City Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad - UDHD, Jharkhand

Submitted to

JHARKHAND URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. (JUIDCO)

Prepared by

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company)

March 2016

City Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad

JUIDCO City Sanitation Plan – Hussainabad

Page ii March 2016

List of Abbreviations

APL : Above Poverty Line

AUDA : Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority

BCC : Behaviour Change Communication

BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BPL : Below Poverty Line

CAPEX : Capital expenditures

CBO : Community Based Organisation

CC : Community Level Composting

CDP : City Development Plan

COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

COE : Centre of Excellence

CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO : Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CSP : City Sanitation Plan

CSR : Corporate Social Responsibility

CSTF : City Sanitation Task Force

CSTL : Community/citizen Led Total Sanitation

CWR : Clear Water Reservoir

DEWATS : Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System

DI : Ductile Iron

DO : Dissolved Oxygen

DPR : Detailed Project Report

DRDA : District Rural Development Authority

DW&SD : Drinking Water & Sanitation Department

EO : Executive Officer

ESMF : Environmental and Social Management Framework

FGC : Focus Group Discussion

FGD : Focus Group Discussion

FR : Feasibility Report

GIS : Geographical Information System

GoI : Government of India

HHs : House Holds


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HNP : Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat

HPEC : High Powered Expert Committee

IEC : Information, Education and Communication

IHHL : Individual Household Toilet

IHSDP : Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme

JSPCB : Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board

JUIDCO : Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd

LPCD : Litre per capita per day

mbgl : Meter below Ground Level

MGD : Millions Gallons per Day

MLD : Millions Liters Per Day

MODWS : Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

MoEF : Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India

MoUD : Ministry of Urban Development

MoWR,RD&GR : Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga

Rejuvenation

MPN : Most Probable Number

MSW : Municipal Solid Waste

MT : Metric Ton

NBC : National Building Code

NGO : Non-Governmental Organisation

NGRBA : National Ganga River Basin Authority

NH : National Highway

NP : Nagar Panchayat

NRCD : National River Conservation Directorate

NRCP : National River Conservation Plan

NRW : Non-Revenue Water

NUSP : National Urban Sanitation Policy

O&M : Operation and Maintenance

O&M : Operation and Maintenance

ODF : Open Defecation Free

OHT : Over Head Tank

OPEX : Operating Expenses


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OSS : On site sanitation

PHED : Public Health Engineering Department

PMAY : Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna

PPE : Personal Protective Equipment

PPP : Public Private Partnership

RDF : Refuse Derived Fuel

SBM : Swachh Bharat Mission

SBM-U : Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban

SC : Schedule Caste

SCP : Secondary Collection Point

SDI : Spatial Data Infrastructure

SLB : Service Level Benchmark

SPCBs : State Pollution Control Boards

Sq Km : Square Kilometre

Sq. km : Square kilometre

Sqm : Square Meter

ST : Schedule Tribe

STP : Sewage Treatment Plant

SWD : Storm Water Drainage

SWM : Solid Waste Management

TGA : Thermogravimetric Analysis

TPD : Ton Per Day

UIDSSMT : Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium

Towns

ULB : Urban Local Body

VC : Vermi Composting

VGF : Viability Gap Funding

VSS : Volatile Solids

WTP : Water Treatment Plant


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Hussainabad provides an integrated action plan to achieve

universal sanitation access as envisioned in Government of India’s National Urban Sanitation

Policy (NUSP). To address the sanitation issues of different Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the

state and in line with the Government policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure

Development Co. Ltd., Ranchi (JUIDCO), has prepared the City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for

24 towns of Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns and Cluster 3 with

14 towns. Hussainabad town falls under cluster 3 in Palamu district.

The CSP identifies issues, priorities and action plan for five major sanitation components and

other related components. The major components are i) water supply, ii) access to toilet, iii)

waste water management, iv) storm water drainage and v) solid waste management. In

addition to these, other components like crematoria, ponds, river front, slums and caracas

disposal identified under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme were

also studied. During the preparation of CSP, city sanitation task force (CSTF) was constituted

and all the major discussions and decisions were appraised to them and their suggestions and

concerns were incorporated in the final CSP report.

The study also incorporated detail analysis of current policies and guidelines available for

preparation of CSP and funding of the CSP projects so that the final document adhere to the

Government of India (GoI) and Government of Jharkhand vision. Important documents

assessed for the study were National urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Guidelines for

preparation of project reports under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme, The Municipal Solid Waste (Management

and Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules), Swatch Bharat Mission guidelines, Hazardous

Waste Management Rules 2008, The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,

2011, Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna or

Housing for All scheme and Jharkhand Water Policy.

Town Profile

Hussainabad is a small town and located on the border of Jharkhand & Bihar. Hussainabad

town is located in Hussainabad block of Hussainabad sub-division. Hussainabad is the largest

town of the Hussainabad

block and is also known as

Japla Hussainabad is class III

town spread over an area of

12.54 sq. km distributed in 13

administrative wards with total

population of 29,241 as per

Census of India 2011. The

River Sone flows north

western side of the town about

5 km away and surrounded by

villages from rest of the sides.

The population is projected

using three statistical


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methods viz. Arithmetic Progression Method, Incremental Increase Method and Geometric

Progression Method. All these different methods have different scope of applicability,

depending upon the size and age of the town, current population of the town, population

growth pattern for last few decades and future anticipated growth. Different methods give

different accuracy level for population projection and it is difficult to use one single method as

accurate. Therefore, to project the future population of Hussainabad town, average values

obtained from projecting population by the above three methods are recommended in the

present context. The projected population for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045 is 31,734; 38,190

and 54,569 respectively for Hussainabad.

As per the information available from nagar panchayat, approximately 30% to 35% (i.e. 8,773

to 10,235) people in Hussainabad are below poverty level. Ward wise data for the same have

not available nagar panchayat. There are total 8 slums identifies by Hussainabad Nagar

Panchayat with total population of 3,086 with average HH size is about 6 persons. Total slum

households in the town are 619 scattered throughout the town area. . Almost 11% of the

population is residing in slum area.

Sanitation sectors

1. Water supply

Water supply in HNP consist of ground water and surface water supply. Ground water - There

are 273 hand pumps installed by the NP in the town area as information gathered from NP

officials, although there are a numbers of private hand pump installed (about 975 – 1000 nos.)

by the individuals / household owner. Mostly hand pumps are installed near the slum areas

and the areas without piped water connections. In the fringe areas of the town, water from

wells is also used for drinking purpose.

Surface water - River Sone is the only reliable surface water source available in Hussainabad.

HNP need to ensure that uninterrupted power supply is available to raw water intake well,

WTP and pump house for proper running of the intermittent water supply system. One Water

Treatment Plant of 3.0 MLD capacity located at Deorikala Panchayat of Hussainabad block

has been constructed in 2005. There is 1 no Elevated Surface Reservoir in the Nagar

Panchayat area (capacity 3.8 lakhs liters at ward no. 5). The treated water is being supplied

to only nine wards out of thirteen wards. The total distribution system comprise of DI K-7 pipes.

The diameters varies from 200 mm dia. to 100 mm dia. Presently, water is distributed via one

overhead tank situated at ward no 8. At present total 783 number of water connections are

there i.e. is only 15% of the total HHs (2015 projected HHs) in HNP.

As per the water quantity being supplied and number of connections in Hussainabad, 80 lpcd

of water is provided. Water supply is intermittent; typically, water is supplied twice a day. The

duration varies from 2 hours, both in the morning and evening.

Key issues: The existing drawl from the surface water source, River Sone, is inadequate to

meet the present requirements of Hussainabad habitants and augmentation is essential to

meet the future demand. Other major issues are, HNP has not yet initiated collection of revised

water charges for new connections as per the notification of state government in April 2015,

shortage of permanent man power and technical staff within DW&SD as most of the O&M staff

are on daily rated basis, tendency of making illegal connections from rising main is very severe

in the town and water supply duration in HNP is only 2 hours a day distributed in morning and

evening hours. Less duration of water supply results in to dissatisfaction amongst the


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consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people commitment for getting new connections,

water theft, less revenue generation as there is no metering system etc.

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 liter per capita per

day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 8.47

MLD. It is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant i.e. 8.5 MLD is sufficient to meet

the demand of 2045 population.

Water supply section has been assessed to get the status of existing water supply scenario

and future proposals. Water supply has direct impact on the sanitation and sewerage sectors,

therefore it decides the type of strategy to be planned for future years.

2. Storm Water Drainage System

In Hussainabad, the existing storm water drainage system town is in miserable condition The

storm water drainage system consists of natural drainage system / nallah and major drains of

the town. There are roadside open drains either pucca or kutcha. Open drains are available

along all most entire road network of the town. These drains are presently discharging both

storm water and waste water to major drains of town and then meets with Hadhi nallah, which

finally meet river Sone, and in some cases there are outfalls into the local ponds or open fields.

Hussainabad has two major drainage basins within the town. The town has undulating

topography with major part sloping towards Hadhi Nallah. All the storm water and waste water

flowing into the tertiary drains meets directly to Hadhi Nallah. Hadhi Nallah drains out all the

water into River Sone flowing north western side of the town Due to its undulating topography,

water logging is not a major issue in Hussainabad, however, Absence of proper drainage

facility in some of the wards e.g. ward number 1, 2, 5, 9, 11 and 13, causes water logging

situation in open pits, vacant land parcels and overflowing of ponds.

Key issues: Some of the key issues for storm water drainage system in Hussainabad, Lack

of periodic maintenance of drainage causes choking of drains and water-logging. Carrying

capacity of the existing canals/drains has decreased due to heavy silt deposition, discharge

of solid wastes in the canals/drains and growth of vegetation in the canals/drains. Storm water

drains of HNP have converted into waste water carrying drains, flowing of waste water into

natural drains and Hadhi Nallah which finally meet River Sone, leading to degradation of river

and contamination of water and absence of proper and efficient storm water drainage system

in the town.

Key Recommendations: As per the contours, natural drainage pattern and topography of

Hussainabad, the entire town has been divided into two drainage districts. Drainage district I

is towards western & north-western part; whereas Drainage district II is central & south eastern

part of the town where Hadhi nallah is the primary drainage channel and most of the storm

water drains out here.

To improve the drainage system in the town, there is urgent need to strengthen the existing

storm water network. To make the drain cleaning sustainable and scientific, a system need to

be planned, which can keep the drains clean and prevent Hadhi nallah water from getting

polluted. De-silting and dredging followed by plantation of trees and shrubs has been proposed

for all along the natural drains. Alignment of the drains, desilting of drains is necessary to avoid

the overflowing of the drains. Apart from strengthening of existing system, there is a need to

construct major drains in the ward number 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13; Rain water harvesting

for utilizing the primary source of water and preventing the run off from going to the storm


Page viii March 2016

water drains should be encouraged. Recharging of the ground water using appropriate

technology should be done for Hussainabad.

3. Access to Toilet

Sanitation status and access to toilet is poor in HNP. In absence of underground sewerage

system, the sanitation systems are septic tank based. Some of the households in town have

individual toilets whereas most of the slum and non-slum households defecate in open.

Currently Onsite Sanitation System (OSS) prevails in Hussainabad town whereby sewage is

collected and disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of underground

sewerage system. All the individual toilets and public toilet block in Hussainabad are based

on OSS system. Pour flush toilet connected to septic tank is the predominant mode of toilets

in households. There are approximate 2,668 individual toilets in Hussainabad town i.e. 51%

(45.1% as per census 2011) and rest 49% (54.9 % as per the census 2011) of the households

are dependent on public toilets or defecate in open. Septic tank is cleaned only after it gets

filled and the sludge from septic tank is dumped ward no. 6 near railway crossing and 7 near

Japla Choube. HNP has two functional suction machine and one time cleaning charges are

Rs. 2,500. Manual scavenging is also practiced in some areas and many households take the

services of private labour for cleaning of septic tank sludge.

There is no community toilet in HNP for slum population and BPL population as of now.

Construction of 2 new community toilets is proposed under SBM. HNP records indicate that

there is public toilets are located two numbers at Patel Chowk near Japla railway station in

ward no. 2, Bus Stand in ward no. 10 and near Agro Park/Abdul Kalam Market in ward no.4.

Due to lack of individual toilet system in a large part of HNP and also due to lack of community

toilets, practice of open defecation prevails in whole of the town. Almost all schools and all

government offices are equipped with toilet facility in town. Survey and discussions also

indicate that willingness to pay for using public and community toilets is present. There is

utmost need to create awareness through IEC activities, to motivate people to stop open

defecation so as to make HNP open defecation free (ODF).

Key issues: Status of access to toilet is at very poor stage in Hussainabad. Some of the key

issues are high percentage of people defecate in open (approx. 49%), absence of awareness

among people with respect to environmental implication of open defecation, houses in the

slum areas do not have space to construct the toilet, use of in-sanitary toilets mostly in slums

and by the BPL families, absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance of public

and community toilet and low water supply and non-availability of water for sanitation

discourage use of toilet facilities.

Key Recommendations

To make the system more efficient, de-sludging of septic tanks should be done every 2 -

3 years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and cleaning

of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in the

morning hours.

Proper signage navigating to the public toilet should be there.


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Female attendant should be available to promote the use of toilet by female slum / BPL

/floating population.

To make the toilets more usable and environment friendly, odour control / ventilation / day

lighting / solar lighting etc. and child friendly parameters should be adopted.

To improve the aesthetic value of the both community and public toilets, appropriate

landscaping with gardening (based on the availability of land) or tree plantation should be

planned.

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at affordable and agreed

rates should be considered by the HNP / private operator.

Litter bins should be provided near the hand wash stations.

All the toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned regularly with toilet cleanser /

disinfectant and should be wiped properly after every uses.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes, mops, etc.)

and health safety gear.

Suggestion box / compliant filing register should be maintained in every toilet block.

Location of community toilets should be easily accessible, particularly by the physically

challenged people and at walkable distance from the settlements.

Demand gap Analysis

Total of 2,298 individual toilets need to be constructed with 20% targeted to be completed

every year. SBM has already been launched in Hussainabad town and 224 toilets have been

approved for the first year. 20 community toilets (6 seat per toilet block) need to be constructed

in Hussainabad, with 52 seats for men and 67 for women. Between the period 2015 and 2019,

proposed toilet blocks will be constructed in phase wise manner. There are almost 8 slum

pockets in Hussainabad lacking toilet facilities. Location of identified places for construction of

community toilets are will be near all the slum pockets to be identified by the HNP officials.

Being a district town Hussainabad attracts large number of population from nearby villages

and towns. Key locations lacking in public toilet facility are Gandhi Chowk Market in ward no.

5, Weekly Bazar in ward no. 6 & 8 and near Chatt Pokhra in ward no. 5. Currently, 1 public

toilet blocks are required and 2 more toilet blocks would be required between 2025 and 2045.

4. Sewerage System

Hussainabad town does not have organized sewerage system in the town to collect and treat

the sewage generation in the town. There is no separate system for waste water and waste

water collection in the town as of now. All the waste water from the households (grey water)

flows into the open drains. There are open drain (pucca), covered drain (pucca) and kutchha

drains. It is observed during the site visit that the existing temporary drainage arrangement

require extensive repair and up-gradation work. The drains should have enough capacities in

town to cater the surface runoff of maximum rainfall of two year return period frequency.

Surface runoff quantity has to be worked out based on rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient and

travel time to design drains in the town.

Current drainage system comprises of open/covered drains (pucca drain, kutchha drain)

constructed in a haphazard way to meet temporary local conditions in different parts of the


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town mainly built on as required and fund availability. As per census of India 2011,

approximately 73 % of the town is covered by drainage system, of which 57.5% open and

15.5% are covered drains; and rest 27% of the town has no drainage system.

Besides that many households having pit latrines (2.4%) or not having septic tanks facility for

the flush/ pour flush latrines (3.0%) discharges the effluent directly into the existing drains or

open plots. Approximately, 39.1 % households having septic tank connected to flush/ pour

flush latrines system do not clean the septic tank regularly as a result septic tank overflow and

direct raw sewage flows into nearby drains. Many septic tanks do not have soak pits and few

are in dilapidated condition with the top slabs and pipes broken.

In Hussainabad, major quantum of sewage generated from the town finds its way into the road

side drains, which ultimately dispose waste water into nallah nallah flowing south eastern part

to north western part of the town. The discharge of untreated sewage in to river increasing

organic loads, and thus affect water quality and harmful to human and ecological health.

Key Issues: Due to absence of sewerage and sewage disposal system. The conservancy

system of sanitation, in other words, the rudimentary method of manual collection and disposal

of night soil in trenching grounds still prevails in the town. Apart from the sewerage system,

the town is not having proper drainage system which is essential service of the town. With the

result, the waste water which comes from NP area is over flowing towards the adjacent road

or sometimes low lying areas and meets with Hadhi nallah. Even though some areas are

having proper drainage system, they are enduring by the poor maintenance of the NP

authority. Septage treatment and safe disposal are not practiced and also at present there is

no reuse and recycling of waste water in Hussainabad NP.

Waste water demand projection

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd day (2020

onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 7.37 MLD. Current water

demand is based on existing per capita supply of 80 lpcd. It has been assumed that by year

2025, water supply infrastructure work will be completed and per capita supply will increase

to 135 lpcd. As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, waste water

generation is 80% of water supply along with 15% of ground water infiltration, hence total

waste generation till the year 2045 would be 6.8 MLD.

Recommendation

Short term / interim measures

Conversion of single pit latrine to double pit (leach pit), construction of new toilets to cover

100% households and disposal of grey water are the focused area under initial phase of

planning. More than 49% people resort to open defecation in Hussainabad town; increasing

the sanitation coverage from existing 51% to 100 % should be taken on priority basis.

Household having insanitary latrine are required to upgrade their toilets and connect to septic

tank with soak pits or construct a twin pit system for disposal of fecal sludge.

Sludge removal and proper septage collection and disposal is also part of the sanitation

system improvement. As per the national Building Code (NBC) of India, septic tanks should

be de-sludged as often as every year. As per the general good practice tanks should be

cleaned after every 2 years or so (standard practice in India). Records of de-sludging should


Page xi March 2016

be maintained to get the idea of next round of cleaning. The records should include location

of the tank or pit, septage characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage

removed and name of the house owner. For the twin pit system removal of material can be

done manually after keeping the pit undisturbed for a year to eighteen month. The removed

dried sludge can be used in gardens or agriculture fields or can be dumped at septage

management site. Treated waste water should be discharged into the river only after meeting

the water quality standards as prescribed by CPCB and SPCB.

Long term

After Hussainabad achieve the per capita water supply of 135 liters and majority of the people

have access to toilet, all the waste water (black and grey) generating units such as individual,

public and community toilets, bathroom and kitchen can be connected to sewer network. A

Sewage treatment plant of capacity 7.0 MLD has been proposed for Hussainabad town. The

capacity of sewerage treatment plant has been designed for the horizon year 2045.

The general topography of the town is undulating, therefore, conventional sewerage system

establishment would be a feasible option for Hussainabad in long term. In addition,

improvement in per capita water supply and availability of power supply would support the

optimum functioning of the treatment facility. Based on the Hussainabad topography, town has

been divided into two parts i.e. Zone I and Zone II. Two alternative options are recommended

for long term sewerage system setup. Under the option I, Conventional sewage treatment

system has been proposed for Hussainabad having capacity 7 MLD. Grey and black water

generated from town will be collected by the sewerage system and transported to STPs for

treatment. However, the only concern for this option is that sewage from central and eastern

part of zone I and central part of zone II has to be pumped or may provide syphon due to

sewer network crossing the road, canal and railway. Under option II, Zone I would have the

conventional STP 6 MLD to be located along the bank of Hadhi nallah. All the waste water

generated in zone I would be tapped via sewer lines and will be transported to STP for disposal

and treatment. As the slope of the town is towards Hadhi nallah, the sewage would flow with

gravity, but there are proposed two numbers pumping station to crossing the railway line.

Waste water conveyance system options are provided in following section, conventional

sewerage system along with zonal network and ‘decentralised’ treatment option is also

feasible for Hussainabad. However, the town authorities may also look into feasible low cost

options for development of sewerage system.

5. Solid Waste Management System

Based on site visit and discussion with ULB officials it is understood that, the two tractors

available with HNP and are making 4 - 5 trips a day carrying solid waste from the town to the

designated dumpsite at Bhatti Mahalla in ward no. 6 near railway crossing and 7 near Japla

Choube. There is no weighbridge available at dumpsite; therefore no records exists for the

quantum of solid waste transferred daily to the dumpsite. In the absence of any records, the

waste generated in Hussainabad has been assumed based on waste generation estimates

derived from secondary sources.

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5

million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation

rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with population


Page xii March 2016

below 2,00,000. As per the India Infrastructure Report 2006, Hussainabad is a Class II town

and the per capita waste generation is 255 gm/capita/day. Therefore, with a projected

population of 31,734 in the current year, Hussainabad should be generating 8 Tons per day

(TPD).

Waste generation projection for Hussainabad town has been done based on the projected

population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been assumed that per capita

solid waste generated in Hussainabad will increase with growth rate of 1.3 percent per

annum1. Waste generation projected for year 2020 (Short term), 2025 (mid-term) and 2045

(long term) is 9 TPD, 11 TPD and 21 TPD respectively.

There is no door to door collection system and source segregation of waste in the town. About

3 - 5 containers totaling more than 40 - 50 nos. are available in HNP and are kept at different

locations throughout the town area. Primarily waste is stored in bins, from where waste is

transported to dumping site. There is no transfer station in the town for secondary storage of

waste. To transport the waste from roads and bins, HNP has two tractors and four hired from

outside. Waste from road side bins is generally picked up once in every days in a week. There

is no treatment facility or scientific disposal of waste in HNP area. There are three waste

dumping sites situated in ward no. 6 near railway crossing and 7 near Japla Choube, also

vacant plots or on the banks the Hadhi nallah.

Apart from municipal waste other category of waste have also been assessed to provide a

comprehensive waste management solution for Hussainabad As per standard, approximately

1.25kg/bed of hospital waste is generated per day inclusive of biomedical waste being

approximately 0.380 kg/bed/day. Biomedical waste need to be handled as per Biomedical

Waste Management and Handling rules 1998. There is one primary health center (PHC) and

5 (five) private nursing homes in Hussainabad. As discussed with the PHC officials, no proper

waste management is available to deal with bio medical waste in HNP.

Key issues in waste management system of Hussainabad are acute shortage of man power;

mixing of waste is a common phenomenon in HNP, which has been observed not only at

dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the biomedical waste and slaughter waste

is getting mixed with municipal waste; loading and unloading of waste is done manually, and

safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any personal protective equipment (PPE),

dumping of solid waste in ward no. 6 near railway crossing and 7 near Japla Choube, also

vacant plots or on the banks the Hadhi nallah.

Recommendation: To improve the SWM system in Hussainabad key areas require attention

are collection, segregation, transportation, disposal and processing of waste. Primary

collection will include tricycle rickshaws and auto tippers to collect waste from households and

commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto tipper shall be adjusted on-site

depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc. The waste from the 8 identified slums

in Hussainabad shall be collected in community bins. The waste collected through primary

collection shall be transferred to the secondary collection point (SCP), comprising of

platform/ramp over which containers are placed. MSW at every SCP shall be stored in covered

containers of required capacity, which shall be lifted by dumper placer. The size of container

and frequency of lifting shall be decided at the DPR stage by the ULB. The waste shall be

transported from the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the new proposed treatment

1 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page xiii March 2016

plant in ward no.6. Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste from vegetable

markets/haats and major construction sites. Source segregation is also targeted for the town

in the long term measures to attain 100% processing of waste and cost recovery from waste.

As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with population below

100,000 including peri-urban areas generating less than 30 TPD waste with 30 to 65% of

biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation, composting (VC/CC) and RDF

preparation is considered as the most suitable technological option for management of MSW.

Development of regional landfill along with other cities/ towns in the region can be other option

for Hussainabad. The capital cost for development of landfill is quite high; therefore it is not

advisable for developing a decentralized landfill facility for HNP.

Other key measure apart from development of physical infrastructure is compliant redressal

cell with minimum of two (2) operational dedicated phone lines for receiving customer calls /

complaints and generating awareness among the citizens regarding the environmental

concerns associated with waste mismanagement.

6. River Front Development

Hussainabad town is not situated on the banks of any river. River, Sone is flows more than 5

km off the town in the north western side. The river is a tributary of river Ganga and finally

discharging to river Ganga. The intake well of the WTP is constructed / proposed on the river

bed to fetch raw water for piped water supply system of the town. The natural drains carrying

storm water mixed with waste water are finally discharging in the river at Budhua village of

Hussainabad block. Hence, the river has significance for the infrastructural development of

the town.

As the town is not situated on river banks, no proposal for river front development &

management is proposed in the CSP. However, proposals for development of Crematoria,

Dhobi ghat, management of cattle and dairy waste, Caracas disposal etc. are proposed in the

CSP in chapter no. 9 and 11, which are considered as components of RFD&M as per the

NGRBA programme Framework / Guidelines for project preparation under NRCD / NGRBA.

7. Crematoria

In Hussainabad town, there is one concretised crematorium located at ward number 9 along

the Hadhi nallah and one another crematorium (kutcha) at ward no 4, but not a fixed location.

Approximately 4 - 5 dead bodies are burnt per month. As observed during field visits, one

cremation consumes approximates 250 to 350 Kg of wood generating approximately 300 Kg

of ash per month. No waste management facility is available at the crematoria and waste

generated such as ashes, flowers, clothes etc. are thrown along the bank of Hadhi nallah.

Key issues at the crematoria site are absence of waste management facility at the crematoria,

waste generated at the place such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc. are thrown near the

Hadhi nallah, absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria site, no boundary wall

is there at the crematoria complex and also there is absence of waiting halls, prayer hall,

satsang bhavan.

Key Recommendations: There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based crematorium as

‘improved wood based crematorium’ as per the project preparation guidelines under NGRBA

programme. As of now, only two sheds and one water connection is available at the facility

and there is immediate need to develop other required facilities such as waiting room, wood

storage room, care taker room, payer hall etc. In addition to these facility, there is urgent need


Page xiv March 2016

to improve the solid waste and ash management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain

construction.

Apart from up-gradation of existing facility, construction of proper boundary wall at the

crematoria. Construction of cremation shed to protect the cremation of dead body and people

engaged in cremation from rainfall and bed weather conditions. Construction of waiting hall or

covered sheds with sitting arrangements for the people attending the cremation. Plantation of

shadow / bush type trees, gardening and development of open spaces at the facility. A storage

yard for woods at the crematoria complex. An office room for the care taker with basic facilities.

8. Dhobi Ghat

Data collected through field surveys and field observations indicated that presently there is no

dhobi ghat within the NP area. Due to absence of individuals’ bathroom facility and piped water

connection, many of the people also wash their clothes in the adjacent ponds. Washing and

bathing activity is most commonly practiced in almost in all the ponds within town area.

Key Recommendations

Construction of new dhobi ghats away from the nallah, for washer men in

Hussainabad.

The ULB should identify and take into account all washer men washing clothes, places

with numbers of cattle wallowing in the river while preparing the proposal. Based on

the information, facilities need to be created as per NGRBA guideline

9. Ponds

There are 4 key ponds in Hussainabad located in various wards, but two of them are key pond.

These ponds are used for washing, bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle

wallowing and car washing purpose. Aesthetically, condition of ponds in Hussainabad is not

good and mostly they are not being maintained. Steps are mostly not provided to access the

ponds and timely cleaning is also not done, wherever steps are constructed. In some of the

ponds, dumping of solid waste on the banks has been observed. In many area open defecation

is also observed near the ponds.

Key issues for most of the ponds are all the natural ponds in the town are being used for

washing, bathing, cattle wallowing and car washing purpose, discharge of sewage through

drains, religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and chath puja take place in all

the ponds, no steps available in the ponds and regular cleaning of ponds is also not done,

solid waste dumping in the banks of ponds and people living near the ponds go for open

defecation in areas adjacent to such ponds.

Key Recommendations: To improve the existing condition of ponds and make them

sustainable and hygienic there is urgent need to diversion of waste water flowing towards the

ponds and renovations / construction of ghats and steps along all the sides of pond. Selected

ponds in Hussainabad can be renovated for scientific surface water management and also be

converted as recharge structures for rain water harvesting. There is also scope for

development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities.

Institutional Structure & Capacity Building

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other state level

agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for final implementation of

sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level. Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat


Page xv March 2016

(HNP) is the key local body responsible for providing public amenities and services in

Hussainabad. Apart from HNP, there are other parastatal and state level authorities which are

directly or indirectly involved in planning and policy formulation activities such as Urban

Development Department (UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic services in

urban areas of the state, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD) responsible for

planning, designing, constructing and O&M of water supply schemes, and Water Resources

Department engaged in construction and maintenance of major, medium and minor irrigation

schemes, flood control works, ground water conservation and reclamation.

Key Issues faced by HNP and DW&SD to operate and maintain the infrastructure facility are

overlapping of functions and disintegration of responsibilities among the departments,

shortage of field level technical man power, lack in the inter-departmental coordination for

providing day to day services to the community and absolute lack of data management in HNP

and other major state government offices.

Key Recommendations: Improvement of institutional system in Hussainabad include

capacity building of officials through increasing technical man power, frequent trainings of the

existing staff to cater to the needs of increasing burden on nagar panchayat and the

technological advancements, which could be required to cope up with present and future

responsibilities. Other than these recommendations, there is need to undertake the “activity

mapping” for nagar panchayat’s own departments and other para-statal departments to

identify precisely who is responsible for doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve

efficiency and accountability in the provision of urban local services. Development of a central

data bank will be necessary to create a common platform for all the departments to effectively

use such data in planning and management of municipal services.

Stakeholder Consultations and Awareness Generation

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning, implementation

and management of sanitation infrastructure stakeholder consultations and awareness

generation is very much needed. Stakeholder consultation also support in encouraging

community and private participation and define their role in creation and maintenance of the

sanitation infrastructure with possible involvement of several intervening and contributing

institutions like markets, hospitals, schools and thereby ensure a sense of ownership. To

integrate the views and concerns of all the sections of the society City Sanitation Task Force

(CSTF) was constituted as per NUSP guidelines. The aim of the constitution of CSTF was to

elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government

agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the town.

Project Financing and Implementation Framework

This section identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various sectors in City

Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad town.

Financing options Source

14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation

Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational

revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of

basic services to Urban Population including urban poor.


Page xvi March 2016


Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including sanitation sectors

of water supply, sewerage and septage management and storm

water drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission

(SBM) Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are being provided for

various sanitation components such as individual toilet, community

toilet, public toilet, solid waste management, IEC and public

awareness and capacity building and administrative & office

expense.

National Ganga River Basin

Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including Jharkhand

particularly for the towns having impact on Ganga and its tributaries.

Key sectors covered under the scheme are solid ware management,

river front development, sewerage and sanitation system and

industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost

Sanitation (ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into low cost twin

pit pour flush latrines and construction of new individual toilets to

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) households who have no

latrines in the urban areas of the country. Under the scheme the

pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy, 15% State Subsidy

and 10% beneficiary share.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA

component. The SSA component has considerable funding for

school sanitation.

International Donors/Funding

Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed

at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop

sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services

improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation

services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property

tax; the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be

directed to the sanitation department for utilization for funding

sanitation improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the

operation & maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment

and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the

urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP

options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately -

(a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a

management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); (d)

BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures between State

Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak

financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner

support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the

O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of

ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the

event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the

Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the


Page xvii March 2016


equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move

shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that

involves greater community participation and hence promote greater

accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services

sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models

shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the

development and O&M activities.

Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of public resources for

investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore avenues for increasing investment in

infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal services in the state. The

private sector has the ability to provide waste services more efficiently than government on account of

following factors

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible labour

practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid access to

capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other businesses or

business activities.

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State Governments and Urban

Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging sectors. The object of the initiative is to develop

robust PPP projects and successfully bid them to establish their replication potential in the sectors

concerned

Conclusion & Way Forward

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Hussainabad has been developed aiming to maintaining a clean,

safe and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing

of all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in

Hussainabad through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection,

construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional

roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short, medium and long term

goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan by way of formulation of project proposals

in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs) and detailed project reports (DPRs). Such project documents

should conform to the relevant policy / programme / scheme of both the state government and the

central government to arrive at a techno-economically feasible option, which would be most suitable for

the town for in-time implementation as well as sustainable operation and maintenance.

Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate the steps needed

to implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) has already

been formulated in the town comprising representatives from CNP, officials of various department,

representing various public stakeholders to sheer implementation of the projects identified in the CSP

document. CSTF will provides useful platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public

support and participation during the development and implementation phase of various project identified

in the CSP.


Page xviii March 2016

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town in different locations

and land requirement for each of the projects should be assessed and the land parcels should be made

available to the concern implementing agencies in advance. It may be pertinent to mention that the

provision of basic amenities in Hussainabad is not just important for environmental improvement but is

also desired for improved health and hygiene of residents and visitors and downstream towns using

available water resources for domestic purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first input into a long-term

endeavor to rehabilitate and later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation facilities in Hussainabad.


Page xix March 2016

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviation

Executive Summary

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Scope of the Work .................................................................................................. 3

1.3 Objective of the Study............................................................................................. 4

1.4 Approach and Methodology .................................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Concept Approach ......................................................................................... 5

1.4.2 Methodology .................................................................................................. 5

1.5 Structure of the Report ........................................................................................... 9

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES FOR CSP ......................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 National Urban Sanitation policy (NUSP) .............................................................. 11

2.2 National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) ............................................................................................... 12

2.3 Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ................................ 13

2.4 Swachh Bharat Mission Guidelines ....................................................................... 14

2.5 Other Waste Management Rules .......................................................................... 16

2.6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (Housing for All) ....................................................... 17

2.7 State level Policies ............................................................................................... 17

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN ....................................... 19

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 19

3.1.1 Geographical Location of Town .................................................................... 19

3.1.2 History/Growth of the Town .......................................................................... 20

3.1.3 Soil Type and Geo-morphology .................................................................... 20

3.1.4 Topography and Hydrology .......................................................................... 24

3.2 Climate ................................................................................................................. 28

3.2.1 Temperature ................................................................................................ 28

3.2.2 Rainfall ......................................................................................................... 28

3.3 Flora and fauna .................................................................................................... 28

3.4 Linkages and Connectivity .................................................................................... 28

3.4.1 Road Connectivity ........................................................................................ 28

3.4.2 Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity ....................................................................... 29

3.5 Project Area Profile ............................................................................................... 30

3.6 Administrative Set up ............................................................................................ 30

3.7 Review of Existing Documents / Policies .............................................................. 33

3.8 Land Use Pattern of Hussainabad as per Reconnaissance Survey ...................... 33

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN ............................... 36

4.1 Population Growth rate and Spatial Distribution .................................................... 36

4.1.1 Population Distribution ................................................................................. 37


Page xx March 2016

4.1.2 Population Density ....................................................................................... 38

4.1.3 Population Projection ................................................................................... 38

4.2 Migration / Floating Population ............................................................................. 40

4.3 Other Population Indicators .................................................................................. 40

4.3.1 BPL Population ............................................................................................ 40

4.3.2 Gender ratio ................................................................................................. 40

4.3.3 Literacy rate ................................................................................................. 40

4.3.4 SC/ST population ......................................................................................... 40

4.4 Economic Profile ................................................................................................... 42

4.4.1 Workforce Participation Rate ....................................................................... 42

4.4.2 Economic Base of the Town ........................................................................ 43

4.5 Social Profile of the Town ..................................................................................... 46

4.5.1 Education ..................................................................................................... 46

4.6 Health ................................................................................................................... 47

4.7 Public Places/Recreational Facilities .................................................................... 48

4.8 Slum Profile .......................................................................................................... 49

4.8.1 Current Status of Slums ............................................................................... 49

4.8.2 Growth of Slums .......................................................................................... 50

4.8.3 Location of Slums ........................................................................................ 50

4.9 Schemes for Slum Improvement ........................................................................... 50

4.10 Health indicators ................................................................................................... 52

5.0 WATER SUPPLY .................................................................................................... 54

5.1 Existing Status ...................................................................................................... 54

5.1.1 Water Source, Treatment and Storage ......................................................... 54

5.1.2 Transmission and Distribution ...................................................................... 56

5.1.3 Service Level ............................................................................................... 59

5.1.4 Service Level Benchmarks ........................................................................... 59

5.1.5 Water Availability in Slums ........................................................................... 60

5.1.6 Water Charges and Cost Recovery .............................................................. 61

5.2 SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................... 62

5.3 Key Issues ............................................................................................................ 63

5.4 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed projects ............................................................ 65

5.5 Demand Projections ............................................................................................. 65

5.6 Vision and Goals .................................................................................................. 66

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................. 67

6.1 Existing Scenario .................................................................................................. 67

6.2 Strom water Drainage Network in slums ............................................................... 70

6.3 Water logging and Flooding .................................................................................. 70

6.4 Service Level Benchmarks ................................................................................... 70

6.5 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ......................................................... 71

6.6 SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................... 71


Page xxi March 2016

6.7 Key Issues ............................................................................................................ 71

6.8 Vision and Goals .................................................................................................. 72

6.9 Proposals ............................................................................................................. 73

6.10 Other Recommendations ...................................................................................... 75

6.11 Cost estimates ...................................................................................................... 78

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET .............................................................................................. 80

7.1 Existing Scenario .................................................................................................. 80

7.1.1 Individual Toilets .......................................................................................... 80

7.1.2 Community Toilets ....................................................................................... 82

7.1.3 Public Toilets ............................................................................................... 82

7.1.4 Open Defecation .......................................................................................... 83

7.1.5 School Sanitation ......................................................................................... 83

7.1.6 Toilet Access in Slums ................................................................................. 84

7.1.7 Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets ................................... 86

7.2 Service Level Benchmark ..................................................................................... 86

7.3 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ......................................................... 86

7.4 SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................... 87

7.5 Key Issues ............................................................................................................ 88

7.6 Best Practices and Key Take a Ways ................................................................... 88

7.7 Vision and goals ................................................................................................... 90

7.8 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 90

7.9 Demand gap Analysis ........................................................................................... 91

7.9.1 Individual toilet ............................................................................................. 91

7.9.2 Community Toilet ......................................................................................... 92

7.9.3 Public Toilet ................................................................................................. 93

7.10 Cost Estimates ................................................................................................... 100

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 101

8.1 Existing Scenario ................................................................................................ 101

8.1.1 Domestic Waste Water .............................................................................. 101

8.1.2 Waste Water Generation ............................................................................ 103

8.1.3 Septage Management ................................................................................ 104

8.1.4 Industrial Waste Water ............................................................................... 104

8.2 Service Level Benchmarks ................................................................................. 104

8.3 Ongoing Schemes And Proposed Initiatives ....................................................... 104

8.4 SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................. 104

8.5 Key Issues .......................................................................................................... 105

8.6 Best Practices & Key take Aways ....................................................................... 106

8.7 Vision and goals ................................................................................................. 106

8.8 Waste Water Demand Projection ........................................................................ 107

8.9 Proposals and Recommendation ........................................................................ 108

8.9.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures ....................................... 109


Page xxii March 2016

8.9.2 Recommendation Long term ...................................................................... 114

8.9.3 Disposal of treated waste water ................................................................. 122

8.10 Cost Estimates ................................................................................................... 125

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ........................................................... 126

9.1 Waste Generation and Composition ................................................................... 126

9.1.1 Waste Generation ...................................................................................... 126

9.2 Waste Generation Projection .............................................................................. 127

9.2.1 Existing Scenario ....................................................................................... 127

9.3 Industrial Waste .................................................................................................. 132

9.4 Biomedical Waste ............................................................................................... 132

9.5 Cattle and Dairy waste ........................................................................................ 132

9.6 Slaughter House Waste ...................................................................................... 133

9.7 Carcass Disposal ................................................................................................ 133

9.8 Service Level Benchmarks ................................................................................. 133

9.9 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ....................................................... 134

9.10 SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................. 134

9.11 Key Issues .......................................................................................................... 134

9.12 Vision and Goals ................................................................................................ 136

9.13 Best Practices .................................................................................................... 137

9.14 Proposals and Recommendation ........................................................................ 139

9.14.1 Recommendation Short Term / Interim Measures ...................................... 139

9.14.2 Recommendation Midterm ......................................................................... 145

9.15 Cost Estimates ................................................................................................... 146

10.0 WATER BODIES .................................................................................................. 150

10.1 Status Note ......................................................................................................... 150

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS ..................................................................... 151

11.1 Crematoria .......................................................................................................... 151

11.1.1 Key Issues ................................................................................................. 151

11.1.2 Proposals & Recommendations ................................................................. 152

11.2 Dhobi Ghat ......................................................................................................... 154

11.2.1 Recommendation & Proposal..................................................................... 154

11.3 Ponds ................................................................................................................. 154

11.3.1 Key Issues ................................................................................................. 157

11.3.2 Proposal and Recommendation ................................................................. 157

11.3.3 Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works ......................................... 159

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING .................................... 161

12.1 Existing Institutional System ............................................................................... 161

12.1.1 Urban Development Department, Jharkhand ............................................. 161

12.1.2 Drinking Water and Sanitation Department ................................................ 162

12.1.3 Water Resources Department .................................................................... 162

12.1.4 Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat .................................................................. 162


Page xxiii March 2016

12.2 Institutional Structure for Sanitation .................................................................... 165

12.3 Human Resource Capacity Assessment for HNP ............................................... 166

12.4 Key Issues of Institutional Mechanism ................................................................ 166

12.5 Capacity Building ................................................................................................ 167

12.5.1 Manpower Requirement ............................................................................. 167

12.5.2 Training ...................................................................................................... 169

12.6 Other measures for capacity building .................................................................. 169

13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION ........... 171

13.1 Stakeholder Consultation .................................................................................... 171

13.2 Objective of Stakeholder Consultation ................................................................ 171

13.3 Stakeholder Mapping .......................................................................................... 172

13.4 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) ..................................................................... 172

13.5 details of Stakeholder consultations in Hussainabad .......................................... 174

13.6 Implementation of CSP by CSTF ........................................................................ 176

13.7 Awareness Generation ....................................................................................... 177

13.7.1 Strategy for awareness generation ............................................................ 178

14.0 PROJECT FINANCING AND IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ....................... 180

14.1 Project Financing ................................................................................................ 180

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector ................................................... 183

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD ...................................................................... 190

15.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 190

15.2 Way forward ....................................................................................................... 192


Page xxiv March 2016

List of Tables

Table No. Page No.

