week throughout the year. Efforts shall be made to attend all customer

complaints within 24 hours of receipt of the complaint.

3) Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in collection of SWM charges

The success of a cost recovery system17 in SWM is dependent on user satisfaction. The

users should be convinced that they are being charged fairly for the SWM services, and that

the collected fees are being spent towards improving/sustaining the SWM services.

Moreover, the users’ expectations of quality of the SWM service should also be met in order

to attain their approval. User satisfaction could be further enhanced through a system that

takes into consideration the socio-economic background of the user and thus the

affordability of the service. User fee can be worked out for different categories of

households, commercial establishment and institutions in Khunti to make the waste

management facility sustainable. User fee for slum households and BPL households should

be worked out based on their affordability.

9.15 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost and Operation & Maintenance for development of solid waste management

system has been discussed in Table 9-6, Table 9-7 and Table 9-8 respectively.


TRANSPORTATION

Year Population Waste Projected (TPD)

Bins Auto Tipper

Tricycle Rickshaw

DP Vehicle

Capex ( Rs in Crores)

2020 43,598 12 14 2 38 2 130.62

2030 47,864 16 18 4 33 3 257.85

2045 68,585 26 29 10 27 4 617.95

Source: Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs and CPWD / State schedule of rates. Note:

1. Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.

17 Task 4: Application of the Regional Guidelines for Solid Waste Management Financing and Cost Recovery Mechanisms, July 2005


Page 158 March 2016

Apart from above mentioned infrastructure, the following optional infrastructure may be

considered:

1. Back Hoe Loader

2. Tractor Trolley for collection of construction debris/drain silt/carcass disposal

The following assumptions has been considered for calculation of Operation & Maintenance:

Component Remarks

Auto Tipper Maintenance Cost @ 10 % of Vehicle Cost &

Operation Cost – Mileage of 30 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs.75/ liter

for base year 2015 and assumed travel of 15 km/ day and 365 days

of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each auto tipper at a

monthly salary of Rs.9000 and Rs.5000 respectively

DP Bins 10% of Total Cost

Tricycle Rickshaw for

primary collection

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of tricycle Cost

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each Tricycle at a


Dumper placer(DP)

vehicle

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of Vehicle Cost

Operation Cost -Mileage of 6 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs. 44.05/liter

and assumed travel of 30 km/trip and 365 days of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each DP vehicle at a



TRANSPORTATION (RS. LAKHS)-O&M

Cost has been provided for both the preferred options i.e. composting and biomethanation including the cost for sanitary landfill. Some of the waste to energy case studies for similar

plant capacity is provided in Table 9-9.

TABLE 9-8: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Capacity Treatment process 2015-2020 2020-2030 2030-2045 Remarks

15 TPD Biomethanation 300 Cost for treatment

plant for first 15

years.

Annual O&M cost is

Composting 150

SN ULB Bins Auto

Tipper Tricycle

Rickshaw DP

Vehicle

1 Khunti 0.88 6.01 78.95 14.47


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Rs.1 lakh/TPD

10 TPD Biomethanation 416 Cost for treatment

plant for next 15

years. Composting 208

60000m3 Sanitary Landfill 30 80 197 Landfill cost has been

divided into 3 phases

Assumptions

1. Base year 2015

2. Escalation is considered at 5% (year on year)

3. Per capita is assumed at 255 per person/gm/day

4. Auto Tipper considered 25% in short term, 50% in midterm and gradually going upto

75% in long term.

5. Tricycle rickshaw considered 75% in short term,50% in midterm and gradually going

down to 25% in long term

6. Number of trips considered for Auto Tipper is 2 trips and for Rickshaw is 3 trips

7. First module in short term (2015-20) and second module in long term(2030-2045)

8. Waste density is 0.45 T/m 3 for fresh waste and 0.85 T/m3 for inerts.

9. SLF capacity assumed with 365 days operation and 20% inerts

10. Slope of landfill is 1:3.5

11. SLF area has been assumed for 30 years

TABLE 9-9: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY

S.no Parameter Firm/ Location and Performance

Katol, Mah.

2010-2014

Bharuch,

Anlakeshwar,

2006-2014

Pune Municipal

Corporation,

2010-2014

Kottayam

Medical

college, 2009-

2014

Auro Textile, HP,

2010-2014

1 Capacity 2 MT/day 5 MT/day 5 MT/day 2 MT/day 2 MT/day

2 Installation (month) December 2010 June 2006 December 2009 June 2009 June 2010

3 Full Potential (month) February 2011 September

2006

March 2010 September

2009

October 2010

4 Quantity of waste

processed

Kitchen waste

from households

and hotels 800

MT

Kitchen waste

from

households

and hotels

4000 MT

Hotel Kitchen

Waste 9000 MT

Hotel Kitchen

Waste 2000

MT

Kitchen waste 485

MT. (Bio Sludge,

7% solids from

ETP) 1510 MT =

1995 MT

5 Number of Working

days

1200

(approximate)

2500

(approximate)

1200

(approximate)

1400

(approximate)

1150 (approximate)

6 Quantity of Biogas

Generated

60,000 m3

(approximate)

3, 20, 000 m3

(approximate)

6, 00, 000 m3

(approximate)

1, 20, 000 m3

(approximate)

63, 200 m3 (meter

installed on day-1)

7 Utility of Biogas Biogas provided

free to few

families that are

below poverty

line

Biogas

provided for

boiler

40 KVA

Generator

installed,

electricity of

captive use and

200 street lights

Hostel Kitchen Factory Kitchen

8 Quantum of Manure

Generated

50 MT (Used for

city gardens)

350 MT

(Manure is

20 MT ( manure

not recovered

150 MT (

nearby farmers

70 MT


Page 160 March 2016

sold) due to space

problem)

use it)

9 LPG saved Equivalent to 31000

kg ( 1632

commercial

cylinders of 19 kg)

10 Plant Address Katol Municipal

Council, Nagpur

District

Bharuch

Environmental

Infrastructure

Limited,

Gujarat

Pune Municipal

Corporation,

Model Colony,

Shivaji Nagar,

Pune-4

Kottayam

Medical

College,

Kottayam,

Kerala.

Auro Textiles,

Vardhaman Group

of Mills, Baddi, H.P


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10.0 RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT – RIVER TAJNA (KARKARI)

10.1 INTRODUCTION

River Tajna (Karkari River) is tributary of River Subarnarekha flows through the northern

boundary of Khunti town. River Karkari is the right bank tributary of the River Subarnarekha,

in Khunti it is locally known as River Tajna. Subernarekha river basin is situated between

Latitude 23° 0’N and 23° 31’N and longitude 85°7’ E and 86°46’E. Total geographical area of

the basin in Jharkhand is 8591.46 sq..km.; flowing in Ranchi, Khunti, Hazaribagh, East

Singhbhum and West Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand. Basin covers 54 percent in Ranchi

and khunti districts, majorly it covers East Singhbhum district with 79.07 percent of the total

Basin area.The important right bank tributaries of River Subarnarekha are the rivers Raru,

Kanchi, Karkai, kharkai, Gara Nala and shankh nala

At present, no river front development / management (RFD/M) scheme has been

implemented in Khunti town. The river front of the town is highly polluted due to

anthropogenic activities in the town and in the residential areas near the river in particular.

10.2 NEED FOR RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT / MANAGEMENT

A river attracts people; hence riverfronts have emerged as lively Urban Centers of towns -

their socio-cultural, intellectual and economic centers. Today, everyone recognizes the

value of public access to the river fronts. A renewed river front offers investors a promising

return on capital. Most importantly, a vital and vibrant river front serves to unite residents

and visitors in a shared experience of the town, just as the town public places and streets.

Residents gain new recreation opportunities and an expanded awareness of the natural

marvels of river life. The, riverfront development of Khunti Nagar Panchayat through

provisioning necessary infrastructure shall provide good quality life to the citizens in an

integrated, equitable and sustainable manner.

10.3 EXISTING SCENARIOS

Khunti town does not have any systematic development of river front along the stretch of

River Tajna flowing through the town, as shown in Figure 11-1. The existing ghats (kutcha)

serve various purposes such as immersion of idols, cremation, performance of religious rites

and rituals, bathing and holy dips, leisure and recreation of citizens, occasional visit to

historic and heritage spots. There is one crematorium in the town, which is wood based and

located outside the ward area along the river.


Page 162 March 2016

Bathing Ghats along River Tajna are not clearly established and are makeshift in nature,

depending upon availability of access to the river front by the people from time to time.

Bathing facilities mostly in the shape of kutcha ghats developed near the banks of the river.

Due to lack of proper maintenance, all of such facilities need appropriate intervention by

KNP.

10.4 RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

As per KNP officials Chatth festival is

celebrated with great pomp and

grandeur at the banks of the river. On

this day offering (prashad) is made to

the river and holy bathing takes place for

two consecutive days, once in the

morning and another day in the evening.

Chatth festival is celebrated during the

month of October or December along

the Banks of the River Tajna. At present

basic facilities such as steps are not

present at the river. Chatt is the only

festival celebrated on lagre scale along

the banks of the river Tajna.

Mukti Dham or Samsan is situated along

the bank of the River Tajna were

cremation rituals are performed.

10.5 RIVER POLLUTION

River Tajna flows through the north-

eastern edge of Khunti Nagar

Panchayat.

As per the general topography the slope is towards southern side of the city. The river also

serves as the natural drainage for storm water runoff from selected areas only. The waste

water from households and the town flows indirectly into the River Tajna through the

seasonal drains and through open fields / vacant lands. The flowers, diyas and offerings

used in the Pujas, are being thrown into the river, which decomposes and deteriorates the

quality of water. Solid waste including plastic waste is also being dumped on the river bank

causing further degradation of the sanitary condition along the river bank.

Description of various point and non-point sources in Khunti causing pollution to the River

Tajna is provided in following section.

Source:Water Resource Deptt., Govt. of India


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10.5.1 Non- Point sources of pollution18

Dhobi ghat: Dhobi ghats are present all along the bank of River Tajna used only by

the villagers and very rarely used. Stones at the bank of the river are used to wash

the clothes.

Crematoria: Crematoria is located outside ward area along the bank of River Tajna.

Ashes generated after the cremation and puja samagri is thrown inside the river.

Solid waste dumping: temporary Solid waste dumping site is located outside the the

Nagar Panchayat boundary, along the bank of River Tajna. During surface runoff

polluted water from the present waste disposal site near the bank of the river finds it

way towards River Tajna.

Open defecation: open defecation along the river area is comparatively low in

comparison to defecation along the pond. However very few villagers defecate along

the river

Festivals: Immersion of flowers and puja samagri into River Tajna during Chatt puja

and Idol immersion during Durga puja in River Tajna is major non-point source of

pollution.

Picnic spot: during new year River Tajna is used as a picnic place, people gather

and celebrate the occasion, cook food, take bath etc. waste generated from

vegetable leftover, polythene also gets dumped in the river.

Map showing non-point sources of pollution is provided as Map 10-1. For map on Point

source of pollution, refer Chapter 6, Map 6-1.

18 Point Source Pollution is when sources of pollution come to the river at one point. e.g. surface drains carrying municipal

sewage or industrial effluents, sewage pumping stations and sewerage systems, trade effluents from industries, etc.


Page 164 March 2016

MAP 10-1: MAP SHOWING NON-POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION


Page 165 March 2016

Open defecation along the river Waste dumping near the river Non-point

source of pollution

10.6 BEST PRACTICES

The studies on river front development while taking into account the practices adopted in

different cities that have engaged in successful river front development are considered for

referring as the best practices. Both enlightened citizens and various environmental groups

are sensitive to environmental issues; therefore, development should notice best practices to

ensure that river front development does not cause any harm to the environment.


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Best Practices

Sabarmati riverfront development, Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, seventh largest populous city of India and the Commercial Capital of Gujarat State has a

unique identity recognized by the River Sabarmati. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation established the

Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL) in the year 1997 for the development

of the riverfront in the city. The SRFDCL was provided with a seed capital of Rs. 1 Crore and charged with

the responsibility of developing the Sabarmati riverfront. A detailed plan is being worked out on the

development of the project and is in the process of implementation. The proposed development is a mix of

commercial, recreational and residential developments along both the banks of the river from Gandhi

Bridge to Sardar Bridge. It is proposed to reclaim about 30 hectares of land, of which a part would be sold

or leased for commercial development. The proposal showed that the entire development could be self-

financing.

The major components of the Project include embankment & reclamation works, construction of roads &

installation of infrastructure such as water, sewer network, storm water drainage, etc, resettlement &

rehabilitation works, construction of promenades & gardens and maintenance of public spaces. The

Project could be implemented by hiring in-house staff, or by entering into a partnership with a real estate

development firm or by contracting out the development and O&M of services to a private contractor.

Hussain Sagar Lake Development, Hyderabad:

Hussain Sagar Lake in the city of Hyderabad is now a major tourist attraction in the city. The lake was

source of water for the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secundrabad but the condition of lake deteriorated

and got polluted due to industrialization and immersion of Ganesh idol during Ganesh Chaturthi. It was the

HUDA – Hyderabad Urban Development Authority which came forward for the conservation of the lake

and turning it to a tourist attraction. Over a period of time Hussain Sagar Lake has got a lot of attractions

driving local and tourists to visit the place. The surroundings of lake has aesthetically built Andhra Pradesh

Secretariat buildings, NTR Memorial, Lumbini Park, Prasads IMAX, Hyderabad Boat Club, Sri

Venkateswara Temple (Birla Mandir), Telugu Thalli Flyover, Secunderabad Sailing Club, Sanjeevaiah

park, Hotel Marriott and Hazrat Saidani Ma Saheba. Lumbini Park features a musical fountain and well

landscaped garden, NTR Gardens on the Necklace road is a good place to hang out in the evenings for

the young as well as the old. Necklace road has been opened to public which passes round the Hussain

Sagar Lake. "Eat Street", a place with several eatery outlets, has been built on the banks of the lake.

Hooghly River Front Development, Kolkata:

An ambitious riverfront development project has been drawing many visitors in Kolkata. The Millennium

Park runs along Strand Road, for a kilometer on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River and has been a

successful attempt to bring it back to the forefront of the city's landscape. Two sections of the park,

stretching over 750 m, were opened to the public on January 1, 2000, while the final section, 300 m in

length and was made accessible to public on January 1, 2006. Attractions on the riverfront are: Lily pools,

herbal and cosmetic gardens, food kiosks, an amphitheater, a promenade, amusement rides and a

children's park. An added attraction is the access to the Silver Jet Jetty and Fairlie Jetty for those who

fancy a boat ride. In addition, Kolkata Municipal Development Authority organizes festivals, with musicians

and actors performing at the amphitheater.

