City Sanitation Plans (Draft) - UDHD, Jharkhand

JHARKHAND URBAN

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CO.

LTD. (JUIDCO)

Cit

y S

an

ita

tio

n P

la

n f

or

J

H

U

M

R

I

T

E

L

A

I

Y

A

Submitted to

JHARKHAND URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD.

(JUIDCO)

Prepared by

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company)

March 2016

City Sanitation Plan for Jhumritelaiya

JUIDCO City Sanitation Plan – Jhumritelaiya

Page ii March 2016

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviation

Executive Summary

1.0 BACKGROUND ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 16

1.2 Scope of the Work ........................................................................................... 18

1.3 Objective of the Study ..................................................................................... 19

1.4 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................... 19

Concept Approach ..............................................................................................19 Methodology .......................................................................................................20

1.5 Structure of the Report .................................................................................... 23

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES

FOR CSP ......................................................................................................................26

2.1 National Urban Sanitation POLICY (NUSP) ................................................ 26

2.2 National River Conservation Plan and National Ganga River Basin

Authority .............................................................................................................. 27

2.3 Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ................... 28

2.4 Swachh Bharat Mission Guidelines .............................................................. 29

2.5 Other Waste Management Rules .................................................................. 32

2.6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (Housing for All) ............................................. 32

2.7 Jharkhand Water Policy .................................................................................. 33

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN....................................34

3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 34

3.2 Geographical Location of Town ..................................................................... 34

3.3 History/Growth of the Town ............................................................................ 35

3.4 Soil Type ........................................................................................................... 35

3.5 Topography and Hydrology ............................................................................ 37

3.6 Climate ............................................................................................................... 43

3.7 Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................... 43

3.8 Linkages and Connectivity ............................................................................. 43

Road Connectivity ...............................................................................................43

Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity ............................................................................43

3.9 Project Area Profile .......................................................................................... 44

3.10 Administrative Set up ...................................................................................... 44

3.11 Review of Existing Documents / Policies ..................................................... 47

3.12 Land Use Pattern of Jhumritelaiya as per Reconnaissance Survey ....... 47

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN ............................50


Page iii March 2016

4.1 Population Growth rate and Spatial Distribution ......................................... 50

Population Distribution ......................................................................................51 Population Density .............................................................................................52 Population Projection .........................................................................................53

4.2 Migration / Floating Population ...................................................................... 54

4.3 Other Population Indicators ............................................................................ 54

BPL Population ..................................................................................................54

Gender ratio .......................................................................................................55 Literacy rate .......................................................................................................55 SC/ST population ................................................................................................55

4.4 Economic Profile .............................................................................................. 56

Workforce Participation Rate .............................................................................56 Economic base of the town .................................................................................57

4.5 Social Profile of the Town ............................................................................... 59

Education ............................................................................................................59

Health ..............................................................................................................59 Public Places/Recreational Facilities ................................................................60

4.6 Slum Profile ....................................................................................................... 60

Current Status of Slums ......................................................................................61

Location of Slums ...............................................................................................61

4.7 Schemes for Slum Improvement ................................................................... 62

4.8 Health Indicators .............................................................................................. 64

5.0 WATER SUPPLY .......................................................................................................66

5.1 Existing Status .................................................................................................. 66

Water Source, Treatment and Storage ...............................................................66

Transmission and Distribution ...........................................................................67 Service Level .......................................................................................................71 Water Availability in Slums ................................................................................71

Water Charges and Cost Recovery .....................................................................71

5.2 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................ 72

5.3 Key Issues ......................................................................................................... 73

5.4 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed projects .................................................. 74

5.5 Demand Projections ........................................................................................ 74

5.6 Vision and Goals .............................................................................................. 74

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM ..................................................................76

6.1 Existing Scenario ............................................................................................. 76

6.2 Storm water Drainage Network in slums ...................................................... 79

6.3 Water logging ................................................................................................... 80

6.4 Service Level Benchmarks ............................................................................. 82

6.5 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................... 82

6.6 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................ 82


Page iv March 2016

6.7 Key issues ......................................................................................................... 83

6.8 Vision and goals ............................................................................................... 83

6.9 Proposals .......................................................................................................... 84

6.10 Other Recommendations ................................................................................ 84

6.11 Cost estimates .................................................................................................. 88

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET .................................................................................................90

7.1 Existing scenario .............................................................................................. 90

Individual Toilets ................................................................................................90 Community Toilets ..............................................................................................91

Public Toilets ......................................................................................................91 Open Defecation .................................................................................................93 School Sanitation ................................................................................................93

Toilet Access in Slums ........................................................................................94 Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets .......................................94 Service level benchmark .....................................................................................94

7.2 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................... 94

7.3 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................ 96

7.4 Key Issues ......................................................................................................... 96

7.5 Vision and goals ............................................................................................... 97

7.6 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 97

7.7 Demand gap Analysis ..................................................................................... 98

Individual toilet ...................................................................................................98 Community Toilet ...............................................................................................99

Public Toilet .......................................................................................................99

Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................106

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM .............................................................................................107

8.1 Existing Scenario .............................................................................................. 107

Domestic waste water .......................................................................................107 Waste water generation ....................................................................................108 Septage Management ........................................................................................109

8.2 Service level benchmarks ............................................................................. 109

8.3 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ..................................................... 109

8.4 SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................. 109

8.5 Key Issues ....................................................................................................... 110

8.6 Vision and goals ............................................................................................. 110

8.7 Waste water demand projection .................................................................. 111

8.8 Proposals and Recommendation ................................................................ 112

Recommendation Short term / interim measures ..............................................113 Recommendation Long term .............................................................................118

8.9 Cost Estimates ............................................................................................... 125

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ..........................................................127


Page v March 2016

9.1 Waste generation and composition ................................................................... 127

Waste generation ..............................................................................................127 Waste composition ............................................................................................128

9.2 waste generation projection .............................................................................. 129

Existing Scenario ..............................................................................................129

9.3 Biomedical Waste .......................................................................................... 134

9.4 Cattle and Dairy waste .................................................................................. 134

9.5 Slaughter House Waste ................................................................................ 135

9.6 Carcass disposal ............................................................................................ 135

9.7 Service Level Benchmarks ........................................................................... 135

9.8 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................. 136

9.9 SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................. 136

9.10 Key issues ....................................................................................................... 136

9.11 Vision and goals ............................................................................................. 137

9.12 Best practices ................................................................................................. 140

9.13 Proposals and Recommendation ................................................................ 141

Recommendation Short term / interim measures ..............................................141 Recommendation Midterm ................................................................................148

9.14 Cost Estimates ............................................................................................... 150

10.0 WATER BODIES ......................................................................................................153

10.1 River Dhananjay and River Barakar ................................................................. 153

10.2 Ponds ................................................................................................................ 153

Key issues .........................................................................................................155 Proposal and Recommendation ........................................................................157

Cost Estimates for Ponds ..................................................................................159

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS ......................................................................160

11.1 Crematoria ........................................................................................................ 160

Key issues .........................................................................................................161 Proposals & Recommendations ........................................................................162

Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works ...............................................164

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING ...............................165

12.1 Existing Institutional System ............................................................................ 165

Urban Development Department, Jharkhand ..................................................165 Drinking Water and Sanitation Department ....................................................166

Water Resources Department ...........................................................................166 Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad .........................................................................166

12.2 institutional structure for sanitation ............................................................. 168

12.3 Human resource capacity assessment for JNP ........................................ 169

12.4 Key Issues of institutional mechanism ....................................................... 170

12.5 Capacity Building ........................................................................................... 171


Page vi March 2016

Manpower Requirement ...................................................................................171

Training 172

12.6 Other measures for capacity building ......................................................... 173

13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION ......175

13.1 Objective of Stakeholder Consultation ....................................................... 175

13.2 Stakeholder Mapping .................................................................................... 175

13.3 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) ............................................................. 176

13.4 details of Stakeholder consultations in Jhumritelaiya .............................. 178

13.5 Implementation of CSP by CSTF ..................................................................... 180

13.6 Awareness generation .................................................................................. 181

Strategy for awareness generation ...................................................................182

14.0 Project Financing and Implementation Framework ...................................................184

14.1 Project Financing .............................................................................................. 184

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector ................................................ 187

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD ......................................................................194

15.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 194

15.2 Way forward ..................................................................................................... 197


Page vii March 2016

List of Tables

Table No. Page No.

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 2 ................................................................. 17

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE .... 27

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – JHUMRITELAIYA ................................. 50

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION .............................................................. 51

TABLE 4-3: JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN DENSITY ........................................................................... 52

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045 ..................................................... 53

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION ........................................................................................ 54

TABLE 4-6: WARD WISE LIST OF BPL POPULATION ................................................................... 54

TABLE 4-7: JHUMRITELAIYA – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE................................. 55

TABLE 4-7: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO- JHUMRITELAIYA ........................... 56

TABLE 4-8: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS- JHUMRITELAIYA ....................................... 56

TABLE 4-10: WARD WISE SLUM DETAILS ................................................................................ 61

TABLE 5-1: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER ..................................................................... 68

TABLE 5-2: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY ......................................................................... 71

TABLE 5-3: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN JHUMRITELAIYA ................................... 72

TABLE 5-4: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045 ................................................ 74

TABLE 5-5: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY .................................................................................... 75

TABLE 6-1: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................... 82

TABLE 6-2: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM .............................................................................. 84

TABLE 6-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS ......................................................... 89

TABLE 7-1: WARD WISE STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL TOILETS ......................................................... 91

TABLE 7-2: SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK ................................................................................ 94

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN JNP ........................................................... 96

TABLE 7-4: DEMAND OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET ............................................................................ 98

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET ........................................................................... 99

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN .. 106

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS .......................................... 107

TABLE 8-2: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN JHUMRITELAIYA .............................. 108

TABLE 8-3: SEWERAGE AND SANITATION SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS .............................. 109

TABLE 8-4: GOALS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM ........................................................................... 111

TABLE 8-6: WASTE WATER PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045 ............................................... 112

TABLE 8-7: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION AND VEHICLE REQUIRED FOR CLEANING ........ 112

TABLE 8-8: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ....................... 124

TABLE 8-8: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT ........................................ 125

TABLE 9-1: WASTE COMPOSITION ......................................................................................... 128

TABLE 9-2: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION ........................................................................ 129

TABLE 9-3: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR JNP .................................................... 135

TABLE 9-4: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM ........................................ 139

TABLE 9-5: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – COLLECTION AND

TRANSPORTATION .............................................................................................. 150


Page viii March 2016


TRANSPORTATION (RS.LAKHS)-O&M .............................................................. 151

COST HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR BOTH THE PREFERRED OPTIONS I.E. COMPOSTING AND

BIOMETHANATION INCLUDING THE COST FOR SANITARY LANDFILL. SOME OF THE

WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDIES FOR SIMILAR PLANT CAPACITY INCLUDING

FINANCIALS IS PROVIDED IN TABLE 9-8. ............................................................ 151

TABLE 9-7: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

........................................................................................................................... 151

TABLE 9-8: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY ......................................................................... 152

TABLE 10-1: STATUS OF PONDS IN JHUMRITELAIYA ............................................................... 153

TABLE 10-2: COST ESTIMATES FOR PONDS ............................................................................. 159

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIUM /KABRISTAN ..... 160

TABLE 11-2: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS................................................... 164

TABLE 12-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS ........................................... 169


Page ix March 2016

List of Figures Figure No. Page No.

FIGURE 1-1: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP ....................................................................... 20

FIGURE 1-2: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN ....................................................... 21

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF JHUMRITELAIYA .......................................... 51

FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – JHUMRITELAIYA ................................ 52

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION ................................................ 53

FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - JHUMRITELAIYA ......................... 57

FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN JNP .................................. 90

FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER OUTLETS CONNECTED TO ............................................................ 107

FIGURE 8-2: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR

JHUMRITELAIYA ................................................................................................. 118

FIGURE 8-3: LONG TERM MEASURE FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT JHUMRITELAIYA ........ 119

FIGURE 12-1: INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF JNP ................................................................. 170


Page x March 2016

List of Maps Figure No. Page No.

MAP 1-1: LOCATION OF TOWN UNDER CLUSTER 2 .................................................................... 17

MAP 3-1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN ............................................. 34

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF KODERMA DISTRICT ................................................................. 36

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR JHUMRITELAIYA ............................................................. 38

MAP 3-4: PRE MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL ................................................................... 41

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL ................................................................. 42

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF JHUMRITELAIYA ................................................................................ 45

MAP 3-7: BASE MAP OF JHUMRITELAIYA ................................................................................. 46

MAP 3-8: LAND USE MAP OF JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN ............................................................... 49

MAP 4-1: INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL AREAS .................................................................... 58

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS IN JHUMRITELAIYA .................................................................. 63

MAP 5-1: LOCATION WTP AND OHT IN JHUMRITELAIYA ......................................................... 70

MAP 6-1: MAP SOWING DRAINS MEETING RIVER BARAKAR AND DHANANJAY ......................... 79

MAP 6-2: DRAINAGE MAP FOR JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN SHOWING EXISTING AND PROPOSED

DRAINS ................................................................................................................. 86

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF PUBLIC TOILET AND OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN JHUMRITELAIYA .. 95

MAP 7-2: LOCATION OF PROPOSED PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY TOILET BLOCKS ..................... 101

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT JHUMRITELAIYA ..................................... 121

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT JHUMRITELAIYA .................................... 122

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE ...................................................................... 133

MAP 9-2: REGIONAL LANDFILL FOR JHUMRITELAIYA ALONG WITH KODERMA ..................... 148

MAP 10-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN JHUMRITELAIYA .............................. 156


Page xi March 2016

List of Annexures Figure No. Page No.

ANNEXURE 1: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION – CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF) . 200

ANNEXURE 2: PROCEEDINGS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION - WITH NAGAR PARISHAD

AND PHED ........................................................................................................ 209

ANNEXURE 3: KEY POINTS OF TOWN SURVEY – WITH JHUMRITELAIYA NAGAR PARISHAD

OFFICIALS .......................................................................................................... 211

ANNEXURE 4: PROCEEDINGS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION – JHUMRITELAIYA NAGAR

PARISHAD .......................................................................................................... 214

ANNEXURE 5: PROCEEDINGS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION – WITH PHED ................ 215

ANNEXURE 6: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION – SLUM DWELLERS, MICA PROCESSING UNITS

AND LOCAL RESIDENTS ...................................................................................... 216

ANNEXURE 7: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION – HEALTH INSTITUTIONS .............................. 217

ANNEXURE 8: DETAILS OF THE TREATMENT PROCESS ......................................................... 218

ANNEXURE 9: POPULATION DATA FOR NEW WARDS ............................................................. 223

ANNEXURE 10: WARD WISE BPL SURVEY DATA ................................................................... 224


Page xii March 2016

List of Abbreviations

APL :

Above Poverty Line

AUDA :

Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority

BOD :

Biochemical oxygen demand

BPL :

Below Poverty Line

CAPEX :

Capital expenditures

CBO :

Community Based Organisation

CDP :

City Development Plan

COD :

Chemical Oxygen Demand

COE :

Centre of Excellence

CPHEEO :

Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CPCB :

Central Pollution Control Board

JNP :

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

CSP :

City Sanitation Plan

CSR :

Corporate Social Responsibility

CSTF :

City Sanitation Task Force

CWR :

Clear Water Reservoir

DEWATS :

Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System

DO :

Dissolved Oxygen

DPR :

Detailed Project Report

DRDA :

District Rural Development Authority

DW&SD :

Drinking Water & Sanitation Department

ESMF :

Environmental and Social Management Framework

FGD :

Focus Group Discussion

FR :

Feasibility Report

GIS :

Geographical Information System

GoI :

Government of India

HHs :

House holds

HPEC :

High Powered Expert Committee

ICAR :

Indian Council of Agriculture Research

IEC :

Information, Education and Communication

IHSDP :

Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme

JSPCB :

Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board

JUIDCO :

Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd

IHHL :

Individual Household Toilet

KMA :

Kolkata Metropolitan Area

KSWMIP :

Kolkata Solid Waste Management Improvement Project

LPCD :

Litre per capita per day

JICA :

Japan International Cooperation Agency

MGD :

Millions of Gallons per Day


Page xiii March 2016

MLD :

Millions of Liters Per Day

MODWS :

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

MOUD :

Ministry of Urban Development

MoEF :

Ministry of Environment & Forests

MPN :

Most Probable Number

MT :

Metric Ton

MSW :

Municipal Solid Waste

NBC :

National Building Code

NGO :

Non-Governmental organisation

NGRBA :

National Ganga River Basin Authority

NH :

National Highway

NRCP :

National River Conservation Plan

NRW :

Non-Revenue Waste

NUSP :

National Urban Sanitation Policy

ODF :

open defecation free

O&M :

Operation and Maintenance

OHT :

Over Head Tank

OPEX :

Operating Expenses

OSS :

On site sanitation

PHED :

Public Health and Engineering Department

PMAY :

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna

PPE :

personal protective equipment

PPP :

Public-private partnership

SBM :

Swachh Bharat Mission

SBM-U :

Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban

SC :

Schedule Caste

SCP :

Secondary Collection Point

SDI :

Spatial Data Infrastructure

SLB :

Service Level Benchmark

SPCBs :

State Pollution Control Boards

Sq. km :

Square kilometre

Sqm :

Square Meter

ST :

Schedule Tribe

STP :

Sewerage Treatment Plant

SWM :

Solid Waste Management

TPD :

Tons per day

ULB :

Urban Local Body

UIDSSMT :

Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns

VGF :

Viability Gap Funding

VSS :

Volatile Solids

WTP :

Water Treatment Plant


Page 1 March 2016

India Jharkhand Koderma District

Jhumritelaiya TownState – Jharkhand

District – Koderma

Project Town –

Jhumritelaiya

Area 51.14 sq. km

N

Executive Summary

Background

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Jhumritelaiya provides an integrated action plan

to achieve universal sanitation access as envisioned in Government of India’s

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). To address the sanitation issues of

different Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the state and in line with the Government

policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd.,

Ranchi (JUIDCO), has prepared the City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for 24 towns of

Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns and Cluster 3 with 14

towns. Jhumritelaiya town falls under cluster 2 in Koderma district.

The CSP identifies issues, priorities and action plan for five major sanitation

components and other related components. The major components are i) water

supply, ii) access to toilet, iii) waste water management, iv) storm water drainage

and v) solid waste management. In addition to these, other components like

crematoria, ponds, river front, slums and caracas disposal identified under National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme were also studied. During the

preparation of CSP, city sanitation task force (CSTF) was constituted and all the

major discussions and decisions were appraised to them and their suggestions and

concerns were incorporated in the final CSP report.

The study also incorporated detail analysis of current policies and guidelines

available for preparation of CSP and funding of the CSP projects so that the final

document adhere to the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Jharkhand

vision. Important documents assessed for the study were National urban Sanitation

Policy (NUSP), Guidelines for preparation of project reports under National River

Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)

programme, The Municipal Solid

Waste (Management and

Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW

Rules), Swatch Bharat Mission

guidelines, Hazardous Waste

Management Rules 2008, The

Bio-Medical Waste

(Management and Handling)

Rules, 2011, Plastic Waste

(Management & Handling)

Rules, 2011, Pradhan Mantri

Awas Yojna or Housing for All

scheme and Jharkhand Water

Policy.


Page 2 March 2016

Town Profile

Jhumritelaiya is situated in the north-western region of Koderma district in Koderma block.

Jhumritelaiya is class II town spread over an area of 51.14 sq. km with total population of

87,867 as per Census of India 2011. Jhumritelaiya is an Industrial town with mica processing

as main industry.

.

The population is projected using three statistical methods viz. Arithmetic Progression

Method, Incremental Increase Method and Geometric Progression Method. Average of all

the three methods i.e. Arithmetic, Incremental and Geometric progression methods is best

suitable for Jhumritelaiya. . The projected population for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045 is 1,

17,486; 1, 43,207 and 1, 74,195 respectively for Jhumritelaiya.

Recently JNP conducted ward wise survey for the household living below poverty

line. As per the data there are 5,956 BPL HHs in Jhumritelaiya. Number of HHs have

been multiplied with the house hold size of the town to get the exact number of BPL

population. Almost 39% of the total population is under BPL category. There are total

15 notified slum pockets identified under IHSDP scheme. Total 1063 HHs have been

identified with approximate population of 6,102. 7% of the town population is residing

in slum areas. Ward number 25 has maximum number of slum population i.e. 936

people.

Sanitation sectors

1. Water supply

Water supply in JNP consist of ground water and surface water supply. Ground

water - There are 391 hand pumps in the town area. Mostly hand pumps are

installed near the slum areas and the areas without piped water connections. In the

fringe areas of the town, water from wells is also used for drinking purpose.

Surface water - River Barakar is the only reliable surface water source available in

Jhumritelaiya. Surface water supply works in Jhumritelaiya has been done under two

phases. Phase I of piped water supply for Jhumritelaiya town started in the year

1967. Water treatment plant was set up near Tilaiya Dam at River Barakar (Urma

village 9 km far from the town) with total capacity of 5.45 MLD. Water from this WTP

was supplied via 2 OHTs. In the year 2014 water supply augmentation was done

under Reorganization of Urban Water Supply scheme for Jhumritelaiya. A new WTP

(rapid sand filter technology) at Urma village with total capacity of 10 MLD was

constructed near Tilaiya dam. Under the new scheme 4 new OHT were proposed.

At present total 1568 number of water connections are there i.e. only 10% of the total

HHs (projected HH for 2015) have water connection in JNP. As per the water

quantity being supplied and number of connections in Jhumritelaiya, 75 lpcd of water

is provided. Water supply is intermittent; typically, water is supplied twice a day. The

duration varies from 30-45 minutes, both in the morning and evening.


Page 3 March 2016

Key issues: Construction work for new scheme was supposed to be completed by

now. However, due to dispute between the private contractor and implementing

authority work for intake well is still pending. Other major issues are, JNP has not yet

initiated collection of revised water charges for new connections as per the

notification of state government, shortage of permanent man power and technical

staff within PHED as most of the O&M staff are on daily rated basis, tendency of

making illegal connections from rising main is very severe in the town and water

supply duration in JNP is only 1.5 hours a day distributed in morning and evening

hours. Less duration of water supply results in to dissatisfaction amongst the

consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people commitment for getting new

connections, water theft, less revenue generation etc.

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 liter per

capita per day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year

2045 would be 27.4 MLD. It is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant i.e.

10 MLD is not sufficient to meet the demand of 2045 population.

Water supply section has been assessed to get the status of existing water supply

scenario and future proposals. Water supply has direct impact on the sanitation and

sewerage sectors, therefore it decides the type of strategy to be planned for future

years.

2. Storm Water Drainage System

In Jhumritelaiya, the storm water drainage system consists of natural drainage

system / Nallah and major drains of the town. There are roadside open drains either

pucca or kutcha. Open drains are available along all most entire road network of the

town. These drains are presently discharging both storm water and waste water to

major drains of town, which finally meet mostly the natural drainage system /

Nallahs, and in some cases there are outfalls into the local ponds or open fields. As

per the information available from Storm Water Drainage Scheme for town total

available length of tertiary drains is only 44 km. which is only 20% of the road length.

Due to its undulating topography, Jhumritelaiya has various drainage basins within

the town. Central of the town is at higher altitude compare to northern and southern

parts. Natural slope of the town is towards northern and southern side. As told by the

JNP officials, Ashoka Drain (from Nagar Parishad office to Asnabad and Karma

area) is one of the major primary drain of the town and carries most of the waste

water towards southern side. Waste water carried by the Ashoka drain gets into the

open vacant lands and agriculture fields around the town

Towards the northern side two major drains carries the storm water to the River

Dhananjay flowing 11 km away from the town in northern side. Approximately 5-

10% of the waste water and storm water generated in the town goes to this rivers.


Page 4 March 2016

Key issues: Water logging is a major issue in Jhumritelaiya. There are report of water

logging during high intensity rain fall, particularly in densely populated areas. The water

logging takes place mostly due to clogging and chocking of open roadside drains due to

disposal of solid waste, particularly plastic waste. Some other key issues are encroachment

of the drains by constructing illegal strictures along the drains resulting into reducing

effective width of the major drains.

Key Recommendations: As per the contours, natural drainage pattern and topography of

Jhumritelaiya, the entire town has been divided into two drainage districts. Drainage district I

is towards northern side of the town where slope directions are towards west to east side of

the town. River Dhananjay is the major water body flowing at the distance of 11 km from

here. All the storm water generated in this part drains out in open vacant land parcels or

forest area. Due to less population density and presence of natural drains in this part water

logging is not an issues. Storm water generated in this part gets drained out easily through

the wide network of natural drains.

Whole of the southern part of the town comes under drainage district II. River Barakar (9 km

distance) is outfall point for all the natural drains flowing in this zone. The slope of this zone

is from east to west direction. Ashoka drain is one of the major drain in this part carrying

most of the storm water generated in Jhumritelaiya. As per the JNP official’s statement, all

the storm water is soaked into the open fields near the boundary of the town. There are five

major water logging areas on the district II. To tackle the water logging issue in this part of

the town there is urgent need to construct the drainage channels.

To improve the drainage system in the town, there is urgent need to strengthen the existing

storm water network. In addition there is need to integrate existing ponds and water bodies

in the town in the storm water drainage network: Some of the drains in the town carries

storm water and waste water to the ponds and pollute the water. These drains should be

rerouted and either connected to other natural drains or should be connected to River

Barakar. Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to be developed for storm

water drains is also required in the long term.

3. Access to Toilet

Sanitation status and access to toilet is poor in JNP. In absence of underground

sewerage system, the sanitation systems are septic tank based. Some of the

households in town have individual toilets whereas most of the slum and non-slum

households defecate in open.

Currently Onsite Sanitation System (OSS) prevails in Jhumritelaiya town whereby

sewage is collected and disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of

underground sewerage system. All the individual toilets and public toilet block in

Jhumritelaiya are based on OSS system. Pour flush toilet connected to septic tank is

the predominant mode of toilets in households. As per the data obtained from JNP

officials, there are approximate 10,714 individual toilets in Jhumritelaiya town i.e.

70% (58.5% as per census 2011) and rest 30% (41.5 % as per the census 2011) of

the households are dependent on public toilets or defecate in open. Septic tank is


Page 5 March 2016

cleaned only after it gets filled and the sludge from septic tank is dumped at Tilaiya

Basti in ward number 2 & 3. JNP has two functional suction machine for clearing of

septic tank sludge, and one time cleaning charges are Rs. 2100 and Rs. 300 for

diesel.

There is no community toilet in JNP for slum population and BPL population as of

now. Construction of 1 new community toilets is proposed under SBM. JNP records

indicate that there are 4 public toilets located near railway station, bus stand,

maharana Pratap chauk and sabzi mandi. Due to lack of individual toilet system in a

large part of JNP and also due to shortage of community toilets, practice of open

defecation prevails in whole of the town. Schools and government offices are

equipped with toilet facility in town. Survey and discussions also indicate that

willingness to pay for using public and community toilets is low. There is utmost need

to create awareness through IEC activities, to motivate people to stop open

defecation so as to make JNP open defecation free (ODF).

Key issues: Status of access to toilet is at very poor stage in Jhumritelaiya. Some of

the key issues are high percentage of people defecate in open (approx. 41%),

absence of awareness among people with respect to environmental implication of

open defecation, non-functional public toilet, houses in the slum areas do not have

space to construct the toilet, use of in-sanitary toilets mostly in slums and by the BPL

families, absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance of public and

community toilet and low water supply and non-availability of water for sanitation

discourage use of toilet facilities.

Key Recommendations

To make the system more efficient, desludging of septic tanks should be done

every 2 -3 years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and

cleaning of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in

the morning hours.

Proper signage navigating to the public /community toilet should be there.

Female attendant should be available to promote the use of public /community

toilet by female floating population.

To make the public /community toilets more usable, odor control parameters

should be adopted.


Page 6 March 2016

To improve the aesthetic value of the public /community toilets, a small

gardening space (based on the availability of land) or some trees should be

planted.

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at lower rates

can be taken by the operator.

Public /community toilet complex should be mechanically ventilated and should

be fitted with exhaust fans.

Litter bins should be provided near the wash basins.

All the public /community toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned two

times in a day with detergent and after every use should be wiped with cloth.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes,

mops, etc.).

Compliant filling register should be maintained in every block.

Location of community toilets should be at walkable distance from the

settlements.

Demand gap Analysis

Total of 5552 individual toilets need to be constructed with 20% targeted to be

completed every year. SBM has already been launched in Jhumritelaiya town and

483 toilets have been approved for the first year. 45 community toilets (6 seat per

toilet block) need to be constructed in Jhumritelaiya, with 118 seats for men and 153

for women. Between the period 2015 and 2019, proposed toilet blocks will be

constructed in phase wise manner. There are almost 15 slum pockets in

Jhumritelaiya lacking toilet facilities. Location of identified places for construction of

community toilets are will be near all the slum pockets to be identified by the JNP

officials.

Key locations lacking in public toilet facility are Jhumritelaiya Market, near Mica Gali,

Jhumritelaiya Bus Stand, Railway Station and Crematoria. Key locations lacking in

public toilet facility are Jhumritelaiya Market, near Mica Gali, Jhumritelaiya Bus

Stand, Railway Station and Crematoria.

4. Sewerage System

Jhumritelaiya town does not have sewerage facility. In absence of organized

sewerage system in the town, a major portion of waste water generated from

domestic and kitchen waste (grey water) normally finds their way to the existing

drains or to the agricultural field, which ultimately drains to the Ashoka Nallah which


Page 7 March 2016

drains out in open fields. As per census of India, approximately 56.1% of the town is

covered by drainage system; 42.7% open and 13.4% are covered drains and rest

43.9% of the town has no drainage system.

Besides that many households having pit latrines (1.7%) or not having septic tanks facility for the flush/ pour flush latrines (5.1%) discharges the effluent directly into the existing drains or open plots. Approximately, 51.8 % households having septic tank connected to flush/ pour flush latrines system do not clean the septic tank regularly as a result septic tank overflow and direct raw sewage flows into nearby drains. Many septic tanks do not have soak pits and few are in dilapidated condition with the top slabs and pipes broken.

Key Issues: Due to absence of sewerage system, there are various hygiene and

sanitation related issues in Jhumritelaiya such as untreated sewage flowing through

open drains and released in ponds / vacant land. Apart, there has been complaints

of sewage flow into wells by the public in Jhumritelaiya which results into

contamination of potable water

Waste water demand projection

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd day

(2020 onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 23.52 MLD.

Current water demand is based on existing per capita supply of 75 lpcd. It has been

assumed that by year 2020, water supply infrastructure work will be completed and

per capita supply will increase to 135 lpcd. As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage

and Sewage Treatment, waste water generation is 80% of water supply along with

15% of ground water infiltration, hence total waste generation till the year 2045

would be 21.64 MLD.

Recommendation

Short term / interim measures

Conversion of single pit latrine to double pit (leach pit), construction of new toilets to

cover 100% households and disposal of grey water are the focused area under initial

phase of planning. More than 40% people resort to open defecation in Jhumritelaiya

town; increasing the sanitation coverage from existing 60% to 100 % should be

taken on priority basis. Household having insanitary latrine are required to upgrade

their toilets and connect to septic tank with soak pits or construct a twin pit system

for disposal of fecal sludge.

Sludge removal and proper septage collection and disposal is also part of the

sanitation system improvement. As per the national Building Code (NBC) of India,

septic tanks should be de-sludged as often as every year. As per the general good

practice tanks should be cleaned after every 2 years or so (standard practice in

India). Records of desludging should be maintained to get the idea of next round of

cleaning. The records should include location of the tank or pit, septage


Page 8 March 2016

characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage removed and name of

the house owner. For the twin pit system removal of material can be done manually

after keeping the pit undisturbed for a year to eighteen month. The removed dried

sludge can be used in gardens or agriculture fields or can be dumped at septage

management site.

Long term

The general topography of the town is undulating, therefore, conventional sewerage

system establishment would be a feasible option for Jhumritelaiya in long term. In

addition, improvement in per capita water supply and availability of power supply

would support the optimum functioning of the treatment facility.

Almost 70% of the town area drains out towards southern side of the town boundary.

Rest 30% of the area either drains out in northern side in open fields. Based on the

Jhumritelaiya topography, town has been divided into two parts i.e. Zone I and Zone

II. South side of the highest elevation line slope down to River Barakar and north

side slopes towards River Dhananjay.

Under the option I, conventional centralized sewerage treatment system proposed

for Jhumritelaiya. Based on the town topography, a STP with 22 MLD capacity has

been proposed towards extreme southern side of the town from where treated water

will be drain out in River Barakar. Under option II, 7 MLD STP can be set up in zone I

in the northern part and zone II will have STP of 11 MLD capacity. Other key

measure to be taken is recycling/re-use of treated waste water for non-portable

applications such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, toilet flushing and

replenishing a ground water basin.

5. Solid Waste Management System

Based on site visit and discussion with ULB officials it is understood that, two tractors

available with JNP is making 16 trips a day carrying solid waste from the town to the

designated two dumpsites at Tilaiya Basti and Dumping site along NH31 by pass.

There is no weighbridge available at dumpsite; therefore no records exists for the

quantum of solid waste transferred daily to the dumpsite. In the absence of any

records, the waste generated in Jhumritelaiya has been assumed based on waste

generation estimates derived from secondary sources.

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of

0.1 to 0.5 million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that

waste generation rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small

towns / cities with population below 2,00,000. As per the India Infrastructure Report

2006, Jhumritelaiya is a Class II town and the per capita waste generation is 255

gm/capita/day. Therefore, with a projected population of 96,001 in the current year,

Jhumritelaiya should be generating 24.5 Tons per day (TPD).


Page 9 March 2016

Waste generation projection for Jhumritelaiya town has been done based on the

projected population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been

assumed that per capita solid waste generated in Jhumritelaiya will increase with

growth rate of 1.3 percent per annum1. Waste generation projected for year 2020

(Short term), 2030 (mid-term) and 2045 (long term) is 29 TPD, 40 TPD and 65 TPD

respectively.

There is no door to door collection system and source segregation of waste in the

town. Approximate 16 containers are available kept at different locations throughout

the town area. Out of 16 containers only 8 are in functional stage located in ward

number 5, 10, 12, 14, 18 and 23. To transport the waste from roads and container

Jhumritelaiya has 3 tractors (two with dala and one with engine), 1 tipper. Waste

from road side containers is picked up once in 2-3 days. In addition, there are I

loader, 1 jetter machine for cleaning drains, and 1 JCB. There is no treatment facility

or scientific disposal of waste in JNP area. There are two dumping site available in

the town, one is along the bypass and another is at Tilaiya Basti. Dumping at Tilaiya

Basti has started only 8 month back and recently has been stopped by the

administration on request of the residents.

Apart from municipal waste other category of waste have also been assessed to

provide a comprehensive waste management solution for Jhumritelaiya. Biomedical

Waste generation as per number of beds in hospitals is 250 kg of waste from beds

including 76 of biomedical waste. Other types of waste include cattle and dairy

waste, slaughter waste and carcase waste.

Key issues in waste management system of Jhumritelaiya are acute shortage of

man power; mixing of waste is a common phenomenon in JNP, which has been

observed not only at dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the

biomedical waste and slaughter waste is getting mixed with municipal waste; loading

and unloading of waste is done manually, and safai karamcharis involved in this

activity do not use any personal protective equipment (PPE).

Recommendation: To improve the SWM system in Jhumritelaiya key areas require

attention are collection, segregation, transportation, disposal and processing of

waste. Primary collection will include tricycle rickshaws and auto tippers to collect

waste from households and commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto

tipper shall be adjusted on-site depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc.

The waste from the15 identified slums in Jhumritelaiya shall be collected in

community bins. The waste collected through primary collection shall be transferred

to the secondary collection point (SCP), comprising of platform/ramp over which

containers are placed. MSW at every SCP shall be stored in covered containers of

required capacity, which shall be lifted by dumper placer. The size of container and

frequency of lifting shall be decided at the DPR stage by the ULB. The waste shall

1 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page 10 March 2016

be transported from the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the new proposed

treatment plant. Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste from vegetable

markets/haats and major construction sites. Source segregation is also targeted for

the town in the long term measures to attain 100% processing of waste and cost

recovery from waste.

As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with

population below 100,000 including peri-urban areas generating less than 30 TPD

waste with 30 to 65% of biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation,

composting (VC/CC) and RDF preparation is considered as the most suitable

technological option for management of MSW. Development of regiol landfill along

with other cities/ towns in the region can be other option for Jhumritelaiya. The

capital cost for development of landfill is quite high; therefore it is not advisable for

developing a decentralized landfill facility for JNP.

Other key measure apart from development of physical infrastructure is compliant

redressal cell with minimum of two (2) operational dedicated phone lines for

receiving customer calls / complaints and generating awareness among the citizens

regarding the environmental concerns associated with waste mismanagement.

6. Crematoria

In Jhumritelaiya town, there are four crematorium located at ward number 1, 11, 19

and 27. Approximately 10 dead bodies are burnt per month in each of the

crematorium. As observed during field visits, one cremation consumes approximates

250 to 350 Kg of wood generating approximately 2400 Kg of ash per month. No

waste management facility is available at the crematoria and waste generated such

as ashes, flowers, clothes etc. are thrown in the open.

Key issues at the crematoria site are absence of waste management facility at the

crematoria, waste generated at the place such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc.

are thrown in open, absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria site, no

boundary wall is there at the crematoria complex and also there is absence of

waiting halls, prayer hall, satsang bhavan.

Key Recommendations: There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based

crematorium as ‘improved wood based crematorium’ as per the project preparation

guidelines under NGRBA programme. As of now, only sheds and water connection

is available at the facility and there is immediate need to develop other required

facilities such as waiting room, wood storage room, care taker room, payer hall etc.

In addition to these facility, there is urgent need to improve the solid waste and ash

management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain construction. Apart from up-

gradation of existing facility, a new electric crematorium is envisioned by the officials.

7. Ponds


Page 11 March 2016

There are 13 key ponds in Jhumritelaiya located in various wards. These ponds are

used for washing, bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle

wallowing and car washing purpose. Aesthetically, condition of ponds in

Jhumritelaiya is not good and mostly they are not being maintained. Steps are

mostly not provided to access the ponds and timely cleaning is also not done,

wherever steps are constructed. In some of the ponds, dumping of solid waste on

the banks has been observed. In many area open defecation is also observed near

the ponds.

Key issues for most of the ponds are all the natural ponds in the town are being

used for washing, bathing, cattle wallowing and car washing purpose, discharge of

sewage through drains, religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and

chath puja take place in all the ponds, no steps available in the ponds and regular

cleaning of ponds is also not done, solid waste dumping in the banks of ponds and

people living near the ponds go for open defecation in areas adjacent to such ponds.

Key Recommendations: To improve the existing condition of ponds and make them

sustainable and hygienic there is urgent need to diversion of waste water flowing

towards the ponds and renovations / construction of ghats and steps along all the

sides of pond. Selected ponds in Jhumritelaiya can be renovated for scientific

surface water management and also be converted as recharge structures for rain

water harvesting. There is also scope for development of local tourism by introducing

boating facilities.

Institutional Structure & Capacity Building

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other

state level agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for

final implementation of sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level.

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad (JNP) is the key local body responsible for providing

public amenities and services in Jhumritelaiya. Apart from JNP, there are other

parastatal and state level authorities which are directly or indirectly involved in

planning and policy formulation activities such as Urban Development Department

(UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic services in urban areas of

the state, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD) responsible for

planning, designing, constructing and O&M of water supply schemes, and Water

Resources Department engaged in construction and maintenance of major, medium

and minor irrigation schemes, flood control works, ground water conservation and

reclamation.

Key Issues faced by JNP and DW&SD to operate and maintain the infrastructure

facility are overlapping of functions and disintegration of responsibilities among the

departments, shortage of field level technical man power, lack in the inter-


Page 12 March 2016

departmental coordination for providing day to day services to the community and

absolute lack of data management in JNP and other major state government offices.

Key Recommendations: Improvement of institutional system in Jhumritelaiya

include capacity building of officials through increasing technical man power,

frequent trainings of the existing staff to cater to the needs of increasing burden on

nagar Parishad and the technological advancements, which could be required to

cope up with present and future responsibilities. Other than these recommendations,

there is need to undertake the “activity mapping” for nagar Parishad’s own

departments and other para-statal departments to identify precisely who is

responsible for doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve efficiency and

accountability in the provision of urban local services. Development of a central data

bank will be necessary to create a common platform for all the departments to

effectively use such data in planning and management of municipal services.

Stakeholder Consultations and Awareness Generation

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning,

implementation and management of sanitation infrastructure stakeholder

consultations and awareness generation is very much needed. Stakeholder

consultation also support in encouraging community and private participation and

define their role in creation and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure with

possible involvement of several intervening and contributing institutions like markets,

hospitals, schools and thereby ensure a sense of ownership. To integrate the views

and concerns of all the sections of the society City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)

was constituted as per NUSP guidelines. The aim of the constitution of CSTF was to

elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies,

government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city.

Project Financing and Implementation Framework

This section identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various

sectors in City Sanitation Plan for Jhumritelaiya town.

Financing options Source

14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for

Sanitation Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the

operational revenue expenses of the corporation while

funding the provision of basic services to Urban

Population including urban poor.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including

sanitation sectors of water supply, sewerage and

septage management and storm water drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are

being provided for various sanitation components


Page 13 March 2016


such as individual toilet, community toilet, public

toilet, solid waste management, IEC and public

awareness and capacity building and administrative

& office expense.

National Ganga River Basin

Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including

Jharkhand particularly for the towns having impact on

Ganga and its tributaries. Key sectors covered under

the scheme are solid ware management, river front

development, sewerage and sanitation system and

industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost Sanitation

(ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into

low cost twin pit pour flush latrines and construction

of new individual toilets to Economically Weaker

Section (EWS) households who have no latrines in

the urban areas of the country. Under the scheme

the pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy,

15% State Subsidy and 10% beneficiary share.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation

under the SSA component. The SSA component has

considerable funding for school sanitation.

International Donors/Funding

Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes

shall be aimed at and considerable efforts made to

bring in the funding to develop sanitation projects in

an inclusive approach.