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 3 ................................................................... 2

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE . 13

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – HUSSAINABAD .................................... 36

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION .............................................................. 37

TABLE 4-3: HUSSAINABAD TOWN DENSITY .............................................................................. 38

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045 ..................................................... 39

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION ........................................................................................ 40

TABLE 4-6: HUSSAINABAD – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE ................................... 41

TABLE 4-7: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO ...................................................... 41

TABLE 4-8: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS, HUSSAINABAD ........................................ 42

TABLE 4-9: WARD WISE SLUM DETAILS .................................................................................. 49

TABLE 5-1: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER ..................................................................... 56

TABLE 5-3: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY ......................................................................... 59

TABLE 5-2: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN HUSSAINABAD ..................................... 61

TABLE 5-4: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045 .............................................. 65

TABLE 5-5: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY ................................................................................... 66

TABLE 6-1: WARD WISE DRAINS AND OUTFALL POINTS .......................................................... 68

TABLE 6-2: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................... 71

TABLE 6-3: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................. 73

TABLE 6-4: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS ...................................................... 79

TABLE 7-1: WARD WISE STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL TOILETS ....................................................... 81

TABLE 7-2: ACCESS TO TOILET SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK ................................................. 86

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN HNP .......................................................... 87

TABLE 7-4: DEMAND OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET ........................................................................... 92

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET .......................................................................... 92

TABLE 7-6: DEMAND OF PUBLIC TOILET................................................................................... 93

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR HUSSAINABAD TOWN .. 100

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE DETAILS ................................................... 101

TABLE 8-2: MAJOR DRAINS AND THEIR DISCHARGE POINTS .................................................. 102

TABLE 8-3: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN HUSSAINABAD ................................ 103

TABLE 8-4: SEWERAGE SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS .......................................................... 104

TABLE 8-5: ESTIMATED SERVICE COVERAGE BY HORIZON PERIOD ......................................... 107

TABLE 8-6: PROJECTED WASTE WATER GENERATION ............................................................ 107

TABLE 8-7: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION ...................................................................... 108

TABLE 8-8: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ....................... 120

TABLE 8-9: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT ........................................ 125

TABLE 9-1: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION ....................................................................... 127

TABLE 9-2: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR HNP .................................................. 133

TABLE 9-3: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM ....................................... 137


Page xxv March 2016

TABLE 9-4: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – COLLECTION AND

TRANSPORTATION .............................................................................................. 146


TRANSPORTATION (RS.LAKHS)-O&M ............................................................... 147

COST HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR BOTH THE PREFERRED OPTIONS I.E. COMPOSTING AND

BIOMETHANATION INCLUDING THE COST FOR SANITARY LANDFILL. SOME OF THE

WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDIES FOR SIMILAR PLANT CAPACITY IS PROVIDED IN

TABLE 9-7. ......................................................................................................... 147

TABLE 9-6: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

........................................................................................................................... 148

TABLE 9-7: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY ....................................................................... 148

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIA ............................ 151

TABLE 11-2: STATUS OF PONDS IN HUSSAINABAD .................................................................. 154

TABLE 11-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS ................................................ 159

TABLE 12-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS .......................................... 165

TABLE 12-2: AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE AT HNP .................................................. 166


Page xxvi March 2016

List of Figures

Figure No. Page No.

FIGURE 1-2: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP ......................................................................... 5

FIGURE 1-3: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN ......................................................... 6

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF HUSSAINABAD ............................................ 37

FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – HUSSAINABAD .................................. 38

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION ................................................ 39

FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - HUSSAINABAD ........................... 43

FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN HNP ............................... 81

FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER DRAINAGE DETAILS .................................................................... 101

FIGURE 8-2: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING WASTE WATER FLOWING THROUGH OPEN DRAINS ..... 103

FIGURE 8-3: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR

HUSSAINABAD ................................................................................................... 114

FIGURE 8-4: SUMMARY OF THE LONG TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR

HUSSAINABAD ................................................................................................... 115


Page xxvii March 2016

List of Maps

Figure No. Page No.

MAP 1-1: LOCATION OF TOWN UNDER CLUSTER 3 ...................................................................... 2

MAP 3-1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF HUSSAINABAD TOWN ............................................... 19

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF PALAMU DISTRICT AND HUSSAINABAD ...................................... 22

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR HUSSAINABAD ................................................................ 25

MAP 3-4: PRE MONSOON WATER LEVEL DEPTH OF PALAMU ................................................... 26

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON WATER LEVEL DEPTH OF PALAMU ................................................. 27

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF HUSSAINABAD .................................................................................. 31

MAP 3-7:: BASE MAP OF HUSSAINABAD ................................................................................... 32

MAP 3-8: LAND USE MAP OF HUSSAINABAD TOWN .................................................................. 35

MAP 4-1: MAP SHOWING COMMERCIAL AREA IN HUSSAINABAD ............................................. 45

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS IN HUSSAINABAD .................................................................... 51

MAP 5-1: MAP SOWING EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN HUSSAINABAD ......... 58

MAP 6-1: MAP SOWING DRAINS MEETING HADHI NALLAH AND RIVER SONE ........................... 69

MAP 6-2: MAP FOR HUSSAINABAD TOWN SHOWING PROPOSED DRAINS ................................. 74

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN HUSSAINABAD ..................................... 85

MAP 7-2: LOCATION OF PROPOSED COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC TOILET IN HUSSAINABAD ......... 95

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT HUSSAINABAD ...................................... 117

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT HUSSAINABAD ..................................... 118

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE ..................................................................... 130

MAP 11-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN HUSSAINABAD ............................... 156


Page xxviii March 2016

List of Annexure

Annexure No. Page No.

Annexure 1– Meeting with CSTF Members and Other Officials including MoM ................. 194

Annexure 2- Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 1 - with Nagar Panchayat and DW&SD ................................................................................................................. 199

Annexure 3- Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 2 – with DW&SD ......................... 201

Annexure 4- Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 3 – with Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat ............................................................................................................. 202

Annexure 5- Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 4 – with Circle Office ................... 204

Annexure 6- Stakeholder Consultation 5– Slum Community ............................................. 205

Annexure 7- Stakeholder Consultation 6– Health Institutions ............................................ 206

Annexure 8 - Details of the treatment process................................................................... 207

Annexure 9- Detailing of DEWAT system .......................................................................... 211


Page 1 March 2016

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Sanitation for all has been considered as one of the top priority area for taking up schemes by

Government of India and sincere efforts are being made to address the deficits in provisioning

safe and sustainable sanitation facilities across India and Jharkhand is no exception. The

status of sanitation facilities in India can be realized from the statistics available as per census

2011, which indicates that 49.2 percent of the households defecate in open and 36 per cent

households have to go out to fetch water2. The situation is more alarming for the state of

Jharkhand which have 77%3 of the total households with no toilet facilities and tops the list of

Indian states, closely followed by the state of Orissa and Bihar. The inadequacy in sanitation

and water supply facilities along with inefficient management of solid and liquid waste has led

to an unhygienic environment in the urban areas of the state. The situation in slum areas with

congested living conditions is very grim. In most of the urban areas, the untreated municipal

waste water and solid waste find their place in the open drains and leads to contamination of

the rivers and other surface water sources. Poor sanitation not only impairs health but also

has a very large economic and social impact. The problem of sanitation has attained a larger

and complex dimensions, requiring integrated and sophisticated interventions in terms of

policies/rules and regulations and technologies.

The recent occurrences of flood due to torrential rain in Jammu & Kashmir, Tamilnadu,

Pondicherry and many other part of the country, and its consequences on the sanitation sector

are the best lessons to be learned by the decision makers for comprehensive and holistic city

sanitation planning. To address the sanitation issues of different Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)

in the state and in line with the Government policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban

Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd., Ranchi (JUIDCO), is preparing the City Sanitation

Plan (CSP) for 38 ULBs in the state of Jharkhand along with State Sanitation Policy. SENES

Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company) has been appointed by JUIDCO to

prepare CSP for 24 towns of Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns

and Cluster 3 with 14 towns.

The objective to the task is to support various ULBs of Jharkhand, in preparing City Sanitation

Plan and achieve the objective of comprehensive sanitation as per the guidelines provided in

Swachh Bharat Mission, National Urban Sanitation Policy and National River Conservation

Plan etc. The proposed CSP will provide an integral solution addressing different aspects of

environmental sanitation, which include solid waste management, industrial pollution control,

waste water management, storm water drainage and overall management of all point and non-

point pollution for different ULBs of the state. CSP will also identify the sources for dovetailing

of funds for development of sanitation infrastructure from various Government of India /

Government of Jharkhand schemes.

The current report is for Hussainabad town of Palamu district and has been listed by JUIDCO

in cluster 3. The list of all the towns in cluster 3 is provided in Table 1-1 and locations with

respect to state and district is shown in Map 1-1.

2 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/article2991835.ece 3 https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/india-census-more-people-have-a-mobile-phone-than-a-household-toilet/


Page 2 March 2016

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 3

Sl. No. Towns Districts Population

2011 Area of the

town in sq. km Class of towns4

1. Garhwa Garhwa 46,059 12.45 II

2. Majhion Garhwa 18,349 24.84 IV

3. Hussainabad Palamu 29,241 12.54 III

4. Bishrampur Palamu 49,925 40.0 II

5. Bundu Ranchi 21,054 11.0 III

6. Chakuliya East Singhbhum 16,306 15.0 IV

7. Saraikela Saraikela Kharsawan 14,252 6.52 IV

8. Lohardaga Lohardaga 57,411 35.0 II

9. Gumla Gumla 51,264 16.0 II

10. Simdega Simdega 42,944 49.40 III

11. Khunti Khunti 36,390 25.0 III

12. Chakradharpur East Singhbhum 56,531 9.85 II

13. Latehar Latehar 26,981 13.42 III

14. Ramgarh Ramgarh 88,781 26.45 II

Source: Census of India for 2011 population

MAP 1-1: LOCATION OF TOWN UNDER CLUSTER 3

4 As per census:

Class I – Population greater than 100,000

Class II – Population between 50,000 – 99,999

Class III – Population between 20,000 – 49,999

Class IV - Population between 10,000 to 19,999

Class V - Population between 5,000 to 9,999

Class VI - Population less than 5,000

Garhwa

Majhion

Hussainabad

Bishrampur

Bundu

Chakulia

Saraikela

Lohardaga

Gumla

Simdega

Khunti

Chakradharpur

Latehar

Ramgarh

Cluster 3 – City Sanitation Plan, Jharkhand


Page 3 March 2016

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK

Following are the broad task outlines in the scope of work provided in the RFP document

Review of the baseline scenario

Review of available secondary information and relevant studies carried out for the

project towns from various agencies such as Water Resource Department, Ground

Water Department, Drinking Water & Sanitation Department (DW&SD, erstwhile

PHED) and Concerned Urban Local Bodies;

Review of National Urban Sanitation Policy, Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission

guidelines, guidelines for project preparation under NRCP and NGRBA programme,

CPHEEO Guidelines and Manuals for Sewerage and Solid Waste Management and

relevant rules for site selection for STP and Land Fill Site and other relevant guidelines.

Review of Census data, master plan reports, development plans, city development

plans (if available), annual statistics, etc.

Survey and Investigation

Undertake detail survey of the town and identify areas that are prone to open

defecation, informal dumping of municipal waste, open discharge of sewage and other

intervention causing environmental health hazard.

Survey of status of existing service providers, available solid waste management

facilities and recommend a series of actions, which can be implemented to mainstream

recycling of waste material and scientific management of municipal solid waste.

Survey in details the specific condition of slums in terms of open defecation, availability

of toilets, facilities for SWM, drainage and sewerage.

Identify the areas where manual scavenging is still carried out and providing

suggestive method for 100% removal of manual scavenging.

Mapping of all the data collected and proposed infrastructure for the town

Data analysis & option evaluation

Detail the roadmap for the town for achievement of goals explained in National Urban

Sanitation Policy.

Demand and gap analysis and identification of town specific strategies on both existing

and new developments.

Stakeholder Consultations & Recommendations

Stage 1 consultation: With the public representatives and stakeholders with the

available secondary data and information received from different departments.

Stage 2 Consultation: During this consultation, the Consultant will share the findings

of the base line data, secondary data and detailed survey carried out with the Town

level Implementation Committee/ public representatives and other stakeholders for

validation of findings and for soliciting their suggestions.

The Consultant will prepare a list of recommendations and decisions arrived at in the

consultation meeting


Page 4 March 2016

Undertake and present the outcome of consultations with public and other

stakeholders including NGO, CBO, self-help, women and child welfare organizations

Finalization of City Sanitation Plan:

Based on the analysis of the available information, consultations and

recommendations from the stakeholders, finalize the draft city sanitation plan for the

target town.

Suggestions from the city level consultative workshop on draft City Sanitation Plan will

be incorporated in the Final City Sanitation Plan and presentation to the City Sanitation

Task Force (CSTF).

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the proposed project is to promote sustainable environment and basic urban

infrastructure and sanitation facilities to the all citizens and visitors of the proposed towns and

to ensure effective abatement of pollution by adopting a river basin approach for

comprehensive planning and management, and to maintain minimum ecological flows in the

rivers with the aim of ensuring water quality and environmentally sustainable development.

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and

pleasant physical environment to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all

sections of the population and the

environment in general. It encompasses

plan of action for achieving 100%

sanitation through demand generation

and awareness campaign, sustainable

technology selection, construction and

sustainable maintenance of sanitary

infrastructure, provision of services, O&M

issues, institutional roles and

responsibilities, public education,

community and individual action,

regulation and legislation.

The ‘National Urban Sanitation Policy’

seeks to address the gap in sanitation

infrastructure and move Indian cities towards ‘Total Sanitation’ through a ‘Systems’ driven

approach. Therefore equal or greater importance has been awarded, in the City Sanitation

Planning (CSP) process, towards development of local institutions, a systematic process of

community awareness generation as well as long term monitoring and evaluation of sanitation

status in the urban area.

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Approach and methodology adopted to formulate City Sanitation Plan (CSP) primarily focuses

on achieving 100% sanitation in Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat (HNP) area through a series

of steps to be taken by HNP. Hussainabad is one of the fourteen towns selected under cluster

3, having variation from other cities on ground of urban character, population growth rate,

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF CITY-WIDE APPROACH –

Collection and scientific disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, human excreta, industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes, and control of all point & non-point pollution;

Construction and management of storm water drainage system;

Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;

Environmental sanitation education;

Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

Monitoring the observance of environmental issues


Page 5 March 2016

economic activities, and existing sanitation status. In the process of preparing the strategies

and proposals the outcome would be based on the demand and need, local context,

availability of financial and human resources and the opportunity for innovations.

Another considered factor while formulating the strategies would be consistency of CSP with

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). The NUSP envisions CSP as a strategic framework

which can covert development inputs in a holistic approach to engage city administration and

stakeholders to crystallize vision, action and strategy to achieve NUSP goals. Keeping in mind

the foresaid factors, approach and methodology for CSP has been formulated.

1.4.1 Concept Approach

The formulation of CSP relies on information/data available and action-led multi-level

consultative approach. The CSP is prepared keeping in view the available financial and human

resources available with Hussainabad town. The first target is towards improvement of existing

facilities and then moving further for creating new facilities. To make the approach integrated

it is necessary to look into all the aspects in a holistic manner. The diagram shown below

elaborates the integrated perspective on inclusive sanitation indicators.

FIGURE 1-1: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP

1.4.2 Methodology

Three stages of development are proposed for the project and it has been ensured that logical

and implementable linkages at macro and micro level are provided for each stage.

The execution of activities is distributed across following three main stages:

ACCESS TO TOILET

•No Open defecation

•Individual/Shared connections

• Public area connections

•No manual handling of human

excreta

WATER SUPPLY

• Quality of portable water and

water bodies

• Reduction in water-borne

diseases

SWM

• Ratio of waste generation and

collection

• Ratio of waste generation and

safe disposal

• No environmental impact of

waste

WASTE WATER

Grey water

(Kitchen and bath)

Strom water

(Rainfall, flooding)

Black water

(Toilet waste)

Rec

yc

lin

g o

f w

aste

wa

ter

an

d u

se

fo

r

no

n p

ort

ab

le w

ate

r d

em

an

d

Op

era

tion

an

d m

ain

ten

an

ce

of th

e

sa

nita

tion

infra

stru

ctu

re a

nd

pro

per

fun

ctio

n o

f ins

titutio

ns

invo

lve

d


Page 6 March 2016

Stage 1: Inception report

Stage 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Stage 3: Final City Sanitation Plan

FIGURE 1-2: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN

Key Task 1 -Formulation of City Sanitation Task Force

The preliminary stage of the CSP incorporate consultant’s interaction with local agencies and

authorities responsible for providing sanitation services in towns. The first step is formation of

City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) which includes representatives from various field directly

and indirectly involved in city sanitation activities. The request for constitution of CSTF for

Hussainabad has been made, which shall be formed including representatives from ULB,

various government departments (such as Drinking Water & Sanitation Department etc.

NGOs, eminent persons from civic affairs sectors, people from educational and health

institutions and private sectors.

Key Task 2 - Base line Study of Town

Reconnaissance survey was followed by basic study of the town to know its urban character,

sanitation status and urban dynamisms. The study is comprise of land use details, rainfall

data, climate type, demographic details (population growth rate with time series data, socio-

economic profile, in and out migration data, infrastructure and services available, share of

urban poor and slum population etc.) these details were gathered from the available town

documents such as HNP records / registers, survey reports, DPRs etc. The information which

is not documented has been obtained through stakeholder consultations including the

concerned officials.

PRELIMINARY STAGE SECONDARY STAGE FINAL STAGE

Initiation•Profiling ULB

•Starting up Task Force

Base line study•Primary and secondary data

collection

•Demography, socio-economic and

spatial study

•Service level; indicators

•Institutional understanding

Interactions•State level interactions

•Focused group discussion

•Multi level stakeholder consultation

Expected outcomes

• Understanding of the study area

and its dynamics

• preparation of pilot study area.

• Involvement level of various

agencies

Analysis•Demographic and spatial issues

•Sanitation infrastructure demand

gap assessment

•GIS mapping of Infrastructure

•Analysis of various policies and

organizations

•Financial status of the ULB

Strategic options for

achieving 100% target for

sanitation•Technical option to bridge the gap

•Options for funding of the

projects

•Special approach for urban poor

Finalization of options•Technology choice

•Funding option finalization

•Institutional setup

•Implementation schedule

Draft City Sanitation Plan•Discussion with concerned

agencies/authorities at state and

local level

Finalization of City Sanitation

Plan

Expected outcomes

• Clear understanding of gaps and

issues

•Identification of sector wise possible

options for filling the gaps (technical,

financial, institutional)

Expected outcomes

• Finalization of City Sanitation Plan


Page 7 March 2016

Key Task 3 – Extensive Data Collection and Detailed Field Survey

To assess sanitation status in the town, details data collection and survey of the sensitive

areas was conducted by SENES in consultation with nagar panchayat officials. Identification

of sectors and preparation of details checklist was done in consultations with the sector

specialists.

In the absence of base maps and infrastructure maps, SENES has done a detailed survey of

the town and marked the coordinates to prepare the relevant maps indicating important

available infrastructures such as markets, ponds, natural water bodies, major drains,

industries, solid waste dumping site, overhead tanks etc.

The baseline data has been collected across the following key components:

1. Water Supply

2. Access to toilets

3. Sewerage and Sewage Management (including sludge management)

4. Solid Waste Management

5. Storm Water Drainage

6. Others

a. River front development and management

b. Ponds

c. Dhobi ghat

d. Crematoria

e. Carcass disposal system

f. Cattle / Khatal – Diary waste

g. Industrial pollution

Special attention has been accorded to urban poor, particularly the slum dwellers. The sanitary

conditions in each of the slum with respect to access to toilets, drainage system, sewage

management and solid waste management has been conducted.

Key Task 4 - Demand-Gap-Need Assessment

Followed by data collection and stakeholder consultation the next step was to assess the

current status of sanitation infrastructure and related sectors e.g. governance, funding,

community involvement, awareness among the people on quantitative as well as qualitative

parameters. Mapping of the all the sanitation infrastructure has been done at this stage.

Spatial and quantitative assessment of the current service level paved the way in finding the

gaps in the system. At this level, it was mandatory to assess the financial and human

resources available with ULB to implement the project in the future. After assessing the

current demand supply scenario, need assessment for future demand was made based on

the population projections done by SENES.

Key Task 5– Stakeholder Consultation


Page 8 March 2016

The stakeholders comprise of representatives from CSTF, NGOs, Urban Local Body

members, media representatives, other public representatives and public in general . The

agenda of the meeting were to discuss about existing sanitation infrastructure available in the

town, demand gap assessment for the next 25 - 30 years and shortfall, if any, in the data

collected.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 1

Key Task 6 - Identification of Sectoral Projects and Evaluation of Options

Demand gap assessment was followed with formulation of sector wise technical strategies

and proposals to fill the gaps. However instead of looking into one option, we tried to have

number of alternative options to meet the target and identification of the best model meeting

the town wide need in local context. In the same way there was need to explore more than

one funding sources for different projects discussed in the CSP, so as to make the whole plan

sustainable and working. To make the plan inclusive, participatory approach from all sections

of the society has been adopted and due consultations with urban poor and slum dwellers of

town have also been conducted.

Key Task 7 – Cost Estimates for the Project

Based on consultations with stakeholders, SENES has finalize the most feasible option to

derive the preliminary costing of different projects / project components. Costing is based on

the prevailing rates in the market and, SORs, state and central government manuals,

guidelines and benchmarking and SENES’s experience in preparing similar documents. The

process helps in refining the strategies for future and working out the financial aspect in vision

plan.

Key Task 8 - Implementation Schedule and Detail Action Plan

Apart from financial resource management, implementation strategies is another major

aspect. There would be no overlapping of functions in the various departments rather they

shall work closely to avoid any issues in planning and implementation process. Implementation

schedule has been framed out by the consultant into various phases of five years and one

year.

Key Task 9- Stakeholder Consultation 2

Identification of projects and strategies has been followed by the extensive stakeholder

consultation with CSTF members and other representatives from local agencies and

authorities. All the development strategies and options for the projects were discussed and

their recommendations were sought on the most feasible option. In addition, other focus area

of discussion were implementation schedule, project costing and funding pattern.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 2

Deliverable 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Output: Second stage stakeholder consultation with CSTF is followed by submission of Draft

City Sanitation Plan report. The second stage of work involved collecting and compiling data


Page 9 March 2016

on the current status of sanitation in all the ULBs. This was the basis for analyzing the demand-

supply gap and for initial exploration on strategies and solutions.

The final stage/Conclusive phase

After incorporating suggestion received out of the recommendations made in town level

workshops, a final meeting would be organized by SENES to consult the JUIDCO officials and

take their concern. Suggestions and issues raised by JUIDCO officials would be included in

the report followed by submission of final city sanitation plan documents.

Deliverable 3: Final City Sanitation Plan

Output: Final City Sanitation Plan would include all the comments and suggestions provided

during state and town level workshops. .

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

Project Background: The chapter deals with the project introduction, its background

and proposed approach and methodology for the project. Tentative list of the

departments, documents and data to be collected is also part of this chapter. The

chapter also details out the project mobilization details.

Review of Existing Policies, Guidelines and Legislation relevant for CSP: The

chapter briefs out the existing policies, schemes, legislations and guidelines available

for preparation of city sanitation plan across the country and with the state government.

Regional setting and Overview: The particular chapter details out the geographical

location of town and its connectivity with surrounding regions. A brief of town history

and its growth pattern over the decades are also discussed in the chapter. Apart,

climatic, rainfall and geological details have also been provided here.

Demographic & socio economic profile of town: The chapter provides an insight

into the demographic profile of Hussainabad. Details such as growth rate, density,

population distribution, sex ratio, literacy, SC & ST population details etc. have been

analyzed at town and ward level. The chapter also discusses about the social profile

of the town in terms of health, education and recreational facilities.

Water supply: The chapter details out the existing status of water supply system in

Hussainabad. Service level benchmarks pertaining to water supply are also discussed

here. Projection of water demand till the year 2045 are also given.

Storm water drainage system: This section of the report discusses the natural

drainage pattern of the town. Status of existing drainage system and gaps in dealing

with flooding &storm water discharge in the town. In addition, proposed alignment of

the major drains, recommendations to improve the existing system are part of the

report.

Access to toilet: Access to toilet in terms of individual toilet, community toilet and

public toilet is detailed out in the chapter. Issue and gaps are discussed followed with

projections and recommendations made for the future years.

Sewerage system: Waste water management in Hussainabad and current status is

discussed in the chapter. Future proposals for waste water management in phase wise

manner along with technology options are detailed out.


Page 10 March 2016

Solid waste management: The section presents the details of solid waste

management system being practiced in the town. Apart from municipal waste, bio-

medical waste, dairy waste and slaughter house waste is also discussed. Proposal for

the next 25 - 30 years for SWM are given in the chapter.

Other non-sewerage works: This section discussed the status of crematoria, Dhobi

ghat and carcass disposal in Hussainabad. Proposals for the same sections are also

detailed out.

Natural water bodies – river and ponds: Status of River Danro including natural and

man-made ponds in the town with their existing status is discussed in the chapter.

Recommendations to improve the condition of water bodies is also part of the chapter.

Financial assessment: Financial assessment of Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat is

given in the chapter which details out the income and expenditure of the nagar

panchayat towards capital and revenue accounts.

Institutional arrangement & capacity building: Institutions involve in providing

sanitation related services to the citizens, and their functions are given in the chapter.

Capacity building of the human resource and recommendations to improve the

efficiency is also part of the section.

Stakeholder consultations & awareness generation: Detailing of stakeholder

consultations, their need, and agenda of the meetings and output of the discussions

are given in the chapter. Proposals for IEC campaign and awareness generation for

citizens is presented in the chapter.

Conclusion and way forward: This chapter discusses the conclusion of the city

sanitation plan giving reference to short, medium and long term goals indicated in the

CSP and also indicate the next steps required for development of sanitation facilities

in Hussainabad.


Page 11 March 2016

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES FOR CSP

Review of existing legislations, policies, and guidelines relevant to the preparation of City

Sanitation Plan has been done under this chapter.

2.1 NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP)

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has been formulated by Government of India in the

year 2008 with a goal to achieve total sanitation in different towns and cities of the country.

The vision statement for urban sanitation in India as per NUSP visualize that:

“All Indian cities and towns should become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure

and sustain good public health and environmental outcome for all their citizens with a special

focus on hygiene and affordable sanitation facilities for urban poor and women”.

The policy addresses not only the management of human excreta, associated public health

and environmental impacts; it also recognize that integral solution needs to take into account

other element of environmental sanitation i.e. solid waste management, management of

industrial and other specialized / hazardous waste, provisioning storm water drainage system

and management of drinking water supply in urban centers. The key sanitation policy issues

addressed in NUSP to achieve the vision include poor awareness, social and occupational

aspects of sanitation, fragmented institutional responsibilities, lack of integrated town wide /

pan city approach, limited technological choices, reaching the unserved and poor and lack of

demand responsiveness.

The specific policy goals identified include:

Awareness generation and behavioral changes

Open defecation free cities

Integrated town wise sanitation

o Reorienting institutions and mainstreaming sanitations

o Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid waste from all sanitation

facilities

o Proper operation and maintenance of all sanitary installations

Milestones prescribed in the NUSP for totally sanitized town include:

Town must be defecation free

Must eliminate the practices of manual scavenging and ensure safe handling of waste

by sanitation workers

Municipal waste water and storm water should be safely and efficiently managed

Recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Total and safe solid waste collection, transportation, processing and disposal

Sustainable services to urban poor

Improved public health out come and comply with environmental standards


Page 12 March 2016

The Union government recognizes sanitation as state subject and as per NUSP each state

should develop its own State level Sanitation Strategy; and ULBs are required to prepare City

Sanitation Plan addressing all aspect of sanitation to achieve the policy goals. NUSP also

addresses the key sanitation policy issues that need to be addressed. City Sanitation Plan is

a vision document on sanitation with 20-25 years horizon including five years short term town

level action plan.

2.2 NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP) AND NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN

AUTHORITY (NGRBA)

Guidelines for preparation of project reports under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)

and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme has been formulated by the

National River Conservation Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in

December 2010. The guidelines were prepared to help state agencies in developing a holistic

approach to address river pollution problems with river basin as the unit. Subsequently,

NGRBA programme Framework has been developed in May, 2011 under Section 3 (3) of the

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in consultations with 5 (five) Ganga basin states on the

main stem of river Ganga and communicated to all the state governments including the state

of Jharkhand for implementation of the programme.

The guidelines as well as the framework indicates that project development for pollution

abatement is a three step process and includes preparation of City Sanitation Plan (CSP),

Feasibility Report (FR), followed by the Detailed Project Report (DPR). CSP shall be the basis

for planning and formulating projects. Its preparation has been considered as necessary first

stage documentation and all the preceding reports, which include FR and DPR for sewerage

and non-sewerage components admissible under the programme shall conform to CSP. In

regards to CSP , the guidelines outlined the components / items to be included in CSP,

including objective of CSP, details of the schemes that form part of CSP, contents of city

sanitation report and approval process for CSP. This CSP, as approved, should form the

basis of preparation of FR & DPR of sewerage schemes and the DPRs of non-sewerage and

other schemes.

Selection and priority of towns for implementation of projects under NRCP or NGRBA is done

based on the data collected regarding polluted stretches of rivers and the information on level

of pollution of such rivers / river stretches made available by Central Pollution Control Board

(CPCB) and other agencies such as State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs). So far, 150

Polluted stretches of different polluted rivers in the country have been identified by the CPCB.

This include stretches of the rivers, where water quality is not meeting the bathing standard

and is worse than the prescribed limits (BOD> 3mg/l, DO < 5 mg/l and Fecal coliform > MPN

2500). Annexure – VI of the guidelines present the list of the polluted river stretches identified

by the CPCB. In Jharkhand state, only two stretches of river Subarnarekha near Ranchi and

river Sankh at Bolba has been included in this list provided by CPCB. Table 2-1 provides detail

of the stretch identified by the CPCB in the state of Jharkhand for ready reference.


Page 13 March 2016

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE

River Polluted Stretch Source/ Town Monitoring location BOD

Subarnrekha D/s of Ranchi

(Tatisilwal)

Industrial &

domestic waste

from Ranchi

1. Ranchi (tatisilwal)

2. Namkum Road bridge

10.5

6.8

Sankh Along Bolba Municipal Sewage

Bolba 6.2

Hence, towns identified under Cluster 2 & Cluster 3 for the project may not qualify for

funding under NRCP / NGRBA as per the guidelines and the Framework. However, after

declaration of Jharkhand as model state under ‘Clean Ganga Mission’, towns / cities

polluting river Damodar and its tributaries will qualify for funding projects under

NGRBA programme.

2.3 MUNICIPAL WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) establish

consistent regulations governing collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal of all

types of municipal solid wastes throughout India. The MSW Rules apply equally to every

municipal authority regardless of its size.

Collection of Waste: The Municipal Authority shall be responsible to provide waste collection

services in compliance with the MSW Rules, 2000. The authority shall notify the waste

collection schedule and likely methods to be followed by the generators. Littering of municipal

solid waste is prohibited and generators are responsible to utilize the collection systems

provided by the municipality and avoid littering.

Waste Segregation: The Municipal Authority must establish waste collection and segregation

(preferably at source) systems in consultations with waste generators. The MSW Rules

recommend segregating waste into three categories viz. Organic wastes, Recyclables, and

Others (inorganic / inert) to facilitate diversion and appropriate management.

Storage Facilities: The Municipal Authority shall establish and maintain municipal waste

storage facilities so that unhygienic and insanitary conditions are not created around such

locations.

Transportation: The MSW Rules specifies that vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall

be covered to avoid visibility of waste to the public and exposure to open environment

preventing possible trickle out on the roads during transportation.

Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste: The MSW Rules, 2000 seek to minimize

the burden on landfills for the disposal of municipal waste by adopting appropriate waste

segregation and treatment technologies. The MSW Rules restrict landfill disposal to non-

biodegradable, inert, and other wastes that are unsuitable for either recycling or biological

processing. Residues of waste processing facilities, as well as pre-processing rejects, should

be land filled. Land filling of comingled waste should only be permitted in situations where the

waste stream is unsuitable for alternative processing or when additional fund and time shall

be required to establish appropriate waste diversion and treatment process and technologies.


Page 14 March 2016

Specifications for Landfill Sites: Only non-biodegradable and non-recyclable waste should go

to a landfill site. Municipal and hazardous waste should not be mixed by disposing them in the

same landfill.

Site for Landfilling: Site selection criteria based on examination of environmental issues has

been established in MSW rules 2000 for selection of a landfill site.

Landfill Site Facilities and Maintenance: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies guidelines for

maintenance of a landfill site including the procedures and specifications for landfilling.

Pollution Prevention: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies the measures in order to prevent

pollution and related environmental problems from landfill operations:

Air & Water Quality Monitoring: The MSW Rule 2000 specifies the requirement for regular air

and water quality monitoring in and around the site.

Landfill Gas Management: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies installation of landfill gas control

system including gas collection system to be made at the landfill site to minimize odour

generation, prevent off-site migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the

rehabilitated landfill surface.

Landfill Closure and Post-Closure Care: The post-closure care of landfill sites should be

conducted for at least fifteen years and long term monitoring or care plan shall be prepared.

Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered for

suitable development activities or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous and leachate

analysis comply with the specified standards.

Composting and Treated Leachate Quality: In order to ensure safe application of compost, the

MSW Rules 2000 specify compost quality standards. Product that does not achieve the levels

set out in the following table should not be used for growing food crops. However, it may be

utilized for purposes other than producing food. In addition, specific standards have been

established for leachate quality control. The leachate quality standards depend on the disposal

method used with the most stringent criteria specified for disposal to surface water bodies.

2.4 SWACHH BHARAT MISSION GUIDELINES

Swatch Bharat Mission launched on 2nd October 2014 and will be in force till 2nd October 2019.

Swatch Bharat is being implemented by Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and Ministry

of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS) for urban and rural areas respectively. The

mission objective as listed in SWM guidelines include:

Elimination of open defecation,

Eradication of manual scavenging,

Modern and scientific municipal solid waste management,

Behavioral change regarding health sanitation practices,

Awareness generation about sanitation and its linkages with public health

Capacity augmentation for ULBs and

Create enabling environment for private sector


Page 15 March 2016

The main components of the mission include

Household toilets including conversion of insanitary latrines into pour flush latrines

Community toilets

Public toilets

Solid waste Management

IEC and Public awareness

Capacity Building and Administrative and Office Expense

The special focus group to be looked at as part of the mission include manual scavenger ,

informal sector working in waste management sector, scavengers (rag pickers), migrants and

homeless in the urban areas, construction labourers in urban area, households with vulnerable

sections.

Since the SBM (Urban) is applicable for the statutory towns5, all the projects towns under

Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 are covered under the scheme.

SBM guidelines for the urban sector acknowledges the fact that comprehensive sanitation

planning is requisite for objective of Swachh Bharat Mission and mandates the preparation of

City Sanitation Plan for each town of the state and State Sanitation Strategy as per NUSP

2008. The brief description of the targeted components under SBM (Urban) is provided in the

following section:

Household toilets: This components targets the construction of household toilets for i)

estimated 80% of the urban household engaged in open defecation, ii) all households with

insanitary latrines and iii) all households with pit latrines. The toilet should be connected to

either onsite treatment system or to an existing underground sewerage system. Central

government incentive for construction of household toilet will be Rs 4000.00 per household

toilet

Community toilet: Community toilets are estimated to be used by 20% of the household’s

currently practicing open defecation, who cannot construct individual household latrine due to

land and space constraint. The specifications for construction of community toilets and

tentative cost has been provided in the guidelines.

The central government support for construction of community toilets will be 40% grant / VGF

and balance will be procured from various sources which include private sector investment,

beneficiary charge, user charge , Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ) fund, land

leveraging, market borrowing, external assistance.

Project for community toilets including sanctions (except central assistance) will be done at

ULB level. All community toilets constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance

contract.

Public toilets: Public toilets for floating and other population to be constructed under the

mission. The suggested technical specification, technologies and tentative cost has been

provided in the guidelines.

5 Statutory towns are urban areas defined by administrative units that have been defined by ‘Statute’ as urban such as municipal

corporation, municipalities , cantonment board , notified town area committee, town panchayat and nagar palika.


Page 16 March 2016

There will be no central government incentive support for construction of public toilets under

SBM. State and ULBs shall identify land parcel(s) and encourage the private sector to

construct and manage public toilet in PPP arrangements. All community toilets to be

constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance contract.

Solid Waste Management

DPRs for solid waste management are to be prepared by ULBs emanating from the needs

identified from City sanitation plan. Central government incentive for SWM projects will be in

the form of maximum 20% grant /VGF for the project. Remaining funds are to generated from

various other sources like private sector investment, beneficiary charge, user charge, CSR

fund, land leveraging, market borrowing, external assistance.

States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match 75% Central

Share.(10% in the case of North East States and special category states)IEC & Public

Awareness

This component includes behaviour change communication to mainstream sanitation as an

issue with general public at large, covering issues of open defecation, prevention of manual

scavenging, hygiene practice, proper use and maintenance of toilet facilities. A total 15% of

the central allocation will be earmarked for this component.

Capacity Building & Administrative and Office Expense

State to propose extensive capacity building activities to be implemented in mission mode

manner, which will enable progressive achievement of SBM in time bound manner. This will

be specified in the annual action plan prepared by each state.

Three percent of the total central allocation will be earmarked for capacity building and

administrative & office expense, with 2% being utilized at MoUD level for capacity building,

convening national and regional workshops, various awards and best practice recognition,

programme research, studies, international cooperation for capacity building and technology

development etc.

Financial Arrangements

Under Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission, projects in PPP mode are encouraged, to invite private

capital in urban infrastructure as well as to bring in private sector efficiency in delivery of urban

services including O & M. Government of India share .as per prescribed funding pattern will

be available for claiming VGF.

In case state government feels that a project is not suitable to be taken up in PPP mode, then

only the GoI share shall be provided as Grant to the ULB. It will be up to the state government

and ULB to arrange for the balance resources for the project, which must be ensured at the

time of approving a project.

2.5 OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES

Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2008 are notified to ensure safe handling, generation,

processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, defuse and disposal of Hazardous

Waste. Management and handling of all type of hazardous waste including radioactive, waste


Page 17 March 2016

chemicals and waste fuel from industrial, commercial and other units within the town is

governed by the Hazardous waste Rules 2008.

The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 have been notified by

the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) to ensure scientific and safe handling, treatment

and disposal of bio-medical waste being generated from all different sources including

hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, medicine manufacturing units and other sources including

the consumers,

There is a separate notification known as ‘Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,

2011 published by MoEF to ensure scientific and efficient management & handling of Plastic

waste both at manufacturer and consumers end.

2.6 PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJNA (HOUSING FOR ALL)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna or Housing for All scheme will be implemented during 2015-2022.

Under the scheme, central assistance will be provided to the ULBs and other implementing

agencies through States/UTs for following components:

1. In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private

participation

2. Credit Linked Subsidy

3. Affordable Housing in Partnership

4. Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.

The scheme will cover entire urban area consisting of 4041 statutory towns with initial focus

on 500 Class I cities in three phases. The mission will support construction of houses up to 30

square meter carpet area with basic civic infrastructure.

The programme will provide flexibility to the States for choosing the best options amongst four

verticals of mission to meet the demand of housing in their states. Process of project

formulation and approval in accordance with the programme guidelines will be done at state

level. State will send proposals to the Ministry for inclusion of towns / cities in the programme

along with broad assessment of housing and resources requirement. Ministry will approve

inclusion of these cities considering availability of resources.

Slum redevelopment projects and Affordable Housing projects in partnership should have

provision for providing basic civic infrastructure like water, sanitation, sewerage, road,

electricity etc.

2.7 STATE LEVEL POLICIES

Jharkhand State Water Policy

Government of Jharkhand came up with a new water policy in the year 2011 with a vision ‘to

ensure sustainable development and optimal use and management of the State’s water

resources to provide the greatest economic and social benefit for the people of the state of

Jharkhand in a manner that maintains important ecological values within rivers and adjoining

lands’.

The objective of the policy is an Integrated, Multi-sectoral and River Basin Approach and the

State has been stated to be divided into five major river basins (Subarnarekha, Damodar


Page 18 March 2016

Barakar, North Koel, Gumani & South Koel). The policy indicates for appropriate river basin

agencies/authorities to be established within each/or group of river basins. Integrated river

basin plan shall include a development plan, a long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a

comprehensive watershed management plan, an efficiency improvement and water

conservation plan, a waste minimization and water quality management plan.

Based on the above, the State shall prepare a State Water Resources Plan to promote a

balanced development by proper coordination among diverse water uses which shall include

structural measures, operational measures, watershed management measures, demand

management measures such as conservation scheduling and efficient technologies, water

pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure comprehensive

sustainable management of the water resources and equality of water distribution for the

benefit of the State as well as to its people. Preparation of State Water Resources Plan will

require convergence of various departments and agencies of the State like State Environment

and Forest Department, Agriculture Department, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department,

State Watershed Development Agency, State Pollution Control Board, etc. The policy also

addresses the aspects on interstate water sharing, utilization of water, water quality, water

conservation, drought and flood water planning and priority of water usage having ecology

and drinking water needs of human beings and animals as the first priority on any available

water resource.


Page 19 March 2016

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Hussainabad is a small town and located on the border of Jharkhand & Bihar. Hussainabad is

one of the three subdivision of Palamu district which was formed in 1928. Hussainabad

subdivision consists of 2 blocks namely Hussainabad and Haidernagar. Hussainabad is the

largest town of the Hussainabad block and is also known as Japla. It was a notified area of

the district before the year 2008. Hussainabad is a class III town spread over an area of 12.54

sq. km with total population of 29,241 as per Census of India 2011.

3.1.1 Geographical Location of Town

Hussainabad is situated at 150 meters (average) above mean sea level and is near to National

Highway (NH) No. 2C and NH No. 98 at latitude 24.53° North and longitude 84.02° East.. The

town is situated on the bank of River Sone. The district is bordered on the north by River Sone

& Bihar and on the east by the Chatra and Hazaribagh districts, on the south by Latehar District

and on the west by Garhwa District. Japla-Barun Road through NH 98 connects the town with

other important towns and cities. On the west of the town are the Surguja highlands of

Chhattisgarh and Sondhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. On the north-western corner, the Sone

River forms the state boundary. It is about 245 km from the state capital of Ranchi and 80 km

from the district head quarter of Medininagar (Daltonganj). Hussainabad is an agriculture

based town and key crops of the regions are rice, sesame, gram, wheat and horticulture crops.

Map 3-1: Geographical Location of Hussainabad Town

Source: Govt. of Jharkhand and Hussainabad NP

India Jharkhand Palamu District

Hussainabad TownState – JharkhandDistrict – PalamuProject Town –Hussainabad

Area 12.54 sq. km

Project Town –Hussainabad

N


Page 20 March 2016

3.1.2 History/Growth of the Town

The early history of Hussainabad depends on the history of Palamu district. Development of

Hussainabad began as a small hamlet. The district consisted mostly of forest tracts. The

territory seldom attracted the attention of invading armies. So the area remained outside the

pale of dominating empires. In the past, the area was notably in habited by tribal people. It is

believed that the three aboriginal races viz. the Kharwars, the Oraons and Cheroes practically

reigned over this tract. The Cheroes reigned over Hussainabad for nearly 200 years from

sixteen century to onwards. Palamu fort and Shahpur fort are major historical landmarks in

those era.

Hussainabad is better known as Japla. In the year 1740, 'Hidayat Ali Khan' was nominated as

Jagirdar of Japla of undivided Bengal (That time it was called ‘Bangla’ or ‘Bango’). The name

Hussainabad was after Nawab Ghulam Hussain. They built fortresses and helped in

development of Japla/Hussainabad. It is named so, also because Hussains of Muslim religion

were settled here in earlier days.

As revealed from the discussions with Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat (HNP) officials, the town

was a block headquarters in Palamu district. In the year 2008 it was notified as Nagar

Panchayat with 13 wards. Currently HNP is planning to extract a new ward in the town.

3.1.3 Soil Type and Geo-morphology

The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterized during soil resource

mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely

Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Palamu district. Alfisols were the dominant

soils covering 53.9% of TGA followed by Entisols (21.5%) and Inceptisols (20%). The alluvium

cover of considerable thickness occurs in along the bank of the River Sone.

Major soil types are Alfisols amongst which Red sandy soils are common and Ultisols of which

red & yellow soils are common. These soils are light textured, slightly acidic and poor in

Nitrogen and Phosphorus and are fairly rich in Potassium. The soils occurring in different

landforms have been characterized during soil resource mapping of the state on 1:250,000

scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were

observed in Palamu district. Alfisols were the dominant soils covering 53.9% of TGA followed

by Entisols (21.5%) and Inceptisols (20%). The soil reaction classes with area are given in

Map 3-2.