Source: – The National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) under Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF)


Page 167 March 2016

10.7 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Declared State Water Policy of Jharkhand

Presence of river Tajna in the town boundary

No comprehensive policy and integrated plan at NP level

No clear accountability / regulation for present infrastructural works

The articles used in puja including flowers and other waste including plastic waste found floating in the River Tajna

Opportunity Threats

Scope for setting up of decentralized or centralized waste water treatment facility of treatment up to tertiary level to recycle and reuse of waste water thereby reducing pollution load on river

Rehabilitation/IEC campaign to discontinue the existing practices of causing river pollution

Potential for reuse of recycled of waste

water for industrial, agricultural and

horticultural purposes including flushing

of public toilet complexes etc.

Non-existence of solid waste management facility along the entire stretch of river

River water contamination due to crematoria, solid waste dumping site & leading to open drains and nallas .

10.8 KEY ISSUES

Pollution:

All the point and non-point sources of pollution are affecting the water quality of River Tajna .

Waste water discharge, dhobi ghats, waste dumping, open defecation are the major sources

of pollution.

Ignorance:

Ignorance of the local administration and people of the town towards the river pollution is

major issue in Khunti. As of now, no pollution abatement measures have been taken from

the administration to manage the source of pollution. Local public is also not aware of the

consequences of the river water pollution which is the only reliable source of water supply to

the town.

Alternative site for immersion of idols in Pond /River- Case Study for Bhopal

The Bhopal Upper Lake, the main source of potable water for Bhopal city, received more than

15,000 Ganesh idols and 1300 Durga idols in 2000. As the idols have grown in number & size

over the years, the lake was facing an increasing nutrient laod. Idols are made of clay, but non-

biodegradable thermocol and paintscontaining heavy metals are also used. The immersion

practice leads to degradation of water quality.

An alternative imersion site, well connected with road, was developed on the spill channel of

Upper lake. The flow of the spill channel being towards the outflow, the pollutants would not flow

back into the main body. To build a consensus amongst openion makers, local legislator,

coporates, NGOs and leaders of religious communities were taken to siite, their suggestions

recorded and approval obtained. After three years of communication and education programmes,

the immersion shifted to the new site completely.


Page 168 March 2016


Vision

Goals

It is essential to keep in mind the inherent public interest in the river front, which is reflected

in the public ownership and management of the water. River front planning should be long-

range, comprehensive and holistic and should incorporate all relevant disciplines. It should

use all appropriate technologies and encourage a system of sustainable growth and

operation. Meaningful community involvement is integral to valid riverfront planning and

development. It should begin early and be continuous. River front work is not just about

economic development, is not simply a landscape design or only about environmental

issues. Rather it is a combination of these and related disciplines that should be required to

bring the river in the ‘Drawing room and not in the backyard’.

10.10 OPTIONS FOR RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT

The river front development would include the following stages:

This would first involve in-situ relocation of the slums areas within a designed

distance and with focus of provision of waste water management system to

avoid open defecation and also discharge of drains in to the river. This may

involve provision of septic tanks etc. for proper sanitation.

Open spaces and visual access to the riverfront would allow a connection

between the river front and a large segment of the population whose only

chance for contact may come while driving along one of the major road along

the river. The ecologically sensitive areas adjacent to river front would be

protected from development activities / for recreational uses such as water

sports, parks, walkways etc.

Major roads through these areas will become river boulevards with enhanced

views of the water and natural landscape. A preservation ethic will encourage

restoration of existing vegetation, stabilized slope areas, scenic overlooks

along river boulevards and continuous nature promenades along river.

A detailed study is to be carried out for identification of the river front

walkways with sitting arrangements and development of the possible

recreational areas along the river front.

The areas around the jetties may be developed with small commercial

establishments to encourage recreational use and also provision of boating

facilities.

10.11 AREA DEVELOPMENT AND OTHER MANAGEMENT PLAN OF RIVER TAJNA AT KHUNTI

“River Front Development from economic, social and cultural perspective to improve the

economy and quality of life for the entire town”

social, and cultural benefits

to improve the economy

and quality of life for an

entire region.””


Page 169 March 2016

The major efforts to be undertaken in developing the river front along the River Tajna have to

be underlined in the River Front Development Project of Tajna which is as follows:

Development of 2 small ghats of about 20 - 50 mtr length with platforms and steps

leading to the river to facilitate a safe approach on both side of the river.

Changing rooms separately for males and females in all ghats.

Toilets, solid waste collection bins, washroom and drinking water facilities at the

ghats. It is also necessary to provide public toilet facilities for the floating population

assembling at such congregations. Provision of mobile toilet may be one of the way

to address this problem.

Adequate number of benches / sitting arrangements of people visiting river front.

Lighting and landscaping of 1 parks / areas with fountains, flowerbeds etc.

Development of approach roads, parking lots to facilitate easy access of beneficiaries

Provision of commercial activities like kiosks for sale of eatables, boating etc. These

facilities should operate on pay-and use/eat basis and, therefore, are expected to be

self-sustaining.

Given the size of congregations and diversity of the people assembling there suitable

enclosures / ‘mela ground’ for holding cultural and recreational programmes.

Afforestation along the banks of river, particularly the areas ecologically sensitive

across the town and beyond.

10.11.1 Outcome of proposed activities

To improve pedestrian accessibility to the river edges both for physical access as

well as visual permeability.

To develop the river front side as interactive pedestrian cross-over points and

premises for multi-functional destinations for surrounding communities.

To create new facilities to accommodate public amenities and recreation facilities.

To distribute and encourage complementary tourism functions as appropriate for

distinct stretches of the riverfront

Recognize the riverfront as a repository of heritage which is to be conserved as a

means of revitalizing the riverfront.

To recognize the areas where the local population through cultural activities can give

meaning to the historic areas and thus enhance the areas.

10.12 PLAN OF ACTION

The system shall be designed under the broad framework as per the guidelines for a design

period of 25 years (with 5 years’ time lag); however, the planning shall entail the

implementation of the design within the time lag period of 5 years in an organised and

phased manner to meet the ultimate goals of the CSP. In this regard, the planning horizon

has to be taken with respect to the base year for which the sewerage system to be prepared

for the entire Khunti town to make the plan compatible with that project. The other phases of

this project are proposed to be framed up to converge to an ultimate design year of 2045,

again to be compatible with the sewerage plan. A tentative realistic schedule for phase-wise

implementation of the river restoration works has been presented as Table 10-1.


Page 170 March 2016

TABLE 10-1: TENTATIVE PLAN OF ACTION

Phase/Year

Infrastructure Facility Short-Term 2021 -

2023 Medium-Term 2024 -

2030 Long-Term 2031 –

2045 Assumption

Efforts initiated towards public out-reach programme and public education initiatives. Efforts initiated to generate awareness campaigns to promote better hygiene and sanitation practices.

Citizens adopt the better hygiene and sanitation practices. Citizens are adequately educated about river protection measures being implemented. Efforts initiated to regularize the participatory planning and budgeting

Participatory planning institutionalized

Plan of Action

River Cleanliness Works (De-silting, De-weeding and De-sludging)

Initiate cleaning of river banks and bed of the legacy pollution and restricting access to river by creating mass awareness and introducing barriers at certain eco-sensitive locations.

Citizens are adequately aware about the river restoration projects and the barriers to the riverfront are removed

Only periodic river restoration works is undertaken to de-silt without disturbing the natural siltation process

River Front Development

Defining the extent of river along its complete stretch and securing it against any possible future encroachment.

Implementation of various river front development works in collaboration with relevant authorities with a sustainable framework.

Regular maintenance of river front and improvement projects /works implemented within the town boundary.

10.13 COST ESTIMATES

TABLE 10-2: COST ESTIMATE OF RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT - KHUNTI

Sl No.

Particulars

Cost Estimates ( Rs in Lakhs)

Cost (Lum Sum) (Rs. In Lakhs)

Short-Term 2021 - 2023


Long-Term 2031 – 2045

1

Development of 2 small ghats on

the left bank of about 50 - 100

mtr length with platforms and

steps leading to the river to

facilitate a safe approach.

2000 0 1000 1000

2 Changing rooms separately for

males and females in all ghats. 40

20

20

3

Toilets, solid waste collection

bins, washroom and drinking

water facilities at the ghats

including public / mobile toilets.

100

50

50

4 Benches / sitting arrangements

of people visiting river front, 100 100 0 0


Page 171 March 2016

Sl No.

Particulars

Cost Estimates ( Rs in Lakhs)

Cost (Lum Sum) (Rs. In Lakhs)



Long-Term 2031 – 2045

Lighting and landscaping of 2

parks / areas with fountains,

flowerbeds etc.

5

Development of approach roads,

parking lots for 2 ghats and 1

crematoria

200 50 75 75

6 Provision of kiosks for sale of

eatables, boating facilities etc. 300 150 150 0

7

Enclosures / ‘mela ground’ for

holding cultural and recreational

programmes.

100 100 0 0

8

Afforestation along the banks of

river, particularly the areas

ecologically sensitive across the

town and beyond.

100 75

25 0

9 Total Base Cost 2940 475 1320 1145

Add 2% Architectural Works 58.8 9.5 26.4 22.9

Sub Total 2998.8 484.5 1346.4 1167.9

Contingencies 3% 89.96 14.54 40.4 35.10

Grand Total of Capital cost

(CAPEX) 3088.76 499.04 1386.8 1203

O & M Cost for 5 years (10% of

CAPEX) 308.9 49.9 138.7 120.3

Source: SENES Estimates

Basis:

All cost are taken as on lump sum basis. In above all are for one ghat, one mela ground, afforestation along the

banks of river at a stretch 50 -100 m etc.

The capital cost (CAPEX) of RFD at Khunti is approximately Rs.3090.00 lakhs and the

provision for operation & maintenance for 5 years costs is approximately Rs. 310.00. lakhs.

The total cost which includes capital and O & M cost (OPEX) is Rs3400.00 lakhs.


Page 172 March 2016

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS

11.1 CREMATORIA

In Khunti town, there are three crematorium available located at Ward Number 8 and 9.

Each of the crematoriums is spread over an area of 0.5 acres and is wood based. These two

crematoria are not sufficient as per the existing demand; hence, a new facility is to be set up

near River Tajna. Approximately 200 to 300 kg of woods is used for one cremation No waste

management facility is available at the crematoria and waste generated such as ashes,

flowers, clothes etc. are thrown along the bank of River Tajna. Apart from this there are

graveyards located at different wards under different Church

Details of the infrastructure available the existing crematorium is provided in Table 11-1.

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIA

Location Number of bodies cremated per month

Cremation sheds

Boundary wall and waiting hall

Availability of hand pump or PSP

SWM Availability if toilet or bathroom

Along the

River

Khunti

10-20 2 No Yes No

management

No

Source: KNP and consultation at the crematoria site

Wood based Crematorium along River Tajna Naya talab kabristan

11.1.1 Key issues

Absence of waste management facility at the crematoria, waste generated at the

place such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc. are thrown near the River Tajna.

Absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria.

No boundary wall is there at the crematoria and also there is absence of waiting

halls, prayer hall, satsang bhavan.

11.1.2 Proposals & Recommendations

There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based crematorium as improved wood based

crematorium. As of now, only two sheds and one water connection is available at the facility


Page 173 March 2016

and there is immediate need to develop other required facilities such as waiting room, wood

storage room, care taker room, payer hall etc. In addition to this facility, there is urgent need

to improve the solid waste and ash management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain

construction.

Khunti Nagar Panchayat would be implementing and operating authority for the crematoria.

Cleaning of the facility twice a day should be ensured by the nagar panchayat. Official(s)

should be designated in the nagar panchayat for regular monitoring of the facilities as per

prescribed norms and design of the crematoria.. Following are the recommendation

suggested for the crematoria in Khunti, which are based on the discussion with the key

stakeholder.

Recommendations from environmental perspective

Up-gradation of existing wood based conventional facility to improved technology

such as improved wood based / electric based/ gas based crematoria as per the

aforesaid guidelines. Setting up new improved facility certainly reduces the

environmental impact of the existing crematoria on the river.

The new facility should have toilet facility separately for male and female and one

washroom at the crematoria complex.

One water supply connection with proper drainage facility should be provided and

linked with major drain for carrying storm water and grey water from the washroom.

General cleaning of the crematoria complex, preferably twice in a day (morning and

evening) by the nagar panchayat workers should be made mandatory.

Facility should be made available at the site to collect and dispose the remaining

ashes and left over burnt woods in conjunction with solid waste management system.

Recommendations from facility perspective

Construction of proper boundary wall at the crematoria.

Construction of cremation shed to protect the cremation of dead body and people

engaged in cremation from rainfall and bed weather conditions.

Construction of waiting hall or covered sheds with sitting arrangements for the people

attending the cremation.

Plantation of shadow / bush type trees, gardening and development of open spaces

at the facility.

A storage yard for woods at the crematoria complex.

An office room for the care taker with basic facilities.


Page 174 March 2016

11.2 DHOBI GHAT

Options for Improved methods of cremation

Electric cremation

The electric cremation was commissioned in January 1989 as a part of the Ganga Action Plan.

The basic idea was to serve the purpose of river friendly cremation. The advantages of Electric

Cremation can be assessed on compare with traditional funeral. The traditional funeral pyre

requires around 400 kg of firewood, three liters of kerosene and some prefer desi ghee, and 300-

400 cow dung cakes per dead body. The total costs turn around Rs. 2,000 – 3,000 in total. Mortal

remains can be taken only after 24 hours.

On the other hand, electric cremation is comparatively less expensive. Relatives can take the

mortal remains within a few hours of cremation. In electric cremation, wood is not burned and

there are no gas emissions. It is no doubt an unconventional way of cremation but it helps in

saving resources like wood, kerosene, etc. It is the most economical option for funeral.

Gas Based cremation

Crematorium is designed to have a cremation of one body at a time and the time taken for the

completion of one cremation is approximately one to one and half-hour time. The Cremation

Process is like the body is kept in a moveable trolley and finally places the body in the cremation

platform in cremation furnace. Combustion blowers and air blowers are switched on and then the

primary and secondary burners in the cremation chambers switched on to get the furnace

temperature at about 9000 C. By the moveable trolley the body will be placed upon the cremation

platform in the cremation chamber. The cremation door would then keep closed. The body would

incinerate in the primary and in the secondary chamber between the temperature 800 0 and 11000

C.