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the

sanitation services improvement; It shall establish

tariff structure for the sanitation services provided

and levy sanitation cess as part of the property tax;

the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues

hall be directed to the sanitation department for

utilization for funding sanitation improving projects in

the long-term besides tackling the operation &

maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major

capital investment and finances required to develop

basic sanitation services for the urban population

including the urban poor. The following PPP options

shall be considered to employ their services

appropriately - (a) service contracts; (b) performance-

based service contract; (c) a management contract

for operations and maintenance (O&M); (d)


Page 14 March 2016


BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures

between State Government/ULB and the private

company. In the event of weak financial situation and

greater financial burden on the Municipal Finances,

PPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in

order to garner support of the beneficiaries in both

the capital investments and the O&M investments.

This shall aim at increasing the sense of ownership

and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In

the event of weak financial situation and greater

financial burden on the Municipal Finances, PPPP

model shall be explored to support the equity


This move shall be supported by reforms in the

Governance structure that involves greater

community participation and hence promote greater

accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the

sanitation services sectors especially the access to

toilets; Appropriate contract models shall be

developed to attract their contributions in both the

development and O&M activities.

Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of

public resources for investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore

avenues for increasing investment in infrastructure through Public Private

Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal

services in the state. The private sector has the ability to provide waste services

more efficiently than government on account of following factors

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible

labour practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid

access to capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other

businesses or business activities.


Page 15 March 2016

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State

Governments and Urban Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging

sectors. The object of the initiative is to develop robust PPP projects and

successfully bid them to establish their replication potential in the sectors concerned

Conclusion & Way Forward

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Jhumritelaiya has been developed aiming to

maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote

social, economic and physical wellbeing of all sections of the population. It

encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in Jhumritelaiya through

demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection,

construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M

issues, institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and

individual action, regulation and legislation.

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short,

medium and long term goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan

by way of formulation of project proposals in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs)

and detailed project reports (DPRs). Such project documents should conform to the

relevant policy / programme / scheme of both the state government and the central

government to arrive at a techno-economically feasible option, which would be most

suitable for the town for in-time implementation as well as sustainable operation and

maintenance.

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate

the steps needed to implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation

Task Force (CSTF) has already been formulated in the town comprising

representatives from CNP, officials of various department, representing various

public stakeholders to sheer implementation of the projects identified in the CSP

document. CSTF will provides useful platform to engage with public stakeholders

and mobilise public support and participation during the development and

implementation phase of various project identified in the CSP.

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town

in different locations and land requirement for each of the projects should be

assessed and the land parcels should be made available to the concern

implementing agencies in advance. It may be pertinent to mention that the provision

of basic amenities in Jhumritelaiya is not just important for environmental

improvement but is also desired for improved health and hygiene of residents and

visitors and downstream towns using available water resources for domestic

purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first input into a long-term endeavor to rehabilitate and

later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation facilities in Jhumritelaiya.


Page 16 March 2016

1.0 Background

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Sanitation for all has been identified as one of the priority area by Government of India and

efforts are being done to address the deficits in the provision of safe sanitation facilities. The

status of sanitation facilities in India can be realized from the statistics that as per census

2011, 49.2 percent of the households defecate in open and 36 per cent households have to

go out to fetch water2. The situation is more alarming for the state of Jharkhand which have

77%3 of the total households with no toilet facilities and tops the list of Indian states, closely

followed by the state of Orissa and Bihar. The inadequacy in sanitation and water supply

facilities along with inefficient management of solid and liquid waste management has led to

an unhygienic environment in the urban areas of the state. The situation in slum areas with

congested living conditions is very grim. In most of the urban areas, the untreated waste

water from the municipal area leads to contamination of the rivers and other surface water

sources. Poor sanitation not only impairs health but also has a very large economic and

social impact. The problem of sanitation has attained a larger and complex dimensions,

requiring integrated and sophisticated interventions in terms of policies/rules and regulations

and technologies.

To address the sanitation issues of different Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the state and in

line with the Government policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure

Development Co. Ltd., Ranchi (JUIDCO), is preparing the City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for

38 ULBs in the state of Jharkhand along with State Sanitation Policy. SENES Consultants

India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company) has been appointed by JUIDCO to prepare CSP for

24 towns of Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns and Cluster 3 with

14 towns.

The objective to the project is to support various ULBs of Jharkhand, in preparing City

Sanitation Plan and achieve the objective of comprehensive sanitation as per the guidelines

provided in Swachh Bharat Mission, National Urban Sanitation Policy and National River

Conservation Plan. The proposed CSP will provide an integral solution addressing different

aspects of environmental sanitation, which include solid waste management, industrial waste

management, drainage management and water supply management for different ULBs of

the state. CSP will also identify the sources for access of funds for development of sanitation

infrastructure from various Government of India / Government of Jharkhand schemes.

The current report is for Jhumritelaiya town of Koderma district and has been listed by

JUIDCO in cluster 2. The list of all the towns in cluster 2 is provided in Table 1-1 and

locations with respect to state and district is shown in MAP 1-1.

2 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/article2991835.ece 3 https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/india-census-more-people-have-a-mobile-phone-than-a-

household-toilet/


Page 17 March 2016

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 2

Sl. No. Towns District Population 2011

Area of the town in sq. km

Class of towns4

1 Madhupur Deogarh 55,238 12.3 II

2 Jhumritelaiya Koderma 87,867 51.14 II

3 Koderma Koderma 24,633 25 III

4 Chatra Chatra 49,985 9.9 III

5 Godda Godda 48,480 12 III

6 Basukinath Dumka 17,123 17.23 IV

7 Mihijam Jamtara 40,463 11.02 III

8 Jamtara Jamtara 29,415 18.63 III

9 Pakur Pakur 45,840 11.08 III

10 Chirkunda Dhanbad 45,508 6.26 III Source: Census of India for 2001 population

http://www.census2011.co.in/city.phpfor 2011 population

MAP 1-1: LOCATION OF TOWN UNDER CLUSTER 2

Madhupur

Jhumritelaiya

Kodarma

Chatra

Godda

Basukinath

Mihijam

Jamata

Pakur

Chirkunda

Cluster 2 – City Sanitation Plan, Jharkhand

4 As per census: Class I – Population greater than 100,000

Class II – Population between 50,000 – 99,999

Class III – Population between 20,000 – 49,999

Class IV - Population between 10,000 to 19,999

Class V - Population between 5,000 to 9,999

Class VI - Population less than 5,000

http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php


Page 18 March 2016

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK

Following are the broad task outlines in the scope of work provided in the RFP document

Review of the baseline scenario

Review of available secondary information and relevant studies carried out for the

project towns from various agencies such as Water Resource Department, Ground

Water Department, Drinking Water & Sanitation Department (DW&SD, erstwhile

PHED) and Concerned Urban Local Bodies;

Review of National Urban Sanitation Policy, Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission

guidelines, guidelines for project preparation under NRCP and NGRBA programme,

CPHEEO Guidelines and Manuals for Sewerage and Solid Waste Management and

relevant rules for site selection for STP and Land Fill Site and other relevant

guidelines.

Review of Census data, master plan reports, development plans, city development

plans (if available), annual statistics, etc.

Survey and Investigation

Undertake detail survey of the town and identify areas that are prone to open

defecation, informal dumping of municipal waste, open discharge of sewage and

other intervention causing environmental health hazard.

Survey of status of existing service providers, available solid waste management

facilities and recommend a series of actions, which can be implemented to

mainstream recycling of waste material and scientific management of municipal solid

waste.

Survey in details the specific condition of slums in terms of open defecation,

availability of toilets, facilities for SWM, drainage and sewerage.

Identify the areas where manual scavenging is still carried out and providing

suggestive method for 100% removal of manual scavenging.

Mapping of all the data collected and proposed infrastructure for the town.

Data analysis & option evaluation

Detail the roadmap for the town for achievement of goals explained in National Urban

Sanitation Policy.

Demand and gap analysis and identification of town specific strategies on both

existing and new developments.

Stakeholder Consultations & Recommendations

Stage 1 consultation with the public representatives and stakeholders with the

available secondary data and information received from different departments.

Stage 2 Consultation: During this consultation, the Consultant will share the findings

of the base line data, secondary data and detailed survey carried out with the Town

level Implementation Committee/ public representatives and other stakeholders for

validation of findings and for soliciting their suggestions.


Page 19 March 2016

The Consultant will prepare a list of recommendations and decisions arrived at in the

consultation meeting

Undertake and present the outcome of consultations with public and other

stakeholders including NGO, CBO, self-help, women and child welfare organizations

Finalization of City Sanitation Plan:

Based on the analysis of the available information, consultations and

recommendations from the stakeholders, finalize the draft city sanitation plan for the

target town.

Suggestions from the town level consultative workshop on draft City Sanitation Plan

will be incorporated in the Final City Sanitation Plan and presentation to the City

Sanitation Task Force (CSTF).

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to promote sustainable environment and basic urban sanitation facilities and

relevant infrastructure to the all citizens and floating population of the proposed towns and to

ensure effective abatement of pollution by adopting a holistic and river basin approach for

comprehensive planning and management, with the aim of ensuring quality and

environmentally sustainable development.

The ‘National Urban Sanitation Policy’ seeks to address the gap in sanitation infrastructure

and move Indian cities towards ‘Total Sanitation’ through a ‘Systems’ driven approach.

Therefore, equal or greater importance has been awarded in the City Sanitation Planning

(CSP) process, towards development of local institutions, a systematic process of

community awareness generation as well as long term monitoring and evaluation of

sanitation status in the urban area.

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Approach and methodology adopted to formulate City Sanitation Plan (CSP) primarily

focuses on achieving 100% sanitation in Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad (JNP) area through a

series of steps to be taken by the JNP. Jhumritelaiya is one of the ten towns selected under

cluster 2, having variation from other cities on ground of urban character, population growth

rate, economic activities, and existing sanitation status. In the process of preparing the

strategies and proposals the outcome would be based on the demand and need, local

context, availability of financial and human resources and the opportunity for innovations.

Another considered factor while formulating the strategies would be consistency of CSP with

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). The NUSP envisions CSP as a strategic

framework which can covert development inputs in a holistic approach to engage city

administration and stakeholders to crystallize vision, action and strategy to achieve NUSP

goals. Keeping in mind the foresaid factors, approach and methodology for CSP has been

formulated.

Concept Approach

The formulation of CSP relies on information/data available and action-led multi-level

consultative approach. The CSP is prepared keeping in view the available financial and

human resources available with Jhumritelaiya town. The first target is towards improvement


Page 20 March 2016

of existing facilities and then moving further for creating new facilities. To make the approach

integrated it is necessary to look into all the aspects in a holistic manner. The diagram

shown below elaborates the integrated perspective on inclusive sanitation indicators.

FIGURE 1-1: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP

ACCESS TO TOILET

•No Open defecation

•Individual/Shared connections

• Public area connections

•No manual handling of human

excreta

WATER SUPPLY

• Quality of portable water and

water bodies

• Reduction in water-borne

diseases

SWM

• Ratio of waste generation and

collection

• Ratio of waste generation and

safe disposal

• No environmental impact of

waste

WASTE WATER

Grey water

(Kitchen and bath)

Strom water

(Rainfall, flooding)

Black water

(Toilet waste)

Rec

yc

lin

g o

f w

aste

wa

ter

an

d u

se

fo

r

no

n p

ort

ab

le w

ate

r d

em

an

d

Op

era

tion

an

d m

ain

ten

an

ce

of th

e

sa

nita

tion

infra

stru

ctu

re a

nd

pro

per

fun

ctio

n o

f ins

titutio

ns

invo

lve

d

Methodology

Three stages of development are proposed for the project and it has been ensured that

logical and implementable linkages at macro and micro level are provided for each stage.

The execution of activities is distributed across following three main stages:

Stage 1: Inception report

Stage 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Stage 3: Final City Sanitation Plan


Page 21 March 2016

FIGURE 1-2: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN

PRELIMINARY STAGE SECONDARY STAGE FINAL STAGE

Initiation•Profiling ULB

•Starting up Task Force

Base line study•Primary and secondary data

collection

•Demography, socio-economic and

spatial study

•Service level; indicators

•Institutional understanding

Interactions•State level interactions

•Focused group discussion

•Multi level stakeholder consultation

Expected outcomes

• Understanding of the study area

and its dynamics

• preparation of pilot study area.

• Involvement level of various

agencies

Analysis•Demographic and spatial issues

•Sanitation infrastructure demand

gap assessment

•GIS mapping of Infrastructure

•Analysis of various policies and

organizations

•Financial status of the ULB

Strategic options for

achieving 100% target for

sanitation•Technical option to bridge the gap

•Options for funding of the

projects

•Special approach for urban poor

Finalization of options•Technology choice

•Funding option finalization

•Institutional setup

•Implementation schedule

Draft City Sanitation Plan•Discussion with concerned

agencies/authorities at state and

local level

Finalization of City Sanitation

Plan

Expected outcomes

• Clear understanding of gaps and

issues

•Identification of sector wise possible

options for filling the gaps (technical,

financial, institutional)

Expected outcomes

• Finalization of City Sanitation Plan

Key Task 1 -Formulation of City Sanitation Task Force

The preliminary stage of the CSP incorporate consultant’s interaction with local agencies

and authorities responsible for providing sanitation services in towns. The first step is

formation of City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) which includes representatives from various

field directly and indirectly involved in city sanitation activities. The request for constitution of

CSTF for Jhumritelaiya has been made, which shall be formed including representatives

from ULB, various government departments (such as Drinking Water & Sanitation etc.

NGOs, eminent persons from civic affairs sectors, people from educational and health

institutions and private sectors.

Key Task 2 - Base line Study of Town

Reconnaissance survey was followed by basic study of the town to know its urban character,

sanitation status and urban dynamisms. The study is comprise of land use details, rainfall

data, climate type, demographic details (population growth rate with time series data, socio-

economic profile, in and out migration data, infrastructure and services available, share of

urban poor and slum population etc.) these details were gathered from the available town

documents such as JNP records / registers, survey reports, DPRs etc. The information

which is not documented has been obtained through stakeholder consultations including the

concerned officials.

Key Task 3 – Extensive Data Collection and Detailed Field Survey

To assess sanitation status in the town, details data collection and survey of the sensitive

areas was conducted by SENES in consultation with nagar Parishad officials. Identification

of sectors and preparation of details checklist was done in consultations with the sector

specialists.


Page 22 March 2016

In the absence of base maps and infrastructure maps, SENES has done a detailed survey of

the town and marked the coordinates to prepare the relevant maps indicating important

available infrastructures such as markets, ponds, natural water bodies, major drains,

industries, solid waste dumping site, overhead tanks etc.

The baseline data has been collected across the following key components:

1. Water Supply

2. Access to toilets

3. Sewerage and sewage Management (including sludge management)

4. Solid Waste Management

5. Storm Water Drainage

6. Others

a. River front and pollution

b. Ponds

c. Dhobi ghat

d. Crematoria

e. Carcass disposal system

f. Cattle / Khatal – Diary waste

g. Industrial pollution

Special attention has been accorded to urban poor, particularly the slum dwellers. The

sanitary conditions in each of the slum with respect to access to toilets, drainage system,

sewage management and solid waste management has been conducted.

Key Task 4 - Demand-Gap-Need Assessment

Followed by data collection and stakeholder consultation the next step was to assess the

current status of sanitation infrastructure and related sectors e.g. governance, funding,

community involvement, awareness among the people on quantitative as well as qualitative

parameters. Mapping of the all the sanitation infrastructure has been done at this stage.

Spatial and quantitative assessment of the current service level paved the way in finding the

gaps in the system. At this level, it was mandatory to assess the financial and human

resources available with ULB to implement the project in the future. After assessing the

current demand supply scenario, need assessment for future demand was made based on

the population projections done by SENES.

Key Task 5– Stakeholder Consultation

The stakeholders comprise of representatives from CSTF, NGOs, Urban Local Body

members, media representatives, other public representatives and public in general. The

agenda of the meeting were to discuss about existing sanitation infrastructure available in

the town, demand gap assessment for the next 25 - 30 years and shortfall, if any, in the data

collected.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 1

Key Task 6 - Identification of Sectoral Projects and Evaluation of Options

Demand gap assessment was followed with formulation of sector wise technical strategies

and proposals to fill the gaps. However instead of looking into one option, we tried to have

number of alternative options to meet the target and identification of the best model meeting

the town wide need in local context. In the same way there was need to explore more than

one funding sources for different projects discussed in the CSP, so as to make the whole


Page 23 March 2016

plan sustainable and working. To make the plan inclusive, participatory approach from all

sections of the society has been adopted and due consultations with urban poor and slum

dwellers of town have also been conducted.

Key Task 7 – Cost Estimates for the Project

Based on consultations with stakeholders, SENES has finalize the most feasible option to

derive the preliminary costing of different projects / project components. Costing is based on

the prevailing rates in the market and, SORs, state and central government manuals,

guidelines and benchmarking and SENES’s experience in preparing similar documents. The

process helps in refining the strategies for future and working out the financial aspect in

vision plan.

Key Task 8 - Implementation Schedule and Detail Action Plan

Apart from financial resource management, implementation strategies is another major

aspect. There would be no overlapping of functions in the various departments rather they

shall work closely to avoid any issues in planning and implementation process.

Implementation schedule has been framed out by the consultant into short term and long

term phases.

Key Task 9- Stakeholder Consultation 2

Identification of projects and strategies has been followed by the extensive stakeholder

consultation with CSTF members and other representatives from local agencies and

authorities. All the development strategies and options for the projects were discussed and

their recommendations were sought on the most feasible option. In addition, other focus

area of discussion were implementation schedule, project costing and funding pattern.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 2

Deliverable 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Output: Second stage stakeholder consultation with CSTF is followed by submission of

Draft City Sanitation Plan report. The second stage of work involved collecting and compiling

data on the current status of sanitation in all the ULBs. This was the basis for analyzing the

demand-supply gap and for initial exploration on strategies and solutions.

The final stage/Conclusive phase

After incorporating suggestion received out of the recommendations made in town level

workshops, a final meeting would be organized by SENES to consult the JUIDCO officials

and take their concern. Suggestions and issues raised by JUIDCO officials would be

included in the report followed by submission of final city sanitation plan documents.

Deliverable 3: Final City Sanitation Plan

Output: Final City Sanitation Plan would include all the comments and suggestions provided

during state and town level workshops. .

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT


Page 24 March 2016

Project Background: The chapter deals with the project introduction, its background

and proposed approach and methodology for the project. Tentative list of the

departments, documents and data to be collected is also part of this chapter. The

chapter also details out the project mobilization details.

Review of Existing Policies, Guidelines and Legislation relevant for CSP: The

chapter briefs out the existing policies, schemes, legislations and guidelines available

for preparation of city sanitation plan across the country and with the state

government.

Regional setting and Overview: The particular chapter details out the geographical

location of town and its connectivity with surrounding regions. A brief of town history

and its growth pattern over the decades are also discussed in the chapter. Apart;

climatic, rainfall and geological details have also been provided here.

Demographic & socio economic profile of town: The chapter provides an insight

into the demographic profile of Jhumritelaiya. Details such as growth rate, density,

population distribution, sex ratio, literacy, SC & ST population details etc. have been

analyzed at town and ward level. The chapter also discusses about the social profile

of the town in terms of health, education and recreational facilities.

Water supply: The chapter details out the existing status of water supply system in

Jhumritelaiya. Service level benchmarks pertaining to water supply are also

discussed here. Projection of water demand till the year 2045 are also given.

Storm water drainage system: This section of the report discusses the natural

drainage pattern of the town. Status of existing drainage system and gaps in dealing

with flooding &storm water discharge in the town. In addition, proposed alignment of

the major drains, recommendations to improve the existing system are part of the

report.

Access to toilet: Access to toilet in terms of individual toilet, community toilet and

public toilet is detailed out in the chapter. Issue and gaps are discussed followed with

projections and recommendations made for the future years.

Sewerage system: Waste water management in Jhumritelaiya and current status is

discussed in the chapter. Future proposals for waste water management in phased

manner along with technology options are detailed out.

Solid waste management: The section presents the details of solid waste

management system being practiced in the town. Apart from municipal waste, bio-

medical waste, dairy waste and slaughter house waste is also discussed. Proposal

for the next 25 - 30 years for SWM are given in the chapter.

Other non-sewerage works: This section discussed the status of crematoria, Dhobi

ghat and carcass disposal in Jhumritelaiya. Proposals for the same sections are also

detailed out.

Natural water bodies – river and ponds: Status of River Barakar including natural

and man-made ponds in the town with their existing status is discussed in the

chapter. Recommendations to improve the condition of water bodies is also part of

the chapter.


Page 25 March 2016

Financial assessment: Financial assessment of Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad is

given in the chapter which details out the income and expenditure of the nagar

Parishad towards capital and revenue accounts.

Institutional arrangement & capacity building: Institutions involve in providing

sanitation related services to the citizens, and their functions are given in the chapter.

Capacity building of the human resource and recommendations to improve the

efficiency is also part of the section.

Stakeholder consultations & awareness generation: Detailing of stakeholder

consultations, their need, agenda of the meetings and output of the discussions are

given in the chapter. Proposals for IEC campaign and awareness generation for

citizens is presented in the chapter.

Conclusion and way forward: This chapter discusses the conclusion of the city

sanitation plan giving reference to short, medium and long term goals indicated in the

CSP and also indicate the next steps required for development of sanitation facilities

in Jhumritelaiya.


Page 26 March 2016

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES FOR CSP

Review of existing legislations, policies, and guidelines relevant to the preparation of City

Sanitation Plan has been done under this chapter.

2.1 NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP)

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has been formulated by Government of India in the

year 2008 with a goal to achieve total sanitation in different towns and cities of the country.

The vision statement for urban sanitation in India as per NUSP visualize that:

“All Indian cities and towns should become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure

and sustain good public health and environmental outcome for all their citizens with a special

focus on hygiene and affordable sanitation facilities for urban poor and women”.

The policy addresses not only the management of human excreta, associated public health

and environmental impacts; it also recognize that integral solution needs to take into account

other element of environmental sanitation i.e. solid waste management, management of

industrial and other specialized / hazardous waste, provisioning storm water drainage

system and management of drinking water supply in urban centers. The key sanitation

policy issues addressed in NUSP to achieve the vision include poor awareness, social and

occupational aspects of sanitation, fragmented institutional responsibilities, lack of integrated

town wide / pan city approach, limited technological choices, reaching the unserved and

poor and lack of demand responsiveness.

The specific policy goals identified include:

Awareness generation and behavioral changes

Open defecation free cities

Integrated town wise sanitation

o Reorienting institutions and mainstreaming sanitations

o Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid waste from all

sanitation facilities

o Proper operation and maintenance of all sanitary installations

Milestones prescribed in the NUSP for totally sanitized town include:

Town must be defecation free

Must eliminate the practices of manual scavenging and ensure safe handling of

waste by sanitation workers

Municipal waste water and storm water should be safely and efficiently managed

Recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Total and safe solid waste collection, transportation, processing and disposal

Sustainable services to urban poor

Improved public health out come and comply with environmental standards

The Union government recognizes sanitation as state subject and as per NUSP each state

should develop its own State level Sanitation Strategy; and ULBs are required to prepare


Page 27 March 2016

City Sanitation Plan addressing all aspect of sanitation to achieve the policy goals. NUSP

also addresses the key sanitation policy issues that need to be addressed. City Sanitation

Plan is a vision document on sanitation with 20-25 years horizon including five years short

term town level action plan.

2.2 NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN AND NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN

AUTHORITY

Guidelines for preparation of project reports under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)

and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme has been formulated by the

National River Conservation Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in

December 2010. The guidelines were prepared to help state agencies in developing a

holistic approach to address river pollution problems with river basin as the unit.

Subsequently, NGRBA programme Framework has been developed in May, 2011 under

Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in consultations with 5 (five) Ganga

basin states on the main stem of river Ganga and communicated to all the state

governments including the state of Jharkhand for implementation of the programme.

The guidelines as well as the framework indicates that project development for pollution

abatement is a three step process and includes preparation of City Sanitation Plan (CSP),

Feasibility Report (FR), followed by the Detailed Project Report (DPR). CSP shall be the

basis for planning and formulating projects. Its preparation has been considered as

necessary first stage documentation and all the preceding reports, which include FR and

DPR for sewerage and non-sewerage components admissible under the programme shall

conform to CSP. In regards to CSP , the guidelines outlined the components / items to be

included in CSP, including objective of CSP, details of the schemes that form part of CSP,

contents of city sanitation report and approval process for CSP. This CSP, as approved,

should form the basis of preparation of FR & DPR of sewerage schemes and the DPRs of

non-sewerage and other schemes.

Selection and priority of towns for implementation of projects under NRCP or NGRBA is

done based on the data collected regarding polluted stretches of rivers and the information

on level of pollution of such rivers / river stretches made available by Central Pollution

Control Board (CPCB) and other agencies such as State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).

So far, 150 Polluted stretches of different polluted rivers in the country have been identified

by the CPCB. This include stretches of the rivers, where water quality is not meeting the

bathing standard and is worse than the prescribed limits (BOD> 3mg/l, DO < 5 mg/l and

Fecal coliform > MPN 2500). Annexure – VI of the guidelines present the list of the polluted

river stretches identified by the CPCB. In Jharkhand state, only two stretches of river

Subarnarekha near Ranchi and river Sankh at Bolba has been included in this list provided

by CPCB. Table 2-1 provides detail of the stretch identified by the CPCB in the state of

Jharkhand for ready reference.

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE

River Polluted Stretch Source/ Town Monitoring location BOD

Subarnrekha D/s of Ranchi (Tatisilwal)

Industrial & domestic waste from Ranchi

1.Ranchi(tatisilwal)

2 Namkum Road bridge

10.5

6.8


Page 28 March 2016

Sankh Along Bolba Municipal

Sewage

.Bolba 6.2

Hence, towns identified under Cluster 2 & Cluster 3 for the project may not qualify for

funding under NRCP / NGRBA as per the guidelines and the Framework. However,

after declaration of Jharkhand as model state under ‘Clean Ganga Mission’, towns /

cities polluting river Damodar and its tributaries will qualify for funding projects under

NGRBA programme.

2.3 MUNICIPAL WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) establish

consistent regulations governing collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal of all

types of municipal solid wastes throughout India. The MSW Rules apply equally to every

municipal authority regardless of its size.

Collection of Waste: The Municipal Authority shall be responsible to provide waste collection

services in compliance with the MSW Rules, 2000. The authority shall notify the waste

collection schedule and likely methods to be followed by the generators. Littering of

municipal solid waste is prohibited and generators are responsible to utilize the collection

systems provided by the municipality and avoid littering.

Waste Segregation: The Municipal Authority must establish waste collection and segregation

(preferably at source) systems in consultations with waste generators. The MSW Rules

recommend segregating waste into three categories viz. Organic wastes, Recyclables, and

Others (inorganic / inert) to facilitate diversion and appropriate management.

Storage Facilities: The Municipal Authority shall establish and maintain municipal waste

storage facilities so that unhygienic and insanitary conditions are not created around such

locations.

Transportation: The MSW Rules specifies that vehicles used for transportation of wastes

shall be covered to avoid visibility of waste to the public and exposure to open environment

preventing possible trickle out on the roads during transportation.

Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste: The MSW Rules, 2000 seek to minimize

the burden on landfills for the disposal of municipal waste by adopting appropriate waste

segregation and treatment technologies. The MSW Rules restrict landfill disposal to non-

biodegradable, inert, and other wastes that are unsuitable for either recycling or biological

processing. Residues of waste processing facilities, as well as pre-processing rejects,

should be land filled. Land filling of comingled waste should only be permitted in situations

where the waste stream is unsuitable for alternative processing or when additional fund and

time shall be required to establish appropriate waste diversion and treatment process and

technologies.

Specifications for Landfill Sites: Only non-biodegradable and non-recyclable waste should go

to a landfill site. Municipal and hazardous waste should not be mixed by disposing them in

the same landfill.


Page 29 March 2016

Site for Landfilling: Site selection criteria based on examination of environmental issues has

been established in MSW rules 2000 for selection of a landfill site.

Landfill Site Facilities and Maintenance: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies guidelines for

maintenance of a landfill site including the procedures and specifications for landfilling.

Pollution Prevention: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies the measures in order to prevent

pollution and related environmental problems from landfill operations:

Air & Water Quality Monitoring: The MSW Rule 2000 specifies the requirement for regular

air and water quality monitoring in and around the site.

Landfill Gas Management: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies installation of landfill gas control

system including gas collection system to be made at the landfill site to minimize odour

generation, prevent off-site migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the

rehabilitated landfill surface.

Landfill Closure and Post-Closure Care: The post-closure care of landfill sites should be

conducted for at least fifteen years and long term monitoring or care plan shall be prepared.

Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered

for suitable development activities or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous and

leachate analysis comply with the specified standards.

Composting and Treated Leachate Quality: In order to ensure safe application of compost,

the MSW Rules 2000 specify compost quality standards. Product that does not achieve the

levels set out in the following table should not be used for growing food crops. However, it

may be utilized for purposes other than producing food. In addition, specific standards have

been established for leachate quality control. The leachate quality standards depend on the

disposal method used with the most stringent criteria specified for disposal to surface water

bodies.

2.4 SWACHH BHARAT MISSION GUIDELINES

Swatch Bharat Mission launched on 2nd October 2014 and will be in force till 2nd October

2019. Swatch Bharat is being implemented by Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD) and

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MODWS) for urban and rural areas respectively.

The mission objective as listed in SWM guidelines include:

Elimination of open defecation,

Eradication of manual scavenging,

Modern and scientific municipal solid waste management,

Behavioral change regarding health sanitation practices,

Awareness generation about sanitation and its linkages with public health

Capacity augmentation for ULBs and

Create enabling environment for private sector

The main components of the mission include


Page 30 March 2016

Household toilets including conversion of insanitary latrines into pour flush latrines

Community toilets

Public toilets

Solid waste Management

IEC and Public awareness

Capacity Building and Administrative and Office Expense

The special focus group to be looked at as part of the mission include manual scavenger ,

informal sector working in waste management sector, scavengers (rag pickers), migrants

and homeless in the urban areas, construction labourers in urban area, households with

vulnerable sections.

Since the SBM (Urban) is applicable for the statutory towns5, all the projects towns under

Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 are covered under the scheme.

SBM guidelines for the urban sector acknowledges the fact that comprehensive sanitation

planning is requisite for objective of Swachh Bharat Mission and mandates the preparation

of City Sanitation Plan for each town of the state and State Sanitation Strategy as per NUSP

2008. The brief description of the targeted components under SBM (Urban) is provided in

the following section:

Household toilets: This components targets the construction of household toilets for i)

estimated 80% of the urban household engaged in open defecation, ii) all households with

insanitary latrines and iii) all households with pit latrines. The toilet should be connected to

either onsite treatment system or to an existing underground sewerage system. Central

government incentive for construction of household toilet will be Rs 4000.00 per household

toilet

Community toilet: Community toilets are estimated to be used by 20% of the household’s

currently practicing open defecation, who cannot construct individual household latrine due

to land and space constraint. \The specifications for construction of community toilets and

tentative cost has been provided in the guidelines.

The central government support for construction of community toilets will be 40% grant /

VGF and balance will be procured from various sources which include private sector

investment , beneficiary charge, user charge , Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ) fund,

land leveraging , market borrowing, external assistance.

Project for community toilets including sanctions (except central assistance) will be done at

ULB level. All community toilets constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance

contract.

5 Statutory towns are urban areas defined by administrative units that have been defined by ‘Statute’ as urban

such as municipal corporation, municipalities , cantonment board , notified town area committee, town Parishad

and nagar palika.


Page 31 March 2016

Public toilets: Public toilets for floating and other population to be constructed under the

mission. The suggested technical specification, technologies and tentative cost has been

provided in the guidelines.

There will be no central government incentive support for construction of public toilets under

SBM. State and ULBs shall identify land parcel(s) and encourage the private sector to

construct and manage public toilet in PPP arrangements. All community toilets to be

constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance contract.


DPRs for solid waste management are to be prepared by ULBs emanating from the needs

identified from City sanitation plan. Central government incentive for SWM projects will be in

the form of maximum 20% grant /VGF for the project. Remaining funds are to be generated

from various other sources like private sector investment, beneficiary charge, user charge,

CSR fund, land leveraging, market borrowing, external assistance.

States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match 75% Central

Share. (10% in the case of North East States and special category states).

IEC & Public Awareness

This component includes behavior change communication to mainstream sanitation as an

issue with general public at large, covering issues of open defecation, prevention of manual

scavenging, hygiene practice, proper use and maintenance of toilet facilities. A total 15% of

the central allocation will be earmarked for this component.

Capacity Building & Administrative and Office Expense

State to propose extensive capacity building activities to be implemented in mission mode

manner, which will enable progressive achievement of SBM in time bound manner. This will

be specified in the annual action plan prepared by each state.

Three percent of the total central allocation will be earmarked for capacity building and

administrative & office expense, with 2% being utilized at MOUD level for capacity building,

convening national and regional workshops, various awards and best practice recognition,

programme research, studies, international cooperation for capacity building and technology

development etc.

Financial Arrangements

Under Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission, projects in PPP mode are encouraged, to invite

private capital in urban infrastructure as well as to bring in private sector efficiency in delivery

of urban services including O & M. Government of India share .as per prescribed funding

pattern will be available for claiming VGF.

In case state government feels that a project is not suitable to be taken up in PPP mode,

then only the GoI share shall be provided as Grant to the ULB. It will be up to the state


Page 32 March 2016

government and ULB to arrange for the balance resources for the project, which must be

ensured at the time of approving a project.

2.5 OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES

Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2008 are notified to ensure safe handling,

generation, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, defuse and disposal of

Hazardous Waste. Management and handling of all type of hazardous waste including

radioactive, waste chemicals and waste fuel from industrial, commercial and other units

within the town is governed by the Hazardous waste Rules 2008.

The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 have been notified by

the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) to ensure scientific and safe handling,

treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste being generated from all different sources

including hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, medicine manufacturing units and other sources

including the consumers,

There is a separate notification known as ‘Plastic Waste (Management & Handling)

Rules, 2011 published by MoEF to ensure scientific and efficient management & handling of

Plastic waste both at manufacturer and consumers end.

2.6 PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJNA (HOUSING FOR ALL)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna or Housing for All scheme will be implemented during 2015-

2022. Under the scheme, central assistance will be provided to the ULBs and other

implementing agencies through States/UTs for following components:

1. In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through

private participation

2. Credit Linked Subsidy

3. Affordable Housing in Partnership

4. Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.

The scheme will cover entire urban area consisting of 4041 statutory towns with initial focus

on 500 Class I cities in three phases. The mission will support construction of houses up to

30 square meter carpet area with basic civic infrastructure.

The programme will provide flexibility to the States for choosing the best options amongst

four verticals of mission to meet the demand of housing in their states. Process of project

formulation and approval in accordance with the programme guidelines will be done at state

level. State will send proposals to the Ministry for inclusion of towns / cities in the programme

along with broad assessment of housing and resources requirement. Ministry will approve

inclusion of these cities considering availability of resources.

Slum redevelopment projects and Affordable Housing projects in partnership should have

provision for providing basic civic infrastructure like water, sanitation, sewerage, road,

electricity etc.


Page 33 March 2016

State level Policies

2.7 JHARKHAND WATER POLICY

Government of Jharkhand came up with a new water policy in the year 2011 with a vision ‘to

ensure sustainable development and optimal use and management of the State’s water

resources to provide the greatest economic and social benefit for the people of the state of

Jharkhand in a manner that maintains important ecological values within rivers and adjoining

lands’.

The objective of the policy is an Integrated, Multi-sectoral and River Basin Approach and the

State has been stated to be divided into five major river basins (Subarnarekha, Damodar

Barakar, North Koel, Gumani & South Koel). The policy indicates for appropriate river basin

agencies/authorities to be established within each/or group of river basins. Integrated river

basin plan shall include a development plan, a long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a

comprehensive watershed management plan, an efficiency improvement and water

conservation plan, a waste minimization and water quality management plan.

Based on the above, the State shall prepare a State Water Resources Plan to promote a

balanced development by proper coordination among diverse water uses which shall include

structural measures, operational measures, watershed management measures, demand

management measures such as conservation scheduling and efficient technologies, water

pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure comprehensive

sustainable management of the water resources and equality of water distribution for the

benefit of the State as well as to its people. Preparation of State Water Resources Plan will

require convergence of various departments and agencies of the State like State

Environment and Forest Department, Agriculture Department, Drinking Water and Sanitation

Department, State Watershed Development Agency, State Pollution Control Board, etc.The

policy also addresses the aspects on interstate water sharing, utilization of water, water

quality, water conservation, drought and flood water planning and priority of water usage

having ecology and drinking water needs of human beings and animals as the first priority on

any available water resource..


Page 34 March 2016

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Jhumritelaiya is one of the major town in the Koderma district. Jhumritelaiya is situated in the

north-western region of Koderma district in Koderma block. The town was earlier a part of

the Hazaribag district and was transferred to the newly created Koderma district on 10 April

1994. On 8 December 2008, Jhumritelaiya municipality was declared as an urban area.

Jhumritelaiya is class II town spread over an area of 51.14 sq. km with total population of

87,867 as per Census of India 2011.

3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF TOWN

Jhumritelaiya is located in northern part of Jharkhand on National Highway NH 31, which is

popularly known as Ranchi-Patna Road. The town is 383 meters above mean sea level,

having coordinates as 24°.25´ North and 85°.54´ East. The town is surrounded by Tilaiya

Dam on the south, Koderma town on the eastern side, protected forest area on the northern

side and Chauparan on western side. Jhumritelaiya is an Industrial town with mica

processing as main industry.

MAP 3-1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN

India Jharkhand Koderma District

Jhumritelaiya TownState – Jharkhand

District – Koderma

Project Town –

Jhumritelaiya

Area 51.14 sq. km

N


Page 35 March 2016

3.3 HISTORY/GROWTH OF THE TOWN

Jhumri is the name of the original village in the area, which is now located in the town. The

word "Telaiya" is the Hindi language word for a small lake (the Tilaiya Dam reservoir). The

word Jhumri itself may have originated from "Jhuri", the local word for "bush", which is

commonly used as fuel for cooking in the villages. Jhumri is also said to be a local folk

dance.

Jhumritelaiya was once a major mica mining center. While laying a railroad through

Koderma in the 1890s, the British first discovered vast mica deposits in the region. Mining

activities started soon after and many mining houses were established.

In the year 1952, Jhumritelaiya was declared Notified Area Council (NAC) including 12

villages. That time town was divided into 8 number of wards. Further in 1972, it was declared

municipality with 16 wards and later in 2010 it was made Parishad with 26 number of wards.

Presently 2 more wards have been created and total number of wards are currently 28.

There has not been any addition in the area or changes in town boundary even with the

increase in number of wards from 12 to 28.

3.4 SOIL TYPE

Jhumritelaiya is marked with Alfisols (Red sandy soils) and Ultisols (Red yellow soils). These

soils are light textured, slightly acidic and poor in Nitrogen and Phosphorus and are fairly rich

in Potassium. Alluvial soils occur along the Nala courses. The town is based on mica field

and due to presence of sandy soil, its underground strata is not able to retain much water.

The type of soil has direct bearing on different aspects related to sanitation. Due to high level

of porosity of the soil ground water table is at lower level in the town which effects the

utilization of the ground water.

Also, type of soil has direct bearing on the design of the sanitation infrastructure to be

proposed for landfill sites (e.g. liner system, choice of construction material etc.), pond based

STPs, drying beds, Soak pits etc. More porous soil has capacity to absorb waste water

coming out of septic tanks and pond based STPs. For sandy soil the ground water infiltration

is high, which need to be accounted for while designing a sewer network. Also, design of

Storm Water Drainage system has also relevance with soil characteristics in terms of ‘time of

concentration’ / variation of ground water table etc.


Page 36 March 2016

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF KODERMA DISTRICT

Legend

Source: Department of Agriculture & Cane Development, Govt. of Jharkhand


Page 37 March 2016

3.5 TOPOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY

Jhumritelaiya is located in the River Barakar Sub Basin and is a part of Koderma Plateau.

The general topography of Jhumritelaiya is very undulating. In Koderma block, Phyllite-mica

schist and Intrusive granite are the main rock types. Majorly the town is divided into two sub

basins one towards River Barakar in the southern side and another towards River

Dhananjay in northern side. Central part of the town is at higher elevation. The town

ultimately drains to River Barakar flowing towards southern side and River Dhananjay

flowing towards northern side of the town. River Barakar originates near Padma in

Hazaribagh district and is the largest tributary of the River Damodar. Average elevation of

the town is 400 meter which reduces to 365 meters towards River Barakar and 220 meters

towards River Dhananjay. Due to slope towards river sides all the major drains coming out

from the town drains into these two rivers.

Topographical map of Jhumritelaiya and rivers crossing near the town are shown in MAP 3-3.


Page 38 March 2016

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR JHUMRITELAIYA

Town slope


Page 39 March 2016

Legend

Source: Survey of India


Page 40 March 2016

As per the information received from nagar Parishad, ground water table in town is 100-150

feet and post monsoon are 30-40 feet. Central ground water board (CGWB) also provide the

details of ground water table and its development percentage at different locations of

Koderma district. Jhumritelaiya town falls under Koderma block which is one of the area of

ground water table conducted by CGWB. Pre monsoon water table depth of Koderma area

is 3.15-10.20 mbgl (10.33 to 33.46 feet) and post monsoon levels are 1.30-4.50 mbgl (4.26

to 14.76 feet).

The study also suggests that there is lot of variation in pre monsoon and post monsoon

ground water table. Due to which, dependency on ground water for personal consumption is

very less in Jhumritelaiya. Ground water development in Koderma is 20% and it comes

under the safe zone with respect to development of ground water as per the CGWB report.


Page 41 March 2016

MAP 3-4: PRE MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna


Page 42 March 2016

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna


Page 43 March 2016

3.6 CLIMATE

Due to lower elevation than Hazaribagh plateau the area receives comparatively low rainfall

and show higher temperature. The town comes under Semi-Arid Zone containing rainfall

less than 1000 mm per year. The average rainfall of the town is 960 mm per year. The

average annual temperature remains about 250 C, but summer and winter season records

much variations in temperature ranging from the lowest temperature of 2 to 30 C in January

to 40 to 450 C in May.

3.7 FLORA AND FAUNA

The whole of northern part of the town is under forest area and some portion of north

western part also comes under forest. There is small patch of protected forest also in the

extreme northern part. Sal and teak trees constitute the major forest plantation area, the

other important trees are Shisham, Sagwan, Sakhua Simul, Palas, Mahua etc. Certain

activities like picking of Kendua-patta, making of plates from Sakhua (Sal) leaves provide

sustenance to the poor people.