In terms of the physiography, the district shows the following four broad categories of

landforms

East‐West trending hill ranges, consisting of crystalline and metamorphic rocks in the

southern part

Flat topped hills in the south‐eastern

The sub‐plateau area lying south of the plains are separated by narrow valleys in parts

of Hussainabad block

Narrow valleys along the course of the major rivers


Page 21 March 2016

Type of soil and its geo-physical and chemical properties have direct bearing on different

aspects related to sanitation. The porosity and moisture content influence movement of

pathogens through soil and thus safe distance of drinking water sources from source of

possible pollution (e.g. Soak pits, Landfill sites, pond based STP etc.) should be ascertained

during detailed designing / preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) of any sanitation

project / scheme.

Similarly, type of soil has direct bearing on the structural aspects (e.g. compaction, lining,

choice of construction material etc.) of landfill sites, pond based STPs, drying beds, Soak pits

etc. Also, the Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) and related physico-chemical parameters of soil

should be assessed at DPR stage for designing foundation of different structures of Sewage

Treatment Plants, Solid Waste Landfill sites, Pumping Stations & Sewer Network. Information

of Soil type also helps in determining the ‘Ground Water Infiltration’ while designing a sewer

network. Design of Strom Water Drainage system has also relevance with soil characteristics

in terms of ‘time of concentration’ / variation of Ground Water Table etc.


Page 22 March 2016

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF PALAMU DISTRICT AND HUSSAINABAD

Legend


Page 23 March 2016

Source: National Bureau for Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Department of Agriculture & Cane Development, Govt. of

Jharkhand


Page 24 March 2016

3.1.4 Topography and Hydrology

Hussainabad town has agricultural land including paddy fields inside the Nagar Panchayat

boundary. The northern & southern part of the town are surrounded by hilly area. The general

topography of Hussainabad is very undulating. The northern part of the town is surrounded by

forest areas. In Hussainabad block, Phyllite-mica schist and Intrusive granite are the main

rock types. Majorly the town is divided into drainage sub basin towards River Sone in the

north-western side via. Hadhi nallah including the south-western portion of NP area. Average

elevation of the town is 150 meter. Due to slope towards Hadhi nallah sides all the major

drains coming out from the town drains into the nallah and ultimately drains to River Sone

flowing towards north-western side at a distance of about 5 km from the town. The natural

slope of the NP area in general tends towards east to west. Covering an estimated area of

about 10 km2 in the major part of Hussainabad, the catchment area has seen rapid

urbanization from economic and demographic developments. Topographical map showing

Hussainabad and river Sone which is crossing north-western side about 5 km off the town are

shown in Map 3-3.


Page 25 March 2016

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR HUSSAINABAD

Source: Survey of India

The tertiary laterite and alluvium also cover major part of the town. The Alluvium cover of

considerable thickness occurs in the north-western part of the town along the River Sone.

Ground water occurs mostly under phreatic condition in all the lithological units and locally

under semi confined and confined condition. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has

provided the details of ground water table and its related parameters at different locations of

Palamu district. Hussainabad town falls under Daltonganj which is one of the area of ground

water exploration conducted by CGWB. During May - June, the depth to water levels in wells

tapping shallow aquifer ranged from 5.1 to 12.90 mbgl. Depth to ground water levels during

the post monsoon September - December varied between 2.6 and 9.24 mbgl (as per

stakeholder consultation now a day it is varies from 9 – 10 m). Categorization of depth to water

level of pre-monsoon and post monsoon period for in Palamu district as depicted in Map 3-4

and Map 3-5.

The study also suggests that Ground water development is mainly carried out in the district

through dug wells and Hand pumps. Dug wells are in general of 2 m diameter and between 8

to 15 m in depth, depending on the thickness of the weathered zone, tapping the shallow

ground water in the weathered zone and uppermost slice of the basement. In the recent times,

the overall stage of ground water development in Palamu district is 26 % indicating sufficient

scope of development in future.


Page 26 March 2016

MAP 3-4: PRE MONSOON WATER LEVEL DEPTH OF PALAMU

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna


Page 27 March 2016

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON WATER LEVEL DEPTH OF PALAMU

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna


Page 28 March 2016

3.2 CLIMATE

The climate of HNP area is warm and temperate in Hussainabad. The winter season starts

from November and lasts till February. It is followed by summer, which continues up to May

or early June. The monsoon season begins from June and continues up to September. The

October is the transitional month between monsoon and winter season.

3.2.1 Temperature

The average temperature in the town area about 26.1°C. During winter season the area

records 12 to 18ºC and the lowest average temperatures in the year occur in January, when

it is around 9 to10°C. During summer season the temperature increases upto 43ºC. December

is the coldest month and June is the hottest month.

3.2.2 Rainfall

The monsoon sets in the middle of June and continues till the September. The area receives

average annual rainfall 1030 mm. More than 80 percent precipitation is received during

monsoon months. The driest month is December. However, there is 2 - 3 mm of precipitation

in December. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs in July, with an average of 350

mm. The precipitation varies 347 mm between the driest month and the wettest month.

3.3 FLORA AND FAUNA

As per information received from HNP officials, Important forest products are Saal, Kokun,

Lac, Teak Chiraunji etc. Betla National Park is situated near to the NP Area. The Betla National

Park is a national park located in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of the Palamu district of

Jharkhand. The forests of the NP area have a vast range of vegetation consisting of tropical

wet evergreen forest in the lower reaches mixed (moist & dry) deciduous forests and

temperate alpine forests in the upper reaches including Sal, Teak, Siris, Mango, Gamhar and

Bamboo as the major forest plants along with a number of medicinal plants. The diversity of

eco-system promotes a wide variety of fauna consisting of elephant, wild boar, sloth bear,

sambar, nuntjac, langur, mouse deer, monkeys, hyena, small Indian civet, mongoose, jackals,

porcupine, ant eating pangolin etc.

3.4 LINKAGES AND CONNECTIVITY

3.4.1 Road Connectivity

Japla-Chattarpur Road connects the Hussainabad town to Chattarpur and National Highway

No. 98. The NH 98 connects the town to Aurangabad and Ranchi via Daltonganj. Some of the

major towns / cities situated near Hussainabad are Garhwa (46.25 Km), Aurangabad (44.87

Km), Dehri-on-Sone (48.88), Daltonganj (55.11 Km), etc. NH 98 runs towards the east of

Hussainabad and is at a distance of 29 km from the town. NH 2 and NH 2C is towards the

northern side of the town which is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral.

Road connectivity require improvement for the town of Hussainabad. There are no

State Highway directly linking the town however, Major District Road (MDR) 127 runs

from Hussainabad to meet the NH 98 at Chatra of Palamu district.


Page 29 March 2016

Other major roads in the town are Thana Road, Deori Road, Emambara Road, Haidernagar

Road Japla Aru Road, , Madhusala Road and Nabinagar Road.

3.4.2 Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity

Railway is the main source for inter-town commutation than the road transport in

Hussainabad. Japla Railway station within Hussainabad town connects it with the adjoining

towns. Nearest airport from Hussainabad is Patna located at the distance of 193.6 km; and

Bagdora airport is 210.7 km from Hussainabad. The capital city Ranchi is at a distance of 245

km.

There are few interstate bus services connecting Hussainabad with Dhanbad, Daltonganj,

Ranchi, Kandi, Chatra and other cities of Jharkhand. Road communication of Hussainabad is

not at par with the other districts of the state. Hussainabad is connected to Ranchi by NH 98.

For local transportation, three wheelers, trackers and cycle rickshaw are available in

Hussainabad town.

Town Road at Hussainabad

Auto and Tracker Stand Bus Stand


Page 30 March 2016

Slum Area Road in Ward 13 Japla Railway Station

3.5 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

Hussainabad is the third largest town contributing 13% of the district urban population in

Palamu district. Hussainabad is spread over an area of 12.54 sq. km with total population of

29,241 and average population density is 2,332 persons per sq. km. The Nagar Panchayat

area has 13 nos. of wards and responsible for providing services to the NP area. The River

Sone flows north western side of the town about 5 km away and surrounded by villages from

rest of the sides.

3.6 ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP

Hussainabad is one of the blocks in Palamu district. The local administrative body of town is

known as Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat (HNP). The Nagar Panchayat is responsible for

establishment and operation and maintenance of all basic sanitation related amenities like

water supply, sanitation, drainage and solid waste disposal. Nagar Panchayat is also

responsible for looking after town roads, markets, street lighting etc. along with holding public

meeting, function, fairs, public awareness programs and implementation of all government

schemes. For efficient development and convenient administration, the town is distributed in

13 wards. Ward boundaries are distinguished by nallah and roads. The ward map and the

base map of Hussainabad town is provided in Map 3-6 and Map 3-7.


Page 31 March 2016

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF HUSSAINABAD

Source: SENES Field visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 32 March 2016

MAP 3-7:: BASE MAP OF HUSSAINABAD



Page 33 March 2016

3.7 REVIEW OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS / POLICIES

During the site visits, information regarding the available schemes, plans and policies were

collected by the team members.

A Master Plan is being prepared and the survey for the same is under process. Urban

Development Department, Government of Jharkhand has initiated the process of the

preparation of master plan for Hussainabad.

Slum survey for the town was carried out in the year 2008 under Integrated Housing

and Slum Development Program (IHSDP). Revised survey for slums was conducted

in the year 2013 by Jharkhand Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. for Hussainabad town.

There are no schemes for urban poor under implementation in Hussainabad under

NULM, also for urban poor including slum dwellers under PMAY. Although, many of

towns in Jharkhand are implementing such schemes.

Provision has been made under SBM scheme for the first target year of 2015-16.

3.8 LAND USE PATTERN OF HUSSAINABAD AS PER RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

As of now, no Town Development Plan or Master Plan is available for the town. However,

preparation of Master Plan is under process and inception report for the same has been

submitted by the consultant. Due to unavailability of land use map no records are available

showing the distribution of various categories of land uses such as residential, commercial,

recreational for Hussainabad. Therefore, to understand the spatial pattern and existing land

use pattern; the team has conducted a reconnaissance survey of the town followed by field

survey with GPS. On the basis of the survey and also by obtaining available data with NP, a

land use map has been developed, as depicted in Map 3-8. As per the observations during

the town visit the team assessed that there is no definite pattern of growth in Hussainabad as

most of the development has taken place in uplanned manner.

This survey has enabled the project team to familiarize with the NP area in terms of its location,

accessibility, prominent physical features, etc. It also helped us to evaluate availability of

secondary data from different sources, which varies from site specific to regional levels. This

was the initial impressions of the study team, based on the reconnaissance survey. The team

went around the NP area, travelled along the major corridors, inter‐connected roads. The team

also visited all commercial centers of the town, major location of developments and industrial

areas. They also visited the other major landscapes such as ponds, hills, rivers, temples, etc.

Mostly mix land use can be seen in the town. The core of the town is very congested and

density reduces as one move away from the core to outskirts.

Residential: Mostly mix land use pattern can be seen in town excluding the main

market area at Gandhi Chowk and J P Chowk. Hussainabad is an old town with

historical background, therefore, some old houses and building can be seen in inner

town area. As one moves to the outer skirts new single and double story houses are

present.

Commercial: All the key commercial area is situated along Chhatrapur Road. Gandhi

Chowk, J P Chowk, Dinesh Chowk, Shri Munish Singh Chowk and Station Road are

the major commercial center of the town accommodating all kind of shops, local and


Page 34 March 2016

whole sale market. Apart, there is a daily market, weekly market situated are in the

ward 6 and 8. Some private complexes are also available in the town.

Industrial: There are no industrial units within the NP area as information gathered

from NP.

Institutional: Institutional spaces in town include Nagar Panchayat office, DW & SD

office, Block office, Irrigation Dept. and Educational dept. etc. Due to rapid

urbanization, township layouts are being developed by private developers in the fringe

areas without having proper connectivity and infrastructure. Due to high demand of

education institutes in urban areas, colleges (one of the well-known college A.K. Singh

College, Japla) and schools have come up recently in this area and its vicinity. Though

the area is well connected to the other regions by roads and railway lines from the

town, the inter‐regional connectivity in the rural belt are not well defined

Recreational: There are not much public spaces available for local people. One small

Gulbag stadium is available in the town located in ward number 8. Other community

facilities available in the town are two big temples at ward number 5 and 16, one masjid

in ward number 4 and one cinema hall at ward number 2. Apart, these recreational

facilities, there are two park are available, out of which one is under renovation and

other one is under construction.

Transportation: Railway line crosses the town from south to north and NH 98 is

towards east of Hussainabad at a distance of 29 km from the town. Japla railway

station is located in the middle of the town catering to Hussainabad town. There are

one bus stands in the town providing facility for inter-town travel.

Water Body: There is no major river flowing through the town. Hadhi nallah (Tributary

of River Sone) is flowing through the NP area. In addition, there are various natural

ponds in the town primarily used for Chatt Puja, bathing and washing purpose. Major

three ponds located at ward number 1 (Panchsarovar), 3 (Chatt Pokhra) and 9

(Godami Pokhra), Most of the ponds are under private ownership and constructed

steps are available on all sides.

Agriculture: There are few patches of agriculture land in the town located in ward

numbers 1, 2, 7, 10, 11, 12 and 13. All these wards are located near the boundary of

the town. Key crops grown in the town are rice, wheat, gram, sesame and other

vegetables.


Page 35 March 2016

MAP 3-8: LAND USE MAP OF HUSSAINABAD TOWN



Page 36 March 2016

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN

Demography analysis includes details on size, structure and distribution of populations, and

spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death. The

analysis helps in analyzing the previous and present conditions of population, growth,

development and uses of natural resources. The existing data used for demographic analysis

would be utilized for the population projection till the year 2045.

4.1 POPULATION GROWTH RATE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Hussainabad being the one of the Nagar Panchayat in Palamu district is a hub of employment,

trading activities, commercial activities, social facilities like education, health etc. The

presence of various facilities and services has resulted into migration of people from nearby

villages to Hussainabad.

As per the data available from Census of India (1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011) population

growth trends of Hussainabad have been analyzed. Population growth rate of Hussainabad

has been fluctuating over the decades. 1971-1981 has witnessed the highest growth rate,

which was 36.71% in 1971-1981 and after that it was decrease to 19.85%. But in 1991 -2001,

the growth rate again increase, which is due to migration of people from nearby villages to

Hussainabad. The possible reasons for such migration were the employment opportunities,

trading and migration from settlements. During the decade 2001 – 2011, population growth

rate has been 24.74% which is more than the previous decade.

As per the data available from Census 2011, total population of the town is 29,241 with

average household size is more than five persons.

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – HUSSAINABAD

Year Population Total Decadal Change Decadal Growth Rate (%)

1971 10,563

1981 14,441 3,878 36.71

1991 17,307 2,866 19.85

2001 23,441 6,134 35.44

2011 29,241 5,800 24.74

Source: Census of India and Stakeholder Consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 37 March 2016

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF HUSSAINABAD

4.1.1 Population Distribution

The spatial distribution of population has been examined, based on the ward population. The

population of Hussainabad town is unevenly distributed in 13 wards. Ward number 2, 4, 10

and 11 have high population with percentage share of 10.09%, 9.06%, 9.21% and 10.65%

respectively; whereas ward number 3, 9 and 13 have low population with 5.96%, 4.77% and

4.93% respectively. A relative analysis of the ward level population as per 2011 census

indicates that the Nagar Panchayat area is saturated to a significant extent with central part of

the area in terms of population. The total number of households as of 2011 is 4,821. In wards

with moderately or lowly populated areas the development is constrained by economic profile

of the town. The ward-wise population distribution of HNP is shown in Table 4-2.

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Ward Number Population 2011 Household Share in town

1 2,214 392 7.57%

2 2,950 510 10.09%

3 1,743 287 5.96%

4 2,648 462 9.06%

5 2,213 346 7.57%

6 2,299 372 7.86%

7 1,759 287 6.02%

8 2,182 366 7.46%

9 1,394 216 4.77%

10 2,692 432 9.21%

11 3,114 480 10.65%

12 2,590 422 8.86%

13 1,443 249 4.93%

Total 29,241 4,821 100.00%


10,563

14,441

17,307

23,441

29,241

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Gro

wth

Ra

te iin

%

Po

pu

lati

on

in

Nu

mb

er

Population Total Decadal Growth Rate


Page 38 March 2016

FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – HUSSAINABAD

4.1.2 Population Density

Area of Hussainabad town has not increased since NP formation, population density of HNP

has continuously increasing over the decades. In the last five decades the density of the town

has increased almost three times. However, density pattern throughout the town varies a lot.

Central part of the town area is denser whereas in fringe areas comes under vacant land

parcels, agriculture etc. Town density between the year 1971 and 2011 is provided in Table

4-3.

TABLE 4-3: HUSSAINABAD TOWN DENSITY

Year Area in sq. km Population Density – persons per sq. km

1971 12.54 10,563 842

1981 12.54 14,441 1,152

1991 12.54 17,307 1,380

2001 12.54 23,441 1,869

2011 12.54 29,241 2,332


4.1.3 Population Projection

Population growth of any place not only depends upon natural increase but also on in-

migration. In addition to Hussainabad slow and steady socio-economic development that had

a significant impact on the urbanization in the town, future growth is governed to a large extent

by the development patterns in the town.

The population of Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat has been projected up to the horizon year

2045 taking into consideration the decadal population trend of Census of India from 1971 to

2011. There are several standard methods of population projection such as arithmetical

increase method, geometrical increase method, incremental increase method, and graphical

method. All these different methods have different scope of applicability, depending upon the

size and age of the town, current population of the town, population growth pattern for last few

decades and future anticipated growth. Different methods give different accuracy level for

2,214

2,950

1,743

2,648

2,213 2,299

1,759

2,182

1,394

2,692

3,114

2,590

1,443

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Po

pu

lati

on

in

Nu

mb

er

Ward Number


Page 39 March 2016

population projection and it is difficult to use one single method as accurate. Therefore, to

project the future population of Hussainabad town average values obtained from projecting

population by the above three methods are recommended in the present context. The average

decadal population growth rate of Hussainabad town has been 29% between the year 1971

and 2011. Table 4-4 given below shows the various population projection methods for

Hussainabad town.

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Census

Population Arithmetic

Progression Incremental

Increase Geometric

Progression Average

Population Growth Rate

(%)

1971 10,563

1981 14,441 36.71

1991 17,307 19.85

2001 23,441 35.44

2011 29,241 24.74

2015 31,109 31,790 32,303 31,734 8.53

2020 33,444 34,494 36,586 34,841 9.79

2025 35,778 37,357 41,436 38,190 9.61

2030 38,113 40,380 46,930 41,808 9.47

2035 40,448 43,564 53,151 45,721 9.36

2040 42,783 46,908 60,198 49,963 9.28

2045 45,117 50,412 68,179 54,569 9.22

Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

Population Projection for Hussainabad

Arithmetic Progression Incremental Increase Geometric Progression Average


Page 40 March 2016

Average of all the three methods i.e. Arithmetic, Incremental and Geometric progression

methods is best suitable. The projected population for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045 is 38,190;

45,721 and 54,569 respectively for Hussainabad.

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION

Year 2015 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected Population 31,734 34,881 38,190 45,721 54,569

Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants

4.2 MIGRATION / FLOATING POPULATION

Permanent migration has reduced over the years as most of the people are migrating to big

cities these days due to development of transportation linkages. Temporary migration from

the nearby villages include 700 to 800 people daily come to Hussainabad for employment.

These people are generally engage in proving informal services to the town people such as

labour, masons, carpenters, rickshaw pullers, shopkeepers, auto driver etc. from neighboured

villages. However, for the purpose of the CSP, about 5% floating population has been

considered as per SBM guidelines.

4.3 OTHER POPULATION INDICATORS

4.3.1 BPL Population

As per the information available from nagar panchayat, approx. 30% to 35% (i.e. 8,773 to

10,235) people in Hussainabad are below poverty level. Ward wise data for the same have

not available nagar panchayat.

4.3.2 Gender ratio

Gender ratio in Hussainabad has improved from 905 in 2001 to 915 in 2011 which is less than

the state gender ratio of 947. At present, total population of Hussainabad constitutes 52%

male and 48% of females. The improvement in gender ratio points to two major reasons:

Male from families are migrated to other cities in search of work leaving females behind

at home.

Society is opening up to broader mind set of respecting the significance of females in

society.

4.3.3 Literacy rate

In Hussainabad, the literacy rate has improved to 71.99% as per the 2011 census from 64.65%

in 2001. Both male and female literacy rate has improved to 79.63% and 63.58% in 2011 as

compared to 74.54% male literacy and 53.74% female literacy as per 2001 census. Although

the town has good number of government and private schools; efforts are required to raise

literacy rate of town especially for female population.

4.3.4 SC/ST population

In 2011, Hussainabad population comprise of 24.26% SC population and 0.27% ST

population. In total about 24.53% of population was in SC/ST categories. The share of SC


Page 41 March 2016

population is nearly stable from 24.20% in 2001 to 24.26% in 2011 and share of ST population

has shown slight increase of 0.25% in 2011 from census 2001.

TABLE 4-6: HUSSAINABAD – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE

Sl. No.

Name 2011 2001

Total Male Female Total Male Female

1 Population 29,241 15,276 13,965 23,441 12,306 11,135

2 Literates 17,651 10,229 7,422 12,363 7,491 4,872

3 Literacy Rate 71.99 79.63 63.58 64.65 74.54 53.70

4 Gender ratio 914 905

5 SC Population 7,093 3,711 3,382 5,672 2,971 2,701

6 ST Population 78 45 33 58 36 22

7 Share of SC 24.26% 24.20%

8 Share of ST 0.27% 0.25%

Source: Census of India, 2011

Ward wise summary of literacy rate, SC/ST population, sex ratio is provided in Table 4-7. As

per the data available from Census 2011, ST population for the town is negligible and Ward

No. 10 has maximum SC population (41% of the ward population). Ward wise literacy rate

ranges between 56.06% and 81.31%, whereas ward wise variations in sex ratio ranges

between 867 and 950. Sex ratio is lowest in Ward No. 13 (867) and highest in Ward No. 8

(950).

TABLE 4-7: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO

Ward Number

Ward Population

Literacy Rate in

%

Sex Ratio

SC Population

Share of SC

Population

ST Population

Share of ST

Population

1 2,214 74.23 924 797 36.00% 8 0.36%

2 2,950 69.86 890 1022 34.64% 13 0.44%

3 1,743 81.31 930 169 9.70% 0 0.00%

4 2,648 68.24 905 658 24.85% 0 0.00%

5 2,213 70.16 877 657 29.69% 0 0.00%

6 2,299 81.34 898 426 18.53% 5 0.22%

7 1,759 77.36 946 165 9.38% 0 0.00%

8 2,182 72.34 950 306 14.02% 1 0.05%

9 1,394 79.41 889 46 3.30% 0 0.00%

10 2,692 69.08 934 1095 40.68% 19 0.71%

11 3,114 74.50 935 52 1.67% 32 1.03%

12 2,590 56.06 924 998 38.53% 0 0.00%

13 1,443 69.09 867 702 48.65% 0 0.00%

Source: Census of India 2001, 2011


Page 42 March 2016

4.4 ECONOMIC PROFILE

Hussainabad is an old but gradually developing town and its economy is majorly dependent

on pilgrimage, agriculture and small business and service oriented business provided to the

floating population. More than 35% of the town area is under cultivation. Other driving factors

of town’s economy growth are allied commercial and trading activities. Town and surrounding

areas is also famous for cultivation of Button mushroom.

4.4.1 Workforce Participation Rate

As per census 2011 data, analysis for working profile of the town has been done. As per 2011

census only 26.32% (7,695) of population is working, out of which 89% and 11% are male and

female respectively. Main workers population was 17.84% of total population, 8.47% were

marginal workers and 73.68% was non-working population. In 2011 census, the economic

profile of workers was defined in 4 sectors which clearly indicate that major portion of the main

workers i.e. 85.53% are engaged in various activities such as service, commercial activities

etc. followed by household industries, cultivators and agriculture labours with 2.57%, 3.80%

and 8.11% share respectively. This concludes that the town is rapidly growing towards

commercial, service and construction sector and dependency on agricultural activities is

reducing.

TABLE 4-8: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS, HUSSAINABAD

Category Number of Person %

Main workers

Cultivators 198 3.80%

Agricultural Labours 423 8.11%

HH industries 134 2.57%

Other services 4,462 85.53%

Sub Total Main Workers 5,217 17.84%

Marginal Workers 2478 8.47%

Total Workers 7,695 26.32%

Non Workers 21,546 73.68%

Grand Total Population 29,241 100.00%

Source: Census of India 2011


Page 43 March 2016

FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - HUSSAINABAD

4.4.2 Economic Base of the Town

The economic base of the town is agriculture and forest produce and most of the inhabitants

depend on that for their livelihood. With a preliminary assessment of town’s economy and

detailed discussion with NP officials, following factors can be characterized as key economic

drivers and there are no medium and large scale industry present as of now. In addition to

agriculture, livestock, collection of forest products, potters, blacksmiths and house hold

industries are other sources of employment.

Agriculture and Forest Products

Agricultural activities and forest produce is the major source of income for the residents of

Hussainabad. The farmers mainly sell paddy, vegetables, pulses, arhar, moong etc. Apart,

horticulture crops including vegetables and fruits are also grown there and also produces

forest products. Agriculture is in primitive stage and lacks in irrigation facilities, scientific inputs,

marketing, and infrastructure etc. Other activities include livestock, collection of forest

products and mining. Livestock include, dairy, goat, pig rearing and dairy farming. Key forest

in the area are saal seeds, kokun, lac, tendu leaves, karanj, chiraunji.

Industries

No remarkable and established industrial activity is present in the town. Only a handful of

household industries like rice mill and household level handicraft unit like stitching, plastic toy

making etc are found operational in the town. There was a cement factory in the town area

which has been closed from last 10 year.

Commercial Activities

Commercial activities are all along the major roads. Commercial activity comprises of retail

shops, stationary shops, motor repair shops, computer training centers, furniture shops etc.

Gandhi Chowk and J P Chowk are main market area in the town. There is one big vegetable

market in ward number 5.

Marginal working

9%

Non working74%

Cultivators1%

Agriculture1%

HH Industries0%

Other Workers15%

Main Workers17%


Page 44 March 2016

Gandhi Chowk Main Market at Ward No. 5 Vegetable Market at Ward No. 5

Main Market at Ward No. 5 Market Road at J P Chawk in Ward No. 2

Market area in Hussainabad NP

Source: SENES field visit during August and September, 2015


Page 45 March 2016

MAP 4-1: MAP SHOWING COMMERCIAL AREA IN HUSSAINABAD

Source: SENES Field visit and Stakeholder Consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 46 March 2016

4.5 SOCIAL PROFILE OF THE TOWN

4.5.1 Education

Hussainabad has numbers of educational institutes and colleges to support the existing

population. Hussainabad has 7 private schools and 24 government schools categorized into

primary, senior secondary schools, higher secondary school and Middle Schools. Some of the

famous schools in the town are Sun Birla Public School, Rajakiya Bakshi High School,

Dangwar Public School, Kasturba Gandhi Residential School, and St. Paul’s School. There

are two major college in the town namely A. K. Singh College, S.B. Singh Collage. There are

technical training institute (1 no. ITI and another one is Polytechnic College) and two nos. B.

Ed College in Hussainabad. Apart, there are 15-17 Anganwadi centers are also present in

the town.

Primary School at Ward No. 3 Kannya Middle School at Ward No.3

A K Singh College at Ward No. 1 Middle School at Ward No 3


Page 47 March 2016

Rajakyo Baksi High School at Ward No.4 Anganwadi Centre at Ward No.7

4.6 HEALTH

There are few hospitals, private clinics and dispensaries in Hussainabad to support the

population. One of the key hospitals are Samudayik Swastha Kendra. Apart, there are some

private clinics, government community health center, primary health center and sub health

centers within the town. There are five numbers hospital/clinic/nursing homes named

Samudayik Swastha Kendra at ward no. 1 (Govt.), Vananchal hospital at ward no. 2 (Private),

Dr. Santosh kr. Nursing home ward no.3 (Private), Surya clinic ward no.11 (Private) and

Nursing home ward no.6 (Private).

Samudayik Swastha Kendra at Ward No. 4 Eye Hospital Under Construction at Ward No. 6

Post Mortem Unit at Ward No. 6 Nursing Home at Ward No.2


Page 48 March 2016

4.7 PUBLIC PLACES/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

The town lacks in public and recreational spaces. There is well maintained one park in

Hussainabad, but it is now under renovation. Small patches of forest area would be found in

ward number 19 (Kosiyara area) and 20 (Bhaluwani). One small Gulbag stadium is available

in the town located in ward number 8. Other community facilities available in the town are two

big temples at ward number 5 and 16, one masjid in ward number 4 and one cinema hall at

ward number 2. Apart, these recreational facilities, there are two park are available, out of

which one is under renovation and other one is under construction.

Park Under Construction Park under Renovation at Ward No.2

Mahabir Temple at Ward No.5 Mahatma Gandhi Marriage Hall at Ward No.3

Sidhnath Talkies at Ward No. 2 Marriage Hall under Construction at Ward No.

1


Page 49 March 2016

4.8 SLUM PROFILE

4.8.1 Current Status of Slums

Nagar Panchayat doesn’t have any notified slum area. Although, there are 8 number selected

slums in Hussainabad with total population about 3,000 - 3,200 located in ward number 1, 5,

6, 7, 10, 12 and 13. As informed by HNP, All the slum houses are kutcha and made of thatched

roof and mud wall. HNP has a significant slum population spreading all over the municipality.

The slum areas are densely populated. The total slum like population in the town as of now

3,086 which are around 10.6% of the total

population as information gathered during field

visit. At present there is no slum rehabilitation

scheme in operation in Hussainabad. Ground

water is only source of water in the slums. No

slum house has individual toilets within their

house premises. Public and community toilets

are also not available in the slum areas. In the

absence of individual and community toilets, slum

people are bound to defecate in open area.

Waste collection system is absent and all the

waste is thrown in open areas. In some areas

public stand posts are installed to supply the surface water. No individual pipe connection to

the slum households. Sewerage system is totally absent in the slum areas of the town. They

are generally defecate in agriculture fields, open vacant land and along the Hadhi nallah. List

of ward wise number of slum households and names is provided in the table below.

TABLE 4-9: WARD WISE SLUM DETAILS

Sl. No.

Ward No.

Name of the Slum

Ward Population

Slum Population

No. of Slum Household

Share of Slum Population

1 1 Mushar Tola 2,214 389 80 17.60%

2 1 Bhuniya Tola 2,214 110 25 5.00%

3 5 Dom Toli 2,213 367 49 16.60%

4 6 Horizon Tola 2,299 224 51 9.75%

5 7 Horizon Tola 1,759 556 107 31.60%

6 10 Islamganj 2,692 160 25 5.95%

7 12 Horizon Tola 2,590 560 126 21.62%

8 13 Horizon Tola 1,443 720 156 49.90%

3,086 619

Source: Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015

Consultation with Mushar Tola Slum People at Ward 1


Page 50 March 2016

4.8.2 Growth of Slums

Hussainabad NP is characterized by a very significant presence of the urban poor, with

growing poverty profile. Slum like settlements have multiplied over years and the living

conditions of the poor have not improved much. Environmental decline, inadequate basic

services and infrastructure in poor settlements hit the poor hardest. Slums are scattered

across the town in different wards as shown in Map 4-2. It is estimated that many slums are

located on private lands without access to basic services. The poor, not only habitat the slums

of the town but are spread in squatters and informal settlements in small groups of colonies in

the town. Between the year 2008 and 2015 there has been no growth records with the NP,

although at present about 10.6% total slum population within the town area.

4.8.3 Location of Slums

Most slum dwellers located in all wards of the Nagar Panchayat in scattered way and also

heart of the town area, it has seen during field visit few slum dwellers located. More than 90%

of the slums are on private land. Rest of the slms are placed on Govt. land.

4.9 SCHEMES FOR SLUM IMPROVEMENT

As of now, no scheme for slum improvement is available in HNP. Slum survey report has been

prepared under IHSDP scheme was conducted in 2013 by Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat

with support of a private consultant namely Jharkhand Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd., Ranchi, but no

data available with NP. Currently Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) has been launched in

Jharkhand for construction of houses for urban poor including slum dwellers, but in

Hussainabad town, there is no such type of schemes under implementation.

2,214 2,2132,299

1,759

2,6922,590

1,443

499367

224

556

160

560720

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1 5 6 7 10 12 13

Po

pu

lati

on

Ward Number

Slum Population

Total Population Slum Population


Page 51 March 2016

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS IN HUSSAINABAD

Source: SENES Field visit and stakeholder consultation in August and September, 2015


Page 52 March 2016

4.10 HEALTH INDICATORS

As per the WHO report, 80 % of the diseases in human beings are water-borne and water-

related. It is mainly due to water pollution or water contamination and water logging. The

indiscriminate disposal of human excreta or sewage from habitations may contain hazardous

micro-organisms (pathogens) for water pollution and harbouring vectors which act as carriers

of pathogens.

The names of diseases mentioned in Table below might appear to be conventional which

occur in many parts of the country. The occurrence of such diseases depends upon various

factors relating to illiteracy, personal hygiene, standard of living, malnutrition, adulteration of

food items, lack of community awareness among all stakeholders and other factors related to

environmental pollution. The Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years (DALY) is a measure of overall

disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health, disability or early

death.

Burden of water related diseases in India, 1990

Source: World Bank, 1993

There is no doubt that these factors play an important role in the occurrence of diseases but

unsafe disposal of untreated or partially treated sewage plays a vital role in aggravating the

chances of occurrence of these communicable diseases.

According to CPHEEO, reduction in morbidity from better water supply and sanitation including

safe disposal of municipal solid waste is estimated to be 26 % for diarrhoea, 27 % for

trachoma, 29 % for ascaris, 77 % for schistosomiasis and 78 % for dracunculiasis. Mean

reduction in diarrhoea-specific mortality can be 65 %, while overall child mortality can be

reduced by 55 %.

Few of the health indicators that were assessed by the Annual Health Survey (AHS) 2012-13,

have been examined in the published ‘Human Development Report with reference to various

districts of the state. These health indicators and a few other malnutrition indicators for the

districts have been presented below:


Page 53 March 2016

o Jharkhand has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) among the nine states covered

by the AHS 2012-13. In Jharkhand, Palamu (Hussainabad) has IMR at 49 (Jharkhand

41). While the Neo-natal Mortality Rate (NNMR) is 28, the post NNMR is 20.

o Jharkhand accounts for the second lowest Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) among

the nine AHS states. Palamu (Hussainabad) has U5MR of 64 which is higher than the

state number of 59. 64 children dying before reaching their fifth birthday per 1000 live

births (60 among the males and 68 among the females).

The values of some of the health indicators released by the Annual Health Survey, 2012-13

and few malnutrition indicators for all the districts of the state present the unhealthy state of

all such districts. This un-healthiness is supplemented by the huge shortage of health care

infrastructure in the district.

The aforesaid report has however, indicated that availability of safe drinking water and

sanitation facilities to the people, especially those living in remote areas, would prevent them

from most of the diseases that these people contract. Most of the common diseases the

residents of this district suffer from are directly or indirectly related to use of unsafe water for

drinking and even for cleaning.


Page 54 March 2016

5.0 WATER SUPPLY

5.1 EXISTING STATUS

Water supply in HNP is primarily being serviced by two sources, both surface water from the

perennial River Sone and ground water sources. River Sone is the major surface water supply

source for Hussainabad flowing towards the north western side of Hussainabad town at the

distance 5 km.

As only half of the population of the whole town is served by piped water supply systems (that

too with frequent complaints of inadequacy of water supply), the majority of the population is

dependent on their individual water sources such as tube well or dug wells. Most of these

sources are heavily contaminated as stated by the community people. Although few

inhabitants can afford tapping water from deeper subsurface layers which are generally free

from bacteriological contamination. However, water from those layers may contain elevated

iron concentrations and other impurities. Even many of those houses having piped water

supply connections have tube wells or dug wells as stand-by sources due to the unreliability

of the piped water supply system.

5.1.1 Water Source, Treatment and Storage

Ground Water: Hand pumps have been installed by Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat at various

places of the NP area for supplying the ground water to the people. There are 273 hand pumps

installed by the NP in the town area as information gathered from NP officials, although there

are a numbers of private hand pump installed (about 975 – 1000 nos.) by the individuals /

household owner. Most of the hand pumps are installed near densely populated area and in

the areas not covered with piped water supply network and connections. There are few well

also present particularly slum area for their source of water within the NP area. As per the

information gathered from nagar panchayat, ground water table of Hussainabad has going

down each and every year.

Hand Pump at Ward 10 Well at Ward 13

Surface Water: River Sone is one of the major surface water supply for Hussainabad. One

Water Treatment Plant of 3.0 MLD capacity located at Deorikala Panchayat of Hussainabad

block has been constructed under Ardh Sahari Jallapurti Yojona in 2005 for supplying safe,

reliable water to the people of HNP area. The pipe water supply started in Hussainabad from


Page 55 March 2016

2013. HNP need to ensure that uninterrupted power supply is available to raw water intake

well, WTP and pump house for proper running of the intermittent water supply system. District

Water & Sanitation Department (DW & SD) and HNP are responsible for providing water

supply connections and maintenance of the water supply system within the town. Though the

existing water supply system is having a capacity of 3.0 MLD, only 783 numbers of house

connection and 24 nos. of stand post has been installed by the NP and rest of the water supply

is from ground water source with direct pumping i.e. by hand pump and well. The stand posts

are un-metered and major source of wastage. In addition there is significant leakage in the

pipelines on which there is no systematic recording and control for prompt detection and

repair.

The CPHEEO Manual states that “A system supplied by pumps with 100% standby will

require less storage capacity than that with less standby provision. Similarly a system

divided into interconnected zones will require less storage capacity for all the zones except

for the zones at higher elevations”

There are 5 water tanker available with HNP; 4 tanker having capacity of 3000 L and 1 tanker

of capacity of 5000 L. These tanker has generally used during summer season and other

ceremony within the Nagar Panchayat area. These tankers are available only public request.

During summer season, the NP supply the water to the beneficiaries specially to the slum

people where the scarcity of water. HNP charges INR 400 for small tanker and INR 700 for

big one. Map 5-1 indicated the present location of Over Head Tank within the town area.

Intake Well with River Sone Clariflocculator

Filter Bed Chemical House


Page 56 March 2016

Over Head Tank Public Stand Post

Source: SENES field visit in August and September, 2015

5.1.2 Transmission and Distribution

As per DW & SD officials informed that the department had been laid the distribution pipeline

of 11300 m, which include 250 mm dia. of 30 m, 200 mm dia. of 480 m, 150 mm dia. of 780 m

and 100 mm dia. of 10410 m. In Hussainabad town water is supplied only intermittently and

in the present survey the duration of supply generally ranges about 1-2 hour in the morning

and 1 hour in the evening, in case of regular power supply. There is 1 no Elevated Surface

Reservoir in the Nagar Panchayat area (capacity 3.8 lakhs liters at ward no. 5). The treated

water is being supplied to only nine wards out of thirteen wards. The total distribution system

comprise of DI K-7 pipes. The diameters varies from 200 mm dia. to 100 mm dia. At present

the treated water supply is done by direct pumping to the distribution system thereby causing

substantial power losses and interruption in services during power outages. The existing water

supply distribution system in NP areas is not being supported with adequate storage facilities

resulting in low-pressure supply at the user end. The existing water distribution system has

become undersize as a result of increased population density over a period of last years.

TABLE 5-1: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER

Town / Ward

Tap

wate

r fr

om

treate

d s

ou

rce

Tap

wate

r fr

om

un

-tre

ate

d s

ou

rce

Co

vere

d w

ell

Un

-co

vere

d w

ell

Han

d p

um

p

Tu

be w

ell/

Bo

reh

ole

Sp

rin

g

Riv

er/

Can

al

Tan

k/

Po

nd

/ L

ak

e

Oth

er

so

urc

es

Hussainabad 4.6 0.9 1.6 3.9 85.5 1.5 0 1.2 0 0.7

Ward 1 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 90.9 7.8 0 0 0 0

Ward 2 1.4 0 0.8 3.2 94.3 0.2 0 0 0 0

Ward 3 0 0.3 1.7 0 95.7 2.3 0 0 0 0

Ward 4 13.8 0.2 0 6.2 78.5 1.3 0 0 0 0

Ward 5 0.8 0.6 1.1 8.5 88.7 0.3 0 0 0 0

Ward 6 3.6 1.7 1.4 3.9 83.5 5.6 0.3 0 0 0

Ward 7 1.7 1 0.3 0 94.8 1.4 0 0 0 0.7


Page 57 March 2016

Town / Ward

Tap

wate

r fr

om

treate

d s

ou

rce

Tap

wate

r fr

om

un

-tre

ate

d s

ou

rce

Co

vere

d w

ell

Un

-co

vere

d w

ell

Han

d p

um

p

Tu

be w

ell/

Bo

reh

ole

Sp

rin

g

Riv

er/

Can

al

Tan

k/

Po

nd

/ L

ak

e

Oth

er

so

urc

es

Ward 8 1.4 5.2 1.6 1.9 89.9 0 0 0 0 0

Ward 9 0 0 0.5 2.8 95.8 0.9 0 0 0 0

Ward 10 26.1 0 1.9 5.5 66.5 0 0 0 0 0

Ward 11 2.7 1.5 2.9 1 78.2 0 0.2 11.8 0.2 1.5

Ward 12 0 0.2 3 8 87.4 0 0 0 0 1.4

Ward 13 0.8 0.8 7 9.5 74.9 0 0 0 0 7

Source: census India 2011

Note: All data provided in the table are in percentage


Page 58 March 2016

MAP 5-1: MAP SOWING EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN HUSSAINABAD

Source: SENES filed visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 59 March 2016

5.1.3 Service Level

Coverage and connections: As information gathered from NP officials, at present total 783

number of household pipe connections are there in HNP.

Per Capita Water Supply: As per the water quantity being supplied and number of

connections in Hussainabad, 80 lpcd of water is provided. The final per capita supply is

calculated after deducting 15% of non-revenue water.

Supply Hours: Water is supplied only for 1-2 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the evening if

there is no power cut, as information gathered from NP during field visit in August and

September, 2015 .

Metering: At present there is no metering system of water connection in HNP.

Non-Revenue Water: Non-Revenue water (NRW) due to commercial losses and physical

losses in the system, leads to loss of revenue. Non-revenue water accounts the supply of

water for slum areas through the tankers, stand posts, for public purposes like fire and

horticulture, leakages in the distribution network and some illegal tap connection. Out of total

3.0 MLD from the source, average water losses during the transmission and distribution are

more than 15 % in Hussainabad as information gathered from NP during field visit.

Water Quality: The quality of water for drinking purposes is an important aspect in the

provision of this service. It is observed that the raw water, which is carried by pumping mains

from the source, is quite suitable for domestic as well as commercial and other needs. But due

to some illegal extractions, leakages in the pipelines, solid waste disposal near distribution

and other liquid wastes are causing serious effects to the people.

As informed by HNP and DW&SD officials, disinfection of potable water is being carried out

by using of bleaching powder having chlorine compounds to destroy pathogenic bacteria,

amoebic cysts, viruses, algae particularly during the rainy season only. No laboratory report

regarding the quality of supplied water could be obtained from DW&SD

Complaint redressal system: Water supply complaint redressal system is available at water

treatment plant. People can file their complaints through phone calls and letters. Within a

period of 2-3 days NP tries to address the complaint.

5.1.4 Service Level Benchmarks

The Service Level Benchmarks (SLB) established by the Ministry of Urban Development,

Government of India, for the sector of Water Supply attempts to compare the service levels

against the nine (9) key parameters as indicated in the spider chart. The spider chart

demonstrates the desired level of service in the water supply sector against the nine (9) key

parameters vis. a vis. the existing level of service.