The hazardous gas and other substances are piped out from cremation chamber and cleaned by

ventury scrubber with water treatment and finally the hot air is being discharged in to the 130m

height chimney. ETP system takes care of treated water. The system has the ash removal system

to collect the ash and remains for further custom. The system has necessary controls, auto on-off,

cutoff switches and other necessary controls for a safety.

LPG Gas Crematorium. The total consumption of LPG would be around 12 ± 2 kg.

Minimum of 21780 sq. ft. of land is the basic requirement for Gas Crematorium. The Plant should

be established at the center portion of the land. A garden or lawn may be developed in the front

portion. A minimum of 50m distance may be maintained with nearest house in order to minimize

nuisance to nearby inhabitants.

Improved wood based cremation

Improved wood based crematorium cuts the amount of wood required and ensuing carbon dioxide

emissions by more than 60%. The prescribed design can burn a body using a mere 220 pounds

i.e. 150 kg of wood. That leads to save million trees, and tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. In

the traditional, wood-intensive cremation process, layers of wood are piled a metre high on the

ground. The open-air funeral pyre burns for around six hours. It takes another three hours for the

ashes to cool, after which a handful of burnt bones and ashes are collected to be immersed later

in the river. The Mokshda crematorium is a high-grade, stainless steel and man-sized bier with a

hood and sidewall slates that can withstand temperatures of up to 800 degrees Celsius. Its

thermal and shock-resistant steel structure makes it easy to wash once cremation is completed

and is ready to be used again just 30 minutes later. This system is in use in Delhi, Maharashtra,

Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.


Page 175 March 2016

Dhobi ghats are not present all along the bank of River Tajna. Due to absence of individuals’

bathroom facility and piped water connection, many of the people also wash their clothes in

the ponds. Washing and bathing activity is most commonly practiced in almost in all the

ponds within town area. Cloth washing at large scale occurs in Naya Talab, Sahu Talab and

Dadul ghat Talab.

11.2.1 Recommendation & Proposal

• Construction of sheds for washer men in these locations by providing, stoned

platform for washing, drying places, sheds for pressing of clothes with water supply,

electricity, toilet facilities, waste water disposal arrangement, boundary wall etc.

11.3 PONDS

There are 12 key ponds in Khunti located in various wards. These ponds are used for

washing, bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle wallowing and car

washing purpose. Esthetically, condition of ponds in Khunti is not good and mostly they are

not being maintained. Steps are mostly not provided to access the ponds and timely

cleaning is also not done, wherever steps are constructed. In some of the ponds, dumping of

solid waste on the banks has been observed. In many area open defecation is also observed

near the ponds.

TABLE 11-2: STATUS OF PONDS IN KHUNTI

Name of the pond / Area

Ward number

Use of pond Availability of constructed steps

Activities along the pond

Sahu Talab 1 Cattle wallowing Chatt puja Idol immersion Bathing Clothes washing Car washing

Not available Settlements

Dahugutu talab 1 Not available Settlements

Chaudhary

talab

2 Not available Settlement

Gobra Talab 3 Not available Settlements

Jokti Talab 3 Not available Not used by any one

Naya Talab 4 available Settlements

Vacant land parcels

Dadul Ghat

Talab

5 Not available Settlements

Bargadda talab 7 Not available Settlements

Namkum Talab

Pahan talab

9 available Settlements

SDO talab,

Dam

16 Not available Settlement

Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat


Page 176 March 2016

Jokti Talab ward 4 Sahu Talab ward 2

Naya Talab ward 4 Kamanta Dam at ward 16


Page 177 March 2016

FIGURE 11-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN KHUNTI


Page 178 March 2016

11.3.1 Key issues

Pollution: All the natural ponds in the town are being used for washing, bathing,

cattle wallowing and car washing purpose. These are the major causes of pollution in

the pond water.

Waste water inflow: Waste water generated from the settlements is discharged into

few ponds resulting in increase from pollution load..

Idol immersion: Religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and chath

puja take place in all the ponds. Immersion of idols, puja samagri etc. pollute the

pond water.

Maintenance: Only one pond in Khunti is maintained and constructed steps are

available. Rest ponds are not maintained as there are no steps available in the ponds

and regular cleaning of ponds is also not done.

Waste dumping: Solid waste dumping in the banks of some of the ponds can be

seen such as Jokti talab and Sahu Talab.

Open defecation: As 43.8 % of the town population restores to open defecation.

People living near the ponds go for open defecation in areas adjacent to such ponds.

11.3.2 Proposal and Recommendation

The grey water from the households should be allowed to flow in the roadside drains

and not to the ponds. The black water should be diverted to the septic tank in the

short and immediate term period of the plan. All the waste water should be diverted

to the proposed sewerage system in the long term plan period.

Selected ponds in Khunti can be renovated for scientific surface water management

and also be converted as recharge structures for rain water harvesting.

Kamanta Dam can be renovated as scope for local tourism is high for the area.

Scope for development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities along with

provisions for walkways in the banks for morning walkers and visitors should be

explored.

Alternate source of spot water supply to the people living on the banks of the ponds

should be developed to meet the emergent situation during non-supply period of

piped water supply in the town.


Page 179 March 2016

Liquid Waste Management through Pond Renovation- Case of Punjab

Punjab Water Supply and Sanitation Project for liquid waste management through pond renovation

is being implemented in various towns of Punjab with the active participation of the community. The

supply of piped water and private submersible pump sets in households has exponentially increased

the generation of waste sullage. Each village has a pond, which was typically used for recreation

and as a rain water harvesting and recharge structure. The waste water now being generated in

villages has been channelized to these traditional village ponds, choking them and creating

unsanitary environments.

Project involve collection of grey water through the drainage system which is fed into existing

ponds. In these systems, grey water is stabilized, its pathogenicity is reduced, and the water is

made useable. The grey water is stabilized by natural processes involving algae, bacteria, and

natural oxidation. The hot climate, with solar radiation and light, makes this an ideal region in which

to implement this process. The advantages of pond renovation include the use of existing ponds,

low capital costs, low and affordable O&M costs, the ability to use unskilled manpower to manage

the process, and the avoidance of surface water pollution.

The intervention involved emptying the pond, desilting, and dividing it into four compartments by

using earthen embankments. These compartments are the anaerobic-cum-sedimentation pond, the

facultative pond, the maturation pond, and the polishing pond. Overflow from one tank goes to the

next, and so forth. The use of all four compartments may vary from season to season, being less

frequent in summer and more necessary in winter. It was observed that a pond of about 3 acres was

able to harvest 2,000 m3 of water.

Anaerobic-cum-Sedimentation Tank

The depth of water in the pond is kept at 10 feet for the sedimentation of suspended solids and

decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions to reduce BOD/COD. The surface area

of the tank shall be equal to approximately 15 percent of the area of the existing pond and support a

five-day retention period.

Facultative Pond

In this tank, the overflow of the anaerobic pond is being discharged and BOD/COD is reduced under


Page 180 March 2016

11.3.3 Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works

TABLE 11-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS

Facility Phase

Short Term Medium-Term Long-Term

A Crematoria

Up gradation of existing crematoria

Toilet / Bathroom

Room for caretaker – 4X3 meter

Wood storage room

Waiting room/prayer cum

assembly hall – 10X6 meter

Lighting

105 128

New crematoria – electric based –

30X20 meter

* (Rest of the infrastructure will be

common for wood based and electric

based crematoria as both the facilities are

at same place).

525 638

aerobic conditions. The water depth is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its bed

to ensure that water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area is 25 percent of the existing pond area.

Maturation/Polishing Pond (2 Numbers)

In this tank, the overflow of the facultative pond is being discharged; in this phase any pathogen

load will be reduced. The depth of water is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its

bed to ensure that the water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area should be 25 percent of the

existing pond area.

Outflow

Normally, in addition to evaporation, treated water is absorbed into the pond. It is also used for

irrigation purposes by farmers.


Page 181 March 2016

C Pond Restoration

Diversion of waste water from ponds,

renovation and de-silting for

conversion to recharge structure for

rain water harvesting

315 191 244

Development of local tourism by

introducing boating facilities along

with provisions for walkways in the

banks

105 128 163

Setting up of Cafeteria, Public toilets

for the local tourists and visitors (to

be constructed away from the ponds)

105 128 163

Source: SENES Estimates


Page 182 March 2016

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING

12.1 EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other state

level agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for final

implementation of sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level. Khunti Nagar

Panchayat (KNP) is the key local body responsible for providing public amenities and

services in Khunti. Apart from KNP, there are other parastatal and state level authorities

which are directly or indirectly involved in planning and policy formulation activities. This

chapter discusses the role of various state and local level agencies responsible for providing

sanitation related services in the state of Jharkhand.

12.1.1 Urban Development Department, Jharkhand

Urban Development Department (UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic

services in urban areas of the state as per the provision of Municipal Corporation/

Municipality Act. The UDD administratively controls the organizations related to urban

development, including providing state’s support to municipal corporations, councils and

nagar panchayats. This department is also responsible for implementing various schemes

for providing urban services and town planning, regulation of land use, planning for

economic and social development, safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society

including the physically challenged and mentally retarded persons, Slum improvement and

upgradation, housing, urban poverty alleviation, promotion of cultural, educational and

aesthetic aspects.

The UDD has the following functions:

a) Constitution / reconstitution of ULBs in the state based on the census population and

growth of an urban area.

b) Coordinating elections to ULBs.

c) Facilitating amendments to the Municipal Acts based on the Model Municipal law that

has been prepared by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

d) Administrative Reform of ULBs.

e) Financial Strengthening of ULBs

f) Anchoring the planned process of development of ULBs through various Government

of India and Government of Jharkhand initiatives / programmes.

g) Administering State Government Schemes on urban development and infrastructure

development

Water Supply Schemes

Road Construction, provision of Street lights, urban transportand Bus stand etc.

Construction of road side drains and storm water drainage system

Solid Waste Management

Total sanitation including conversion of dry latrines, construction of community toilets

Development of slum settlements

Social Amenities

h) Administering Central Government Urban Poverty Alleviation (UPA) Schemes


Page 183 March 2016

12.1.2 Drinking Water and Sanitation Department

Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD) Drinking formerly known as Public

Health Engineering Department is the main state agency responsible for providing safe

drinking water and sanitation facilities in the state of Jharkhand. The department is

responsible for providing water supply facilities in both rural and urban areas of the state.

The sources are mostly ground water based by way of construction of tube-wells / drilled

tube-wells / sanitary wells in rural areas for covering villages / hamlets those t are partially or

not covered. Execution of piped water supply schemes in urban, semi urban and rural areas;

relocation of spot sources; water quality testing, monitoring and remedial measures are also

undertaken by the department. Implementation and operation & maintenance (O&M) of

major urban water supply schemes, providing water supply and sanitary services including

plumbing in government buildings are also under the jurisdiction of the DW&SD. In Khunti,

the DW&SD is responsible for planning, designing, constructing and O&M of water supply

schemes. The fund for capital and O&M cost of urban water supply schemes are routed

through the Urban Development Department to the DW&SD. KNP is responsible for

providing household level connections for piped water supply and for collecting water tax.

12.1.3 Water Resources Department

Water Resources Department, formerly known as Irrigation Department is one of the major

establishments of Government of Jharkhand. It protects the right of State in sharing water of

inter State Rivers/Basins. The Water Resources Department, Government of Jharkhand is

involved in the management of the water resources of the state in a sustainable way to

provide optimal benefit to the people of the State. The Department is engaged in

construction and maintenance of major, medium and minor irrigation schemes, flood control

works, ground water conservation and reclamation. The department is also responsible to

provide permission for drawl of water from ground and surface water sources by the

stakeholders including DW&SD and industries. The Department is also working in the field of

Interlinking of various river basins and water ways in order to supply water to water starved

areas from water surplus basins.

12.1.4 Khunti Nagar Panchayat

Khunti town administration is structurally divided into two wings i.e. elective wing headed by

chairperson and administrative wing headed by executive officer. In addition to nagar

panchayat there are other parastatal bodies (e.g. Ward Office) working for sanitation related

aspects.

A. Elective wing

The elective body is headed by Chairperson supported by vice-chairperson and 16

councilors, one for each of the16 wards. Chairperson and vise-chairperson in KNP are

selected by councilors. The tenure of the elected body of KNP is for five years.. The elective

body is responsible for making policy decisions at town level for implementation of various

town / citizen services including sanitation, and oversees the implementation process for

successful execution of such schemes.

As per Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, the Standing Committee shall consist of the

Chairperson; the Vice- Chairperson, and three elected councilors to be elected by the

Council.


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B. Administrative wing

Khunti Nagar Panchayat19 (KNP)’s administrative body was constituted in the year 2008. It

consists of 20 nos. of ward having total area of 25.8 Sq. Km. KNP is responsible to provide

basic infrastructure including roads, drainage and sewerage, water supply, street lighting

and services covering education, housing, poverty alleviation, slum improvement, urban

forestry, environmental protection and conservation, primary health etc.

KNP is headed by one executive officer and is responsible for operational planning and

management of nagar panchayat. Other officials in the KNP such as municipal engineer,

health officer, accounts officer etc. directly report to executive officer.

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines organizational structure of Municipality as

follows:

(i) Executive Officer,

(ii) Municipal Finance Officer/Municipal Accounts Officer,

(iii) Municipal Engineer,

(iv) Municipal Health Officer,

(v) Environmental Engineer (for solid waste management),

(vi) Information and Technology Officer,

(vii) Municipal Secretary, and such other officers as prescribed by the Government:

Roles and Responsibility of Khunti Nagar Panchayat

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines the scope and extent of responsibilities of the

Municipality. The functions of the nagar panchayat are divided into core functions and

general functions.

A) Municipal Functions

(A) Core Functions

(i) Urban planning including town planning,

(ii) Regulation of land-use including protection of public land from

(iii) encroachment and construction of buildings,

(iv) Planning for economic and social development,

(v) Roads including footpath and road crossing facilities for

(vi) Construction of culverts and bridges,

(vii) Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes,

(viii) Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy and

solid and liquid waste management,

(ix) Fire services,

(x) Urban forestry, protection of the environment, promotion of ecological aspects

and maintenance of environmental hygiene,

(xi) Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the

handicapped and mentally retarded,

(xii) Slum improvement and upgradation including providing basic facilities,

(xiii) Urban housing and poverty alleviation,

19 Nagar panchayat - is a transitional area that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area

to be a Nagar Panchayat.