3.8 LINKAGES AND CONNECTIVITY

Road Connectivity

NH 31 commonly known as Ranchi - Patna Road is the major roads crossing near to town

and connects it to Koderma city and other nearby towns. It is located 23 Km from the Grand

Trunk Road. Some of the major cities situated near Jhumritelaiya are Koderma 8 km, Jai

Nagar (15.4 Km), Barhi (17.4 Km), Chaouparan (27.19 Km), Gujhandi (7.5 Km) Meghatari

(17.4 Km), Domchanch (19.4 Km), Chatra 91 km etc. Other major roads in the town are

Rajgharia Road, Koderma-Jainagar Road, Jainagar- Markacho Road, Ranchi-Patna Road,

etc.

Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity

Koderma railway station in Jhumritelaiya is on the Grand Chord railway line6 of East Central

Railway connecting Calcutta and Delhi via Dhanbad. Through it, the town is well connected

to several of the major cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai etc. Gaya (74 Km.) is the nearest

railway junction which halts trains for greater routes.

Two bus depot are also available in the town. Daily 20-25 buses start from the town for all

the nearby cities like Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Koderma, Chatra, Chaibasa etc. For local

transportation three wheelers and cycle rickshaws are available in Jhumritelaiya.

The nearest airport are Ranchi at the distance of 162 km and Patna, Bihar at the distance of

175 km away from the town. For local transport jeeps, and three-wheelers are available in

the town.

6 Grand Chord one of the two parts of the main Delhi-Howrah route. It acts as a link between Sitarampur, (West Bengal)

and Mughal Sarai, Uttar Pradesh, and covers a stretch of 450 km


Page 44 March 2016

Tempo Stand Ward Road

Main Road Public Transport Mode

Jhanda Chauk Flyover linking Jhanda Chawk and Ward 24

3.9 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad contributes about 62% of the urban population in the district.

JNP is spread over an area of 51.14 sq. km with total population of 87, 867 and average

density is 1718 persons per sq. km. The whole town include 12 revenue villages namely

Tilaiya, Gumo, Asna, Belatar, Nawada, Maouriyama, Jaddu Tanr, Jhalpo, Bishrampur,

Rohniya Tanr and Rajpura.

3.10 ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP

Jhumritelaiya is a trade and mica processing based industrial town in Koderma District. The

local administrative body of town is known as Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad (JNP). The

Nagar Parishad is responsible for establishment and operation and maintenance of all basic

amenities like sanitation, sewerage, and solid waste disposal. Nagar Parishad is also

responsible for holding public meeting, Public Awareness Programmes and implementation

of all government schemes etc. For efficient development and convenient administration, the

town is distributed in 28 wards. Ward boundaries are distinguished by streets and main

roads.


Page 45 March 2016

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF JHUMRITELAIYA


Page 46 March 2016

MAP 3-7: BASE MAP OF JHUMRITELAIYA


Page 47 March 2016

3.11 REVIEW OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS / POLICIES

During the site visits information regarding the available schemes, plans and policies were

collected by the team members.

A Master Plan is being prepared and the survey for the same is under process.

Urban Development Department, Government of Jharkhand has initiated the process

of the preparation of master plan for Jhumritelaiya.

Detailed project report for storm water drainage has been prepared.

Report for BPL survey of the town conducted by JNP.

Detailed project report (DPR) water supply has been prepared by Drinking Water and

Sanitation Division Jhumritelaiya and 90% of the work has been finished as of now.

Slum survey for the town was carried out under IHSDP.

Under the SBM scheme 483 individual toilets will be provided to for the first target

year 2015-16.

Detailed project report for solid waste management has been prepared.

3.12 LAND USE PATTERN OF JHUMRITELAIYA AS PER RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

Master Plan preparation is under process for the town. Draft report for the master plan is

available with the ULB, which provide land use details of the proposed projected master plan

area for Jhumritelaiya which is 78.49 sq. km. There is no data available for existing land use

pattern, therefore, to understand the spatial pattern and existing land use pattern; the team

has conducted a reconnaissance survey of the town. As per the observations during the

town visit the team assessed that there is no definite pattern of growth in Jhumritelaiya as

most of the development has taken place in haphazard manner. Mostly mix land use can be

seen in the town. The core of the town is very congested and density reduces as one move

away from the core to outer skirts.

Residential: Mostly mix land use pattern can be seen in town excluding the main

market area at Jhanda Chowk. Jhumritelaiya is an old town with historical and

industrial background, therefore, many old houses and building can be seen in inner

town area. In the core area many dilapidated houses can be seen.

Commercial: All the key commercial area is situated along Ranchi Patna Road i.e.

NH 31. Jhanda Chauk is the major commercial center of the town accommodating all

kind of shops, local and whole sale market. The area is famous for whole sale

medical shops and Mica Gali. Apart, there is a daily market behind Ashoka Hotel and

one whole sale krishi upaj mandi in ward number 15. Some private complexes are

also available in the town.

Industrial: There are few large or medium scale industrial units in the town which

include iron factory, rice mill and steel mill located in ward numbers 1, 2 and 3. Due

to presence of mica mining area near the town, there are various mica processing

small category units in the town. A very famous Mica Gali is there near Jhanda

Chauk; house of various small mica primary processing units.


Page 48 March 2016

Institutional: Institutional spaces in town include Nagar Parishad office, PHED office,

Block office etc.

Transportation: Rail line is crosses the town from east to west and NH 31 Ranchi

Patna Road cuts the rail line and runs in north south direction. Koderma railway

station is located in the middle of the town catering to Jhumritelaiya as well as

Koderma town. There are 3-4 bus stands in the town providing facility for intercity

travel.

Water Body: There is no river flowing through the town. River Barakar (Tributary of

Damodar River) flows through the southern side of the town at the distance of 9 km

and River Dhananjay in northern side. In addition, there are various natural ponds in

the town primarily used for chatt puja, bathing and washing purpose. Most of the

ponds are under private ownership and constructed steps are available on all sides.

Agriculture: There are few patches of agriculture land area in the town located in

ward numbers 1, 2, 5, 6, 19, 20, 24, 25 and 26. All these wards are located near the

boundary of the town. Key crops grown in the town are rice, potato, onion and other

vegetables. Due to absence of high end irrigation facilities, agriculture activities is still

in primitive stage.


Page 49 March 2016

MAP 3-8: LAND USE MAP OF JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN


Page 50 March 2016

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN

Demography analysis includes details on size, structure and distribution of populations, and

spatial and or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death.

The analysis helps in analyzing the previous and present conditions of population, growth,

development and uses of natural resources. The existing data used for demographic

analysis would be utilized for the population projection till the year 2045.

4.1 POPULATION GROWTH RATE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Jhumritelaiya being one of the oldest Nagar Parishad in Koderma district and important

place of mica mining and processing is a hub of employment, trading activities, commercial

activities, social facilities like education, health etc. The presence of various facilities and

services has resulted into migration of people from nearby villages to Jhumritelaiya.

As per the data available from Census of India (1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011)

population growth trends of Jhumritelaiya have been analyzed. Population growth rate of

Jhumritelaiya has been changing frequently over the decades. Between the decade 1981

and 1991 the growth rate has been highest in the town due to addition of nearby village

areas in the town limit. In the year 1952 Jhumritelaiya was given the status of Notified Area

Committee, therefore population of the area grew manifolds. After 1991 the population

growth has decreased tremendously with an average of approximately 16% per decade.

The last decade (2001 – 2011) witnessed the lowest decadal growth rate (28%). This shows

that people from nearby areas prefer migrating to bigger cities than migrating to

Jhumritelaiya due to closing down of mica mining activities. As per Census 2011, total

population of the town is 87, 867 in the year 2011 with an average household size of five.

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – JHUMRITELAIYA

Year Population Total Decadal Change Decadal Growth Rate in %

1971 29,097

1981 38,705 9,608 33.02%

1991 53,577 14,872 38.42%

2001 69,503 15,926 29.73%

2011 87,867 18,364 26.42%

Source: Census of India and Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad


Page 51 March 2016

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF JHUMRITELAIYA

29097

38705

53,577

69,503

87,867

33.02

38.42

29.73

26.42

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Gro

wth

rate

in

%

Po

pu

lati

on

in

Nu

mb

er

Population Total Decadal Growth Rate

Population Distribution

The spatial distribution of population has been examined, based on the ward population. The

population of Jhumritelaiya town is evenly distributed in 28 wards. The ward-wise population

distribution of JNP is shown in Table 4-2.

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Ward Number Population 2011 Household Share in town

1 3,245 565 3.70%

2 3,210 559 3.66%

3 3,000 523 3.42%

4 3,051 531 3.48%

5 3,098 540 3.53%

6 3,090 538 3.52%

7 3,011 525 3.43%

8 2,983 520 3.40%

9 3,262 568 3.72%

10 3,237 564 3.69%

11 3,010 524 3.43%

12 2,910 507 3.31%

13 3,116 543 3.55%

14 3,178 554 3.62%

15 3,025 527 3.45%

16 2,996 522 3.41%

17 3,200 557 3.65%

18 3,001 523 3.42%

19 3,243 565 3.69%


Page 52 March 2016

Ward Number Population 2011 Household Share in town

20 3,305 576 3.76%

21 3,241 565 3.69%

22 3,214 560 3.66%

23 3,238 564 3.69%

24 3,240 564 3.69%

25 3,173 553 3.61%

26 3,254 567 3.71%

27 3,128 545 3.56%

28 3,128 545 3.56%

Total 87,787 15,292 100% Source: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

Note: As per census data there are 16 numbers of wards, recently the number of wards have been increased to 28 as per JNP

information. Data in the table has been taken from JNP and has been verified by the officials also. Document received from

JNP has been provided in Annexure 9.

FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – JHUMRITELAIYA

2,700

2,800

2,900

3,000

3,100

3,200

3,300

3,400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Population Density

Area of Jhumritelaiya town has not increased in the last 25-30 years therefore density of

JNP has continuously increasing over the decades. In the last five decades the density of

the town has increased more than three times. However, density pattern throughout the town

varies a lot. Only central part of the town accommodates most of the population and

surrounding area comes under protected forest and agriculture area. Town density between

the year 1971 and 2011 is provided in Table 4-3.

TABLE 4-3: JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN DENSITY

Year Area in sq. km Population Density – persons per sq. km

1971 51.14 29097 569

1981 51.14 38705 757

1991 51.14 53,577 1048

2001 51.14 69,503 1359

2011 51.14 87,867 1718

Source: Census of India, 2011 and Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad


Page 53 March 2016

Population Projection

Population growth of any place not only depends upon natural increase but also on in-

migration. In addition to Jhumritelaiya fast and frequent socio-economic development that

had a significant impact on the urbanization in the town, future growth is governed to a large

extent by the development patterns in the town.

The population of Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad has been projected up to the horizon year

2045 taking into consideration the decadal population growth trends from previous

population numbers from 1971 to 2011. The population is projected using three statistical

methods viz. Arithmetic Progression Method, Incremental Increase Method and Geometric

Progression Method. The average decadal population growth rate of Jhumritelaiya town has

been 32% between the year 1971 and 2011. Table 4-4 given below shows the various

population projection methods for Jhumritelaiya town.

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Census Population Arithmetic Progressio

n

Incremental

Increase

Geometric Progressio

n

Average

Population Growth Rate

1971 29,097

1981 38,705 33.02%

1991 53,577 38.42%

2001 69,503 29.73%

2011 87,867 26.42%

2015 93,744 96,191 98,067 96,001 9.26%

2020 1,01,090 1,05,215 1,12,497 1,06,268 10.69%

2025 1,08,437 1,14,970 1,29,051 1,17,486 10.56%

2030 1,15,783 1,25,453 1,48,041 1,29,759 10.45%

2035 1,23,129 1,36,667 1,69,825 1,43,207 10.36%

2040 1,30,475 1,48,610 1,94,814 1,57,967 10.31%

2045 1,37,822 1,61,283 2,23,481 1,74,195 10.27%

Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION

-

50,000

1,00,000

1,50,000

2,00,000

2,50,000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

Population Projection for Jhumritilaiya

Arithmetic Progression Incremental Increase Geometric Progression Average


Page 54 March 2016

Average of all the three methods i.e. Arithmetic, Incremental and Geometric progression

methods is best suitable for Jhumritelaiya. The projected population for the year 2025, 2035

and 2045 is 1, 17,486; 1, 43,207 and 1, 74,195 respectively for Jhumritelaiya.

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION

Year 2015 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected Population 96,001 1,06,268 1,17,486 1,43,207 1,74,195 Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants

4.2 MIGRATION / FLOATING POPULATION

Due to development of Delhi-Howrah railway route many of the people come to

Jhumritelaiya on daily basis (floating population) for employment. Permanent migration has

reduced over the years as most of the people are migrated to big cities these days due to

development of transportation linkages. Jhumritelaiya attracts number of people from the

surrounding villages and small town due to presence of house hold scale mica processing

units. Approximately 1000 to 1200 people daily come to Jhumritelaiya to work for mica

processing units, other industries, to avail health facility and related activities. Apart from

them, some of the floating population also engage in proving informal services to the town

people such as labour, masons, carpenters rickshaw pullers, cobblers etc. Most of the

floating population come to the commercial area located along the main road at

Jhumritelaiya main market.

4.3 OTHER POPULATION INDICATORS

Other demographic indicators include the gender ratio, literacy rate and SC/ST details of

town. These indicators help in understanding the social character of town.

BPL Population

Recently JNP conducted ward wise survey for the household living below poverty line. As

per the data there are 5,956 BPL HHs in Jhumritelaiya. Number of HHs have been multiplied

with the house hold size of the town to get the exact number of BPL population. Almost 39%

of the total population is under BPL category. The data for BPL is available as per old 16

ward numbers and has not been updated as per 28 wads. List of BPL household is provided

in Table 4-6.

TABLE 4-6: WARD WISE LIST OF BPL POPULATION

Ward Number BPL HH BPL Population

1 584 3353

2 949 5448

3 370 2124

4 42 241

5 71 408

6 26 149

7 85 488

8 277 1590

9 126 723

10 370 2124

11 310 1780


Page 55 March 2016

Ward Number BPL HH BPL Population

12 493 2830

13 791 4541

14 344 1975

15 573 3289

16 545 3129

Total 5956 34,192

Source: JNP records

Data sheet for the same provided by JNP is given as Annexure 10.

Gender ratio

Gender ratio in Jhumritelaiya has been improved from 818 in 1991 to 888 in 2001 and 914 in

2011 which is below the state gender ratio of 947. At present total population of

Jhumritelaiya is constituted of 52% of male and 48% of females.

Literacy rate

In Jhumritelaiya, the literacy rate has been improved marginally to 80.73% as per the 2011

census which was 73.63% in 2001. Both male and female literacy rate has improved to

88.49% and 72.24% respectively as per Census 2011 in comparison to 84.40% male literacy

and 61.36% female literacy in 2001 Census. The town has good number of government and

private schools and colleges which is not only utilized by the town inhabitants but also by the

people from the surrounding areas.

SC/ST population

In 2011 Jhumritelaiya population comprise of 10.06% Scheduled Caste and 0.45%

Scheduled Tribe. In total about 10.51% of population was in SC/ST categories. However,

the share of SC and ST population has been increased from last decade i.e. 9.67% and

0.33% respectively during census 2001.

TABLE 4-7: JHUMRITELAIYA – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE

Sr. No. Name 2011 2001

Total Male Female Total Male Female

1 Population 87867 45904 41963 69503 36809 32694

2 Literates 60076 34398 25678 42670 26052 16618

3 Literacy Rate 80.73 88.49 72.24 73.63 84.40 61.36

4 Gender ratio 914 888

5 SC Population 8843 4601 4242 6722 3498 3224

6 ST Population 394 197 197 257 125 132

Source: Census of India 2001, 2011

Ward wise summary of literacy rate, SC/ST population, sex ratio is provided in Error!

Reference source not found.. As per the data available from Census 2011, Ward No. 1 has

maximum ST population i.e. 129 of the total ward population and Ward No. 14 has maximum

SC population i.e. 1222 of ward population. Literacy rate among all wards ranges between

63% and 93% whereas there are huge variations for sex ratio between the wards and

ranges between 880 and 957, lowest in Ward No. 7 (880) and highest in Ward No. 2 (957).


Page 56 March 2016

TABLE 4-8: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO- JHUMRITELAIYA

Ward Number Literacy Rate in % Sex Ratio SC

Population

Share of SC

Population

ST Population

Share of ST

Population

1 71.27 922 600 11.60% 129 2.49%

2 72.29 957 1089 19.54% 1 0.02%

3 77.54 933 497 9.20% 6 0.11%

4 93.16 915 116 3.45% 17 0.51%

5 89.61 915 106 1.41% 96 1.28%

6 91.83 888 85 4.89% 5 0.29%

7 91.84 880 507 8.19% 15 0.24%

8 74.92 910 703 15.62% 29 0.64%

9 79.12 905 331 15.84% 1 0.05%

10 71.25 930 416 10.89% 0 0.00%

11 83.92 888 1158 14.34% 32 0.40%

12 80.13 913 586 9.73% 6 0.10%

13 80.52 907 724 8.32% 6 0.07%

14 83.73 915 1222 10.64% 51 0.44%

15 75.91 922 6 0.14% 0 0.00%

16 63.47 938 697 17.89% 0 0.00%

Source: Census of India, 2001, 2011

4.4 ECONOMIC PROFILE

Jhumritelaiya has mix of all the economic sectors including mining, industry, agriculture,

service industry and informal sector. Being the largest urban center in Koderma district, the

town is house of all the commercial and economic activities.

Workforce Participation Rate

As per 2011 census only 26.81% (23,555) of population is working, out of which 91% and

9% are male and female respectively. Main workers population was 23.34% of total

population, 3.46% were marginal workers and 73.19% was non-working population. In 2011

census, the economic profile of workers was defined in 4 sectors which clearly indicate that

major portion of the main workers i.e. 92.08% are engaged in various activities such as

service, commercial activities etc. followed by household industries, cultivators and

agriculture labors with 3.65%, 2.42% and 1.85% share respectively. This concludes that the

town is rapidly growing towards commercial, service and construction sector and

dependency on agricultural activities is noticeably reducing. Summary of workforce

participation is given in Table 4-9.

TABLE 4-9: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS- JHUMRITELAIYA

Category Number of Person %

Main workers

Cultivators 496 2.42%

Agricultural Labours 380 1.85%

HH industries 749 3.65%

Other services 18,887 92.08%

Sub Total Main Workers 20,512 23.34%


Page 57 March 2016

Category Number of Person %

Marginal Workers 3043 3.46%

Total Workers 23,555 26.81%

Non Workers 64,312 73.19%

Grand Total Population 87,867 100.00%

Source: Census of India 2011

FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - JHUMRITELAIYA

Economic base of the town

Agriculture

Agriculture is one of the important segment of the economy and is still one of the major

sector of employment in the town. As per the information received from the Nagar Parishad,

fringe area of the town is under cultivation. Key crops grown in the town are wheat, maize

and rice. Apart, horticulture crops are also grown including vegetables and fruits. Key wards

coming under agriculture are 1, 2, 5, 6, 19, 20, 24, 25 and 26.

Industry and Mining

The town is marked with presence of industry and mining areas. Extraction of mica from the

mines was once economic base of the town which has reduced over the period of time.

Although the mica mining activity has declined, Jhumritelaiya still remains an important mica

center in the Koderma-Hazaribagh Industrial Area. Jhumritelaiya has numerous sponge

iron plants and mica units. Mica Gali located near Jhanda Chauk is hub of small scale mica

processing units. Another major mica processing units is C H factory near Jhanda Chauk

auto stand. Apart from mica processing, other major industry are iron factory in ward 3, three

rice mill in ward 1 and steel mill in ward 1.

Commerce

Commercial area mainly located along the highway crossing through the town. Main market

area in the town is Jhumritelaiya Bazar at Jhanda Chowk. The shops include stationary,

grocery shops, motor part repair shops, garment shops etc. There is whole sale market for

medicines in Jhanda Chauk area, approximate 200 shops are present. People from nearby

villages and towns come here to buy medicines.


Page 58 March 2016

MAP 4-1: INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL AREAS


Page 59 March 2016

Local Market Mandir Chauk

Informal shops Local Market

Daily Market

4.5 SOCIAL PROFILE OF THE TOWN

Education

Jhumritelaiya has numbers of educational institutes and colleges to support the existing

population. Jhumritelaiya has 12 primary Schools, 2 high school (1 for boy and 1 for girl)

under district government administration. There are 17 Anganwadi centers also present in

the town both in open and closed areas. For higher education there is private women college

in ward, 1 B.ed college in ward, and 1 Poly-technique college. Apart there are various private

schools in the town area including primary secondary and higher secondary.

Health

There is one hospital, three nursing homes and 13 clinics in the town majorly located in ward

number 1, 2 7, 12, 17, 22, 15 and 27.


Page 60 March 2016

Public Places/Recreational Facilities

Availability of public spaces is not as per the requirement in JHUMRITELAIYA. At present

there is no town hall, however one is proposed in ward number 1. There are seven

community centers in the town and one stadium maintained by district authority. There is

proposal to construct a children park near Raja Talab in ward number 1. 2 cinema hall are

there one Poornima located in ward 10 and another Jawahar located in ward 18.

Court Middle School

Middle School Community Center

Mining Institute Community Center

4.6 SLUM PROFILE


Page 61 March 2016

Current Status of Slums

There are total 15 notified slum pockets identified under IHSDP scheme. Total 1063 HHs

have been identified with approximate population of 6,102. 7% of the town population is

residing in slum areas. Ward number 25 has maximum number of slum population i.e. 936

people. Condition of slums in the town is better than the slums in other town/cities of the

state. Many of the houses are made of brick wall and thatched roof. However, some of slums

are made of mud wall and stone wall also.

TABLE 4-10: WARD WISE SLUM DETAILS

Ward No. Name of the Slum No. of Families Population

3 Tiliya Basti, Manjali Gali and Dhobi Tola 48 276

2 Tinwa Taand, Sale Tilah and Birhor Coloney 48 276

4 Tiliya Basti, Azad Mohalla & Paswan Mohalla 112 643

5 Indrawa Basti 74 425

7 Turiya Tola, Jhhalpo Tola & Asnabad 79 454

8 Jhhalpo & Morwana 34 195

28 Turiya Tola, Ravidas Tola & Bhuiya Tola 33 189

27 Ambedkar Nagar 115 660

25 Super Coloney, Devi Mandap Road Belatand, Buiya Toli 163 936

17 Bhadodih near bypass road 24 138

1 & 19 Naresh Nagar 13 75

23 & 24 Buiya Toli behind PWD 48 276

22 Muslim Tola Gumo 47 270

21 Khari tand, Paswan Mohalla, Gumo 136 781

20 Khari tand 89 511

Total 1063 6102

Source: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

Location of Slums

All the slum pockets are located in the core area of the town. As discussed with JNP

officials, mostly slums are located along the railway line and major roads of the town.


Page 62 March 2016

Slums in Jhumritelaiya

4.7 SCHEMES FOR SLUM IMPROVEMENT

As of now no scheme for slum improvement is available in Jhumritelaiya. Slum survey report

has been prepared under IHSDP scheme.


Page 63 March 2016

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS IN JHUMRITELAIYA


Page 64 March 2016

4.8 HEALTH INDICATORS

As per the WHO report, 80 % of the diseases in human beings are water-borne and water-

related. It is mainly due to water pollution or water contamination and water logging. The

indiscriminate disposal of human excreta or sewage from habitations may contain hazardous

micro-organisms (pathogens) for water pollution and harbouring vectors which act as

carriers of pathogens.

The names of diseases mentioned in Table below might appear to be conventional which

occur in many parts of the country. The occurrence of such diseases depends upon various

factors relating to illiteracy, personal hygiene, standard of living, malnutrition, adulteration of

food items, lack of community awareness among all stakeholders and other factors related

to environmental pollution. The Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years (DALY) is a measure of overall

disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health, disability or early

death.

Burden of water related diseases in India, 1990

Source: World Bank, 1993

There is no doubt that these factors play an important role in the occurrence of diseases but

unsafe disposal of untreated or partially treated sewage plays a vital role in aggravating the

chances of occurrence of these communicable diseases.

According to CPHEEO, reduction in morbidity from better water supply and sanitation

including safe disposal of municipal solid waste is estimated to be 26 % for diarrhoea, 27 %

for trachoma, 29 % for ascaris, 77 % for schistosomiasis and 78 % for dracunculiasis. Mean

reduction in diarrhoea-specific mortality can be 65 %, while overall child mortality can be

reduced by 55 %.

Few of the health indicators that were assessed by the Annual Health Survey (AHS) 2012-

13, have been examined in the published ‘Human Development Report with reference to

various districts of the state. These health indicators and a few other malnutrition indicators

for the districts have been presented below:


Page 65 March 2016

o Jharkhand has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) i.e. 41 among the nine states

covered by the AHS 2012-13. But, in Jharkhand, Koderma district (Jhumritelaiya) has

IMR at 36 which is much lower than the state number. While the Neo-natal Mortality

Rate (NNMR) is 23 (Jharkhand – 26), the post NNMR is 12 (Jharkhand – 15).

o Jharkhand accounts for the second lowest Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) among

the nine AHS states. Koderma district (Jhumritelaiya) has U5MR of 45 children dying

before reaching their fifth birthday per 1000 live births (45 among the males and 46

among the females).

The values of some of the health indicators released by the Annual Health Survey, 2012-13

and few malnutrition indicators for all the districts of the state present the unhealthy state of

all such districts. This un-healthiness is supplemented by the huge shortage of health care

infrastructure in the district.

The aforesaid report has however, indicated that availability of safe drinking water and

sanitation facilities to the people, especially those living in remote areas, would prevent them

from most of the diseases that these people contract. Most of the common diseases the

residents of this district suffer from are directly or indirectly related to use of unsafe water for

drinking and even for cleaning.


Page 66 March 2016

5.0 WATER SUPPLY

5.1 EXISTING STATUS

Water supply in JNP consist of ground water and surface water supply. In the fringe areas of

the town, water from wells is also used for drinking purpose. River Barakar major tributary of

River Damodar is the nearest major water body from JNP flowing in the southern side of the

town at the distance of 9 km.

Water Source, Treatment and Storage

Ground Water: Hand pumps have been installed by Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad at

various places of the town for supplying the ground water to the people. There are 391 hand

pumps in the town area. Mostly hand pumps are installed near the slum areas and the areas

without piped water connections. As per the information received from nagar Parishad,

ground water table of Jhumritelaiya has gone down in the last few years. PHED officials

informed that ground water availability is an issue in town, whole of the population relay on

surface water for drinking purpose. There are some dry zones also in town from the

availability of ground water perspective majorly in ward number 19, 20, 22, 24 and 25.

Central ground water board report also indicates presence of Fluoride in ground water in

whole of Koderma block therefore it can be used for potable purpose.

Surface Water: River Barakar is the only reliable surface water source available in

Jhumritelaiya. Surface water supply works in Jhumritelaiya has been done under two

phases. Phase I of piped water supply for Jhumritelaiya town started in the year 1967 under

Jhumritelaiya Urban Water Supply Scheme, 100% funded by state government. Water

treatment plant was set up near Tilaiya Dam at River Barakar (Urma village 9 km far from

the town) with total capacity of 5.45 MLD. Water from this WTP was supplied via 1 OHT with

capacity of 1 lakh gallon located at PHED office in Lakhbagha area. 15 public stand posts

were installed by JNP in Jhumritelaiya for slum dwellers and urban poor.

In the year 2014 water supply augmentation was done under Reorganization of Urban Water

Supply scheme for Jhumritelaiya. A new WTP (rapid sand filter technology) at Urma village

with total capacity of 10 MLD was constructed near Tilaiya dam. Under the new scheme 4

new OHT were proposed. Two OHTs are already constructed in the year 2014 located at

Addi Bangla, Nagar Parishad office in ward 14 with capacity of 2 lakh gallon. Another one is

located at Gumo in ward 19 with capacity of 1.25 lakh gallon. Other two under construction

OHTs are located at ward 25 near Gandhi High School with capacity of 1.25 lakh gallon and

second one near C H School with capacity of 1 lakh gallon. 50% of construction work is

completed as of now. 32 new PSPs are installed in this scheme. For supplying the water

from new WTP, old intake-well constructed during the first scheme is being used. Due to

dispute between PHED and private contractor over the financial issues new intake-well has

not been constructed till now. As informed by the PHED, tender for new intake-well will be

floated soon.

During the summer season tankers are also used for water distribution to general public on

request only. Whereas, water tankers are also sent to slum areas without any charges, if

there is deficiency of water supply or on demand of the public. Total 10 tankers available

with JNP. Water tankers are made available to general public on request only.


Page 67 March 2016

WTP 15Km. from the town towards South at a place called Urma

Transmission and Distribution

Rising main length from dam to WTP to OHT in the old scheme is 14 km and distribution

network is 15 km. under the new scheme the rising main length is 20 km and distribution

network length is 77.87 km, out of which 77.43 km of pipeline has been laid. The whole town

has been distributed into 5 water supply zones. 20.49 km and 9.97 km of distribution network

has been laid in zone II and IV respectively and water supply is also started. In rest of the

zones testing of pipelines is already done. After the construction of OHT water supply to

these zones will also start. After the 100% completion of works under new scheme, water

supply from old WTP will be terminated.

Category wise water supply sources available for households data is presented in Table 5-1

based on census of India 2011. The table suggest that only 9.6% of the households in


Page 68 March 2016

Jhumritelaiya are getting water from treated piped water supply source. Maximum HHs are

getting water from uncovered well i.e. 45.6%, hand pumps with share of 23.8 and tube well

with share of 8.3%.

TABLE 5-1: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER

Town / Ward

Tap water from treated source

Tap water from un-treated source

Covered well

Un-covered well

Hand pump

Tube well/Borehole

Spring River/ Canal

Tank/ Pond/ Lake

Other sources

Jhumritelaiya 9.6 4.3 7.5 45.6 23.8 8.3 0 0 0 0.9

Ward 1 0.3 1 5.6 56.5 34.8 1.7 0 0 0.1 0

Ward 2 0.1 0 0.8 60.6 37.9 0.7 0 0 0 0

Ward 3 0.3 0 6.3 71.9 15.8 5.5 0 0 0 0.1

Ward 4 27.1 18.5 9.1 18.7 11.5 13.4 0 0 0 1.9

Ward 5 3.3 10.8 9.1 19.4 30.1 25.9 0 0 0 1.4

Ward 6 36.7 4.1 13.6 3.8 38.6 3.2 0 0 0 0

Ward 7 32.8 2.2 5.7 33.9 13.7 11.5 0 0 0.1 0.1

Ward 8 0 1 9.3 66 11 4.4 0 0 0 8.3

Ward 9 30.8 3.3 11.2 47.9 3.6 3.3 0 0 0 0

Ward 10 0 0.2 1.6 77.8 20.3 0.2 0 0 0 0

Ward 11 23.5 6.2 7.7 30.8 26.1 5 0 0 0 0.7

Ward 12 6.3 1.9 10.1 19.2 43.9 18 0 0 0 0.5

Ward 13 6.2 4 7.8 53.7 17.9 9.6 0 0 0 0.8

Ward 14 7.5 4.2 8.3 50.7 19 9.5 0 0 0 0.9

Ward 15 1 1.1 12.9 63.4 21.4 0 0.1 0 0 0

Ward 16 0.3 10.7 5.5 49 32.6 0.8 0 0 0 1

Source: Census of India

Note:

1. Figure are in % 2. The figures provided from census of India are for the year 2011. However in the year 2014, after

augmentation of the water supply scheme the number of water connection from treated tap water source

have increased. Therefore water connections provided by PHED have been considered to calculate the water

supply coverage from surface water source.

Hand Pump at Ward 14 OHT behind Nagar Parshad Bhvan, Ward-14, yet to

be functional


Page 69 March 2016

Water Tanker at Municipal Workshop, Ward No. 24 OHT at PHED Office Complex, Ward- 24

PSP outside PHED office PSP in town


Page 70 March 2016

MAP 5-1: LOCATION WTP AND OHT IN JHUMRITELAIYA


Page 71 March 2016

Service Level

Coverage and connections: At present total 1568 number of water connections are there

i.e. is only 10% of the total HHs in JNP.

Per Capita Water Supply: As per the water quantity being supplied and number of

connections in Jhumritelaiya, 75 lpcd of water is provided. The final per capita supply is

calculated after deducting 20% of non-revenue water.

Supply Hours: Water is supplied only for 45 minutes in the morning and 45 minutes in the

evening.

Metering: At present there is no metering of water connection in JNP.

Non-Revenue Water: Average water losses during the transmission and distribution are

about 20 % in Jhumritelaiya.

Complaint redressal system: Water supply complaint redressal system is available at

PHED office. People can file their complaints through phone calls and letters. Within a period

of 1-2 days PHED tries to address the complaint.

Water user charges: Water charges collection efficiency is only 29.45% against the

standard of 90%.

TABLE 5-2: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Sl. No. Water Supply Indicators Benchmarks JNP Status

1 Coverage of water supply 100% 10%

2 Per capita supply of water 135 lpcd 75 lpcd

3 Extent of metering of water connection 100% 0%

4 Extent of non-revenue water 20% 20%

5 Continuity of water supply 24 hours 1.5 hours

6 Quality of water supplied 100% NA

7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80% 50%

8 Cost recovery in water supply services 100% NA

9 Efficiency in collection of water related charges

90% 29.45%

Source: SLB by MoUD, Jhumritelaiya Nagra Parishad

Water Availability in Slums

Ground water (hand pumps) is the primary source for water supply in the slums. At some

places public stand posts are installed to supply the surface water. No individual connection

to the slum households is there. At some places wells are used as water source, however,

the quality of water is not reliable for drinking purpose.

Water Charges and Cost Recovery

Water connection charges in Jhumritelaiya are Rs. 4000, whereas for population Below

Poverty Line (BPL) the connection is for free. Water user charges are as per the size of the


Page 72 March 2016

house size i.e. Rs. 135 for 100 sqm, Rs. 225 for 100 -200 sqm, Rs. 360 for 200 – 300 sqm

and Rs. 540 for above 400 sqm. Average user charges collection in the town is 29.45% of

the total bill raised.

TABLE 5-3: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN JHUMRITELAIYA

Components Status / Remark

Water supply source Ground water – Hand pump

Surface water – River Barakar (southern side of

Jhumritelaiya)

Ground water table levels Pre Monsoon – 100-150 feet

Post Monsoon – 30 – 40 feet

CGWB - pre monsoon - 3.15 to 10.20 mbgl,

post monsoon - 1.30 mbgl to 4.50 mbgl

Per capita supply 75 liter

Treatment Water treatment plants available at Urma 12 km away from

the town

Capacity of Old WTP – 5.45 MLD

Capacity if new WTP – 10 MLD

Water storage 5 Over Head Tanks

1. Lakhibagha (old)

2. Addibangla (new)

3. Gumo (new)

4. C H School (new)

5. Gandhi School (new)

Transmission and Distribution WTP – OHT - HHs

Number of water connections 1568 (10% of the total HHs)

Water charges New connection Rs.4000 for APL, no charges for BPL

User charges - Rs. 135 for 100 sqm, Rs. 225 for 100 -200

sqm, Rs. 360 for 200 – 300 sqm and Rs. 540 for above 400

sqm

Water supply duration 45 minutes in morning and 45 minutes in evening

Tankers 10 tankers are available

Complaint redressal system Available, generally complaints are addressed within 1-2

days

Organisation PHED – O&M

JNP – New Connection

New water supply schemes Construction work is under process, 90% finished

5.2 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

No shortage of water, dependable

source of water is available from the

perennial river Barakar

Implementation of new projects to

upgrade the water supply system in

Jhumritelaiya

Construction of new infrastructure is

ongoing.

No coverage with metered connection.

90% of population is not connected with piped water

supply network.

Intermittent water supply for a duration of about 1.5

hours

Lack of awareness regarding water conservation

among the citizens.

The region is deficient in ground water source

In spite of availability of water, system is not yet

adequate to support the whole population


Page 73 March 2016

Opportunity Threats

100% metering will lead to 100%

collection of water taxes thereby

increasing the revenue income of

JNP.

Improvements to quality water

supply to the town

Per capita water supply of 135 litre

per day with adequate pressure in

the town, predominantly in the outer

areas.

Contamination of ground water and surface water

due to discharge of waste water into open drains

Lack of awareness to establish willingness to pay

Shortage of technical man power both at ULB &

State level for the Water Supply scheme of JNP

Shortage of fund / less revenue generation for

sustainable O&M.

5.3 KEY ISSUES

As per the data analysis (both primary & secondary) and stakeholders’ consultations at

several time, SENES has identified following issues pertaining to water supply system in

JNP, which need to be addressed by PHED and JNP to make the water supply system self-

sufficient and sustainable:

O&M: As informed by the PHED, all the construction work pertaining to water supply

infrastructure was completed by them and after the completion of work all the

infrastructure was supposed to transfer to JNP. However, JNP is not ready to take up

the handover as technical manpower to operate the system is not available with them.

As of now, new connection charges are provided by Jhumritelaiya and water tax is also

collected by them, however no money is being given to PHED for maintenance of the

system. There is no clear cut instruction for the responsibility of both the organisations.

Construction of infrastructure: Construction work for new scheme was supposed to

be completed by now. However, due to dispute between the private contractor and

implementing authority work for intake well is still pending.

Manpower: There is shortage of permanent man power and technical staff within

PHED. Most of the O&M staff are on daily rated basis. Lack of manpower is a huge

constraint in the management of water supply infrastructure.

Funds shortage: Shortage of funds with PHED is another major issue in O&M. The

user charges are being collected by JNP only and no fund is being transferred to PHED.

Willingness to pay: People are not willing to pay user charges for water supply. Due to

less collection of water charges O&M process gets hampered. As of now only 29.45% of

the user charges are being collected.

Less number of water connections: As informed by the PHED, the growth rate in

number of connections has been very slow in Jhumritelaiya. People are not ready to

take up take up the connections as they get water from public stand posts and hand

pumps. Only 10% of the total population has piped water connections.

Illegal connection: The issue of taking up illegal connections from rising main is very

severe in the town. This practice reduces the pressure of the water in rising main and

hamper the water supply to OHT.

Frequency of water supply: Water supply duration in JNP is only 1.5 hours a day

distributed in morning and evening hours. Less duration of water supply results in to


Page 74 March 2016

dissatisfaction amongst the consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people

commitment for getting new connections, water theft, less revenue generation etc.

Intermittent supply of water is also resulting to pipe bursting due to frequent water

hammer. The intermittent water supply is also resulting to contamination of water due to

development of negative pressure followed by suction of pollutants inside the pipes

through linkages and ill maintained stand posts during non-supply hours.

Low water pressure at various places: Problem of low water pressure has been

observed at many places in JNP and most of the complaints are generally being

registered by the consumers for this purpose. Other, reasons of low water pressure is

leakage in pipelines at various places and illegal connections from rising main.

No Metering in current system: Currently there is no metering in the water supply

system in JNP resulting into huge wastage by consumers. Unaccounted for Water is

reported / observed as 20%. This has an adverse implication on revenue collection for

water supply by the JNP.

5.4 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED PROJECTS

Construction work under the new scheme i.e. Reorganization of Urban Water Supply

Scheme is under process in Jhumritelaiya. Under the new scheme construction of WTP,

rising main, distribution network 2 OHT is completed. Whereas construction of 2 OHT is 50%

completed and intake-well still needs to be constructed. Currently O&M of the old scheme

and works started under new schemes is being done by PHED only.

5.5 DEMAND PROJECTIONS

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 liter per capita

per day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be

27.04 MLD. From 2015 to 2045 water demand after every five year has been given in Table

5-4. It is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant i.e. 10 MLD is not sufficient to

meet the demand of 2045 population.

TABLE 5-4: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Population Per capita water supply

Water demand in MLD

Water demand including 15% NRW

2015 96,001 75 7.20 8.28

2020 1,06,268 135 14.35 16.50

2025 1,17,486 135 15.86 18.24

2030 1,29,759 135 17.52 20.15

2035 1,43,207 135 19.33 22.23

2040 1,57,967 135 21.33 24.52

2045 1,74,195 135 23.52 27.04

Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual on Water Supply and Treatment

5.6 VISION AND GOALS

Vision:

“Equitable distribution of quality water to all the HHs with minimisation of T&D losses”


Page 75 March 2016

Goals: To achieve the targets and translate the vision into reality, certain goals have been

marked as per water supply service level benchmarks. These goals are bifurcated within 10

years of time frame in three phases, i.e. short term goals till three year, medium term till five

years and long term till ten years.

TABLE 5-5: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline Short term 3 years

Medium term 5 years

Long term 10 years

Coverage of water supply

% 100 10 √

Per capita supply of water

LPCD 135 75 √

Extent of metering of water connection

% 100 0 √

Extent of non-revenue water

% 15 20 √

Continuity of water supply

Hrs 24 1.5 √

Quality of water supplied

% 100 NA √

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

% 80 NA √ √

Cost recovery in water supply services

% 100 NA √

Efficiency in collection of water related charges

% 90 29.45% √


Page 76 March 2016

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

6.1 EXISTING SCENARIO

In Jhumritelaiya, the storm water drainage system consists of natural drainage system /

Nallah and major drains of the town. There are roadside open drains either pucca or kutcha.

Open drains are available along all most entire road network of the town. These drains are

presently discharging both storm water and waste water to major drains of town, which

finally meet mostly the natural drainage system / Nallahs, and in some cases there are

outfalls into the local ponds or open fields. As per the information available from Storm

Water Drainage Scheme for town total available length of tertiary drains is only 44 km. which

is only 20% of the road length.

Due to its undulating topography, Jhumritelaiya has various drainage basins within the town.

Central of the town is at higher altitude compare to northern and southern parts. Natural

slope of the town is towards northern and southern side. As told by the JNP officials, Ashoka

Drain (from Nagar Parishad office to Asnabad and Karma area) is one of the major primary

drain of the town and carries most of the waste water towards southern side. Waste water

carried by the Ashoka drain gets into the open vacant lands and agriculture fields around the

town

Towards the northern side two major drains carries the storm water to the River Dhananjay

flowing 11 km away from the town in northern side. Approximately 5- 10% of the waste water

and storm water generated in the town goes to this rivers.