TABLE 5-2: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Sl. No. Water Supply Indicators Benchmarks HNP Status

1 Coverage of water supply 100% 45%

2 Per capita supply of water 135 lpcd 80 lpcd

3 Extent of metering of water connection 100% 0%

4 Extent of non-revenue water 20% More than 15%


Page 60 March 2016

Sl. No. Water Supply Indicators Benchmarks HNP Status

5 Continuity of water supply 24 hours 1 - 2 hours

6 Quality of water supplied 100% NA

7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80% 35%

8 Cost recovery in water supply services 100% NA

9 Efficiency in collection of water related charges

90% 70%

Source: SLB, MoUD and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015

With respect to the service level benchmark, the description of overall service provision

under water supply are discussed on the basis of each bench mark. In terms of

coverage about 45% of the households have access to the piped water supply system

through taps. The areas which are not covered are the newly developing fringe areas,

slums and far-flung areas.

The per capita, average water supply in the town is 80 lpcd against the standard of

135 lpcd.

There is no metering of water supply connections in HNP against the benchmark of

100%

Figure above indicates that the transmission losses and NRW account more than 15%

of the total water supply which is comparable to the standard of 20%. Illegal

connections are also responsible for transmission losses and NRW.

Water supply is intermittent; typically, water is supplied twice a day. The total duration

varies from 2 hours, both in the morning and evening.

Efficiency of collection of water charges is 70% against the benchmark of 90%.

Complaint redressal is only 35% as against the standard of 80%.

5.1.5 Water Availability in Slums

Hand Pumps are the primary source for water supply in the slums. Only a few places, public

stand posts have been constructed to supply the water. No individual connection to the slum

households is there. At some places wells are used as water source, however, the quality of

water is not reliable for drinking purpose.

In some cases water is supplied through tankers by HNP free of charges during summer on

request by the community.


Page 61 March 2016

Hand Pumps also red circle of Slum Area

5.1.6 Water Charges and Cost Recovery

Water charges for new connection are revised in April, 2015. As per the Urban Development,

Department, Jharkhand Government circulation, the revised charges are Rs. 4,000 for new

connection to APL population and for BPL connection is for free. Monthly water usage charges

varies are Rs. 105. As per the information received from HNP officials, presently about 70%

of the total water charges are being collected every month after the bill raised. For any water

supply scheme, the pricing structure should be such that 100 percent cost recovery should be

ensured with a minimum burden on the poorest.

Factors such as capacity to pay, benefits derived and proportionate cost of the service

has to be considered.

The rate must be enough to fetch the necessary revenue and at the same time not so

excessive as to discourage consumers from making use of water or opting for

alternative sources, which ultimately affect the pricing.

Pricing system should be quite attractive; otherwise beneficiaries will explore the

possibilities of alternative arrangements.

Non-domestic users such as industries and institutions could be utilized for the purpose

of cross-subsidizing the weaker sections.

While fixing the price structure, year wise fixed and variable cost should be taken into

account government subsidies if any.

Water tariff should be designed after taking into account all the policy scenarios,

whether only O&M costs are to be recovered or debt and interest are also to be

realized.

The summary of water supply system in Hussainabad as shown in Table 5-3.

TABLE 5-3: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN HUSSAINABAD

Components Status / Remark

Water supply source Ground water – Bore well, tube well

Surface water – River Sone

Ground water table levels 10 -12 m pre monsoon

3 -9 m post monsoon


Page 62 March 2016

Quantity of water supplied 3.0 MLD

Per capita Supply 80 lpcd

Treatment Water treatment plant is available

Water storage 1 Elevated Surface Reservoir

Transmission and Distribution Via GI pipelines, from WTP – OHT - HHs

Number of water connections 783 (16.5 % of the total HHs)

Water charges New Connection – Rs. 4000

User Charges – Rs. 105 monthly

Water supply duration 1-2 hour morning and 1 hour evening

Complaint redressal system Available, generally complaints are addressed within 2-3 days

Organisation DW&SD and HNP

New water supply schemes NA

Source: CGWR, MoWR, Govt. of India, DW & SD, Govt. of Jharkhand and Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat

5.2 SWOT ANALYSIS

The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues

and opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things

identified and it can therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop

new strategies. The ideal outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses

in order to take advantage of external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest

advantages of SWOT analysis is that it is simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate

new ideas as to how a sector can use a particular strength to defend against threats in the

performance. If a sector is aware of the potential threats then it can have responses and plans

ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT Analysis is the foundation for evaluating

the internal potential and limitations and the likely opportunities and threats from the external

environment. It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the sector that affect

the success. A consistent study of the environment in which the sector operates helps in

forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including them in the decision-

making process of the particular sector in the context of Hussainabad.

Strength Weakness

Declared State Water Policy of Jharkhand

No shortage of water, dependable source of water is available from the perennial river Sone

Implementation of new projects to upgrade the water supply system in Hussainabad

The region is rich in ground water source

Town does not have comprehensive water supply system as on today

Supply is intermittent in the entire area

Lack of metered connections and low water charges collection efficiency

Leakages of pipe networks

HNP don’t have the Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and Unaccounted for Water (UFW) levels

Water Borne diseases due to contamination in distribution network as the same crosses over open drains

Poor maintenance of water sources and infrastructure


Page 63 March 2016

Unwillingness to use water at the consumer end due to contamination in the supply line

Lack of awareness regarding water conservation among the citizens.

In spite of availability of water, system is not yet adequate to support the whole population

Opportunity Threats

Metering will allow charging by the quantity of water consumed and will also allow for leakage detection.

Reliability of meters needs to be assessed in Hussainabad town to ensure that bills raised are commensurate with the amount of water consumed.

Encouraging individual metered connection to increase revenue

Improving water quality and reducing water borne diseases

Rehabilitation of the existing pipe lines

Constant vigilance to control illegal connections

IEC campaign to overcome illegal connections from rising main and usage of untreated water leading to contamination

IEC to bring forth change in the mind-set to go for Individual metered connections

Shortage of technical man power both at ULB & State level for the Water Supply scheme of HNP

Poor service in some areas, particularly slum areas

Pollution concerns in the water sources in the context of rapid urbanization and lack of sewerage systems

Noticeable quantity of NRW

Contamination of ground water and surface water due to discharge of waste water into open drains

Pollution concerns in the water sources in the context of rapid urbanization and lack of sewerage systems

Chances of contamination due to household & commercial waste directly lead to open drains and nallah

Lack of awareness to establish willingness to pay

Shortage of technical man power and fund both at ULB & State level for the Water Supply scheme of HNP

Augmentation of the existing system and the maintenance would require considerable investment and management capabilities

5.3 KEY ISSUES

As per the data analysis (both primary & secondary) and stakeholders’ consultations at several

time, SENES has identified following issues pertaining to water supply system in HNP, which

need to be addressed by DW&SD and HNP to make the water supply system self-sufficient

and sustainable. No information is available on performance indicators in line with the service

level benchmarks as prescribed by the Jharkhand State Water Policy:

Source Augmentation: The existing drawl from the surface water source, River Sone,

is inadequate to meet the present requirements of Husssainabad habitants and

augmentation is essential to meet the future demand also. There is a huge demand

supply gap, which is likely to widen drastically in future.

Less number of water connections: As informed by the HNP, the growth rate in

number of connections has been very slow in HNP area. People are not ready to take

up the connections as they get water from public stand posts and hand pumps.


Page 64 March 2016

Inadequate Treatment Capacity: The existing treatment plant is of only 3.0 MLD. In

respect of increasing demand in the future, the treatment capacity needs to be

augmentation. Present capacity is also lower than adequate.

Inadequate service delivery: Although Hussainabad does not have an intrinsic water

resource constraint, water supply is intermittent and restricted to a 2-3 hours a day and

quality of water inconsistent, imposing high coping costs on consumers and increasing

health risks as household distribution systems often involve DK-7 pipes that have been

laid across drains to save cost. It has observed during field visit, leakages are high,

which affects service delivery negatively and deprives the water agencies of revenue.

Though few slums have access to water but they depend upon stand posts but the

number of beneficiaries per stand post is very less, which is need to be increased.

Connection charges: Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat has not yet initiated collection

of revised water charges for new connections as per the notification of State

Government in April, 2015. Still water charges at the pre-revised rate are being paid

by the consumers, which hampers the O&M of the water supply infrastructure.

Manpower: There is shortage of permanent man power and technical staff within HNP.

Most of the O&M staff are on daily rated basis. Lack of manpower is a huge constraint

in the management of water supply infrastructure.

Funds shortage: Shortage of funds is also another major issue for O&M. The user

charges are being collected by HNP only and no fund is being transferred to DW & SD.

Willingness to pay: There is lack in awareness amongst the people and often are not

willing to pay user charges for water supply. Due to less collection of water charges,

O&M process gets hampered. Currently, only 70% of the user charges are being

collected every month during the FY 15-16.

Billing and collection: Billing and collection is manual, and information related to the

collection efficiency of the water charges and cost recovery is not made available as

water supply to HNP is undertaken by the state DW & SD. The HNP is covered under

the local water supply scheme and thus it is difficult to assess the separate operation

and maintenance cost and the amount of tax collected for the HNP area.

Illegal connection: Tendency of making illegal connections from rising main is very

severe in the town. This reduces the required water pressure in rising main and thereby

reduces the quantum of water supply.

No Metering in current system: Currently there is no metering in the water supply

system in HNP resulting into huge wastage by consumers. Unaccounted for Water is

reported by the NP and DW&SD as more than 15%. This has an adverse implication

on revenue collection for water supply by the HNP.

Frequency of water supply: Water supply duration in HNP is only 2 hours a day

distributed in morning and evening hours. Less duration of water supply results in to

dissatisfaction amongst the consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people

commitment for getting new connections, water theft, less revenue generation etc.

Intermittent supply of water is also resulting to pipe bursting due to frequent water

hammer. The intermittent water supply is also resulting to contamination of water due


Page 65 March 2016

to development of negative pressure followed by suction of pollutants inside the pipes

through linkages and ill maintained stand posts during non-supply hours.

Low water pressure at various places: Problem of low water pressure has been

observed at many places in HNP and most of the complaints are generally being

registered by the consumers for this purpose. Other, reasons of low water pressure is

leakage in pipelines at various places and illegal connections from rising main.

Water quality testing, monitoring and surveillance system: At present there is no

integrated system for water quality testing, surveillance and monitoring system with

required infrastructure (Software and hardware support). With growing demand to

ensure consistent water quality, providing an integrated system is very much essential.

5.4 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED PROJECTS

No new scheme is available for Hussainabad town at present. The existing water supply works

and new connections (individual, stand post, hand pumps) are provided by DW & SD and

HNP. The whole water supply infrastructure was supposed to transfer to HNP after

construction, however, HNP has refused to take up the charge due to lack of technical man

power, although O&M is being done by HNP only.

5.5 DEMAND PROJECTIONS

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 liter per capita per

day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 8.47

MLD. From 2015 to 2045 water demand after every five year has been given in Table 5-4. It

is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant required about 5.5 MLD is sufficient to

meet the demand of 2045 population.

TABLE 5-4: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Population Per capita water

supply Water demand in

MLD Water Generation

including 15% NRW

2015 31,734 80 2.54 2.92

2020 34,841 80 2.79 3.21

2025 38,190 135 5.16 5.93

2030 41,808 135 5.64 6.49

2035 45,721 135 6.17 7.10

2040 49,963 135 6.74 7.76

2045 54,569 135 7.37 8.47

Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual

Note: 1 Assumption being 80 lpcd, as there is intermittent water supply

2 Assumption being 135 lpcd, considering that piped water supply will be start by 2025


Page 66 March 2016

5.6 VISION AND GOALS

Vision:

Goals: To achieve the targets and translate the vision into reality, certain goals have been

marked as per water supply service level benchmarks. These goals are bifurcated within 10

years of time frame in three phases, i.e. short term goals till three year, medium term till five

years and long term till ten years.

TABLE 5-5: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline Short term 5 years

Medium term 10 years

Long term 10 years and

beyond

Coverage of water supply

% 100 45 √

Per capita supply of water

LPCD 135 80 √

Extent of metering of water connection

% 100 0 √

Extent of non-revenue water

% 15 More than

15% √

Continuity of water supply

Hrs 24 2 hrs √

Quality of water supplied

% 100 NA √

Efficiency in redressal complaints

% 80 35 √ √

Cost recovery in water supply services

% 100 65 √

Efficiency in collection of water related charges

% 90 70% of the bill raised

√


“Equitable distribution of quality water to all the HHs with minimisation of T&D losses”


Page 67 March 2016

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

6.1 EXISTING SCENARIO

In Hussainabad, the existing storm water drainage system town is in miserable condition. The

storm water collection and conveyance system comprises of kutcha as well as pucca drains

constructed during different periods of the development of the town which runs along the

streets of town and gets discharged into Hadhi nallah and ultimately draining into River Sone.

There is no separate collection system for sewage and storm water. The drains in the NP area,

which were constructed during different periods are not lined in all stretches and generally

have irregular shape/section and further, being mostly open, they are heavily silted and

extremely inadequate. The drains also passing through the thickly populated and congested

localities and as such are encroached by permanent and semi-permanent

structures/buildings, which has significantly affected the carrying capacity of the drains.

Drainage coverage in the town is very low; most of the areas suffer from water logging during

rainy season.

Drain in NP area Hadhi Nallah

Few surface drains do not find its way to the drainage channels instead terminate to

nallah/agricultural land / wetlands / ponds / low lands within the town. These drains are partly

open / covered, irregular shape in general and are unlined in certain roads. Some of the drains

are heavily silted and thus, are inadequate to accommodate and transport the storm water.

The strips also run through thickly populated and highly congested localities and as such are

encroached by permanent and semi-permanent structures / buildings, significantly affecting

the carrying capacities. Being open in most places, the drains are used as solid waste dumping

channels and therefore, in many places, the available depths turned out to be alarmingly

shallow. The drains in the HNP area, which were constructed during different periods are not

lined in all stretches and generally have irregular shape/section.

During the field investigation, the study team found that most of the drains in the town were

blocked by garbage and waste materials. Inadequate maintenance of existing natural and

man-made drains due to lack of comprehensive and planned maintenance program, including


Page 68 March 2016

lack of required equipment’s, adequate budget, staffing, proper monitoring program and

institutional set up to effectively operate and maintain the drainage network. Therefore in the

rainy seasons, these drains are unable to drain out the storm water and rather it accumulates

in the adjacent areas creating waterlogging situation. In some areas, outfall points are also

not well defined. There is no water draining pump available with HNP. It is observed during

the site visit that the existing temporary drainage arrangement require up-gradation work. The

drains should have enough capacities to cater the surface runoff of maximum rainfall of ten

years return period frequency. The natural drainage pattern of the town and drains meting

Hadhi nallah and ultimately draining into River Sone is shown in Map 6-1. Details of the ward

wise drains and outfall points are depicted in Table 6-1.

TABLE 6-1: WARD WISE DRAINS AND OUTFALL POINTS

Ward number Drainage system

Ward number 1 Most of the storm water goes to Hadhi nallah and also accumulated in open vacant land/agricultural field or pond

Ward number 2, 5 and 10

Secondary drain is constructed in those wards which carries all the storm water through market area or accumulated in open vacant land/agricultural field or pond. Few SWDs also meets with another secondary drain and goes to Hadhi nallh

Ward number 3 and 4

Water from these wards directly discharged into Hadhi nallah through a constructed drain/kutcha drain

Ward number 6, 7, 8, and 9

Drains are constructed in those ward which carries all the storm water to the Hadhi nallh directly or accumulated in open vacant land/pond

Ward number 11 and 13

Poor drainage condition resulting into discharge of storm water into open vacant fields or low land.

Ward 12 Water from these wards directly discharged into Hadhi nallah through a natural drain

Source: Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015

Water Logged Drains Choked by Garbage


Page 69 March 2016

Stagnant Water Street side Kutcha Drain

MAP 6-1: MAP SOWING DRAINS MEETING HADHI NALLAH AND RIVER SONE

Source: Drainage channels taken from Survey of India topographical sheets marked on satellite image


Page 70 March 2016

6.2 STROM WATER DRAINAGE NETWORK IN SLUMS

During the field investigation, the study team found that most of the drains in slums areas lack

of proper storm water drainage system. Surface drainage forms an important aspect in the

context of Hussainabad town since improper design or blockage to the natural drainage

pattern can result in water logging and unhygienic conditions in some part of the town. Most

of the slums lack in proper storm water drainage system. Only road side open drains are

available in some of the slum areas, which are carrying both waste water and storm water.

Mostly these drains find their way in open land and agriculture fields, in absence of any linkage

with the primary as well as secondary drains.

Drain Condition in Slum Area

6.3 WATER LOGGING AND FLOODING

Due to undulating topography, water logging is not a major issue in Hussainabad. During rainy

season it is common sight that some part of the NP area are water logged when heavy

downpour has occurred. However, absence of proper drainage facility in some of the wards

e.g. ward number 1, 2, 5, 9, 11 and 13, causes water logging situation in open pits, vacant

land parcels and overflowing of ponds. In these wards all the storm water drains into the ponds.

There is a need to undertake a comprehensive study of storm water drainage system and take

up its implementation in a scientific manner. However, absence of proper drainage facility in

few of the wards e.g. ward number 1, 2, 5, 9, 11 and 13, causes water logging situation in

open pits, vacant land parcels and overflowing of ponds. In these wards all the storm water

drains into the ponds or stagnant in low lying areas.

6.4 SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

Water logging water is not a major issues in the town, especially during the monsoon season

when heavy down pour occurred, the low lying areas get water logged. Some of the vacant

plots and gets filled with water and become breeding grounds of the mosquitoes. As discussed

with the officials from nagar panchayat, there are 7 major water logging points in Hussainabad

located in ward number 1, 2, 5, 9, 11 and 13. Service level benchmark and its status with

respect to the town is shown in Table 6-2.


Page 71 March 2016

TABLE 6-2: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sl. No. Drainage System Benchmarks HNP Status

1 Coverage of storm water drainage network 100% NA

2 Incidents of water logging/flooding 0 7

3 Proportion of roads with pucca drains 100% NA


6.5 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED INITIATIVES

As of now, there is no scheme or work for storm water drainage is under execution. One

detailed project report for Storm Water Drainage and Sewerage is planned for preparation by

the ULB.

6.6 SWOT ANALYSIS

The. Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis is necessary to get the

complete picture of the town and forms the basis for formulation of vision. The analysis helps

to get the clear picture of the existing situation as well as possible scenarios and potentials for

the development of the town.

Strength Weakness

Undulating topography of the town to provide easy passage to storm water

Natural slope facilitates the flow of water in storm water drains and nallah

Topography allows several parts to be drained off within reasonable time period

State water policy for Jharkhand state is available

Absence of storm water drainage network in the slums

Black and gray water not treated

Household and commercial waste directly lead to open drains and nallah

Poorly maintained without appropriate inter-linkages between secondary and primary drains

Dumping of solid waste / plastic waste /garbage in storm water drains / tertiary drains- leading to clogging of drains

Encroachments on the banks of natural drains

Opportunity Threats

Prevention of dumping of solid waste, discharge of sewage from households and related issues.

IEC campaign against throwing garbage in storm water drains

Financial resource generation from storm water management

Opportunity to utilize natural drains as recreation spots

All nallah/drains discharging in water bodies

Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health hazard

Untreated sewage running through the open drains and disposed to either Hadhi nallah

Removal of encroachment from storm water drain and construction of Storm water drainage network in narrow streets of the town is challenge

Huge investment required for development of key storm water drains

6.7 KEY ISSUES

No reuse and recycling of storm water: At present there is no reuse and recycling

of waste water is happening in Hussainabad NP.


Page 72 March 2016

Absence of proper storm water drainage network: In the existing situation HNP

lacks in proper and efficient storm water drainage system in the town.

Lack of periodic maintenance: Lack of periodic maintenance of drainage causes

choking of drains and water-logging. Carrying capacity of the existing canals/drains

has decreased due to heavy silt deposition, discharge of solid wastes in the

canals/drains and growth of vegetation in the canals/drains.

Uncontrolled urbanization: The issue that is seen as hampering any attempt at

rational planning of the drainage system is uncontrolled urbanization in some areas

which has been evident in some parts of Hussainabad in the past few years.

Mixing of storm water and waste water: Storm water drains of HNP have converted

into waste water carrying drains. Due to absence of proper sewerage system and

public ignorance HH waste water is discharged into the drains. Mixing of waste water

and storm water drain is one of the major problem faced by the town.

Absence of proper storm water drainage network: In the existing situation, HNP

lacks in proper and efficient storm water drainage system in the town.

Awareness Campaigns: There are lack of conduct awareness programs at the town

level to cover all classes including slum of the residents to highlight the function of

storm water drains, prevention of encroachment of the storm water drain areas,

prevention of dumping of solid waste and discharge of sewage/sullage from

households and other related issues.

Choked drains: Rampant dumping of the solid waste into the storm water drains

(SWDs) leading to choking of drains. Due to lack of de-silting of SWDs over the years,

the carrying capacity has reduced, resulting into overflow of water and water logging

particularly in rainy season.

Silting in drains: Regular and proper cleaning of drains is not being done. Major

drains are cleaned as per requirement only or if any complaint is there. Heavy silting

of drains resulting into overflow of water and temporary water logging in rainy season

Absence of regular cleaning & maintenance mechanism: There are lack of proper

cleaning and maintenance of the existing storm water drain.

Inadequate or no drainage facilities in many areas

Most of the drains in the town is in dilapidated condition and/or choked due to silting.

A comprehensive plan for repair, revamping and de-silting of drains is required.


Vision

“Strengthening and revitalisation of existing drainage network and construction of new

drainage network to capture the entire storm water of Hussainabad”


Page 73 March 2016

Goals

Hussainabad Nagar Prishad should aspire to provide a town wide drain network to cover both

sides of 100% of all roads in the NP area that takes into account the town’s topography and

flooding areas within a 5 – 10 year time frame. Table 6-3 indicates targets to be achieved in

short, medium and long-term. Since SWM and Waste-water management actions to be

achieved are a pre-requisite to achievement of service levels, it is likely that service level

norms for storm water drains are likely to be achieved only in the long term, though the

required infrastructure development has been plan to achieved in the short, medium term and

long term.

TABLE 6-3: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline

Time frame for Achievement of Goals

Short term 5 years


Long term 10

years and beyond

Desilting of drains % 100% 0% √

Incidents of water logging/flooding

No. 0 7 √

Convert unlined drains to lined drains

% 100% 0% √ √

Construction of storm water drains

% 100% 72.6% √ √ √


Note: These parameters are not as part of MoUD SLB indicators and have been introduced to complement the SLB indicators

6.9 PROPOSALS

As per the contours, natural drainage pattern and topography of Hussainabad, the entire town

has been divided into two drainage districts. Drainage district I is towards western & north-

western part; whereas Drainage district II is central & south eastern part of the town where

Hadhi nallah is the primary drainage channel and most of the storm water drains out here.

In drainage district I, most of the drain out fall point is Hadhi nallah; whereas, in drainage

districts II, all the natural drain outfall point either accumulated in open vacant land and Hadhi

nallah, flowing in this zone. There are needs to construct some major drains in the wards 2, 5,

9, 11, and 13 which will be directly connected to Hadhi nallah.

All the proposed drainage alignment is subject to land availability and other techno-economic

analysis to be carried out during pre-feasibility study/ PFR stage. Map 6-2 shows the proposed

drain in the Hussainabad town.


Page 74 March 2016

MAP 6-2: MAP FOR HUSSAINABAD TOWN SHOWING PROPOSED DRAINS

Source: SENES filed visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 75 March 2016

6.10 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

1) Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network for Hussainabad Town:

The general slope of the town is towards south western direction. However, some of the

natural drains are heavily silted and thus, are inadequate to accommodate and transport

the storm water. Also, some of the storm water corridors also run through thickly populated

and highly congested localities and as such are encroached by permanent and semi-

permanent structures / buildings, significantly affecting the carrying capacities. Thus

strengthening of storm water drainage channel is recommended. The strengthening is

primarily comprise of following activities

a) De-silting of existing drains to increase the carrying capacity. To make the drain

cleaning sustainable and scientific, a system need to be planned, which can keep

the drains clean and prevent Hadhi nallah water from getting polluted. De-silting

and dredging followed by plantation of trees and shrubs has been proposed for all

along the natural drains.

b) All the major storm water drains flowing through Hussainabad need to be re-

constructed with proper size, shape and alignment based on detailed study at FR

/ DPR stage.

c) Removal of encroachment from the existing drains shall be required.

d) Awareness generation amongst the citizens to prevent waste dumping and open

defecation in the drains.

2) Construction of New Storm Water Drainage system: Review the status and efficacy

of the primary and secondary drainage in Hussainabad indicates the need for

construction of new storm water drains in the town, particularly in the areas facing

water-logging problem during the monsoon period.

a. There is absence of natural drains in ward number 2, 5, 9, 11 and 13 which

leads to draining of storm water into natural ponds along with waste water.

Natural drains connecting to Hadhi nallah need to be constructed which can

carry storm water to the nallah.

b. There is absence of natural drains in ward number 1, 3 and 7 which leads to

draining of storm water into natural low lying areas along with waste water and

in some pockets makes water logged. Natural drains connecting to Hadhi

nallah need to be constructed which can carry storm water to the nallah.

3) Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town in the storm water

drainage network: Some of the storm water drains in the town carries storm water

and waste water to the ponds/nallas and pollute the water. These drains should be

rerouted and either connected to other natural drains or should be connected to Hadhi

nallah.

4) Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to be developed for storm

water drains:


Page 76 March 2016

Urbanization and development of hard pavement and dedicated storm water

drainage system leads to high surface runoff to bigger drains and finally to

nearby nallah. Rain water harvesting for utilizing the primary source of water

and preventing the run off from going to the storm water drains should be

encouraged. Recharging of the ground water using appropriate technology

should be done for Hussainabad. Central Public Works Department.

Government of India has developed a technical manual for rain water

harvesting and conservation. Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat can refer to the

manual for design details of rain water harvesting structure (refer

http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/rain_wh.PDF). The Central Ground Water Board

has also prescribed various measures for scientific rain water harvesting

(www.cgwb.gov.in).

Some of state governments has been proactive in development of legislations for rain water

harvesting. Jharkhand state water policy also gives due consideration to rain water harvesting

in planning water resources. However, the state of Jharkhand can look into the aspect of

developing legislation for appropriate rain water harvesting in the state of Jharkhand, which

shall be helpful to cater the problem of draught.

http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/rain_wh.PDF

http://www.cgwb.gov.in/


Page 77 March 2016

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT – A CASE STUDY OF PUNE CITY

The population of Pune city (Maharashtra State) has increased three folds in the last 3 decades, thus

resulting in multi fold increase in paved areas leading to increased runoff. Coupled with blocked

natural drainage, this increased flow is causing flooding in many low lying areas. Also, the fluctuating

amount of rainfall in the past few years in Pune has put additional pressure on the water supply

system. The main cause of increased runoff is said to be the increase in impervious surfaces.

According to the study carried out in 2009, there has been a two fold increase in built up area in less

than a decade since 1999. The impervious surface area within a watershed is a very important

parameter which decides as to how much will be the quantum of change in runoff. Thus, it can be

concluded that due to rapid urbanization in Pune, the runoff quantity has also increased multi-folds.

With reference to the Environment Status Report (ESR), published by Pune Municipal Corporation,

nallas are the highest polluted surface water sources as they receive raw sewage. The trends

presented in the report indicate that the surface water quality is deteriorating in Pune city. As quality

of storm water is one of the major issues with respect to sustainable storm water management

systems, the water quality in the nallas flowing through Pune city is required to be analysed. The city

is divided into 23 drainage basins. Out of these 23 basins, the basin one of the basin was selected

for water quality analysis, since the type of landuse is similar (residential) in most of the basins in the

city.

There are 3 major nallas flowing through this basin. Three sampling points were selected at the

beginning of each of these nallas. Grab samples were collected at @ 10 am on different days and

the collected samples were immediately analysed for BOD5 (20˚C) (Biochemical Oxygen Demand),

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Total Solids (TS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). It can be

concluded from analysed result that water quality in all the drains in this basin is very poor and is

comparable to that of dilute to medium strength sewage. Hence, it is extremely essential to take

appropriate steps to reduce the pollution level. If compared with the water quality criteria based on

the Designated Best Use (Ref. Central Pollution Control Board), all these drains can be classified as

having Below E class of water. Thus, Pune city needs to adopt a sustainable approach to manage

the storm water in order to improve its quality.

Source: Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Design and Construction of Structures, 2012


Page 78 March 2016

6.11 COST ESTIMATES

The capital estimates for development of storm water drains for Hussainabad town has been

estimated taking into account as strengthening of the existing network about 30 km and

development of new storm water network about 60 km for the town. However, detailed cost

estimate followed by feasibility survey at FR / DPR stage and detailed design of storm water

drainage system should be carried out by HNP.

LEGISLATION ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Many states and cities have passed legislation regarding the implementation of rain water

harvesting to conserve the water. Some of the legislation examples are given below:

Ahmedabad

In 2002, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) had made rainwater harvesting

mandatory for all buildings covering an area of over 1,500 square meters. According to the rule, for

a cover area of over 1,500 square meters, one percolation well is mandatory to ensure ground

water recharge. For every additional 4,000 square meters cover area, another well needs to be

built.

Bangalore

In order to conserve water and ensure ground water recharge, the Karnataka government in

February 2009 announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to compulsorily adopt

rain water harvesting facility. Residential sites, which exceed an area of 2400 sq ft (40 x 60 ft), shall

create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.

Chennai

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in three storied buildings (irrespective of the size

of the rooftop area). All new water and sewer connections are provided only after the installation of

rainwater harvesting systems.

Kerala

The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 was amended by a notification dated January 12,

2004 issued by the Government of Kerala to include rainwater harvesting structures in new

construction.

Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 250 sq m or

more. A rebate of 6 per cent on property tax has been offered as an incentive for implementing

rainwater harvesting systems.

Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 1000 sq m or

more.

Source: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm


Page 79 March 2016

TABLE 6-4: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS

Sl. No.

Short Description

Cost (Lump Sum)

(Rs. In Lakhs)


Short term

3 years

Medium term

10 years

Long term

10 years and

beyond

1 Conduct Topographical Survey for the NP area to recognize the current condition of the sites etc.

150.00 150.00

2 Cost estimate for construction of new pucca storm water drain

1200.00 600.00 600.00

3 Cost estimate for strengthening the storm water drain

1800.00 900.00 900.00

Base Cost Total 3150.00 150.00 1500.00 1500.00

Add 2% External Development Works 63.00 3.00 30.00 30.00

Sub Total 3213.00 153.00 1530.00 1530.00

Contingencies 3% 96.39 4.59 45.90 45.90

Total of Capital cost (CAPEX for the base year of 2015)

3309.39 157.59 1575.90 1575.90

Cost escalation @ 5% per annum 2080.58 16.15 724.91 1339.52

Grand Total (CAPEX with cost escalation) 5389.97 173.74 2300.81 2915.42

Source: Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs and CPWD / State schedule of rates.

Note:

1. Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.

2. O&M for storm water drains to be budgeted by NP under revenue fund.

3. Short Term: Considering implantation to start in 2017 - Cost escalation of 5% per annum for 2 years from 2015.

4. Medium Term: Considering implantation to start in 2023 - Cost escalation of 46% per annum for 8 years from 2015.

5. Long Term: Considering implantation to start in 2028 - Cost escalation of 85% per annum 13 years from 2015.

6. Land cost not included


Page 80 March 2016

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET


An extensive discussion has been conducted by the survey team with HNP officials to

understand the exiting situation of sanitation facilities at household levels both in slum and

non-slum areas and identify the key issues and gaps in the sanitary facilities at this level.

Sanitation status and access to toilet is

poor in Hussainabad. In absence of

underground sewerage system, the

sanitation systems are septic tank and

soak pit based. As information gathered

from NP, almost 51 % of households are

having access to individual toilets 1%

households have access to public toilets

and rest 48% households reported for

practicing open defecation. In addition to

the above mentioned households and their access to different types of individual toilets, there

are also certain portion of population, i.e. from the primary survey analysis shows that there is

a number of households in non-slum including the slums people defecate in open.

On site sanitation (OSS): Currently OSS prevails in Hussainabad town whereby sewage is

collected and disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of underground

sewerage system. All the individual toilets and public toilet block in Hussainabad are based

on OSS system. OSS consist of two main structures, one is toilet (pan and water closet) and

another is treatment unit i.e. septic tank, twin pit, soak pit etc. However, many of the individual

units contains only first components i.e. toilet block and lacks the treatment / disposal unit.

7.1.1 Individual Toilets6

Pour flush toilet connected to septic tank is the predominant mode of toilets in households.

There are approximate 5,615 individual toilets in Hussainabad town i.e. 51% (45.1% as per

census 2011) and rest 49% (54.9 % as per the census 2011) of the households are dependent

on public toilets or defecate in open. Field investigation revealed that most of the toilets in the

town do not have soak pits and sewage from septic tanks (as depicted in Figure 7-1) is

discharge directly in to the drain.

Septic tank is cleaned only after it gets filled and the sludge from septic tank is dumped ward

no. 6 near railway crossing and 7 near Japla Choube. HNP has two functional suction machine

for clearing of septic tank sludge and one time cleaning charges are Rs. 2,500. Manual

scavenging is also practiced in some areas and many households take the services of private

labour for cleaning of septic tank sludge. In addition to the above mentioned households and

people have access to different types of individual toilets, there are also certain portion of

population, i.e. from the primary survey analysis shows that there is a number of households

in non-slum including the slums people defecate in open. Ward wise status of individual toilets

6 There is slight variation in the data provided by Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat and Census of India 2011 on individual toilets.

The data from Nagar Panchayat was provide on assumption basis, therefore, for the purpose of future projections and proposal identification, we have considered toilet records available from Census of India 2011.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Househol Public Toilet CommunityToilet

Shared Toilet OpenDefication

Type of Toilet


Page 81 March 2016

and open defecation status from Census of India 2011 for Hussainabad town is provided in

Figure 7-1.


FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN HNP

TABLE 7-1: WARD WISE STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL TOILETS

Town/ Ward

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

hav

ing

latr

ine

wit

hin

th

e p

rem

ise

s

Flush/pour flush latrine connected

to Pit latrine

Nig

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so

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isp

os

ed

in

to

op

en

dra

in

Service Latrine

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

no

t h

av

ing

latr

ine

fac

ilit

y w

ith

in t

he

pre

mis

es

Alternative source

Pip

ed

se

we

r

sy

ste

m

Se

pti

c t

an

k

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sy

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m

Wit

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lab

/

ve

nti

late

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pit

Wit

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ut

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b/ o

pe

n

pit

Nig

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em

ove

d

by

hu

ma

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so

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d

by

an

ima

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Hussainabad

45.1 1.5 39.1 1.5 1.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 0 54.9 0.3 54.5

Ward 1 54.4 0.8 52.6 1 0 0 0 0 0 45.6 0.3 45.3

Ward 2 51.7 0.2 50.7 0.6 0 0.2 0 0 0 48.3 0.2 48.1

Ward 3 56.3 0 53 0.7 0.3 1 1.3 0 0 43.7 0 43.7

52

48

Toilet Facility available

Yes No

51

1

48

Type of Toilet

Household Public Toilet Open Defication


Page 82 March 2016

Town/ Ward

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

hav

ing

latr

ine

wit

hin

th

e p

rem

ise

s

Flush/pour flush latrine connected

to Pit latrine

Nig

ht

so

il d

isp

os

ed

in

to

op

en

dra

in

Service Latrine

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

no

t h

av

ing

latr

ine

fac

ilit

y w

ith

in t

he

pre

mis

es

Alternative source

Pip

ed

se

we

r

sy

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m

Se

pti

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an

k

Oth

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sy

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m

Wit

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lab

/

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imp

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pit

Wit

ho

ut

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b/ o

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n

pit

Nig

ht

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d

by

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ma

n

Nig

ht

so

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erv

ice

d

by

an

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Pu

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Op

en

Ward 4 47.3 3.2 40.2 0.4 2.8 0.6 0 0 0 52.7 0 52.7

Ward 5 34.6 0.3 28.2 3.9 2 0 0.3 0 0 65.4 0.3 65.1

Ward 6 56.1 0.6 53.4 1.7 0 0 0.6 0 0 43.9 0 43.9

Ward 7 64.6 4.8 51.5 6.2 1.7 0.3 0 0 0 35.4 0 35.4

Ward 8 43.9 0 41.4 0.5 0.8 1.1 0 0 0 56.1 0 56.1

Ward 9 79.6 0.9 68.5 0 2.3 5.1 2.8 0 0 20.4 0.5 19.9

Ward 10 27 6.5 19.9 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 73 0 73

Ward 11 45.4 0.2 33.6 3.7 4.1 1 0 2.5 0.2 54.6 2.3 52.3

Ward 12 24.4 1.2 15.7 0.2 7 0 0.2 0 0 75.6 0.2 75.4

Ward 13 12.8 1.2 10.7 0 0.8 0 0 0 0 87.2 0 87.2

Source: Census of India 2011

Note: All data in percentage

7.1.2 Community Toilets

There are no community toilets in HNP for slum population and BPL population as of now.

Construction of 2 new community toilets is proposed by the NP under Swachh Bharat Mission,

however land for the same needs to be identified.

7.1.3 Public Toilets

At present there are three toilet blocks in Hussainabad operated by private party or Nagar

Panchayat. Two block is ten seater and one block are four seater and in total there are 24

seats. All the blocks are septic tanks and have pour flush system. Public toilets are located at

Patel Chowk near Japla railway station in ward no. 2, Bus Stand in ward no. 10 and near Agro

Park/Abdul Kalam Market in ward no.4. The toilets are equally divided for men and women

and proper privacy is maintained in the blocks. During the field visit, all the existing toilet blocks

are properly functional and two of them are in good conditions. All the public toilets are septic

tank based and cleaned as per the required by existing suction machine with HNP. All the

toilet blocks are properly functional. User charges is being collected at the rate of Rs. 1 for

using toilet and Rs. 5 for bathing.


Page 83 March 2016

Suction Machine Public Toilet

7.1.4 Open Defecation

Due to lack of individual household toilet (IHHL) facilities in HNP and also due to lack of

community toilets, practice of open defecation prevails in the whole town area. All the slums

and majority of the BPL households in the town does not have toilet in their house premises

and defecate in open. As informed by the HNP officials, most of the ward are more prone to

open defecation as depicted in Map 7-1. Majority of them defecate along the Hadhi nallah,

major drains and vacant plots etc., which ultimately meets water bodies / ponds in HNP.

Open defecation area (red marked) along pond side

Open defecation area along Hadhi nallah

7.1.5 School Sanitation

Hussainabad has 4 -5 nursery, 7 private schools and 24 government schools categorized into

senior secondary schools, higher secondary school and middle schools. A survey was

conducted with HNP officials, around 10 -12 government schools in the town and it is found

that most of the schools are having toilet facilities. In few schools where toilets are not

available, their conditions are quite poor and far below the expectations because there is no

arrangement of water supply and regular upkeep and maintenance. Moreover in these

schools, there is provision of separate toilets for the female students.


Page 84 March 2016

7.1.6 Toilet Access in Slums

None of the Slum household has individual toilets within their premises. In some areas

community toilets are available. In lack of individual and community toilets, people are bound

to defecate in open. Mostly people defecate in agriculture fields, open vacant land, along the

river and railway line, near the ponds and along the major drains. Both black and grey water

drains out in these drains and finds their way in open land and agriculture fields.


Page 85 March 2016

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN HUSSAINABAD

Source: SENS field visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 86 March 2016

7.1.7 Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets

Based on the preliminary level discussion, it was observed that there is general willingness to

pay by the community for using community / public toilet . Though, people are agreed to pay

if the facilities and services could meet their requirements and is constructed closer to their

household settlements. Willingness to pay for public toilet is also present. However, the right

mechanism of O&M of the same could not be materialised by HNP in general. There is utmost

need to build up a proper mechanism to provide the facilities as well as create awareness

through regular IEC activities to motivate people to stop open defecation so as to make PNP

open defecation free (ODF) within shortest possible time in line to the SBM guidelines.

7.2 SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK

Service level benchmark for sanitation status in Hussainabad is provided in Table 7-2. As per

the current status the toilet coverage in town is only 45.1% (as per stakeholder consultation

50%) for individual households and rest of the people defecate in open. Status of Hussainabad

with respect to service level benchmark for access to toilet facility is indicated in Table 7-2.

TABLE 7-2: ACCESS TO TOILET SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK

Sl. No. Component Bench Mark Status

1 Household Sanitation

Coverage 100% 45.1%

Toilet Connected to Sewer / Septic Tank 1 per household 0%

2 Community Toilets 0%

Accessibility 24×7

Toilet Seats, if not used in the night 1 seat per 50 users

Toilet Seats, if used round the clock 1 seat per 35 users

Bathing Units 1 seat per 50 users

Urinal Units 1 seat per 200 - 300 users

Clothes Washing Area 4-5 m2 per 10 toilet seats

3 Public Toilets 3.5%

Toilet Seats 1 seat per 100 users

Bathing Units, not used in the night 1 seat per 50 users

Bathing Units, if used round the clock 1 seat per 70 users

Urinal Units, not used in the night 1 seat per 200 - 300 users

Urinal Units, if used round the clock 1 seat per 300 - 500 users

Clothes Washing Area, not used in the night 4-5 m2 per 10 toilet seats

Clothes Washing Area, if used round the clock 4-5 m2 per 30 toilet seats

Source: SLB, MoUD, GoI, Guidelines for Community Toilets, Ministry of Urban Affairs & Employment and Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015


Presently Swachh Bharat Mission is undergoing in Hussainabad town. The mission is

applicable for construction of individual, public and community toilets. Under the mission, five

years (2015-2019) of time period has been considered for construction of toilets distributed

into annual plan. For the first year total 765 number of applications were received from from


Page 87 March 2016

the public for the construction of IHHLs. Out of 765, 224 numbers of IHHLs have been

approved for construction under the SBM scheme. Along with individual toilets, Land parcel

for community and more public toilet still needs to be identified. Summary of the sanitation

system in Hussainabad is provided in Table 7-3.

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN HNP

Components Status / Remark

Individual Toilets Septic tanks – 45.1%

Community toilets Not available

Public toilets 3 nos. are available, All are septic tank based

Urinals Three numbers available in Hussainabad

Suction machine Two nos. available

One time cleaning charges – Rs. 2500

Open defecation Most of the 13 wards

Toilets is slums Not available, throughout open defecation

Organisation HNP

Source: SENES Field Survey and Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015

7.4 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Availability of government land at various places in the town for construction of community and public toilet.

Declared State Water Policy of Jharkhand

Public toilets have been built for the population in the city

Implementation of new projects to upgrade the sanitation system in Hussainabad

Lack of community toilets and public toilets

High percentage of people defecate in open (approx. 55%)

Few public toilets for large floating/slum population

Lower socio-economic strata people face budgetary constraints

Lack of space to construct toilets especially in slums.

Public toilets leading waste to open drains

Absence of awareness among people with respect to environmental implication of open defecation.

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to avail funding under new central government schemes ( SBM) for construction of Individual, Public and community toilets

Opportunity to provide sewer network as a green field project

Rehabilitation of existing public toilets

BOT models in building toilets have high chances

IEC & Behavioural Change campaign can bring down the cases of open defecation

Absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance of public toilet

Low water supply and non-availability of water for sanitation discourage use of toilet facilities.

Mind set up for construction of community and more public toilets.

Noticeable presence of Flies & Mosquitoes leading to health risk.

Willingness to pay is not there among the people for public and community toilets.

Possible difficulties in laying of sewer network in narrow streets of the town


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7.5 KEY ISSUES

Shortage of community/public toilets: There is no community toilets in the town for

slums and urban poor which result into defecate in open. Public toilets are also less in

number as per the existing demand.

Open defecation: Number of people defecating in open is very high. Open defecation

by slum and non-slum dwellers can be seen throughout the town. Most affected areas

are along Hadhi nallah, along drains, near the ponds and vacant areas.