Page 185 March 2016

(xiv) Provision and maintenance of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,

gardens, playgrounds, public markets, bathing and washing ghats, waiting

sheds for travellers, night shelters etc.

(xv) Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects,

(xvi) Establishment and maintenance of burial and burning grounds, cremations,

cremation grounds and electric crematoriums,

(xvii) Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals,

(xviii) Collection and updating of vital statistics including registration of births, deaths

and marriages,

(xix) Provision and maintenance of public amenities including street lighting,

parking spaces for vehicles, bus stops and public conveniences like toilet

facilities at public places,

(xx) Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries and sale of meat, fish and other

perishable food stuffs etc.

B) General Functions

(i) Organising voluntary workers and promote community participation in all

development activities,

(ii) Organise campaign for thrift,

(iii) Awareness building against social evils like alcoholism, consumption of

narcotics, dowry and abuse of women and children,

(iv) Organize legal awareness campaigns among weaker sections, campaign

against economic offences, adherence to civic duties, and promoting

communal harmony,

(v) Provision of public transport,

(vi) Organise relief activities during natural calamities and disasters; maintain

relief centres like hospitals, dispensaries, asylums, rescue homes, maternity

houses and child welfare centres, etc.,

(vii) Mobilising local resources in cash or in kind,

(viii) Organise and promote resident welfare associations, neighbourhood groups

and committees, and self-help groups with focus on the poor,

(ix) Disclosure and dissemination of information of public interest,

(x) Maintenance of public properties,

(xi) Issue of licences to dangerous and offensive trades and industries,

(xii) Issue of licence to domestic pet animals and destruction of stray dogs,

(xiii) Conservation and preservation of water bodies,

(xiv) Conservation and preservation of places and buildings of heritage having

historical and cultural importance,

(xv) Promoting green energy and energy efficiency, build awareness on climate

change and its adoption,

(xvi) Promote uses of Information Technology, digitization and e- Governance in

the working of the Municipality.

12.2 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR SANITATION


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As per the municipal act Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy

and solid and liquid waste management are the core function of Khunti Nagar Panchayat.

However, there are other departments like DW&SD involved in planning and management of

the infrastructure related to water supply and irrigation department looking at river

management aspect. The list of the agencies responsible for sanitation sector in Khunti is

provided in Table 13.1

Table 12-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS

Sector Planning and Design Construction O&M

Water supply DW&SD DW&SD KNP

Storm water drainage KNP KNP KNP Non-sewerage sanitation

/Sewerage system

KNP KNP KNP

Solid waste management KNP KNP KNP Community and public toilet KNP KNP KNP River front development Water Resources

department

Water Resources

department

Ponds KNP KNP KNP Crematoria KNP KNP KNP Carcass disposal KNP KNP KNP

Note: KNP is yet to take over the responsibility for O&M of water supply scheme in Khunti

from DW&SD.

12.3 HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY ASSESSMENT FOR KNP

Functional and operational management of departments is based on the available human

resource. Since KNP is the constitutionally established organisation providing sanitation

services in Khunti, The human resource capacity of the KNP has been analysed in details.

During field visit it was observed that there are huge gaps between sanctioned posts and

actual availability of man power. Category wise availability of man power in KNP is

presented in the Table 13.2

TABLE 12-2: AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE AT KNP

Name of Approved Posts in ULB

(Contractual

Employee/PIU/PMU/Others

Sanction

ed posts

Positi

on

filled

Vacant

positions

Remark

1 Executive officer 1 1 nil Permanent

2 Head clerk 1 1 Nil Permanent

3 Junior Engineer 1 1 Permanent

4 Junior Engineer 1 Contract Basis

5 Accountant 1 Contract Basis

6 CMM (Skill & Livelihood) 1 Contract Basis

7 CMM (SMID) 1 Contract Basis

8 Community Organiser 1 Contract Basis

9 Tax Inspector 1 Temporary Basis

10 Sanitary Inspector 1 Temporary Basis

11 Computer Operator/ Data Analyst 1 Temporary Basis


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12 Computer Operator 1 Temporary Basis

13 Computer Operator/ Data Analyst 1 Temporary Basis

14 Street Light Inspector 1 Temporary Basis

15 Electrician 1 Temporary Basis

16 Peon 3 Temporary Basis

17 Handpump mechanic 1 Temporary Basis

18 Driver 3 Temporary Basis

19 Sweeper 8 Temporary Basis

20 ILCS superviser 1 Temporary Basis

Total 31 Source: Khunti Nagar Panchayat

As per the act, the appointment for above positions may be made either on a regular basis

or on contract basis for such term as the state Government may prescribe or as outlined in

scope of respective sanctioned schemes / projects. As of now, there is acute shortage of

man power in KNP.

12.4 KEY ISSUES OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

Overlapping in functions: There is overlapping of functions and disintegration of

responsibilities among the departments. This issue is more prominent for water

supply infrastructure. DW&SD is responsible for planning, designing and construction

of water supply infrastructure including distribution network. Whereas, provision of

water supply connections to households, water tax collection and O&M is the

responsibility of KNP (After construction of water supply infrastructure, the entire

scheme is supposed to be transferred to KNP for day to day O&M purpose).

In the current situation, provision of water connections and water tax collection is

being done by KNP whereas, O&M for water supply is still being managed by

DW&SD As understood after discussions with DW&SD officials, KNP is not yet

prepared to take over the responsibility of O&M due to shortage of technical man

power. It is observed from the situation that, due to conflict between the multiple

authorities with respect to day to day decision making in providing water supply to the

citizens creates dissatisfaction at the user end, resulting in mismanagement of the

infrastructure.

Shortage of human resource: There is shortage of field level technical man power

both in KNP and DW&SD. Most of the sanctioned posts are lying vacant for quite a

long time, whereas the working field staff are mostly engaged on daily basis and or

contract basis. Irregular payment of wages / salary to the temporary workers is one

of the main reasons for mismanagement of O&M

Lack of interdepartmental coordination: It has also been observed that there is a

lack in the inter-departmental coordination for providing day to day services to the

community. There is an absolute necessity of horizontal integration of various

departments’ offices established within the nagar panchayat to provide basic services

to the people and KNP should take lead in the desired interdepartmental integration.


Page 188 March 2016

Lack of central data platform: There is absolute lack of data management in KNP

and other major state government offices including WS&SD. Almost no old records of

the existing infrastructures and related status reports are found available with the

respective offices. Various data such total length of road, drain, number of public

stand posts, individual household toilets etc. are made available verbally during

stakeholder consultations, mostly based on assumptions. Various municipal records

are also found not available as per municipal account format provided by state. Due

to non-availability of authentic data, planning and data analysis for preparing CSP of

the town likely to lose realistic approach.

12.5 CAPACITY BUILDING

Capacity building of KNP by way of providing necessary periodical training to the available

and future human resource and immediate filling up of all vacant posts should be carried out

in a planned and phased manner. Application of technology to improve the abilities of the

personnel in particular and the organisation in general shall make KNP more efficient and

effective in day to day working and management of services.

12.5.1 Man power requirement

The manpower requirement for achieving 100% sanitation in the town shall include the

sectors of both water supply and sanitation (along with solid waste management).

Water Supply

Situation analysis indicates that the available manpower in the town responsible for water

supply is inadequate and shall require immediate upscaling to meet the future demand

outlined in the CSP. The CPHEEO manual on Water Supply and Treatment (Appendix 13.1

to 15.12) has prescribed the required manpower for different capacity water supply schemes

including day to day operation and maintenance of the Pump house (Intake well), Raw water

rising main, treatment works and clear water pump, clear water rising main, service

reservoir, gravity mains, distribution system, billing, day to day repairing, water works

laboratory etc.

Apart, the CPHEEO manual on ‘Operation & Maintenance of Water Supply System’

(Chapter-17) has emphasised on the need ‘Human Resources Development’, which include

training needs assessment, quantification of training, On-the-job training, Training of trainers,

training schedule, training budget etc. The department of Drinking Water & Sanitation should

adhere to these for improving quality of service so as to provide 24X7 water supply in the

town to the best satisfaction of the consumers.

Sanitation (Sewerage):

At present there are no dedicated staffs available for sewerage system in the town,

obviously due to non-existence of the system in the town area. However, the future need

should be assessed for staffing including their capacity building based on the

recommendations made in the CPHEEO manual on ‘Sewerage and Sewage Treatment’ -

Part C (Chapter – 3).


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Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The CPHEEO manual on ‘Solid Waste Management’ – Chapter 19 has prescribed the

organisational set up (prescribed set up for towns below 1,00,000 population to be followed

for the town) and need for human resource development. The ongoing SWM is being looked

after by the ULB, and the situation analysis indicates inadequacy in staffing headed by one

Sanitary Inspector and supported by Junior Engineer and skeletal field staff.

Quite often, multiplicity of agencies and overlapping of responsibilities are the reasons for

ineffective and poor operation and maintenance of the assets created by ULBs. In the light of

74th Amendment under the 12th Schedule of the Constitution, the role and responsibility of

the ULBs have increased significantly in providing these basic facilities to the community on

a sustainable basis. The new Amendment has enabled ULBs to become financially viable

and technically sound to provide basic amenities to the community.

Consequent to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA), the States are expected

to devolve responsibility, powers and resources upon ULBs as envisaged in the 12th

Schedule of the Constitution. The 74th CAA has substantially broadened the range of

functions to be performed by the elected ULBs. The 12th Schedule brings into the municipal

domain among others such as urban and town planning, regulation of land-use, planning for

economic & social development and safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the

society.

The Constitution thus envisages ULBs as being totally responsible for all aspects of

development, civic services and environment in the cities going far beyond the traditional

role. The focus should not only be on the investment requirements to augment supplies or

install additional systems in sanitation and water supply. Instead, greater attention must be

paid to the critical issues of institutional restructuring, managerial improvement, better and

more equitable service to citizens who must have a greater degree of participation. The 74th

CAA also focuses on achieving sustainability of the sector through the adoption of adequate

measures in O&M, the financial health of the utilities through efficiency of operations and

levy of user charges, and conservation & augmentation of the water resources.

12.5.2 Training

It is observed that to cater to the needs of increasing burden on nagar panchayat and the

technological advancements, which could be required to cope up with present and future

responsibilities, there is urgent need for organising planned training programmes for the all

category nagar panchayat staff and elective representatives. Key measures to be taken up

for training are as follows:

Allocation of training fund for staff members in the municipal budget.

Orientation training about the functioning of nagar panchayat and service delivery

mechanism at city and ward level to KNP officials and all the councillors.

Workshops and tour programme should be conducted very frequently on best

practices, case studies, new technology options to make sanitation components (water

conservation, waste water treatment, waste management, toilet options, pond

reclamation etc.) more advance, sustainable, human and environment friendly.


Page 190 March 2016

Training to take over responsibility of O&M not only for water supply but for other

sanitation components by KNP. Regular monitoring of the sanitation related facilities in

Khunti such as crematoria, dhobi ghat, ponds, SWM etc. should be undertaken by

KNP.

In order to maintain a high quality service deliverance, introduction of performance

tracking mechanism for the officials, which is as important as the tracking and

monitoring of the projects and services.

12.6 OTHER MEASURES FOR CAPACITY BUILDING

Activity mapping

There is need to undertake the so-called “activity mapping” for nagar panchayat’s own

departments and other parastatal departments to identify precisely who is responsible for

doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve efficiency and accountability in the

provision of urban local services. It is necessary to prepare an exhaustive list of all the

obligatory and discretionary functions of each of the departments, which are functioning in

providing services within the KNP area.

Creation of Central Data Bank

Development of a central data bank will be necessary to create a common platform for all

the departments to effectively use such data in planning and management of municipal

services. There is also an urgent requirement of linking future data base of all the

departments with each other so that they can effectively pool their data on a central data

bank suitably linked to each department.

Introduction of appropriate technology

A variety of new technology options are presently available, which are very helpful in

improving the capacity of an organisation for high quality e-governance. Introduction of

mobile application for grievance redressal, GIS teamed with SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure)

etc. can lead to a high level of transparency in the e-governance system. By SDI a central

data platform can be created where all the daily functioning of a department can be up-linked

Case study -Capacity building of Human Resource at Kanpur Municipal

Corporation

Kanpur Municipal Corporation established Centre of Excellence (COE) to cater the

training / Capacity Building requirement of the KNN staff.

The objective of providing knowledge and skills to KNN officers and staff to perform the

job effectively, COE to cover three kinds of Administrative reforms like Human Resource

Development and Personal Management Internal Systems and Processes

Citizens Interface system and Process.

The outcome of the COE is for Qualitative and fast services, Courtesy towards citizens,

Listening skills, Flexibility in dealing with citizens and other department, Empathy with

Public at large, Effective implementation of Public grievance handling mechanism,

Decentralization of zones etc.


Page 191 March 2016

to the central data bank, which can be made readily available to share on an inter-

departmental level linked with the high precautionary security clearance system.


Page 192 March 2016

13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) emphasis on improvement of personal hygiene and

good sanitation practices in Indian towns and cities through awareness generation and

behavioral change. Effective Stake holder consultation is the key to generation of

awareness about sanitation and its linkages with public and environmental health amongst

communities and institutions. Stakeholder consultation also promotes mechanism to bring

about and sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of healthy sanitation practices. The

on ground successful implementation of the city sanitation plan to achieve long term goals

also requires strong city level institutions and stakeholders.

The Stakeholder Consultation for Khunti will eventually work as the basis of the City

Sanitation Planning and its implementation. To keep the present City Sanitation Plan

compatible with the existing National Programmes on sanitation and attuned with the

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Stakeholders Consultation is an inevitable way to

make it more people oriented and practicable.