Drain desilting is done by JNP workers once in a month for major drains. After cleaning the

silt is taken to solid waste dumping yard at Tilaiya Basti. Due less frequency of drain

cleaning most of the time drains remain clogged.

Waste dumping in drain


Page 77 March 2016

Dilapidated and Blocked Drainage close to Jhanda

Chawk, Ward No. 12 Solid Waste dumping over semi closed drain, W-24

Waste dumping and encroachment of Ashoka Nalah

Choked Drains


Page 78 March 2016

Poor condition of natural drains

Water logging areas

Sewage flow in storm water drain Kutcha drain


Page 79 March 2016

MAP 6-1: MAP SOWING DRAINS MEETING RIVER BARAKAR AND DHANANJAY

Source: Drainage channels taken from Survey of India topographical sheets marked on satellite image

6.2 STORM WATER DRAINAGE NETWORK IN SLUMS


Page 80 March 2016

Many of the slums lack in proper storm water drainage system. Only road side open drains

are available in some of the slum pockets, which are carrying both waste water and storm

water. Mostly these drains find their way in open land and agriculture fields, in absence of

any linkage with the major drains.

6.3 WATER LOGGING

Due to undulating topography, water logging is a major issue in Jhumritelaiya. There are

report of water logging during high intensity rain fall, particularly in densely populated areas.

Key water logging areas as informed by JNP records are as follows:

Azad Mohalla By Pass Road ward-4

Devi Mandap Road ward-25

Near DVC Along The Railways Line ward-17

Devi Mandap Road Near Lota Factory ward-26

Behind Bazar Samiti along by pass

The water logging takes place mostly due to clogging and chocking of open roadside drains

due to disposal of solid waste, particularly plastic waste. In these wards all the storm water

drains into the ponds. There is no water draining pump available with JNP.

Major water logging area – Azad Mohalla: During the town survey, it was observed that

Azad Mohalla is severely affected with water logging. It is located along by pass road near

Indrawa Basti. It is a low lying area and due to unauthorized construction drain are

encroached and blocked which led to water logging upto 5-10 feet during the monsoon

season. Water from Tilaiya Basti and Indrawa Basti drains out in this area there is no route

to escape the water. During the water logging all the houses present there submerged and

the residents have to move out to other places along with their belongings. Due to

continuous water logging in this area, people are suffering from various diseases and bad

odour.


Page 81 March 2016

Indrawa

BastiTiliya

Basti

Water logged – Azad Mohalla


Page 82 March 2016

Encroached drain in Azad Mohalla Blocked drain in Azad Mohalla

Water logging during monsoon (Source: Azad Mohalla, Jhumritelaiya residents)

6.4 SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

As discussed with the officials from nagar Parishad, there are 4 major water logging points in

Jhumritelaiya. Service level benchmark and- its status with respect to the town is shown in

Table 6-1.

TABLE 6-1: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sl. No. Drainage System Benchmarks JNP Status

1 Coverage of storm water drainage network 100% 20%

2 Incidents of water logging/flooding 0 5


6.5 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED INITIATIVES

As of now no scheme or work for storm water drainage is under execution. One Detailed

project report for Storm Water Drainage and Sewerage is prepared by the ULB.

6.6 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Available land parcels to

construct new drains

Presence of many low lying area effected by water logging

Dumping of solid waste / plastic waste /garbage in storm


Page 83 March 2016

water drains / tertiary drains- leading to clogging of drains

Discharge of untreated sewage including effluent from

septic tank in road side /natural drains / Nallahs / local

ponds

Absence of storm water drainage network in the slums

Absence of linkages between secondary and primary drains

Encroachments on the banks of only available major drain

i.e. Ashoka Nalah

Opportunity Threats

Funding sources are available

for new projects

Opportunity to utilize natural

drains as recreation spots

Untreated sewage running through the open drains

Removal of encroachment from storm water drain and

construction of Storm water drainage network in narrow

streets of the town is challenge

Huge investment required for development of key storm

water drains

6.7 KEY ISSUES

Encroachment of drains: Due to unauthorised construction along the banks of

Ashoka Nalah, the effective width of the drains has reduced to 8 to 10 feet from

original width of 22 feet. Encroachment has also converted active drains into dead

drains at many places.

Water logging: Water logging at various low lying areas is major issue with respect

drainage network in Jhumritelaiya. There is no outlet on the water logging areas due

to which people living in the surroundings are suffering from diseases and bad odour.

Choked drains: Most of the drains are choked with solid waste / plastic waste and

causing localised water logging situation in many of the residential areas.

Commercial area located along the drain throw all the waste into the drain.

Mixing of storm water and waste water: Storm water drains of JNP have converted

into waste water carrying drains. Due to absence of proper sewerage system and

public ignorance HH waste water is discharged into the drains. Mixing of waste water

and storm water drain is one of the major problem faced by the town.

Degradation of natural water bodies: Flowing of waste water into natural drains

and Ashoka Nalah and ponds leads to degradation of river and contamination of

water.

Absence of proper storm water drainage network: In the existing situation, JNP

lacks in proper and efficient storm water drainage system in the town.

Silting in drains: Regular and proper cleaning of drains is not being done. Major

drains are cleaned as per requirement only or if any complaint is there. Heavy silting

of drains resulting into overflow of water and temporary water logging in rainy

season.


Vision


Page 84 March 2016

Goals

Primary goal to improve the existing drainage system of Jhumritelaiya is desilting of all the

drains, removal of encroachment and convert kutcha drains into pucka drains. Followed with

the strengthening of exiting system, next goal in the long term is to construction of drains in

the areas deficient in drainage network.

TABLE 6-2: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline

Time frame for Achievement of Goals

Short term 3 years

Medium term 5 years

Long term 10 years

Desilting of drains % 100% 0% √

Incidents of water logging/flooding

No. 0 5 √

Convert kutcha drains to pucka

% 100% 0% √ √

Coverage of natural drains

% 100% 70% √ √ √

Source: Discussion with JNP officials Note: These parameters are not as part of MoUD SLB indicators and have been introduced to complement the SLB indicators

6.9 PROPOSALS

As per the contours, natural drainage pattern and topography of Jhumritelaiya, the entire

town has been divided into two drainage districts. Drainage district I is towards northern side

of the town where slope directions are towards west to east side of the town. River

Dhananjay is the major water body flowing at the distance of 11 km from here. All the storm

water generated in this part drains out in open vacant land parcels or forest area. Due to less

population density and presence of natural drains in this part water logging is not an issues.

Storm water generated in this part gets drained out easily through the wide network of

natural drains.

Whole of the southern part of the town comes under drainage district II. River Barakar (9 km

distance) is outfall point for all the natural drains flowing in this zone. The slope of this zone

is from east to west direction. Ashoka drain is one of the major drain in this part carrying

most of the storm water generated in Jhumritelaiya. As per the JNP official’s statement, all

the storm water is soaked into the open fields near the boundary of the town. There are five

major water logging areas on the district II. To tackle the water logging issue in this part of

the town there is urgent need to construct the drainage channels. All the proposed drainage

alignment is subject to land availability and other techno-economic analysis to be carried out

during pre-feasibility study/ PFR stage. Based on the micro level contours and elevation

levels these districts can be further bifurcated into micro level catchment areas.

6.10 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

1) Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network for Jhumritelaiya Town:

Topography of the town makes drainage situation relatively better in Jhumritelaiya.

“Strengthening and revitalisation of existing drainage network and construction of new

drainage network to capture the entire storm water of Jhumritelaiya”


Page 85 March 2016

The general slope of the town is towards northern and southern direction. However,

some of the natural drains are heavily silted and thus, are inadequate to

accommodate and transport the storm water. Also, some of the storm water corridors

also run through thickly populated and highly congested localities and as such are

encroached by permanent and semi-permanent structures / buildings, significantly

affecting the carrying capacities. Thus strengthening of storm water drainage channel

is recommended for both the proposed drainage districts. The strengthening is

primarily comprise of following activities

a. Desilting of existing drains to increase the carrying capacity. To make the

drain cleaning sustainable a system need to install which can keep the drain

water clean and water bodies getting polluted. Root Zone Treatment System

has been proposed for all the major drains. The root zone chambers would be

constructed on drains.

b. All the natural drains flowing through Jhumritelaiya need to be converted into

constructed drains. All the drains will also be covered with iron net to prevent

from waste dumping and open defecation.

c. Removal of encroachment from the existing drains is required particularly on

Ashoka Nalah.


Page 86 March 2016

MAP 6-2: DRAINAGE MAP FOR JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN SHOWING EXISTING AND PROPOSED DRAINS


Page 87 March 2016

2) Construction of New Storm Water Drainage system: Review the status and

efficacy of the primary and secondary drainage in Jhumritelaiya and suggest the

construction of new drains as required.

a. There is absence of natural drains in ward number 4, 17, 25 and 26 which

leads to draining of storm water into natural ponds along with waste water.

Natural drains need to be constructed which can carry storm water to the

River Barakar via small rivulets and tributaries. Ashoka is the major drain

carrying storm water in this part of the town. Construction of 7 major drains is

proposed in this part to tackle the water logging issue.

b. There is absolute absence of drain on by pass road which lead to water

logging, therefore one major drain needs to be constructed throughout the

bypass road.

3) Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town in the storm water

drainage network: Some of the drains in the town carries storm water and waste

water to the ponds and pollute the water. These drains should be rerouted and either

connected to other natural drains or should be connected to Ashoka Nalah.

4) Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to be developed for

storm water drains:

Urbanization and development of hard pavement and dedicated storm water

drainage system leads to high surface runoff to bigger drains and finally to rivers.

Rain water harvesting for utilizing the primary source of water and preventing the run

off from going to the storm water drains should be encouraged. Recharging of the

ground water using appropriate technology should be done for Jhumritelaiya. Central

Public Works Department. Government of India has developed a technical manual

for rain water harvesting and conservation. Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad can refer

to the manual for design details of rain water harvesting structure (refer

http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/rain_wh.PDF).

Some of state governments has been proactive in development of legislations for rain water

harvesting. Jharkhand state water policy though gives due consideration to rain water

harvesting in planning water resources. However there has been no state level legislation for

development for implementation of rain water harvesting to conserve water resources. The

state of Jharkhand can also look into the aspect of developing legislation for the state of

Jharkhand.


Page 88 March 2016

6.11 COST ESTIMATES

The capital estimates for development of storm water drains for Jhumritelaiya town has been

estimated taking into account as strengthening of the existing network about 43 km and

development of new storm water network about 22 km for the town.

LEGISLATION ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Many states and cities have passed legislation regarding the implementation of rain water

harvesting to conserve the water. Some of the legislation examples are given below:

Ahmedabad

In 2002, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) had made rainwater harvesting

mandatory for all buildings covering an area of over 1,500 square meters. According to the rule, for

a cover area of over 1,500 square meters, one percolation well is mandatory to ensure ground

water recharge. For every additional 4,000 square meters cover area, another well needs to be

built.

Bangalore

In order to conserve water and ensure ground water recharge, the Karnataka government in

February 2009 announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to compulsorily adopt rain

water harvesting facility. Residential sites, which exceed an area of 2400 sq ft (40 x 60 ft), shall

create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.

Chennai

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in three storied buildings (irrespective of the size

of the rooftop area). All new water and sewer connections are provided only after the installation of

rainwater harvesting systems.

Kerala

The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 was amended by a notification dated January 12,

2004 issued by the Government of Kerala to include rainwater harvesting structures in new

construction.

Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 250 sq m or

more. A rebate of 6 per cent on property tax has been offered as an incentive for implementing

rainwater harvesting systems.

Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 1000 sq m or

more.

Source: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm


Page 89 March 2016

TABLE 6-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS

Sl No.

Short Description

Cost (Lump Sum)

Cost in different time frame (Rs in Lakh)

(Rs. In Lakhs) Short term Medium term Long term

2017-20 2020-2025 2025-2045

1

Conduct Topographical Survey for the NP area to recognize the current condition of the sites etc.

200 200

2 Cost estimate for construction of new pucca storm water drain

1,263 247 286 730

3 Cost estimate for strengthening the storm water drain

1,617 711 907

Base Cost Total 3,081 1,158 1,193 730

Add 2% external development work

62 23 24 15

Sub Total 3,142 1,181 1,217 745

Contingencies 3% 94 35 37 22

Grand Total 3,236 1,216 1,253 767

Source: Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs

and CPWD / State schedule of rates.

Note:

1. Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.

2. O&M for storm water drains to be budgeted by NP under revenue fund.

Basis:

Topographical survey, cutting of shrub etc. lump sum basis.

Assuming new drain to be constructed @ Rs. 4000.00 per running meter

Assuming up gradation of existing drain @ Rs. 3000.00 per running meter

For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.

All the cost are excluding land cost.


Page 90 March 2016

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET


Sanitation status and access to toilet is poor in JNP. In absence of underground sewerage

system, the sanitation systems are septic tank based. Some of the households in town have

individual toilets whereas most of the slum and non-slum households defecate in open.

On site sanitation (OSS): Currently OSS prevails in Jhumritelaiya town whereby sewage is

collected and disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of underground

sewerage system. All the individual toilets and public toilet block in Jhumritelaiya are based

on OSS system. OSS consist of two main structures, one is toilet (pan and water closet) and

another is treatment unit i.e. twin pit, soak pit etc. However, many of the individual units

contains only first components i.e. toilet block and lacks the treatment / disposal unit.

Individual Toilets7

Pour flush toilet connected to septic tank is the predominant mode of toilets in households.

As per the data obtained from JNP officials, there are approximate 10,714 individual toilets in

Jhumritelaiya town i.e. 70% (58.5% as per census 2011) and rest 30% (41.5 % as per the

census 2011) of the households are dependent on public toilets or defecate in open. Field

investigation revealed that most of the toilets in the town do not have soak pits and sewage

from septic tanks is discharge directly in to the drain.

Septic tank is cleaned only after it gets filled and the sludge from septic tank is dumped at

Tilaiya Basti in ward number 2 & 3. JNP has two functional suction machine for clearing of

septic tank sludge, and one time cleaning charges are Rs. 2100 and Rs. 300 for diesel.

FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN JNP

Drain Septic Tank Soak Pit

Toilet Block

Dried sludgeWaste water

Ward wise status of individual toilets and open defecation status from Census of India 2011

for Jhumritelaiya town is provided in Table 7-1.

7 There is variation in the data provided by Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad and Census of India 2001 on

individual toilets. The data from nagar Parishad was provide on assumption basis, therefore, for the purpose of

future projections and proposal identification we have considered toilet records available from Census of India

2011.


Page 91 March 2016

TABLE 7-1: WARD WISE STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL TOILETS

Town/ Ward No

Number of HHs

having latrine within

the premis

es

Flush/pour flush latrine connected to

Pit latrine Night soil

disposed into open drain

Service Latrine

Number of HHs not

having latrine within

the premis

es

Alternative source

Piped sewe

r syste

m

Septic

tank

Other syste

m

With slab/

ventilated

improved pit

Without

slab/ open

pit

Night soil

removed by

human

Night soil

serviced by animal

Public

latrine

Open

Jhumritelaiya

58.5 3.8 51.8 1.3 1 0.2 0.2 0 0.3 41.5 0.7 40.8

Ward 1 10.8 0.9 9.1 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 89.2 0 89.2

Ward 2 22.8 0.2 22.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 77.2 0.1 77.1

Ward 3 44 1.5 39.2 0.9 2 0.3 0 0 0 56 0 56

Ward 4 96.1 0.5 94.3 0.2 0 1 0 0 0 3.9 0.2 3.8

Ward 5 89.5 3.1 86 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 10.5 0.3 10.2

Ward 6 93.7 22.2 54.1 11.4 2.8 1.3 1.9 0 0 6.3 0 6.3

Ward 7 94 16.4 75.4 1.4 0.7 0.1 0 0 0 6 0.2 5.8

Ward 8 54 9.6 42.2 1.5 0.7 0 0 0 0 46 3.8 42.2

Ward 9 52.4 1.5 48.8 0.3 1.8 0 0 0 0 47.6 0 47.6

Ward 10 19.8 0.6 17.4 0.2 1.5 0 0.2 0 0 80.2 0 80.2

Ward 11 68.4 1.7 64.4 1.2 0.4 0 0.7 0 0 31.6 0.3 31.3

Ward 12 81.7 2.6 73.1 1.5 3.3 1.1 0 0 0 18.3 2.2 16.1

Ward 13 59.3 2.4 53.4 0.3 0.6 0 0.1 0 2.6 40.7 1.2 39.5

Ward 14 74 4.3 65.3 2.9 1.1 0.1 0.4 0 0 26 1.3 24.7

Ward 15 17.5 0.1 12.6 1 3.2 0.4 0.1 0 0 82.5 0 82.5

Ward 16 7.6 0.3 6.2 0.8 0.3 0 0 0 0 92.4 0.5 91.9


Note: Data in %

Community Toilets

There are no community toilets in JNP for slum population and BPL population as of now.

Construction of 1 new community toilets is proposed under Swachh Bharat Mission, however

land for the same needs to be identified.

Public Toilets

JNP records indicate that there are four public toilet located in Jhumritelaiya, three under

Sulabh Sauchalaya and 1 under nagar Parishad. These toilet blocks are located near railway

station (8 seats for men and women each), bus stand (2 seats each for men and women),

Maharana Pratap Chowk, - (2 seats each for men and women) and Sabzi mandi - (3 seats

each for men and women). One common bathroom is also available, and proper privacy is

maintained for the women users. All the toilet units are properly functional. User charges is

being collected at the rate of Rs. 1 for using toilet and Rs. 5 for bathing. Toilets are septic

tank based and cleaned as gets filled by suction machine.


Page 92 March 2016

Public Toilet, Ward No 24 Public urinal for women at station

Separate provisions for Ladies & Gents, Public Toilet, Ward- 24

Individual Blocks, Public Toilet, Ward- 24

Sulabh Sauchalay behind Veg. Market, Ward No. 11

Individual Blocks, Sulabh Sauchalay, Ward No. 11


Page 93 March 2016

Separate Toilet Blocks for Girls and Boys with Overhead Tank at Adarsh Middle School

Septic Tanks at Adarsh Middle School

Public toilet at Maharana Pratap Chauk Separate toilet blocks for girls and boys in school

Open Defecation

Due to lack of individual toilet system in a large part of JNP and also due to shortage of

community toilets, practice of open defecation prevails in the whole town area. All the slums

and majority of the BPL households in the town does not have toilet in their houses and

defecate in open. Majority of them defecate along the major drains, vacant plots and along

the railway line, which ultimately pollute natural drains / ponds in JNP. Open defecated is

predominant in ward 1, 2, 3, 4, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28. Key locations for open defecation are:

Gosala Road ward-27

Harijan Mohalla devi mandap Road ward-25

Gomo ward-19,20,21

Koriyadih ward-1

Nawada basti ward-19

Indrawa Basti ward-5

Tilaiya Basti ward-2,3,4

Bhado dih ward16,17

Moriyamaward-28

School Sanitation

There are total 14 government schools in Jhumritelaiya and all of the schools are equipped

with toilet facilities for girls and boys. There are approximately 17 Anganwadi centers in

Jhumritelaiya, and most of them have toilet blocks.


Page 94 March 2016

Toilet Access in Slums

None of the Slum household has individual toilets within their premises. Community toilets

are also not available near the slum area. In the absence of individual and community toilets,

people are bound to defecate in open. Mostly people defecate in agriculture fields, open

vacant land, near the ponds and along the major drains.

Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets

Based on the preliminary level discussion, it is observed that the willingness to pay for using

public and community toilets is low. There is utmost need to create awareness through IEC

activities to motivate people to stop open defecation so as to make JNP open defecation free

(ODF).

Service level benchmark

Service level benchmark for sanitation status in Jhumritelaiya is provided in Table 7-2. As

per the current status the toilet coverage in town is only 58.5% for individual households and

rest of the people defecate in open. Status of Jhumritelaiya with respect to service level

benchmark for access to toilet facility is indicated in Table 7-2.

TABLE 7-2: SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK

Sl No. Sewerage and Sanitation Benchmarks JNP Status

1 Coverage of toilets 100% 58.5%

Source: Census of India, 2011


Currently, proposals under Swachh Bharat Mission is under consideration for Jhumritelaiya

town. The mission is providing fund for construction of individual household toilet (IHHL),

public and community toilets for a time period (2015-2019) of five years, distributed into a

number of annual plans. More than 600 applications were received for the construction of

IHHLs. However, for the first year, 483 number of individual toilets have been approved for

construction. Along with IHHLs, 1 community toilet (5 seater) is also proposed. Land parcel

for the proposed community toilet still needs to be identified.


Page 95 March 2016

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF PUBLIC TOILET AND OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN JHUMRITELAIYA


Page 96 March 2016

Summary of the sanitation system in Jhumritelaiya is provided Table 7-3.

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN JNP

Components Status / Remark

Individual Toilets Septic tanks – 58.5% of population

Public toilets

4 public toilet

Septic tank based

Private ownership - Sulabh

Suction machine 2 available with JNP

One time cleaning charges – Rs. 2100 +Rs 300 (diesel)

Open defecation Mostly in all the wards

Toilets is slums Not available, Practicing open defecation only

Organisation Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

7.3 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Funds are available with JNP

to construct new toilet blocks.

Very high percentage of people defecate in open (approx.

41%)

Absence of awareness among people with respect to

environmental implication of open defecation.

Houses in the slum areas does not have space to

construct the toilets.

No Community toilets available in the town

Absence of adequate on-site sanitation facilities in the

slums

Use of in-sanitary toilets mostly in slums and by the BPL

families

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to avail funding

under new central

government schemes ( SBM)

for construction of Individual,

Public and community toilets

Absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance

of public and community toilet

Low water supply and non-availability of water for

sanitation discourage use of toilet facilities.

Willingness to pay is not there among the people for public

and community toilets.

Unavailability of vacant land parcels to construct public

toilets in commercial areas.

7.4 KEY ISSUES

Unavailability of vacant land: Due to unavailability of vacant land parcels

construction of public and community toilets is major issue in Jhumritelaiya.

Encroachment near women urinals: As informed by the JNP officials, all the

space front of women urinals at railway station has been encroached by the street

vendors which leads to inconvenience of the users.

Shortage of community/public toilets: There is no community toilets in the town

for slums and urban poor which result into open defecation. Public toilets are also

less in number as per the existing demand. There is absolute shortage of public

toilets in dense commercial areas at Jhanda Chauk.


Page 97 March 2016

Open defecation: Number of people defecating in open is very high .Open

defecation by slum and non-slum dwellers can be seen throughout the town. Most

affected areas are river bank, along drains, railway line, near the ponds and vacant

areas.

Willingness to Pay: Willingness to pay for public and community toilet is low.

Shortage of suction machine: As discussed with the officials, there is shortage of

suction machine to clean the septic tanks. Available machine lies defunct most of the

time due to which people have to call the labours to clean the tank. Due to

unawareness and shortage of vehicles manual scavenging is still in practice.


Vision

Goals



Short term 3 years

Medium term 5 years

Long term 10 years

% of population practising open defecation

% 0% 41.5% √ √

Individual toilets coverage

% 100% 58.5% √ √ √

Community toilet coverage

% For 20% of the population defecating in open

0% √ √

Public toilet coverage

% 5% of the floating population

2% √ √ √

Source: Discussion with JNP officials and Census of India Note: These parameters are not as part of MoUD SLB indicators and have been introduce to complement the SLB indicators

7.6 RECOMMENDATIONS

Individual toilet

To make the system more efficient, desludging of septic tanks should be done every 2 -

3 years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and

cleaning of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in the

morning hours.

Public toilet / Community Toilets

Proper signage navigating to the public toilet should be there.

Female attendant should be available to promote the use of toilet by female floating

population.

To make the toilets more usable, odor control parameters should be adopted.

“Make the town open defecation free through provision of equitable and efficient access to

individual, public and community toilet”


Page 98 March 2016

To improve the aesthetic value of the toilets, a small gardening space (based on the

availability of land) or some trees should be planted.

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at lower rates can be

taken by the operator.

Public toilet complex should be mechanically ventilated and should be fitted with

exhaust fans.

Litter bins should be provided near the wash basins.

All the toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned two times in a day with detergent

and after every use should be wiped with cloth.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes, mops, etc.).

Compliant filling register should be maintained in every block.

Location of community toilets should be at walkable distance from the settlements.

7.7 DEMAND GAP ANALYSIS

Individual toilet

The projection on the individual toilets has been done taking census data as the baseline.

As per census 2011, 51.8% of households have individual toilets (septic tank), 1.7% have

insanitary latrine8, 5.1% have piped sewer and rest 41.5% of the HHs either defecate in

open or are dependent on public toilets. Plan for toilet facilities is in line with the government

vision to make all town open defecation free by year 2019.

This section identifies the gaps in the individual toilets which needs to be covered between

the years of 2015 - 2019 in a phase wise manner. Total of 5,552 individual toilets need to be

constructed with 25% targeted to be completed every year. The details demand analysis of

Individual toilet is provided in Table 7-4.

TABLE 7-4: DEMAND OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 96,001

Projected house holds 16,723

Existing individual toilet 9,783

Households defecating in open 6,940

80% of HHs defecating in open need toilet 5,552

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year

25% 25% 25% 25%

Gap in individual toilet 1,110 1,110 1,110 1,110 1,110

Toilets approved under SBM 483

Actual number of toilets to be constructed

1,738 1,110 1,110 1,110

Conversion of Insanitary to sanitary latrine

284

Source: SENES assessment based on SBM guidelines and existing gaps in Jhumritelaiya

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) being implemented by MoUD is providing funding for the

construction of individual toilets (applicable till 2nd October 2019). SBM has already been

launched in Jhumritelaiya town and 483 toilets have been approved for the first year.

8 As per SBM guidelines: Insanitary latrine means a latrine which requires human excreta to be cleaned or otherwise handled

manually, either in situ or an open drain or pit into which the excreta is discharged or flushed out, before the excreta fully

decomposes in such manner as may be prescribed.


Page 99 March 2016

Community Toilet

At present, no community toilets are available in Jhumritelaiya. Based on the standards

provided under SBM, 20% of the population defecating in open area require community

toilets; accordingly, demand for community toilets have been calculated. Demand gap

analysis indicates that 45 community toilets (6 seat per toilet block) need to be constructed

in Jhumritelaiya, with 118 seats for men and 153 for women. Between the period 2015 and

2019, proposed toilet blocks will be constructed in phase wise manner. Table 7-5 presents

the number of toilet blocks to be constructed each year.

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET9

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 96,001

Projected house holds 16,723

Existing individual toilet 9,783

Households defecating in open 6,940

20% of the HHs defecating in open need community toilet

1,388

20% of total population defecating in open 7,968

52% of male population 4,143

48% of female population 3,825

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 35 men 118

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 25 women 153

No. of seats for Jhumritelaiya 271

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block) 45

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year

25% 25% 25% 25%

Number of Community toilet to be constructed

11 11 11 12


As discussed with officials from nagar Parishad office, community toilet blocks need to be

constructed in the slum areas. There are almost 15 slum pockets in Jhumritelaiya lacking

toilet facilities. Location of identified places for construction of community toilets are will be

near all the slum pockets to be identified by the JNP officials. Each of the toilet block

contains 6 seats for which a water tank with capacity of 5000 liters would be required. Along

with toilet block, one bathroom is also required in the block. Area requirement for each of the

block would be approximately 36 sq. m.

Public Toilet

At present there are four public toilet in Jhumritelaiya located in Jhumritelaiya Market, which

is not sufficient to cater the demand for the floating population. Being an industrial and mica

processing town Jhumritelaiya attracts large number of population from nearby villages and

towns. Key locations lacking in public toilet facility are Jhumritelaiya Market, near Mica Gali,

Jhumritelaiya Bus Stand, Railway Station and Crematoria. Based on the standard provided

in SBM guidelines, 5% of the total population has been assumed as floating population for

which public toilets need to be constructed. Demand for public toilets on the projected

floating population till the year 2045 are given in TABLE 7-6.

9 Standards for construction of community toilets as per SBM guidelines –

1 seat – 25 women ; 1 seat – 35 men


Page 100 March 2016

TABLE 7-6: DEMAND OF PUBLIC TOILET10

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected population 96,001 97,982 99,999 1,02,0

52

1,04,1

41

1,06,2

68

1,17,4

86

1,43,2

07

1,74,1

95

Floating population @5%

4,800 4,899 5,000 5,103 5,207 5,313 5,874 7,160 8,710

Men - public toilet for 2/3 of the floating population

3,216 3,282 3,350 3,419 3,489 3,560 3,936 4,797 5,836

Women - public toilet for 1/3 of the floating population

1,584 1,617 1,650 1,684 1,718 1,753 1,939 2,363 2,874

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 100 men

32 33 33 34 35 36 39 48 58

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 50 women

32 32 33 34 34 35 39 47 57

Total number of seats required for public toilet

64 65 66 68 69 71 78 95 116

Existing number of seats

30

Actual number of seats required

34 35 36 38 39 41 48 65 86

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block)

6 6 6 6 7 7 8 11 14

Actual number of public toilet blocks required

6 - - - 1 - 1 3 3

Phase wise construction of public toilet

2 2 2 1 1 3 3


As per the demand till the year 2019, 6 public toilet blocks are required and 8 more toilet

blocks would be required between 2025 and 2045. Based on the discussion with officials

proposed locations have been identified. Till the year 2019, proposed 6 locations area:

1. Near the railway station

2. Near Jawahar Takies

3. At Gumo Durga Mandap

4. AT Jhanda Chauk

5. At Dukan 108

6. Near the over bridge towards Rajgadiya road

Between the years of 2020 and 2045 eight more toilet blocks will be required, location for

these blocks will be identified at later stage by nagar Parishad.

Each of the toilet block contains 6 seats for which a water tank with capacity of 5000 liters

would be required. Area requirement for each of the block would be approximately 36 sq. m.

10 Standards for construction of public toilets as per SBM guidelines

1 seat – 50 women ; 1 seat – 100 men


Page 101 March 2016

MAP 7-2: LOCATION OF PROPOSED PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY TOILET BLOCKS


Page 102 March 2016

Namma Toilet

Namma toilet is an option to develop community and public toilet which is user friendly universal

toilet, sustainable and can be successfully used by the people across all socio economic

spectrum. Namma Toilet is a Modular Toilet solution that has been designed to eradicate open

defecation, keeping in mind the requirements of Indian sanitary practices. A series of user

studies, interviews and follow up presentations have resulted in a specific set of requirements

based on which Namma Toilet has been designed.

Namma Toilet can be configured to many different complexes based on the requirement at the

site, as they are modular. One is the basic toilet module. This is available in 4 options. Male

Physically Challenged (EWC), Ladies Physically Challenged (EWC), Male Regular (IWC) and

Ladies Regular (IWC). There is a Urinal Module (2 People can use at same time), there are

standalone modules for hand wash, Partitions for separating the women sections from the men,

End partitions designed to keep stray animals away, Overhead Water tank structure and

Canopies (Privacy Screens) for the individual toilet modules. In addition to these, the Solar based

lighting module varies according to the design or size of the toilet complex. In rural areas where

power is a problem or remote areas an additional option is available for having the bore motor run

of solar power. The system is designed so that there is light from sunset to daybreak without any

manual intervention. The system is designed with a backup of 3 days. This means if there is

cloud cover or rainfall the backup will work for 3 days. A toilet complex can be designed with a

combination of these individual modules to best fit the requirements of the site selected.

In Urban areas where Underground drainage connections are available, the system can connect

the waste to these lines. In areas where this option is not available septic tank with a bio-enzyme

based treatment system can be opted. This helps control the COD/BOD levels and Ecoli in the

waste. Additionally, in areas which have a very sensitive ecological system, batch waste

treatment system can be provided which totally controls the waste water let out and this water

can be used for watering nearby trees. Each module is 3.5ft x 4ft in size and 7.5ft height.

Namma Toilets Complex at Srirangam Trichy

Namma toilet in Ooty outside Botanical Gardens View


Page 103 March 2016

Promotion of public / community toilet roof tops with solar panels

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic (PV) cells by scientists, convert sunlight directly into

electricity. Today, thousands of people power their homes and other utilities with

individual solar PV systems. Utility agencies (both government and non-government

sector) are also using PV technology for different projects and installations. Solar panels

used to power homes and utility services are typically made from solar cells combined

into modules that hold about 40 cells. A typical home will use about 10 to 20 solar panels

to power the home. The panels are mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they can

be mounted on a tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture the most

sunlight. Many solar panels combined together to create one system is called a solar

array. For large electric utility or public / industrial applications, hundreds of solar arrays

are interconnected to form a large utility-scale PV system.

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the

most efficient. Second-generation solar cells are called thin-film solar cells because they

are made from amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials such as cadmium telluride.

Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick.

Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles,

building facades, or the glazing for skylights.

Third-generation solar cells are being made from a variety of new materials besides

silicon, including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes,

and conductive plastics. Some new solar cells use plastic lenses or mirrors to

concentrate sunlight onto a very small piece of high efficiency PV material. The PV

material is more expensive, but because so little is needed, these systems are becoming

cost effective for use by utilities and industry. However, because the lenses must be

pointed at the sun, the use of concentrating collectors is limited to the sunniest parts of

the country.

The CSP towns are in general suffering from huge power cut, particularly during the

peak hours. Hence, promotion of solar energy utilisation has been considered essential,

for all the upcoming projects in general and particularly for the community / public toilet

blocks proposed for the town under SBM. Such solar panels may be erected on the

rooftop of the community / public toilet blocks, or on the top of the rooftop water reservoir

placed on the toilet blocks suitably. Such solar panels are available in the market along

with necessary arrangements / structures for erecting, and hence separate cost

involvement for making any structural arrangements shall not be there. One unit of solar

panel of 250 watt / 24 Volt capacity powered with LED lights and having backup battery

shall be enough for a toilet block housing 10 units (@ 25 Watt per unit) and such unit

cost shall be around Rs. 12,500.00 in the present market value. Hence, a toilet block to

accommodate 20 units (combining urinals and WCs) shall be feasible to be provided

with solar power at an estimated cost of Rs. 25,000.00 only.


Page 104 March 2016

11

11 Detail design and specification can be referred from Guidelines on Community Toilets by Ministry of Urban

Affairs and Employment, Government of India

Specification for Community or Public Toilet Block

Community or public toilet is a shared toilet facility provided for group of residents or for an

entire settlement. Whereas public toilet facility is also shared toilet provided for floating

population. Along with toilet blocks the facility also include bathroom component. Septic

tank with soak pits is the most preferred option for Jhumritelaiya town. In the later phase of

planning, all the public and community toilets will be connected to sewerage network. Key

features of toilet block are as follows:

Area requirement for a block is 36 sq. m for 6 number of toilet seats and one

bathroom.

Toilet seat for children in the women section.

A store room sum caretaker room should be provided within the complex.

A separate space for clothes washing should be provided in the community toilet

complex to sop the clothes washing at ponds or river.

Soak pits should be made mandatory in the public/community toilet complex to

drain out the water coming from washing and bathing activities.

The toilet block system can be based on septic tank, leach pit or digester (to

generate biogas) form.


Page 105 March 2016

https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Compendium-of-Best-Practices-Rural-

Sanitation-India.pdf

Case Studies on Elimination of Open defecation

Bikaner district has witnessed an unprecedented campaign by the name of ‘Banko Bikano’ to

eliminate open-defecation completely.

The Banko Bikano campaign is progressing at a rapid pace, with more and more communities

coming forward to embrace change. Within four months, 81 Gram Panchayats have become ODF

and more are pledging their commitment all the time. Key steps taken by the administration to make

the GPs open defecation free were:

Any Gram Panchayat can join the campaign, as long as there is demand from either the

Sarpanch or the community. The campaign should be truly demand-driven.

People were expected to construct toilets using their own resources and labor, as per their

choice. There will be no standard size for toilets, nor will any NGOs be engaged for

construction.

Constitution of nigrani committee in each village for regular follow-up, particularly during the

morning and evening hours when people normally resort to open-defecation.

It was the women of Bikaner who showed the greatest support for the Banko Bikano

campaign, turning out in large numbers for every meeting and taking a lead role in the

construction of toilets in their respective households.

The campaign’s success is additionally due to the support and guidance of elected

representatives, such as Zilla Pramukh, MLA s, Sarpanchs, as well as leaders of all parties,

irrespective of political divides.

The District Collector, Zilla Pramukh, CEO, ACEO, SDMs, and BDOs hold regular meetings

of key officers at their respective levels with the express purpose of discussing the sanitation

campaign. Moreover, these officers visit villages on a regular basis to review the campaign’s

progress.

The mobile application ‘Outcome Tracker’ developed by WSP has been used by the district-

level verification team to survey households, schools, and Anganwadi centers in Gram

Panchayats having claimed ODF status. The application, featuring photographs and GPS

coordinates, provides reliable information.

A team of 21 people known as District Resource Committee motivated the people to remove

the practice of open defecation bring change in the behavior towards sanitation.

https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Compendium-of-Best-Practices-Rural-Sanitation-India.pdf

https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Compendium-of-Best-Practices-Rural-Sanitation-India.pdf


Page 106 March 2016

Cost Estimate

Phase wise cost estimates for the individual toilets, community toilet and public toilet are

provided in Table 7-7.

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR JHUMRITELAIYA TOWN

Particulars 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045 total

Cost estimates for Individual Toilet

total number of toilets required 1,738 1,110 1,110 1,110

5,069

Cost estimate - @12,000 per toilet 219 147 154 162

682

Cost estimates for insanitary latrine

284

284

Insanitary to sanitary latrine - @9,000 per toilet seat

27

27

Cost estimates for Public Toilet

-

Number of seats required 12 12 12 8 - 6 18 18 86

Cost estimate - @75,000 per toilet seat

9.45 9.92 10.42 7.29 - 7.33 35.82 58.35 139

Cost estimates for Community Toilet

-

Number of seats required 68 68 68 67

271

Cost estimate - @65,000 per toilet seat

46 49 51 53

199

Total estimated cost in INR lakh 302 205 216 222 - 7 36 58 1,046

Source: SENES calculation

Note 1: Cost for each of the components has been referred from SBM guidelines for Individual, Community and

Public toilet seats.

2. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds towards community toilet projects to match

75% Central Share as per SBM guidelines. (10% in the case of North East States and special category states).

3. For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.

4. All the cost are excluding land cost.

5. For conversion of insanitary latrine into sanitary latrine 75% cost of individual toilet has been considered.


Page 107 March 2016

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM


Domestic waste water

Jhumritelaiya town does not have sewerage facility. In absence of organized sewerage

system in the town, a major portion of waste water generated from domestic and kitchen

waste (grey water) normally finds their way to the existing drains or to the agricultural field,

which ultimately drains to the Ashoka Nallah which drains out in open fields.

Current drainage system comprises of open/ covered drains (pucca drain, kutchha drain)

constructed in a haphazard manner in different parts of the town, mainly built on as required

and fund availability basis. As per census of India, approximately 56.1% of the town is

covered by drainage system; 42.7% open and 13.4% are covered drains and rest 43.9% of

the town has no drainage system. The details of the drainage system in Jhumritelaiya is

provided in Table 8-1.

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS

Sl. No. Category of Drain % of HHs connected

1 Closed drainage 13.4

2 Open drainage 42.7

3 No drainage 43.9

Total 100%


FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER OUTLETS CONNECTED TO

Closed drainage

13%

Open drainage

43%

No drainage 44%

Besides that many households having pit latrines (1.7%)12 or not having septic tanks facility

for the flush/ pour flush latrines (5.1%)13 discharges the effluent directly into the existing

drains or open plots.

12 Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 7-1 of the report for details) 13 Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 7-1 of the report for details)


Page 108 March 2016

Approximately, 51.8 % households having septic tank connected to flush/ pour flush latrines

system do not clean the septic tank regularly as a result septic tank overflow and direct raw

sewage flows into nearby drains. Many septic tanks do not have soak pits and few are in

dilapidated condition with the top slabs and pipes broken. As a result septic tank overflows

gets into the nearby drain or open areas.

The major part of sewage generated from the town finds its way into the storm water drains,

which ultimately dispose waste water into Ashoka Nallah and open fields of the town. In the

absence of drainage in many of the area, sewage gets disposed-off in the backyard of the

settlements.

Direct of discharge of sewage from settlements to Ashoka Nalah

Waste water generation

The current domestic water supply in Jhumritelaiya town is 75 lpcd based on surface water

from Barakar and ground sources like tube well, hand pump and dug well. In addition to the

municipal tube well/ bore wells, private tube well, bore wells and hand pumps are also

operating within the town. There is no accurate estimate of per capita water consumption.

However, based on discussion with PHED officials, it was indicated that approximately 60

lpcd of water is being used by the residents. Waste water generation for the town is

calculated considering 80% of the water supplied (60 lpcd), with 30% black water (18

lpcd) and 70% grey water (42 lpcd). Secondary sources indicated that estimated waste

water generation from pour flush toilet is approximately 10 -25 lpcd per day[1], which was

further confirmed by the residents during field visit that 10 -15 lpcd of water is used for toilet

facilities. An estimate of the total waste water being generated for the town is presented in

Table 8-2.

TABLE 8-2: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN JHUMRITELAIYA

Total

Population Total

Households1

Total

Water

Supplied

@ 75

lpcd

Total

Waste

Water

generated

@60 lpcd2

Total

Households

Connected

to Septic

Tank3

Total Black

Water

transferred

to the

Septic

Total grey

water

generated

@ 42

lpcd2

[1] Source : Technology options for Urban Sanitation in India


Page 109 March 2016

(m3) (m3) Tanks2 @18

lpcd (m3) ( m3)

96,001 16,723 7200 5760 8,662 895 4032

Note:

1 As per Census data 2011 2 Waste water assumption - 80% of water supplied (75 lpcd); black water 30% of total waste water and grey water 70% of total waste water 3 As per data obtained from Census data 2011, 58.5% household connected to septic tank 4 Assuming average household size of 5.7 (as per Census 2011)

It is important to note here that due to less water supply, the number of household having

toilet connection including septic tank connection is very low and most of the household

defecate in open (41.5%).

Septage Management

JNP has two suction machine for maintenance of the septic tanks, which is inadequate to

cater to the needs of entire town. On request of the house owner, suction machine is sent for

cleaning purpose at the rate of Rs. 2100 per trip and Rs 300 for diesel charges. Collected

septage is often disposed at Tilaiya Basti waste dumping site located in ward number 2 and

3 which poses serious health and environmental problems. There are no records available

with JNP regarding the trips made by suction machine in one year and septage clearance.