Willingness to Pay: There is absence of willingness to pay by the community for using

community / public toilets, if the facilities are and services could meet their

requirements and is easily accessible.

Condition of Public toilets: One public toilet in the town are in dilapidated condition

with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no

electricity or maintenance person. These are to be need to be rebuilt.

Unawareness to Sanitation: Unawareness among people with respect to health

issues related to sanitation. Waste from public toilet facilities and urinals is drained

directly into drains or low-lying area

7.6 BEST PRACTICES AND KEY TAKE A WAYS

Awareness Campaign- Case Study

Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh - “A Journey from ‘Exploring What to Do’ to ‘Explaining

What We Have Done’”

Hamirpur is the smallest district of Himachal Pradesh. With an area of 1,118 sq km, it is located

on the western side of the district, close to the Punjab border. There are four administrative sub-

divisions, six development blocks, 229 Gram Panchayats, and 1,694 revenue villages in the

district. Hamirpur’s total population was 454,000 as of the 2011 Census. The population is

predominantly rural, at 93 percent. The project proposal for the Total Sanitation Campaign was

approved in 2002, at which point close to 44 percent of the households had toilets. There was

practically no progress in this area until the beginning of 2006-07; less than 1 percent of the target

of 57,000 home toilets had been installed over the five years. Hamirpur was among the low-

performing districts in the state in terms of TSC progress. The district-level nodal agency (DRDA)

used to wonder what could be done to motivate communities to make progress in the Total

Sanitation Campaign; they had explored many conventional approaches but none was particularly

successful. It was at this time that the state government introduced training programs on

Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS), with the support of the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation

Program (WSP). Hamirpur volunteered to become one of the first districts to organize the training

program. The CLTS training put an end to quandaries over ‘what to do,’ as it provided an effective

strategy and tools through which to motivate communities to change deep-rooted behavior and to

achieve Open-Defecation Free (ODF) communities. Since then, there has been no looking back.

The nodal agency (DRDA) devised and institutionalized a community-owned campaign that

produced incredible results. The district once considered as a ‘low performer’ could claim almost

half of the Nirmal Gram Puraskars (NGPs) that were awarded to Himachal Pradesh in 2010. Source: “Pathway to Success” Compendium of Best Practices in Rural Sanitation in India, 2014, Govt. of India,

www.mdws.gov.in

http://www.mdws.gov.in/


Page 89 March 2016

Success Stories

Changing behaviour instead of building toilets, Cambodia “Village decides to bring

sanitation closer to home”

‘In the past’, according to Dr. Chea Samnang, Health Care Director of the Ministry of Rural

Development, ‘our aim was just to build latrines, not to change behaviour — this was the reason

for our failure. There was no involvement from the community, no encouragement and no clear

picture of what to do next. What made a big difference in this project was the participation of the

villagers in discussing the problem and analyzing the solutions themselves.’ Dr. Samnang was

surprised at the speed of change in the village — which shows that attitudes and knowledge are

more important drivers of new behaviour than cash inducements and crude exhortation.

Toilets were not entirely unknown in Slaeng before the project arrived. Some people (especially

women) valued privacy, or felt that they could not entertain guests from Phnom Penh unless their

household had a proper amenity. But the health importance of confining ordure had not been

previously well-understood. ‘We did not know the consequences of defecating outdoors — it was

simply our habit,’ said Mr. Chan. ‘We were not educated on the importance of good hygiene. But

now, we are very excited to have our latrines. Mine is almost full and I’m ready to dig a new pit.’

Mr. Chan spent 10,000 riels (US$2.50) to build his first home toilet. His was among the first 15

families to do so; after this, it was easier for him to motivate others.

The support of other influential villagers was important. Ms. Heu Lon, a convert of household toilets

from before the project, believes that having your own facility is far more hygienic than using the

fields. ‘Open defecation is inappropriate because you spread diseases.’ Such diseases include not

only diarrhoea, but fevers, respiratory infections, and parasitic worms. Ms. Heu was among the

village personalities who went house to house to convince villagers that ‘if we want our village to

be clean, everybody should participate and build their own toilet.’

Source: UNICEF, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA, www.unicef.org/wes

Technological Options – Urban Sanitation

To overcome the problem of safe disposal of human waste, in 1970, Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak,

Founder, Sulabh Sanitation and Social Reform Movement, invented, innovated and developed two

technologies. The first technology of two-pit, pour-flush, compost toilet, popularly known as Sulabh

Shauchalaya, is scientifically appropriate, economically affordable, and culturally acceptable and

conserves water, requiring only 1 to 1.5 litre of water for flushing. No scavengers are required to

clean the pits. The other technology is for recycling and safe reuse of human wastes from public

toilets through biogas generation. Biogas can be used for lighting mantle lamps, cooking food,

warming oneself during winters and power generation. The water discharged from the biogas

digester is treated through Sulabh Effluent Treatment technology, which is simple and convenient,

for its safe reuse as bio-fertilizer or discharge into rivers/water bodies, without polluting them.

With the implementation of Sulabh on-site technologies scavengers have been liberated,

rehabilitated in other occupations with educational and vocational training and brought into the

mainstream of society. Sulabh has been able to change the attitudes and behaviour of the Indian

people towards toilets and 'untouchable' human scavengers.

Sulabh has contributed significantly in improvement of urban health in India by providing 1.2 million

household toilets in 1499 Indian towns/cities and also by maintaining 'pay and use' public toilets,

both of which are used by more than 10 million people daily. Improvement of the urban

environment will promote healthy life for the millions of citizens living in urban areas, particularly

the poor and the under-privileged.

Source: Abha Bahadur, Senior Vice President, Sulabh International Social Service Organization, New Delhi

email: [email protected]


Page 90 March 2016


Vision

Goals

The key challenge looming large at the town is devising an implementation strategy for the

City Sanitation Plan (CSP). The development of the implementation strategy entails detailed

planning; initiatives supported by incentives, guidance system / sound financial systems;

innovations; context specific solutions, prioritization; supportive context; and most importantly,

ownership and leadership.



Short term 5 years


Long term 10-30 years

% of population practising open defecation

% 0% 54.9% √ √

Individual toilets coverage

% 100% 45.1% √ √ √

Community toilet coverage

% For 20% of the

population defecating in open

0% √ √

Public toilet coverage

% 5% of the floating

population 3.5% √ √ √

Source: SENES Field Survey and Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015

Note: These parameters are not as part of SLB indicators, MoUD and have been introduce to complement the SLB indicators

7.8 RECOMMENDATIONS

Individual toilet

Individual toilets will be constructed by households themselves but the HNP needs to ensure

that adequate technical and monitoring support – promoting low cost toilet models

(Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India, 2008), licensing trained masons and

ensuring technical supervision and advice to households, is mobilized.

To make the system more efficient, de-sludging of septic tanks should be done every

2 -3 years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and

cleaning of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in the

morning hours.

“Make the town open defecation free through provision of equitable and efficient access to

individual, public and community toilet”


Page 91 March 2016

Public toilet/ Community toilet

As a growing town adequate public toilet facility is an urgent need of the town as the problem

of open defecation is increasing day by day mainly along the area of railway lines, open places

and it is becoming difficult to stop this kind of nuisance because most of open defecation is

being practiced due to lack of public toilet. Providing adequate public toilet is therefore a critical

requirement for maintaining sanitation in public places. In 1st year of the CSP implementation,

it is estimated that about 574 households will need to be served through community toilet

blocks.

Proper signage navigating to the public toilet should be there.

Female attendant should be available to promote the use of toilet by female slum / BPL

/floating population.

To make the toilets more usable and environment friendly, odour control / ventilation /

day lighting / solar lighting etc. and child friendly parameters should be adopted.

To improve the aesthetic value of the both community and public toilets, appropriate

landscaping with gardening (based on the availability of land) or tree plantation should

be planned.

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at affordable and

agreed rates should be considered by the HNP / private operator.

Litter bins should be provided near the hand wash stations.

All the toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned regularly with toilet cleanser /

disinfectant and should be wiped properly after every uses.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes, mops, etc.)

and health safety gear.

Suggestion box / compliant filing register should be maintained in every toilet block.

Location of community toilets should be easily accessible, particularly by the physically

challenged people and at walkable distance from the settlements.

7.9 DEMAND GAP ANALYSIS

7.9.1 Individual toilet

The projection on the individual toilets has been done taking census data as the baseline. As

per census 2011, 39.1% of households have individual toilets (septic tank), 4.4% have

insanitary latrine7, 1.5% have piped sewer system and rest 54.9% of the HHs either defecate

in open or are dependent on public toilets. Plan for toilet facilities is in line with the government

vision to make all town open defecation free by year 2019.

This section identifies the gaps in the individual toilets which needs to be covered between

the years of 2015 - 2019 in a phase wise manner. Total of 2,298, IHHLs need to be

constructed in the town, with a target of 20% (460) IHHLs to be completed in every year for a

period of 5 years till 2nd October, 2019.

7 As per SBM guidelines: Insanitary latrine means a latrine which requires human excreta to be cleaned or otherwise handled

manually, either in situ or an open drain or pit into which the excreta is discharged or flushed out, before the excreta fully decomposes in such manner as may be prescribed


Page 92 March 2016

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) being implemented by MoUD is providing funding for the

construction of individual toilets (applicable till 2nd October 2019). SBM has already been

launched in Hussainabad town and 224 toilets have been approved for the first year. The

details demand analysis of Individual toilet is provided in Table 7-4.

TABLE 7-4: DEMAND OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 31,734

Projected house holds 5,232

Existing individual toilet 2,360

Households defecating in open 2,872

80% of households defecating in open need toilet 2,298

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

Gap in individual toilet 460 460 460 460 460

Construction in 2015 224

Actual requirement 696 460 460 460

Source: SENES assessment based on SBM guidelines and existing gaps in Hussainabad

7.9.2 Community Toilet

At present, no community toilets are available in Hussainabad. Based on the standards

provided under SBM, 20% of the population defecating in open area require community toilets;

accordingly, demand for community toilets have been calculated. Demand gap analysis

indicates that 20 community toilets (6 seat per toilet block) need to be constructed in

Hussainabad, with 52 seats for men and 67 for women. Between the period 2015 and 2019,

proposed toilet blocks will be constructed in phase wise manner. Table 7-5 presents the

number of toilet blocks to be constructed each year.

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET8

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 31,734

Projected house holds 5,232

Existing individual toilet 2,360

Households defecating in open 2,872

20% of the HHs defecating in open need community toilet

574

20% of total population defecating in open

3,484

53% of mal population 1,812

47% of female population 1,673

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 35 men 52

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 25 women

67

8 Standards for construction of community toilets as per SBM guidelines –

1 seat – 25 women ; 1 seat – 35 men


Page 93 March 2016

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block) - men

9

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block) - women

11

Total number of toilet blocks 20

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year

25% 25% 25% 25%

Number of Community toilet to be constructed

5 5 5 5


As discussed with officials from Nagar Panchayat office, community toilet blocks need to be

constructed in the slum areas. There are almost 8 slum pockets in Hussainabad lacking toilet

facilities. Location of identified places for construction of community toilets are Mushar Tola in

ward no. 1, Harizon Tola in ward no 7 and Harizon Tola in ward no. 13. Each of the toilet block

contains 6 seats for which a water tank with capacity of 5,000 liters would be required. Along

with toilet block, one bathroom is also required in the block. Area requirement for each of the

block would be approximately 35 - 40 sq. m.

7.9.3 Public Toilet

At present there are three public toilet in Hussainabad located in Patel Chowk near Japla

railway station in ward no. 2, Bus Stand in ward no. 10 and near Agro Park/Abdul Kalam

Market in ward no.4, which are not sufficient to cater the demand for the floating population,

particularly during festive days. Being an significant town Hussainabad, attracts large number

of population from nearby villages and towns. Key locations lacking in public toilet facility are

Gandhi Chowk Market in ward no. 5, Weekly Bazar in ward no. 6 & 8 and near Chatt Pokhra

in ward no. 5. Based on the standard provided in SBM guidelines, 5% of the total population

has been assumed as floating population for which public toilets need to be constructed.

Demand for public toilets on the projected floating population till the year 2045 are given in

Table 7-6.

TABLE 7-6: DEMAND OF PUBLIC TOILET9

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected population

31,734 32,337 32,949 33,570 34,201 34,841 38,190 45,721 54,569

Floating population @5%

1,587 1,617 1,647 1,679 1,710 1,742 1,910 2,286 2,728

Men - public toilet for 2/3 of the floating population

1,063 1,083 1,104 1,125 1,146 1,167 1,279 1,532 1,828

Women - public toilet for 1/3 of the floating population

524 534 544 554 564 575 630 754 900

9 Standards for construction of public toilets as per SBM guidelines –

1 seat – 50 women ; 1 seat – 100 men


Page 94 March 2016

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 100 men

11 11 11 11 11 12 13 15 18

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 50 women

10 11 11 11 11 11 13 15 18

Total number of seats required for public toilet

21 22 22 22 23 23 25 30 36

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6

Actual number of public toilet blocks required

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Number of existing public toilet block

3

Phase wise construction of public toilet

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1


Currently, 1 public toilet blocks is required and 2 more toilet blocks would be required between

2025 and 2045.

Location and area requirement: As per the discussion with Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat

officials, locations of proposed public toilet has been finalized. To meet the existing demand

at immediate basis for public toilets till the year 2019, 3 locations have been identified given

as follows:

1. Gandhi Chowk Market in ward no. 5

2. Weekly Bazar in ward no. 6 & 8

3. Near Chatt Pokhra in ward no. 5

Each of the toilet block contains 6 seats for which a water tank with capacity of 5,000 liters

would be required. Area requirement for each of the block10 would be approximately 36 sq. m.

10 Detail design and specification can be referred from Guidelines on Community Toilets by Ministry of Urban Affairs and

Employment, Government of India

JUIDCO City Sanitation Plan – Hussaiabad

Page 95 March 2016

MAP 7-2: LOCATION OF PROPOSED COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC TOILET IN HUSSAINABAD

Source: SENES field visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 96 March 2016

Namma Toilet Namma toilet is an option to develop community and public toilet which is user friendly universal

toilet, sustainable and can be successfully used by the people across all socio economic spectrum.

Namma Toilet is a Modular Toilet solution that has been designed to eradicate open defecation,

keeping in mind the requirements of Indian sanitary practices. A series of user studies, interviews

and follow up presentations have resulted in a specific set of requirements based on which Namma

Toilet has been designed.

Namma Toilet can be configured to many different complexes based on the requirement at the site,

as they are modular. One is the basic toilet module. This is available in 4 options. Male Physically

Challenged (EWC), Ladies Physically Challenged (EWC), Male Regular (IWC) and Ladies Regular

(IWC). There is a Urinal Module (2 People can use at same time), there are standalone modules

for hand wash, Partitions for separating the women sections from the men, End partitions designed

to keep stray animals away, Overhead Water tank structure and Canopies (Privacy Screens) for

the individual toilet modules. In addition to these, the Solar based lighting module varies according

to the design or size of the toilet complex. In rural areas where power is a problem or remote areas

an additional option is available for having the bore motor run of solar power. The system is

designed so that there is light from sunset to daybreak without any manual intervention. The system

is designed with a backup of 3 days. This means if there is cloud cover or rainfall the backup will

work for 3 days. A toilet complex can be designed with a combination of these individual modules

to best fit the requirements of the site selected. In Urban areas where Underground drainage connections are available, the system can connect

the waste to these lines. In areas where this option is not available septic tank with a bio-enzyme

based treatment system can be opted. This helps control the COD/BOD levels and Ecoli in the

waste. Additionally, in areas which have a very sensitive ecological system, batch waste treatment

system can be provided which totally controls the waste water let out and this water can be used

for watering nearby trees. Each module is 3.5ft x 4ft in size and 7.5ft height.

Namma Toilets Complex at Srirangam Trichy

Namma toilet in Ooty outside Botanical Gardens View


Page 97 March 2016

Promotion of public / community toilet roof tops with solar panels

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic (PV) cells by scientists, convert sunlight directly into

electricity. Today, thousands of people power their homes and other utilities with individual

solar PV systems. Utility agencies (both government and non-government sector) are also

using PV technology for different projects and installations. Solar panels used to power

homes and utility services are typically made from solar cells combined into modules that

hold about 40 cells. A typical home will use about 10 to 20 solar panels to power the home.

The panels are mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they can be mounted on a

tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture the most sunlight. Many

solar panels combined together to create one system is called a solar array. For large

electric utility or public / industrial applications, hundreds of solar arrays are interconnected

to form a large utility-scale PV system.

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the

most efficient. Second-generation solar cells are called thin-film solar cells because they

are made from amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials such as cadmium telluride. Thin

film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick.

Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles,

building facades, or the glazing for skylights.

Third-generation solar cells are being made from a variety of new materials besides

silicon, including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, and

conductive plastics. Some new solar cells use plastic lenses or mirrors to concentrate

sunlight onto a very small piece of high efficiency PV material. The PV material is more

expensive, but because so little is needed, these systems are becoming cost effective for

use by utilities and industry. However, because the lenses must be pointed at the sun, the

use of concentrating collectors is limited to the sunniest parts of the country.

The CSP towns are in general suffering from huge power cut, particularly during the peak

hours. Hence, promotion of solar energy utilisation has been considered essential, for all

the upcoming projects in general and particularly for the community / public toilet blocks

proposed for the town under SBM. Such solar panels may be erected on the rooftop of

the community / public toilet blocks, or on the top of the rooftop water reservoir placed on

the toilet blocks suitably. Such solar panels are available in the market along with

necessary arrangements / structures for erecting, and hence separate cost involvement

for making any structural arrangements shall not be there. One unit of solar panel of 250

watt / 24 Volt capacity powered with LED lights and having backup battery shall be enough

for a toilet block housing 10 units (@ 25 Watt per unit) and such unit cost shall be around

Rs. 12,500.00 in the present market value. Hence, a toilet block to accommodate 20 units

(combining urinals and WCs) shall be feasible to be provided with solar power at an

estimated cost of Rs. 25,000.00 only.


Page 98 March 2016

Specification for Community or Public Toilet Block

Community or public toilet is a shared toilet facility provided for group of residents or for an

entire settlement. Whereas public toilet facility is also shared toilet provided for floating

population. Along with toilet blocks the facility also include bathroom component. Septic tank

with soak pits is the most preferred option for Hussainabad town. In the later phase of

planning, all the public and community toilets will be connected to sewerage network. Key

features of toilet block are as follows:

Area requirement for a block is approx.36 sq. m for 6 number of toilet seats and one

bathroom.

Toilet seat for children in the women section.

A store room sum caretaker room should be provided within the complex.

A separate space for clothes washing should be provided in the community toilet

complex to sop the clothes washing at ponds or river.

Soak pits should be made mandatory in the public/community toilet complex to drain

out the water coming from washing and bathing activities.

The toilet block system can be based on septic tank, leach pit or digester (to generate

biogas) form.


Page 99 March 2016

Case Studies on Elimination of Open defecation

Bikaner district has witnessed an unprecedented campaign by the name of ‘Banko Bikano’ to

eliminate open-defecation completely.

The Banko Bikano campaign is progressing at a rapid pace, with more and more communities

coming forward to embrace change. Within four months, 81 Gram Panchayats have become ODF

and more are pledging their commitment all the time. Key steps taken by the administration to make

the GPs open defecation free were:

Any Gram Panchayat can join the campaign, as long as there is demand from either the

Sarpanch or the community. The campaign should be truly demand-driven.

People were expected to construct toilets using their own resources and labor, as per their

choice. There will be no standard size for toilets, nor will any NGOs be engaged for

construction.

Constitution of nigrani committee in each village for regular follow-up, particularly during

the morning and evening hours when people normally resort to open-defecation.

It was the women of Bikaner who showed the greatest support for the Banko Bikano

campaign, turning out in large numbers for every meeting and taking a lead role in the

construction of toilets in their respective households.

The campaign’s success is additionally due to the support and guidance of elected

representatives, such as Zilla Pramukh, MLA s, Sarpanchs, as well as leaders of all parties,

irrespective of political divides.

The District Collector, Zilla Pramukh, CEO, ACEO, SDMs, and BDOs hold regular meetings

of key officers at their respective levels with the express purpose of discussing the

sanitation campaign. Moreover, these officers visit villages on a regular basis to review the

campaign’s progress.

The mobile application ‘Outcome Tracker’ developed by WSP has been used by the

district-level verification team to survey households, schools, and Anganwadi centers in

Gram Panchayats having claimed ODF status. The application, featuring photographs and

GPS coordinates, provides reliable information.

A team of 21 people known as District Resource Committee motivated the people to

remove the practice of open defecation bring change in the behavior towards sanitation.


Page 100 November 2015

7.10 COST ESTIMATES

Phase wise cost estimates for the individual toilets, community toilet and public toilet are provided in Table 7-7.

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR HUSSAINABAD TOWN

Particulars 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045 Total

Individual Toilet

Total number of toilets required

696 460 460 460 2,076

Cost estimate - @12,000 per toilet

88.00 61.00 61.00 61.00 271.00

Total number of insanitary latrine

230 230

Insanitary to sanitary latrine - @9,000 per toilet

20.7 20.7

Public Toilet

Number of seats required 6 - - - - - 6 6 18


5.00 - - - - - 13.00 39.00 57.00

Community Toilet

Number of seats required 30 30 30 30 120


19.50 19.50 19.50 19.50 78.00

Total estimated cost in INR lakh

133.20 80.50 80.50 80.50 - - 13.00 39.00 426.70

Source: SENES calculation

Note :

1. Cost for each of the components has been referred from SBM guidelines for Individual, Community and Public toilet seats.

2. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds towards community toilet projects to match 75% Central Share as per SBM guidelines. (10% in the case of North East States and special category states).

3. All the cost are excluding land cost.

4. For conversion of insanitary latrine into sanitary latrine 75% cost of individual toilet has been considered

5. For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.


Page 101 March 2016

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM


8.1.1 Domestic Waste Water

Hussainabad town does not have organized sewerage system in the town to collect and treat

the sewage generation in the town. There is no separate system for waste water and waste

water collection in the town as of now. All the waste water from the households (grey water)

flows into the open drains. There are open drain (pucca), covered drain (pucca) and kutcha

drains. It is observed during the site visit that the existing temporary drainage arrangement

require extensive repair and up-gradation work. The drains should have enough capacities in

town to cater the surface runoff of maximum rainfall of two year return period frequency.

Surface runoff quantity has to be worked out based on rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient and

travel time to design drains in the town.

Current drainage system comprises of open/covered drains (pucca drain, kutcha drain)

constructed in a haphazard way to meet temporary local conditions in different parts of the

town mainly built on as required and fund availability. As per census of India 2011,

approximately 73.0 % of the town is covered by drainage system, of which 57.5% open and

15.5% are covered drains; and rest 27.0% of the town has no drainage system. The brief

status of the drainage system in Hussainabad is provided in Table 8-1.

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE DETAILS

Sl. No. Category of Drain % of HHs connected

1 Closed drainage 15.5

2 Open drainage 57.5

3 No drainage 27.0

Total 100%


FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER DRAINAGE DETAILS

15.5

57.5

27

Waste Water Outlet Coected to

Covered drainage Open drainage No drainage


Page 102 March 2016

The Census report 2011 indicates that few households having pit latrines (2.4%)11 or not

having septic tanks facility for the flush/ pour flush latrines (3.0%)12 and discharges the black

water directly into the existing drains or open plots.

Approximately, 39.1 % households are having septic tank connected to flush/ pour flush

latrines system, however do not clean the septic tank regularly. Most of the septic tanks do

not have soak pits, while few soak pits are found in dilapidated condition with broken top slabs

and pipes. As a result, septic tanks generally overflow and discharge into nearby drains.

Thereby, major quantum of sewage generated from the town finds its way into the road side

drains, which ultimately dispose waste water into Hadhi nallah flowing through south eastern

part of the town. The discharge of untreated sewage in to river increasing organic loads, and

thus affect water quality and harmful to human and ecological health.

Major drains flowing through the town carrying both waste water and waste water with their

disposal points are given in the table below.

TABLE 8-2: MAJOR DRAINS AND THEIR DISCHARGE POINTS

Ward number Drainage system

Ward number 1 All the waste water goes to Hadhi nallah except few patches accumulated in open vacant land

Ward number 2, 5 and 10

Secondary drain is constructed in those wards which carries all the waste water through market area or accumulated in open vacant land/agricultural field or pond. Few drain also meets with another secondary drain and goes to Hadhi nallh

Ward number 3 and 4

Water from these wards directly discharged into Hadhi nallah through a constructed drain/kutcha drain

Ward number 6, 7, 8, and 9

Secondary drain is constructed in those wards which carries all the waste water to the Hadhi nallah through residential area or accumulated in open vacant land.

Ward number 11 and 13

Poor drainage condition resulting into discharge of waste water into open vacant fields or low land.

Ward 12 Waste water from these wards directly discharged into Hadhi nallah through a natural drain


11 Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 7-1 of the report for details) 12 Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 7-1 of the report for details)


Page 103 March 2016

FIGURE 8-2: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING WASTE WATER FLOWING THROUGH OPEN DRAINS

8.1.2 Waste Water Generation

The current domestic water supply system is based on surface water source from river Sone

and also ground sources like tube well, hand pump and dug well in Hussainabad town. In

addition, private tube wells, bore wells and hand pumps are also being used by the citizens

within the town. There is no accurate estimate of per capita water consumption available with

DW&SD. However, based on discussion with DW&SD officials, it was assessed that

approximately 80 lpcd of water is being consumed by the residents both from government and

private sources. Waste water generation for the town is calculated considering 80% of

the water consumed (i.e. 64 lpcd) , comprising of 30% black water ( 19.2 lpcd) and 70% grey

water (44.8 lpcd). Data from secondary sources indicate that waste water generation from

pour flush toilet is approximately 10 -25 lpcd per day[1], which was further confirmed by the

residents during field visit that 10 -15 lpcd of water is used for flushing toilet facilities. An

estimate of the total waste water being generated for the town is presented in Table 8-3

TABLE 8-3: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN HUSSAINABAD

Total Population

Total Households1

Total Water

Supplied @ 80 lpcd

(m3)

Total Waste Water

generated @64 lpcd2

(m3)

Total Households Connected to Septic

Tank3

Total Black Water

transferred to the Septic Tanks2

@19.2 lpcd (m3)

Total grey water

generated @

44.8 lpcd2

( m3)

29241 4,821 2,339 1,871 1,885 220 1,310

SENES Analysis based on CPHEEO manual

Note:

1 As per Census data 2011

2 Waste water assumption - 80% of water supplied (80 lpcd); black water 30% of total waste water and grey water 70% of total waste water

3 As per data obtained from Census data 2011, 39.1% household connected to septic tank

4 Assuming average household size of 6.06 (as per Census 2011)

[1] Source : Technology options for Urban Sanitation in India


Page 104 March 2016

It is important to note that due to less water supply, the number of household having toilet

facilities with septic tank is very low and 54.9% of the household still defecate in open.

8.1.3 Septage Management

HNP have suction machine for maintenance of the septic tanks, but these are inadequate to

cater to the needs of entire town, although suction machine is being provided by the ULB for

cleaning purpose at the rate of Rs. 2,500 per trip. Collected septage is often disposed in places

near the existing dumping site at ward no. 6 and 7 along Hadhi nallah, which poses serious

threat to the human health and the environment. There are no records available with HNP

regarding the number of trips of suction machine generally being made in one year and for

septage collection and disposal.

8.1.4 Industrial Waste Water

As discussed with Hussainabad NP officials, as there is no established industry in the Town,

there is no notable industrial pollution of water bodies at present.


Service level benchmarks for sewerage status for Hussainabad is provided in Table 7-2.

Although the town does not have the integrated sewerage system, the service level

benchmarks have been provided to indicate the level of service expected in the long term.

TABLE 8-4: SEWERAGE SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

Sl. No. Sewerage and Sanitation Benchmarks HNP Status

1 Coverage of sewage network services 100% 0%

2 Collection efficiency of the sewage network

100% 0%

3 Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity 100% 0%

4 Quality of sewage treatment 100% 0%

5 Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage 20% 0%

6 Complaint Redressal 80% 0%

7 Extent cost recovery in sewage management

100% 0%

8 Efficiency in collection of sewage related charges

90% 0%



Currently, no scheme or work for development of sewerage system at Hussainabad is there.

However, ULB has plan for preparation of detailed project report for Sewerage and Drainage

system for Hussainabad town.

8.4 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Declared State Water Policy of Jharkhand Lack of sewerage network and Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).


Page 105 March 2016

Town's topography is ideal for laying of sewer lines as the sewage would flow by gravity without pumping, except some pockets

Aware of the effect of water pollution on human health and environment

High percentage (54,9%) of people defecate in open

Septage management (treatment and safe disposal) not practiced.

Household and commercial waste directly released to open drains and nallas

Most of the drains discharging in Hadhi nallah

Mixing of untreated sewage in natural drains

Depending on topography of the town – pumping may be required

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to provide sewer network and STP etc. as a green field project

Having plan for sewerage scheme

IEC campaign against throwing garbage in open drains and sanitation in general

Untreated sewage flowing through open drains and released in Hadhi nallah

Possible difficulties in laying of sewer network in narrow streets of the town

Huge investment required for development of sewerage system

Operation and maintenance of sewerage system with limited resources (both human and financial)

Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health hazard

Encroachments of natural drains and by growing slum population.

8.5 KEY ISSUES

Uncontrolled urbanization: The issue that is seen as hampering any attempt at

rational planning of the drainage system is uncontrolled urbanization in some areas

which has been evident in some parts of Hussainabad in the past few years.

Absence of sewerage system: Hussainabad town does not have any sewerage and

sewage disposal system. The conservancy system of sanitation, in other words, the

rudimentary method of manual collection and disposal of night soil in trenching grounds

still prevails in the town. The effluent, which is left out from the existing drains, is

causing further deterioration of the environment of the town.

Conversion of drains into sewer lines: Storm water drains of Hussainabad NP have

converted into sewage carrying drains. Due to absence of proper sewerage system

and public ignorance HH sewage is discharged into the drains. Mixing of sewage and

storm water drain is one of the major problem town is facing

Degradation of natural water bodies: Flowing untreated waste water into natural

drains and finally to the Hadhi nallah lead to degradation of quality and eco-system of

water bodies and also causing pollution of pond water. There is threat to human health

and environment due to degradation of water quality.

Lack of maintenance: Even though some areas are having proper drainage system,

they are enduring by the poor maintenance of the NP authority. The drains are

completely obstructed with the garbage and roadside waste.

No reuse and recycling of waste water: At present there is no reuse and recycling

of waste water in Hussainabad NP.


Page 106 March 2016

Institutional Strengthening for Programme Implementation: Capacity building

measures need be taken in the form of information dissemination among the poor and

slum dwellers about the importance of safe disposal facilities. While such mediums like

audio-visual communication shall be adopted for the purpose, community gatherings

and meetings shall also be given importance. Since the new programmes are

envisaged towards community participation in operation and maintenance, such

measures will strengthen the institutional setup

Asset Management Plan – It is it is necessary that an asset management plan be

prepared for drainage system in the town.

Mapping & GIS – It is to address the issue of drainage system rehabilitation, mapping

and establishing a GIS system is pertinent to detail out system location, characteristics,

age and condition. This would enable identifying dilapidated sections of the drainage

network and those that require replacement.

8.6 BEST PRACTICES & KEY TAKE AWAYS


Vision

“100% treatment of black and grey water to the prescribed standards and reuse of waste water

for non-potable application”

Goals

The main goal is to develop sewerage system, by providing the sufficient sewer network,

surface drains and suitable treatment plants, which will improve the quality of town’s

environment. All the waste water generated in the town shall be collected and conveyed

through an appropriate sewer network to treatment plants, treated to acceptable quality levels

and disposed, recycled or reused by the year 2019. Considering the above key challenges,

SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AT MUSIRI, TAMILNADU

Musiri is a panchayat town at Tiruchirappalli district in Tamil Nadu. To prevent the nuisance due to sludge in the water bodies, Sludge Treatment Plant (STP) is constructed in Musiri. It is operating since July 2010 and is based on constructed wetland model. To treat the sludge from the septic tanks, a vertical flow constructed wetland is built as a Pilot cum Demonstration Unit. The treatment unit consist of three compartments for rotation of sludge application. All the three compartments have a common feed channel for loading of sludge and a common under drain for removal of percolates. The feed channel is located on the one side of the beds and the percolate channel at the centre. At the bottom of the beds, a slope of 1/8 is provided towards the channel. The media in each compartment is supported by a stainless steel mesh laid on the top of the channel. The beds are planted with locally available species of reeds namely Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia. Preventative measures are also proposed to prevent the inconvenience caused due to the foul odour emanated from the anaerobic digested sludge. Steps like: loading of the beds only during night time, usage of dilute lemon grass oil spray to mask bad odour as well as for vector control and planting of trees along the periphery of the unit to provide a green belt has been contemplated.It is estimated that 75-80 percent of the volatile solids (VSS) in the sludge will be reduced by this process. Source: Policy paper on Septage Management in India, centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, May 2011


Page 107 March 2016

the following goals for different horizon years have been identified. The sewerage coverage

and access in HNP limits needs to be enhanced to at least 50% by the year 2020, 70% by the

year 2025 and 90% by the year 2030 as Jharkhand state declared as a ‘model state’ for its

‘Clean Ganga Mission’ in two years’ time . The estimated service coverage for sewerage

system is depicted in Table 8-5.

TABLE 8-5: ESTIMATED SERVICE COVERAGE BY HORIZON PERIOD



Short term 5 years


Long term 30 years

Coverage of sewage network services

% 100% 0% √

Collection efficiency of the sewage network

% 100% 0% √

Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity

% 100% 0% √

Quality of sewage treatment

% 100% 0% √

Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage

% 20% 0% √

Complaint Redressal % 80% 0% √

Extent cost recovery in sewage management

% 100% 0% √

Efficiency in collection of sewage related charges

% 90% 0% √


8.8 WASTE WATER DEMAND PROJECTION

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd day (2025

onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 7.37 MLD. Current water

demand is based on existing per capita supply of 80 lpcd. It has been assumed that by year

2025, water supply infrastructure work will be completed and per capita supply will increase

to 135 lpcd.

As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, waste water generation is

80% of water supply, hence total waste generation till the year 2045 would be 6.8 MLD. The

projected waste water generation details ffrom 2015 to 2045 provides in Table 8-6.

TABLE 8-6: PROJECTED WASTE WATER GENERATION

Year Population Net water demand at consumer end

Waste water generation including 15% ground water infiltration etc.

20151 31734 2.54 2.3

2020 34841 2.79 2.6

20252 38190 5.16 4.7

2030 41808 5.64 5.2

2035 45721 6.17 5.7

2040 49963 6.74 6.2


Page 108 March 2016

2045 54569 7.37 6.8

Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual and Population Projections

Note: 1 Assumption being 80 lpcd, as there is intermittent water supply

2 Assumption being 135 lpcd, considering that piped water supply will be start by 2025

TABLE 8-7: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION

Particular Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019

Population No. 32,337 32,949 33,570 34,201

No of households No. 5,336 5,437 5,540 5,644

Households having septic tank No. 4,180 4,712 5,244 5,775

No of septic tank to be cleared every year – 50% of the total

No. 2,090 2,356 2,622 2,888

Septage generation @ 2.5 m3 per septic tank

m3 5,225 5,890 6,554 7,219

No of cleaning vehicles required

No. 4 5 5 6

Suction machine available with ULB

No. 2 4 5 5

No of cleaning vehicle to be procured

No 2 1 0 1

Source: SENES Calculation based on population projection

Following assumptions were made for above calculation

Average volume of septage produced by emptying one septic tank – 2.5 m3.

Septic tank is cleaned once in two years. On an average 50% of the septic tank gets

cleaned in a year.

Each vacuum de-sludging vehicle will clear 4 tanks in a day

After 2020, with the development of sewerage system the septage generation will

reduce.

Percentage of the households having septic tank in year 2015 is considered same as

census 2011.

It has been assumed that vacuum de-sludging vehicle will be in function for 300 days

in a year.

8.9 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

Waste water disposal service for the town has been planned as a phased development

programme with short term and long term projections / plans. Following factors have been

considered for deciding the most suitable waste water management strategy

Quantity of water supply and waste water generated

Topographical and hydrogeological details which include soil type, ground water depth

and general topography of the town

Housing density and available space

Status of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the town


Page 109 March 2016

Hussainabad town has a low level of water supply (approximately 80 lpcd) and also

dependence on ground water. Waste water generation is low approximately of 64 lpcd.

Hence, Conventional off site underground sewerage system for waste water management

cannot be proposed for the town and on site waste water management seems to be the best

options for Hussainabad in short term. The shift from onsite to offsite will be decided based

on the factors such as sufficient water supply ( at least 135 lpcd) is made available for the

entire town. In addition, other factors like availability of uninterrupted electricity, peoples’

acceptability of sewerage system particularly connecting to sewer as well as high capital and

operation cost and necessary institutional needs etc. will decide on the time frame for shifting

from on site to an integrated sewerage system.

Currently, the electric power supply is unstable in HNP, which is crucial for operation and

maintenance of sewerage system. Integrated sewerage system usually involves a long

interception sewer necessitating laying of sewers at considerable depth and installation of

intermediate pumping stations. These require stable electric power and in case of shortage of

electricity, standby arrangements in the form of DG sets have to be provided, which further

increases the operation and maintenance cost. Also, narrow roads and dense development

might affect the efficiency of laying the sewer network.

In Hussainabad, the BPL population and slum population is 20 - 25% and 10.5% percent

respectively, who may not afford high cost of maintenance of conventional sewerage system.

In addition, the majority if population having already constructed septic tank may take longer

time for connection of toilets to the sewerage system. Therefore, utmost care should be taken

in the decision making process / in DPR stage to avoid any wasteful investment in the sector.

It is, therefore, necessary to consider cost effective / decentralized sewerage system in the

town, which maybe affordable and operated in a financially sustainable manner.

8.9.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures

During the initial year, focus should be on improving the existing sanitation system and filling

the gaps in existing scenario. Under the short term measures on site sanitation system for

black water has been proposed. The sullage (grey water) from the kitchen or households can

be treated on site or offsite as feasible. Short term recommendations for Hussainabad are

provided in following section

1) Increase sanitation coverage

More than 50% people resort to open defecation in Hussainabad town; and therefore,

increasing the sanitation coverage from existing 50% to 100 % should be on the 1st priority of

HNP. Coverage of 100% households under the system will reduce the risk from contamination

of surface water due to open defecation. This become more important as there are ground

sources of drinking water in the town and phenomena like open defecation may contaminate

such water sources, if necessary precautions are not engineered in the town. Various options

for 100 % sanitation coverage and effective management of waste water of the town is

provided in the following section.

Since the ground water table is varies 9 -10 m in Hussainabad, any of the foresaid options

can be proposed for on site management of sewage.


Page 110 March 2016

Till the proposed long term measures for treatment of waste water is implemented, the grey

water or sullage can be either diverted to the soak pit or can be collected through improved

drainage system. There should be provision of cleaning and improvement of drains in areas

where they do not function properly and with treatment facilities at selected locations within

the town. Such arrangement is suggested as an interim arrangement till the appropriate

sewerage system is developed. After the development of sewerage system, the sullage can

be combined with the sewage (black water) and transported through the sewerage system.

2) Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure

As per census data, approximately 2.4 % households have insanitary latrines which requires

improvement and conversion to sanitary latrines. 45.1% of the households have toilet within

house premises, however, out of it; 3.0% do not have connection with the septic tank and

dispose the fecal sludge in open drains or other sources. These household are required to

upgrade their toilets and connect to septic tank with soak pits or construct a twin pit system

for disposal of fecal sludge. The improvement options suggested for Hussainabad are

provided in the following section.

Onsite Sewage Management Technologies – Available Options

Twin Pit latrines: Twin pit latrines consist of two underground pit to hold fecal sludge. Waste water is

discharged to one chamber until it’s full of fecal sludge. Discharged is then switched to the second chamber.

Pits are exchanges at regular interval so that before removal of sludge pit contents decomposes and

pathogens die off. Minimum land requirement for twin pit system is 40 sq. ft. to 60 sq. ft.

Septic tank with soak pits: Septic tank is a buried chamber that collects, stores and partially treat the

waste water under anaerobic conditions. Sediments and solids are settled in septic tank and waste water

is discharged into soak pit or dispersion trenches. Soak pits are ideal for the areas with water table depth

of 2 meter or more. Septage from septic tank is removed once in 2- 3 years and transported to off-site for

disposal and treatment. The design of a septic tank and soak-away system can considered to take load of

the entire household wastewater (black as well as grey water). Existing septic tanks may not have been

designed for this.

Twin soak pits (leach pits): Wastewater from latrine is discharged into soak pits. Domestic waste water

from bathing, washing, cooking, cleaning, etc. is also disposed into another soak pit.

Bio digester toilets: Bio digester toilet is an anaerobic multi compartment tank with inoculum which digest

organic matter biologically. Can be used for individual, community or public toilet. In this process there is

no sludge formation and there is no need for desludging and treatment. For 5-6 user the land requirement

for bio tank is 25 Sq ft and the total toilet cost is in between 12000 to 15000.

Aerobic bio tanks: Bio tank process involves different multi strains of bacteria which break down the waste

matter through oxidation (Aerobic Process). The process is relatively faster and digestion happens within

24 hours with end product as carbon di oxide and water. This process also eliminates the need of periodic

sludge removal. Limitation of the process include requirement of temperature control (4-55 0 C) and

dysfunctional toilets if timely inoculation not done. Land requirement 16 sq ft and total cost of toilet is

approximately Rs 2000.

For more details, please refer to Swachh Bharat Mission – Guidelines for Urban Areas ( www.moud.gov.in)


Page 111 March 2016

3) Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/ septage from onsite

sanitation facilities

In the current scenario, there is no management system for fecal sludge including no treatment

and proper disposal. Sanitation system up-gradation, periodic removal of fecal sludge and

septage from the pits along with proper septage management is required to avoid manual

scavenging and overflowing of the septic tanks.

Fecal sludge/ septage from septic requires treatment before due to high concentration of

pollutants and pathogens

Sludge removal: As per the National Building Code (NBC) of India, septic tanks

should be de-sludged as often as every year. As per the general good practice tanks

should be cleaned after every 2 years or as prescribed in the approved design of septic

tank (standard practice in India). NBC also suggests that, disinfectants should not be

used in the toilets attached with tanks as they kill the organism digesting sewage.

Sludge removal from twin pit system should be done after prescribed time interval

according to the design of the pits. Before filling of second pit with sludge to its ultimate

capacity, the contents of first pit should be allowed to dry to get converted to natural

manure and dug out from pit.

Record keeping - Records of de-sludging should be maintained to get the idea of next

round of cleaning. The records should include location of the tank or pit, septage

characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage removed and name of the

house owner. Mapping of all such record in GIS platform should be aimed for efficient

management of septage.

Safety gear – Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat need to provide prescribed safety gears

for sanitary workers. The mandatory items are masks, gloves and boots etc. to be

provided to all the workers to ensure no health risk and general safety.

Septage collection and disposal – For the twin pit system the removed dried sludge

can be used in gardens or agriculture fields as natural manure along with cow dung or

can be disposed at septage management site.

Fecal sludge from Septic tank is to be collected by vacuum desludging equipment only.

The removed sludge from septic tank shall require treatment before final disposal. A

case study of the sludge / septage treatment plant in Tamil Nadu is provided for ready

reference. Various options for septage management are discussed in the following

section.

Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure – Available Options

1) Conversion of insanitary latrines into sanitary latrines

2) Conversion of single pit latrines to Twin pit

3) Construction of soak-away for existing WCs with septic tanks

4) Upgrading other latrines to WCs connected to septic tank with soak pit


Page 112 March 2016

Septage Management Technology Options

Land Application after Stabilization: It is widely used septage management system particularly

for town where land availability is not an issue. The method is less capital intensive with low O&M

cost.