13.1 OBJECTIVE OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning,

implementation and management of sanitation infrastructure;

To adopt locally suitable and sustainable methods, technologies and materials,

and provide necessary facilitation support to the locals ULBs;

To create and ensure ownership among the staff and chair holders of ULB and

various concerned departments who play key role in smooth running of the

system that is required to retain the ideal Sanitation Mechanism;

To encourage community and private participation and define their role in

creation and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure with possible

involvement of several intervening and contributing institutions like markets,

hospitals, schools and thereby ensure a sense of ownership;

To ensure coordination and integration amongst various departments working

and indirectly involved in the field of water supply and sanitation, such as health,

education, drinking water & sanitation, water resources, industries, science &

environment, transport, pollution control board, etc.;

To ensure optimal and best use of funds dovetailed from various sources;

To promote novel and innovative ideas in mobilization of funds from government,

public and private sectors including funding under corporate sector responsibility,

possible reforms in tax regime, scope for public private partnerships, exploring

the scope of involving private market players & development of special purpose

vehicle in execution and management of infrastructure projects, periodical review

and enhancement of user charges, beneficiary contribution, etc. ;

To know the current status and physical verification of the existing scenario and

based on the needs enumerated by them; and

To identify the problem areas and bottlenecks in the existing system.

13.2 STAKEHOLDER MAPPING


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Stakeholder mapping being the foremost task while formulating the need based Sanitation

Plan for Khunti Town, and has been carried out through identification of key stakeholders.

Thus, stakeholders in Khunti Town has been identified and classified in three categories:

Stakeholder Level 1- Khunti Nagar Panchayat ; DW&SD and other relevant govt.

departments

Stakeholder Level 2- Citizens of Khunti Nagar Panchayat Area

Stakeholder Level 3- Intervening and Contributing Institutions like Schools, Colleges,

Hospitals, Markets, Industry and Commerce Organizations, NGOs, CBOs etc.

13.3 CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF)

NUSP necessitates the constitution of CSTF to elevate the consciousness about sanitation

in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the

people of the city. As discussed with Khunti Nagar Panchayat the probable members of the

CSTF will be as follows:

a) Representative from Urban Local Body (Chair holders- inclusive of Chairperson, Vice

Chairperson and Executive Officer of the Nagar Panchayat)

b) Elected Members of the Legislative Council

c) Other government departments – PHED / DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water

Resources Department, Ground Water Board

d) Residents including Slum dwellers

e) Media - Print , Audio, audio-visual ( television)

f) Civil society organizations - NGOs, CBO, Women and self-help group

g) Industry and Commerce Organizations

h) Town planning authorities

i) Pollution Control Board

Following table provides key responsibilities of key stakeholders during the formulation of

City Sanitation Plan for Khunti:

Sl. No.

Stakeholder Roles & Responsibilities of various Stakeholders during CSP preparation

1 Urban Local Body –Nagar Panchayat

Constitution of City Sanitation Task Force

Generate awareness among the citizens and the stakeholders

Organize meetings and workshops for presentation of CSP various stakeholders including CSTF members.

Appraisal and approval of CSP document for the town, Issue briefing to the press/ media, JUIDCO and the state government about progress.

Support SENES for necessary alignment of CSP with the current / pending project ( under various programme) and for incorporation in the CSP

2

Other Government Department – PHED / DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water Resources Department, Ground Water Board

Data support to the CSP team

Provide views / comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Suggest possible sites /locations for development of future Sanitation infrastructure including water supply (water treatment plant & reservoirs etc.) , sewerage system (sewage treatment plan, pump house etc.), solid waste management (transfer stations, landfill /processing & disposal site etc.) for


Page 194 March 2016

Sl. No.

Stakeholder Roles & Responsibilities of various Stakeholders during CSP preparation

further evaluation

3 Member of legislative council

Ward wise data on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure

Provide comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Approval of various provisions made in CSP document

4 Residents including Slum dwellers

Support during demand gap assessment of sanitation infrastructure & facilities.

Support in identification of most suitable location for CTCs to maximize utilization

Adopt good sanitation practices and discourage open defecation,

Provide details on their affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation facilities

5 Industry and commerce Organisation

Provide input on industrial pollution related issues, and particularly related to sanitation of the town and pollution abatement of river

Suggestion for development of sanitation infrastructure which would handle industrial waste and waste water

Provide details on affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation and river water quality

6 Media

Reporting on the salient features of the city sanitation plan

Public awareness generation on sanitation and related health issues

Educate and encourage the residents on social commitment and social obligations for sanitation

7

Civil Society Organisation - CBOs, Self-help groups, women and child welfare groups etc.

Awareness generation on best sanitation practices and communication on significance of town level sanitation plan to residents and other stakeholders

8 Town Planning Authorities

Provide information of land use- existing and proposed

Support in identification of suitable land, in conformity to the town master plan, for development of sanitary landfill facility, transfer stations, sewage pumping stations, sewage treatment plant, water treatment and storage facilities etc.

Earmark the land for above facilities on the proposed or revised land use map / town master plan

9 Pollution control board

Provide information on pollution status of various river, water bodies in the town

Provide comments and suggestion at different stages of CSP formulation

CSTF will identify the implementing agency (ies) for the possible interventions identified in

the CSP, which normally be the respective urban local body, and KNP in the present case.

CSTF will continue to monitor and support KNP during the implementation of the City

Sanitation Plan.

During the time of undertaking various consultation with the town level authorities including

the Executive Officer, Chairman, Vice Chairman of KNP and with the DW&SD Officials, the

need and essentiality of formation of CSTF was repeatedly communicated by the team

members. However, the CSTF is yet to be formulated by the town authority.


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Roles and Responsibility of CSTF

Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign

Generating awareness amongst the citizens and stakeholders

Approving materials and progress reports provided by the implementing agency, other

public agencies, as well as NGOs and private parties contracted by the Implementing

Agency, for different aspects of implementation (see below)

Approving the City Sanitation Plan for the city prepared by the Sanitation

Implementation Agency after consultations with citizens

Undertaking field visits from time to time to supervise progress

Issue briefings to the press / media and state government about progress

Providing overall guidance to the Implementation Agency

Recommend to the ULB fixing of responsibilities for city-wide sanitation on a permanent

basis

13.4 DETAILS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS IN KHUNTI

Stakeholder Consultation with City Sanitation Task Force

Date: 16th December, 2015

Attendees: CSTF members

Venue- Khunti Nagar Panchayat office

Agenda:

1. Presenting data collection till date and data assessment

2. Demand gap analysis for the period of next 30 years

3. Proposal, recommendations and suggestion on all the sectors.

Proceedings of the Meeting have been annexed in Annexure 1.

Stakeholder Consultation – with Nagar Panchayat and PHED

Date: 2nd July 2015

Venue: Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP) Office, Khunti

Attendees: Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Executive Officer and Officials from KNP,

DW&SD and Team Members, SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company)

preparing the CSP.

Agenda

Introduction of the CSP Team Members with the ULB Chair holders and Staff

and DW&SD Officials.

Orientation of the ULB Staff and Chair holders and DW&SD Officials about

CSP, its utility and essentiality.

Introduction of the town, its extent, demographic pattern, socio- cultural traits

etc. by the ULB Officials.


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Brief introduction on existing scenario of the CSP Components by ULB and

DW&SD Officials.

Planning of the Field visits.

Output:

The members were apprised about CSP and its essentiality and its utility in future

propositions for the development of the town.

Proceedings of the Meeting have been annexed in Annexure No. 3

Stakeholder Consultation with Community

Date: 31st august and 2nd September, 2015

Attendees: Community at large, local institutions, industries, hospitals and the Floating

Populace

Venue- Different areas of the entire town , site visit

Agenda:

Orientation and introduction on CSP and information on existing scenario to the

Community and physical verification of the existing scenario.

Support for demand gap assessment of sanitation infrastructure.

Support in identification of most suitable location for CTCs to maximize

utilization

Adoption of good sanitation practices and discourages open defecation.

Output:

The community residing in different pockets of the town at large was intimated

about the importance of CSP, different components of CSP and their necessity.

The CSP Team Members of the Consultants were informed about the existing

scenario followed by physical verification of available CSP components in the

town.


Stakeholder Consultation

Date: 4th September, 2015

Venue: Board Room, Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP) Office, Khunti

Attendees: Members of Board of Councilors, KNP; Executive Officer, Khunti Nagar

Panchayat and Team Members of SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS

Company) preparing the CSP.

Agendas:


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Ward wise data support on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure for

documentation in CSP

Inputs, comments and suggestions from KNP on required infrastructure

improvisation in Sanitation Sector

Output:

All the Councilors were appraised on the importance of CSP components and

its essentiality.

Ward wise information on different components of CSP and other relevant data

/ inputs were gathered.

Importance and necessity of CSTF formation and its functionality was

communicated and suggestions were received.


13.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF CSP BY CSTF

CSTF shall identify the urban local body as key agency responsible for

implementation of CSP

CSTF shall support the consultants in developing the CSP for the town by

providing suggestions on sanitation improvement plans.

CSTF shall support the ULB in promoting awareness through campaigns

among the community.

Alignment of CSP with the current / pending project under various programmes

/ schemes and difference highlighted for resolution in the CSP

Appraisal and approval of the CSP and the schemes proposed for sanitation

improvement of the town.

Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPR) on Sewerage and Non

sewerage schemes identified in the CSP document

Arrangements of funds for development of sanitation infrastructure as per the

various programmes / schemes launched by the central and state government.

Development of implementation framework and selection of implementation

agency

Provide guidance to the implementation agency

Launching the 100% sanitation campaign

Generating awareness among citizens and stakeholders with support from

local NGOs, CBOs and other related agencies

Regular field visit and getting structured feedback from the community

organizations and citizen groups.


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Develop procedure for periodic evaluation to achieve 100% sanitation status

and provision for revision.

Update the State Government / state agencies on the progress.

13.6 AWARENESS GENERATION

For implementation of City Sanitation Plan a well-planned and incessant awareness

campaign is particularly essential. It will acts as catalyst in successful implementation of any

initiative related to sanitation in the town. It also boosts the morale of the people dealing with

it by making them more aware and responsible towards their own responsibilities and role

play. Awareness campaign for city sanitation plan includes following activities:

1. Orientation of Citizens at large and bringing up responsible Stakeholder at all levels

of the Society; creating a favorable ambience for successful implementation of any

Plan or Initiative;

2. Orientation and Capacity Development of the ULB

3. Capacity Development of the Workers and Officials involved in preparation of CSP

and implementation of CSP components;

4. Ensuring introduction of integrated management system that addresses SWM, Water

Supply, Waste and Storm Water Management and Total Sanitation (i.e. 100% access

and utilization of Toilet facilities);

5. Ensuring right practices among the stakeholders at all levels (ULBs, Citizens and

intervening & contributing agencies like industries, commercial establishments &

markets, hospitals, educational institutions, recreational centers like cinema halls,

parks etc. );

6. Developing a continuous and sustainable awareness process that will facilitate the

successful implementation of the proposed programmes pertaining to safeguard of

health and hygiene; and

7. Developing a continuous and sustainable monitoring and evaluation process that

may help maintaining permanent vigilant system.

It requires specific programmes that will help developing an enduring right practice for a

better civic life.

13.6.1 Strategy for awareness generation

To build pollution free and hazard free environment and for acceptance of the facilities to be

created in accordance of the City Sanitation Plan require continuous and regular persuasion;

and necessary Behavior Change Communication (BCC) strategy would be adopted after

critical review and assessment of the needs and requirements of the town. The CSTF will be

responsible for assessing and reviewing these as per local unique needs. Following the

Behavior Change Communication strategy, a road map need to be created considering the

followings as the major activities:

1. Advocacy with the Municipal Authorities and Major Decision Makers inclusive of

the Chair holders like Municipal Chairperson, Members of Board of Councilors,

Executive Officer etc. The purpose is to engage the decision makers and officials of

the ULBs to extend support towards the successful implementation of the plan.


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2. Linkage with the concerned and responsible municipal and government officials,

ward committee members and other social institutions like ICDS, Health and locally

influential groups, local NGOs & CBOs etc.; so as to interact and share amongst

themselves about the proposed development works and to ensure their support at all

level of implementation through continuous awareness campaign.

3. Community Dialogues & Focused Group Discussions are group interactions to

mobilize different Grass Root Groups from the community, focused citizens and

influential people for interactive communication targeting behavioral change with

respect to Health, Hygiene and Environment. These need to be taken up for a longer

period of time.

4. Larger Mobilization Programmes (e.g. Rallies, Public Meetings, Seminars,

Workshops, Awareness Programmes during different festivals and fairs etc.):

Social Mobilization programmes are instrumental to reach out the larger community

with the messages involving various facets of hygiene and sanitation. Institutions like

Schools, Colleges, Youth Clubs, Health Workers, Local Artists etc. could be

communicated and utilized by organizing rallies, mass meetings etc. to ensure

greater visibility of the objectives and activities, so as to turn the entire activities in to

a mass movement toward ‘total sanitation’..

5. Preparation of IEC materials for Advocacy & Linkage, Community Dialogue, IPC,

Social Mobilization etc. numbers of IEC materials like Fliers, flexes, posters, banners,

leaflets, contents of advertisement through local media, local TV etc. have been

prepared and distributed.

6. Environmental Education Programmes in the Institutions :

To promote and ensure a sustainable and ideal sanitary ambience all educational

institutions will be contacted to share different aspects of the project to make the

students aware about the ideal practices and to generate interest among them.

The following issues should be dealt with during the interactive sessions with

students:

General idea on all the components pertaining to Sanitation and Hygiene and

their impact on human health

3 ‘R’s that help promoting a pollution free environment (Reuse, Recycle and

Reduce)

Different factors that are root causes for Pollution (air, water, soil, sound and

visual pollution)

Potential health hazards caused by indiscriminate disposal of waste, and

insanitary practices

Role of the Citizens -severally and collectively- Role of students in conveying the

message of Behaviour Change to themselves and to the community at large.

7. Workshop on ‘Clean Environment’ at institutions and organizational levels.

The CSTF with the support of ULB, DW&SD and other implementing agencies will take

initiatives to organize Workshops & Seminars to take up ‘Clean Environment’ campaign

periodically, particularly during local festive time. Budget for the same could be arranged

by KNP by mobilization of funds from different schemes.


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14.0 Project Financing and Implementation Framework

14.1 PROJECT FINANCING

This chapter identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various sectors in City

Sanitation Plan for Khunti town. Brief discussions of the ongoing schemes by the central and the

state government which may be suitable for funding the projects included in the CSP have been

included in Chapter – 2. In this chapter we will further elaborate on possible scopes for funding

projects in different sector, finance sources and most suitable implementation framework.

Fund requested by the State government for the 12th Five year Plan period (2012-17) for Rs.