Service level benchmarks for sewerage status for Jhumritelaiya is provided in Table 8-3.

Although the town does not have the integrated sewerage system, the service level

benchmarks have been provided to indicate the level of service expected in the long term.

TABLE 8-3: SEWERAGE AND SANITATION SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

Sl No. Sewerage and Sanitation Benchmarks JNP Status

1 Coverage of toilets 100% 58.5%

2 Coverage of sewage network services 100% 0%

3 Collection efficiency of the sewage network 100% 0%

4 Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity 100% 0%

5 Quality of sewage treatment 100% 0%

6 Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage 20% 0%

7 Complaint Redressal 80% 0%

8 Extent cost recovery in sewage

management

100% 0%

9 Efficiency in collection of sewage related

charges

90% 0%



Currently, no scheme or work for development of sewerage system at Jhumritelaiya is there.

Detailed Project Report (DPR) for sewerage works will be prepared in future.

8.4 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Declared State Water Policy of

Jharkhand Lack of sewerage network and Sewage Treatment

Plant (STP).


Page 110 March 2016

Town’s topography is ideal for

laying of sewer lines as the

sewage would flow with gravity

without pumping

Low ground water level makes

on site sanitation with soak pits

feasible

High percentage (41.5%) of people defecate in open Septage treatment and safe disposal not practiced. Household and commercial waste directly dumped to

open drains and nallas Mixing of untreated sewage in natural drains

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to provide sewer

network as a green field project

Funds available for development of onsite sanitation facilities

Untreated sewage flowing through open drains and

released in ponds / vacant land

Possible difficulties in laying of sewer network in narrow

streets of the town

Huge investment required for development of sewerage

system

Operation and maintenance of sewerage system with

limited resources

8.5 KEY ISSUES

Absence of sewerage system: There is absence of sewerage system in JNP

resulting into discharge of waste water in open drains leading to unhygienic

conditions in the town.

Mixing of storm water and waste water: Storm water drains of JNP have practically

converted into waste water carrying drains. Due to absence of proper sewerage

system and public ignorance HH waste water is discharged into the drains. Release

of waste water in road side drains is one of the major problem in the town.

Degradation of natural water bodies: Flowing untreated waste water into natural

drains and finally to the pond water.

Choked drains: Most of the drains are choked with solid waste / plastic waste and

causing localised water logging (mixed with waste water) situation in many of the

residential areas.


Vision

Goals

The main goal is to develop suitable waste water collection and treatment system for

Jhumritelaiya. In the long term, all the waste water generated in the town shall be collected

and conveyed through an appropriate sewer network to treatment plants, treated to

acceptable quality levels and disposed, recycled or reused.

Consultants have proposed a three-phase approach to implement the plan proposed in this

report, namely immediate, short-term and long-term benefits to upgrade the waste water

“100% treatment of black and grey water to the prescribed standards and reuse of waste

water for non-portable application”


Page 111 March 2016

management system for the town. Each term would be spread over a certain number of

years to complete the targeted tasks. Under this, it has been adopted that financial approval

of the scheme would probably be completed by year 2016 and construction tenders for

implementation works would be floated by 2017. This has been referred to as “immediate

phase” having a projected time period of 3 years when the initial works are expected to be

completed. The next phase of development over another 5 years from 2021 till 2025 is

mentioned as “short-term,” and the remaining works to be taken up over the remaining 20

years is referred as “long-term.” This phased approach aims to navigate through the

challenges posed by the limitations in investments, existing administrative framework,

institutional capacities and community engagement in a proficient manner. The sewerage

goals with respect to the service level benchmarks have been provided in Table 8-4.

TABLE 8-4: GOALS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM



Short term 5 years

Medium term 10 years

Long term 30 years

Coverage of toilets % 100% 58.5% √

Coverage of sewage

network services % 100% 0% √ √

Collection efficiency

of the sewage

network

% 100% 0% √ √

Adequacy of sewage

treatment capacity % 100% 0% √ √

Quality of sewage

treatment % 100% 0% √ √

Extent of reuse and

recycling of sewage % 20% 0% √ √

Complaint Redressal % 80% 0% √ √

Extent cost recovery

in sewage

management

% 100% 0% √ √

Efficiency in collection

of sewage related

charges

% 90% 0% √ √

Source: Discussion with JNP officials

8.7 WASTE WATER DEMAND PROJECTION

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd day (2020

onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 23.52 MLD. Current

water demand is based on existing per capita supply of 75 lpcd. It has been assumed that by

year 2020, water supply infrastructure work will be completed and per capita supply will

increase to 135 lpcd.

As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, waste water generation is

80% of water supply along with 15% of ground water infiltration, hence total waste

generation till the year 2045 would be 21.64 MLD. Table 8-5 provides the projected waste

water generation details ffrom 2015 to 2045.


Page 112 March 2016

TABLE 8-5: WASTE WATER PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Population Net water demand at

consumer end Waste water generation including 15% ground water infiltration etc.

2015 96,001 7.20 6.62

2020 1,06,268 14.35 13.20

2025 1,17,486 15.86 14.59

2030 1,29,759 17.52 16.12

2035 1,43,207 19.33 17.79

2040 1,57,967 21.33 19.62

2045 1,74,195 23.52 21.64 Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual and Population Projections

Note: 1 Assumption being 75 lpcd, as there is no piped water supply

2 Assumption being 135 lpcd, considering that piped water supply will be start by 2020

3 Though the above calculation is based on the rate of piped water supply in the town, as per the information obtained from

DW&SD / PHED; however the actual calculation should be carried out at DPR stage incorporating the consumption of water

from spot water sources as well and also by in calculating the ground water infiltration etc. as per the provisions made in the

CPHEEO manual on sewerage and sewage treatment.

TABLE 8-6: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION AND VEHICLE REQUIRED FOR CLEANING

Particular Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019

Population No. 97,982 99,999 1,02,052 1,04,141

No of households No. 17,068 17,419 17,777 18,141

Households having septic tank No. 10,883 11,994 13,104 14,214

No of septic tank to be cleared

every year – 50% of the total No. 5,442 5,997 6,552 7,107

Septage generation @ 2.5 m3 per

septic tank m3 13,604 14,992 16,380 17,768

No of cleaning vehicles required No. 11 12 14 15

Existing number of vehicle No. 2

Actual requirement No. 9 10 12 13

Source: SENES Calculation

Following assumptions were made for above calculation

Average volume of septage produced by emptying one septic tank – 2.5 m3.

Septic tank is cleaned once in two years. On an average 50% of the septic tank gets

cleaned in a year.

Each vacuum desludging vehicle will clear 4 tanks in a day

After 2020, with the development of sewerage system the septage generation will

reduce.

Percentage of the households having septic tank in year 2015 is considered same as

census 2011.

It has been assumed that vacuum desludging vehicle will be in function for 300 days

in a year.

8.8 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

Waste water disposal service for the town has been planned as a phased development

programme with short term and long term projects. Following factors have been considered

for deciding the most suitable waste water management strategy

Quantity of water supply and waste water generated


Page 113 March 2016

Topographical and hydrogeological details which include soil type, ground water

depth and general topography of the town

Housing density and available space

Status of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the town

Jhumritelaiya town has a very low level of piped water supply (approximately 75 lpcd) and

high dependence on ground water. Waste water generation is low approximately of 60 lpcd.

Hence, Conventional off site underground sewerage system for waste water management

cannot be proposed for the town and on site waste water management seems to be the best

options for Jhumritelaiya. The shift from onsite offsite will be decided based on the factors

such as sufficient water supply ( at least 135 lpcd) is made available for the town, In

addition other factors like availability of power, acceptability of sewerage system and high

capital and operation cost are other factors which will decide on the time frame for shifting

from on site to integrated sewerage collection and disposal facility.

Currently, there is irregularity in the power supply, which is crucial for operation and

maintenance of sewerage system. Integrated sewerage system usually involves a long

interception sewer necessitating laying of sewers at considerable depth and installation of

intermediate pumping stations. These require power and in case of shortage of power,

standby arrangements in the form of DG sets have to be provided, which increase the

already high operation and maintenance cost.

In Jhumritelaiya, the BPL population and slum population is 39% and 7% percent

respectively, which may not afford high cost of maintenance of conventional sewerage

system. In addition, the people already having constructed the septic tank may not take

connection to the sewerage system after installation and installation of sewer can be a

wasted investment.

Also, narrow roads and dense development might affect the efficiency of the network. It is

therefore necessary to consider cost effective system in the town that is affordable and

operated in a financially sustainable manner.

Recommendation Short term / interim measures

1) Increase sanitation coverage

Conversion of single pit latrine to double pit (leach pit), construction of new toilets to cover

100% households and disposal of grey water are the focused area under initial phase of

planning. More than 40% people resort to open defecation in Jhumritelaiya town; increasing

the sanitation coverage from existing 60% to 100 % should be taken on priority basis. The

options for increasing the sanitation coverage and effective management of black and grey

water generated from the town is provided in the following section.


Page 114 March 2016

Since the ground water table is low (3 -10 m pre monsoon) in Jhumritelaiya, any of the

foresaid options can be proposed for on site management of sewage.

The system is also feasible for Jhumritelaiya town with respect to soil type and ground water

percolation. The soil type affects the operation of soak pits due to infiltration capacity of the

soil. Laterite (loamy texture14) soil is predominant in Jhumritelaiya which is ideal for the

infiltration of soak pit water into the ground.

Coverage of 100% households under the system will reduce the risk from contamination of

water. This become more important as the source of drinking water is in the town and

phenomena like open defecation, washing and bathing along the river contaminate the

water.

Till the proposed long term measures for treatment of waste water is implemented, the grey

water or sullage can be either diverted to the soak pit or can be collected through existing

drains. There should be provision of cleaning and improvement of drains in areas where they

do not function properly and with treatment facilities at selected locations within the town.

Such arrangement is suggested as an interim arrangement till the appropriate sewerage

system is developed. After the development of sewerage system, the sullage can be

combined with the sewage and transported through the sewerage system.

2) Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure

14 Loam soil is mixture of sand and silt with some of amount of clay (about 40%-40%-20% concentration,

respectively) which helps in percolation of water.

Onsite Sewage Management Technologies – Available Options

Twin Pit latrines: Twin pit latrines consist of two underground pit to hold fecal sludge. Waste water is

discharged to one chamber until it’s full of fecal sludge. Discharged is then switched to the second

chamber. Pits are exchanges at regular interval so that before removal of sludge pit contents decomposes

and pathogens die off. Minimum land requirement for twin pit system is 40 sq. ft. to 60 sq. ft.

Septic tank with soak pits: Septic tank is a buried chamber that collects, stores and partially treat the

waste water under anaerobic conditions. Sediments and solids are settled in septic tank and waste water

is discharged into soak pit or dispersion trenches. Soak pits are ideal for the areas with water table depth

of 2 meter or more. Septage from septic tank is removed once in 2- 3 years and transported to off-site for

disposal and treatment. The design of a septic tank and soak-away system can considered to take load of

the entire household wastewater (black as well as grey water). Existing septic tanks may not have been

designed for this.

Twin soak pits (leach pits): Wastewater from latrine is discharged into soak pits. Domestic waste water

from bathing, washing, cooking, cleaning, etc. is also disposed into another soak pit.

Bio digester toilets: Bio digester toilet is an anaerobic multi compartment tank with inoculum which

digest organic matter biologically. Can be used for individual, community or public toilet. In this process

there is no sludge formation and there is no need for desludging and treatment. For 5-6 user the land

requirement for bio tank is 25 Sq ft and the total toilet cost is in between 12000 to 15000.

Aerobic bio tanks: Bio tank process involves different multi strains of bacteria which break down the

waste matter through oxidation (Aerobic Process). The process is relatively faster and digestion happens

within 24 hours with end product as carbon di oxide and water. This process also eliminates the need of

periodic sludge removal. Limitation of the process include requirement of temperature control (4-55 0 C)

and dysfunctional toilets if timely inoculation not done. Land requirement 16 sq ft and total cost of toilet is

approximately Rs 2000.

For more details, please refer to Swachh Bharat Mission – Guidelines for Urban Areas (www.moud.gov.in)


Page 115 March 2016

As per census data, approximately 1.7 % households have insanitary latrines which requires

improvement and conversion to sanitary latrines. 58.5% of the households have toilet within

house premises, however, out of it; 5.1% do not have connection with the septic tank and

dispose the fecal sludge in open drains or other sources. These household are required to

upgrade their toilets and connect to septic tank with soak pits or construct a twin pit system

for disposal of fecal sludge. The improvement options suggested for Jhumritelaiya are

provided in the following section.

3) Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/ septage from onsite

sanitation facilities

In the current scenario, there is no management system for fecal sludge including no

treatment and proper disposal. Sanitation system up-gradation, periodic removal of fecal

sludge and septage from the pits along with proper septage management is required to

avoid manual scavenging and overflowing of the septic tanks.

Fecal sludge/ septage from septic requires treatment before disposal due to high

concentration of pollutants and pathogens:

o Sludge removal: As per the national Building Code (NBC) of India, septic tanks

should be desludged as often as every year. As per the general good practice

tanks should be cleaned after every 2 years or so (standard practice in India).

NBC also suggests that, after cleaning some amount of surface earth containing

grass roots and decaying vegetable should be thrown in tank. No disinfectants

should be used in the toilets attached with tanks as they kill the organism

digesting sewage.

Sludge removal from twin pit system should be done after every two years.

Before filling of second pit with sludge, the contents of first pit should be removed

manually or with vacuum machine. Generally the dried sludge is too solid to take

out from suction machine, therefore in that condition material is manually dug out

from pit.

o Recordkeeping - Records of desludging should be maintained to get the idea of

next round of cleaning. The records should include location of the tank or pit,

septage characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage removed

and name of the house owner.

o Safety gear – Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad need to provide safety gears for

sanitary workers. The mandatory items are masks, gloves and boots to be

provided to all the workers.

o Septage collection and disposal – For the twin pit system removal of material

can be done manually after keeping the pit undisturbed for a year to eighteen

Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure – Available Options

1) Conversion of insanitary latrines into sanitary latrines

2) Conversion of single pit latrines to Twin pit

3) Construction of soak-away for existing WCs with septic tanks

4) Upgrading other latrines to WCs connected to septic tank with soak pit


Page 116 March 2016

month. The removed dried sludge can be used in gardens or agriculture fields or

can be dumped at septage management site.

Fecal sludge collection from Septic tank is done by vacuum desludging

equipment. The removed sludge from septic tank requires treatment before final

disposal. Various options for septage treatment are discussed below.

CASE STUDY: SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AT MUSIRI, TAMILNADU

Musiri is a Parishad town at Tiruchirappalli district in Tamil Nadu. To prevent the nuisance due to sludge in the water bodies, Sludge Treatment Plant (STP) is constructed in Musiri. It is operating since July 2010 and is based on constructed wetland model. To treat the sludge from the septic tanks, a vertical flow constructed wetland is built as a Pilot cum Demonstration Unit. The treatment unit consist of three compartments for rotation of sludge application. All the three compartments have a common feed channel for loading of sludge and a common under drain for removal of percolates. The feed channel is located on the one side of the beds and the percolate channel at the centre. At the bottom of the beds, a slope of 1/8 is provided towards the channel. The media in each compartment is supported by a stainless steel mesh laid on the top of the channel. The beds are planted with locally available species of reeds namely Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia. Preventative measures are also proposed to prevent the inconvenience caused due to the foul odour emanated from the anaerobic digested sludge. Steps like: loading of the beds only during night time, usage of dilute lemon grass oil spray to mask bad odour as well as for vector control and planting of trees along the periphery of the unit to provide a green belt has been contemplated. It is estimated that 75-80 percent of the volatile solids (VSS) in the sludge will be reduced by this process. Source: Policy paper on Septage Management in India, centre for Science and Environment, New

Delhi, May 2011


Page 117 March 2016

Septage Management Technology Options

Land Application after Stabilization: It is widely used septage management system particularly

for town where land availability is not an issue. The method is less capital intensive with low O&M

cost.

Surface application – Spreading of sludge on the soil by suction machine which is used for

disposing and transporting the sludge. The system has high odor potential during application

and possibility of pathogen dispersal.

Sub surface – In the system, untreated septage is placed just below the soil surface,

reducing odor and health risk while fertilizing and conditioning the soil. The method allows

better odor control than surface spreading and reduce the risk of pathogen dispersal.

Burial – The method include disposal of septage in holding lagoons almost 6 feet deep),

trenches use of multiple chambers) and sanitary landfills. High odor during septage

application until a final cover is placed on the top.

Independent Septage treatment facility

Independent septage treatment facilities use processes like stabilization lagoons, chlorine

oxidation, and aerobic and anaerobic digestion, biological and chemical treatment. Solid

residual can be sent to a landfill, composted, applied to the land, or incinerated. The

remaining effluent can be released to another treatment works where it can undergo further

treatment and then finally can be discharged.

Composting: Another feasible option is composting where bulking agents are easily

available. The humus is produced after composting which can be used as a soil conditioner.

Treatment at waste water treatment plant:

Co-treatment of septage along with domestic sewage at a sewage treatment plant is a

feasible and acceptable alternative for septage treatment. Though septage is much

concentrated in its strength than the domestic sewage, its constituents are similar to

municipal wastewater. For co- treatment of septage with waste water facility, it may be

necessary to increase treatment plant aeration capacity as a result of direct septage

discharge

Non-conventional septage management technologies

Improved septic tank/ Anaerobic Baffle reactor: In this case a baffle walls is introduced in

the existing septic tank design to have a multi chambered baffled septic tank. This increase

movement of wastewater inside the tank helps in creating the turbulent flow which causes

enhanced mixing of the raw sewage with already existing activated sludge and accelerates

the decomposition of the solids because of intensive contact between the activated sludge

and fresh influent. Anaerobic filters are provided in the penultimate chamber of the improved

septic tank. Hence by increasing the retention time of the incoming sewage, sludge

accumulation problem can be significantly reduced and overall efficiency of septic tank can

be greatly improved.

Constructed wetlands: In the areas where water table is shallow, the effluent from the

septic tank/improved septic tank could be connected to constructed wetlands to prevent

ground water contamination. Constructed Wetlands are a biological wastewater treatment

technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. These

systems use wetland plants, soils and their associated micro-organisms to remove

contaminants from wastewater. They act as a filter removing sediments and pollutants such

as nutrients and other heavy metals from waste water and septage. These systems require

land but offer very effective biological treatment response in a passive manner so that

mechanical equipment, energy and skilled operator attention are minimized.

Source: “Policy Paper on Septage management in India” by Centre for Science and Environment, May 2010


Page 118 March 2016

Most suitable septage treatment technology for Jhumritelaiya can be burial in the landfill

after drying the septage in the septage drying bed. The total areas requirement for septage

drying for Jhumritelaiya would be 0.6 acre. A land parcel measuring 4.07 acres in ward 15

and 17 Jhumritelaiya at Tilaiya Basti has been procured for setting up waste management

facility. The new septage management site should be set up within the same premises or 0.6

acre of land adjacent to waste management land should be procured.

The septage drying bed can be located adjacent to the solid waste processing and disposal

site. This arrangement has low capital and operating cost. However, land requirement is

slightly higher than other technologies.

The summary of the short term sanitation system prescribed for Jhumritelaiya is provided in

Figure 8-2.

FIGURE 8-2: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR

JHUMRITELAIYA

Source Sanitary units Output Collection /

storageTransportation

Urine

Flush water

Cooking

Bathing

Washing

Toilet

Bathroom

Kitchen

Black water

and fecal

sludge

Grey water

Collection of

grey and

black water in

septic tank /

twin pit

Storage of

fecal sludge

in twin pit /

septic tank

Disposal of

waste water

from septic

tank and twin

pit to the

ground

Transportation

of fecal sludge

from septic

tank / pit to

septage

management

site

SHORT TERM / INTERIM MEASURES

Recommendation Long term

After Jhumritelaiya achieve the per capita water supply of 135 liters and majority of the

people have access to toilet, all the waste water (black and grey) generating units such as

individual, public and community toilets, bathroom and kitchen can be connected to sewer

network.

A Sewage treatment plant of proposed capacity 22 MLD has been proposed for

Jhumritelaiya town. The capacity of sewerage treatment plant has been designed for the

horizon year 2045. Long term recommendation for waste water treatment Jhumritelaiya are

provided in Figure 8-3.


Page 119 March 2016

FIGURE 8-3: LONG TERM MEASURE FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT JHUMRITELAIYA

Source Sanitary units Output Collection /

TransportationTreatment

Urine

Flush water

Cooking

Bathing

Washing

Toilet

Bathroom

Kitchen

Black water

and fecal

sludge

Grey water

Option I

Collection by

wide network

of sewer lines

(pumping

from zone II)

Treatment of

waste water into

Sewage

Treatment Plant

for (zone I and II)

located in Zone I

– 22 MLD

Option II

Collection by

wide network

of sewer lines

separately in

zone I and II

Treatment of

waste water into

two STP for two

zones with the

capacity of 7

MLD and 15

MLD

LONG TERM MEASURES

1) Development of Sewerage system along with treatment plant

The general topography of the town is undulating, therefore, conventional sewerage system

establishment would be a feasible option for Jhumritelaiya in long term. In addition,

improvement in per capita water supply and availability of power supply would support the

optimum functioning of the treatment facility.

Almost 70% of the town area drains out towards southern side of the town boundary. Rest

30% of the area either drains out in northern side in open fields. Based on the Jhumritelaiya

topography, town has been divided into two parts i.e. Zone I and Zone II. South side of the

highest elevation line slope down to River Barakar and north side slopes towards River

Dhananjay.

Waste water conveyance system options are provided in following section, conventional

sewerage system along with decentralised treatment option is most feasible for

Jhumritelaiya. However, the town authorities may also look into selected low cost options for

development of sewerage system. Some of the options for development of sewerage

systems is provided in following section.


Page 120 March 2016

Alternatives to set up sewage collection and transportation system for Jhumritelaiya are

discussed as option I and II.

Option I - This is a conventional centralized sewerage treatment system proposed for

Jhumritelaiya. A STP with capacity of 22 MLD would be set up in town. The system consist

of closed system pf pipes, manholes and pumping station. Grey and black water generated

from town will be collected in the centralized sewerage system and transported to STP for

treatment. However, the only concern for this option is that sewage from western part of the

town has to be pumped to STP due to average slope difference of 5-10 meters.

Waste water conveyance System – Options

Conventional sewerage system: Conventional sewerage system is centralized waste water treatment system consist of closed system pf pipes, manholes and pumping station. The underground sewer network conveys black and grey water from individual households to centralized treatment facility. The underground sewer line are categorized into primary, secondary and tertiary networks. The main line or primary line runs through the center of the system and all the other lines empty into it.

Low cost sewerage system

Shallow Sewers: Shallow sewers are conventional sewers constructed to relaxed standards. Shallow depth made possible by low traffic loads and short connection lengths allows the use of inspection chambers rather than manholes. Since these are not designed for entry of persons, they can be much smaller and cheaper than manholes, thus considerably reducing the cost of sewerage.

Small-bore sewerage: All waste water is diverted to an on-plot septic tank. Households

constructing new individual sanitation facilities should be encouraged to construct septic tanks.

Some households could use pit latrines. Only gray water may be connected to sewers.

Septage is removed for further treatment and final disposal. Small diameter sewer pipe (< 200

mm) is laid at a flatter gradient to carry the effluent from septic tanks.

Combined system: The combination includes both on-site sanitation arrangements and off-

site sanitation systems.


Page 121 March 2016

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT JHUMRITELAIYA

Zone II

STP – 22 MLD

Sewage flow to

STP with gravity

Sewage flow to

STP via pumping

Zone I

Option II - Another feasible option to set up fully off-site sewerage system is combination of

STP and decentralized treatment units based on the natural topography and gravity flow of

sewage. As already discussed, Jhumritelaiya town is divided into two zones based on

various elevation points. In the second option two STPs has been proposed.

Zone I - Zone I would have the conventional STP with capacity of 7 MLD to be located in the

extreme northern side of the town. All the waste water generated in zone I would be tapped

via sewer lines and will be transported to STP for disposal and treatment. As the slope of the

town is towards River Dhananjay, the sewage would flow with gravity, therefore installation


Page 122 March 2016

of pumping station is not required in this method. Types of methods for sewage treatment

are already discussed with option I.

Zone II - Sewerage system in Zone II can be also be developed as conventional treatment

method by installing the STP of 15 MLD to be located in the south western part of the town.

In the systems the sewage will flow with gravity to the treatment site and will be drain out in

Ashoka Nalah or new constructed drains and finally to River Barakar.

The capacity of both the STPs have been defined based on the population residing in the

zones.

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT JHUMRITELAIYA

Zone II

STP – 15 MLD

Sewage flow to

STP with gravity

Zone I

STP – 7 MLD

Sewage flow to

STP with gravity


Page 123 March 2016

The selection of most suitable technology is guided by factors such as effluent quantity and

quality, availability of land and location and capital and operation cost and operational

requirements. Jhumritelaiya has low level of water supply, technology which promotes reuse

of waste water can be most feasible technology.

Detailed feasibility report followed by detailed project report should be prepared for

development of sewerage system along with treatment facility in Jhumritelaiya. However for

ready reference, various sewage treatment process are compared in Table 8-7 (Details of

the treatment process are provided in Annexure 8).


Page 124 March 2016

TABLE 8-7: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Particular

Treatment Technologies

Activated

Sludge

Process

(ASP)

Trickling

Filters

BIOFOR

(Biological

Filtration &

Oxygenate

d Reactor)

Up-flow

Anaerobic

Sludge

Blanket

(UASB)

Fluidize

d Bed

Reactor

( FAB)

Sequent

ial

Batch

Reactor

(SBR)

Rotating

Biological

Contractor

Up flow

Anaerobi

c Filter

Waste

Stabilizati

on Ponds

Aerated

Lagoons

Oxidation

Ponds

Duck

weed

ponds

Shallow

Sewerage

Reed Bed

/Construct

ed

Wetlands/

root zone

Land

requireme

nt

0.15 - 0.25

Hectares /

MLD

0.25 -

0.65

Hectares

/ MLD

0.08

Hectares /

MLD

0.2 - 0.3

Hectares /

MLD

0.06

Hectares

/ MLD

0.1 -

0.15

hectares

/ MLD

NA NA

0.8 - 2.3

Hectares /

MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/ MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/ MLD

1.5 - 2 Hectares / MLD

NA NA

Energy

requireme

nt

180 - 225 Kwh

/ MLD

180 Kwh

/ MLD

220 - 335

Kwh / MLD

10 -15 Kwh/

MLD

99 - 170

Kwh /

MLD

150 -

200 Kwh

/ MLD

high medium

Negligible,

only for

Screen &

Grit

chamber

18 Kwh /

MLD 18 Kwh / MLD

Negligible

Negligible Negligible

Resource

requireme

nts and

associate

d costs

Moderately

high (require

skilled

manpower)

Moderat

ely high

(require

skilled

manpow

er)

High capital

cost

(require

less skilled

manpower)

Moderately

high (require

moderately

skilled

manpower)

High

(require

highly

skilled

manpow

er)

High

(require

highly

skilled

manpow

er)

High (require

highly skilled

manpower

Moderatel

y high

(require

moderatel

y skilled

manpowe

r

Very low

(not

require

skilled

manpower

)

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpowe

r)

Moderately

Low (require

semi-skilled

manpower)

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpow

er)

Moderately

Low (require

semi-skilled

manpower

Moderately

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpower

Resource

Recovery

Feasible

(High)

Moderat

ely high

(marginal

ly lower

than

ASP)

High (higher

than ASP)

Medium

(much less

than ASP,

but more

than pond

based

systems)

High

(50%

higher

than

ASP)

High

(much

higher

than

ASP)

High high

Lowest

(Periodical

maintenan

ce of

ponds

required)

Moderatel

y Low

Moderately

Low

(Comparable

to Lagoons)

medium Moderately

Low high

Annual

(O&M)

cost

5.2lakhs/year/

MLD NA Na

1.5

lakhs/MLD/a

nnum

Moderate

ly high

High Rs.14,000/pm

/MLD NA NA

3.4

lakhs/MLD/an

num

NA Rs.215/m3 less

Capital

Cost 48 lakhs/MLD

1.3

crores/M

LD

35

lakhs/MLD

5-20

crores/M

LD (vary

dependin

g on

capacity)

33 lakhs/MLD 15

lakhs/MLD

4.8

crores/MLD

1.8

lakhs/ML

D

Rs.50,000/m3/

day

Rs.13,

00/m2 for

horizontal

flow and

Rs.2,

100/m2 for

vertical

flow beds.


Page 125 March 2016

2) Recycling/Re-Use of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Recycling of wastewater is essentially, reusing treated waste water for beneficial purposes

such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, toilet flushing and replenishing a ground water

basin. Recycling and reusing are both aimed at conservation and reduction of wastage.

Action plan for recycling and reuse of waste water should be developed along with the

development of sewerage system and sewage treatment plant. Reuse is especially critical

for Jhumritelaiya since water supply is relatively low and high cost of getting piped water

supply for the town.

Waste water can be recycled to industries, commercial and institutional establishments. This

will entail a direct saving to the consumer of water and a direct saving for the town

authorities which continuously struggles to find or locate new sources of water to meet the

growing demands of the town population.

3) Proper operation and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure

Sewerage System need to be maintained as per the guidelines provided in CPHEEO Manual

on Sewerage and Sewage treatment. Both preventive and the emergency maintenance

should be done regularly for the proposed sewerage system.

8.9 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost for development of onsite and offsite sewerage system has been discussed in

Table 8-8.

TABLE 8-8: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Sl. No. Particular Total

Cost Estimate (Rs. in lakhs)

2017 - 2020 2020-2025 2025-2045

A Short Term

1 Septage collection and conveyance infrastructure (suction machine)

156 99 - 57

2 Septage treatment facility 500 250 250

B Long Term

1 Site Development works 50

50

2 Cost for development of sewerage system

15,802

7,901 7,901

3 Cost for development of Sewage Treatment Plant (22 MLD)

3,951

1,914 2,036

Base Cost Total (APEX) 20,459 349 10,116 9,994

Add 2% Architectural Works 409 7 202 200

Sub Total 20,868 356 10,318 10,194

Contingencies 3% 626 11 310 306

Grand Total 21,494 366 10,627 10,500

O & M Cost for 5 years (10% of CAPEX)

2,149 37 1,063 1,050

Source: CPHEEO Guideline and A Guide to Decision making – “Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in

India” Sept, 2008; and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme

Note: 1 Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.

2 Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.


Page 126 March 2016

3 Cost for development of onsite sanitation facilities have been considered in chapter on ‘access to Toilet’

4 For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.

5 All the costs are excluding land cost

Assumptions:

Septage collection and conveyance cost on lump sum basis

Septage treatment community based or DEWAT system cost on lump sum basis

Development of Sewage Treatment Plant assumed 125 lakhs per MLD

Development of sewerage system i.e. laying of pipes, pumping station etc 4 times of STP cost and after

construction of STP i.e. in long term cost on lump sum basis for laying of sewerage network etc.

Cost for suction machine has been assumed @ 7 lakh per machine based on market survey.


Page 127 March 2016

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has always been a great challenge to the

urban local bodies (ULBs) in India and Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad being no exception.

Municipal solid waste in Jhumritelaiya is being managed inefficiently, as the systems

adopted are primitive in nature, tools and equipment outlived their life & also inadequate,

and there is absence of skilled manpower, hence productivity is low. Processing and

treatment of waste is not practiced and final disposal is being made unscientifically in a

dumpsites, posing threats of ground and surface water contamination and air pollution. JNP

is yet to comply with Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000.

Existing waste management scenario with respect to waste generation, storage, collection,

transportation, treatment and disposal for Jhumritelaiya has been discussed in the following

section along with the proposed recommendation for effective management of waste.

9.1 WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION

Knowledge about the quantum of waste generation and composition of MSW is essential for

determining collection, transportation, processing and disposal options that could be adopted

for JNP. These factors are dependent on the population, demographic details, principal

activities in the town, income levels and lifestyle of the community. Studies carried out in

Indian cities by NEERI indicates that waste generation and its composition is strongly

dependent on the local socio-economic condition, lifestyle & behavioral pattern, and

available infrastructure for solid waste management (SWM) in the urban center. It has been

well established from such studies that waste generation of an area is directly proportional to

average income of the people of that area.

Waste generation

Based on site visit and discussion with ULB officials it is understood that, two tractors

available with JNP is making 16 trips a day carrying solid waste from the town to the

designated two dumpsites at Tilaiya Basti and Dumping site along NH31 by pass. There is

no weighbridge available at dumpsite; therefore no records exists for the quantum of solid

waste transferred daily to the dumpsite. In the absence of any records, the waste generated

in Jhumritelaiya has been assumed based on waste generation estimates derived from

secondary sources. The waste estimation is based on Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organisation, 2000 (CPHEEO) Manual on SWM and India Urban

Infrastructure Report, 2011 by High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC15).

CPHEEO Manual on SWM, 2000

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5

million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation

rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with

population below 2,00,000.Based on the above, the per capita waste generation of 210

15 This Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services is a result of over two years’ effort on the part of the High Powered

Expert Committee (HPEC) for estimating the investment requirement for urban infrastructure services. The HPEC was set up by the Ministry of Urban Development in May, 2008.


Page 128 March 2016

gm/capita/day may be considered for JNP. Accordingly, for the current year’s projected

population of 96,001, the solid waste generated in Jhumritelaiya is 20 Tons per day.

India Infrastructure Report 2011

As per the India Infrastructure Report 2006, Jhumritelaiya is a Class II town and the per

capita waste generation is 255 gm/capita/day. Therefore, with a projected population of

49745 in the current year, Jhumritelaiya should be generating 24.5 Tons per day (TPD).

Based on above two estimations, the waste generation for the town of Jhumritelaiya has

been assumed as 25 TPD and same shall be used as base data for all necessary

calculations carried out in this chapter.

Waste composition

In the municipal solid waste stream, waste is broadly classified as biodegradable and non-

biodegradable. In this report, waste composition is categorized as organic, paper, plastic,

glass, metals, and inert.

Exact waste composition details for Jhumritelaiya town are available from SWM DPR based

on sample survey for MIG, LIG and HIG houses. Waste composition from the report has

been referred for Jhumritelaiya. Based on the available data, waste composition for

Jhumritelaiya is provided in the Table 9-1.

TABLE 9-1: WASTE COMPOSITION 16

Biodegradable Paper Plastic Glass Metal Inert Rubber & Leather Rag Wood Coconut (shell)

22.8 6 3.7 1.3 0.1 9.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.2

Source: SWM DPR for Jhumritelaiya

46%

12%

7%

3%0%

18%

4%4% 4% 2%

Waste Composition

Biodegradable Paper Plastic Glass

Metal Inert Rubber & Leather Rag

Wood Coconut (shell)

16 SWM DPR, Jhumritelaiya


Page 129 March 2016

9.2 WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Waste generation projection for Jhumritelaiya town has been done based on the projected

population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been assumed that per capita

solid waste generated in Jhumritelaiya will increase with growth rate of 1.3 percent per

annum17. Table 9-2 shows the waste generation projection for Jhumritelaiya.

TABLE 9-2: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Year Population gm/capita/day Waste Projected(TPD)

2020 1,06,268 272 29

2030 1,29,759 310 40

2045 1,74,195 376 65

Source: SENES Calculation

Based on the Table 9-2, the waste generation projected for year 2020 (Short term), 2030

(mid-term) and 2045 (long term) is 29 TPD, 40 TPD and 65 TPD respectively.

Existing Scenario

Barring a few progressive municipal corporations in the country, all other municipalities

suffer due to non-availability of adequate expertise and experience; thereby the solid waste

is not properly handled resulting into creation of environmental pollution and health hazards.

Most of the small ULBs like Jhumritelaiya lack technical, managerial, administrative, financial

resources and adequate institutional arrangements for effective solid waste management.

Waste generated in the town include waste from residential, market, commercial, institutional

and industrial areas, and includes construction & demolition waste and street sweeping &

green waste. The residential, market and commercial sources contribute the maximum

quantum of waste in Jhumritelaiya. JNP is responsible for the solid waste management

system in Jhumritelaiya. Brief status of current waste management system is outlined in the

following section.

Residential Waste: Waste from the residential areas is collected in the containers kept

along the road side, but mostly either thrown in the open drains, vacant plots or on ponds.

Market & Commercial Waste: The commercial areas identified in Jhumritelaiya are located

throughout along the main station road on both the sides known as Jhnada Chauk. In

addition, five shopping complexes are there. Vegetable weekly market is also organized in

different areas of the town. These areas are mixed zones comprising commercial (shops and

markets) and residential areas. Waste from these markets are kept in open area or thrown in

containers kept along the roads from where the sweepers lift and take it to the dump yard.

Institutional Waste: Waste from offices and schools is collected in containers, but also

thrown in open vacant land or find its place in open drains and near water bodies. There is

no separate system of collection of solid waste for institutions.

Industrial Waste: Due to absence of any major industrial activity, no specific type of

hazardous waste is generated as of now. However, waste from small scale industries is

getting mixed with residential and other type of waste being generated in the town.

17 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page 130 March 2016

Drain silt: Drain silt typically comprises of market & commercial waste, household waste,

waste from street sweepings, construction waste, etc. The major portion of drain silt is

generated by way of disposal of different type of waste in open drains. After desilting drains,

silt is kept along the drain on the road sides, allowed for getting naturally dried up, which is

later picked up by waste collectors and transferred to the dumping yard.

Construction and demolition waste: Construction and demolition waste is the sizeable

part of the total waste being generated in JNP. However, the quantum varies from time to

time depending on the construction or demolition activities. There are no standard practices

being followed for disposal of construction waste in JNP area. A major portion of this waste

is generally used in reconstruction activities or for filling up low-lying areas or constructing

temporary (kachha) roads. The left over waste lies unattended on the road sides.

Open Dumping Dilapidated container at Market Area, Ward No. 12

JCB kept at ULB Workshop, W- 24 Auto Tipper kept at ULB Workshop, W-24

Dilapidated overloaded waste container, Ward No. 11 Open Waste Dumping, before closed shops,

Ranchi Patna Rd., W-18


Page 131 March 2016

Waste Segregation & Primary collection: There is no door to door collection system and

source segregation of waste in the town. Approximate 16 containers are available kept at

different locations throughout the town area. Out of 16 containers only 8 are in functional

stage located in ward number 5, 10, 12, 14, 18 and 23.

Waste storage & Secondary Collection: Primarily waste is stored in bins, from where

waste is transported to dumping site. There is no transfer station in the town for secondary

storage of waste.

Waste Transportation: To transport the waste from roads and container Jhumritelaiya has

3 tractors (two with dala and one with engine), 1 tipper. Waste from road side containers is

picked up once in 2-3 days. In addition, there are I loader, 1 jetter machine for cleaning

drains, and 1 JCB.

Waste dumping at by pass road Open waste dumping near market complex

Waste dumping near sabji mandi Waste dump in market


Page 132 March 2016

Waste dumping in drain Diary waste along the road

Willingness to pay: As of now no user charges are being collected from the public.

However, willingness to pay minimal charges have been generally expressed by the

residents and commercial establishments, if present conditions are improved both

aesthetically and hygienically.

Waste Treatment and Disposal: There is no treatment or scientific disposal of waste in

Jhumritelaiya. There are two dumping site available in the town, one is along the bypass and

another is at Tilaiya Basti. Dumping at Tilaiya Basti has started only 8 month back and

recently has been stopped by the administration on request of the residents.

Waste dumping at bypass road and leachate formation

Street Sweeping: Street sweeping on the major roads such as station road, market area,

highway and sabji market is done two times in a day on morning and evening times. In the

ward roads, street sweeping is done only once in a week. A street sweeping machine is also

available with Jhumritelaiya which is not in working condition for the last 2 years.


Page 133 March 2016

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE


Page 134 March 2016

Rag Pickers: Approximate presence of 8-10 rag pickers, including women and children,

were reported in the town. These rag pickers generally collect re-salable from waste in the

town area and being purchased by the Waste iterant buyers (Kabadi Walas).There are few

shops, who are engaged in this business located at Near Bhadho dih and Jhawahar Cinema.

The resalable items primarily include disposed household appurtenance, discarded

equipment, machinery, furniture, metals and plastic products. There is no organized

recycling unit in the town.

9.3 BIOMEDICAL WASTE

There is one hospital, three nursing homes and 13 clinics in the town majorly located in ward

number 1, 2 7, 12, 17, 22, 15 and 27. During the town survey discussion with 7-8 nursing

homes/hospitals were done to understand the biomedical waste management status. As

discussed with the hospital and nursing home officials, no proper waste management is

available to deal with bio medical waste in JNP. All the nursing homes and hospitals have

adopted the conventional method to deal with waste. The large hospitals dump the waste in

pit and burn it whereas small scale nursing homes throws the waste in the open which gets

mixed with municipal waste.

Biomedical waste dump in pit Consultation with hospital staff

As per standard, approximately 1.25kg/bed of hospital waste is generated per day inclusive

of biomedical waste being approximately 0.380 kg/bed/day. Biomedical waste need to be

handled as per Biomedical Waste Management and Handling rules 1998. Based on the

number of beds and biomedical waste generation standards, total 250 kg of waste is

generated from beds including 76 kg of biomedical waste.

Since the biomedical waste generated in the Jhumritelaiya is very less and it is not feasible

to develop a separate biomedical waste management facility for the town, JNP should get

associated with the biomedical waste management facilities of the District headquarter

Koderma or any other town in the vicinity. All the hospital and clinics including the

government and private hospital should be directed to mandatorily dispose their biomedical

waste safely under guidance of the State Pollution Control Board to a suitably identified

associated facility.

9.4 CATTLE AND DAIRY WASTE

Number of cattle population is not very high in Jhumritelaiya. Ward number 3 has maximum

number of cattle population as most of the Khatal are present in this area. In total, there are

10 Khatal in the town and each of the Khatal has 10-15 number of cattle. In addition to


Page 135 March 2016

Khatal, each of the ward has approximately 50 number of cattle including cow and buffalo.

Total number of cattle population in Jhumritelaiya is about 1600 in the Khatals and individual

households. There is no recognized dairy unit in the town. Milking is generally being done

within Khatal and individual households, and there is no dairy waste generated as such in

the town.

For management of Cattle and Dairy waste generated in the Khatals, there is no systematic

plan being practiced by the owner of the Khatal. Cow/Buffalo dung is the major waste

generated in the Khatals. Most of the waste is stored in open and is exposed to environment.