Surface application – Spreading of sludge on the soil by suction machine which is used

for disposing and transporting the sludge. The system has high odor potential during

application and possibility of pathogen dispersal.

Sub surface – In the system, untreated septage is placed just below the soil surface,

reducing odor and health risk while fertilizing and conditioning the soil. The method allows

better odor control than surface spreading and reduce the risk of pathogen dispersal.

Burial – The method include disposal of septage in holding lagoons almost 6 feet deep),

trenches use of multiple chambers) and sanitary landfills. High odor during septage

application until a final cover is placed on the top.

Independent Septage treatment facility

Independent septage treatment facilities use processes like stabilization lagoons, chlorine oxidation, and aerobic and anaerobic digestion, biological and chemical treatment. Solid residual can be sent to a landfill, composted, applied to the land, or incinerated. The remaining effluent can be released to another treatment works where it can undergo further treatment and then finally can be discharged. Composting: Another feasible option is composting where bulking agents are easily available. The humus is produced after composting which can be used as a soil conditioner.

Treatment at waste water treatment plant:

Co-treatment of septage along with domestic sewage at a sewage treatment plant is a feasible and acceptable alternative for septage treatment. Though septage is much concentrated in its strength than the domestic sewage, its constituents are similar to municipal wastewater. For co- treatment of septage with waste water facility, it may be necessary to increase treatment plant aeration capacity as a result of direct septage discharge

Non-conventional septage management technologies

Improved septic tank/ Anaerobic Baffle reactor: In this case a baffle walls is introduced

in the existing septic tank design to have a multi chambered baffled septic tank. This increase movement of wastewater inside the tank helps in creating the turbulent flow which causes enhanced mixing of the raw sewage with already existing activated sludge and accelerates the decomposition of the solids because of intensive contact between the activated sludge and fresh influent. Anaerobic filters are provided in the penultimate chamber of the improved septic tank. Hence by increasing the retention time of the incoming sewage, sludge accumulation problem can be significantly reduced and overall efficiency of septic tank can be greatly improved. Constructed wetlands: In the areas where water table is shallow, the effluent from the

septic tank/improved septic tank could be connected to constructed wetlands to prevent ground water contamination. Constructed Wetlands are a biological wastewater treatment technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. These systems use wetland plants, soils and their associated micro-organisms to remove contaminants from wastewater. They act as a filter removing sediments and pollutants such as nutrients and other heavy metals from waste water and septage. These systems require land but offer very effective biological treatment response in a passive manner so that mechanical equipment, energy and skilled operator attention are minimized. Source: “Policy Paper on Septage management in India” by Centre for Science and Environment, May 2010


Page 113 March 2016

Most suitable septage treatment technology for Hussainabad can be burial in the landfill after

drying the septage in the septage drying bed. The total areas requirement for septage drying

for Hussainabad would be 1000 m2 (0.25 acres approx.).

The septage drying bed can be located adjacent to the solid waste processing and disposal

site. This arrangement has low capital and operating cost. However, land requirement is

slightly higher than other technologies. A detailed feasibility study / life cycle cost analysis

should be carried out at FR / DPR stage by HNP / DPR Consultant.

The septage drying bed can be located adjacent to the solid waste processing and disposal

site. This arrangement has low capital and operating cost. However, land requirement is

slightly higher than other technologies. The summary of the short term sanitation system

prescribed for Hussainabad is provided in Figure 8-3.

CASE STUDY : SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AT MUSIRI, TAMILNADU

Musiri is a panchayat town at Tiruchirappalli district in Tamil Nadu. To prevent the nuisance due to sludge in the water bodies, Sludge Treatment Plant (STP) is constructed in Musiri. It is operating since July 2010 and is based on constructed wetland model. To treat the sludge from the septic tanks, a vertical flow constructed wetland is built as a Pilot cum Demonstration Unit. The treatment unit consist of three compartments for rotation of sludge application. All the three compartments have a common feed channel for loading of sludge and a common under drain for removal of percolates. The feed channel is located on the one side of the beds and the percolate channel at the centre. At the bottom of the beds, a slope of 1/8 is provided towards the channel. The media in each compartment is supported by a stainless steel mesh laid on the top of the channel. The beds are planted with locally available species of reeds namely Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia. Preventative measures are also proposed to prevent the inconvenience caused due to the foul odour emanated from the anaerobic digested sludge. Steps like: loading of the beds only during night time, usage of dilute lemon grass oil spray to mask bad odour as well as for vector control and planting of trees along the periphery of the unit to provide a green belt has been contemplated.It is estimated that 75-80 percent of the volatile solids (VSS) in the sludge will be reduced by this process. Source: Policy paper on Septage Management in India, centre for Science and

Environment, New Delhi, May 2011


Page 114 March 2016

FIGURE 8-3: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR

HUSSAINABAD

8.9.2 Recommendation Long term

Once Hussainabad achieve the per capita water supply of 135 liters and cent percent or most

of the people have access to toilet, waste water (black and grey) generating units such as

individual, public and community toilets, bathroom and kitchen can be connected to sewer

network.

A Sewage treatment plant of 7.0 MLD capacity has been proposed for Hussainabad town. The

capacity of sewerage treatment plant has been designed for the horizon year 2045. Long term

recommendation for waste water treatment Hussainabad are provided in Figure 8-4.

Source Sanitary units Output Collection /

storageTransportation

Urine

Flush water

Cooking

Bathing

Washing

Toilet

Bathroom

Kitchen

Black water

and fecal

sludge

Grey water

Collection of

grey and

black water in

septic tank /

twin pit

Storage of

fecal sludge

in twin pit /

septic tank

Disposal of

waste water

from septic

tank and twin

pit to the

ground

Transportation

of fecal sludge

from septic

tank / pit to

septage

management

site

SHORT TERM / INTERIM MEASURES


Page 115 March 2016

FIGURE 8-4: SUMMARY OF THE LONG TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR

HUSSAINABAD

1) Development of Sewerage system along with treatment plant

The general topography of the town is undulating, therefore, conventional sewerage system

establishment would be a feasible option for Hussainabad in long term. In addition,

improvement in per capita water supply and availability of stable electric power supply would

support the optimum functioning of the treatment facility. Almost 80% of the town area drains

out in Hadhi Nallah, which further meets River Son flowing towards North Western side of the

town directly. Rest 20% of the area either drains out in open land or in ponds. Based on the

Hussainabad topography and land use pattern, town has been divided into two parts i.e.

sewerage Zone I and Zone II.

Waste water conveyance system options are provided in following section which include

conventional sewerage system along with zonal network and ‘decentralised’ treatment option.

The town authorities may also look into feasible low cost options for development of sewerage

system. Some of the options for development of sewerage systems is provided in following

section.


Page 116 March 2016

Alternatives to set up sewage collection and transportation system for Hussainabad are

discussed as option I and II.

Option I - Conventional sewage treatment system has been proposed for Hussainabad having

capacity 7 MLD. Grey and black water generated from town will be collected by the sewerage

system and transported to STPs for treatment. However, the only concern for this option is

that sewage from central and eastern part of zone I and central part of zone II has to be

pumped or may provide syphon due to sewer network crossing the road, canal and railway.

Land for the development of sewage treatment plant has already been identified by HNP.

Approximately 4 - 4.5 acres of land has been identified by HNP in ward number 6 at

Datanagar near railway line and Hadhi Nallah. The area is at a lower elevation from most of

the town and has Hadhi Nallah in the vicinity for disposal of treated effluent. The zonal

distribution and location of sewage treatment plant is provided in Map 8-1.

Waste water conveyance System – Low Cost Options

Conventional sewerage system: Conventional sewerage system is centralized waste water treatment system consist of closed system pf pipes, manholes and pumping station. The underground sewer network conveys black and grey water from individual households to centralized treatment facility. The underground sewer line are categorized into primary, secondary and tertiary networks. The main line or primary line runs through the center of the system and all the other lines empty into it. Shallow Sewers: Shallow sewers are conventional sewers constructed to relaxed standards. Shallow depth made possible by low traffic loads and short connection lengths allows the use of inspection chambers rather than manholes. Since these are not designed for entry of persons, they can be much smaller and cheaper than manholes, thus considerably reducing the cost of sewerage. Small-bore sewerage: All waste water is diverted to an on-plot septic tank. Households constructing new individual sanitation facilities should be encouraged to construct septic tanks. Some households could use pit latrines. Only gray water may be connected to sewers. Septage is removed for further treatment and final disposal. Small diameter sewer pipe (< 200 mm) is laid at a flatter gradient to carry the effluent from septic tanks. Combined system: The combination includes both on-site sanitation arrangements and off-site sanitation systems.


Page 117 March 2016

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT HUSSAINABAD

Option II - Another feasible option to set up fully off-site sewerage system is combination of

STP and decentralized treatment units based on the natural topography and gravity flow of

sewage. As already discussed, Hussainabad town is divided into two zones based on various

elevation points. In the second option decentralized sewerage system has been proposed.

Zone I - Zone I would have the conventional STP MLD to be located along the bank of Hadhi

nallah. All the waste water generated in zone I would be tapped via sewer lines and will be

transported to STP for disposal and treatment. As the slope of the town is towards Hadhi

nallah, the sewage would flow with gravity, but there are proposed two numbers pumping

station to crossing the railway line.

Zone II - In this option, the internal wastewater plumbing is modified to divert all household

liquid wastes (including bathing, washing, cooking and latrine waste) and disposed off to an


Page 118 March 2016

on-plot septic tank. Households construct new individual sanitation facilities may encouraged

to construct interceptor tanks. It would be necessary to install/construct a small grit and grease

trap before the wastewater (other than latrine wastewater) disposes into the septic tank or

soak pit community based septic tank or DEWAT system ( Annexure 9). The septage (sludge

from septic tanks) is removed for further treatment and final disposal. A small diameter sewer

pipe is laid at a flatter gradient to carry the effluent from septic tanks. Since the sewer pipes

do not carry solids, flatter gradient and smaller diameter are sufficient. The flatter gradient also

saves from deeper excavations hence resulting in substantial cost reduction. In both the

systems the sewage will flow with gravity to the treatment site and will be drain out in Hadhi

nallah or natural ponds/low land.

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT HUSSAINABAD


Page 119 March 2016

Waste Water Treatment Technology

The selection of most suitable technology is guided by factors such as effluent quantity and

quality, availability of land and location and capital and operation cost and operational

requirements. Hussainabad has low level of water supply, technology which promotes reuse

of waste water can be most feasible technology.

Detailed feasibility report followed by detailed project report should be prepared for

development of sewerage system along with treatment facility in Hussainabad. However for

ready reference, various sewage treatment process are compared in Table 8-8.


Page 120 November 2015

TABLE 8-8: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Particular

Treatment Technologies

Activated Sludge Process

(ASP)

Trickling Filters

BIOFOR (Biological Filtration & Oxygenated Reactor)

Up-flow Anaerobic

Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Fluidized Bed

Reactor ( FAB)

Sequential

Batch Reactor (SBR)

Rotating Biological Contractor

Up flow Anaerobic Filter

Waste Stabilization Ponds

Aerated Lagoons

Oxidation Ponds

Duck weed ponds

Shallow Sewerage

Reed Bed /Construc

ted Wetlands/ root zone

Land requireme

nt

0.15 - 0.25 Hectares /

MLD

0.25 - 0.65

Hectares / MLD

0.08 Hectares /

MLD

0.2 - 0.3 Hectares /

MLD

0.06 Hectares

/ MLD

0.1 - 0.15

hectares / MLD

NA NA 0.8 - 2.3

Hectares / MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/

MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/

MLD

1.5 - 2 Hectares / MLD

NA NA

Energy requireme

nt

180 - 225 Kwh / MLD

180 Kwh / MLD

220 - 335 Kwh / MLD

10 -15 Kwh/ MLD

99 - 170 Kwh / MLD

150 - 200 Kwh

/ MLD high medium

Negligible, only for

Screen & Grit

chamber

18 Kwh / MLD

18 Kwh / MLD Negligibl

e Negligible Negligible

Resource requireme

nts and associated

costs

Moderately

high (require skilled

manpower)

Moderately high (require skilled

manpower)

High capital cost

(require less skilled manpower)

Moderately high (require moderately

skilled manpower)

High (require highly skilled

manpower)

High (require highly skilled

manpower)

High (require

highly skilled manpower

Moderately high

(require moderately skilled

manpower

Very low (not

require skilled

manpower)

Low (require semi-skilled

manpower)

Moderately

Low (require semi-skilled manpower)

Low (require semi-skilled

manpower)

Moderately

Low (require semi-skilled manpower

Moderately Low

(require semi-skilled

manpower

Resource Recovery

Feasible (High)

Moderately high (marginally lower

than ASP)

High (higher than

ASP)

Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond

based systems)

High (50% higher than ASP)

High (much higher than ASP)

High high

Lowest (Periodica

l maintenan

ce of ponds

required)

Moderately Low

Moderately Low

(Comparable to Lagoons)

medium Moderately

Low high

Annual

(O&M) cost

5.2lakhs/year/MLD

NA Na 1.5

lakhs/MLD/annum

Moderately high

High Rs.14,000/pm

/MLD NA NA

3.4

lakhs/MLD/annum

NA Rs.215/m3 less

Capital Cost

48 lakhs/MLD 1.3

crores/MLD

35

lakhs/MLD

5-20 crores/MLD (vary dependin

g on capacity)

33 lakhs/MLD 15

lakhs/MLD

4.8

crores/MLD

1.8 lakhs/M

LD

Rs.50,000/m3/day

Rs.13, 00/m2 for horizontal flow and

Rs.2, 100/m2 for

vertical flow beds.

Source: A Guide to Decision making – “Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India” Sept, 2008

Note: Description of the each system in Annexure 8


Page 121 March 2016

Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS)13 – DEWAT is a decentralized

waste water treatment system with low capital cost, simple technology, less energy

consumption and minimum O&M cost. It is based on the various natural water treatment

techniques which are combined accordingly as per the characteristics of the waste water. It is

based on the aerobic (horizontal planted gravel filters and polishing pond) and anaerobic

treatment process (settlers, baffle reactor, anaerobic filters).

Primary Treatment (Pre-treatment)

1. Grease traps are used as pre-treatment steps to retain oil and grease by flotation, while

clearer water underneath is discharged in to the following treatment module. The

wastewater is retained in this unit for 2 to 4 minutes.

2. Settled (sunk) organic matter is retained in the tank, while all the rest (dissolved and

suspended matter) passes untreated to the following treatment module. The wastewater

is retained in this unit for 1.5 to 2 hours.

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Tertiary treatment Polishing pond

3. Biogas is formed due to the decomposition (digestion) of settled organic particles; called

anaerobic digestion. All the rest (dissolved and suspended particles) pass untreated to the

following treatment module. The wastewater is retained in this unit for 12 to 24 hours.

Secondary treatment

1. Baffle reactors ensure anaerobic degradation of suspended and dissolved solids by mixing

wastewater with active sludge blanket – these are naturally occurring bacteria that

13 Source: Advisory on Septage Management in Indian Cities: Preparation and Implementation of a Septage Management sub-

Plan (SMP) as a part of the City Sanitation Plan (CSP)


Page 122 March 2016

accumulate in the bottom of each chamber. The wastewater is retained in this unit for 1 to

2 days.

2. Anaerobic fixed bed filters make use of anaerobic digestion process with fixed bed filter—

these are stones or other material in chambers. Active bacterial mass grows on the filter

material (carrier). These units treat whatever is dissolved in the wastewater by bringing it

in close contact with active bacteria mass. The wastewater is retained in this unit for 1.5 to

2 days.

Tertiary treatment

1. Horizontal Planted Gravel Filter: The horizontal gravel filter is a shallow tank filled with

graded gravel or pebbles, and special plants are planted in this gravel filter. The normal

depth is 60cm. The main removal mechanisms are biological conversion, physical filtration

and chemical adsorption. Plants commonly used are canas indica, reed juncas, phragmites

etc.

The filters clean the wastewater by retaining particles and digesting them with the help of

bacteria growing naturally on the gravel/ pebbles. Important is the intake of air (oxygen)

into the filter body. The plants help with transporting oxygen through their roots.

Wastewater is retained in this unit between 5 to 10 days.

Post Treatment

1. Polishing Pond: The polishing pond is a shallow pond where pathogen removal takes

place. The main purpose of ponds is oxygen enrichment and elimination of pathogen

germs through sun‘s radiation. Floating aquatic plants can help control algal growth

and make it a pleasant landscape feature if desired. Wastewater is retained in this unit

for 1 day.

8.9.3 Disposal of treated waste water

Treated wastewater, if handled properly, can be of high value as it contains several nutrients

and is a vital source of fertiliser. The different sustainable ways of disposing the treated

wastewater are discussed below.

Application on land for ground water recharge - Recharge of groundwater is one of

the way of reusing wastewater particularly since the groundwater table tends to lower

each and every year. A crack-free, 3 m thick soil layer above groundwater is sufficient

to prevent organic pollution. Pollution by mineral deposition is far more frequent, as

salts like nitrate and phosphate being soluble in water cannot be removed by physical

filtration when passing through soil or sand layers.

Application on land for irrigation - Treated domestic wastewater is ideal for irrigating

community parks, flower beds in gardens and other farm lands/agricultural areas. For

an irrigation rate of 2 m per year (20,000 cum/ha) which is commonly required for semi-

arid areas, even well-treated wastewater with concentrations as 15 mg/l of total

nitrogen and 3 mg/l total phosphorous provides 300 kg N and 60 kg/hectare via

irrigation without additional cost; at the same time the same amount of groundwater is

saved.


Page 123 March 2016

Discharge into lakes/ponds/water bodies - Wastewater is full of nutrients, which can

directly be used by algae, water plants and lower animals, which then could become

fish feed.

Use of treated waste water for construction activities - Water if treated upto the

required standards can effectively be used for construction purposes. However, it is

the general perception noticed among the architects, builders, engineers and other

construction companies that the recycled water cannot be used for construction

activities viz., mixing, curing, etc. due to its hardness and recommend only fresh (soft)

water for these purposes. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have outlined a code for

construction water quality (IS 456:2000).

The CPCB has developed National Standards for effluent under the statutory powers of the

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. These standards have been approved

and notified by the government of India, Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF),

under section 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and National River Conservation

Directorate Guidelines. These standards are for disposing effluent on land (irrigation, water

recharge), in water bodies and public sewers are listed in the table below.

No. Characteristics Inland

Surface Water

Public Sewers

Land for irrigation

1 Colour and odour (B) (A) (B)

2 Suspended solid (ss) 100 600 200

3 Particle size of ss (E) - -

4 pH value

5 Temperature (H) - -

6 Oil and grease 10 20 10

7 Total residual chlorine 1.0 - -

8 Ammoniacal nitrogen (as N) 50 50 -

9 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, (TKN) (as N) 100 - -

10 Free ammonia (as NH3) 5.0 - -

11 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 30 350 100

12 Chemical Oxygen Demand 250 - -

13 Arsenic (as As)

14 Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 0.01 -

15 Lead (as Pb) 0.1 1.0 -

16 Cadmium (as Cd) 2.0 1.0 -

17 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr 6+) 0.1 2.0 -

18 Total Chromium (as Cr) 2.0 2.0 -

19 Copper (as Cu) 3.0 3.0 -

20 Zinc (as Zn) 5.0 15.0 -

21 Selenium (as Se) 0.05 0.05 -

22 Nickel (as Ni) 3.0 3.0 -

23 Cyanide (as CN) 0.2 2.0 0.2

24 Fluoride (as F) 2.0 15.0 -

25 Dissolved phosphates (asP) 5.0 - -

26 Sulphide (as S) 2.0 - -


Page 124 March 2016

No. Characteristics Inland

Surface Water

Public Sewers

Land for irrigation

27 Phenolic compounds (as C6H50H) 1.0 5.0 -

28 Alpha emitters, micro curie/L 10-7 10-7 10-8

Beta emitters, micro curie/L 10-6 10-6 10-7

29 Bio-assay test

30 Manganese (as Mn), 2.0 2.0 -

31 Iron (as Fe), 3.0 3.0 -

32 Vanadium (as V), 0.2 0.2 -

33 Nitrate Nitrogen (as N), 10.0 - -

34

Faecal Coliform, MPN/100 ml for discharge

onto land

(J) (K) (J)

1,000 10,000 1,000

Source: CPHEEO, MoUD and the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 in http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf

Explanations of notation-

A. These standards shall be applicable only if such sewer leads to a secondary treatment including biological treatment system; otherwise the discharge into sewers shall be treated as discharge into inland surface waters.

B. All efforts should be made to remove colour & unpleasant odour as far as practicable.

C. For process wastewater 100

D. For cooling water effluent 10% above total suspended matter of influent.

E. Shall pass 850 micron IS Sieve

F. Floatable solids max. 3 mm

G. Settleable solids max. 850 microns

H. Shall not exceed 5°C above the receiving water temperature

I. 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent

J. Desirable

K. Maximum permissible.

In the current scenario , waste water after treatment will be diverted to Hadhi nallah , which

finally meet River son .The treated waste water from STP should meet the standards for

inland surface water.

1) Recycling/Re-Use of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Recycling of wastewater is essentially, reusing treated waste water for beneficial purposes

such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, toilet flushing and replenishing a ground water

basin. Recycling and reusing are both aimed at conservation and reduction of wastage. Action

plan for recycling and reuse of waste water should be developed along with the development

of sewerage system and sewage treatment plant. Reuse is especially critical for Hussainabad

since water supply is relatively low and high cost of getting piped water supply for the town.

Waste water can be recycled to industries, commercial and institutional establishments. This

will entail a direct saving to the consumer of water and a direct saving for the town authorities

which continuously struggles to find or locate new sources of water to meet the growing

demands of the town population.

http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf


Page 125 March 2016

2) Proper operation and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure

Sewerage System need to be maintained as per the guidelines provided in CPHEEO Manual

on Sewerage and Sewage treatment. Both preventive and the emergency maintenance

should be done regularly for the proposed sewerage system.

Operation and maintenance requirements are simple but essential to ensure system

performance. Removal of excess weed, occasional scraping of the top layer of filter media,

and removal of the floating scum layer, plastic and other debris. Insect and odour problems

should not be a problem as long as the wastewater remain sunder the gravel and sand.

Otherwise insecticide spray should be used to control mosquitoes and other insects. Inlet and

outlet structures should be cleaned periodically. The filter media will eventually become

clogged and should be changed every 8 to 15 years.

8.10 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost for development of onsite and offsite sewerage system has been discussed in

Table 8-9.

TABLE 8-9: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Sl. No. Particular Total Time frame (all Rs. are in lakhs)

Short Term

Mid Term

Long Term

5 years 10 years 30 years

A Short term

1 Septage collection and conveyance infrastructure

42.00 28.00 7.00 7.00

2 Septage treatment facility 450.00 225.00 225.00

B Long term 0.00

1 Site Development works 50.00 50.00

2 Cost for development of sewerage system 3000.00 1500.00 1500.00

3 Cost for development of Sewage Treatment Plant (7 MLD)

875.00 500.00 375.00

Base Cost Total (APEX) 4417.00 253.00 2282.00 1882.00

Add 2% Architectural Works 88.34 5.06 45.64 37.64

Sub Total 4505.34 258.06 2327.64 1919.64

Contingencies 3% 135.16 7.74 69.83 57.59


4640.50 265.80 2397.47 1977.23

Grand Total (CAPEX with cost escalation)

7563.56 293.05 3542.15 3728.36

O & M Cost per annum (5% of CAPEX) 378.18 14.65 177.11 186.42

Source: CPHEEO Guideline and A Guide to Decision making – “Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India” Sept, 2008; and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme

Note: 1.Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.


3. Cost for development of onsite sanitation facilities have been considered in chapter on ‘access to Toilet’.

4. Short Term: Considering implantation to start in 2017 - Cost escalation of 5% per annum for 2 years from 2015.

5. Medium Term: Considering implantation to start in 2023 - Cost escalation of 5% per annum for 8 years from 2015.

6. Long Term: Considering implantation to start in 2028 - Cost escalation of 5% per annum for 13 years from 2015

7. Land cost not included in the above cost


Page 126 March 2016

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has always been a great challenge to the urban

local bodies (ULBs) in India and Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat being no exception. Municipal

solid waste in Hussainabad is being managed inefficiently, as the systems adopted are

primitive in nature, tools and equipment outlived their life & also inadequate, and there is

absence of skilled manpower, hence productivity is low. Processing and treatment of waste is

not practiced and final disposal is being made unscientifically in a dumpsites, posing threats

of ground and surface water contamination and air pollution. HNP is yet to comply with

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000.

Existing waste management scenario with respect to waste generation, storage, collection,

transportation, treatment and disposal for Hussainabad has been discussed in the following

section along with the proposed recommendation for effective management of waste.

9.1 WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION

Knowledge about the quantum of waste generation and composition of MSW is essential for

determining collection, transportation, processing and disposal options that could be adopted

for HNP. These factors are dependent on the population, demographic details, principal

activities in the town, income levels and lifestyle of the community. Studies carried out in Indian

cities by NEERI indicates that waste generation and its composition is strongly dependent on

the local socio-economic condition, lifestyle & behavioral pattern, and available infrastructure

for solid waste management (SWM) in the urban centre. It has been well established from

such studies that waste generation of an area is directly proportional to average income of the

people of that area.

9.1.1 Waste Generation

Based on site visit and discussion with ULB officials it is understood that, the two tractor

available with HNP is making 4-5 trips a day carrying solid waste from the town to the

designated dumpsite at ward no. 6 near railway crossing and 7 near Japla Choube. There is

no weighbridge available at dumpsite; therefore no records exists for the quantum of solid

waste transferred daily to the dumpsite. In the absence of any records, the waste generated

in Hussainabad has been assumed based on waste generation estimates derived from

secondary sources. The waste estimation is based on Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organisation, 2000 (CPHEEO) Manual on SWM and India Urban

Infrastructure Report, 2011 by High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC14).

CPHEEO Manual on SWM, 2000

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5

million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation

rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with population

below 2,00,000.Based on the above, the per capita waste generation of 210 gm/capita/day

14 This Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services is a result of over two years’ effort on the part of the High Powered

Expert Committee (HPEC) for estimating the investment requirement for urban infrastructure services. The HPEC was set up by the Ministry of Urban Development in May, 2008.


Page 127 March 2016

may be considered for HNP. Accordingly, for the current year’s projected population of 31,734,

the solid waste generated in Hussainabad is 6.66 Tons per day.

India Infrastructure Report 2011

As per the India Infrastructure Report 2006, Hussainabad is a Class II town and the per capita

waste generation is 255 gm/capita/day. Therefore, with a projected population of 31,734 in the

current year, Hussainabad should be generating 8.09 Tons per day (TPD).

Based on above two estimations, the waste generation for the town of Hussainabad has been

assumed as 8 TPD and same shall be used as base data for all necessary calculations carried

out in this chapter.

9.2 WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Waste generation projection for Hussainabad town has been done based on the projected

population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been assumed that per capita

solid waste generated in Hussainabad will increase with growth rate of 1.3 percent per

annum15. Table 9-1 shows the waste generation projection for Hussainabad.

TABLE 9-1: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Year Population gm/capita/day Waste Projected(TPD)

2020 34,841 272 9

2030 41,808 310 13

2045 54,569 376 21

Source: SENES Calculation

Based on the Table 9-1, the waste generation projected for year 2020 (Short term), 2025 (mid-

term) and 2045 (long term) is 9 TPD, 13 TPD and 21 TPD respectively.

9.2.1 Existing Scenario

Barring a few progressive municipal corporations in the country, all other municipalities suffer

due to non-availability of adequate expertise and experience; thereby the solid waste is not

properly handled resulting into creation of environmental pollution and health hazards. Most

of the small ULBs like Hussainabad lack technical, managerial, administrative, financial

resources and adequate institutional arrangements for effective solid waste management.

Waste generated in the town include waste from residential, market, commercial, institutional

and industrial areas, and includes construction & demolition waste and street sweeping &

green waste. The residential, market and commercial sources contribute the maximum

quantum of waste in Hussainabad. HNP is responsible for the solid waste management

system in Hussainabad. Brief status of current waste management system is outlined in the

following section.

Residential Waste: Waste from the residential areas is collected in the containers kept along

the road side in each ward about 3 – 5 nos. totalling about 45 - 50 nos., but mostly dumped at

15 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page 128 March 2016

at ward no. 6 near railway crossing and 7 near Japla Choube, also vacant plots or on the

banks the Hadhi nallah.

Market & Commercial Waste: The commercial areas in HNP are located all along the main

Hussainabad road on both the sides, densely established central part of the town. Vegetable

weekly market is also organized in different areas of the town. These areas are comprising of

both commercial (shops and markets) and residential areas. Waste from these markets are

kept in open area or thrown in cemented containers/dhaloas kept along the roads, from where

the sweepers collect waste and get transferred to the dump yard.

Institutional Waste: Waste from offices and schools is either being thrown or dumped in open

drains & vacant lands and hardly in containers. The containers near the institutions are not

cleared on daily basis and often resorts to over flow of cemented as well as plastic bins

provided in the town. There is no separate system of collection of solid waste for institutions.

Industrial Waste: Due to absence of any major industrial activity, no specific type of

hazardous waste is generated as of now. However, waste from small scale industries is getting

mixed with residential and other type of waste being generated in the town.

Drain silt: Drain silt typically comprises of market & commercial waste, household waste,

waste from street sweepings, construction waste, etc. The major portion of drain silt is

generated by way of disposal of different type of waste in open drains. After de-silting drains,

silt is kept along the drain on the road sides, allowed for getting naturally dried up, which is

later picked up by waste collectors and transferred to the dumping yard.

Construction and demolition waste: Construction and demolition waste is the sizeable part

of the total waste being generated in HNP. However, the quantum varies from time to time

depending on the construction or demolition activities. There are no standard practices being

followed for disposal of construction waste in HNP area. A major portion of this waste is

generally used in reconstruction activities or for filling up low-lying areas or constructing

temporary (kutcha) roads. The left over waste lies unattended on the road sides.

Open Dumping on Street and Drain


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Covered Tricycle Tractor Trailer for waste transportation

Construction & Demolition Waste Wheel Barrow

Street Swiping Dumping Yard at Ward No. 7

Waste Segregation & Primary collection: There is no door to door collection system and

source segregation of waste in the town. About 45 – 50 cemented bins are found available in

HNP and are kept at different locations in different wards throughout the town area.

Waste storage & Secondary Collection: Primarily waste is stored in bins, from where waste

is transported to dumping site. There is no transfer station in the town for secondary storage

of waste.

Waste Transportation: To transport the waste from roads and bins, HNP has four tractor and

two tipper. Waste from road side bins is generally picked up once in everyday from few wards

and every 2-3 days in a week rest of the wards.

JUIDCO City Sanitation Plan Report – Hussainabad

Page 130 March 2016

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE

Source: SENES Field Survey and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 131 March 2016

Willingness to pay: As of now no user charges are being collected from the public. However,

willingness to pay minimal charges have been generally expressed by the residents and

commercial establishments, if present conditions are improved both aesthetically and

hygienically.

Waste Treatment and Disposal: There is no treatment facility or scientific disposal of waste

in HNP area. There are three waste dumping sites situated in the town, at ward no. 6 near

railway crossing and 7 near Japla Choube.

Open Dumping at Road side Construction and Demolition waste

Waste dumping along Hadhi nallah Waste dumping along railway line

Street Sweeping: Street sweeping on the major roads such as Chhatrapur road, Hussainabad

Deuri road along commercial & market area, sabji mandi at ward no.4 and 5 are done once in

a day during morning hours. While, street sweeping is carried out most of the days in a week,

whereas the other roads in different ward roads once in a week or more.

Rag Pickers: Approximate presence of 10-15 rag pickers, including women and children, were

reported in the HNP officials. These rag pickers generally collect resalable from waste in the

town area and being purchased by the Waste iterant buyers (Kabadi Walas).There are few

shops (approx. 5 - 7 as per HNP officials), who are engaged in this business. The resalable

items primarily include disposed household appurtenance, discarded equipment, machinery,

furniture, metals and plastic products. There is no organized recycling unit in the town.


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9.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Due to absence of any medium or major industrial activity, no specific type of hazardous waste

is generated as of now. However, waste from small scale industries (such as garment

stitching, plastic toy making etc.), situated in different part of the town, is getting mixed with

residential and other type of waste being generated in the town, and therefore, any specific

adverse impact to the environment due to industrial waste could not be established.

9.4 BIOMEDICAL WASTE

There is one primary health center (PHC) and 5 (five) private nursing homes in Hussainabad.

As discussed with the PHC officials, no proper waste management is available to deal with

bio medical waste in HNP.

As per standard, approximately 1.25kg/bed of hospital waste is generated per day inclusive of

biomedical waste being approximately 0.380 kg/bed/day. Biomedical waste need to be

handled as per Biomedical Waste Management and Handling rules 1998.

As discussed with officials from ULB and nursing home staff, also field level discussion

indicated that biomedical waste is buried in a pit in the backyard of a hospital premises.

Whereas, non-hazardous waste is dumped in the road side bins. Private clinics in town do not

have any system to manage their waste, therefore it gets mixed with the municipal solid waste.

Since the biomedical waste generated in the Hussainabad is very less and it is not feasible to

develop a separate biomedical waste management facility for the town, HNP should get

associated with the biomedical waste management facilities of the district headquarter in the

vicinity. All the hospital and clinics including the government and private hospital should be

directed to mandatorily dispose their biomedical waste safely under guidance of the State

Pollution Control Board to a suitably identified associated facility.

9.5 CATTLE AND DAIRY WASTE

Number of cattle population is not very high in Hussainabad. Although, ward number 11 and

13 have maximum number of cattle population. Total number of cattle population including

cow and buffalo in Hussainabad is about 1,800 – 2,000 in the individual households. As per

NP officials, more all less each and every ward having cattle population varies 150 - 200.

There is no recognized dairy unit in the town. Milking is generally being done within individual

households, and there is no dairy waste generated as such in the town.

For management of Cattle and Dairy waste generated in the NP area, there is no systematic

plan being practiced by the owner of the cattle. Most of the waste is stored in open and is

exposed to environment. As discussed with house owners, most of them sell the majority of

left over dung to local farmers at Rs.800 - Rs.900 per tractor. Some portion of the dung is used

to make fuel cakes. Waste water (generated after cattle washing) along with left over waste

and urine of the cattle coming from cattle’s house is also discharged into open drains and

fields without any treatment.


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9.6 SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE

There is no established slaughter house in the town. However, many shops (approximate 45-

50 shops) can be found in the town selling chopped meat and poultry. All the waste generated

at these shops is thrown in the vacant place near the shop.

9.7 CARCASS DISPOSAL

At present there is no system established for carcass disposal in HNP. As informed by the

official, dead animals are being disposed at the dumping site located at ward no. 6 near railway

crossing and 7 near Japla Choube..

Cattle in Hussainabad


Comparison of service level benchmarks with current status of HNP indicates very poor solid

waste management services with respect to collection, segregation, treatment etc. Existing

town status with respect to standards is provided in Table 9-2.

TABLE 9-2: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR HNP

Sl. No. Solid waste management Benchmarks HNP Status

1 Household level coverage of solid waste management services

100% 0%

2 Efficiency in collection of municipal solid waste

100% 50% - 55%

3 Extent of source segregation of municipal solid waste

100% 0%

4 Extend of municipal solid waste reused, recycled and recovered

80% 0%

5 Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

100% 0%

6 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaint

80% 0%

7 Extent of cost recovery in SWM services

100% 0%


Page 134 March 2016

Sl. No. Solid waste management Benchmarks HNP Status

8 Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

90% 0%



To address the issues of SWM in the town, detailed project report for Solid waste management

of Hussainabad town has been initiation by HNP with engaging one consultant. A new waste

disposal site, spread over an area more than 5 acres in ward number 16 has been identified.

9.10 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Due to high percentage of organic waste setting up of compost plant / vermi-composting / manure pits would be successful in HNP.

Citizens willingness to pay

Ready Availability and ownership of land for development of waste processing facility

No door to door collection of waste in HNP.

Waste is being dumped in open places leading to environmental degradation.

Segregation of waste is not practiced. People are not aware of the consequences of mismanaging the waste.

Unhygienic conditions at containers are creating unhealthy conditions in the nearby residential areas.

No system in place for tracking the collection and transportation of the waste

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to develop a complete new waste management system for the town

Involvement of rag pickers in organised waste source-segregation system can provide them permanent employment.

User charges can be one of the source of income for ULB.

Effective IEC campaign to illustrate and explain the hazards of unscientific disposal of municipal waste can stop the citizens from dumping the garbage in open

CBOs are more than willing to participate in any sort of campaign to improve the quality of life

Involvement of rag pickers in organised waste collection system can provide them permanent employment.

Between generation and collection has let huge amount of garbage in the town leading to public health hazards

Ignorance of public towards scientific solid waste management.

Continuous dumping of waste in open areas is polluting the environment and water bodies including river Danro in particular.

Open dumping sites are major public health hazards

Dumping of waste in drain and water bodies lead to over flow of drains and water logging in some areas.

Dumping sites are vulnerable to fire incidents and ground water contamination within the town

9.11 KEY ISSUES

Inadequate Bins: Due to inadequate bins at some areas public and even some tricycle

workers who are collecting waste from households are throwing the waste in low lying

areas, adjacent to roads and sometimes water bodies. During the field visits it was

observed that, even though dhallaos bins are available, the public were dumping the

waste into vacant sites and open spaces.


Page 135 March 2016

Door to Door Collection: Door to Door collection system is initiated only few parts of

town, and the rest of the areas do not have collection system on daily basis. Waste

was dumped outside the bin and got dispersed due to wind and rains creating ugly and

unhygienic conditions. These wastes are choking the drains and creating stagnant

conditions for the proliferation of mosquitoes.

Segregation of Waste: Households, shops and commercial establishments in

Hussainabad are yet to start the practice of segregation of recyclable waste at source.

Such waste on the streets or in the community bins are found going to disposal sites

un-segregated. The people are found throwing the wastes on the streets and expecting

the sanitary workers of the Hussainabad NP to clean leading to an ugly and unhygienic

atmosphere prevailing in the NP area.

Collection of Waste: The major sources of street wastes are natural wastes, road &

traffic wastes and behavioural wastes. Natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are

unavoidable and have to be cleaned by street sweeping process and the behavioural

wastes are largely avoidable through efficient refuse collection service.

Manual handling of waste: Manual Handling of waste is prevalent which may have

serious impact on health of sanitary workers. The loading and unloading of waste are

done manually, and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any personal

protective equipment (PPE).

Transportation of Waste: Around 50 to 55 % of the total waste is going to be dumped

sites, adjacent to water bodies and the main roads with collection vehicles. There is

no adequate no. of vehicles for the transportation waste from primary collection points

to dumpsites or disposal sites.

Waste mixing: Co-mingling of waste is a common phenomenon in HNP, which has

been observed not only at dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the

biomedical waste, waste from coal mines and slaughter waste is getting mixed with

municipal waste.

Street Cleansing: The major sources of street wastes are natural wastes, road &

traffic wastes and behavioural wastes. Natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are

unavoidable and cleaned by street sweeping process and the behavioural wastes are

largely avoidable through efficient refuse collection service.

Lack of Sanitary landfill site: Currently, there is no sanitary engineered landfill, and

MSW is dumped in open area leading to ground & surface water and soil pollution,

vector nuisance, etc.

Transportation of solid waste in open vehicles: Solid waste is transported primarily

in open trucks, tippers and cycle rickshaw. It is also observed that these vehicles are

overloaded with waste, resulting in the littering of roads during transportation without

any top cover.

Lack of awareness: There is absolute lack of awareness among people about

scientific handling and management of waste.


Page 136 March 2016


Vision

Goals

The goals indicated by the Ministry of Urban Development should be based on service level

benchmarks for solid waste management. The service level benchmarking provides a

standardized framework for performance monitoring and assists State level agencies and local

level service providers to initiate a process of performance monitoring and evaluation against

agreed targets.

Short Term

Awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Providing household level solid waste management services

Efficiency of source segregation, collection and disposal of municipal solid waste

Increased recovery from municipal solid waste

Mid Term

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive household level coverage of solid waste management services

Increased efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

Extensive source and secondary segregation of municipal solid waste

Extensive recovery from municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive cost recovery in SWM

Long Term

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive segregation of municipal solid waste

Extensive recovery of municipal solid waste

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive of cost recovery in SWM services

Efficiency in collection of SWM Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

Table 9-3 shows the baseline scenario against benchmarks and also depicts the time frame

for achievement of various goals.

“100% source segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and safe disposal of solid waste along with capacity building of all stakeholders.”


Page 137 March 2016

TABLE 9-3: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM

Parameters Definition

Ben

ch

ma

rks

Baseli

ne


Immediate ( 2015-2020)

Medium term

(2020- 2025)

Long term

( 2025-2045)

Household level of coverage of solid waste management services

Percentage of households and establishments that are covered by a daily doorstep collection system.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

The total waste collected by the ULB and authorized service providers versus the total waste generated within the ULB, excluding recycling or processing at the generation point.

100% 50% -

55%

√ √

Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste

Percentage of waste from households and establishments that is segregated.

100% 0% √ √

Extent of municipal solid waste recovered

Quantum of waste collected, which is either recycled or processed expressed in terms of percentage of waste collected.

80% 0% √ √ √

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

The amount of waste that is disposed in landfills that have been designed, built, operated and maintained as per standards laid down by Central agencies.

100% 0% √

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaint

The total number of SWM-related complaints redressed within 24 hours of receipt of the complaint, as a percentage of the total number of SWM-related complaints received in the given time period.

80% 0% √ √

Extent of cost recovery in SWM services

The total annual operating revenues from SWM as a percentage of the total annual operating expenses on SWM.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

Efficiency in collection is defined as current year revenues collected, expressed as a percentage of the total operating revenues, for the corresponding time period.

90% 0% √ √


9.13 BEST PRACTICES

The management of waste in semi-urban areas like Hussainabad should be much easier due

to low population density, thus better control over the entire system could be possible. It may


Page 138 March 2016

also be a small scale business opportunity for a group of people due to the high percentage

of biodegradables and less chances of contamination in the recyclables and sellable by-

products. Some of the successful case studies are presented below:

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Mudichur Village Panchayat, Kanchipuram District has a Population of 20,000 and collects

approximately 2,000 kg of waste per day. In the year 2005, Mudichur Panchayat contacted Hand

in Hand/SEED Trust, a Kanchipuram-based NGO, and negotiated a 4-year memorandum of

understanding (MoU) by which the panchayat provides land and buildings for vermicompost

production and waste sorting, and the NGO manages the waste collection and processing

system. The Kanchipuram collectorate provided Rs. 4.8 lakhs for the purchase of waste buckets

and tricycles, and the construction of physical facilities. The NGO collects a monthly user fee of

Rs. 20 from every household, and also earns revenue from the sale of compost and recyclable

material. The panchayat officials were actively involved in raising public awareness about the

new waste collection system, and painted 109 large yellow notices throughout the village. Waste

is sorted into 15 categories before being sold to scrap merchants. The NGO earns Rs. 3,000 per

month from the sale of vermicomposting, and Rs. 6,500 per month from the sale of recyclable

material. The NGO also collects Rs. 68,000 in user fees each month.

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Musiri a Special Grade Town Panchayat in Trichy District with a population of 30000 collected

approximately 6,000 kg/day of waste. In 2005, Musiri's 4 acre dump was filled to 70% of its

capacity. Panchayat officials realized that they either had to find a new dump yard, or dramatically

change the way that they manage the town's waste. They approached SCOPE, a Trichy-based

NGO that specializes in sanitation, and requested help to develop a system to better manage the

town's solid waste. SCOPE trained the residents of 6 wards to sort their waste at home, and

organized a tour for officials to study solid waste management systems in Vellore and Bangalore.