3,35,106.00 lacs under Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and for Rs. 3,37,820.00 lacs under

State Plan Schemes indicates intention of the State to avail funds under various old and new

government schemes which include JnNURM (for earlier sanctioned projects), Affordable Housing in

Partnership (AHP), USHA, Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP), Rajiv

Awas Yojna (RAY) (for earlier sanctioned project), Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), Swarna

Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS), National

Urban Livelihood Mission, National River Conservation Directorate, National Lake Conservation Plan

(NLCP), National Ganga River Basin Authority and others including GoI ACA from CSS; and also

under continuing schemes for urban water supply, sewerage and drainage, solid waste management,

city sanitation etc. of the State Plan component. It may be relevant to mention about the new central

sector / centrally sponsored schemes like SBM, AMRUT, Smart Cities, Namami Gange, Pradhan

Mantri Awas Yojna etc., which are also being utilised by the State since 2014-15.

Following section discusses the general finance source currently available for funding of various

infrastructure projects.


14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation

Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational

revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of

basic services to Urban Population including urban poor.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including sanitation sectors of

water supply, sewerage and septage management and storm water

drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission

(SBM) Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are being provided for

various sanitation components such as individual toilet, community

toilet, public toilet, solid waste management, IEC and public

awareness and capacity building and administrative & office

expense.

National Ganga River Basin

Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including Jharkhand

particularly for the towns having impact on Ganga and its tributaries.

Key sectors covered under the scheme are solid ware management,

river front development, sewerage and sanitation system and

industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost

Sanitation (ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into low cost twin

pit pour flush latrines and construction of new individual toilets to

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) households who have no

latrines in the urban areas of the country. Under the scheme the

pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy, 15% State Subsidy

and 10% beneficiary share.

http://envfor.nic.in/division/national-river-conservation-directorate-nrcd

http://infoxin.com/tag/national-ganga-river-basin-authority-nrgba


Page 201 March 2016


Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA

component. The SSA component has considerable funding for

school sanitation.

International Donors/Funding

Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed

at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop

sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services

improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation

services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property tax;

the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be directed to

the sanitation department for utilization for funding sanitation

improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the operation &

maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment

and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the

urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP

options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately -

(a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a

management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); (d)

BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures between State

Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak

financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner

support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the

O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of

ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the

event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the

Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the

equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move

shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that

involves greater community participation and hence promote greater

accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services

sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models

shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the

development and O&M activities.

Based on the above financing option discussed above, key funding options for different sectors

proposed under current CSP has been evaluated in the following section:

Water Supply:

Most of the town identified for the study has population being less than 1,00,000 (as per census

2011), the water supply project shall not qualify to draw fund under the programme for Smart cities &

AMRUT (Except towns having population of more than 75,000 situated on the bank of tributaries of

River Ganga, qualifying for funding under AMRUT) under the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD),

Govt. of India. However, the town shall well qualify for funding under UIDSSMT, for completion of all

the ongoing projects. The State may also seek for Additional Central Assistance (ACA) from GoI


Page 202 March 2016

(including 14th Finance Commission) for completion of ongoing projects and also for taking up new

projects for water supply. Besides, the State plan funding for urban water supply should be dovetailed

to meet the additional fund requirement for completion of all ongoing and new water supply projects.

The State may also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds

under Corporate Social Responsibility etc.

Sanitation (On and Offsite including conventional sewerage scheme):

As discussed above, the town is well qualifying for funding under AMRUT (when 2011 census

population is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) and definitely

under SBM for taking up projects for 100% sanitation coverage through construction of IHHL,

Community & Public toilets across the town including for the weaker section, slums etc. Funds

available from many other schemes earmarked for the purpose of sanitation may be dovetailed, as

indicated in the SBM guidelines. However, SBM is not having any provision for funding conventional

sewerage projects, and therefore, the State may seek for ACA from GoI including 14th Finance

Commission (and under NGRBA including Namami Gange, if situated on the bank of tributaries of

River Ganga; under NRCP, if situated beyond River Ganga basin area) for taking up such projects,

being the model state declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. Besides, the State

plan funding for sewerage & drainage should be dovetailed to meet the additional fund requirement

new sewerage projects. The State may also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model

and by dovetailing funds under CSR etc.

Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The prime source of funding SWM project is SBM, however funding under NGRBA including Namami

Gange (if situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) and AMRUT (when 2011 census

population is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) is also

possible for taking up such projects.

Under SBM, main fund sources are the central government funding, the state government funding

and the ULB share. The balance funds is proposed to be generated through various other sources of

fund which include following

a. Private Sector Participation

b. Additional Resources from State Government/ULB

c. Beneficiary Share

d. User Charges

e. Land Leveraging

f. Innovative revenue streams

g. Swachh Bharat Kosh

h. Corporate Social Responsibility

i. Market Borrowing

j. External Assistance

In addition to the above, the State plan funding for solid waste management should be dovetailed to

meet the additional fund requirement new SWM projects. The State may seek for ACA from GoI

(including 14th Finance Commission) for taking up such projects, being the model state declared by

GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. The State may also explore possibilities for taking up

projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under CSR etc.

River Front Development and other projects for tackling Non-point pollution:


Page 203 March 2016

The prime source of funding such projects is NGRBA including Namami Gange, if situated on the

bank of tributaries of River Ganga; and otherwise under NRCP, if situated beyond River Ganga basin

area. The State may seek for ACA from GoI (including 14th Finance Commission) for taking up such

projects, being the model state declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. The State

may also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under

NLCP (presently known as NPCA – National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem, Ref:

Advisory on ‘Conservation and Restoration of Water Bodies in Urban Areas issued by CPHEEO,

MoUD in August, 2013); CSR etc.

Detailed Project-wise review of possible funding sources should however, be carried out at FR / DPR

stage for each and every projects, so as to explore all feasible options for funding and sustainable

operation and maintenance of such projects both in short and long term plan period indicated in the

CSP.

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of public resources for

investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore avenues for increasing investment in

infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal services in the state.

The private sector has the ability to provide waste services more efficiently than government on

account of following factors

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible labour

practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid access to

capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other businesses or

business activities.

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State Governments and Urban

Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging sectors. The object of the initiative is to

develop robust PPP projects and successfully bid them to establish their replication potential in the

sectors concerned

A range of contractual options are possible for financing various project under PPP. BOOT (build,

own, operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in which a private

organization conducts a large development project under contract to a public-sector partner, such as

a government agency. A BOOT project is often seen as a way to develop a large public infrastructure

project with private funding. BOOT is sometimes known as BOT (build, own, transfer). Variations on

the BOOT model include BOO (build, own, operate), BLT (build, lease, transfer) and BLOT (build,

lease, operate, transfer). BLOT (build, lease, operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP)

project model in which a private organization designs, finances and builds a facility on leased public

land. The private organization operates the facility for the duration of the lease and then transfers

ownership to the public organization.

Viability Gap Funding: The Government has created a Viability Gap Funding Scheme for PPP

projects. Infrastructure projects are often not commercially viable on account of having substantial

sunk investment and low returns. However, they continue to be economically essential. Accordingly,

the Viability Gap Funding Scheme has been formulated which provides financial support in the form of

grants, one time or deferred, to infrastructure projects undertaken through public private partnerships

with a view to make them commercially viable. The Scheme provides total Viability Gap Funding up to

twenty percent of the total project. The Government or statutory entity that owns the project may, if it


Page 204 March 2016

so decides, provides additional grants out of its budget up to further twenty percent of the total project

cost. Viability Gap Funding under the Scheme is normally in the form of a capital grant at the stage of

project construction.

Following section provides case studies of selected PPP projects in Sanitation sector. The cost

benefit analysis of individual project have been analyses in the case studies


Page 205 March 2016

Case study for Alandur Sewerage project

The Alandur Municipality has entered a contract on STP of 24 MLD in 2 modules of 12 MLD each, developed

on Finance, Design, Construct, Operate & Maintenance basis with a private operator (M/s IVRCL Infra

Structures & Projects Ltd Hyderabad in technical collaboration with Va Tech Wabag Technologies Ltd.) for

design, construction of the above mentioned STPs followed by maintenance and operation of Alandur

Sewerage Project (ASP) for 5 years from the date of completion of construction.

To plan this complex and politically challenging project, the AM worked in partnership with the Tamil Nadu

Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company and with

USAID’s Financial Institution Reform and Expansion (FIRE) Project. The important features are as under:

The funding pattern included upfront deposition of connection charges by the residents for an amount of Rs.

12.40 crores (on which interest earned for Rs 2.46 crores), besides loan taken by the municipality for Rs 16.00

crores and capital infusion by IVRCL for Rs 4.00 crores.

The contract also provides the characteristic of inflow and outflow of the waste water. The contractor is liable

to operate the facility in consonance with the SPCB guidelines and various other rules & regulations framed

there under.

Penalty clause has been provided for non-fulfillment of the guaranteed parameters as per the contract.

Payment to the operator is based on the sewage quantity received in MLD & rate (Rs. 3772.00 per MLD) as

per the agreement.

The monthly user charges are being able to meet the loan annuity and the monthly payment to IVRCL and this

is thus a self-sustaining model.

As per the Agreement the date of completion was 31st March 2003. By end 2001, the laying of the sewer pipes

and main sewers was completed, as also the construction of the Pumping Station, Pumping Mains and the

Sewerage Treatment Plant. The overall date of completion was October 2003.

Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first phase, i.e.

by 2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of slum dwellers had

opted for and paid for individual sewerage connections. By 2010, of the 30,600 households who paid for the

services, 29,300 households were connected; 14 community toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters.

This was the first project in the municipal water sector to be taken through the Public Private Partnership route

in India.

Key Learning and Observations made by a team of experts:

Beneficiary participatory approach: People’s participation in the project, including the fact that almost 29% of

the project cost was garnered from public contributions, was the most outstanding aspect and learning from the

ASP. The project established that mobilising people’s participation for infrastructure projects is possible

through collective efforts and transparent procedures. The success of the project from the outset depended

highly on effective collection of connection charges and monthly sewer fees as also public acceptance of

engaging a private BOT participant. Community awareness, support and on-going cooperation was, therefore,

critical. The aggressive public outreach campaign conducted by the municipality and GoTN and the

engagement of stakeholders was essential to assure the lending agencies and city officials that repayment

provisions would be met.

Stakeholder involvement and interdepartmental coordination: Continued involvement of stakeholders

throughout the project ensured timely completion of the project and addressing of issues even as they arise.

To maintain support for the project, a citizen’s committee was formed and it met frequently to review the status

of the project, monitor performance of the BOT contractor and provide a forum in which citizens could air their

concerns. The ASP established that close involvement of all stakeholders/departments at the key decision-

making stages of the project, as also for review and monitoring, is critical to ensuring that the project stays on-

track.

Political will and strong decision making, especially at the grass-root level: The ASP demonstrated

that ‘political will and quick decisions make projects happen’. The political leadership and strong

advocacy for the project provided by the chairman and council of the municipality proved to be critical

element of the success. While strong support for the sewerage system within Alandur existed, political

will was essential to convince the customers and citizens to pay a significant share of the cost and

accept the entry of the private sector. Throughout the project decision making stages, the members of

the municipality maintained full support for the project.


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Acceptance of fiscal discipline: The term lenders, TNUIFSL and TUFIDCO, placed strict lending

conditions on the municipality, requiring the municipality to accept and implement strong fiscal

discipline measures. TNUIFSL required the municipality to establish a separate sewer account

distinct from the general budget of the municipality, forcing discipline and transparency on the

officials managing the system. The municipality was also required to limit new debts to a certain

percentage (typically 30%) of their revenue. GoTN, which provide loan guarantee, stipulated that

any payment made to these entities on account of default by the municipality would be recovered

from the annual transfer of payments from the municipality to the state government. Similarly the

contractual obligations between the municipality and the BOT operator forced the municipal

government to ensure timely payment for management and waste water treatment services. Thus,

the loan as well as contractual obligations ensured strong fiscal discipline by the municipal body, by

making it take difficult decisions on capital priorities, closely oversee the sewer system

management, and ensure budgeting of sufficient funds to meet payment schedules.

Implementing an effective fee system: Despite the willingness to pay survey that indicated that

public willingness was far below the tariff requirement to meet the capital and operational cost of

the project, the municipal council, through its rigorous public outreach measures, managed to

impose reasonable levels of connection charges and sewer fee on the public. The municipality also

managed to collect the connection charges fairly well in time to pre-empt the need for the TNUIFSL

loan. A large part of the success of the municipality in this aspect sprung from the fact that they

provided sympathetic measures that addressed the concern of the public. For example, the

connection deposits were collected in two installments as per the convenience of the consumers;

the local branch of the Punjab National Bank also offered financial support to the citizens of

Alandur by creating a scheme for lending the connection deposit amount to them.

Assurances on payment to the Private Sector Participant: The municipality agreed to provide the

BOT operator a minimum level of income by accepting the ‘take or pay’ condition in the Agreement.

Thus, the municipality assumed the risk of minimum payment to the operator while the private

partner assumed all other responsibilities and risks of financing, constructing and operating the

STP for a period of 14 years.

Access to finance for the municipality: An important aspect of the success of the project stemmed

from concession financing and subsidies from the Government and public-private entities,

established specifically to meet the credit needs of the municipalities without access to private

capital, due to a low or non-existent credit rating. Though almost 30% of the capital was generated

by the municipality from connection fees, grants from GoTN and loans from TUFIDCO were crucial.

The loan agreement from TNUIFSL, while proving to be unnecessary in the end, was imperative for

participation in the finance package by all the parties.

Technical and financial assistance: The expertise needed to plan and manage the technical and

financial aspects of the project far exceeded the capacity of the municipality. Assistance from the

other government bodies in the state, the Chennai Corporation, and sources, such as the USAID’s

FIRE project, was critical. TNUIFSL and FIRE played a substantial role in structuring the project,

managing the feasibility studies, and preparing the bid and contract documents crucial to project

success. The review and approval of the engineering reports by the management committee,

consisting of senior officials of the AM, the Tamil Nadu Water supply and Sewerage Board,

Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and TNUIFSL, were essential for

successful project management.

Transparency in bidding and contracting procedures: The transparent approach to the project, right

from inception to selection of contractor/operator and implementation, was critical to providing the

necessary assurance to the private sector bidders on the professional approach of the municipality.

This included strict application of World Bank and FIDIC processes, oversight and approval of the

process by the World Bank. Public participation in the deliberations of the management committee

overseeing the tendering process execution was also important.