As discussed with owners of the Khatals, most of them sell the majority of left over dung to

local farmers. Some portion of the dung is used to make fuel cakes. Waste water (generated

after cattle washing) along with left over waste and urine of the cattle coming from Khatal is

also discharged into open drains and fields without any treatment.

9.5 SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE

There is no established slaughter house in the town. However, many shops (approximate

20-25 shops) can be found in the town selling chopped meat and poultry. All the waste

generated at these shops is thrown in the vacant place near the shop. As discussed with the

shop keepers, this dumped waste is eaten by the stray dogs.

9.6 CARCASS DISPOSAL

At present there is no system established for carcass disposal in JNP. As informed by the

official, dead animals are being disposed at the dumping site located in Tilaiya Basti in ward

number 2 & 3.

Khatal in Jhumritelaiya


Comparison of service level benchmarks with current status of JNP indicates very poor solid

waste management services with respect to collection, segregation, treatment etc. Existing

town status with respect to standards is provided in Table 9-3.

TABLE 9-3: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR JNP

Sl No. Solid waste management Benchmarks JNP Status


Page 136 March 2016

Sl No. Solid waste management Benchmarks JNP Status

1 Household level coverage of solid waste management services

100% 0%

2 Efficiency in collection of municipal solid waste

100% 50%

3 Extent of source segregation of municipal solid waste

100% 0%

4 Extend of municipal solid waste reused, recycled and recovered

80% 0%

5 Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

100% 0%

6 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaint

80% 0%

7 Extent of cost recovery in SWM services 100% 0%

8 Efficiency in collection of SWM charges 90% 0%


To address the issues of SWM in the town, detailed project report for Solid waste

management of Jhumritelaiya town has been prepared by JNP. As informed by the officials,

there is one site available to set up SWM facility; at Tilaiya Thana measuring 4.07 acre of

area ward number 1 situated at 5 km away from core of the town. The site complies with the

MSW Rules 2000 criteria. Site suitability analysis for the site has already been done in the

DPR.

9.9 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Due to high percentage of organic

waste setting up of compost plant /

vermi composting / manure pits would

be successful in JNP.

Citizens willingness to pay

Ready Availability and ownership of

land for development of waste

processing facility

No door to door collection of waste in JNP.

Waste is being dumped in open places leading to

environmental degradation.

Segregation of waste is not practiced People are

not aware of the consequences of mismanaging

the waste.

Dumping of waste in open drains.

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to develop a complete new

waste management system for the town

Involvement of rag pickers in organised

waste source-segregation system can

provide them permanent employment.

User charges can be one of the source

of income for ULB.

Ignorance of public towards scientific solid waste

management.

Continuous dumping of waste in open areas is

polluting the environment and water bodies.

Dumping of waste in drain and water bodies lead

to over flow of drains and water logging in many

areas.

9.10 KEY ISSUES

Shortage of man power: There is acute shortage of man power for solid waste

management in town. Very less permanent staff is available in JNP, only 18

permanent labour and 43 daily wage worker for 28 wards including 6 drivers presently

engaged for waste collection and transportation in the town.

Waste mixing: Co-mingling of waste is a common phenomenon in JNP, which has

been observed not only at dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the

biomedical waste and slaughter waste is getting mixed with municipal waste.


Page 137 March 2016

Manual handling of waste: Manual Handling of waste is prevalent which may have

serious impact on health of sanitary workers. The loading and unloading of waste are

done manually, and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any personal

protective equipment (PPE).

Many dumping locations: During the site visit and discussion with officials, it was

found that there are 2 major dumping yards in town and many other minor waste

dumping locations.

Lack of Sanitary landfill site: Currently, there is no sanitary engineered landfill, and

MSW is dumped in open, leading to ground & surface water and soil pollution, vector

nuisance, etc.

No primary collection of solid waste: Waste is discharged by establishments

(residential and non-residential) mostly into open plots, open drains, etc. These

uncontrolled disposal have resulted in accumulation of solid waste on road sides,

vacant plots, and open drains.

Transportation of solid waste in open vehicles: Solid waste is transported primarily

in open trucks, tippers and cycle rickshaw. It is also observed that these vehicles are

overloaded with waste, resulting in the littering of roads during transportation without

any top cover.

Lack of awareness: There is absolute lack of awareness among people about

scientific handling and management of waste.


Vision

Goals

The goals indicated by the Ministry of Urban Development should be based on service level

benchmarks for solid waste management. The service level benchmarking provides a

standardized framework for performance monitoring and assists State level agencies and

local level service providers to initiate a process of performance monitoring and evaluation

against agreed targets.

Short Term

Awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Providing household level solid waste management services

Efficiency of source segregation, collection and disposal of municipal solid waste

Increased recovery from municipal solid waste

Mid Term

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive household level coverage of solid waste management services

“100% source segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and safe disposal of solid waste along with capacity building of all stakeholders.”


Page 138 March 2016

Increased efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

Extensive source and secondary segregation of municipal solid waste

Extensive recovery from municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive cost recovery in SWM

Long Term

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive segregation of municipal solid waste

Extensive recovery of municipal solid waste

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive of cost recovery in SWM services

Efficiency in collection of SWM Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

Table 9-4 shows the baseline scenario against benchmarks and also depicts the time frame

for achievement of various goals


Page 139 March 2016

TABLE 9-4: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM

Parameters Definition Benchmarks Baseline


Immediate ( 2015-2020)

Medium term (2020- 2025)

Long term ( 2025-2045)

Household level of coverage of

solid waste management services

Percentage of households and

establishments that are covered by a

daily doorstep collection system.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency of collection of

municipal solid waste

The total waste collected by the ULB and

authorized service providers versus the

total waste generated within the ULB,

excluding recycling or processing at the

generation point.

100% 50% √ √

Extent of segregation of


Percentage of waste from households

and establishments that is segregated. 100% 0% √ √

Extent of municipal solid waste

recovered

Quantum of waste collected, which is

either recycled or processed expressed in

terms of percentage of waste collected.

80% 0% √ √ √

Extent of scientific disposal of


The amount of waste that is disposed in

landfills that have been designed, built,

operated and maintained as per

standards laid down by Central agencies.

100% 0% √

Efficiency in redressal of

customer complaint

The total number of SWM-related

complaints redressed within 24 hours of

receipt of the complaint, as a percentage

of the total number of SWM-related

complaints received in the given time

period.

80% 0% √ √

Extent of cost recovery in SWM

services

The total annual operating revenues from

SWM as a percentage of the total annual

operating expenses on SWM.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency in collection of SWM

charges

Efficiency in collection is defined as

current year revenues collected,

expressed as a percentage of the total

operating revenues, for the corresponding

time period.

90% 0% √ √

Source: Discussion with JNP officials


Page 140 March 2016

9.12 BEST PRACTICES

The management of waste in semi-urban areas like Jhumritelaiya should be much easier

due to low population density, thus better control over the entire system could be possible. It

may also be a small scale business opportunity for a group of people due to the high

percentage of biodegradables and less chances of contamination in the recyclables and

sellable byproducts. Some of the successful case studies are presented below:

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Mudichur Village Parishad, Kanchipuram District has a Population of 20,000 and collects

approximately 2,000 kg of waste per day. In the year 2005, Mudichur Parishad contacted Hand

in Hand/SEED Trust, a Kanchipuram-based NGO, and negotiated a 4-year memorandum of

understanding (MoU) by which the Parishad provides land and buildings for vermicompost

production and waste sorting, and the NGO manages the waste collection and processing

system. The Kanchipuram collectorate provided Rs. 4.8 lakhs for the purchase of waste

buckets and tricycles, and the construction of physical facilities. The NGO collects a monthly

user fee of Rs. 20 from every household, and also earns revenue from the sale of compost and

recyclable material. The Parishad officials were actively involved in raising public awareness

about the new waste collection system, and painted 109 large yellow notices throughout the

village. Waste is sorted into 15 categories before being sold to scrap merchants. The NGO

earns Rs. 3,000 per month from the sale of vermicomposting, and Rs. 6,500 per month from

the sale of recyclable material. The NGO also collects Rs. 68,000 in user fees each month.

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Musiri a Special Grade Town Parishad in Trichy District with a population of 30000 collected

approximately 6,000 kg/day of waste. In 2005, Musiri's 4 acre dump was filled to 70% of its

capacity. Parishad officials realized that they either had to find a new dump yard, or

dramatically change the way that they manage the town's waste. They approached SCOPE, a

Trichy-based NGO that specializes in sanitation, and requested help to develop a system to

better manage the town's solid waste. SCOPE trained the residents of 6 wards to sort their

waste at home, and organized a tour for officials to study solid waste management systems in

Vellore and Bangalore.

With Rs. 4 lakhs from the 12 Finance Commission, the town cleared 1.5 acres of its dump, and

constructed a compost shed. They further constructed a concrete platform for vermin compost

production from their own resources. SCOPE designed and donated a machine for sieving the

compost. The township also received Rs. 1.5 lakhs from Exnora International and Rs. 3 lakhs

from the DRDA to construct a decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS) facility for a

community toilet in the compost yard.

Currently, the facility treats 4,000 liters of water per day, which is sprayed on the compost

windrows. House to house collection of waste has been extended to all 18 wards. Annual

Revenue of Rs. 70,000 from sale of compost and Rs. 40,000 from sale of mixed plastic is

generated from the project.


Page 141 March 2016

9.13 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

The proposals and recommendations for the town has been planned to achieve the goals in

a systematic and phased manner over a period of 5 years, 10 years and 30 years. The

proposals and

recommendations are

based on the following:

Status of the

existing SWM

system of the

town

Solid waste

generated and

projections

Waste

composition

Area available for

treatment &

disposal of

waste with the

ULB

The existing waste collection system has 15 secondary waste collection system (containers),

3 Tractor Trolley and 1 Auto Tipper. In addition, there are 1 loader, 1 jetter machine for

cleaning drains, and 1 JCB. One waste disposal option is available in JNP, at Tilaiya Basti

with 4 acres of land.

Recommendation Short term / interim measures

1) Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste collection efficiency

Primary Collection

Tricycle Rickshaws and Auto Tippers shall be used to collect waste from households and

commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto tipper shall be adjusted on-site

depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc. The household level collection shall

be introduced in a phased manner eventually covering all the households and commercials

in the municipal limits.

Major efforts are required from the ULB towards public awareness campaigns on solid waste

management and establishing its link to public health, hygiene and the environment through

various means including - radio, social media, documentaries, plays, workshops, etc. People

should be made aware not to throw their garbage in the drains or open plots or any

undesignated points instead it should be handed over to the person appointed by the ULB.

The waste from the 15 identified slums in Jhumritelaiya shall be collected in community bins.

HIERARCHY FOR AN INTEGRATED WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Source: www.seas.columbia.edu

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/faq.html


Page 142 March 2016

Secondary Collection & Transportation

The waste collected through primary collection shall be transferred to the secondary

collection point (SCP), comprising of platform/ramp over which containers are placed. MSW

at every SCP shall be stored in covered containers of required capacity, which shall be lifted

by dumper placer. The size of container and frequency of lifting shall be decided at the DPR

stage by the ULB.

The secondary waste collectors should be well equipped to avoid direct contact with waste.

The existing infrastructure for secondary collection of waste should be upgraded to comply

with MSW Rules 2000 and additional secondary collection locations will be developed to

ensure that no primary collection staff has to travel more than 500 m for dumping of waste.

This density of placement of bins can be adjusted on-site depending on type of locality,

density, road width, etc.

The waste shall be transported from the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the new

proposed treatment plant.

Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste from vegetable markets/haats and

major construction sites. Efforts shall be made to prevent mixing of drain and solid waste.

2) Processing/Recovery

Management of municipal solid waste and adoption of processing technologies are

dependent on the quantity and characteristics of the total waste generated in a local

authority, the financial resources available and in-house capability of local authorities to

oversee project implementation.

Various components of MSW have an economic value and can be recovered, reused or

recycled cost effectively. Currently, the informal sector picks up part of the resources from

the streets and bins to earn their living. However, a sizeable portion of organic waste as well

as recyclable material goes to dumpsite untreated. Over 81% of MSW annually is disposed

at open dump sites without any treatment. With planned efforts to Reduce, Reuse, Recover ,

Recycle and Remanufacture (5R’s) and appropriate choice of technology, the country can

profitably utilize about 60% of the waste in producing energy and/or compost and another 10

to 15% to promote recycling industry and bring down the quantity of wastes going to landfills/

dumps under 20%.

Recycling is the process by which materials that are otherwise destined for disposal are

collected, processed and remanufactured or reused. Recycling diverts a significant fraction

of municipal, institutional and business waste away from disposal and, thereby, saves scarce

resources as well as reduces environmental impacts and the burden of waste management

on public authorities. If appropriate market mechanisms are established, recycling can

generate revenues, contributing to the overall cost recovery for municipal solid waste service

provision.

Recyclables mainly consist of paper, plastic, metal, and glass— and can be retrieved from

the waste stream for further recycling. Since, the quantity of waste is less than 30 TPD,

recovery of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) may not be the most feasible option as recovery is

less than 20%. RDF recovery involves involvement of shredders and dryers in the

processing line leading to an increase in the per ton processing cost of waste.


Page 143 March 2016

As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with population

below 100,000 including peri-urban areas generating less than 30 TPD waste with 30 to

65% of biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation, composting (VC/CC) and

RDF preparation is considered as the most suitable technological option for management of

MSW.

A small scale treatment plant is suggested for the segregation of recyclables and processing

of biodegradables in Jhumritelaiya with an initial capacity of 30 TPD for the short term and

mid-term i.e. 2015-2030 and another module of 30 TPD for the long term i.e. 2030-2045.

The treatment plant shall require an area of 2.5 acres along with pre-sorting plant. The

following considerations shall be taken into account before deciding upon any technology for

JNP:

1. The technology is suitable to treat the waste characteristics of JNP area, in an

environmentally sustainable manner;

2. The technology meets the regulatory requirements (i.e., confirms to the MSW

Rules, 2000 requirements/CPCB/Manual on SWM by MoUD) and is socially

acceptable with minimum impacts to the environment and citizens; and

3. The technology is economical and commercially available.

Based on above criteria, the following relevant options for treatment of biodegradable waste

are provided in the following section.


Page 144 March 2016

Any one of the options or a combination of option described above can be adopted by the BNP for the treatment of the waste.

OPTIONS FOR TREATING BIO-DEGRADABLES COMPOSTING: Composting is a natural micro-biological process where bacteria break down the organic

fractions of the MSW stream under controlled conditions to produce a pathogen-free material called “Compost” that can be used for potting soil, soil amendments (for example, to lighten and improve the soil structure of clay soils), and mulch. The microbes, fungi, and macro-organisms that contribute to this biological decomposition are generally aerobic. A mixture of organic materials is placed into one or more piles (windrows), and the natural microbial action will cause the pile to heat up to 65-80°C, killing most pathogens and weed seeds. Systematic turning of the material, which mixes the different components and aerates the mixture, generally accelerates the process of breaking down the organic fraction, and a proper carbon/nitrogen balance (carbon to nitrogen or C/N ratio of 20:1) in the feedstock insures complete and rapid composting. The composting process takes from 17 to 180 days. VERMICOMPOSTING: Vermicomposting involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through

earthworm consumption which converts the material into worm castings. Vermicomposting is the result of combined activity of microorganisms and earthworms. Microbial decomposition of biodegradable organic matter occurs through extra cellular enzymatic activities (primary decomposition) whereas decomposition in earthworm occurs in alimentary tract by microorganisms inhabiting the gut (secondary decomposition). Microbes such as fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc. are reported to inhabit the gut of earthworms. Ingested feed substrates are subjected to grinding in the anterior part of the worm’s gut (gizzard) resulting in particle size reduction. BIOMETHANATION: In this process, organic fraction of the wastes is segregated and fed to a closed

container (Biogas digester) where, in the presence of methanogenic bacteria and under anaerobic conditions, it undergoes bio-degradation producing methane-rich biogas and effluent. Biogas mainly consists of methane (about 60-75%), carbon dioxide (about 25-40%) besides small quantities of NH3 and H2S and has a Calorific Value of about 5000 kcal /m3. Depending upon the waste composition, the biogas production ranges from 50-150m3/tonne of wastes. The biogas can be utilized either for cooking / heating applications, or for generating motive power or electricity through dual-fuel, gas engines, low pressure gas turbines or steam turbines. The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilization, can be used as a soil conditioner, or as manure depending upon its composition, which is determined mainly by the composition of the input waste

IN VESSEL COMPOSTING: The in-vessel composting process is a closed reactor process with aeration and

automated process flow. In-vessel composting is a completely enclosed and odour controlled system with continuous

loading facility and is available in customizable capacity. The waste can be loaded and discharged either by an

automated mechanical system or by simply using a front loader. For loading, a tunnel loading machine or a system of

conveyor belts can be used. The most common discharging method is either by a pushing floor system or front

loader. The technology is a continuously loading, fully enclosed, flow-through process that transforms food and other

organic material into compost with a 14-28 day retention period. The process output is a soil conditioner suitable for

agricultural and horticultural purposes. Temperature and moisture levels inside the vessel's air zones are monitored

constantly, and airflow is independently controlled in the composting zones to assure optimum composting

conditions. The mixing zones (between each composting zone) assure proper mixing and aeration for bacterial

growth. As the waste travels inside the vessel, it passes through composting zones and mixing zones.


Page 145 March 2016

Home composting:

Compost is organic material that can be added to soil to help plants grow. Food scraps and yard

waste currently make up 20 to 30 percent of what we throw away, and should be composted

instead. Making compost keeps these materials out of landfills where they take up space and

release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

All composting requires three basic ingredients:

Browns - This includes materials such as dead leaves, branches, and twigs.

Greens - This includes materials such as grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps,

and coffee grounds.

Water - Having the right amount of water, greens, and browns is important for compost

development.

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio

All compostable materials are either carbon or nitrogen-based, to varying degrees. The secret to

a healthy compost pile is to maintain a working balance between these two elements.

Carbon - carbon-rich matter (like branches, stems, dried leaves, peels, bits of wood, bark

dust or sawdust pellets, shredded brown paper bags, corn stalks, coffee filters, conifer

needles, egg shells, straw, peat moss, wood ash) gives compost its light, fluffy body.

Nitrogen - nitrogen or protein-rich matter (manures, food scraps, green lawn clippings

and green leaves) provides raw materials for making enzymes.

A healthy compost pile should have much more carbon than nitrogen. A simple rule of thumb is to

use one-third green and two-thirds brown materials. The bulkiness of the brown materials allows

oxygen to penetrate and nourish the organisms that reside there.

Simplest Composting Methods (also called "No-turn" composting):

The biggest chore with composting is turning the pile from time to time, which may not be a

suitable option for home composting in such semi-urbanised area / town of the state of

Jharkhand. However, with 'no-turn composting', compost can be aerated without turning and this

may be practiced successfully by the individual households with the support of the ULB.

The situation analysis of the ongoing ‘Solid Waste Management (SWM)’ in the ULB indicates that

100% coverage with scientific SWM may require adequate funding and would be achievable

through appropriate capacity building and institutional development at town level. Till that time

‘home composting’ with such simple method should be promoted by the ULB.

The secret is to thoroughly mix in enough coarse material, like straw, when building the pile. The

compost will develop as fast as if it were turned regularly, and studies show that the nitrogen level

may be even higher than with turned compost.

With 'no-turn' composting, add new materials to the top of the pile, and harvest fresh compost

from the bottom of the pile. This can be easily done in compost pit or in an artificial Aerobin

Composter, or a compost pot. However, thin earthen cover after every 5-6 days of piling should

be made in ‘no-turn’ composting to break the life-cycle of eggs of insects including flies and

mosquitos to end their natural breeding process. The pile will compost in 4 - 6 months, with the

material being dark and crumbly.


Page 146 March 2016

Any one of the options or a combination of option described above can be adopted by the JNP for the treatment of the waste. 3) Disposal of rejects

As per MSW Rules 2000, landfilling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and

other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing.

Assuming 365 days of operation, the landfill rejects @20% for next 30 years is 110,000

m3.After setting up the waste treatment facility, the land required for JNP for scientific

disposal of rejects is 4.70 acres. The maximum height of the landfill shall be 12 meters with

a slope of 1:3.5.

Therefore, the total land requirement for the integrated waste processing facility is 7.20

acres. However, the following siting criteria should be adhered before selecting the site for

development of processing and disposal facility.

.

Promotion of unemployed youth:

The unemployed youths may be provided with basic training of ‘home composting’ so as to

promote this method in household level under the short term plan. Such youths may also be

provided with training on ‘Vermi-composting’, which may be practiced at community level in a

decentralised manner by the ULB. The CPHEEO manual (Chapter -16) on Municipal Solid Waste

Management may be referred for the purpose of introducing such technology through

engagement of unemployed youths by the ULB. Another emerging technology prescribed in this

chapter for ‘Bio-gas’ generation from SWM may be best suitable for the market waste generated

in such towns and such units may be installed within the market complexes and operated &

maintained by the unemployed youths. The departments responsible for developing new &

renewable energy support such endeavours and may be accessed by the town authority.

Apart from these, the unemployed youth may also be trained up for recycling and reuse of solid

waste. For this, the scavengers, rag pickers, ‘Kabadi-wallas’ and the middlemen may be engaged

through such youths for taking up a comprehensive recycling and reuse (including reduce and

reproduce) campaign in the town.

The ULB may support such youths for organising door to door campaign along with organising

road shows, street dramas, puppet shows, sit & daw etc. competitions etc. in the town during the

short and medium term plan period, and even thereafter, till the town get fully covered with a

scientific solid waste management system. Such youth may later on be involved in the main

stream of solid waste management in the town by the authority.


Page 147 March 2016

Development of regional landfill along with other cities/ towns in the region can be other

option for Jhumritelaiya. The capital cost for development of landfill is quite high; therefore it

is not advisable for developing a decentralized landfill facility for JNP.

Construction of common /regional landfill facilities should be considered keeping in view

professional management, economies of scale and environmental benefits. Regional level

MSW management facilities have come up in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. A regional landfill

may be worked out with adjoining towns or Koderma which is at a distance of 3 Km from

Jhumritelaiya. Koderma Nagar Panchayat is acquiring up to 9.15 acres of land near Gumo

Gajandi Road; therefore JNP may approach KNP for disposal of rejects on a nominal

monthly payment basis.

Locational criteria for the selection of Landfill Facility as per CPHEEO manual

1. Lake or Pond: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of any lake or pond. Because of concerns

regarding runoff of waste water contact, a surface water monitoring program should be established if a

landfill is sited less than 200m from a lake or pond.

2. River: No landfill should be constructed within 100 m of a navigable river or stream. The distance may be

reduced in some instances for non-meandering rivers but a minimum of 30m should be maintained in all

cases.

3. Flood Plain: No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year flood plain. A landfill may be built within the

flood plain of secondary streams if an embankment is built along the stream side to avoid flooding of the

area. However, landfills must not be built within the flood plains of major rivers unless properly designed

protection embankments are constructed around the landfills.

4. Highway: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of the right of way of any state or national highway.

This restriction is mainly for aesthetic reasons. A landfill may be built within the restricted distance, but no

closer than 50 m, if trees and berms are used to screen the landfill site.

5. Habitation: A landfill should be at least 500 m from a notified habituated area. A zone of 500 m around a

landfill boundary should be declared a No-Development Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalized.

6. Public Park: No Landfill may be constructed within the restricted distance if some kind of screening is used

with a high fence around the landfill and a secured gate.

7. Critical Habitat Area: - No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat areas. If there is any doubt

then the regulatory agency should be contacted.

8. Wetlands: - No Landfill should be constructed within wetlands. It is often difficult to define a wetlands area.

Maps are available for some wetlands, but in many cases such maps are absent or incorrect. If there is any

doubt, then the regulatory agency should be contacted.

9. Ground water Table: A landfill should not be constructed in areas where water table is less than 2 m below

ground surface. Special design measures to be adopted, if this cannot be adhered to.

10. Airports: No landfill should be constructed within the limits prescribed by regulatory agencies

(MOEF/CPCB/Aviation Authorities) from time to time.

11. Water Supply Well: No landfill should be constructed within 500m of any water supply well. It is strongly

suggested that this location restriction be abided by at least down gradient wells. Permission from the

regulatory agency may be needed if a landfill is to be sited within the restricted area.

12. Coastal Regulation Zone: A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones such as landside

prone areas, fault zone etc.

13. Buffer Zone: A landfill should have a buffer zone around it, up to a distance prescribed by regulatory

agencies.


Page 148 March 2016

MAP 9-2: REGIONAL LANDFILL FOR JHUMRITELAIYA ALONG WITH KODERMA

Proposed

waste

managemen

t site for

Koderma – 9

acres

Recommendation Midterm

Midterm measures are suggested for the period 2020 -2025. It is expected that JNP shall

achieve 100 % collection efficiency within next 5-7 years and shall have a treatment plant for

processing of both biodegradables and non-biodegradables. The following additional

CASE STUDY: REGIONAL LANDFILL IN KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA

The Kolkata Solid Waste Management Improvement Project (KSWMIP), supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aims at improving the overall municipal solid

waste management system for the six west bank municipalities of Champdani, Baidyabati, Serampore, Rishra, Konnagar and Uttarpara - Kotrung of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) in Hooghly District in the State of West Bengal, India. On one side the project involves setting up of engineered facilities for waste storage, composting and disposal while on the other side it aims at improving the primary and secondary collection systems with active participation of the municipalities and the community. The project is also assisting the municipalities to increase the efficiency of waste transportation and set up scientific facilities that will help in recycling / reusing waste through composting and for the disposal of the balance waste in a common sanitary landfill.

Source: http://www.kmdaswm.org/scope.html

CASE STUDY: REGIONAL LANDFILL CONCEPT IN GUJARAT

The Government of Gujarat has constituted a Nodal Agency, Gujarat Urban Development Company Ltd for development of infrastructure for treatment, transportation and disposal. With detailed study of the each and every municipalities, it is ultimately arrived on to provide treatment facilities (i.e. vermicomposting) at the town level and to develop the regional landfill site for the cluster of municipalities in @ 50km radius and connected with road network. It is proposed to construct one common landfill site between seven or more towns. The land identified located at fairly equal distance from these towns. The GUDL has divided area of Gujarat in to four different regions and identified 24 clusters for Regional Landfill site for different local bodies located in Gujarat. Source: http://www.gpcb.gov.in/municipal-solid-wastes activity1.htm


Page 149 March 2016

measures shall be taken during this period to make the facility more efficient and self-

sustainable.

1) Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste

Source segregation of recyclables and wet (organic waste) will not only provide an efficient

way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the pressure and pollution at

landfill sites. It is understood that implementation of such practices takes time and requires

significant cooperation from the public. However, initiation should be made and efforts

should be diverted to progressively increase the segregation practices with an increase in

public participation for the management of MSW. Waste segregation at source can be

achieved by storing dry and wet fraction of MSW in two different bins/ bags and dispose

them separately. Value addition to recyclables like paper, plastics, rubber, wood, metal,

leather and glass in an organized manner shall attract residents to adopt best practices of

segregation at source.

However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately therefore it is

recommended in midterm. A prolonged campaign by JNP shall be required with adequate

budgetary provisions under Information Education and Communication Programs, taken up

with the help of RWA’s and Non Governing Bodies.

2) Customer complaint / Grievance redressal Cell

A customer complaint / Grievance redressal cell shall be established by the ULB in its

jurisdiction. Compliant redressal cell would have a minimum of two (2) operational dedicated

phone lines for receiving customer calls / complaints. Mobile application for grievance

redressal is also a popular option. The telephone numbers of the customer complaint cell are

to be clearly reflected on all Street Corner Bins and transportation vehicles. Establishing

wireless communication network between “customer complaint cell” and the supervisory field

staff of the ULB. The “customer complaint cell” shall be kept operational at all times on all

seven days of a week throughout the year. Efforts shall be made to attend all customer

complaints within 24 hours of receipt of the complaint.

3) Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in collection of SWM charges

The success of a cost recovery system18 in SWM is dependent on

user satisfaction. The users should be convinced that they are

being charged fairly for the SWM services, and that the collected

fees are being spent towards improving/sustaining the SWM

services. Moreover, the users’ expectations of quality of the SWM

service should also be met in order to attain their approval. User

satisfaction could be further enhanced through a system that takes

into consideration the socio-economic background of the user and thus the affordability of

the service. User fee can be worked out for different categories of households, commercial

establishment and institutions in Jhumritelaiya to make the waste management facility

18 Task 4: Application of the Regional Guidelines for Solid Waste Management Financing and Cost Recovery Mechanisms, July 2005


Page 150 March 2016

sustainable. User fee for slum households and BPL households should be worked out based

on their affordability.

9.14 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost and Operation & Maintenance for development of solid waste management

system has been discussed in Table 9-5, Table 9-6 and Table 9-7 respectively.


TRANSPORTATION

Year Population Waste Projected (TPD)

Bins Auto Tipper

Tricycle Rickshaw

DP Vehicle

Capex ( Rs in Crores)

2020 1,06,268 29 33 4 90 5 307.44

2030 1,29,759 40 45 10 83 7 629.57

2045 1,74,195 65 73 25 67 11 1,596.75

Apart from above mentioned infrastructure, the following optional infrastructure may be

considered:

1. Back Hoe Loader

2. Tractor Trolley for collection of construction debris/drain silt/carcass disposal

The following assumptions has been considered for calculation of Operation & Maintenance:

Component Remarks

Auto Tipper Maintenance Cost @ 10 % of Vehicle Cost &

Operation Cost – Mileage of 30 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs.75/ liter

for base year 2015 and assumed travel of 15 km/ day and 365 days

of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each auto tipper at a

monthly salary of Rs.9000 and Rs.5000 respectively

DP Bins 10% of Total Cost

Tricycle Rickshaw for

primary collection

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of tricycle Cost

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each Tricycle at a


Dumper placer(DP)

vehicle

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of Vehicle Cost

Operation Cost -Mileage of 6 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs. 44.05/liter

and assumed travel of 30 km/trip and 365 days of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each DP vehicle at a



Page 151 March 2016


TRANSPORTATION (RS.LAKHS)-O&M

Cost has been provided for both the preferred options i.e. composting and biomethanation

including the cost for sanitary landfill. Some of the waste to energy case studies for similar

plant capacity including financials is provided in TABLE 9-8.

TABLE 9-7: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Capacity Treatment process 2015-2020 2020-2030 2030-2045 Remarks

30 TPD

Biomethanation 600 Cost for treatment

plant for first 15

years.

Annual O&M cost

is Rs.1/TPD

Composting 300

30 TPD

Biomethanation 1248 Cost for treatment

plant for next 15

years. Composting 624

110000m3 Sanitary Landfill 55 147.4 360.25 Landfill cost has been

divided into 3 phases

Source: CPHEEO Manual on Solid Waste Management and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP &

NGRBA programme

Note: 1.Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.

2.Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.

Assumptions

1. Base year 2015

2. Escalation is considered at 5% (year on year)

3. Per capita is assumed at 255 per person/gm/day

4. Auto Tipper considered 25% in short term, 50% in midterm and gradually going upto 75% in

long term.

5. Tricycle rickshaw considered 75% in short term,50% in midterm and gradually going down to

25% in long term

6. Number of trips considered for Auto Tipper is 2 trips and for Rickshaw is 3 trips

7. First module in short term (2015-20) and second module in long term(2030-2045)

8. Waste density is 0.45 T/m 3 for fresh waste and 0.85 T/m3 for inerts.

9. SLF capacity assumed with 365 days operation and 20% inerts

10. Slope of landfill is 1:3.5

11. SLF area has been assumed for 30 years

12. Cost of land is not included

SN ULB Bins Auto

Tipper Tricycle

Rickshaw DP

Vehicle

1 Jhumritelaiya 2.08 12.03 186.98 36.18


Page 152 March 2016

TABLE 9-8: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY

S.no Parameter Firm/ Location and Performance

Katol, Mah.

2010-2014

Bharuch,

Anlakeshwar,

2006-2014

Pune Municipal

Corporation,

2010-2014

Kottayam

Medical

college, 2009-

2014

Auro Textile, HP,

2010-2014

1 Capacity 2 MT/day 5 MT/day 5 MT/day 2 MT/day 2 MT/day

2 Installation (month) December 2010 June 2006 December 2009 June 2009 June 2010

3 Full Potential (month) February 2011 September

2006

March 2010 September

2009

October 2010

4 Quantity of waste

processed

Kitchen waste

from households

and hotels 800

MT

Kitchen waste

from

households

and hotels

4000 MT

Hotel Kitchen

Waste 9000 MT

Hotel Kitchen

Waste 2000

MT

Kitchen waste 485

MT. (Bio Sludge,

7% solids from

ETP) 1510 MT =

1995 MT

5 Number of Working

days

1200

(approximate)

2500

(approximate)

1200

(approximate)

1400

(approximate)

1150 (approximate)

6 Quantity of Biogas

Generated

60,000 m3

(approximate)

3, 20, 000 m3

(approximate)

6, 00, 000 m3

(approximate)

1, 20, 000 m3

(approximate)

63, 200 m3 (meter

installed on day-1)

7 Utility of Biogas Biogas provided

free to few

families that are

below poverty

line

Biogas

provided for

boiler

40 KVA

Generator

installed,

electricity of

captive use and

200 street lights

Hostel Kitchen Factory Kitchen

8 Quantum of Manure

Generated

50 MT (Used for

city gardens)

350 MT

(Manure is

sold)

20 MT ( manure

not recovered

due to space

problem)

150 MT (

nearby farmers

use it)

70 MT

9 LPG saved Equivalent to 31000

kg ( 1632

commercial

cylinders of 19 kg)

10 Plant Address Katol Municipal

Council, Nagpur

District

Bharuch

Environmental

Infrastructure

Limited,

Gujarat

Pune Municipal

Corporation,

Model Colony,

Shivaji Nagar,

Pune-4

Kottayam

Medical

College,

Kottayam,

Kerala.

Auro Textiles,

Vardhaman Group

of Mills, Baddi, H.P


Page 153 March 2016

10.0 WATER BODIES

10.1 RIVER DHANANJAY AND RIVER BARAKAR

River Barakar being the largest tributary of Damodar is one of the major river feeding various

urban and rural areas in Jharkhand state. Total basin area is 7026 Sq. Km. distributed

between Hazaribagh, Koderma, Chatra, Bokaro, Koderma and Dumka districts. River flows

towards the southern side of Jhumritelaiya town at the distance of 9 km. Another nearest

river body is River Dhananjay flowing at the distance of 11 km from the town in northern

direction.

At present, no river front development / management (RFD/M) scheme has been

implemented by JNP as the river does not fall within the town boundary. Due to distance

from the town, the river does not have any role in religious and cultural activities like chatt

puja, idol immersion etc. taking place in Jhumritelaiya. Natural drains of the town carries all

the storm and waste water towards open fields and agriculture land. Therefore there is no

source of point and non-point source of pollution.

10.2 PONDS

There are 13 key ponds in Jhumritelaiya located in various wards. These ponds are used for

washing, bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle wallowing and car

washing purpose. Esthetically, condition of ponds in Jhumritelaiya is not good and mostly

they are not being maintained. Steps are mostly not provided to access the ponds and timely

cleaning is also not done, wherever steps are constructed. In some of the ponds, dumping of

solid waste on the banks has been observed. In many area open defecation is also observed

near the ponds. Status of some of the major ponds is provided further.

TABLE 10-1: STATUS OF PONDS IN JHUMRITELAIYA

Name of the pond / Area

Ward number

Status of ponds Availability of constructed steps

Activities along the pond

Mahto Ahar 19

Cattle wallowing Chatt puja Idol immersion Bathing Clothes washing Car washing Dhobi ghat

Yes Settlements

Nawada basti 1

Cattle wallowing Chatt puja Idol immersion Bathing Clothes washing Car washing Dhobi ghat

Crematoria

Yes Settlements

Bhelwa ahar 4

Cattle wallowing Chatt puja Idol immersion Bathing Clothes washing Car washing

Yes Vacant land parcels

and agriculture land


Page 154 March 2016

Name of the pond / Area

Ward number

Status of ponds Availability of constructed steps

Activities along the pond

Dhobi ghat

Crematoria

Inderwa basti 5

Chatt puja Idol immersion Bathing Clothes washing Dhobi ghat

Settlements

On block road 12

Chatt puja Idol immersion Bathing Clothes washing Dhobi ghat

Settlements and

agriculture land



Page 155 March 2016

Key issues

Pollution: All the natural ponds in the town are being used for washing, bathing,

cattle wallowing and car washing purpose. These are the major causes of pollution in

the pond water.

Sewage inflow: Discharge of sewage through drains is another key issue in

Jhumritelaiya. Waste water generated from the settlements is discharged into the

ponds.

Idol immersion: Religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and chath

puja take place in all the ponds. Immersion of idols, puja samagri etc. pollute the

pond water.

Maintenance: Some of the ponds in the town not maintained and steps are also not

constructed and regular cleaning of ponds is also not done.

Waste dumping: Solid waste dumping in the banks of ponds is another major issue

in Jhumritelaiya. People residing near the ponds often throw solid waste into the

ponds. This is also due to lack of awareness among the people regarding the ill

effects of waste dumping in water.

Open defecation: As 41% of the town population restore to open defecation. People

living near the ponds go for open defecation in areas adjacent to such ponds.


Page 156 March 2016

MAP 10-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN JHUMRITELAIYA


Page 157 March 2016

Proposal and Recommendation

The grey water from the households should be allowed to flow in the roadside drains

and not to the ponds. The black water should be diverted to the septic tank in the

short and immediate term period of the plan. All the waste water should be diverted

to the proposed sewerage system in the long term plan period.

Selected ponds in Jhumritelaiya can be renovated for scientific surface water

management and also be converted as recharge structures for rain water harvesting.

Scope for development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities along with

provisions for walkways in the banks for morning walkers and visitors should be

explored.

Alternate source of spot water supply to the people living on the banks of the ponds

should be developed to meet the emergent situation during non-supply period of

piped water supply in the town.

Liquid Waste Management through Pond Renovation- Case of Punjab

Punjab Water Supply and Sanitation Project for liquid waste management through pond renovation

is being implemented in various towns of Punjab with the active participation of the community. The

supply of piped water and private submersible pump sets in households has exponentially increased

the generation of waste sullage. Each village has a pond, which was typically used for recreation

and as a rain water harvesting and recharge structure. The waste water now being generated in

villages has been channelized to these traditional village ponds, choking them and creating

unsanitary environments.

Project involve collection of grey water through the drainage system which is fed into existing

ponds. In these systems, grey water is stabilized, its pathogenicity is reduced, and the water is

made useable. The grey water is stabilized by natural processes involving algae, bacteria, and

natural oxidation. The hot climate, with solar radiation and light, makes this an ideal region in which

to implement this process. The advantages of pond renovation include the use of existing ponds,

low capital costs, low and affordable O&M costs, the ability to use unskilled manpower to manage

the process, and the avoidance of surface water pollution.

The intervention involved emptying the pond, desilting, and dividing it into four compartments by

using earthen embankments. These compartments are the anaerobic-cum-sedimentation pond, the

facultative pond, the maturation pond, and the polishing pond. Overflow from one tank goes to the

next, and so forth. The use of all four compartments may vary from season to season, being less

frequent in summer and more necessary in winter. It was observed that a pond of about 3 acres was

able to harvest 2,000 m3 of water.

Anaerobic-cum-Sedimentation Tank

The depth of water in the pond is kept at 10 feet for the sedimentation of suspended solids and

decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions to reduce BOD/COD. The surface area

of the tank shall be equal to approximately 15 percent of the area of the existing pond and support a

five-day retention period.

Facultative Pond

In this tank, the overflow of the anaerobic pond is being discharged and BOD/COD is reduced under


Page 158 March 2016

Alternative site for immersion of idols in Pond /River- Case Study for Bhopal

The Bhopal Upper Lake, the main source of potable water for Bhopal city, received more than

15,000 Ganesh idols and 1300 Durga idols in 2000. As the idols have grown in number & size over

the years, the lake was facing an increasing nutrient laod. Idols are made of clay, but non-

biodegradable thermocol and paintscontaining heavy metals are also used. The immersion practice

leads to degradation of water quality.

An alternative imersion site, well connected with road, was developed on the spill channel of Upper

lake. The flow of the spill channel being towards the outflow, the pollutants would not flow back into

the main body. To build a consensus amongst openion makers, local legislator, coporates, NGOs

and leaders of religious communities were taken to siite, their suggestions recorded and approval

obtained. After three years of communication and education programmes, the immersion shifted to

the new site completely.

aerobic conditions. The water depth is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its bed

to ensure that water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area is 25 percent of the existing pond area.

Maturation/Polishing Pond (2 Numbers)

In this tank, the overflow of the facultative pond is being discharged; in this phase any pathogen

load will be reduced. The depth of water is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its

bed to ensure that the water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area should be 25 percent of the

existing pond area.

Outflow

Normally, in addition to evaporation, treated water is absorbed into the pond. It is also used for

irrigation purposes by farmers.


Page 159 March 2016

Cost Estimates for Ponds

TABLE 10-2: COST ESTIMATES FOR PONDS

Facility Phase

Short=Term 2016-2021

Mid-Term 2021-2030

Long-Term 2030-2045

A Pond Restoration

Diversion of waste water from ponds,

renovation and de-silting for

conversion to recharge structure for

rain water harvesting

210 134 208

Development of local tourism by

introducing boating facilities along

with provisions for walkways in the

banks

158 191 156

Setting up of Cafeteria, Public toilets

for the local tourists and visitors (to

be constructed away from the ponds)

158 191 156

Source: SENES estimates and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme

Note: 1.Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.



5. All the costs are excluding land cost


Page 160 March 2016

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS

11.1 CREMATORIA

In Jhumritelaiya town, there are four crematorium located at ward number 1, 11, 19 and 27.

Approximately 10 dead bodies are burnt per month in each of the crematorium. As observed

during field visits, one cremation consumes approximates 250 to 350 Kg of wood generating

approximately 2400 Kg of ash per month. No waste management facility is available at the

crematoria and waste generated such as ashes, flowers, clothes etc. are thrown on open

land parcels. In addition, there are three Kabristan in the town. Details of the infrastructure

available the existing crematorium and Kabristan is provided in Table 11-1.