With Rs. 4 lakhs from the 12 Finance Commission, the town cleared 1.5 acres of its dump, and

constructed a compost shed. They further constructed a concrete platform for vermin compost

production from their own resources. SCOPE designed and donated a machine for sieving the

compost. The township also received Rs. 1.5 lakhs from Exnora International and Rs. 3 lakhs

from the DRDA to construct a decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS) facility for a

community toilet in the compost yard.

Currently, the facility treats 4,000 liters of water per day, which is sprayed on the compost

windrows. House to house collection of waste has been extended to all 18 wards. Annual

Revenue of Rs. 70,000 from sale of compost and Rs. 40,000 from sale of mixed plastic is

generated from the project.


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9.14 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

The proposals and recommendations for the town has been planned to achieve the goals in a

systematic and phased manner over a period of 5 years, 10 years and 30 years. The proposals

and recommendations

are based on the

following:

Status of the

existing SWM

system of the

town

Solid waste

generated and

projections

Waste

composition

Area available for

treatment &

disposal of waste

with the ULB

The existing waste collection system has done by two numbers Tractor Trolley and collected

from different places of the NP area and 2 nos. Auto Tipper used for commercial area. A new

waste disposal site has been identified by the NP officials in ward number 6.

9.14.1 Recommendation Short Term / Interim Measures

1) Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste collection efficiency

Primary Collection

Tricycle Rickshaws and Auto Tippers shall be used to collect waste from households and

commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto tipper shall be adjusted on-site

depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc. The household level collection shall be

introduced in a phased manner eventually covering all the households and commercials in the

municipal limits.

Major efforts are required from the ULB towards public awareness campaigns on solid waste

management and establishing its link to public health, hygiene and the environment through

various means including - radio, social media, documentaries, plays, workshops, etc. People

should be made aware not to throw their garbage in the drains or open plots or any

undesignated points instead it should be handed over to the person appointed by the ULB.

The waste from the 16 identified slums in Hussainabad shall be collected in community bins.

HIERARCHY FOR AN INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

Source: www.seas.columbia.edu

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/faq.html


Page 140 March 2016

Secondary Collection & Transportation

The waste collected through primary collection shall be transferred to the secondary collection

point (SCP), comprising of platform/ramp over which containers are placed. MSW at every

SCP shall be stored in covered containers of required capacity, which shall be lifted by dumper

placer. The size of container and frequency of lifting shall be decided at the DPR stage by the

ULB.

The secondary waste collectors should be well equipped to avoid direct contact with waste.

The existing infrastructure for secondary collection of waste should be upgraded to comply

with MSW Rules 2000 and additional secondary collection locations will be developed to

ensure that no primary collection staff has to travel more than 375m for dumping of waste.

This density of placement of bins can be adjusted on-site depending on type of locality,

density, road width, etc.

The waste shall be transported from the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the new

proposed treatment plant in ward no.16. Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste

from vegetable markets/hats and major construction sites. Efforts shall be made to prevent

mixing of drain and solid waste.

2) Processing/Recovery

Management of municipal solid waste and adoption of processing technologies are

dependent on the quantity and characteristics of the total waste generated in a local authority,

the financial resources available and in-house capability of local authorities to oversee project

implementation.

Various components of MSW have an economic value and can be recovered, reused or

recycled cost effectively. Currently, the informal sector picks up part of the resources from

the streets and bins to earn their living. However, a sizeable portion of organic waste as well

as recyclable material goes to dumpsite untreated. Over 81% of MSW annually is disposed

at open dump sites without any treatment. With planned efforts to Reduce, Reuse, Recover

, Recycle and Remanufacture (5R’s) and appropriate choice of technology, the country can

profitably utilize about 60% of the waste in producing energy and/or compost and another 10

to 15% to promote recycling industry and bring down the quantity of wastes going to landfills/

dumps under 20%.

Recycling is the process by which materials that are otherwise destined for disposal are

collected, processed and remanufactured or reused. Recycling diverts a significant fraction

of municipal, institutional and business waste away from disposal and, thereby, saves scarce

resources as well as reduces environmental impacts and the burden of waste management

on public authorities. If appropriate market mechanisms are established, recycling can

generate revenues, contributing to the overall cost recovery for municipal solid waste service

provision.

Recyclables mainly consist of paper, plastic, metal, and glass— and can be retrieved from

the waste stream for further recycling. Since, the quantity of waste is less than 30 TPD,

recovery of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) may not be the most feasible option as recovery is

less than 20%. RDF recovery involves involvement of shredders and dryers in the processing

line leading to an increase in the per ton processing cost of waste


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As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with population below

100,000 including peri-urban areas generating less than 30 TPD waste with 30 to 65% of

biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation, composting (VC/CC) and RDF

preparation is considered as the most suitable technological option for management of MSW.

A small scale treatment plant is suggested for the segregation of recyclables and processing

of biodegradables in Hussainabad with an initial capacity of 10 TPD for the short term and

mid-term i.e. 2015-2030 and another module of 10 TPD for the long term i.e. 2030 - 2045. The

treatment plant shall require an area of 2 acres along with pre-sorting plant. The following

considerations shall be taken into account before deciding upon any technology for HNP:

1) The technology is suitable to treat the waste characteristics of HNP area, in an

environmentally sustainable manner;

2) The technology meets the regulatory requirements (i.e., confirms to the MSW Rules,

2000 requirements/CPCB/Manual on SWM by MoUD) and is socially acceptable with

minimum impacts to the environment and citizens; and

3) The technology is economical and commercially available.

4) Innovative and decentralized technology e.g. vermi-composting, manure pits etc. may

be other options for consideration

Based on above criteria, the following relevant options for treatment of biodegradable waste

are provided in the following section.


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OPTIONS FOR TREATING BIO-DEGRADABLES COMPOSTING: Composting is a natural micro-biological process where bacteria break down the organic

fractions of the MSW stream under controlled conditions to produce a pathogen-free material called “Compost” that can be used for potting soil, soil amendments (for example, to lighten and improve the soil structure of clay soils), and mulch. The microbes, fungi, and macro-organisms that contribute to this biological decomposition are generally aerobic. A mixture of organic materials is placed into one or more piles (windrows), and the natural microbial action will cause the pile to heat up to 65-80°C, killing most pathogens and weed seeds. Systematic turning of the material, which mixes the different components and aerates the mixture, generally accelerates the process of breaking down the organic fraction, and a proper carbon/nitrogen balance (carbon to nitrogen or C/N ratio of 20:1) in the feedstock insures complete and rapid composting. The composting process takes from 17 to 180 days. VERMICOMPOSTING: Vermicomposting involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through

earthworm consumption which converts the material into worm castings. Vermicomposting is the result of combined activity of microorganisms and earthworms. Microbial decomposition of biodegradable organic matter occurs through extra cellular enzymatic activities (primary decomposition) whereas decomposition in earthworm occurs in alimentary tract by microorganisms inhabiting the gut (secondary decomposition). Microbes such as fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc. are reported to inhabit the gut of earthworms. Ingested feed substrates are subjected to grinding in the anterior part of the worm’s gut (gizzard) resulting in particle size reduction. BIOMETHANATION: In this process, organic fraction of the wastes is segregated and fed to a closed

container (Biogas digester) where, in the presence of methanogenic bacteria and under anaerobic conditions, it undergoes bio-degradation producing methane-rich biogas and effluent. Biogas mainly consists of methane (about 60-75%), carbon dioxide (about 25-40%) besides small quantities of NH3 and H2S and has a Calorific Value of about 5000 kcal /m3. Depending upon the waste composition, the biogas production ranges from 50-150m3/tonne of wastes. The biogas can be utilized either for cooking / heating applications, or for generating motive power or electricity through dual-fuel, gas engines, low pressure gas turbines or steam turbines. The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilization, can be used as a soil conditioner, or as manure depending upon its composition, which is determined mainly by the composition of the input waste

IN VESSEL COMPOSTING: The in-vessel composting process is a closed reactor process with aeration

and automated process flow. In-vessel composting is a completely enclosed and odour controlled system

with continuous loading facility and is available in customizable capacity. The waste can be loaded and

discharged either by an automated mechanical system or by simply using a front loader. For loading, a

tunnel loading machine or a system of conveyor belts can be used. The most common discharging method

is either by a pushing floor system or front loader. The technology is a continuously loading, fully enclosed,

flow-through process that transforms food and other organic material into compost with a 14-28 day retention

period. The process output is a soil conditioner suitable for agricultural and horticultural purposes.

Temperature and moisture levels inside the vessel's air zones are monitored constantly, and airflow is

independently controlled in the composting zones to assure optimum composting conditions. The mixing

zones (between each composting zone) assure proper mixing and aeration for bacterial growth. As the

waste travels inside the vessel, it passes through composting zones and mixing zones.


Page 143 March 2016

Home composting:

Compost is organic material that can be added to soil to help plants grow. Food scraps and yard

waste currently make up 20 to 30 percent of what we throw away, and should be composted

instead. Making compost keeps these materials out of landfills where they take up space and

release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

All composting requires three basic ingredients:

Browns - This includes materials such as dead leaves, branches, and twigs.

Greens - This includes materials such as grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps,

and coffee grounds.

Water - Having the right amount of water, greens, and browns is important for compost

development.

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio

All compostable materials are either carbon or nitrogen-based, to varying degrees. The secret to a

healthy compost pile is to maintain a working balance between these two elements.

Carbon - carbon-rich matter (like branches, stems, dried leaves, peels, bits of wood, bark

dust or sawdust pellets, shredded brown paper bags, corn stalks, coffee filters, conifer

needles, egg shells, straw, peat moss, wood ash) gives compost its light, fluffy body.

Nitrogen - nitrogen or protein-rich matter (manures, food scraps, green lawn clippings and

green leaves) provides raw materials for making enzymes.

A healthy compost pile should have much more carbon than nitrogen. A simple rule of thumb is to

use one-third green and two-thirds brown materials. The bulkiness of the brown materials allows

oxygen to penetrate and nourish the organisms that reside there.

Simplest Composting Methods (also called "No-turn" composting):

The biggest chore with composting is turning the pile from time to time, which may not be a suitable

option for home composting in such semi-urbanised area / town of the state of Jharkhand. However,

with 'no-turn composting', compost can be aerated without turning and this may be practiced

successfully by the individual households with the support of the ULB.

The situation analysis of the ongoing ‘Solid Waste Management (SWM)’ in the ULB indicates that

100% coverage with scientific SWM may require adequate funding and would be achievable

through appropriate capacity building and institutional development at town level. Till that time

‘home composting’ with such simple method should be promoted by the ULB.

The secret is to thoroughly mix in enough coarse material, like straw, when building the pile. The

compost will develop as fast as if it were turned regularly, and studies show that the nitrogen level

may be even higher than with turned compost.

With 'no-turn' composting, add new materials to the top of the pile, and harvest fresh compost from

the bottom of the pile. This can be easily done in compost pit or in an artificial Aerobin Composter,

or a compost pot. However, thin earthen cover after every 5-6 days of piling should be made in

‘no-turn’ composting to break the life-cycle of eggs of insects including flies and mosquitos to end

their natural breeding process. The pile will compost in 4 - 6 months, with the material being dark

and crumbly.


Page 144 March 2016

Any one of the options or a combination of option described above can be adopted by the

HNP for the treatment of the waste.

3) Disposal of rejects

As per MSW Rules 2000, landfilling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and

other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing.

Assuming 365 days of operation, the landfill rejects @25% for next 30 years is 40,000 m3.After

setting up the waste treatment facility, the land required for HNP for scientific disposal of

rejects is 2.47 acres. The maximum height of the landfill shall be 8 meters with a slope of

1:3.5.

Therefore, the total land requirement for the integrated waste processing facility is 4.5 acres.

However, the following siting criteria should be adhered before selecting the site for

development of processing and disposal facility.

Promotion of unemployed youth:

The unemployed youths may be provided with basic training of ‘home composting’ so as to promote

this method in household level under the short term plan. Such youths may also be provided with

training on ‘Vermi-composting’, which may be practiced at community level in a decentralised

manner by the ULB. The CPHEEO manual (Chapter -16) on Municipal Solid Waste Management

may be referred for the purpose of introducing such technology through engagement of

unemployed youths by the ULB. Another emerging technology prescribed in this chapter for ‘Bio-

gas’ generation from SWM may be best suitable for the market waste generated in such towns and

such units may be installed within the market complexes and operated & maintained by the

unemployed youths. The departments responsible for developing new & renewable energy support

such endeavours and may be accessed by the town authority.

Apart from these, the unemployed youth may also be trained up for recycling and reuse of solid

waste. For this, the scavengers, rag pickers, ‘Kabadi-wallas’ and the middlemen may be engaged

through such youths for taking up a comprehensive recycling and reuse (including reduce and

reproduce) campaign in the town.

The ULB may support such youths for organising door to door campaign along with organising road

shows, street dramas, puppet shows, sit & daw etc. competitions etc. in the town during the short

and medium term plan period, and even thereafter, till the town get fully covered with a scientific

solid waste management system. Such youth may later on be involved in the main stream of solid

waste management in the town by the authority.


Page 145 March 2016

9.14.2 Recommendation Midterm

Midterm measures are suggested for the period 2020 -2025. It is expected that HNP shall

achieve 100 % collection efficiency within next 5-7 years and shall have a treatment plant for

processing of both biodegradables and non-biodegradables. The following additional

measures shall be taken during this period to make the facility more efficient and self-

sustainable.

1) Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste

Source segregation of recyclables and wet (organic waste) will not only provide an efficient

way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the pressure and pollution at

landfill sites. It is understood that implementation of such practices takes time and requires

significant cooperation from the public. However, initiation should be made and efforts should

be diverted to progressively increase the segregation practices with an increase in public

participation for the management of MSW. Waste segregation at source can be achieved by

storing dry and wet fraction of MSW in two different bins/

bags and dispose them separately. Value addition to

recyclables like paper, plastics, rubber, wood, metal,

leather and glass in an organized manner shall attract

residents to adopt best practices of segregation at

source.

Locational criteria for the selection of Landfill Facility as per CPHEEO manual

1. Lake or Pond: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of any lake or pond. Because of concerns

regarding runoff of waste water contact, a surface water monitoring program should be established if a landfill

is sited less than 200m from a lake or pond.

2. River: No landfill should be constructed within 100 m of a navigable river or stream. The distance may be

reduced in some instances for non-meandering rivers but a minimum of 30m should be maintained in all cases.

3. Flood Plain: No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year flood plain. A landfill may be built within the

flood plain of secondary streams if an embankment is built along the stream side to avoid flooding of the area.

However, landfills must not be built within the flood plains of major rivers unless properly designed protection

embankments are constructed around the landfills.

4. Highway: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of the right of way of any state or national highway.

This restriction is mainly for aesthetic reasons. A landfill may be built within the restricted distance, but no

closer than 50 m, if trees and berms are used to screen the landfill site.

5. Habitation: A landfill should be at least 500 m from a notified habituated area. A zone of 500 m around a

landfill boundary should be declared a No-Development Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalized.

6. Public Park: No Landfill may be constructed within the restricted distance if some kind of screening is used

with a high fence around the landfill and a secured gate.

7. Critical Habitat Area: - No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat areas. If there is any doubt then

the regulatory agency should be contacted.

8. Wetlands: - No Landfill should be constructed within wetlands. It is often difficult to define a wetlands area.

Maps are available for some wetlands, but in many cases such maps are absent or incorrect. If there is any

doubt, then the regulatory agency should be contacted.

9. Ground water Table: A landfill should not be constructed in areas where water table is less than 2 m below

ground surface. Special design measures to be adopted, if this cannot be adhered to.

10. Airports: No landfill should be constructed within the limits prescribed by regulatory agencies

(MOEF/CPCB/Aviation Authorities) from time to time.

11. Water Supply Well: No landfill should be constructed within 500m of any water supply well. It is strongly

suggested that this location restriction be abided by at least down gradient wells. Permission from the

regulatory agency may be needed if a landfill is to be sited within the restricted area.

12. Coastal Regulation Zone: A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones such as landside prone

areas, fault zone etc.

13. Buffer Zone: A landfill should have a buffer zone around it, up to a distance prescribed by regulatory agencies.


Page 146 March 2016

However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately therefore it is

recommended in midterm. A prolonged campaign by HNP shall be required with adequate

budgetary provisions under Information Education and Communication Programs, taken up

with the help of RWA’s and Non Governing Bodies.

2) Customer complaint / Grievance redressal Cell

A customer complaint / Grievance redressal cell shall be established by the ULB in its

jurisdiction. Compliant redressal cell would have a minimum of two (2) operational dedicated

phone lines for receiving customer calls / complaints. Mobile application for grievance

redressal is also a popular option. The telephone numbers of the customer complaint cell are

to be clearly reflected on all Street Corner Bins and transportation vehicles. Establishing

wireless communication network between “customer complaint cell” and the supervisory field

staff of the ULB. The “customer complaint cell” shall be kept operational at all times on all

seven days of a week throughout the year. Efforts shall be made to attend all customer

complaints within 24 hours of receipt of the complaint.

3) Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in collection of SWM charges

The success of a cost recovery system16 in SWM is dependent on user satisfaction. The users

should be convinced that they are being charged fairly for the SWM services, and that the

collected fees are being spent towards improving/sustaining the SWM services. Moreover, the

users’ expectations of quality of the SWM service should also be met in order to attain their

approval. User satisfaction could be further enhanced through a system that takes into

consideration the socio-economic background of the user and thus the affordability of the

service. User fee can be worked out for different categories of households, commercial

establishment and institutions in Hussainabad to make the waste management facility

sustainable. User fee for slum households and BPL households should be worked out based

on their affordability.

9.15 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost and Operation & Maintenance for development of solid waste management

system has been discussed in Table 9-4, Table 9-6 and Table 9-6 respectively.


TRANSPORTATION

Year Population Waste

Projected (TPD)

Bins Auto

Tipper Tricycle

Rickshaw DP

Vehicle Capex ( Rs in Crores)

2020 34,821 9 10 2 28 2 112.35

2030 41,808 13 15 4 27 3 240.26

2045 54,569 21 24 8 22 4 539.68

Source: Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs and CPWD / State schedule of rates.

Note:

16 Task 4: Application of the Regional Guidelines for Solid Waste Management Financing and Cost Recovery Mechanisms, July

2005


Page 147 March 2016


Apart from above mentioned infrastructure, the following optional infrastructure may be

considered:

1. Back Hoe Loader

2. Tractor Trolley for collection of construction debris/drain silt/carcass disposal

The following assumptions has been considered for calculation of Operation & Maintenance:

Component Remarks

Auto Tipper Maintenance Cost @ 10 % of Vehicle Cost &

Operation Cost – Mileage of 30 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs.75/ liter

for base year 2015 and assumed travel of 15 km/ day and 365 days

of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each auto tipper at a

monthly salary of Rs.9000 and Rs.5000 respectively

DP Bins 10% of Total Cost

Tricycle Rickshaw for

primary collection

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of tricycle Cost

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each Tricycle at a


Dumper placer(DP)

vehicle

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of Vehicle Cost

Operation Cost -Mileage of 6 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs. 44.05/liter

and assumed travel of 30 km/trip and 365 days of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each DP vehicle at a



TRANSPORTATION (RS.LAKHS)-O&M

Cost has been provided for both the preferred options i.e. composting and biomethanation

including the cost for sanitary landfill. Some of the waste to energy case studies for similar

plant capacity is provided in Table 9-7.

SN ULB Bins Auto

Tipper Tricycle

Rickshaw DP

Vehicle

1 Hussainabad 0.63 6.01 58.17 14.47


Page 148 March 2016

TABLE 9-6: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Capacity Treatment process

2015-2020 2020-2030

2030-2045

Remarks

10 TPD Biomethanation 200.00 Cost for treatment plant for first 15

years.

Annual O&M cost of Rs.1 lakhs/TPD

Composting 100.00

10 TPD Biomethanation 416.00 Cost for treatment plant for next 15

years. Composting 208.00

40000m3 Sanitary Landfill 20.00 54.00 131.00 Landfill cost has been divided into 3 phases

Assumptions

Base year 2015 and all rupees are in Lakh

Escalation is considered at 5% (year on year)

Per capita is assumed at 255 per person/gm/day

Auto Tipper considered 25% in short term, 50% in midterm and gradually going upto 75% in long term.

Tricycle rickshaw considered 75% in short term,50% in midterm and gradually going down to 25% in long term

Number of trips considered for Auto Tipper is 2 trips and for Rickshaw is 3 trips

First module in short term (2015-20) and second module in long term(2030-2045)

Waste density is 0.45 T/m 3 for fresh waste and 0.85 T/m3 for inerts.

SLF capacity assumed with 365 days operation and 25% inerts

SLF area has been assumed for 30 years

Cost of land is not included

TABLE 9-7: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY

S.no Parameter Firm/ Location and Performance

Katol, Mah.

2010-2014

Bharuch,

Anlakesh

war, 2006-

2014

Pune

Municipal

Corporation

, 2010-2014

Kottayam

Medical

college,

2009-2014

Auro Textile,

HP, 2010-

2014

1 Capacity 2 MT/day 5 MT/day 5 MT/day 2 MT/day 2 MT/day

2 Installation

(month)

December

2010

June 2006 December

2009

June 2009 June 2010

3 Full Potential

(month)

February

2011

September

2006

March 2010 September

2009

October 2010

4 Quantity of

waste

processed

Kitchen

waste from

households

and hotels

800 MT

Kitchen

waste from

households

and hotels

4000 MT

Hotel

Kitchen

Waste 9000

MT

Hotel

Kitchen

Waste

2000 MT

Kitchen waste

485 MT. (Bio

Sludge, 7%

solids from

ETP) 1510 MT

= 1995 MT


Page 149 March 2016

5 Number of

Working days

1200

(approximat

e)

2500

(approxima

te)

1200

(approximate

)

1400

(approxima

te)

1150

(approximate)

6 Quantity of

Biogas

Generated

60,000 m3

(approximat

e)

3, 20, 000

m3

(approxima

te)

6, 00, 000

m3

(approximate

)

1, 20, 000

m3

(approxima

te)

63, 200 m3

(meter

installed on

day-1)

7 Utility of Biogas Biogas

provided

free to few

families that

are below

poverty line

Biogas

provided

for boiler

40 KVA

Generator

installed,

electricity of

captive use

and 200

street lights

Hostel

Kitchen

Factory

Kitchen

8 Quantum of

Manure

Generated

50 MT

(Used for

city

gardens)

350 MT

(Manure is

sold)

20 MT (

manure not

recovered

due to space

problem)

150 MT (

nearby

farmers

use it)

70 MT

9 LPG saved Equivalent to

31000 kg (

1632

commercial

cylinders of 19

kg)

10 Plant Address Katol

Municipal

Council,

Nagpur

District

Bharuch

Environme

ntal

Infrastructu

re Limited,

Gujarat

Pune

Municipal

Corporation,

Model

Colony,

Shivaji

Nagar,

Pune-4

Kottayam

Medical

College,

Kottayam,

Kerala.

Auro Textiles,

Vardhaman

Group of Mills,

Baddi, H.P


Page 150 March 2016

10.0 WATER BODIES

10.1 STATUS NOTE

Hussainabad town is not situated on the banks of any river. River, Sone is flows more than 5

km off the town in the north western side. The river is a tributary of river Ganga and finally

discharging to river Ganga. The intake well of the WTP is constructed / proposed on the river

bed to fetch raw water for piped water supply system of the town. The natural drains carrying

storm water mixed with waste water are finally discharging in the river at Budhua village of

Hussainabad block. Hence, the river has significance for the infrastructural development of

the town.

As per CPCB, the river stretch flowing near to the town has so far not been identified as

polluted one. However, all necessary precautions should be administered to keep the river

free from pollution in future. The provisions made in the CSP for taking up various sanitation

projects shall ensure prevention of flow of all kind of pollutants from the town, once these

projects are implemented and maintained by the ULB.

As the town is not situated on river banks, no proposal for river front development &

management is proposed in the CSP. However, proposals for development of Crematoria,

Dhobi ghat, management of cattle and dairy waste, Caracas disposal etc. are proposed in the

CSP in chapter no. 9 and 11, which are considered as components of RFD&M as per the

NGRBA programme Framework / Guidelines for project preparation under NRCD / NGRBA.


Page 151 March 2016

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS

11.1 CREMATORIA

In Hussainabad town, there is one concretised crematorium located at ward numbers 9, but

one other crematorium at ward no 4, but not a fixed location. Approximately 4 - 5 dead bodies

are burnt per month. As observed during field visits, one cremation consumes approximates

250 to 350 Kg of wood generating approximately 300 Kg of ash per month. No waste

management facility is available at those crematoria and waste generated such as ashes,

flowers, clothes etc. are thrown along the bank of river. Details of the infrastructure available

the existing crematorium are provided in Table 11-1.

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIA

Location in ward no.

Number of bodies cremated per month

Cremation sheds

Boundary wall and waiting

hall

Availability of hand pump or

PSP

SWM Availability if toilet or bathroom

4 NA No No No No

management No

9 NA Yes No No No

management No

Source: Field visit and stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015

Wood based Crematorium at ward 9 near canal

Crematorium (red circle) near ward 4

11.1.1 Key Issues

Absence of waste management facility at the crematoria, waste generated at the place

such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc. are thrown near the River Danro.

Absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria.

No boundary wall is there at the crematoria and also there is absence of waiting halls,

prayer hall, satsang bhavan.


Page 152 March 2016

11.1.2 Proposals & Recommendations

There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based crematorium as ‘improved wood based

crematorium’ as per the project preparation guidelines under NGRBA programme. As of now,

there is immediate need to develop other required facilities such as waiting room, wood

storage room, care taker room, payer hall etc. In addition to these facility, there is urgent need

to improve the solid waste and ash management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain

construction.

Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat would be implementing and operating authority for both the

crematoria. Cleaning of the facility twice a day should be ensured by the nagar panchayat.

Official(s) should be designated in the nagar panchayat for regular monitoring of the facilities

as per prescribed norms and design of the crematoria. Following are the recommendation

suggested for the crematoria in Hussainabad, which are based on the discussion with the key

stakeholder.

Recommendations from environmental perspective

Up-gradation of existing wood based conventional facility to improved technology such

as improved wood based / electric based/ gas based crematoria as per the aforesaid

guidelines. Setting up new improved facility certainly reduce the environmental impact

of the existing crematoria on the river.

The new facility should have toilet facility separately for male and female and one

washroom at the crematoria complex.

One water supply connection with proper drainage facility should be provided and

linked with major drain for carrying storm water and grey water from the washroom.

General cleaning of the crematoria complex, preferably twice in a day (morning and

evening) by the nagar panchayat workers should be made mandatory.

Facility should be made available at the site to collect and dispose the remaining ashes

and left over burnt woods in conjunction with solid waste management system.

Recommendations from facility perspective

Construction of proper boundary wall at the crematoria.

Construction of cremation shed to protect the cremation of dead body and people

engaged in cremation from rainfall and bed weather conditions.

Construction of waiting hall or covered sheds with sitting arrangements for the people

attending the cremation.

Plantation of shadow / bush type trees, gardening and development of open spaces at

the facility.

A storage yard for woods at the crematoria complex.

An office room for the care taker with basic facilities.


Page 153 March 2016

Options for Improved methods of cremation

Electric cremation

The electric cremation was commissioned in January 1989 as a part of the Ganga Action Plan. The

basic idea was to serve the purpose of river friendly cremation. The advantages of Electric

Cremation can be assessed on compare with traditional funeral. The traditional funeral pyre

requires around 400 kg of firewood, three liters of kerosene and some prefer desi ghee, and 300-

400 cow dung cakes per dead body. The total costs turn around Rs. 2,000 – 3,000 in total. Mortal

remains can be taken only after 24 hours.

On the other hand, electric cremation is comparatively less expensive. Relatives can take the mortal

remains within a few hours of cremation. In electric cremation, wood is not burned and there are no

gas emissions. It is no doubt an unconventional way of cremation but it helps in saving resources

like wood, kerosene, etc. It is the most economical option for funeral.

Gas Based cremation

Crematorium is designed to have a cremation of one body at a time and the time taken for the

completion of one cremation is approximately one to one and half-hour time. The Cremation

Process is like the body is kept in a moveable trolley and finally places the body in the cremation

platform in cremation furnace. Combustion blowers and air blowers are switched on and then the

primary and secondary burners in the cremation chambers switched on to get the furnace

temperature at about 9000 C. By the moveable trolley the body will be placed upon the cremation

platform in the cremation chamber. The cremation door would then keep closed. The body would

incinerate in the primary and in the secondary chamber between the temperature 800 0 and 11000

C.

The hazardous gas and other substances are piped out from cremation chamber and cleaned by

ventury scrubber with water treatment and finally the hot air is being discharged in to the 130m

height chimney. ETP system takes care of treated water. The system has the ash removal system

to collect the ash and remains for further custom. The system has necessary controls, auto on-off,

cutoff switches and other necessary controls for a safety.

LPG Gas Crematorium. The total consumption of LPG would be around 12 ± 2 kg.

Minimum of 21780 sq. ft. of land is the basic requirement for Gas Crematorium. The Plant should

be established at the center portion of the land. A garden or lawn may be developed in the front

portion. A minimum of 50m distance may be maintained with nearest house in order to minimize

nuisance to nearby inhabitants.

Improved wood based cremation

Improved wood based crematorium cuts the amount of wood required and ensuing carbon dioxide

emissions by more than 60%. The prescribed design can burn a body using a mere 220 pounds

i.e. 150 kg of wood. That leads to save million trees, and tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. In the

traditional, wood-intensive cremation process, layers of wood are piled a metre high on the ground.

The open-air funeral pyre burns for around six hours. It takes another three hours for the ashes to

cool, after which a handful of burnt bones and ashes are collected to be immersed later in the river.

The Mokshda crematorium is a high-grade, stainless steel and man-sized bier with a hood and

sidewall slates that can withstand temperatures of up to 800 degrees Celsius. Its thermal and shock-

resistant steel structure makes it easy to wash once cremation is completed and is ready to be used

again just 30 minutes later. This system is in use in Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.


Page 154 March 2016

11.2 DHOBI GHAT

Data collected through field surveys and field observations indicated that presently there is

one dhobi ghat within the NP area. Due to absence of individuals’ bathroom facility and piped

water connection, many of the people also wash their clothes in the adjacent ponds rather the

nallah. Washing and bathing activity is most commonly practiced in almost in all the ponds

within town area.

11.2.1 Recommendation & Proposal

Construction of new dhobi ghats away from the nallah, for washer men in

Hussainabad.

The ULB should identify and take into account all washer men washing clothes, places

with numbers of cattle wallowing in the river while preparing the proposal. Based on

the information, facilities need to be created as per NGRBA guideline.

11.3 PONDS

There are 5 - 6 ponds in Hussainabad located in various wards, but two of them are key pond.

These ponds are used for washing, bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle

wallowing and car washing purpose etc. Esthetically, condition of ponds in Hussainabad is not

good and mostly they are not being maintained. Steps are mostly not provided to access the

ponds and timely cleaning is also not done, wherever steps are constructed. In some of the

ponds, dumping of solid waste on the banks has been observed. In many area open defecation

is also observed near the ponds.

TABLE 11-2: STATUS OF PONDS IN HUSSAINABAD

Name of the pond / Area

Ward number

Use of pond Availability of constructed

steps

Activities along the pond

Panchsrovar 1 Cattle wallowing

Chatt puja

Idol immersion

Bathing

Clothes washing

Car washing

Available Settlements

Private pond 1 Not available Vacant land, pond full of water hyacinth

Chatt Pokhra 5 Available Settlements

Pond 7 Not available Settlements

Godami Pokhra 9 Not available

Vacant land, pond full of water hyacinth

Source: Field visit and stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 155 March 2016

Pond at ward no 7 Pond at ward no 1


Page 156 March 2016

MAP 11-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN HUSSAINABAD

Source: SENES Field visit during August and September, 2015


Page 157 March 2016

11.3.1 Key Issues

Pollution: All the natural ponds in the town are being used for washing, bathing, cattle

wallowing and car washing purpose. These are the major causes of pollution in the

pond water.

Sewage inflow: Discharge of sewage through drains is another key issue in

Hussainabad. Waste water generated from the settlements is discharged into the

ponds.

Idol immersion: Religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and chatt puja

take place in all the ponds. Immersion of idols, puja samagri etc. pollute the pond water.

Maintenance: Only two pond are available constructed steps in Hussainabad. Rest 3

ponds are not maintained as there are no steps available in the ponds and regular

cleaning of ponds is also not done. Due to non-maintenance ponds, these are covered

with water hyacinth.

Waste dumping: Solid waste dumping in the banks of ponds is another major issue in

Hussainabad. People residing near the ponds often throw solid waste into the ponds.

This is also due to lack of awareness among the people regarding the ill effects of

waste dumping in water.

Open defecation: As more than 50% (as per 2011 cesus) of the town population

restore to open defecation. People living near the ponds go for open defecation in

areas adjacent to such ponds.

11.3.2 Proposal and Recommendation

The grey water from the households should be allowed to flow in the roadside drains

and not to the ponds. The black water should be diverted to the septic tank in the short

and immediate term period of the plan. All the waste water should be diverted to the

proposed sewerage system in the long term plan period.

Selected ponds in Hussainabad can be renovated for scientific surface water

management and also be converted as recharge structures for rain water harvesting.

Scope for development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities along with

provisions for walkways in the banks for morning walkers and visitors should be

explored.

Alternate source of spot water supply to the people living on the banks of the ponds

should be developed to meet the emergent situation during non-supply period of piped

water supply in the town.


Page 158 March 2016

Liquid Waste Management through Pond Renovation- Case of Punjab

Punjab Water Supply and Sanitation Project for liquid waste management through pond

renovation is being implemented in various towns of Punjab with the active participation of the

community. The supply of piped water and private submersible pump sets in households has

exponentially increased the generation of waste sullage. Each village has a pond, which was

typically used for recreation and as a rain water harvesting and recharge structure. The waste

water now being generated in villages has been channelized to these traditional village ponds,

choking them and creating unsanitary environments.

Project involve collection of grey water through the drainage system which is fed into existing

ponds. In these systems, grey water is stabilized, its pathogenicity is reduced, and the water is

made useable. The grey water is stabilized by natural processes involving algae, bacteria, and

natural oxidation. The hot climate, with solar radiation and light, makes this an ideal region in

which to implement this process. The advantages of pond renovation include the use of existing

ponds, low capital costs, low and affordable O&M costs, the ability to use unskilled manpower to

manage the process, and the avoidance of surface water pollution.

The intervention involved emptying the pond, desilting, and dividing it into four compartments by

using earthen embankments. These compartments are the anaerobic-cum-sedimentation pond,

the facultative pond, the maturation pond, and the polishing pond. Overflow from one tank goes

to the next, and so forth. The use of all four compartments may vary from season to season, being

less frequent in summer and more necessary in winter. It was observed that a pond of about 3

acres was able to harvest 2,000 m3 of water.

Anaerobic-cum-Sedimentation Tank

The depth of water in the pond is kept at 10 feet for the sedimentation of suspended solids and

decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions to reduce BOD/COD. The surface

area of the tank shall be equal to approximately 15 percent of the area of the existing pond and

support a five-day retention period.

Facultative Pond


Page 159 March 2016

11.3.3 Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works

TABLE 11-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS

Facility Total

Phase

Short Term 3 years

Medium Term 5 years

Long-Term 10 - 30 years

A - Crematoria

Up gradation of existing crematoria

Toilet / Bathroom

Room for caretaker – 4X3 meter

Wood storage room

Waiting room/prayer cum assembly hall – 10X6 meter

Lighting

100.00 50.00 50.00

New crematoria – electric based – 30X20 meter

* (Rest of the infrastructure will be common for wood based and electric based crematoria as both the facilities are at same place).

600.00 200.00 400.00

In this tank, the overflow of the anaerobic pond is being discharged and BOD/COD is reduced under

aerobic conditions. The water depth is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its bed to

ensure that water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area is 25 percent of the existing pond area.

Maturation/Polishing Pond (2 Numbers)

In this tank, the overflow of the facultative pond is being discharged; in this phase any pathogen load

will be reduced. The depth of water is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its bed to

ensure that the water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area should be 25 percent of the existing pond

area.

Outflow

Normally, in addition to evaporation, treated water is absorbed into the pond. It is also used for

irrigation purposes by farmers.


Page 160 March 2016

Facility Total

Phase

Short Term 3 years

Medium Term 5 years

Long-Term 10 - 30 years

B - Dhobi Ghats

Construction of dhobi ghats and providing, stoned platform for washing bhatties, drying places, sheds for pressing of clothes, with water supply, electricity, toilet facilities, waste water disposal arrangement, boundary wall etc.

100.00 100.00

C - Pond Restoration

Diversion of waste water from ponds, renovation and de-silting for conversion to recharge structure for rain water harvesting

200.00 100.00 50.00 50.00

Development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities along with provisions for walkways in the banks

200.00 50.00 100.00 50.00

Setting up of Cafeteria, Public toilets for the local tourists and visitors (to be constructed away from the ponds)

200.00 50.00 100.00 50.00

Base Cost Total 1400.00 550.00 800.00 150.00

Add 2% Architectural Works 28.00 11.00 16.00 3.00

Sub Total 1428.00 561.00 816.00 153.00

Contingencies 3% 42.84 16.83 24.48 4.59


1470.84 577.83 840.48 157.59

Cost escalation @ 5% per annum (compounding rate)

579.80 59.23 386.62 133.95

Grand Total (CAPEX with cost escalation)

2050.64 637.06 1227.10 291.54

O & M Cost (5% of CAPEX) 102.53 31.85 61.36 14.58

Source: SENES estimates and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme

Note: 1.Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.


3. Short Term: Considering implantation to start in 2017

4. Medium Term: Considering implantation to start in 2023

5. Long Term: Considering implantation to start in 2028

6. Cost escalation of 5% has been assumed


Page 161 March 2016

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING

12.1 EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other state level

agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for final implementation of

sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level. Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat

(HNP) is the key local body responsible for providing public amenities and services in

Hussainabad. Apart from HNP, there are other parastatal and state level authorities which are

directly or indirectly involved in planning and policy formulation activities. This chapter

discusses the role of various state and local level agencies responsible for providing sanitation

related services in the state of Jharkhand.

12.1.1 Urban Development Department, Jharkhand

Urban Development Department (UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic

services in urban areas of the state as per the provision of Municipal Corporation/ Municipality

Act. The UDD administratively controls the organizations related to urban development,

including providing state’s support to municipal corporations, councils and nagar

panchayats/Panchayats. This department is also responsible for implementing various

schemes for providing urban services and town planning, regulation of land use, planning for

economic and social development, safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society

including the physically challenged and mentally retarded persons, Slum improvement and

upgradation, housing, urban poverty alleviation, promotion of cultural, educational and

aesthetic aspects.

The UDD has the following functions:

a) Constitution / reconstitution of ULBs in the state based on the census population and

growth of an urban area.

b) Coordinating elections to ULBs.

c) Facilitating amendments to the Municipal Acts based on the Model Municipal law that

has been prepared by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

d) Administrative Reform of ULBs.

e) Financial Strengthening of ULBs

f) Anchoring the planned process of development of ULBs through various Government

of India and Government of Jharkhand initiatives / programmes.

g) Administering State Government Schemes on urban development and infrastructure

development

o Water Supply Schemes

o Road Construction, provision of Street lights, urban transportand Bus stand etc.

o Construction of road side drains and storm water drainage system

o Solid Waste Management


Page 162 March 2016

o Total sanitation including conversion of dry latrines, construction of community

toilets

o Development of slum settlements

o Social Amenities

h) Administering Central Government Urban Poverty Alleviation (UPA) Schemes

12.1.2 Drinking Water and Sanitation Department

Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD) Drinking formerly known as Public

Health Engineering Department is the main state agency responsible for providing safe

drinking water and sanitation facilities in the state of Jharkhand. The department is responsible

for providing water supply facilities in both rural and urban areas of the state. The sources are

mostly ground water based by way of construction of tube-wells / drilled tube-wells / sanitary

wells in rural areas for covering villages / hamlets those t are partially or not covered. Execution

of piped water supply schemes in urban, semi urban and rural areas; relocation of spot

sources; water quality testing, monitoring and remedial measures are also undertaken by the

department. Implementation and operation & maintenance (O&M) of major urban water supply

schemes, providing water supply and sanitary services including plumbing in government

buildings are also under the jurisdiction of the DW&SD. In Hussainabad, the DW&SD is

responsible for planning, designing, constructing and O&M of water supply schemes. The fund

for capital and O&M cost of urban water supply schemes are routed through the Urban

Development Department to the DW&SD. HNP is responsible for providing household level

connections for piped water supply and for collecting water tax.

12.1.3 Water Resources Department

Water Resources Department, formerly known as Irrigation Department is one of the major

establishments of Government of Jharkhand. It protects the right of State in sharing water of

inter State Rivers/Basins. The Water Resources Department, Government of Jharkhand is

involved in the management of the water resources of the state in a sustainable way to provide

optimal benefit to the people of the State. The Department is engaged in construction and

maintenance of major, medium and minor irrigation schemes, flood control works, ground

water conservation and reclamation. The department is also responsible to provide permission

for drawl of water from ground and surface water sources by the stakeholders including

DW&SD and industries. The Department is also working in the field of Interlinking of various

river basins and water ways in order to supply water to water starved areas from water surplus

basins.

12.1.4 Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat

Hussainabad town administration is structurally divided into two wings i.e. elective wing

headed by chairperson and administrative wing headed by Executive Officer. In addition to

Nagar Panchayat are working for sanitation related aspects.

A. Elective wing

The elective body is headed by Chairperson supported by vice-chairperson and 13 councilors,

one for each of the 13 wards. Chairperson and vise-chairperson in HNP are selected by

councilors. The tenure of the elected body of HNP is for five years and first election in HNP


Page 163 March 2016

was held in the year 2008. The elective body is responsible for making policy decisions at

town level for implementation of various town / citizen services including sanitation, and

oversee the implementation process for successful execution of such schemes.

As per Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, the Standing Committee shall consist of the

Chairperson; the Vice- Chairperson, and 13 elected councilors to be elected by the Council.

The councilors at their first meeting elect the Standing Committee, Consisting of 13 councilors,

after the general election. The Standing Committee essentially governs the functioning of the

Nagar Panchayat on behalf of the 13 councilors. It is the policy making body of the Nagar

Panchayat and makes all decisions with respect to the establishment and finances of the

nagar panchayat area.

B. Administrative wing

Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat17 (HNP)’s administrative body was constituted in the year

2008. It consists of 13 nos. of ward having total area of 12.54 Sq. Km. HNP is responsible to

provide basic infrastructure including roads, drainage and sewerage, water supply, street

lighting and services covering education, housing, poverty alleviation, slum improvement,

urban forestry, environmental protection and conservation, primary health etc.

HNP is headed by one executive officer and is responsible for operational planning and

management of Nagar Panchayat. Other officials in the HNP such as municipal engineer,

health officer, accounts officer etc. directly report to executive officer.

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines organizational structure of Municipality as follows:

a) Executive Officer,

b) Municipal Finance Officer/Municipal Accounts Officer,

c) Municipal Engineer,

d) Municipal Health Officer,

e) Environmental Engineer (for solid waste management),

f) Information and Technology Officer,

g) Municipal Secretary, and such other officers as prescribed by the Government:

Roles and Responsibility of Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines the scope and extent of responsibilities of the

Municipality. The functions of the nagar panchayat are divided into core functions and general

functions.

A) Municipal Functions

(A) Core Functions

i. Urban planning including town planning,

ii. Regulation of land-use including protection of public land from

17 Nagar Panchayat - is a transitional area that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area to be a Nagar

Pachayat.