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Case Study - Salt Lake Water Supply And Sewerage Network, Kolkata, West Bengal

The Government of West Bengal (GoWB) had identified Sector V, Salt Lake City in Kolkata as the

IT & ITeS (Information Technology / Information Technology Enabled Services) hub of West Bengal

and intended to upgrade Sector V to international standards. This site was spread over an area of

300 acres in the eastern fringes of Kolkata. The consumer mix at Sector V included office spaces of

the IT companies, government institutions, and office spaces owned by other private firms.

However, Sector V was devoid of an organized water supply and sewerage system. Due to the lack

of proper water supply and sewerage systems, the industrial units of Sector V had to depend on

ground water for water supply and developed on-site sanitation facility at their own costs. This

practice resulted in indiscriminate extraction of underground water.

In the absence of a developed supportive civic infrastructure, the up-gradation of the IT sector in

Sector V was considered to be difficult. In 2005, the Urban Development Department of the GoWB

appointed the Kolkata Municipal Development Authority (KMDA) to lay out a comprehensive plan

for the development of basic infrastructure services in the industrial township of Nabadiganta.

Accordingly, the KMDA along with the Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) planned

a combined water supply-cum-sewerage project. This project was planned to be implemented

under the Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT) PPP arrangement. The project was developed with

financial assistance under the central government’s scheme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban

Renewal Mission (JNNURM).

The project involved the design, construction and commissioning of all the water supply and

sewerage facilities on a PPP basis. Specifically, for the water supply infrastructure, the project

required the construction of an Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR), a rising main, an Underground

Reservoir (UGR), and the laying of pipelines along individual roads which would be connected to

the dedicated main. With respect to the sewerage sector, the project required the construction of a

sanitary network and a pumping station and the development of a waste treatment system. KMDA

and NDITA selected a private developer on a competitive basis. The private developer formed a

SPV – the Nabadiganta Water Management Limited (NBWML). The SPV was required to

undertake part-financing; design the specified components of the water supply and sewerage

system; plan; undertake its construction; and operate and manage the system including the

purchase of water, generation of bills and collection for the concession period. The project

infrastructure was planned to be developed within a total time period of 18 months. Post completion

of the construction works, the SPV was to undertake the operation and maintenance of the water

supply system for a concession period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP contract for the project is a Concession Agreement for

the development of the project on a BOT basis. The contract involves the following parties, viz.,

KMDA, NDITA and the consortium of private developers. As per the Concession Agreement, the

private developer is required to undertake the development, design, engineering, financing,

procurement, construction, completion, commissioning, implementation, management,

administration, operation and maintenance of the Water Supply Network, Sewerage Network and

the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) at the site, viz., Sector V. Against the capital investment made,

the private developer is permitted to charge the consumers a water supply-cum-sewerage tariff.

The Concession Agreement requires the private developer to operate and manage the water

supply and sewerage system for a time period of 30 Years.

Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 208 March 2016

Case Study - Latur Water Supply Project, Maharashtra

Located in the Maratwada region, Latur city is a district headquarter covering an area of 32.56 sq

kms and a population of 3.5 lakhs (2001 census). The city is anticipated to witness a significant

decadal growth in population of about 52%.

The Latur Municipal Council (LMC) is responsible for water supply to Latur City. Prior to May 2005,

the primary sources of water supply to the city were 2 weirs on Manjra river that supplied about 35

million liters per day (mlpd) of water. LMC operated two water treatment plants and a distribution

network covering 350 kms. In addition, the city was also drawing about 3 mlpd of ground water

through bore wells and open wells. Historically, Latur city has faced acute water scarcity. LMC was

supplying water to the city through individual connections as well as public stand posts. Of the

26,000 regularized water connections, majority were unmetered connections alongside a significant

number of illegal connections. In addition to limited availability of water, the demand coverage was

also low with only 70% of the population receiving water once a week. The situation was further

aggravated during the summer season. LMC took over this scheme from MJP in 2005 but was

unable to operate and maintain it optimally. Despite ample availability of water, LMC was unable to

manage its distribution network and Latur city was receiving water only once a week. Consequently

the percentage of Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which is the difference between the quantity of

treated water in the distribution system and the quantity of water that is actually billed to

consumers, was also very high for LMC. In addition to such operational issues, LMC was also

plagued by low collection efficiencies and constraints on revenue growth through revisions in water

tariffs. Given LMC’s

existing liabilities and its

inability to raise

additional resources of `

17.17 crores for

completing the existing

water supply system,

LMC initially decided to

transfer the Stage V

Water Supply scheme to

MJP. Subsequently, LMC

resolved to transfer the

existing water supply

scheme for the entire

Latur city to MJP. Based on the resolution passed by LMC, MJP was given the right to operate the

water supply scheme for Latur city for a period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP structure for the project is a performance based

management contract for integrated source to tap water supply management for the Latur city. The

project contracting structure deployed is shown in Figure.

Source: Compendium on Public Private Partnership in Urban Infrastructure - Ministry of Urban

Development, Confederation of Indian Industry, Government of India, 2010.


Page 209 March 2016

Case Study - Timarpur Okhla Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Project

Delhi generates 7,000 metric tonnes (MT) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) daily, which is expected to

increase to 18,000 MT by 2021. The present landfill sites that are being utilized for disposing the

garbage are approaching their full capacity and even with the envisaged capacity addition, the

situation is unlikely to improve.

The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has thus embarked on a project to reduce the amount of

MSW being disposed in the landfill sites and utilizing the waste for productive purposes such as

generation of power from waste. MCD has identified two locations, namely Timarpur and Okhla, for

implementing this project.

The following facilities are to be developed as a part of the integrated municipal waste handling

project:

Plants for converting MSW to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), capable of processing 1300 TPD at Okhla and 650 TPD at Timarpur.

A bio-methanation plant capable of handling of 100 TPD of green waste at Okhla.

A water recovery plant capable of handling up to 6 MLD of treated sewage at the Okhla site for recycling into process water and cooling water.

A Power plant with a generation capacity of 16 MW at Okhla.

Transportation of RDF from Timarpur to Okhla for combustion in the boiler of the power plant mentioned above.

The project is registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to earn 2.6 million Certified Emission

Reductions (CERs) over a ten-year period.

PPP structure of the Project - The project has been undertaken on Built, Own, Operate and

Transfer (BOOT) basis. IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (IL&FS – IDC) was

mandated to structure the project, evaluate various technologies, carry out project development

activities and select suitable developer through competitive bidding. IL&FS IDC and the Andhra

Pradesh Technology Development & Promotion Board established an SPV known as the Timarpur-

Okhla Waste Management Company Private Limited (TOWMCL).

The successful bidder M/s Jindal Urban Infrastructure Limited (JUIL) acquired 100% equity in the SPV

- TOWMCL. The following were the agreements executed by the SPV for this project-

The SPV signed the main concession agreement for the development, construction, operation and maintenance of an integrated municipal waste processing plant with NDMC.

The SPV signed a lease agreement with the Delhi Power Company Limited (DPCL) for the land at Timarpur. DPCL, the owner of the Timarpur site, is a holding company with shares in Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (the electricity generation company), Delhi Power Supply Company Limited (the electricity procurement, transmission and bulk Supply Company) and in the three power distribution companies (Central & East Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd., South and West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd. And North and North West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd.)

The SPV signed a lease agreement with New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) for the land at Okhla for 25 years. NDMC had taken this land on lease from the Delhi Development Authority.

The SPV entered into agreements with the MCD and NDMC for the supply of municipal waste.

It entered into an agreement with the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) for receiving sewage and disposing treated effluent.

The SPV entered into a Power Purchase Agreement with BSES Rajdhani Power Limited. Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 210 March 2016

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD

15.1 Conclusion

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Khunti has been developed aiming to maintaining a clean, safe

and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing of

all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in Khunti

through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction

and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and

responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

The City Sanitation Plan for Khunti discussed in different chapters of this report has been developed

considering the guidelines provided in National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Swachh Bharat

Mission, National River Conservation Plan, Municipal Solid waste management & handling Rules

2000 and other relevant guidelines and include following components for develop wide approach

include:

a. Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta,

industrial wastes, bio-medical and other hazardous wastes;

b. Storm water drainage;

c. Environmental up-gradation of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;

d. Abatement of environmental pollution in river front, other non-point sources;

e. Environmental sanitation education;

f. Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

g. Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.

The priority areas for sanitation coverage considered in the CSP include the following:

h. Serving the un-served urban poor / BPL population including the urban slums;

i. Serving the un-served public areas;

j. Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring;

k. Rehabilitation of existing facilities; and

l. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities

CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications in terms of technical,

capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made

depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation.

Following section summarises the short term, medium term and long term plan for Khunti town.

Sector Short term (2017-2020)

Water supply

Finalization of DPR for water supply / completion of water

supply works

Detail survey of the town to identify water source contamination

points and mapping.

Augmentation of surface water source

Drainage network

Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network.

Desilting of existing drain.

Removal of encroachment from existing drains.

Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town in the

storm water drainage network.

Access to toilet Detail survey of the town to identify actual coverage of toilets.


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Initiate IEC and awareness campaign

Conversion of single pit latrine to twin pit latrine

Conversion of insanitary latrine to sanitary latrine

100% coverage of individual toilets based on septic tanks

Construction of community toilets for slum areas and urban

poor

Construction of public toilet for existing floating population

Procurement of suction machines

Development of septage management site

Waste water management

100% on site sanitation coverage – individual and community

toilets.

Industrial effluent management.

Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/ septage

from onsite sanitation facilities.

Solid waste management

Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste collection

efficiency for primary and secondary waste collection.

Promote home composting.

100% collection of waste from bins.

100% transportation of waste to the dumping site.

Finalization of SWM DPR.

Sector Medium term (2020-2025)

Water supply

Finalization of water supply construction works.

Increasing number of water connections.

100% collection of water supply charges as per new

regulations provided by Government of Jharkhand.

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

Initiate metering of water supply connections.

Drainage network

Integration of minor and major drains.

Detail topographic survey of the town.

Finalization of DPR for storm water system.

Finalize procurement of the maintenance equipment

Construction of New Storm Water Drainage system.

Access to toilet

100% coverage of individual toilets.

100% disposal of fecal sludge.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating

population


Preparation of DPR for extensive sewerage system.

Finalization of collection & Conveyance System

Initiate the Treatment and Disposal mechanisms –

sewerage zone wise.

Initiation of sewerage network construction work.

Construction of DEWAT system for slum areas.


Initiate door to door waste collection system.

Segregation of waste at the dumping site.

Augmentation of waste collection and transportation

equipments and vehicle.

Formation of Customer complaint / Grievance redressal


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Cell

Initiate waste collection charges.

Initiate works for transfer station and sanitary landfill

site.

Sector Long term (2025-2045)

Water supply

100% coverage of water supply connections

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

100% coverage of water supply meters.

24X7 water supply to households.

Drainage network

Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the demands of

developing city

Replacements of components as per the maintenance

plan

Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to

be developed for storm water drains.

Access to toilet

100% coverage of individual toilets.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating

population


Construction of centralized sewerage system connected

to households.

Initiate collection of sewer charges.

Augmentation of the sewerage system to meet the

demands of developing city.

Replacements of components as per the maintenance

plan


100% door to door waste collection.

Waste segregation at sources.

Scientific disposal and processing of waste at landfill site.

Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in

collection of SWM charges

15.2 WAY FORWARD

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short, medium and long term

goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan by way of formulation of project proposals

in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs) and detailed project reports (DPRs). Such project documents

should conform to the relevant policy / programme / scheme of both the state government and the

central government to arrive at a techno-economically feasible option, which would be most suitable

for the town for in-time implementation as well as sustainable operation and maintenance.

Khunti Nagar Panchayat should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate the steps needed to

implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) has already

been formulated in the town comprising representatives from CNP, officials of various department,

representing various public stakeholders to sheer implementation of the projects identified in the CSP

document. CSTF will provides useful platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public

support and participation during the development and implementation phase of various project

identified in the CSP.

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town in different

locations and land requirement for each of the projects should be assessed and the land parcels


Page 213 March 2016

should be made available to the concern implementing agencies in advance. It may be pertinent to

mention that the provision of basic amenities in Khunti is not just important for environmental

improvement but is also desired for improved health and hygiene of residents and visitors and

downstream towns using available water resources for domestic purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first

input into a long-term endeavor to rehabilitate and later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation

facilities in Khunti.


Page 214 March 2016

ANNEXURE


Page 215 March 2016

Annexure 1: Stakeholder Consultation – City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)

Date: 16th December, 2015

Venue: Khunti Nagar Panchayat

Attendees: The discussion was held between various members of CSTF and representative

from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants

is provided in the following section:

1) CSTF Members (list is attached with signature)

2) Ms Gitika Bhagat, SENES

3) Mr Rajnish Kumar, SENES

4) Md Maswood, SENES

The main points discussed during the meeting are highlighted in the following section

Stakeholder consultation with CSTF was organized in KNP chaired by Honorable Chairman

of Khunti. Other key members were Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Executive officer,

Khunti, ward councilors, junior engineer, press representatives etc. The agenda of the

meeting was to appraise all the members regarding the status of the gathered information,

demand gap assessment projections for the next 30 years. In addition, all the proposal and

recommendations regarding the sanitation sectors were discussed with the members. During

the meeting their suggestions were sought and some are incorporated in the draft report.

Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Information update for natural ponds in Khunti.

Information update for natural drains in the town.

Proposals for major drains and revitalization of the same.

Discussion of proposed solid waste disposal site and criteria for selection.

Ward wise list of BPL population.

Organizational structure of KNP.

Availability of waste collection vehicles.


Page 216 March 2016


Page 217 March 2016

List of the CSTF attendants


Page 218 March 2016

Proceeding of the meeting


Page 219 March 2016


Page 220 March 2016

Annexure 2: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 1 - KNP

Date: 2nd of July 2015 and 19th August 2015

Venue: Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP) Office, Khunti

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from KNP, PHED and representative from

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is

provided in the following section:

1) Khunti NP Officials

2) PHED Officials

3) Ms G Bhagat, SENES

4) Md. Masood, SENES

The main points discussed during the meeting are highlighted in the following section:

A stakeholder consultation was organized with public representatives of Khunti Nagar

Panchayat. During the meeting representatives from SENES consultants appraised the brief

of the project and objectives to prepare the City Sanitation Plan to the officials. Detail data

checklist was also shared with them. All the officials cooperated with SENES team in

providing the secondary data. SENES team also conducted a reconnaissance survey of the

city with the officials. Honourable Chairman of Khunti provided a staff member of KNP to

support the SENES team in city survey and site visit. Key points discussed during the

meeting were as follows:

In spite of the ongoing strike in Khunti Nagar Panchayat, some of the data in verbal

form was shared with SENES team.