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIUM /KABRISTAN

Location

Number of bodies cremated per month

Cremation sheds

Boundary wall

Waiting hall

Availability of hand pump or PSP

SWM

Availability if toilet or bathroom

Pani

Tanki

Road in

ward 27

10 2 No Yes Yes

No

managemen

t

No

Back

Side of

Kali

Mandir

in ward

27

10 1 No Yes

(only

shed)

Yes No

managemen

t

No

Gomo

Basti in

ward 19

10 NA No No Yes No

managemen

t

No

Tilaiya

Basti in

ward 1

10 NA No No Yes No

managemen

t

No

Jhalpo

Kabrista

n ward 7

NA NA No No NA

No

managemen

t

No

Badhidih

Kabrista

n ward

17

NA NA No No NA

No

managemen

t

No

Gumo

Kabrista

n ward

22

NA NA No No NA

No

managemen

t

No

Source: JNP and consultation at the crematoria site


Page 161 March 2016

Crematorium Shade alongside a Kali Temple at

Ward No. 27

Kabarstan at Ranchi Patna Road, Ward No. 7

Shed Waiting hall

Well – water source Waiting hall

Key issues

Absence of waste management facility at the crematoria/kabristan, waste generated

at the place such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc. are thrown in open.

Absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria/kabristan site.

No boundary wall is there at the crematoria/kabristan complex and also there is

absence of waiting halls, prayer hall, satsang bhavan.


Page 162 March 2016

Proposals & Recommendations

There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based crematorium/kabristan as ‘improved wood

based crematorium’ as per the project preparation guidelines under NGRBA programme. As

of now, only two sheds and one water connection is available at the facility and there is

immediate need to develop other required facilities such as waiting room, wood storage

room, care taker room, payer hall etc. In addition to these facility, there is urgent need to

improve the solid waste and ash management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain

construction.

Apart from up-gradation of existing facility, a new electric crematorium is envisioned by the

officials to be set up near the existing facility at Pani Ki Tanki or Near Kali Mandir. To set up

the facility dedicated power line needs to be ensured so that uninterrupted power supply can

be provided to the proposed crematorium. As both the crematoria are located at the same

place, there is no need to construct separate public facilities, and the infrastructure and

facilities developed for existing crematorium could be used.

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad would be implementing and operating authority for both the

crematoria. Cleaning of the facility twice a day should be ensured by the nagar Parishad.

Official(s) should be designated in the nagar Parishad for regular monitoring of the facilities

as per prescribed norms and design of the crematoria. Following are the recommendation

suggested for the crematoria in Jhumritelaiya, which are based on the discussion with the

key stakeholder.

Recommendations from environmental perspective

Up-gradation of existing wood based conventional facility to improved technology

such as improved wood based / electric based/ gas based crematoria as per the

aforesaid guidelines. Setting up new improved facility certainly reduce the

environmental impact of the existing crematoria on the river.

The new facility should have toilet facility separately for male and female and one

washroom at the crematoria/kabristan complex.

One water supply connection with proper drainage facility should be provided and

linked with major drain for carrying storm water and grey water from the washroom.

General cleaning of the crematoria complex/kabristan, preferably twice in a day

(morning and evening) by the nagar Parishad workers should be made mandatory.

Facility should be made available at the site to collect and dispose the remaining

ashes and left over burnt woods in conjunction with solid waste management system.

Recommendations from facility perspective

Construction of proper boundary wall at the crematoria/kabristan.

Construction of cremation shed to protect the cremation of dead body and people

engaged in cremation from rainfall and bed weather conditions.

Construction of waiting hall or covered sheds with sitting arrangements for the people

attending the cremation.

Plantation of shadow / bush type trees, gardening and development of open spaces

at the facility.

A storage yard for woods at the crematoria complex.


Page 163 March 2016

An office room for the care taker with basic facilities.

Options for Improved methods of cremation

Electric cremation

The electric cremation was commissioned in January 1989 as a part of the Ganga Action Plan.

The basic idea was to serve the purpose of river friendly cremation. The advantages of Electric

Cremation can be assessed on compare with traditional funeral. The traditional funeral pyre

requires around 400 kg of firewood, three liters of kerosene and some prefer desi ghee, and 300-

400 cow dung cakes per dead body. The total costs turn around Rs. 2,000 – 3,000 in total. Mortal

remains can be taken only after 24 hours.

On the other hand, electric cremation is comparatively less expensive. Relatives can take the

mortal remains within a few hours of cremation. In electric cremation, wood is not burned and

there are no gas emissions. It is no doubt an unconventional way of cremation but it helps in

saving resources like wood, kerosene, etc. It is the most economical option for funeral.

Gas Based cremation

Crematorium is designed to have a cremation of one body at a time and the time taken for the

completion of one cremation is approximately one to one and half-hour time. The Cremation

Process is like the body is kept in a moveable trolley and finally places the body in the cremation

platform in cremation furnace. Combustion blowers and air blowers are switched on and then the

primary and secondary burners in the cremation chambers switched on to get the furnace

temperature at about 9000 C. By the moveable trolley the body will be placed upon the cremation

platform in the cremation chamber. The cremation door would then keep closed. The body would

incinerate in the primary and in the secondary chamber between the temperature 800 0 and 11000

C.

The hazardous gas and other substances are piped out from cremation chamber and cleaned by

ventury scrubber with water treatment and finally the hot air is being discharged in to the 130m

height chimney. ETP system takes care of treated water. The system has the ash removal system

to collect the ash and remains for further custom. The system has necessary controls, auto on-off,

cutoff switches and other necessary controls for a safety.

LPG Gas Crematorium. The total consumption of LPG would be around 12 ± 2 kg.

Minimum of 21780 sq. ft. of land is the basic requirement for Gas Crematorium. The Plant should

be established at the center portion of the land. A garden or lawn may be developed in the front

portion. A minimum of 50m distance may be maintained with nearest house in order to minimize

nuisance to nearby inhabitants.

Improved wood based cremation

Improved wood based crematorium cuts the amount of wood required and ensuing carbon dioxide

emissions by more than 60%. The prescribed design can burn a body using a mere 220 pounds

i.e. 150 kg of wood. That leads to save million trees, and tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. In

the traditional, wood-intensive cremation process, layers of wood are piled a metre high on the

ground. The open-air funeral pyre burns for around six hours. It takes another three hours for the

ashes to cool, after which a handful of burnt bones and ashes are collected to be immersed later

in the river. The Mokshda crematorium is a high-grade, stainless steel and man-sized bier with a

hood and sidewall slates that can withstand temperatures of up to 800 degrees Celsius. Its

thermal and shock-resistant steel structure makes it easy to wash once cremation is completed

and is ready to be used again just 30 minutes later. This system is in use in Delhi, Maharashtra,

Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.


Page 164 March 2016

Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works

TABLE 11-2: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS

Facility Phase

Short=Term 2016-2021

Mid-Term 2021-2030

Long-Term 2030-2045

A Crematoria

Up gradation of existing

crematoria/kabristan

Toilet / Bathroom

Room for caretaker – 4X3 meter

Wood storage room

Waiting room/prayer cum

assembly hall – 10X6 meter

Lighting

221 268 624

New crematoria – electric based –

30X20 meter (Pani ki tanki or kali

mandir)

* (Rest of the infrastructure will be

common for wood based and electric

based crematoria as both the facilities are

at same place).

105 670

Source: SENES estimates and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme

Note:

1. Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.



4. All the costs are excluding land cost


Page 165 March 2016

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING

12.1 EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other state

level agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for final

implementation of sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level. Jhumritelaiya

Nagar Parishad (JNP) is the key local body responsible for providing public amenities and

services in Jhumritelaiya. Apart from JNP, there are other parastatal and state level

authorities which are directly or indirectly involved in planning and policy formulation

activities. This chapter discusses the role of various state and local level agencies

responsible for providing sanitation related services in the state of Jharkhand.

Urban Development Department, Jharkhand

Urban Development Department (UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic

services in urban areas of the state as per the provision of Municipal Corporation/

Municipality Act. The UDD administratively controls the organizations related to urban

development, including providing state’s support to municipal corporations, councils and

nagar Parshads. This department is also responsible for implementing various schemes for

providing urban services and town planning, regulation of land use, planning for economic

and social development, safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society including

the physically challenged and mentally retarded persons, Slum improvement and up-

gradation, housing, urban poverty alleviation, promotion of cultural, educational and

aesthetic aspects.

The UDD has the following functions:

a) Constitution / reconstitution of ULBs in the state based on the census population and

growth of an urban area.

b) Coordinating elections to ULBs.

c) Facilitating amendments to the Municipal Acts based on the Model Municipal law that

has been prepared by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

d) Administrative Reform of ULBs.

e) Financial Strengthening of ULBs

f) Anchoring the planned process of development of ULBs through various Government

of India and Government of Jharkhand initiatives / programmes.

g) Administering State Government Schemes on urban development and infrastructure

development

Water Supply Schemes

Road Construction, provision of Street lights, urban transport and Bus stand etc.

Construction of road side drains and storm water drainage system


Total sanitation including conversion of dry latrines, construction of community toilets

Development of slum settlements

Social Amenities

h) Administering Central Government Urban Poverty Alleviation (UPA) Schemes


Page 166 March 2016

Drinking Water and Sanitation Department

Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD) Drinking formerly known as Public

Health Engineering Department is the main state agency responsible for providing safe

drinking water and sanitation facilities in the state of Jharkhand. The department is

responsible for providing water supply facilities in both rural and urban areas of the state.

The sources are mostly ground water based by way of construction of tube-wells / drilled

tube-wells / sanitary wells in rural areas for covering villages / hamlets those t are partially or

not covered. Execution of piped water supply schemes in urban, semi urban and rural areas;

relocation of spot sources; water quality testing, monitoring and remedial measures are also

undertaken by the department. Implementation and operation & maintenance (O&M) of

major urban water supply schemes, providing water supply and sanitary services including

plumbing in government buildings are also under the jurisdiction of the DW&SD. In

Jhumritelaiya, the DW&SD is responsible for planning, designing, constructing and O&M of

water supply schemes. The fund for capital and O&M cost of urban water supply schemes

are routed through the Urban Development Department to the DW&SD. JNP is responsible

for providing household level connections for piped water supply and for collecting water tax.

Water Resources Department

Water Resources Department, formerly known as Irrigation Department is one of the major

establishments of Government of Jharkhand. It protects the right of State in sharing water of

inter State Rivers/Basins. The Water Resources Department, Government of Jharkhand is

involved in the management of the water resources of the state in a sustainable way to

provide optimal benefit to the people of the State. The Department is engaged in

construction and maintenance of major, medium and minor irrigation schemes, flood control

works, ground water conservation and reclamation. The department is also responsible to

provide permission for drawl of water from ground and surface water sources by the

stakeholders including DW&SD and industries. The Department is also working in the field of

Interlinking of various river basins and water ways in order to supply water to water starved

areas from water surplus basins.

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

Jhumritelaiya town administration is structurally divided into two wings i.e. elective wing

headed by chairperson and administrative wing headed by executive officer. In addition to

nagar Parishad there are other para-statal bodies (e.g. Ward Office) working for sanitation

related aspects.

A. Elective wing

The elective body is headed by Chairperson supported by vice-chairperson and 28

councilors, one for each of the 28 wards. Chairperson and vise-chairperson in JNP are

selected by councilors. The tenure of the elected body of JNP is for five years and first

election in JNP was held in the year 2010. The elective body is responsible for making policy

decisions at town level for implementation of various town / citizen services including

sanitation, and oversee the implementation process for successful execution of such

schemes.


Page 167 March 2016

As per Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, the Standing Committee shall consist of the

Chairperson; the Vice- Chairperson, and three elected councilors to be elected by the

Council.

B. Administrative wing

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad19 (JNP)’s administrative body was constituted in the year

2008. It consists of 28 nos. of ward having total area of 51.14 Sq. Km. JNP is responsible to

provide basic infrastructure including roads, drainage and sewerage, water supply, street

lighting and services covering education, housing, poverty alleviation, slum improvement,

urban forestry, environmental protection and conservation, primary health etc.

JNP is headed by one executive officer and is responsible for operational planning and

management of nagar Parishad. Other officials in the JNP such as municipal engineer,

health officer, accounts officer etc. directly report to executive officer.

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines organizational structure of Municipality as

follows:

(i) Executive Officer,

(ii) Municipal Finance Officer/Municipal Accounts Officer,

(iii) Municipal Engineer,

(iv) Municipal Health Officer,

(v) Environmental Engineer (for solid waste management),

(vi) Information and Technology Officer,

(vii) Municipal Secretary, and such other officers as prescribed by the Government:

Roles and Responsibility of Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines the scope and extent of responsibilities of the

Municipality. The functions of the nagar Parishad are divided into core functions and general

functions.

A) Municipal Functions

(A) Core Functions

(i) Urban planning including town planning,

(ii) Regulation of land-use including protection of public land from

(iii) encroachment and construction of buildings,

(iv) Planning for economic and social development,

(v) Roads including footpath and road crossing facilities for

(vi) Construction of culverts and bridges,

(vii) Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes,

(viii) Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy and

solid and liquid waste management,

(ix) Fire services,

(x) Urban forestry, protection of the environment, promotion of ecological aspects

and maintenance of environmental hygiene,

19 Nagar Parishad - is a transitional area that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area to

be a Nagar Parishad.


Page 168 March 2016

(xi) Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the

handicapped and mentally retarded,

(xii) Slum improvement and up-gradation including providing basic facilities,

(xiii) Urban housing and poverty alleviation,

(xiv) Provision and maintenance of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,

gardens, playgrounds, public markets, bathing and washing ghats, waiting sheds

for travellers, night shelters etc.

(xv) Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects,

(xvi) Establishment and maintenance of burial and burning grounds, cremations,

cremation grounds and electric crematoriums,

(xvii) Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals,

(xviii) Collection and updating of vital statistics including registration of births, deaths

and marriages,

(xix) Provision and maintenance of public amenities including street lighting, parking

spaces for vehicles, bus stops and public conveniences like toilet facilities at

public places,

(xx) Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries and sale of meat, fish and other

perishable food stuffs etc.

B) General Functions

(i) Organising voluntary workers and promote community participation in all

development activities,

(ii) Organise campaign for thrift,

(iii) Awareness building against social evils like alcoholism, consumption of narcotics,

dowry and abuse of women and children,

(iv) Organize legal awareness campaigns among weaker sections, campaign against

economic offences, adherence to civic duties, and promoting communal harmony,

(v) Provision of public transport,

(vi) Organise relief activities during natural calamities and disasters; maintain relief

centres like hospitals, dispensaries, asylums, rescue homes, maternity houses

and child welfare centres, etc.,

(vii) Mobilising local resources in cash or in kind,

(viii) Organise and promote resident welfare associations, neighbourhood groups and

committees, and self-help groups with focus on the poor,

(ix) Disclosure and dissemination of information of public interest,

(x) Maintenance of public properties,

(xi) Issue of licences to dangerous and offensive trades and industries,

(xii) Issue of licence to domestic pet animals and destruction of stray dogs,

(xiii) Conservation and preservation of water bodies,

(xiv) Conservation and preservation of places and buildings of heritage having

historical and cultural importance,

(xv) Promoting green energy and energy efficiency, build awareness on climate

change and its adoption,

(xvi) Promote uses of Information Technology, digitization and e- Governance in the

working of the Municipality.

12.2 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR SANITATION


Page 169 March 2016

As per the municipal act Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy

and solid and liquid waste management are the core function of Jhumritelaiya Nagar

Parishad. However, there are other departments like DW&SD involved in planning and

management of the infrastructure related to water supply and irrigation department looking at

river management aspect. The list of the agencies responsible for sanitation sector in

Jhumritelaiya is provided in Table 13.1

TABLE 12-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS

Sector Planning and Design Construction O&M

Water supply DW&SD DW&SD JNP

Storm water drainage JNP JNP JNP

Non-sewerage sanitation

/Sewerage system JNP JNP JNP

Solid waste management JNP JNP JNP

Community and public toilet JNP JNP JNP

Ponds JNP JNP JNP

Crematoria JNP JNP JNP

Carcass disposal JNP JNP JNP

Note: JNP is yet to take over the responsibility for O&M of water supply scheme in

Jhumritelaiya from DW&SD.

12.3 HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY ASSESSMENT FOR JNP

Functional and operational management of departments is based on the available human

resource. Since JNP is the constitutionally established organisation providing sanitation

services in Jhumritelaiya, The human resource capacity of the JNP has been analysed in

details. During field visit it was observed that there are huge gaps between sanctioned posts

and actual availability of man power.

As per the act, the appointment for above positions may be made either on a regular basis

or on contract basis for such term as the state Government may prescribe or as outlined in

scope of respective sanctioned schemes / projects. As of now, there is acute shortage of

man power in JNP as informed by the officials. The current institutional structure of JNP is

provided in Figure 12-1.


Page 170 March 2016

FIGURE 12-1: INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF JNP

Elected Body

Nagar Parishad

-Admin Body

Ward Members

Vice Chairman

Chairman

Head Clerk

Office Staff

Executive Officer

Office Assistant

Sanitary Inspector

Technical Staff

Junior Engineer

Tax Collector

12.4 KEY ISSUES OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

Overlapping in functions: There is overlapping of functions and disintegration of

responsibilities among the departments. This issue is more prominent for water

supply infrastructure. DW&SD is responsible for planning, designing and construction

of water supply infrastructure including distribution network. Whereas, provision of

water supply connections to households, water tax collection and O&M is the

responsibility of JNP (After construction of water supply infrastructure, the entire

scheme is supposed to be transferred to JNP for day to day O&M purpose).

In the current situation, provision of water connections and water tax collection is

being done by JNP whereas, O&M for water supply is still being managed by

DW&SD As understood after discussions with DW&SD officials, JNP is not yet

prepared to take over the responsibility of O&M due to shortage of technical man

power. It is observed from the situation that, due to conflict between the multiple

authorities with respect to day to day decision making in providing water supply yo

the citizens creates dissatisfaction at the user end, resulting in mismanagement of

the infrastructure.


Page 171 March 2016

Shortage of human resource: There is shortage of field level technical man power

both in JNP and DW&SD. Most of the sanctioned posts are lying vacant for quite a

long time, whereas the working field staff are mostly engaged on daily basis and or

contract basis. Irregular payment of wages / salary to the temporary workers is one

of the main reasons for mismanagement of O&M

Lack of interdepartmental coordination: It has also been observed that there is a

lack in the inter-departmental coordination for providing day to day services to the

community. There is an absolute necessity of horizontal integration of various

departments’ offices established within the nagar Parishad to provide basic services

to the people and JNP should take lead in the desired interdepartmental integration.

Lack of central data platform: There is absolute lack of data management in JNP

and other major state government offices including WS&SD. Almost no old records of

the existing infrastructures and related status reports are found available with the

respective offices. Various data such total length of road, drain, number of public

stand posts, individual household toilets etc. are made available verbally during

stakeholder consultations, mostly based on assumptions. Various municipal records

are also found not available as per municipal account format provided by state. Due

to non-availability of authentic data, planning and data analysis for preparing CSP of

the town likely to lose realistic approach.

12.5 CAPACITY BUILDING

Capacity building of JNP by way of providing necessary periodical training to the available

and future human resource and immediate filling up of all vacant posts should be carried out

in a planned and phased manner. Application of technology to improve the abilities of the

personnel in particular and the organisation in general shall make JNP more efficient and

effective in day to day working and management of services.

Manpower Requirement

The manpower requirement for achieving 100% sanitation in the town shall include the

sectors of both water supply and sanitation (along with solid waste management).

Water Supply

Situation analysis indicates that the available manpower in the town responsible for water

supply is inadequate and shall require immediate upscaling to meet the future demand

outlined in the CSP. The CPHEEO manual on Water Supply and Treatment (Appendix 13.1

to 15.12) has prescribed the required manpower for different capacity water supply schemes

including day to day operation and maintenance of the Pump house (Intake well), Raw water

rising main, treatment works and clear water pump, clear water rising main, service

reservoir, gravity mains, distribution system, billing, day to day repairing, water works

laboratory etc.

Apart, the CPHEEO manual on ‘Operation & Maintenance of Water Supply System’

(Chapter-17) has emphasised on the need ‘Human Resources Development’, which include

training needs assessment, quantification of training, On-the-job training, Training of trainers,

training schedule, training budget etc. The department of Drinking Water & Sanitation should


Page 172 March 2016

adhere to these for improving quality of service so as to provide 24X7 water supply in the

town to the best satisfaction of the consumers.

Sanitation (Sewerage):

At present there are no dedicated staffs available for sewerage system in the town,

obviously due to non-existence of the system in the town area. However, the future need

should be assessed for staffing including their capacity building based on the

recommendations made in the CPHEEO manual on ‘Sewerage and Sewage Treatment’ -

Part C (Chapter – 3).

Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The CPHEEO manual on ‘Solid Waste Management’ – Chapter 19 has prescribed the

organisational set up (prescribed set up for towns below 1,00,000 population to be followed

for the town) and need for human resource development. The ongoing SWM is being looked

after by the ULB, and the situation analysis indicates inadequacy in staffing headed by one

Sanitary Inspector and supported by Junior Engineer and skeletal field staff.

Quite often, multiplicity of agencies and overlapping of responsibilities are the reasons for

ineffective and poor operation and maintenance of the assets created by ULBs. In the light of

74th Amendment under the 12th Schedule of the Constitution, the role and responsibility of

the ULBs have increased significantly in providing these basic facilities to the community on

a sustainable basis. The new Amendment has enabled ULBs to become financially viable

and technically sound to provide basic amenities to the community.

Consequent to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA), the States are expected

to devolve responsibility, powers and resources upon ULBs as envisaged in the 12th

Schedule of the Constitution. The 74th CAA has substantially broadened the range of

functions to be performed by the elected ULBs. The 12th Schedule brings into the municipal

domain among others such as urban and town planning, regulation of land-use, planning for

economic & social development and safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the

society.

The Constitution thus envisages ULBs as being totally responsible for all aspects of

development, civic services and environment in the cities going far beyond the traditional

role. The focus should not only be on the investment requirements to augment supplies or

install additional systems in sanitation and water supply. Instead, greater attention must be

paid to the critical issues of institutional restructuring, managerial improvement, better and

more equitable service to citizens who must have a greater degree of participation. The 74th

CAA also focuses on achieving sustainability of the sector through the adoption of adequate

measures in O&M, the financial health of the utilities through efficiency of operations and

levy of user charges, and conservation & augmentation of the water resources.

Training

It is observed that to cater to the needs of increasing burden on nagar Parishad and the

technological advancements, which could be required to cope up with present and future

responsibilities, there is urgent need for organising planned training programmes for the all


Page 173 March 2016

category nagar Parishad staff and elective representatives. Key measures to be taken up for

training are as follows:

Allocation of training fund for staff members in the municipal budget.

Orientation training about the functioning of nagar Parishad and service delivery

mechanism at town and ward level to JNP officials and all the councillors.

Workshops and tour programme should be conducted very frequently on best

practices, case studies, new technology options to make sanitation components (water

conservation, waste water treatment, waste management, toilet options, pond

reclamation etc.) more advance, sustainable, acceptable to community and

environment friendly.

Training to take over responsibility of O&M not only for water supply but for other

sanitation components by JNP. Regular monitoring of the sanitation related facilities in

Jhumritelaiya such as crematoria, dhobi ghat, ponds, SWM etc. should be undertaken

by JNP.

In order to maintain a high quality service deliverance, introduction of performance

tracking mechanism for the officials, which is as important as the tracking and

monitoring of the projects and services.

12.6 OTHER MEASURES FOR CAPACITY BUILDING

Activity mapping

There is need to undertake the so-called “activity mapping” for nagar Parishad’s own

departments and other parastatal departments to identify precisely who is responsible for

doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve efficiency and accountability in the

provision of urban local services. It is necessary to prepare an exhaustive list of all the

obligatory and discretionary functions of each of the departments, which are functioning in

providing services within the JNP area.

Creation of Central Data Bank

Case study -Capacity building of Human Resource at Kanpur Municipal

Corporation

Kanpur Municipal Corporation established Centre of Excellence (COE) to cater the

training / Capacity Building requirement of the KNN staff.

The objective of providing knowledge and skills to KNN officers and staff to perform the

job effectively, COE to cover three kinds of Administrative reforms like Human Resource

Development and Personal Management Internal Systems and Processes

Citizens Interface system and Process.

The outcome of the COE is for Qualitative and fast services, Courtesy towards citizens,

Listening skills, Flexibility in dealing with citizens and other department, Empathy with

Public at large, Effective implementation of Public grievance handling mechanism,

Decentralization of zones etc.


Page 174 March 2016

Development of a central data bank will be necessary to create a common platform for all

the departments to effectively use such data in planning and management of municipal

services. There is also an urgent requirement of linking future data base of all the

departments with each other so that they can effectively pool their data on a central data

bank suitably linked to each department.

Introduction of appropriate technology

A variety of new technology options are presently available, which are very helpful in

improving the capacity of an organisation for high quality e-governance. Introduction of

mobile application for grievance redressal, GIS teamed with SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure)

etc. can lead to a high level of transparency in the e-governance system. By SDI a central

data platform can be created where all the daily functioning of a department can be up-linked

to the central data bank, which can be made readily available to share on an inter-

departmental level linked with the high precautionary security clearance system.


Page 175 March 2016

13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) emphasis on improvement of personal hygiene and

good sanitation practices in Indian towns and cities through awareness generation and

behavioral change. Effective Stake holder consultation is the key to generation of awareness

about sanitation and its linkages with public and environmental health amongst communities

and institutions. Stakeholder consultation also promotes mechanism to bring about and

sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of healthy sanitation practices. The on ground

successful implementation of the city sanitation plan to achieve long term goals also requires

strong town level institutions and stakeholders.

The Stakeholder Consultation for Jhumritelaiya will eventually work as the basis of the Town

Sanitation Planning and its implementation. To keep the present City Sanitation Plan

compatible with the existing National Programmes on sanitation and attuned with the

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Stakeholders Consultation is an inevitable way to

make it more people oriented and practicable.

13.1 OBJECTIVE OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning,

implementation and management of sanitation infrastructure;

To adopt locally suitable and sustainable methods, technologies and materials,

and provide necessary facilitation support to the locals ULBs;

To create and ensure ownership among the staff and chair holders of ULB and

various concerned departments who play key role in smooth running of the

system that is required to retain the ideal Sanitation Mechanism;

To encourage community and private participation and define their role in

creation and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure with possible

involvement of several intervening and contributing institutions like markets,

hospitals, schools and thereby ensure a sense of ownership;

To ensure coordination and integration amongst various departments working

and indirectly involved in the field of water supply and sanitation, such as health,

education, drinking water & sanitation, water resources, industries, science &

environment, transport, pollution control board, etc.;

To ensure optimal and best use of funds dovetailed from various sources;

To promote novel and innovative ideas in mobilization of funds from government,

public and private sectors including funding under corporate sector responsibility,

possible reforms in tax regime, scope for public private partnerships, exploring

the scope of involving private market players & development of special purpose

vehicle in execution and management of infrastructure projects, periodical review

and enhancement of user charges, beneficiary contribution, etc. ;

To know the current status and physical verification of the existing scenario and

based on the needs enumerated by them; and

To identify the problem areas and bottlenecks in the existing system.

13.2 STAKEHOLDER MAPPING


Page 176 March 2016

Stakeholder mapping being the foremost task while formulating the need based Sanitation

Plan for Jhumritelaiya Town, and has been carried out through identification of key

stakeholders. Thus, stakeholders in Jhumritelaiya Town has been identified and classified in

three categories:

Stakeholder Level 1- Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad ; DW&SD and other relevant govt.

departments

Stakeholder Level 2- Citizens of Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad Area

Stakeholder Level 3- Intervening and Contributing Institutions like Schools, Colleges,

Hospitals, Markets, Industry and Commerce Organizations, NGOs, CBOs etc.

13.3 CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF)

NUSP necessitates the constitution of CSTF to elevate the consciousness about sanitation

in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the

people of the town. As discussed with Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad the probable

members of the CSTF will be as follows:

a) Representative from Urban Local Body (Chair holders- inclusive of Chairperson, Vice

Chairperson and Executive Officer of the Nagar Parishad)

b) Elected Members of the Legislative Council

c) Other government departments – PHED / DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water

Resources Department, Ground Water Board

d) Residents including Slum dwellers

e) Media - Print , Audio, audio-visual ( television)

f) Civil society organizations - NGOs, CBO, Women and self-help group

g) Industry and Commerce Organizations

h) Town planning authorities

i) Pollution Control Board

Following table provides key responsibilities of key stakeholders during the formulation of

City Sanitation Plan for Jhumritelaiya:

Sl. No.

Stakeholder Roles & Responsibilities of various Stakeholders during CSP preparation

1 Urban Local Body –Nagar Parishad

Constitution of City Sanitation Task Force

Generate awareness among the citizens and the stakeholders

Organize meetings and workshops for presentation of CSP various stakeholders including CSTF members.

Appraisal and approval of CSP document for the town, Issue briefing to the press/ media, JUIDCO and the state government about progress.

Support SENES for necessary alignment of CSP with the current / pending project ( under various programme) and for incorporation in the CSP

2

Other Government Department – PHED / DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water Resources Department, Ground Water Board

Data support to the CSP team

Provide views / comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Suggest possible sites /locations for development of future Sanitation infrastructure including water supply (water treatment plant & reservoirs etc.) , sewerage system (sewage treatment plan, pump house etc.), solid waste management


Page 177 March 2016

Sl. No.

Stakeholder Roles & Responsibilities of various Stakeholders during CSP preparation

(transfer stations, landfill /processing & disposal site etc.) for further evaluation

3 Member of legislative council

Ward wise data on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure

Provide comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Approval of various provisions made in CSP document

4 Residents including Slum dwellers

Support during demand gap assessment of sanitation infrastructure & facilities.

Support in identification of most suitable location for CTCs to maximize utilization

Adopt good sanitation practices and discourage open defecation,

Provide details on their affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation facilities

5 Industry and commerce Organisation

Provide input on industrial pollution related issues, and particularly related to sanitation of the town and pollution abatement of river

Suggestion for development of sanitation infrastructure which would handle industrial waste and waste water

Provide details on affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation and river water quality

6 Media

Reporting on the salient features of the city sanitation plan

Public awareness generation on sanitation and related health issues

Educate and encourage the residents on social commitment and social obligations for sanitation

7

Civil Society Organisation - CBOs, Self-help groups, women and child welfare groups etc.

Awareness generation on best sanitation practices and communication on significance of town level sanitation plan to residents and other stakeholders

8 Town Planning Authorities

Provide information of land use- existing and proposed

Support in identification of suitable land, in conformity to the town master plan, for development of sanitary landfill facility, transfer stations, sewage pumping stations, sewage treatment plant, water treatment and storage facilities etc.

Earmark the land for above facilities on the proposed or revised land use map / town master plan

9 Pollution control board

Provide information on pollution status of various river, water bodies in the town

Provide comments and suggestion at different stages of CSP formulation

CSTF will identify the implementing agency (ies) for the possible interventions identified in

the CSP, which normally be the respective urban local body, and JNP in the present case.

CSTF will continue to monitor and support JNP during the implementation of the City

Sanitation Plan.

During the time of undertaking various consultation with the town level authorities including

the Executive Officer, Chairman, Vice Chairman of JNP and with the DW&SD Officials, the

need and essentiality of formation of CSTF was repeatedly communicated by the team

members. However, the CSTF is yet to be formulated by the town authority.


Page 178 March 2016

Roles and Responsibility of CSTF

Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign

Generating awareness amongst the citizens and stakeholders

Approving materials and progress reports provided by the implementing agency, other

public agencies, as well as NGOs and private parties contracted by the Implementing

Agency, for different aspects of implementation (see below)

Approving the City Sanitation Plan for the town prepared by the Sanitation

Implementation Agency after consultations with citizens

Undertaking field visits from time to time to supervise progress

Issue briefings to the press / media and state government about progress

Providing overall guidance to the Implementation Agency

Recommend to the ULB fixing of responsibilities for town-wide sanitation on a

permanent basis

13.4 DETAILS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS IN JHUMRITELAIYA

Stakeholder Consultation with City Sanitation Task Force

Date: 21st December, 2015

Attendees: CSTF members

Venue- Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad office

Agenda:

1. Presenting data collection till date and data assessment

2. Demand gap analysis for the period of next 30 years

3. Proposal, recommendations and suggestion on all the sectors.

Proceedings of the Meeting have been annexed in Annexure 1.

Stakeholder Consultation – with Nagar Parishad and PHED

Date: 28th July 2015

Venue: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad (JNP) Office, Jhumritelaiya

Attendees: Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Executive Officer and Officials from JNP,

DW&SD and Team Members, SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company)

preparing the CSP.

Agenda

1. Introduction of the CSP Team Members with the ULB Chair holders and Staff

and DW&SD Officials.

2. Orientation of the ULB Staff and Chair holders and DW&SD Officials about

CSP, its utility and essentiality.

3. Introduction of the town, its extent, demographic pattern, socio- cultural traits

etc. by the ULB Officials.


Page 179 March 2016

4. Brief introduction on existing scenario of the CSP Components by ULB and

DW&SD Officials.

5. Planning of the Field visits.

Output:

The members were apprised about CSP and its essentiality and its utility in future

propositions for the development of the town.


Stakeholder Consultation – with Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

Date: 31st August – 1st September, 2015

Venue: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad officials

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from JNP, PHED representative from

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is

provided in the following section:

Agendas:

1. Ward wise data support on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure for

documentation in CSP

2. Inputs, comments and suggestions from JNP on required infrastructure

improvisation in Sanitation Sector

Output:

1. Ward wise information on different components of CSP and other relevant data

/ inputs were gathered.

2. Importance and necessity of CSTF formation and its functionality was

communicated and suggestions were received.


Stakeholder Consultation – with PHED

Date: 29th September, 2015

Venue: PHED Office, Jhumritelaiya




Agendas:

1. Discussion on current status of water supply works and time line for

completion.


Page 180 March 2016

2. Gaps in the existing system, water supply infrastructure available in

Jhumritelaiya and demand for future.


Stakeholder Consultation with Slum dwellers, Mica processing units and local

residents

Date: 1st September, 2015

Venue: Various locations of Jhumritelaiya

Attendees: The discussion was held between slum dwellers and representative from



Agenda:

1. To know the status of sanitation related infrastructure in slums and in general.

2. To understand the waste management process at mica processing units.

3. To understand the awareness level of public towards open defecation.


Stakeholder Consultation with Health Institution


Venue: Various hospitals and nursing homes of Jhumritelaiya

Attendees: The discussion was held between hospital staff and representative from SENES

Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is provided in


Agenda:

1. Management of biomedical waste in health institutions

2. Segregation of various components of biomedical waste

3. Availability of facility within the hospital premises or in nearby areas.


13.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF CSP BY CSTF

1. CSTF shall identify the urban local body as key agency responsible for

implementation of CSP

2. CSTF shall support the consultants in developing the CSP for the town by

providing suggestions on sanitation improvement plans.


Page 181 March 2016

3. CSTF shall support the ULB in promoting awareness through campaigns

among the community.

4. Alignment of CSP with the current / pending project under various programmes

/ schemes and difference highlighted for resolution in the CSP

5. Appraisal and approval of the CSP and the schemes proposed for sanitation

improvement of the town.

6. Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPR) on Sewerage and Non

sewerage schemes identified in the CSP document

7. Arrangements of funds for development of sanitation infrastructure as per the

various programmes / schemes launched by the central and state government.

8. Development of implementation framework and selection of implementation

agency

9. Provide guidance to the implementation agency

10. Launching the 100% sanitation campaign

11. Generating awareness among citizens and stakeholders with support from

local NGOs, CBOs and other related agencies

12. Regular field visit and getting structured feedback from the community

organizations and citizen groups.

13. Develop procedure for periodic evaluation to achieve 100% sanitation status

and provision for revision.

14. Update the State Government / state agencies on the progress.

13.6 AWARENESS GENERATION

For implementation of City Sanitation Plan a well-planned and incessant awareness

campaign is particularly essential. It will act as catalyst in successful implementation of any

initiative related to sanitation in the town. It will also boost the morale of the people dealing

with it by making them more aware and responsible towards their own responsibilities and

role play. Awareness campaign for city sanitation plan includes following activities:

1. Orientation of Citizens at large and bringing up responsible Stakeholder at all levels

of the Society; creating a favorable ambience for successful implementation of any

Plan or Initiative;

2. Orientation and Capacity Development of the ULB

3. Capacity Development of the Workers and Officials involved in preparation of CSP

and implementation of CSP components;

4. Ensuring introduction of integrated management system that addresses SWM, Water

Supply, Waste and Storm Water Management and Total Sanitation (i.e. 100% access

and utilization of Toilet facilities);

5. Ensuring right practices among the stakeholders at all levels (ULBs, Citizens and

intervening & contributing agencies like industries, commercial establishments &

markets, hospitals, educational institutions, recreational centers like cinema halls,


Page 182 March 2016

parks etc. );

6. Developing a continuous and sustainable awareness process that will facilitate the

successful implementation of the proposed programmes pertaining to safeguard of

health and hygiene; and

7. Developing a continuous and sustainable monitoring and evaluation process that

may help maintaining permanent vigilant system.

It requires specific programmes that will help developing an enduring right practice for a

better civic life.

Strategy for awareness generation

To build a pollution free and hazard free environment and for acceptance of the facilities to

be created in accordance of the City Sanitation Plan require continuous and regular

persuasion; and necessary Behavior Change Communication (BCC) strategy would be

adopted after critical review and assessment of the needs and requirements of the town. The

CSTF will be responsible for assessing and reviewing these as per local unique needs.

Following the Behavior Change Communication strategy, a road map need to be created

considering the followings as the major activities:

1. Advocacy with the Municipal Authorities and Major Decision Makers inclusive of

the Chair holders like Municipal Chairperson, Members of Board of Councilors,

Executive Officer etc. The purpose is to engage the decision makers and officials of

the ULBs to extend support towards the successful implementation of the plan.

2. Linkage with the concerned and responsible municipal and government officials,

ward committee members and other social institutions like ICDS, Health and locally

influential groups, local NGOs & CBOs etc.; so as to interact and share amongst

themselves about the proposed development works and to ensure their support at all

level of implementation through continuous awareness campaign.

3. Community Dialogues & Focused Group Discussions are group interactions to

mobilize different Grass Root Groups from the community, focused citizens and

influential people for interactive communication targeting behavioral change with

respect to Health, Hygiene and Environment. These need to be taken up for a longer

period of time.

4. Larger Mobilization Programmes (e.g. Rallies, Public Meetings, Seminars,

Workshops, Awareness Programmes during different festivals and fairs etc.):

Social Mobilization programmes are instrumental to reach out the larger community

with the messages involving various facets of hygiene and sanitation. Institutions like

Schools, Colleges, Youth Clubs, Health Workers, Local Artists etc. could be

communicated and utilized by organizing rallies, mass meetings etc. to ensure

greater visibility of the objectives and activities, so as to turn the entire activities in to

a mass movement toward ‘total sanitation’.

5. Preparation of IEC materials for Advocacy & Linkage, Community Dialogue, IPC,

Social Mobilization etc. numbers of IEC materials like Fliers, flexes, posters, banners,

leaflets, contents of advertisement through local media, local TV etc. have been

prepared and distributed.

6. Environmental Education Programmes in the Institutions :


Page 183 March 2016

To promote and ensure a sustainable and ideal sanitary ambience all educational

institutions will be contacted to share different aspects of the project to make the

students aware about the ideal practices and to generate interest among them.

The following issues should be dealt with during the interactive sessions with

students:

General idea on all the components pertaining to Sanitation and Hygiene and

their impact on human health

3 ‘R’s that help promoting a pollution free environment (Reuse, Recycle and

Reduce)

Different factors that are root causes for Pollution (air, water, soil, sound and

visual pollution)

Potential health hazards caused by indiscriminate disposal of waste, and

insanitary practices

Role of the Citizens -severally and collectively- Role of students in conveying the

message of Behaviour Change to themselves and to the community at large.

7. Workshop on ‘Clean Environment’ at institutions and organizational levels.

The CSTF with the support of ULB, DW&SD and other implementing agencies will take

initiatives to organize Workshops & Seminars to take up ‘Clean Environment’ campaign

periodically, particularly during local festive time. Budget for the same could be arranged

by JNP by mobilization of funds from different schemes.


Page 184 March 2016

14.0 Project Financing and Implementation Framework

14.1 PROJECT FINANCING

This chapter identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various sectors

in City Sanitation Plan for Jhumritelaiya town. Brief discussions of the ongoing schemes by

the central and the state government which may be suitable for funding the projects included

in the CSP have been included in Chapter – 2. In this chapter we will further elaborate on

possible scopes for funding projects in different sector, finance sources and most suitable

implementation framework.

Fund requested by the State government for the 12th Five year Plan period (2012-17) for Rs.

3,35,106.00 lacs under Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and for Rs. 3,37,820.00 lacs

under State Plan Schemes indicates intention of the State to avail funds under various old

and new government schemes which include JnNURM (for earlier sanctioned projects),

Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP), USHA, Integrated Housing and Slum Development

Programme (IHSDP), Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY) (for earlier sanctioned project), Basic

Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY),

Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS), National Urban Livelihood Mission, National

River Conservation Directorate, National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), National Ganga

River Basin Authority and others including GoI ACA from CSS; and also under continuing

schemes for urban water supply, sewerage and drainage, solid waste management, city

sanitation etc. of the State Plan component. It may be relevant to mention about the new

central sector / centrally sponsored schemes like SBM, AMRUT, Smart Cities, Namami

Gange, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna etc., which are also being utilised by the State since

2014-15.

Following section discusses the general finance source currently available for funding of

various infrastructure projects.


14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation

Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the

operational revenue expenses of the corporation while funding

the provision of basic services to Urban Population including

urban poor.

Atal Mission for

Rejuvenation and Urban

Transformation (AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including sanitation

sectors of water supply, sewerage and septage management

and storm water drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission

(SBM) Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are being

provided for various sanitation components such as individual

toilet, community toilet, public toilet, solid waste management,

IEC and public awareness and capacity building and

administrative & office expense.

National Ganga River

Basin Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including Jharkhand

particularly for the towns having impact on Ganga and its

http://envfor.nic.in/division/national-river-conservation-directorate-nrcd

http://envfor.nic.in/division/national-river-conservation-directorate-nrcd

http://infoxin.com/tag/national-ganga-river-basin-authority-nrgba

http://infoxin.com/tag/national-ganga-river-basin-authority-nrgba


Page 185 March 2016


tributaries. Key sectors covered under the scheme are solid

ware management, river front development, sewerage and

sanitation system and industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost

Sanitation (ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into low cost

twin pit pour flush latrines and construction of new individual

toilets to Economically Weaker Section (EWS) households

who have no latrines in the urban areas of the country. Under

the scheme the pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy,

15% State Subsidy and 10% beneficiary share.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the

SSA component. The SSA component has considerable

funding for school sanitation.

International

Donors/Funding Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be

aimed at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding

to develop sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation

services improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the

sanitation services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of

the property tax; the user charges and the sanitation cess

revenues hall be directed to the sanitation department for

utilization for funding sanitation improving projects in the long-

term besides tackling the operation & maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital

investment and finances required to develop basic sanitation

services for the urban population including the urban poor. The

following PPP options shall be considered to employ their

services appropriately - (a) service contracts; (b) performance-

based service contract; (c) a management contract for

operations and maintenance (O&M); (d) BOOT/BOT/ROT

Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures between State Government/ULB

and the private company. In the event of weak financial

situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity


Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to

garner support of the beneficiaries in both the capital

investments and the O&M investments. This shall aim at

increasing the sense of ownership and hence ensure

sustainability of the services; In the event of weak financial

situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move

shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that

involves greater community participation and hence promote

greater accountability and transparency.


Page 186 March 2016


NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation

services sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate

contract models shall be developed to attract their

contributions in both the development and O&M activities.

Based on the above financing option discussed above, key funding options for different

sectors proposed under current CSP has been evaluated in the following section:

Water Supply:

Most of the town identified for the study has population being less than 1,00,000 (as per

census 2011), the water supply project shall not qualify to draw fund under the programme

for Smart cities & AMRUT (Except towns having population of more than 75,000 situated on

the bank of tributaries of River Ganga, qualifying for funding under AMRUT) under the

Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Govt. of India. However, the town shall well qualify

for funding under UIDSSMT, for completion of all the ongoing projects. The State may also

seek for Additional Central Assistance (ACA) from GoI (including 14th Finance Commission)

for completion of ongoing projects and also for taking up new projects for water supply.

Besides, the State plan funding for urban water supply should be dovetailed to meet the

additional fund requirement for completion of all ongoing and new water supply projects. The

State may also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing

funds under Corporate Social Responsibility etc.

Sanitation (On and Offsite including conventional sewerage scheme):

As discussed above, the town is well qualifying for funding under AMRUT (when 2011

census population is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River

Ganga) and definitely under SBM for taking up projects for 100% sanitation coverage

through construction of IHHL, Community & Public toilets across the town including for the

weaker section, slums etc. Funds available from many other schemes earmarked for the

purpose of sanitation may be dovetailed, as indicated in the SBM guidelines. However, SBM

is not having any provision for funding conventional sewerage projects, and therefore, the

State may seek for ACA from GoI including 14th Finance Commission (and under NGRBA

including Namami Gange, if situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga; under NRCP,

if situated beyond River Ganga basin area) for taking up such projects, being the model

state declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. Besides, the State plan

funding for sewerage & drainage should be dovetailed to meet the additional fund

requirement new sewerage projects. The State may also explore possibilities for taking up

projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under CSR etc.

Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The prime source of funding SWM project is SBM, however funding under NGRBA including

Namami Gange (if situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) and AMRUT (when

2011 census population is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River

Ganga) is also possible for taking up such projects.


Page 187 March 2016

Under SBM, main fund sources are the central government funding, the state government

funding and the ULB share. The balance funds is proposed to be generated through various

other sources of fund which include following

a. Private Sector Participation

b. Additional Resources from State Government/ULB

c. Beneficiary Share

d. User Charges

e. Land Leveraging

f. Innovative revenue streams

g. Swachh Bharat Kosh

h. Corporate Social Responsibility

i. Market Borrowing

j. External Assistance

In addition to the above, the State plan funding for solid waste management should be

dovetailed to meet the additional fund requirement new SWM projects. The State may seek

for ACA from GoI (including 14th Finance Commission) for taking up such projects, being the

model state declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. The State may also

explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under CSR

etc.

River Front Development and other projects for tackling Non-point pollution:

The prime source of funding such projects is NGRBA including Namami Gange, if situated

on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga; and otherwise under NRCP, if situated beyond

River Ganga basin area. The State may seek for ACA from GoI (including 14th Finance

Commission) for taking up such projects, being the model state declared by GoI for pollution

abatement of River Ganga. The State may also explore possibilities for taking up projects in

PPP model and by dovetailing funds under NLCP (presently known as NPCA – National

Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem, Ref: Advisory on ‘Conservation and

Restoration of Water Bodies in Urban Areas issued by CPHEEO, MoUD in August, 2013);

CSR etc.

Detailed Project-wise review of possible funding sources should however, be carried out at

FR / DPR stage for each and every projects, so as to explore all feasible options for funding

and sustainable operation and maintenance of such projects both in short and long term plan

period indicated in the CSP.

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of public

resources for investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore avenues for

increasing investment in infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal services in the

state. The private sector has the ability to provide waste services more efficiently than

government on account of following factors


Page 188 March 2016

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible

labour practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid

access to capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other

businesses or business activities.

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State Governments

and Urban Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging sectors. The object of the

initiative is to develop robust PPP projects and successfully bid them to establish their

replication potential in the sectors concerned

A range of contractual options are possible for financing various project under PPP. BOOT

(build, own, operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in which a

private organization conducts a large development project under contract to a public-sector

partner, such as a government agency. A BOOT project is often seen as a way to develop a

large public infrastructure project with private funding. BOOT is sometimes known as BOT

(build, own, transfer). Variations on the BOOT model include BOO (build, own, operate), BLT

(build, lease, transfer) and BLOT (build, lease, operate, transfer). BLOT (build, lease,

operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in which a private

organization designs, finances and builds a facility on leased public land. The private

organization operates the facility for the duration of the lease and then transfers ownership

to the public organization.

Viability Gap Funding: The Government has created a Viability Gap Funding Scheme for

PPP projects. Infrastructure projects are often not commercially viable on account of having

substantial sunk investment and low returns. However, they continue to be economically

essential. Accordingly, the Viability Gap Funding Scheme has been formulated which

provides financial support in the form of grants, one time or deferred, to infrastructure

projects undertaken through public private partnerships with a view to make them

commercially viable. The Scheme provides total Viability Gap Funding up to twenty percent

of the total project. The Government or statutory entity that owns the project may, if it so

decides, provides additional grants out of its budget up to further twenty percent of the total

project cost. Viability Gap Funding under the Scheme is normally in the form of a capital

grant at the stage of project construction.

Following section provides case studies of selected PPP projects in Sanitation sector. The

cost benefit analysis of individual project have been analyses in the case studies.


Page 189 March 2016

Case study for Alandur Sewerage project

The Alandur Municipality has entered a contract on STP of 24 MLD in 2 modules of 12 MLD each, developed

on Finance, Design, Construct, Operate & Maintenance basis with a private operator (M/s IVRCL Infra

Structures & Projects Ltd Hyderabad in technical collaboration with Va Tech Wabag Technologies Ltd.) for

design, construction of the above mentioned STPs followed by maintenance and operation of Alandur

Sewerage Project (ASP) for 5 years from the date of completion of construction.

To plan this complex and politically challenging project, the AM worked in partnership with the Tamil Nadu

Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company and with

USAID’s Financial Institution Reform and Expansion (FIRE) Project. The important features are as under:

The funding pattern included upfront deposition of connection charges by the residents for an amount of Rs.

12.40 crores (on which interest earned for Rs 2.46 crores), besides loan taken by the municipality for Rs 16.00

crores and capital infusion by IVRCL for Rs 4.00 crores.

The contract also provides the characteristic of inflow and outflow of the waste water. The contractor is liable

to operate the facility in consonance with the SPCB guidelines and various other rules & regulations framed

there under.

Penalty clause has been provided for non-fulfillment of the guaranteed parameters as per the contract.

Payment to the operator is based on the sewage quantity received in MLD & rate (Rs. 3772.00 per MLD) as

per the agreement.

The monthly user charges are being able to meet the loan annuity and the monthly payment to IVRCL and this

is thus a self-sustaining model.

As per the Agreement the date of completion was 31st March 2003. By end 2001, the laying of the sewer pipes

and main sewers was completed, as also the construction of the Pumping Station, Pumping Mains and the

Sewerage Treatment Plant. The overall date of completion was October 2003.

Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first phase, i.e.

by 2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of slum dwellers had

opted for and paid for individual sewerage connections. By 2010, of the 30,600 households who paid for the

services, 29,300 households were connected; 14 community toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters.

This was the first project in the municipal water sector to be taken through the Public Private Partnership route

in India.

Key Learning and Observations made by a team of experts:

Beneficiary participatory approach: People’s participation in the project, including the fact that almost 29% of

the project cost was garnered from public contributions, was the most outstanding aspect and learning from the

ASP. The project established that mobilising people’s participation for infrastructure projects is possible

through collective efforts and transparent procedures. The success of the project from the outset depended

highly on effective collection of connection charges and monthly sewer fees as also public acceptance of

engaging a private BOT participant. Community awareness, support and on-going cooperation was, therefore,

critical. The aggressive public outreach campaign conducted by the municipality and GoTN and the

engagement of stakeholders was essential to assure the lending agencies and city officials that repayment

provisions would be met.

Stakeholder involvement and interdepartmental coordination: Continued involvement of stakeholders

throughout the project ensured timely completion of the project and addressing of issues even as they arise.

To maintain support for the project, a citizen’s committee was formed and it met frequently to review the status

of the project, monitor performance of the BOT contractor and provide a forum in which citizens could air their

concerns. The ASP established that close involvement of all stakeholders/departments at the key decision-

making stages of the project, as also for review and monitoring, is critical to ensuring that the project stays on-

track.

Political will and strong decision making, especially at the grass-root level: The ASP demonstrated

that ‘political will and quick decisions make projects happen’. The political leadership and strong

advocacy for the project provided by the chairman and council of the municipality proved to be critical

element of the success. While strong support for the sewerage system within Alandur existed, political

will was essential to convince the customers and citizens to pay a significant share of the cost and

accept the entry of the private sector. Throughout the project decision making stages, the members of

the municipality maintained full support for the project.


Page 190 March 2016

Acceptance of fiscal discipline: The term lenders, TNUIFSL and TUFIDCO, placed strict lending

conditions on the municipality, requiring the municipality to accept and implement strong fiscal

discipline measures. TNUIFSL required the municipality to establish a separate sewer account

distinct from the general budget of the municipality, forcing discipline and transparency on the

officials managing the system. The municipality was also required to limit new debts to a certain

percentage (typically 30%) of their revenue. GoTN, which provide loan guarantee, stipulated that

any payment made to these entities on account of default by the municipality would be recovered

from the annual transfer of payments from the municipality to the state government. Similarly the

contractual obligations between the municipality and the BOT operator forced the municipal

government to ensure timely payment for management and waste water treatment services. Thus,

the loan as well as contractual obligations ensured strong fiscal discipline by the municipal body, by

making it take difficult decisions on capital priorities, closely oversee the sewer system

management, and ensure budgeting of sufficient funds to meet payment schedules.

Implementing an effective fee system: Despite the willingness to pay survey that indicated that

public willingness was far below the tariff requirement to meet the capital and operational cost of

the project, the municipal council, through its rigorous public outreach measures, managed to

impose reasonable levels of connection charges and sewer fee on the public. The municipality also

managed to collect the connection charges fairly well in time to pre-empt the need for the TNUIFSL

loan. A large part of the success of the municipality in this aspect sprung from the fact that they

provided sympathetic measures that addressed the concern of the public. For example, the

connection deposits were collected in two installments as per the convenience of the consumers;

the local branch of the Punjab National Bank also offered financial support to the citizens of

Alandur by creating a scheme for lending the connection deposit amount to them.

Assurances on payment to the Private Sector Participant: The municipality agreed to provide the

BOT operator a minimum level of income by accepting the ‘take or pay’ condition in the Agreement.

Thus, the municipality assumed the risk of minimum payment to the operator while the private

partner assumed all other responsibilities and risks of financing, constructing and operating the

STP for a period of 14 years.

Access to finance for the municipality: An important aspect of the success of the project stemmed

from concession financing and subsidies from the Government and public-private entities,

established specifically to meet the credit needs of the municipalities without access to private

capital, due to a low or non-existent credit rating. Though almost 30% of the capital was generated

by the municipality from connection fees, grants from GoTN and loans from TUFIDCO were crucial.

The loan agreement from TNUIFSL, while proving to be unnecessary in the end, was imperative for

participation in the finance package by all the parties.

Technical and financial assistance: The expertise needed to plan and manage the technical and

financial aspects of the project far exceeded the capacity of the municipality. Assistance from the

other government bodies in the state, the Chennai Corporation, and sources, such as the USAID’s

FIRE project, was critical. TNUIFSL and FIRE played a substantial role in structuring the project,

managing the feasibility studies, and preparing the bid and contract documents crucial to project

success. The review and approval of the engineering reports by the management committee,

consisting of senior officials of the AM, the Tamil Nadu Water supply and Sewerage Board,

Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and TNUIFSL, were essential for

successful project management.

Transparency in bidding and contracting procedures: The transparent approach to the project, right

from inception to selection of contractor/operator and implementation, was critical to providing the

necessary assurance to the private sector bidders on the professional approach of the municipality.

This included strict application of World Bank and FIDIC processes, oversight and approval of the

process by the World Bank. Public participation in the deliberations of the management committee

overseeing the tendering process execution was also important.


Page 191 March 2016

Case Study - Salt Lake Water Supply And Sewerage Network, Kolkata, West Bengal

The Government of West Bengal (GoWB) had identified Sector V, Salt Lake City in Kolkata as the

IT & ITeS (Information Technology / Information Technology Enabled Services) hub of West Bengal

and intended to upgrade Sector V to international standards. This site was spread over an area of

300 acres in the eastern fringes of Kolkata. The consumer mix at Sector V included office spaces of

the IT companies, government institutions, and office spaces owned by other private firms.

However, Sector V was devoid of an organized water supply and sewerage system. Due to the lack

of proper water supply and sewerage systems, the industrial units of Sector V had to depend on

ground water for water supply and developed on-site sanitation facility at their own costs. This

practice resulted in indiscriminate extraction of underground water.

In the absence of a developed supportive civic infrastructure, the up-gradation of the IT sector in

Sector V was considered to be difficult. In 2005, the Urban Development Department of the GoWB

appointed the Kolkata Municipal Development Authority (KMDA) to lay out a comprehensive plan

for the development of basic infrastructure services in the industrial township of Nabadiganta.

Accordingly, the KMDA along with the Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) planned

a combined water supply-cum-sewerage project. This project was planned to be implemented

under the Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT) PPP arrangement. The project was developed with

financial assistance under the central government’s scheme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban

Renewal Mission (JNNURM).

The project involved the design, construction and commissioning of all the water supply and

sewerage facilities on a PPP basis. Specifically, for the water supply infrastructure, the project

required the construction of an Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR), a rising main, an Underground

Reservoir (UGR), and the laying of pipelines along individual roads which would be connected to

the dedicated main. With respect to the sewerage sector, the project required the construction of a

sanitary network and a pumping station and the development of a waste treatment system. KMDA

and NDITA selected a private developer on a competitive basis. The private developer formed a

SPV – the Nabadiganta Water Management Limited (NBWML). The SPV was required to

undertake part-financing; design the specified components of the water supply and sewerage

system; plan; undertake its construction; and operate and manage the system including the

purchase of water, generation of bills and collection for the concession period. The project

infrastructure was planned to be developed within a total time period of 18 months. Post completion

of the construction works, the SPV was to undertake the operation and maintenance of the water

supply system for a concession period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP contract for the project is a Concession Agreement for

the development of the project on a BOT basis. The contract involves the following parties, viz.,

KMDA, NDITA and the consortium of private developers. As per the Concession Agreement, the

private developer is required to undertake the development, design, engineering, financing,

procurement, construction, completion, commissioning, implementation, management,

administration, operation and maintenance of the Water Supply Network, Sewerage Network and

the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) at the site, viz., Sector V. Against the capital investment made,

the private developer is permitted to charge the consumers a water supply-cum-sewerage tariff.

The Concession Agreement requires the private developer to operate and manage the water

supply and sewerage system for a time period of 30 Years.

Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 192 March 2016

Case Study - Latur Water Supply Project, Maharashtra

Located in the Maratwada region, Latur city is a district headquarter covering an area of 32.56 sq

kms and a population of 3.5 lakhs (2001 census). The city is anticipated to witness a significant

decadal growth in population of about 52%.

The Latur Municipal Council (LMC) is responsible for water supply to Latur City. Prior to May 2005,

the primary sources of water supply to the city were 2 weirs on Manjra river that supplied about 35

million liters per day (mlpd) of water. LMC operated two water treatment plants and a distribution

network covering 350 kms. In addition, the city was also drawing about 3 mlpd of ground water

through bore wells and open wells. Historically, Latur city has faced acute water scarcity. LMC was

supplying water to the city through individual connections as well as public stand posts. Of the

26,000 regularized water connections, majority were unmetered connections alongside a significant

number of illegal connections. In addition to limited availability of water, the demand coverage was

also low with only 70% of the population receiving water once a week. The situation was further

aggravated during the summer season. LMC took over this scheme from MJP in 2005 but was

unable to operate and maintain it optimally. Despite ample availability of water, LMC was unable to

manage its distribution network and Latur city was receiving water only once a week. Consequently

the percentage of Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which is the difference between the quantity of

treated water in the distribution system and the quantity of water that is actually billed to

consumers, was also very high for LMC. In addition to such operational issues, LMC was also

plagued by low collection efficiencies and constraints on revenue growth through revisions in water

tariffs. Given LMC’s

existing liabilities and its

inability to raise

additional resources of `

17.17 crores for

completing the existing

water supply system,

LMC initially decided to

transfer the Stage V

Water Supply scheme to

MJP. Subsequently, LMC

resolved to transfer the

existing water supply

scheme for the entire

Latur city to MJP. Based on the resolution passed by LMC, MJP was given the right to operate the

water supply scheme for Latur city for a period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP structure for the project is a performance based

management contract for integrated source to tap water supply management for the Latur city. The

project contracting structure deployed is shown in Figure.

Source: Compendium on Public Private Partnership in Urban Infrastructure - Ministry of Urban

Development, Confederation of Indian Industry, Government of India, 2010.


Page 193 March 2016

Case Study - Timarpur Okhla Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Project

Delhi generates 7,000 metric tonnes (MT) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) daily, which is expected to

increase to 18,000 MT by 2021. The present landfill sites that are being utilized for disposing the

garbage are approaching their full capacity and even with the envisaged capacity addition, the

situation is unlikely to improve.

The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has thus embarked on a project to reduce the amount of

MSW being disposed in the landfill sites and utilizing the waste for productive purposes such as

generation of power from waste. MCD has identified two locations, namely Timarpur and Okhla, for

implementing this project.

The following facilities are to be developed as a part of the integrated municipal waste handling

project:

Plants for converting MSW to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), capable of processing 1300 TPD at Okhla and 650 TPD at Timarpur.

A bio-methanation plant capable of handling of 100 TPD of green waste at Okhla.

A water recovery plant capable of handling up to 6 MLD of treated sewage at the Okhla site for recycling into process water and cooling water.

A Power plant with a generation capacity of 16 MW at Okhla.

Transportation of RDF from Timarpur to Okhla for combustion in the boiler of the power plant mentioned above.

The project is registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to earn 2.6 million Certified Emission

Reductions (CERs) over a ten-year period.

PPP structure of the Project - The project has been undertaken on Built, Own, Operate and

Transfer (BOOT) basis. IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (IL&FS – IDC) was

mandated to structure the project, evaluate various technologies, carry out project development

activities and select suitable developer through competitive bidding. IL&FS IDC and the Andhra

Pradesh Technology Development & Promotion Board established an SPV known as the Timarpur-

Okhla Waste Management Company Private Limited (TOWMCL).

The successful bidder M/s Jindal Urban Infrastructure Limited (JUIL) acquired 100% equity in the SPV

- TOWMCL. The following were the agreements executed by the SPV for this project-

The SPV signed the main concession agreement for the development, construction, operation and maintenance of an integrated municipal waste processing plant with NDMC.

The SPV signed a lease agreement with the Delhi Power Company Limited (DPCL) for the land at Timarpur. DPCL, the owner of the Timarpur site, is a holding company with shares in Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (the electricity generation company), Delhi Power Supply Company Limited (the electricity procurement, transmission and bulk Supply Company) and in the three power distribution companies (Central & East Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd., South and West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd. And North and North West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd.)

The SPV signed a lease agreement with New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) for the land at Okhla for 25 years. NDMC had taken this land on lease from the Delhi Development Authority.

The SPV entered into agreements with the MCD and NDMC for the supply of municipal waste.

It entered into an agreement with the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) for receiving sewage and disposing treated effluent.

The SPV entered into a Power Purchase Agreement with BSES Rajdhani Power Limited. Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 194 March 2016

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD

15.1 Conclusion

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Jhumritelaiya has been developed aiming to maintaining

a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote social, economic

and physical wellbeing of all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for

achieving 100% sanitation in Jhumritelaiya through demand generation and awareness

campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction and maintenance of sanitary

infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and responsibilities,

public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

The City Sanitation Plan for Jhumritelaiya discussed in different chapters of this report has

been developed considering the guidelines provided in National Urban Sanitation Policy

(NUSP), Swachh Bharat Mission, National River Conservation Plan, Municipal Solid waste

management & handling Rules 2000 and other relevant guidelines and include following

components for develop wide approach include:

a. Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes,

excreta, industrial wastes, bio-medical and other hazardous wastes;

b. Storm water drainage;

c. Environmental up-gradation of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;

d. Abatement of environmental pollution in river front, other non-point sources;

e. Environmental sanitation education;

f. Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

g. Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.

The priority areas for sanitation coverage considered in the CSP include the following:

h. Serving the un-served urban poor / BPL population including the urban slums;

i. Serving the un-served public areas;

j. Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring;

k. Rehabilitation of existing facilities; and

l. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities

CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications in terms of

technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of

choices made depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance,

monitoring and evaluation.

Following section summarises the short term, medium term and long term plan for

Jhumritelaiya town.


Page 195 March 2016

Sector Short term (2017-2020)

Water supply

Finalization of DPR for water supply / completion of water

supply works

Detail survey of the town to identify water source

contamination points and mapping.

Augmentation of surface water source

Drainage network

Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network.

Desilting of existing drain.

Removal of encroachment from existing drains.

Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town

in the storm water drainage network.

Access to toilet

Detail survey of the town to identify actual coverage of

toilets.

Initiate IEC and awareness campaign

Conversion of single pit latrine to twin pit latrine

Conversion of insanitary latrine to sanitary latrine

100% coverage of individual toilets based on septic tanks

Construction of community toilets for slum areas and

urban poor

Construction of public toilet for existing floating population

Procurement of suction machines

Development of septage management site

Waste water management

100% on site sanitation coverage – individual and

community toilets.

Industrial effluent management.

Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/

septage from onsite sanitation facilities.

Solid waste management

Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste

collection efficiency for primary and secondary waste

collection.

Promote home composting.

100% collection of waste from bins.

100% transportation of waste to the dumping site.

Finalization of SWM DPR.


Page 196 March 2016

Sector Medium term (2020-2025)

Water supply

Finalization of water supply construction works.

Increasing number of water connections.

100% collection of water supply charges as per

new regulations provided by Government of

Jharkhand.

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

Initiate metering of water supply connections.

Drainage network

Integration of minor and major drains.

Detail topographic survey of the town.

Finalization of DPR for storm water system.

Finalize procurement of the maintenance

equipment

Construction of New Storm Water Drainage

system.

Access to toilet

100% coverage of individual toilets.

100% disposal of fecal sludge.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating

population


Preparation of DPR for extensive sewerage

system.

Finalization of collection & Conveyance System

Initiate the Treatment and Disposal mechanisms –

sewerage zone wise.

Initiation of sewerage network construction work.

Construction of DEWAT system for slum areas.


Initiate door to door waste collection system.

Segregation of waste at the dumping site.

Augmentation of waste collection and

transportation equipments and vehicle.

Formation of Customer complaint / Grievance

redressal Cell

Initiate waste collection charges.

Initiate works for transfer station and sanitary

landfill site.


Page 197 March 2016

Sector Long term (2025-2045)

Water supply

100% coverage of water supply connections

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

100% coverage of water supply meters.

24X7 water supply to households.

Drainage network

Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the

demands of developing city

Replacements of components as per the

maintenance plan

Source Control and Ground water recharge

initiatives to be developed for storm water drains.

Access to toilet

100% coverage of individual toilets.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating

population


Construction of centralized sewerage system

connected to households.

Initiate collection of sewer charges.

Augmentation of the sewerage system to meet the

demands of developing city.

Replacements of components as per the

maintenance plan


100% door to door waste collection.

Waste segregation at sources.

Scientific disposal and processing of waste at landfill

site.

Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in

collection of SWM charges

15.2 WAY FORWARD

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short, medium and

long term goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan by way of formulation

of project proposals in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs) and detailed project reports

(DPRs). Such project documents should conform to the relevant policy / programme /

scheme of both the state government and the central government to arrive at a techno-

economically feasible option, which would be most suitable for the town for in-time

implementation as well as sustainable operation and maintenance.

Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate the

steps needed to implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation Task

Force (CSTF) has already been formulated in the town comprising representatives from

CNP, officials of various department, representing various public stakeholders to sheer

implementation of the projects identified in the CSP document. CSTF will provides useful

platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public support and participation

during the development and implementation phase of various project identified in the CSP.


Page 198 March 2016

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town in

different locations and land requirement for each of the projects should be assessed and the

land parcels should be made available to the concern implementing agencies in advance. It

may be pertinent to mention that the provision of basic amenities in Jhumritelaiya is not just

important for environmental improvement but is also desired for improved health and

hygiene of residents and visitors and downstream towns using available water resources for

domestic purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first input into a long-term endeavor to rehabilitate

and later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation facilities in Jhumritelaiya.


Page 199 March 2016

ANNEXURE


Page 200 March 2016

Annexure 1: Stakeholder Consultation – City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)


Venue: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

Attendees: The discussion was held between various members of CSTF and representative

from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants

is provided in the following section:

1) CSTF Members (list is attached with signature)

2) Ms Daya Handa, SENES

3) Mr Maswood, SENES

The main points discussed during the meeting are highlighted in the following section

Stakeholder consultation with CSTF was organized in JNP chaired by Honorable Executive

Officer of Jhumritelaiya and Co-Chairman. Other key members were Hospital Secretary,

ward councilors, junior engineer, press representatives, school principals etc. The agenda of

the meeting was to appraise all the members regarding the status of the gathered

information, demand gap assessment projections for the next 30 years. In addition, all the

proposal and recommendations regarding the sanitation sectors were discussed with the

members. During the meeting their suggestions were sought and same are incorporated in

the draft report. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Information update for natural drains in Jhumritelaiya.

Status of crematoria and kabristan

Discussion on the location of proposed public toilets

Discussion on water supply issues such as low water pressure, illegal connections,

delay in construction of works etc.

Discussion of proposed drains and major water logging areas.

Information update for natural drains in the town.

Proposals for major drains and revitalization of the same.

Discussion of proposed solid waste disposal site and criteria for selection.

Location of proposed community and public toilets.

Ward wise list of BPL population.

Number of beds in all the hospitals and nursing homes along with biomedical waste

treatment system.

Organizational structure of JNP.

Availability of waste collection vehicles.


Page 201 March 2016


Page 202 March 2016

City sanitation task force formulation letter


Page 203 March 2016

List of the CSTF attendants


Page 204 March 2016


Page 205 March 2016


Page 206 March 2016

Newspaper publication for CSTF presentation


Page 207 March 2016


Page 208 March 2016

Proceeding of the meeting


Page 209 March 2016

Annexure 2: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation - with Nagar Parishad and

PHED

Date: 28th of July 2015

Venue: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad (JNP) Office, Jhumritelaiya

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from JNP, PHED and representative from



1) Mr U Singh, Chairman, JNP

2) Mr Executive Officer, JNP

3) Mr G Sharma, PHED

4) Md Masood, SENES

5) Ms G Bhagat, SENES

6) Mr. J Banerjee, SENES

The main points discussed during the meeting are highlighted in the following section:

A stakeholder consultation was organized with public representatives of Jhumritelaiya Nagar

Parishad. During the meeting representatives from SENES consultants appraised the brief of

the project and objectives to prepare the City Sanitation Plan to the officials. Detail data

checklist was also shared with them. All the officials cooperated with SENES team in

providing the secondary data. SENES team also conducted a reconnaissance survey of the

town with the officials. During the first town survey SENES team did the survey of its own.

However during the second town visit, Honourable Chairman of Jhumritelaiya provided a

staff member of JNP to support the SENES team in town survey and site visit. Key points

discussed during the meeting were as follows:

In spite of the ongoing strike in Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad, some of the data in

verbal form was shared with SENES team.

Town boundary map copy was there in the office, and provided to the team.

The officials from the JNP told the SENES team members about the history of the

town and the famous Tiliya dam on Damoder River is within 15 km from the heart of

the town.

We were informed that Jhumritelaiya has mix kind of economy based on agriculture,

industry and trading activities. The town is famous for production of Mica.

Information regarding the toilets in the houses was given to us, however no data

management is there for the same. Whatever the data was provided was based on

assumptions only.

Information regarding the natural ponds, their status and usage was also shared.

It was told that DPR for SWM has been prepared, however due to ongoing strike it

was not possible to get the copy of the same.

During the town visit key environmental sensitive areas visited were WTP, some

agriculture fields, major drains, dumping site, water logged areas, Khatal, slum area

etc.

Other areas visited during the survey were college, schools, health centres, ITI

institutes etc.

Waste management system in Jhumritelaiya and its shortcomings were also

discussed with the officials.


Page 210 March 2016

Information regarding the government and private schools and their location was

provided by the officials.

All the water supply related information was provided by officials of PHED. During the

meeting, the relevant information regarding the water supply system such as source

of water supply, schemes for water supply, OHTs and their capacities, water

connection charges, issues in water supply system, proposed works, ground water

levels, distribution network etc. was provided. The HHs connections for supply water

is very less as well as for operation and maintenance regarding the water supply

network is in poor condition because of shortage of manpower

Issues for data collection and survey

No authentic map made on GIS or Auto Cad software is available with NP, only hand

drawn maps are available which are not as per the scale.

Apart from base map, no other infrastructure map or utility map such as water supply

map, drainage map, location of bins or dumpsite was available with NP or PHED.

Length of the kutcha/ pucka/ open / closed drains is not available with NP.

Quantity of waste generation, characterization report and physical property report for

waste in the town is not available with the officials.

There is no data in written form available with Nagar Parishad, all the data provided

to SENES was in verbal form.

During the town visit, Nagar Parishad Strike was there, due to which SENES team

was not able to get the data from officials.

Number of individual toilets is not available with NP, data provided was based on

assumption only.


Page 211 March 2016

Annexure 3: Key points of town survey – with Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad officials

Date: 18th August, 2015

Venue: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad (JNP), Jhumritelaiya

Attendees: The survey was conducted by SENES team member and official from JNP.

Key areas surveyed during the town visit were:

All the public toilets in the town and their condition with respect to cleanliness,

privacy and availability of water.

Survey of the natural ponds in the town and their condition pertaining to constructed

steps, surrounding land use, activity in the ponds etc.

Survey of the water treatment plan and intake point at River Barakar.

Survey of the slum area and availability of infrastructure such as drainage, stand

posts, toilet, waste management etc.

Survey of the market area to check the status of street sweeping, availability of road

side bins, public toilets and drainage system.

Visit to dumping sites located at bypass road and tiliya basti.

Visit to Khatal and discussion with the local people regarding the use of dairy waste.


Page 212 March 2016

Consultation at PHED Discussion with Mica Processing units in JNP

Consultation with JNP officials Consultation with Executive officer, JNP

Discussion with co chairman Consultation with councilors


Page 213 March 2016

Survey at bypass wast dump Survey at public toilet

Survey at water logged area – Azad Mohalla Survey at by pass for drain requirement


Page 214 March 2016

Annexure 4: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation – Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad

Date: 31st August – 1st September, 2015

Venue: Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad officials




1) Mr Jitender Kumar, Executive Officer, JNP

2) Mr Santosh Kumar, Co-Chairman, JNP

3) Ward Councilors for 28 wards, JNP

4) Mr Rajuram, Sanitary Supervisor, JNP

5) Mr Bhagirath, SENES



A stakeholder consultation was organized with public representatives of JNP. The agenda of

the meeting was to gather all the ward wise information for sanitation aspects. Issues and

requirement for future years with respect to toilet coverage, drainage, sewerage, solid waste,

crematoria, dhobi ghat etc. were also discussed during the meeting. SENES team also

conducted a detail survey of the city with the officials. Honourable Executive Officer and

Chairman of Jhumritelaiya supported SENES team for data collection. Various councilors

and junior engineer of JNP accompanied SENES team to visit the environmental sensitive

areas of Jhumritelaiya. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Honourable Executive Officer of Jhumritelaiya provided the information SBM status in

Jhumritelaiya and targeted individual and community toilets to be constructed in the

current year.

Data for ward wise industries in town and product manufacture was also provided to

the team.

Details regarding the various operating schemes for urban poor and slums in

Jhumritelaiya.

Detail of ward wise availability of ponds and their status in terms of surrounding

activities, use of pond and ownership of ponds were given.

Availability of public stand post and hand pumps in the town.

Solid waste generation in Jhumritelaiya and existing collection, transportation,

treatment and disposal system.

Apart from getting new data from JNP, data gathered during the previous visit was

also verified from the officials.

Rag pickers available in town and their role in waste segregation.


Page 215 March 2016

Annexure 5: Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation – with PHED

Date: 29th September, 2015

Venue: PHED Office, Jhumritelaiya




1) Mr Ganpati Sharma, PHED, Jhumritelaiya


3) Mr Rajnish Kumar, SENES


A stakeholder consultation was organised with public representatives of JNP and officials of

PHED at PHED office, Jhumritelaiya. The agenda of the meeting was to gather information

about the existing status of drinking water availability and proposed ongoing projects for

supplying water to Jhumritelaiya Nagar Parishad. The major issues discussed were source

of water supply, augmentation of new WTP, storage facilities of water, distribution of water

supply and time line of completion of the project. SENES team also conducted a detail

survey of the town with the officials. Key points discussed during the meeting were as

follows:

Officials of PHED provided detail information of drinking water supply status of

Jhumritelaiya. They informed that River Barakar is the source of water supply in

Jhumritelaiya.

During meeting it was told that the ongoing project is delayed from its target time line

The main reason of delay is revision in the cost estimates for intake point at River

Barakar, therefore work for the same was stopped by the private contractor.

Once the said project is completed, it will fulfil the demand of JNP.

Information regarding the number of water connection and ground water scenario.

Information regarding the construction work of OHT.

Discussion on demand for future for water supply.


Page 216 March 2016

Annexure 6: Stakeholder Consultation – Slum dwellers, Mica processing units and

local residents

Date: 1st September, 2015

Venue: Various locations of Jhumritelaiya

Attendees: The discussion was held between slum dwellers and representative from



1) Group of slum dwellers, Jhumritelaiya


3) Mr Bhagirath, SENES


A stakeholder consultation was organised with local residents of the town. The agenda of the

meeting was to gather all information related to availability of infrastructure for water supply,

toilets, drainage, waste water disposal etc. Various councilors and sanitary supervisor of

JNP accompanied SENES team to visit the environmental sensitive areas of Jhumritelaiya.

Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Survey of water logging areas and discussion on requirement of drains.

Availability of public toilet and status of toilets being constructed under SBM.

Survey of open defecation area in town.

Survey of drain with residents.

Discussion on willingness to pay for community toilets.

Discussion for water availability and piped water connection in slums.

Discussion on waste generated at mica processing units and their management


Page 217 March 2016

Annexure 7: Stakeholder Consultation – Health Institutions


Venue: Various hospitals and nursing homes of Jhumritelaiya

Attendees: The discussion was held between hospital staff and representative from SENES

Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is provided in


1) Doctor & Nursing staff (Private, 7-8 hospitals/nursing homes), Jhumritelaiya


3) Mr Maswood, SENES


A stakeholder consultation was organised with hospital staff of Jhumritelaiya and private

nursing homes in Jhumritelaiya. The agenda of the meeting was to gather all information for

sanitation aspects like safe disposal of medical waste and related issues. SENES team also

conducted a detail survey of the town with the officials of JNP to find out the ongoing

practice for disposal of bio medical waste. Key points discussed during the meeting were as

follows:

The major source of generation of Bio medical waste is private nursing home which

provides all type of surgical facility and inpatient facility.

No proper waste management is available to deal with bio medical waste in JNP.

SENES team also visited the waste disposal site in one of the private hospital

Most of the nursing home throw their Bio medical waste in open place near by their

location.

It was observed that there is no tie up of the health facilities with any biomedical

waste treatment company.

There is absolute lack of awareness among the hospital staff regarding the safe

disposal of waste.

There is no segregation of waste in the hospitals.


Page 218 March 2016

Annexure 8: Details of the treatment process

Sewage/ Wastewater Treatment Technologies

1. Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

Technology: The most common process used for municipal wastewater treatment is the

activated sludge process, tested and proven technology over 7-8 decades across the World.

Widely practices in Indian conditions.

Energy requirement: High

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)

2. Trickling Filters

Technology: A proven technology, in use for more than 100 years across the World. A

trickling filter or bio-filter consists of a basin or tower filled with support media such as

stones, plastic shapes, or wooden slats. Commonly practiced in India Industrial towns /

industries.

Energy requirement: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: moderately High (double than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high, better if combined with ASP)

3. BIOFOR (Biological Filtration & Oxygenated Reactor) Technology

Technology: A two stage high rate filtration method through a biologically active media and

high rate filtration. The primary treatment system is enhanced with addition of coagulants

and flocculants. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan has not yielded very

satisfactory performance for various managerial failures / setback.

Energy requirement: High (almost double than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High capital cost (require less numbered

skilled manpower)


Page 219 March 2016

Land requirements: Moderately low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Gas generation through post treatment of primary sludge)

4. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process

Technology: UASB is an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge and

suspended in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed by

the anaerobic microorganisms. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan /

Ganga Action Plan have not yielded satisfactory performance for various technical

(particularly for non-availability of required BOD level in sewage) & managerial failures /

setback.

Energy requirement: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require moderately skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low (comparable to ASP), but moderately high (with

polishing tank, require to improve efficiency)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high for gas recovery); however, require re-

aeration for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse.

5. Fluidized Bed Reactor

Technology: Aerobic fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) are used as a new technology in

wastewater treatment in small Sewage Treatment Plants for treating decentralized city

wastewater, industrial sewage treatment plant from food waste, paper waste and chemical

waste etc. Success rate is satisfactory in India, particularly for small scale plants / units.

Energy requirement: High (Slightly lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (50% higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high)

6. Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)


Page 220 March 2016

Technology: In this process, the raw sewage free from debris and grit shall be taken up for

biological treatment for removal of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus. In this form, the

sequences of fill, aeration, settle and decant are consecutively and continuously operated all

in the same tank. No secondary clarifier system is required to concentrate the sludge in the

reactor. The return sludge is recycled and the surplus is wasted from the basin itself. The

technology is gaining popularity in India, however, demand high technical and managerial

skill for O&M.

Energy requirement: High (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (Lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)

Low Cost Options:

7. Waste Stabilization Ponds

Technology: Waste water stabilization pond technology is one of the most important natural

methods for wastewater treatment. Waste stabilization ponds are mainly shallow man-made

basins comprising a single or several series of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds.

The treatment is achieved through natural disinfection mechanisms. It is particularly well

suited for tropical and subtropical countries because the intensity of the sunlight and

temperature are key factors for the efficiency of the removal processes. It is simple to

construct and maintain. This is one of the most commonly practiced technology in India

since introduction of wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however losing its

popularity due to constraints in getting required land parcel.

Energy requirement: Negligible

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (not require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Very High (3 to 4 times of ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Lowest (Periodical maintenance of ponds required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse (if followed by fishing

tanks)

8. Aerated Lagoons

Technology : In this system, the mechanical - biological purification of the waste water takes

place in one or more aerated lagoons according to the size of the plant, which are followed

by an non-aerated sedimentation and polishing pond. This is also one of the practiced


Page 221 March 2016

technology in India since introduction of wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the

country, however not being practiced commonly at present as it requires large land parcel.

Energy requirement: Moderately Low (comparable to UASB)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Low (require semi-skilled manpower)

Land requirements: High

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low


tanks)

9. Oxidation Ponds

Technology: Oxidation Ponds are also known as stabilization ponds or lagoons. They are

used for simple secondary treatment of sewage effluents. Oxidation ponds also tend to fill,

due to the settling of the bacterial and algal cells formed during the decomposition of the

sewage. Overall, oxidation ponds tend to be inefficient and require large holding capacities

and long retention times. This is another practiced technology in India since introduction of

wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however not being practiced

commonly at present as it also requires moderately large land parcel.

Energy requirement: Moderately Low

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately Low (require semi-skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately High (less than Waste stabilisation pond)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low (Comparable to Lagoons)


tanks)

10. Karnal Technology

Technology: The Karnal Technology involves growing tree on ridges 1m wide and 50cm high

wand disposing of the untreated sewage in furrows. The amount of the sewage/ effluents to

be disposed-off, generally depends upon the age, type of plants, climatic conditions, soil

texture and quality of effluents.

Though most of the plants are suitable for utilizing the effluents, yet, those tree species

which are fast growing can transpire high amounts of water and are able to with stand high

moisture content in the root environment are most suitable for such purposes. Eucalyptus is

one such species, which has the capacity to transpire large amounts of water, and remains


Page 222 March 2016

active throughout the year. Not being practiced in urban sector in India at present, due to

very large land requirement.

Energy requirement: NIL

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (Except land cost) (not require

skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Highest

Annualised (O&M) cost: Very Low (Periodical land & plant management required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (through marketing wood & wood products)


Page 223 March 2016

Annexure 9: Population data for new wards


Page 224 March 2016

Annexure 10: Ward wise BPL survey data

City Sanitation Plans (Draft) - UDHD, Jharkhand

Documents

Transcript of City Sanitation Plans (Draft) - UDHD, Jharkhand