The officials from the KNP told the team members about the birth place of Birsa

Munda within the NP area and spatial growth over the last few decades.

We were informed that Khunti has mix kind of economy based on agriculture,

industry and trading activities. Many medium and small scale industries based on agro

products are running there due to goo amount of agriculture production in the city and

surroundings.

Information regarding the toilets in the houses was given to us, however no data

management is there for the same. Whatever the data was provided was based on

assumptions.

Information regarding the natural ponds, their status and usage was also shared. The

water supply to the city area are from the river Kharkari River (Tajna) which is the

tributary of Subarnarekha River

During the city visit key environmental sensitive areas visited were WTP, some

agriculture fields, major drains, dumping site, water logged areas, khatal, slum area

etc.Other areas visited during the survey were college, schools, health centres, etc.

Waste management system in Khunti and its shortcomings were also discussed with

the officials. There are miserable conditions for collection of solid waste within the

NP area.

Information regarding the government and private schools and their location was

provided by the officials.

Water Supply – PHED


Page 221 March 2016

All the water supply related information was provided by officials of PHED. During

the meeting, the relevant information regarding the water supply system such as

source of water supply, schemes for water supply, OHTs and their capacities, water

connection charges, issues in water supply system, proposed works, ground water

levels, distribution network etc. was provided.

The PHED official in verbal form was shared with SENES team, the drinking water

of the NP area depends on about 60% of the surface water i.e. Kharkari River and rest

40% depend on ground water.

Issues for data collection and survey

No authentic map made on GIS or Auto Cad software is available with NP, only hand

drawn maps are available which are not as per the scale.

Apart from base map, no other infrastructure map or utility map such as water supply

map, drainage map, location of bins or dumpsite was available with NP or PHED.

Length of the kutcha/ pucka/ open / closed drains is not available with NP.

Quantity of waste generation, characterization report and physical property report for

waste in the city is not available with the officials.

There is no data in written form available with Nagar Panchayat, all the data provided

to SENES was in verbal form.

During the city visit, Nagar Panchayat Strike was there, due to which SENES team

was not able to get the data from officials.

Number of individual toilets is not available with NP, data provided was based on

assumption only.

Consultation with PHED officials at Nagar Panchayat Khunti

Site visit – Water treatment plant


Page 222 March 2016

Annexure 3: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 2 - KNP

Date: 31st august and 2nd September 2015

Venue: Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP) Office, Khunti, WTP

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Executive Officer, Chairman, Vice chairman, Ward

councilors, Officials from KNP, PHED and representative from SENES Consultants India

Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is provided in the following

section:

1) Chairman

2) Executive Officer

3) Vice Chairman


5) PHED Officials

6) Mr. Alok Adhukari , SENES



Based on the previous meeting and discussions all the areas were surveyed. After

consultation with the ward councilors, SENES team also conducted reconnaissance survey of

some of wards in the city with the officials.

Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Ward wise information were collected with each of the ward councilors on all the

sectors water supply, sanitation status, sewerage, solid waste management.

Issues related to water logging , usage of water bodies, major issues on drains,




Apart from handmade base map, no other infrastructure map or utility map such as

water supply map, drainage map, location of bins or dumpsite was available with NP

or PHED.


Consultation with EO, Chairman, Vice Chairman, & ward councillors at KNP


Page 223 March 2016

Annexure 4: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 3 – KNP

Date: 4th September 2015

Venue: Khunti Nagar Panchayat (KNP) Office, Khunti,

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Executive Officer, Chairman, Vice chairman, Ward

councilors, Officials from KNP, and representative from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd

(An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is provided in the following section:


2) Mr. Alok Adhukari , SENES



All the officials cooperated with SENES team in providing the secondary data. SENES team

also conducted a survey of the city with the officials on location of slums. A staff member of

KNP was provided to support the SENES team in city survey and site visit. Key points

discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Ward wise information were collected with each of the ward councilors on all the

sectors water supply, sanitation status, sewerage, solid waste management.

Issues related to water logging , usage of water bodies, major issues on drains,

During the city visit key environmental sensitive areas were visited, drains outlet,

major drains, dumping site, water logged areas, khatal, slum area etc. Other areas

visited during the survey were college, schools, health centres, etc.

Waste management system in Khunti and its shortcomings were also discussed with

the officials.

Information regarding the government and private schools and their location was

provided by the officials.

During the meeting, the relevant information regarding the water supply system such

as source of water supply, schemes for water supply, OHTs and their capacities, water

connection charges, issues in water supply system, proposed works, ground water

levels, distribution network etc. was provided, inception report on new water supply

scheme was provided.


Ward wise slum details on is not available with the KNP



Apart from handmade base map, no other infrastructure map or utility map such as

water supply map, drainage map, location of bins or dumpsite was available with NP

or PHED.


During the city visit, Nagar Panchayat Strike was there, due to which SENES team

was not able to get the data from officials.

Number of individual toilets is not available with KNP; data provided was based on

assumption only.


Page 224 March 2016

Consultation with slum dwellers, & ward councillors at KNP


Page 225 March 2016

Annexure 5: Stakeholder Consultation – Health Institutions

Date: 4th and 19th December, 2015

Venue: Sadar Hospital Khunti & Private nursing Khunti

Attendees: The discussion was held between hospital staff, industry owner and

representative from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of

the participants is provided in the following section:

1) Doctor & hospital staff ( Govt and Private), Khunti

2) Ms Gitika Bhagat

3) Mr Alok Adhikari

The main points discussed during the meeting are highlighted in the following section

A stakeholder consultation was organized with Doctor of Sadar hospital and staff members.

The agenda of the meeting was to gather all information for sanitation aspects like safe

disposal of medical waste and related issues. SENES team also conducted a detail survey

of the city with the officials of KNP to find out the ongoing practice for disposal of bio medical

waste. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Medical waste is disposed off or burnt at the back yard of the hospital campus, waste

which are not burnt are buried deep with bleaching powder.

The major source of generation of Bio medical waste is private nursing home which

provides all type of surgical facility and inpatient facility.

No proper waste management is available to deal with bio medical waste in KNP.

Most of the nursing home throws their Bio medical waste in open place nearby their

location.


Page 226 March 2016

Annexure 6: Details of the treatment process

Sewage/ Wastewater Treatment Technologies

1. Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

Technology: The most common process used for municipal wastewater treatment is the

activated sludge process, tested and proven technology over 7-8 decades across the World.

Widely practices in Indian conditions.

Energy requirement: High

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)

2. Trickling Filters

Technology: A proven technology, in use for more than 100 years across the World. A

trickling filter or bio-filter consists of a basin or tower filled with support media such as

stones, plastic shapes, or wooden slats. Commonly practiced in India Industrial towns /

industries.

Energy requirement: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: moderately High (double than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high, better if combined with ASP)

3. BIOFOR (Biological Filtration & Oxygenated Reactor) Technology

Technology: A two stage high rate filtration method through a biologically active media and

high rate filtration. The primary treatment system is enhanced with addition of coagulants

and flocculants. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan has not yielded very

satisfactory performance for various managerial failures / setback.

Energy requirement: High (almost double than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High capital cost (require less numbered

skilled manpower)


Page 227 March 2016

Land requirements: Moderately low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Gas generation through post treatment of primary sludge)

4. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process

Technology: UASB is an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge and

suspended in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed by

the anaerobic microorganisms. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan /

Ganga Action Plan have not yielded satisfactory performance for various technical

(particularly for non-availability of required BOD level in sewage) & managerial failures /

setback.

Energy requirement: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require moderately skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low (comparable to ASP), but moderately high (with

polishing tank, require to improve efficiency)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high for gas recovery); however, require re-

aeration for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse.

5. Fluidized Bed Reactor

Technology: Aerobic fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) are used as a new technology in

wastewater treatment in small Sewage Treatment Plants for treating decentralized city

wastewater, industrial sewage treatment plant from food waste, paper waste and chemical

waste etc. Success rate is satisfactory in India, particularly for small scale plants / units.

Energy requirement: High (Slightly lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (50% higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high)

6. Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)


Page 228 March 2016

Technology: In this process, the raw sewage free from debris and grit shall be taken up for

biological treatment for removal of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus. In this form, the

sequences of fill, aeration, settle and decant are consecutively and continuously operated all

in the same tank. No secondary clarifier system is required to concentrate the sludge in the

reactor. The return sludge is recycled and the surplus is wasted from the basin itself. The

technology is gaining popularity in India, however, demand high technical and managerial

skill for O&M.

Energy requirement: High (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (Lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)

Low Cost Options:

7. Waste Stabilization Ponds

Technology: Waste water stabilization pond technology is one of the most important natural

methods for wastewater treatment. Waste stabilization ponds are mainly shallow man-made

basins comprising a single or several series of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds.

The treatment is achieved through natural disinfection mechanisms. It is particularly well

suited for tropical and subtropical countries because the intensity of the sunlight and

temperature are key factors for the efficiency of the removal processes. It is simple to

construct and maintain. This is one of the most commonly practiced technology in India

since introduction of wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however losing its

popularity due to constraints in getting required land parcel.

Energy requirement: Negligible

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (not require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Very High (3 to 4 times of ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Lowest (Periodical maintenance of ponds required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse (if followed by fishing

tanks)

8. Aerated Lagoons

Technology : In this system, the mechanical - biological purification of the waste water takes

place in one or more aerated lagoons according to the size of the plant, which are followed

by an non-aerated sedimentation and polishing pond. This is also one of the practiced


Page 229 March 2016

technology in India since introduction of wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the

country, however not being practiced commonly at present as it requires large land parcel.

Energy requirement: Moderately Low (comparable to UASB)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Low (require semi-skilled manpower)

Land requirements: High

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low


tanks)

9. Oxidation Ponds

Technology: Oxidation Ponds are also known as stabilization ponds or lagoons. They are

used for simple secondary treatment of sewage effluents. Oxidation ponds also tend to fill,

due to the settling of the bacterial and algal cells formed during the decomposition of the

sewage. Overall, oxidation ponds tend to be inefficient and require large holding capacities

and long retention times. This is another practiced technology in India since introduction of

wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however not being practiced

commonly at present as it also requires moderately large land parcel.

Energy requirement: Moderately Low

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately Low (require semi-skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately High (less than Waste stabilisation pond)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low (Comparable to Lagoons)


tanks)

10. Karnal Technology

Technology: The Karnal Technology involves growing tree on ridges 1m wide and 50cm high

wand disposing of the untreated sewage in furrows. The amount of the sewage/ effluents to

be disposed-off, generally depends upon the age, type of plants, climatic conditions, soil

texture and quality of effluents.

Though most of the plants are suitable for utilizing the effluents, yet, those tree species

which are fast growing can transpire high amounts of water and are able to with stand high

moisture content in the root environment are most suitable for such purposes. Eucalyptus is

one such species, which has the capacity to transpire large amounts of water, and remains


Page 230 March 2016

active throughout the year. Not being practiced in urban sector in India at present, due to

very large land requirement.

Energy requirement: NIL

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (Except land cost) (not require

skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Highest

Annualised (O&M) cost: Very Low (Periodical land & plant management required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (through marketing wood & wood products)


Page 231 March 2016

Annexure 7: Detailing of DEWAT system

Decentralized waste water treatment system (DEWATS):

Development of sewerage network would take a longer time frame and would depend on

external factors such as availability of funds for implementation of cost intensive sewerage

and wastewater treatment systems, the objective of this project component is to address the

immediate need of treating the wastewater (black water) that are discharged into the surface

drains and to minimize pollution on the surface water bodies, in the interim period.

Decentralized waste water treatment system (DEWATS) system is cost effective, both in

terms of capital investment and maintenance needs. The system should also be capable of

taking variable loads considering the proposed development of wastewater infrastructure

within the town that over the time will reduce the wastewater load into the drains. These

DEWATS would be established in various locations of slums and one module would treat

waste water from approximately 300 HHs. Treatment plant would be set up in the low lying

area but above the flood level so that gravity flow can be maintained. Not only in the slum

area but new developed colonies can have this system of waste water treatment. Locally

treated water can be further utilized for other purposes such as gardening, road cleaning and

washing. A short note on the system is provided in following section.

Relatively simple wastewater treatment techniques can be designed to provide

environmental protection while providing additional benefits from the reuse of water. These

techniques use natural processes of pollutant removal including sedimentation, bio-filtration,

followed by nutrient removal using aquatic and terrestrial systems. These can be

successfully used to treat a variety of wastewaters and function under a wide range of

weather conditions. Terrestrial systems make use of the nutrients contained in wastewaters.

Plant growth and soil adsorption convert biologically available nutrients into less-available

forms of biomass, which can be harvested for a variety of uses. The advantages of

decentralized approach are:

1. Water quality protection of a greater length of waterway

2. Lower Capital and O&M costs of individual treatment units

3. Lower environmental impacts

4. Lower risk of overall system failure

5. Compatibility with a staged approach to implementation

6. Less or no power requirements by adopting units such as bio-filters and constructed

wetlands, etc.

The proposed wastewater treatment facility is divided in three major components.

i. Primary unit, for the removal of grit and large objects by physical separation.

The main elements of this component include screen chamber and grit chamber

ii. Secondary unit, for converting organic components into stable end products

through microbiological process

iii. Tertiary unit, for removal of pathogens and nutrients (especially nitrogen and

phosphorous) through anoxic microbiological process


Page 232 March 2016

FUNCTIONING OF DEWATS SYSTEM

Raw Waste Water

Screens

Physical Removal of large size particles/objects

Removal of Inert Solid by Gravity

Primary Settling Tanks

Primary Sludge

Preliminary residuals

(i.e. grit, rags etc.)

Biological Treatment

System

Removal of suspended solid by gravity

WetlandsRemoval of residual organic

matter and nutrients (constructed wetlands)

Treated wastewater effluent discharge to natural drain

Grit removal

Removal of organic matter(attached growth filter e.g.

Trickling Filter)

For disposal

MODULE OF DEWATS SYSTEM


Page 233 March 2016

MODEL OF DEWATS SYSTEM

City Sanitation Plan for Khunti

Documents

Transcript of City Sanitation Plan for Khunti