Page 164 March 2016

iii. encroachment and construction of buildings,

iv. Planning for economic and social development,

v. Roads including footpath and road crossing facilities for

vi. Construction of culverts and bridges,

vii. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes,

viii. Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy and solid and

liquid waste management,

ix. Fire services,

x. Urban forestry, protection of the environment, promotion of ecological aspects and

maintenance of environmental hygiene,

xi. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the

handicapped and mentally retarded,

xii. Slum improvement and upgradation including providing basic facilities,

xiii. Urban housing and poverty alleviation,

xiv. Provision and maintenance of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,

gardens, playgrounds, public markets, bathing and washing ghats, waiting sheds

for travellers, night shelters etc.

xv. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects,

xvi. Establishment and maintenance of burial and burning grounds, cremations,

cremation grounds and electric crematoriums,

xvii. Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals,

xviii. Collection and updating of vital statistics including registration of births, deaths and

marriages,

xix. Provision and maintenance of public amenities including street lighting, parking

spaces for vehicles, bus stops and public conveniences like toilet facilities at public

places,

xx. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries and sale of meat, fish and other

perishable food stuffs etc.

B) General Functions

i. Organising voluntary workers and promote community participation in all

development activities,

ii. Organise campaign for thrift,

iii. Awareness building against social evils like alcoholism, consumption of narcotics,

dowry and abuse of women and children,

iv. Organize legal awareness campaigns among weaker sections, campaign against

economic offences, adherence to civic duties, and promoting communal harmony,


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v. Provision of public transport,

vi. Organise relief activities during natural calamities and disasters; maintain relief

centres like hospitals, dispensaries, asylums, rescue homes, maternity houses and

child welfare centres, etc.,

vii. Mobilising local resources in cash or in kind,

viii. Organise and promote resident welfare associations, neighbourhood groups and

committees, and self-help groups with focus on the poor,

ix. Disclosure and dissemination of information of public interest,

x. Maintenance of public properties,

xi. Issue of licences to dangerous and offensive trades and industries,

xii. Issue of licence to domestic pet animals and destruction of stray dogs,

xiii. Conservation and preservation of water bodies,

xiv. Conservation and preservation of places and buildings of heritage having historical

and cultural importance,

xv. Promoting green energy and energy efficiency, build awareness on climate change

and its adoption,

xvi. Promote uses of Information Technology, digitization and e- Governance in the

working of the Municipality.

12.2 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR SANITATION

As per the municipal act Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy

and solid and liquid waste management are the core function of Hussainabad Nagar

Panchayat. However, there are other departments like DW&SD involved in planning and

management of the infrastructure related to water supply and irrigation department looking at

river management aspect. The list of the agencies responsible for sanitation sector in

Hussainabad is provided in Table 13.1

TABLE 12-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS

Sector Planning and Design Construction O&M

Water supply DW&SD DW&SD HNP

Storm water drainage HNP HNP HNP

Non-sewerage sanitation /Sewerage system

HNP HNP HNP

Solid waste management HNP HNP HNP

Community and public toilet HNP HNP HNP

River front development NA NA NA

Ponds HNP HNP HNP

Crematoria HNP HNP HNP

Carcass disposal HNP HNP HNP


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12.3 HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY ASSESSMENT FOR HNP

Functional and operational management of departments is based on the available human

resource. Since HNP is the constitutionally established organisation providing sanitation

services in Hussainabad, The human resource capacity of the HNP has been analysed in

details. During field visit it was observed that there are huge gaps between sanctioned posts

and actual availability of man power. Category wise availability of man power in HNP is

presented in the Table 13.2.

TABLE 12-2: AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE AT HNP

Category Sanctioned posts Existing post

Executive officer 01 01

Head clerk 01 00

Assistant clerk 01 01

Tax Inspector 01 00

Anusawak 02 01

Sanitary Jamadar 02 01

Safaikarmi (Cleaner) 15 09

Contract employees - 27 nos.

Source: Stakeholder Consultation in August and September 2015

As per the act, the appointment for above positions may be made either on a regular basis or

on contract basis for such term as the state Government may prescribe or as outlined in scope

of respective sanctioned schemes / projects. As of now, there is acute shortage of man power

in HNP.

12.4 KEY ISSUES OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

Overlapping in functions: There is overlapping of functions and disintegration of

responsibilities among the departments. This issue is more prominent for water supply

infrastructure. DW&SD is responsible for planning, designing and construction of water

supply infrastructure including distribution network. Whereas, provision of water supply

connections to households, water tax collection and O&M is the responsibility of HNP

(After construction of water supply infrastructure, the entire scheme is supposed to be

transferred to HNP for day to day O&M purpose).

In the current situation, provision of water connections and water tax collection is being

done by HNP whereas, O&M for water supply is still being managed by DW&SD As

understood after discussions with DW&SD officials, HNP is not yet prepared to take

over the responsibility of O&M due to shortage of technical man power. It is observed

from the situation that, due to conflict between the multiple authorities with respect to

day to day decision making in providing water supply to the citizens creates

dissatisfaction at the user end, resulting in mismanagement of the infrastructure.

Shortage of human resource: There is shortage of field level technical man power

both in HNP and DW&SD. Most of the sanctioned posts are lying vacant for quite a

long time, whereas the working field staff are mostly engaged on daily basis and or


Page 167 March 2016

contract basis. Irregular payment of wages / salary to the temporary workers is one

of the main reasons for mismanagement of O&M

Lack of interdepartmental coordination: It has also been observed that there is a

lack in the inter-departmental coordination for providing day to day services to the

community. There is an absolute necessity of horizontal integration of various

departments’ offices established within the nagar panchayat to provide basic services

to the people and HNP should take lead in the desired interdepartmental integration.

Lack of central data platform: There is absolute lack of data management in HNP

and other major state government offices including WS&SD. Almost no old records of

the existing infrastructures and related status reports are found available with the

respective offices. Various data such total length of road, drain, number of public stand

posts, individual household toilets etc. are made available verbally during stakeholder

consultations, mostly based on assumptions. Various municipal records are also found

not available as per municipal account format provided by state. Due to non-availability

of authentic data, planning and data analysis for preparing CSP of the town likely to

lose realistic approach.

Jurisdictional Issues: It is very difficult to arrive at a common boundary for all

services. The geographical Area required for internalizing the costs and benefits of a

service like transport, water supply, storm water drainage etc. If such matching is not

ensured, there will be perennial problems of service revenues falling short of service

costs, increased cost of public administration, and lack of integrated development and

imposition of high social cost on the public. Thus it is important that the jurisdictional

issues are sorted out carefully.

12.5 CAPACITY BUILDING

Capacity building of HNP by way of providing necessary periodical training to the available

and future human resource and immediate filling up of all vacant posts should be carried out

in a planned and phased manner. Application of technology to improve the abilities of the

personnel in particular and the organisation in general shall make HNP more efficient and

effective in day to day working and management of services.

12.5.1 Manpower Requirement

The manpower requirement for achieving 100% sanitation in the town shall include the sectors

of both water supply and sanitation (along with solid waste management).

Water Supply

Situation analysis indicates that the available manpower in the town responsible for water

supply is inadequate and shall require immediate upscaling to meet the future demand

outlined in the CSP. The CPHEEO manual on Water Supply and Treatment (Appendix 13.1

to 15.12) has prescribed the required manpower for different capacity water supply schemes

including day to day operation and maintenance of the Pump house (Intake well), Raw water

rising main, treatment works and clear water pump, clear water rising main, service reservoir,

gravity mains, distribution system, billing, day to day repairing, water works laboratory etc.


Page 168 March 2016

Apart, the CPHEEO manual on ‘Operation & Maintenance of Water Supply System’ (Chapter-

17) has emphasised on the need ‘Human Resources Development’, which include training

needs assessment, quantification of training, On-the-job training, Training of trainers, training

schedule, training budget etc. The department of Drinking Water & Sanitation should adhere

to these for improving quality of service so as to provide 24X7 water supply in the town to the

best satisfaction of the consumers.

Sanitation (Sewerage):

At present there are no dedicated staffs available for sewerage system in the town, obviously

due to non-existence of the system in the town area. However, the future need should be

assessed for staffing including their capacity building based on the recommendations made

in the CPHEEO manual on ‘Sewerage and Sewage Treatment’ - Part C (Chapter – 3).

Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The CPHEEO manual on ‘Solid Waste Management’ – Chapter 19 has prescribed the

organisational set up (prescribed set up for towns below 1,00,000 population to be followed

for the town) and need for human resource development. The ongoing SWM is being looked

after by the ULB, and the situation analysis indicates inadequacy in staffing headed by one

Sanitary Inspector and supported by Junior Engineer and skeletal field staff.

Quite often, multiplicity of agencies and overlapping of responsibilities are the reasons for

ineffective and poor operation and maintenance of the assets created by ULBs. In the light of

74th Amendment under the 12th Schedule of the Constitution, the role and responsibility of

the ULBs have increased significantly in providing these basic facilities to the community on a

sustainable basis. The new Amendment has enabled ULBs to become financially viable and

technically sound to provide basic amenities to the community.

Consequent to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA), the States are expected

to devolve responsibility, powers and resources upon ULBs as envisaged in the 12th Schedule

of the Constitution. The 74th CAA has substantially broadened the range of functions to be

performed by the elected ULBs. The 12th Schedule brings into the municipal domain among

others such as urban and town planning, regulation of land-use, planning for economic &

social development and safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the society.

The Constitution thus envisages ULBs as being totally responsible for all aspects of

development, civic services and environment in the cities going far beyond the traditional role.

The focus should not only be on the investment requirements to augment supplies or install

additional systems in sanitation and water supply. Instead, greater attention must be paid to

the critical issues of institutional restructuring, managerial improvement, better and more

equitable service to citizens who must have a greater degree of participation. The 74th CAA

also focuses on achieving sustainability of the sector through the adoption of adequate

measures in O&M, the financial health of the utilities through efficiency of operations and levy

of user charges, and conservation & augmentation of the water resources.


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12.5.2 Training

It is observed that to cater to the needs of increasing burden on nagar panchayat and the

technological advancements, which could be required to cope up with present and future

responsibilities, there is urgent need for organising planned training programmes for the all

category nagar panchayat staff and elective representatives. Key measures to be taken up for

training are as follows:

Allocation of training fund for staff members in the municipal budget.

Orientation training about the functioning of nagar panchayat and service delivery

mechanism at city and ward level to HNP officials and all the councillors.

Workshops and tour programme should be conducted very frequently on best

practices, case studies, new technology options to make sanitation components (water

conservation, waste water treatment, waste management, toilet options, pond

reclamation etc.) more advance, sustainable, acceptable to community and

environment friendly.

Training to take over responsibility of O&M not only for water supply but for other

sanitation components by HNP. Regular monitoring of the sanitation related facilities

in Hussainabad such as crematoria, dhobi ghat, ponds, SWM etc. should be

undertaken by HNP.

In order to maintain a high quality service deliverance, introduction of performance

tracking mechanism for the officials, which is as important as the tracking and

monitoring of the projects and services.

12.6 OTHER MEASURES FOR CAPACITY BUILDING

Activity mapping

There is need to undertake the so-called “activity mapping” for nagar panchayat’s own

departments and other parastatal departments to identify precisely who is responsible for

doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve efficiency and accountability in the

provision of urban local services. It is necessary to prepare an exhaustive list of all the

Case study -Capacity building of Human Resource at Kanpur Municipal

Corporation

Kanpur Municipal Corporation established Centre of Excellence (COE) to cater the training

/ Capacity Building requirement of the KNN staff.

The objective of providing knowledge and skills to KNN officers and staff to perform the

job effectively, COE to cover three kinds of Administrative reforms like Human Resource

Development and Personal Management Internal Systems and Processes

Citizens Interface system and Process.

The outcome of the COE is for Qualitative and fast services, Courtesy towards citizens,

Listening skills, Flexibility in dealing with citizens and other department, Empathy with

Public at large, Effective implementation of Public grievance handling mechanism,

Decentralization of zones etc.


Page 170 March 2016

obligatory and discretionary functions of each of the departments, which are functioning in

providing services within the HNP area.

Creation of Central Data Bank

Development of a central data bank will be necessary to create a common platform for all the

departments to effectively use such data in planning and management of municipal services.

There is also an urgent requirement of linking future data base of all the departments with

each other so that they can effectively pool their data on a central data bank suitably linked to

each department.

Introduction of appropriate technology

A variety of new technology options are presently available, which are very helpful in improving

the capacity of an organisation for high quality e-governance. Introduction of mobile

application for grievance redressal, GIS teamed with SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure) etc. can

lead to a high level of transparency in the e-governance system. By SDI a central data platform

can be created where all the daily functioning of a department can be up-linked to the central

data bank, which can be made readily available to share on an inter-departmental level linked

with the high precautionary security clearance system.


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13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION

13.1 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) emphasis on improvement of personal hygiene and

good sanitation practices in Indian towns and cities through awareness generation and

behavioral change. Effective Stake holder consultation is the key to generation of awareness

about sanitation and its linkages with public and environmental health amongst communities

and institutions. Stakeholder consultation also promotes mechanism to bring about and

sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of healthy sanitation practices. The on ground

successful implementation of the city sanitation plan to achieve long term goals also requires

strong city level institutions and stakeholders.

The Stakeholder Consultation for Hussainabad will eventually work as the basis of the City

Sanitation Planning and its implementation. To keep the present City Sanitation Plan

compatible with the existing National Programmes on sanitation and attuned with the National

Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Stakeholders Consultation is an inevitable way to make it

more people oriented and practicable.

13.2 OBJECTIVE OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning,

implementation and management of sanitation infrastructure;

To adopt locally suitable and sustainable methods, technologies and materials, and

provide necessary facilitation support to the locals ULBs;

To create and ensure ownership among the staff and chair holders of ULB and various

concerned departments who play key role in smooth running of the system that is

required to retain the ideal Sanitation Mechanism;

To encourage community and private participation and define their role in creation and

maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure with possible involvement of several

intervening and contributing institutions like markets, hospitals, schools and thereby

ensure a sense of ownership;

To ensure coordination and integration amongst various departments working and

indirectly involved in the field of water supply and sanitation, such as health, education,

drinking water & sanitation, water resources, industries, science & environment,

transport, pollution control board, etc.;

To ensure optimal and best use of funds dovetailed from various sources;

To promote novel and innovative ideas in mobilization of funds from government,

public and private sectors including funding under corporate sector responsibility,

possible reforms in tax regime, scope for public private partnerships, exploring the

scope of involving private market players & development of special purpose vehicle in

execution and management of infrastructure projects, periodical review and

enhancement of user charges, beneficiary contribution, etc. ;


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To know the current status and physical verification of the existing scenario and based

on the needs enumerated by them; and

To identify the problem areas and bottlenecks in the existing system.

13.3 STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

Stakeholder mapping being the foremost task while formulating the need based Sanitation

Plan for Hussainabad Town, and has been carried out through identification of key

stakeholders. Thus, stakeholders in Hussainabad Town has been identified and classified in

three categories:

Stakeholder Level 1- Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat ; DW&SD and other relevant

govt. departments

Stakeholder Level 2- Citizens of Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat Area

Stakeholder Level 3- Intervening and Contributing Institutions like Schools, Colleges,

Hospitals, Markets, Industry and Commerce Organizations, NGOs, CBOs etc.

13.4 CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF)

NUSP necessitates the constitution of CSTF to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in

the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the

people of the city. As discussed with Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat the probable members

of the CSTF will be as follows:

a) Representative from Urban Local Body (Chair holders- inclusive of Chairperson, Vice

Chairperson and Executive Officer of the Nagar Panchayat)

b) Elected Members of the Legislative Council

c) Other government departments – PHED / DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water

Resources Department, Ground Water Board

d) Residents including Slum dwellers

e) Media - Print , Audio, audio-visual ( television)

f) Civil society organizations - NGOs, CBO, Women and self-help group

g) Industry and Commerce Organizations

h) Town planning authorities

i) Pollution Control Board

Following table provides key responsibilities of key stakeholders during the formulation of City

Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad:

Sl. No.

Stakeholder Roles & Responsibilities of various Stakeholders

during CSP preparation

1 Urban Local Body –Nagar Panchayat

Constitution of City Sanitation Task Force

Generate awareness among the citizens and the stakeholders

Organize meetings and workshops for presentation of CSP various stakeholders including CSTF members.


Page 173 March 2016

Sl. No.



Appraisal and approval of CSP document for the town, Issue briefing to the press/ media, JUIDCO and the state government about progress.

Support SENES for necessary alignment of CSP with the current / pending project ( under various programme) and for incorporation in the CSP

2 Other Government Department – PHED / DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water Resources

Department, Ground Water Board

Data support to the CSP team

Provide views / comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Suggest possible sites /locations for development of future Sanitation infrastructure including water supply (water treatment plant & reservoirs etc.) , sewerage system (sewage treatment plan, pump house etc.), solid waste management (transfer stations, landfill /processing & disposal site etc.) for further evaluation

3 Member of legislative

council

Ward wise data on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure

Provide comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Approval of various provisions made in CSP document

4 Residents including Slum dwellers

Support during demand gap assessment of sanitation infrastructure & facilities.

Support in identification of most suitable location for CTCs to maximize utilization

Adopt good sanitation practices and discourage open defecation,

Provide details on their affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation facilities

5 Industry and commerce

Organisation

Provide input on industrial pollution related issues, and particularly related to sanitation of the town and pollution abatement of river

Suggestion for development of sanitation infrastructure which would handle industrial waste and waste water

Provide details on affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation and river water quality

6 Media Reporting on the salient features of the city sanitation plan

Public awareness generation on sanitation and related health issues

Educate and encourage the residents on social commitment and social obligations for sanitation

7 Civil Society Organisation - CBOs, Self-help groups, women and child welfare groups etc.

Awareness generation on best sanitation practices and communication on significance of town level sanitation plan to residents and other stakeholders

8 Town Planning Authorities

Provide information of land use- existing and proposed

Support in identification of suitable land, in conformity to the town master plan, for development of sanitary landfill facility, transfer stations, sewage pumping stations, sewage treatment plant, water treatment and storage facilities etc.


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Sl. No.



Earmark the land for above facilities on the proposed or revised land use map / town master plan

9 Pollution control board Provide information on pollution status of various river, water bodies in the town

Provide comments and suggestion at different stages of CSP formulation

CSTF will identify the implementing agency (ies) for the possible interventions identified in the

CSP, which normally be the respective urban local body, and HNP in the present case. CSTF

will continue to monitor and support HNP during the implementation of the City Sanitation

Plan.

During the time of undertaking various consultation with the town level authorities including

the Executive Officer, Chairman, Vice Chairman of HNP and with the DW&SD Officials, the

need and essentiality of formation of CSTF was repeatedly communicated by the team

members. However, the CSTF is yet to be formulated by the town authority.

Roles and Responsibility of CSTF

Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign

Generating awareness amongst the citizens and stakeholders

Approving materials and progress reports provided by the implementing agency, other

public agencies, as well as NGOs and private parties contracted by the Implementing

Agency, for different aspects of implementation (see below)

Approving the City Sanitation Plan for the city prepared by the Sanitation

Implementation Agency after consultations with citizens

Undertaking field visits from time to time to supervise progress

Issue briefings to the press / media and state government about progress

Providing overall guidance to the Implementation Agency

Recommend to the ULB fixing of responsibilities for city-wide sanitation on a

permanent basis

13.5 DETAILS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS IN HUSSAINABAD

Stakeholder Consultation with City Sanitation Task Force

Date: 17th December, 2015

Attendees: CSTF members and others officials

Venue- Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat office

Agenda:

1. Presenting data collection till date and data assessment

2. Demand gap analysis for the period of next 30 years


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3. Proposal, recommendations and suggestion on all the sectors.

Proceedings of the Meeting have been annexed in Annexure 1

Stakeholder Consultation – with Nagar Panchayat and DW&SD

Date: 7th August 2015

Venue: Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat (HNP) Office, Hussainabad

Attendees: Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Executive Officer and Officials from HNP,

DW&SD and Team Members, SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company)

preparing the CSP.

Agenda

Introduction of the CSP Team Members with the ULB Chair holders and Staff and

DW&SD Officials.

Orientation of the ULB Staff and Chair holders and DW&SD Officials about CSP, its

utility and essentiality.

Introduction of the town, its extent, demographic pattern, socio- cultural traits etc. by

the ULB Officials.

Brief introduction on existing scenario of the CSP Components by ULB and DW&SD

Officials.

Planning of the Field visits.

Output:

The members were apprised about CSP and its essentiality and its utility in future propositions

for the development of the town.


Stakeholder Consultation with Community

Date: 10th August 2015

Attendees: Community at large, local institutions, industries, hospitals and the Floating

Populace

Venue- Different areas of the entire town

Agenda:

Orientation and introduction on CSP and information on existing scenario to the

Community and physical verification of the existing scenario.

Support for demand gap assessment of sanitation infrastructure.

Support in identification of most suitable location for CTCs to maximize utilization

Adoption of good sanitation practices and discourage open defecation.

Output:


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The community residing in different pockets of the town at large was intimated about

the importance of CSP, different components of CSP and their necessity.

The CSP Team Members of the Consultants were informed about the existing scenario

followed by physical verification of available CSP components in the town.

2 nd Stakeholder Consultation with HNP

Date: 7th September, 2015


Attendees: Members of Board of Councilors, HNP; Executive Officer, Hussainabad Nagar

Panchayat and Team Members of SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company)

preparing the CSP.

Agendas:

Ward wise data support on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure for

documentation in CSP

Inputs, comments and suggestions from HNP on required infrastructure improvisation

in Sanitation Sector


Output:

All the Councilors were apprised on the importance of CSP components and its

essentiality.

Ward wise information on different components of CSP and other relevant data / inputs

were gathered.

Importance and necessity of CSTF formation and its functionality was communicated

and suggestions were received.

Huge gap within the middle structure and between the top and the bottom

Work is pushed to the top of the middle structure such that they have to do /supervise

/decide on the final outcome

Parts of the middle structure, especially at the lower level acting mostly from the

operating core

Lower levels unable to take up responsibilities

Coordination between staff at some level standardized-e.g. collection of SWM-work

process standardized. However, work gets done only though mutual adjustment

13.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF CSP BY CSTF

CSTF shall identify the urban local body as key agency responsible for implementation

of CSP

CSTF shall support the consultants in developing the CSP for the town by providing

suggestions on sanitation improvement plans.


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CSTF shall support the ULB in promoting awareness through campaigns among the

community.

Alignment of CSP with the current / pending project under various programmes /

schemes and difference highlighted for resolution in the CSP

Appraisal and approval of the CSP and the schemes proposed for sanitation

improvement of the town.

Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPR) on Sewerage and Non sewerage

schemes identified in the CSP document

Arrangements of funds for development of sanitation infrastructure as per the various

programmes / schemes launched by the central and state government.

Development of implementation framework and selection of implementation agency

Provide guidance to the implementation agency

Launching the 100% sanitation campaign

Generating awareness among citizens and stakeholders with support from local

NGOs, CBOs and other related agencies

Regular field visit and getting structured feedback from the community organizations

and citizen groups.

Develop procedure for periodic evaluation to achieve 100% sanitation status and

provision for revision.

Update the State Government / state agencies on the progress.

13.7 AWARENESS GENERATION

For implementation of City Sanitation Plan a well-planned and incessant awareness campaign

is particularly essential. It will acts as catalyst in successful implementation of any initiative

related to sanitation in the town. It also boost the morale of the people dealing with it by making

them more aware and responsible towards their own responsibilities and role play. Awareness

campaign for city sanitation plan includes following activities:

1. Orientation of Citizens at large and bringing up responsible Stakeholder at all levels of

the Society; creating a favorable ambience for successful implementation of any Plan

or Initiative;

2. Orientation and Capacity Development of the ULB

3. Capacity Development of the Workers and Officials involved in preparation of CSP and

implementation of CSP components;

4. Ensuring introduction of integrated management system that addresses SWM, Water

Supply, Waste and Storm Water Management and Total Sanitation (i.e. 100% access

and utilization of Toilet facilities);

5. Ensuring right practices among the stakeholders at all levels (ULBs, Citizens and

intervening & contributing agencies like industries, commercial establishments &

markets, hospitals, educational institutions, recreational centers like cinema halls,

parks etc. );


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6. Developing a continuous and sustainable awareness process that will facilitate the

successful implementation of the proposed programmes pertaining to safeguard of

health and hygiene; and

7. Developing a continuous and sustainable monitoring and evaluation process that may

help maintaining permanent vigilant system.

It requires specific programmes that will help developing an enduring right practice for a better

civic life.

13.7.1 Strategy for awareness generation

To build a pollution free and hazard free environment and for acceptance of the facilities to be

created in accordance of the City Sanitation Plan require continuous and regular persuasion;

and necessary Behavior Change Communication (BCC) strategy would be adopted after

critical review and assessment of the needs and requirements of the town. The CSTF will be

responsible for assessing and reviewing these as per local unique needs. Following the

Behavior Change Communication strategy, a road map need to be created considering the

followings as the major activities:

1. Advocacy with the Municipal Authorities and Major Decision Makers inclusive of the Chair

holders like Municipal Chairperson, Members of Board of Councilors, Executive Officer

etc. The purpose is to engage the decision makers and officials of the ULBs to extend

support towards the successful implementation of the plan.

2. Linkage with the concerned and responsible municipal and government officials, ward

committee members and other social institutions like ICDS, Health and locally influential

groups, local NGOs & CBOs etc.; so as to interact and share amongst themselves about

the proposed development works and to ensure their support at all level of implementation

through continuous awareness campaign.

3. Community Dialogues & Focused Group Discussions are group interactions to

mobilize different Grass Root Groups from the community, focused citizens and influential

people for interactive communication targeting behavioral change with respect to Health,

Hygiene and Environment. These need to be taken up for a longer period of time.

4. Larger Mobilization Programmes (e.g. Rallies, Public Meetings, Seminars,

Workshops, Awareness Programmes during different festivals and fairs etc.): Social

Mobilization programmes are instrumental to reach out the larger community with the

messages involving various facets of hygiene and sanitation. Institutions like Schools,

Colleges, Youth Clubs, Health Workers, Local Artists etc. could be communicated and

utilized by organizing rallies, mass meetings etc. to ensure greater visibility of the

objectives and activities, so as to turn the entire activities in to a mass movement toward

‘total sanitation’..

5. Preparation of IEC materials for Advocacy & Linkage, Community Dialogue, IPC, Social

Mobilization etc. numbers of IEC materials like Fliers, flexes, posters, banners, leaflets,

contents of advertisement through local media, local TV etc. have been prepared and

distributed.


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6. Environmental Education Programmes in the Institutions:

To promote and ensure a sustainable and ideal sanitary ambience all educational

institutions will be contacted to share different aspects of the project to make the students

aware about the ideal practices and to generate interest among them.

The following issues should be dealt with during the interactive sessions with students:

General idea on all the components pertaining to Sanitation and Hygiene and their

impact on human health

3 ‘R’s that help promoting a pollution free environment (Reuse, Recycle and

Reduce)

Different factors that are root causes for Pollution (air, water, soil, sound and visual

pollution)

Potential health hazards caused by indiscriminate disposal of waste, and insanitary

practices

Role of the Citizens -severally and collectively- Role of students in conveying the

message of Behaviour Change to themselves and to the community at large.

7. Workshop on ‘Clean Environment’ at institutions and organizational levels.

The CSTF with the support of ULB, DW&SD and other implementing agencies will take

initiatives to organize Workshops & Seminars to take up ‘Clean Environment’ campaign

periodically, particularly during local festive time. Budget for the same could be arranged

by HNP by mobilization of funds from different schemes.


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14.0 PROJECT FINANCING AND IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK

14.1 PROJECT FINANCING

This chapter identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various sectors in City

Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad town. Brief discussions of the ongoing schemes by the central and

the state government which may be suitable for funding the projects included in the CSP have been

included in Chapter – 2. In this chapter we will further elaborate on possible scopes for funding projects

in different sector, finance sources and most suitable implementation framework.

Fund requested by the State government for the 12th Five year Plan period (2012-17) for Rs.

3,35,106.00 lacs under Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and for Rs. 3,37,820.00 lacs under State

Plan Schemes indicates intention of the State to avail funds under various old and new government

schemes which include JnNURM (for earlier sanctioned projects), Affordable Housing in Partnership

(AHP), USHA, Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP), Rajiv Awas Yojna

(RAY) (for earlier sanctioned project), Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), Swarna Jayanti Shahari

Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS), National Urban Livelihood

Mission, National River Conservation Directorate, National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), National

Ganga River Basin Authority and others including GoI ACA from CSS; and also under continuing

schemes for urban water supply, sewerage and drainage, solid waste management, city sanitation etc.

of the State Plan component. It may be relevant to mention about the new central sector / centrally

sponsored schemes like SBM, AMRUT, Smart Cities, Namami Gange, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna

etc., which are also being utilised by the State since 2014-15.

Following section discusses the general finance source currently available for funding of various

infrastructure projects.


14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation

Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational

revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of

basic services to Urban Population including urban poor.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including sanitation sectors

of water supply, sewerage and septage management and storm

water drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission

(SBM) Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are being provided for

various sanitation components such as individual toilet, community

toilet, public toilet, solid waste management, IEC and public

awareness and capacity building and administrative & office

expense.

National Ganga River Basin

Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including Jharkhand

particularly for the towns having impact on Ganga and its tributaries.

Key sectors covered under the scheme are solid ware management,

river front development, sewerage and sanitation system and

industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost

Sanitation (ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into low cost twin

pit pour flush latrines and construction of new individual toilets to

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) households who have no

latrines in the urban areas of the country. Under the scheme the

pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy, 15% State Subsidy

and 10% beneficiary share.

http://envfor.nic.in/division/national-river-conservation-directorate-nrcd

http://infoxin.com/tag/national-ganga-river-basin-authority-nrgba

http://infoxin.com/tag/national-ganga-river-basin-authority-nrgba


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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA

component. The SSA component has considerable funding for

school sanitation.

International Donors/Funding

Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed

at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop

sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services

improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation

services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property

tax; the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be

directed to the sanitation department for utilization for funding

sanitation improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the

operation & maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment

and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the

urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP

options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately -

(a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a

management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); (d)

BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures between State

Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak

financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner

support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the

O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of

ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the

event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the

Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the

equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move

shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that

involves greater community participation and hence promote greater

accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services

sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models

shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the

development and O&M activities.

Based on the above financing option discussed above, key funding options for different sectors

proposed under current CSP has been evaluated in the following section:

Water Supply:

Most of the town identified for the study has population being less than 1,00,000 (as per census 2011),

the water supply project shall not qualify to draw fund under the programme for Smart cities & AMRUT

(Except towns having population of more than 75,000 situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga,

qualifying for funding under AMRUT) under the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Govt. of India.

However, the town shall well qualify for funding under UIDSSMT, for completion of all the ongoing

projects. The State may also seek for Additional Central Assistance (ACA) from GoI (including 14th


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Finance Commission) for completion of ongoing projects and also for taking up new projects for water

supply. Besides, the State plan funding for urban water supply should be dovetailed to meet the

additional fund requirement for completion of all ongoing and new water supply projects. The State may

also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under Corporate

Social Responsibility etc.

Sanitation (On and Offsite including conventional sewerage scheme):

As discussed above, the town is well qualifying for funding under AMRUT (when 2011 census

population is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) and definitely

under SBM for taking up projects for 100% sanitation coverage through construction of IHHL,

Community & Public toilets across the town including for the weaker section, slums etc. Funds available

from many other schemes earmarked for the purpose of sanitation may be dovetailed, as indicated in

the SBM guidelines. However, SBM is not having any provision for funding conventional sewerage

projects, and therefore, the State may seek for ACA from GoI including 14th Finance Commission (and

under NGRBA including Namami Gange, if situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga; under

NRCP, if situated beyond River Ganga basin area) for taking up such projects, being the model state

declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. Besides, the State plan funding for sewerage

& drainage should be dovetailed to meet the additional fund requirement new sewerage projects. The

State may also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under

CSR etc.

Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The prime source of funding SWM project is SBM, however funding under NGRBA including Namami

Gange (if situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) and AMRUT (when 2011 census population

is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) is also possible for taking

up such projects.

Under SBM, main fund sources are the central government funding, the state government funding and

the ULB share. The balance funds is proposed to be generated through various other sources of fund

which include following

a. Private Sector Participation

b. Additional Resources from State Government/ULB

c. Beneficiary Share

d. User Charges

e. Land Leveraging

f. Innovative revenue streams

g. Swachh Bharat Kosh

h. Corporate Social Responsibility

i. Market Borrowing

j. External Assistance

In addition to the above, the State plan funding for solid waste management should be dovetailed to

meet the additional fund requirement new SWM projects. The State may seek for ACA from GoI

(including 14th Finance Commission) for taking up such projects, being the model state declared by

GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. The State may also explore possibilities for taking up

projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under CSR etc.

River Front Development and other projects for tackling Non-point pollution:


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The prime source of funding such projects is NGRBA including Namami Gange, if situated on the bank

of tributaries of River Ganga; and otherwise under NRCP, if situated beyond River Ganga basin area.

The State may seek for ACA from GoI (including 14th Finance Commission) for taking up such projects,

being the model state declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. The State may also

explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under NLCP (presently

known as NPCA – National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem, Ref: Advisory on

‘Conservation and Restoration of Water Bodies in Urban Areas issued by CPHEEO, MoUD in August,

2013); CSR etc.

Detailed Project-wise review of possible funding sources should however, be carried out at FR / DPR

stage for each and every projects, so as to explore all feasible options for funding and sustainable

operation and maintenance of such projects both in short and long term plan period indicated in the

CSP.

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of public resources for

investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore avenues for increasing investment in

infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal services in the state. The

private sector has the ability to provide waste services more efficiently than government on account of

following factors

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible labour

practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid access to

capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other businesses or

business activities.

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State Governments and Urban

Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging sectors. The object of the initiative is to develop

robust PPP projects and successfully bid them to establish their replication potential in the sectors

concerned

A range of contractual options are possible for financing various project under PPP. BOOT (build, own,

operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in which a private organization

conducts a large development project under contract to a public-sector partner, such as a government

agency. A BOOT project is often seen as a way to develop a large public infrastructure project with

private funding. BOOT is sometimes known as BOT (build, own, transfer). Variations on the BOOT

model include BOO (build, own, operate), BLT (build, lease, transfer) and BLOT (build, lease, operate,

transfer). BLOT (build, lease, operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in

which a private organization designs, finances and builds a facility on leased public land. The private

organization operates the facility for the duration of the lease and then transfers ownership to the public

organization.

Viability Gap Funding: The Government has created a Viability Gap Funding Scheme for PPP projects.

Infrastructure projects are often not commercially viable on account of having substantial sunk

investment and low returns. However, they continue to be economically essential. Accordingly, the

Viability Gap Funding Scheme has been formulated which provides financial support in the form of

grants, one time or deferred, to infrastructure projects undertaken through public private partnerships

with a view to make them commercially viable. The Scheme provides total Viability Gap Funding up to

twenty percent of the total project. The Government or statutory entity that owns the project may, if it so


Page 184 March 2016

decides, provides additional grants out of its budget up to further twenty percent of the total project cost.

Viability Gap Funding under the Scheme is normally in the form of a capital grant at the stage of project

construction.

Following section provides case studies of selected PPP projects in Sanitation sector. The cost benefit

analysis of individual project have been analyses in the case studies


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Case study for Alandur Sewerage project

The Alandur Municipality has entered a contract on STP of 24 MLD in 2 modules of 12 MLD each, developed on

Finance, Design, Construct, Operate & Maintenance basis with a private operator (M/s IVRCL Infra Structures

& Projects Ltd Hyderabad in technical collaboration with Va Tech Wabag Technologies Ltd.) for design,

construction of the above mentioned STPs followed by maintenance and operation of Alandur Sewerage Project

(ASP) for 5 years from the date of completion of construction.

To plan this complex and politically challenging project, the AM worked in partnership with the Tamil Nadu Urban

Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company and with USAID’s

Financial Institution Reform and Expansion (FIRE) Project. The important features are as under:

The funding pattern included upfront deposition of connection charges by the residents for an amount of Rs.

12.40 crores (on which interest earned for Rs 2.46 crores), besides loan taken by the municipality for Rs 16.00

crores and capital infusion by IVRCL for Rs 4.00 crores.

The contract also provides the characteristic of inflow and outflow of the waste water. The contractor is liable to

operate the facility in consonance with the SPCB guidelines and various other rules & regulations framed there

under.

Penalty clause has been provided for non-fulfillment of the guaranteed parameters as per the contract.

Payment to the operator is based on the sewage quantity received in MLD & rate (Rs. 3772.00 per MLD) as per

the agreement.

The monthly user charges are being able to meet the loan annuity and the monthly payment to IVRCL and this

is thus a self-sustaining model.

As per the Agreement the date of completion was 31st March 2003. By end 2001, the laying of the sewer pipes

and main sewers was completed, as also the construction of the Pumping Station, Pumping Mains and the

Sewerage Treatment Plant. The overall date of completion was October 2003.

Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first phase, i.e. by

2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of slum dwellers had opted

for and paid for individual sewerage connections. By 2010, of the 30,600 households who paid for the services,

29,300 households were connected; 14 community toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters.

This was the first project in the municipal water sector to be taken through the Public Private Partnership route

in India.

Key Learning and Observations made by a team of experts:

Beneficiary participatory approach: People’s participation in the project, including the fact that almost 29% of the

project cost was garnered from public contributions, was the most outstanding aspect and learning from the ASP.

The project established that mobilising people’s participation for infrastructure projects is possible through

collective efforts and transparent procedures. The success of the project from the outset depended highly on

effective collection of connection charges and monthly sewer fees as also public acceptance of engaging a

private BOT participant. Community awareness, support and on-going cooperation was, therefore, critical. The

aggressive public outreach campaign conducted by the municipality and GoTN and the engagement of

stakeholders was essential to assure the lending agencies and city officials that repayment provisions would be

met.

Stakeholder involvement and interdepartmental coordination: Continued involvement of stakeholders throughout

the project ensured timely completion of the project and addressing of issues even as they arise. To maintain

support for the project, a citizen’s committee was formed and it met frequently to review the status of the project,

monitor performance of the BOT contractor and provide a forum in which citizens could air their concerns. The

ASP established that close involvement of all stakeholders/departments at the key decision-making stages of

the project, as also for review and monitoring, is critical to ensuring that the project stays on-track.

Political will and strong decision making, especially at the grass-root level: The ASP demonstrated that

‘political will and quick decisions make projects happen’. The political leadership and strong advocacy

for the project provided by the chairman and council of the municipality proved to be critical element of

the success. While strong support for the sewerage system within Alandur existed, political will was

essential to convince the customers and citizens to pay a significant share of the cost and accept the

entry of the private sector. Throughout the project decision making stages, the members of the

municipality maintained full support for the project.


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Acceptance of fiscal discipline: The term lenders, TNUIFSL and TUFIDCO, placed strict lending

conditions on the municipality, requiring the municipality to accept and implement strong fiscal

discipline measures. TNUIFSL required the municipality to establish a separate sewer account

distinct from the general budget of the municipality, forcing discipline and transparency on the officials

managing the system. The municipality was also required to limit new debts to a certain percentage

(typically 30%) of their revenue. GoTN, which provide loan guarantee, stipulated that any payment

made to these entities on account of default by the municipality would be recovered from the annual

transfer of payments from the municipality to the state government. Similarly the contractual

obligations between the municipality and the BOT operator forced the municipal government to

ensure timely payment for management and waste water treatment services. Thus, the loan as well

as contractual obligations ensured strong fiscal discipline by the municipal body, by making it take

difficult decisions on capital priorities, closely oversee the sewer system management, and ensure

budgeting of sufficient funds to meet payment schedules.

Implementing an effective fee system: Despite the willingness to pay survey that indicated that public

willingness was far below the tariff requirement to meet the capital and operational cost of the project,

the municipal council, through its rigorous public outreach measures, managed to impose reasonable

levels of connection charges and sewer fee on the public. The municipality also managed to collect

the connection charges fairly well in time to pre-empt the need for the TNUIFSL loan. A large part of

the success of the municipality in this aspect sprung from the fact that they provided sympathetic

measures that addressed the concern of the public. For example, the connection deposits were

collected in two installments as per the convenience of the consumers; the local branch of the Punjab

National Bank also offered financial support to the citizens of Alandur by creating a scheme for

lending the connection deposit amount to them.

Assurances on payment to the Private Sector Participant: The municipality agreed to provide the

BOT operator a minimum level of income by accepting the ‘take or pay’ condition in the Agreement.

Thus, the municipality assumed the risk of minimum payment to the operator while the private partner

assumed all other responsibilities and risks of financing, constructing and operating the STP for a

period of 14 years.

Access to finance for the municipality: An important aspect of the success of the project stemmed

from concession financing and subsidies from the Government and public-private entities,

established specifically to meet the credit needs of the municipalities without access to private capital,

due to a low or non-existent credit rating. Though almost 30% of the capital was generated by the

municipality from connection fees, grants from GoTN and loans from TUFIDCO were crucial. The

loan agreement from TNUIFSL, while proving to be unnecessary in the end, was imperative for

participation in the finance package by all the parties.

Technical and financial assistance: The expertise needed to plan and manage the technical and

financial aspects of the project far exceeded the capacity of the municipality. Assistance from the

other government bodies in the state, the Chennai Corporation, and sources, such as the USAID’s

FIRE project, was critical. TNUIFSL and FIRE played a substantial role in structuring the project,

managing the feasibility studies, and preparing the bid and contract documents crucial to project

success. The review and approval of the engineering reports by the management committee,

consisting of senior officials of the AM, the Tamil Nadu Water supply and Sewerage Board, Chennai

Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and TNUIFSL, were essential for successful project

management.

Transparency in bidding and contracting procedures: The transparent approach to the project, right

from inception to selection of contractor/operator and implementation, was critical to providing the

necessary assurance to the private sector bidders on the professional approach of the municipality.

This included strict application of World Bank and FIDIC processes, oversight and approval of the

process by the World Bank. Public participation in the deliberations of the management committee

overseeing the tendering process execution was also important.


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Case Study - Salt Lake Water Supply And Sewerage Network, Kolkata, West Bengal

The Government of West Bengal (GoWB) had identified Sector V, Salt Lake City in Kolkata as the

IT & ITeS (Information Technology / Information Technology Enabled Services) hub of West Bengal

and intended to upgrade Sector V to international standards. This site was spread over an area of

300 acres in the eastern fringes of Kolkata. The consumer mix at Sector V included office spaces of

the IT companies, government institutions, and office spaces owned by other private firms. However,

Sector V was devoid of an organized water supply and sewerage system. Due to the lack of proper

water supply and sewerage systems, the industrial units of Sector V had to depend on ground water

for water supply and developed on-site sanitation facility at their own costs. This practice resulted in

indiscriminate extraction of underground water.

In the absence of a developed supportive civic infrastructure, the up-gradation of the IT sector in

Sector V was considered to be difficult. In 2005, the Urban Development Department of the GoWB

appointed the Kolkata Municipal Development Authority (KMDA) to lay out a comprehensive plan for

the development of basic infrastructure services in the industrial township of Nabadiganta.

Accordingly, the KMDA along with the Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) planned

a combined water supply-cum-sewerage project. This project was planned to be implemented under

the Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT) PPP arrangement. The project was developed with financial

assistance under the central government’s scheme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission (JNNURM).

The project involved the design, construction and commissioning of all the water supply and

sewerage facilities on a PPP basis. Specifically, for the water supply infrastructure, the project

required the construction of an Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR), a rising main, an Underground

Reservoir (UGR), and the laying of pipelines along individual roads which would be connected to the

dedicated main. With respect to the sewerage sector, the project required the construction of a

sanitary network and a pumping station and the development of a waste treatment system. KMDA

and NDITA selected a private developer on a competitive basis. The private developer formed a SPV

– the Nabadiganta Water Management Limited (NBWML). The SPV was required to undertake part-

financing; design the specified components of the water supply and sewerage system; plan;

undertake its construction; and operate and manage the system including the purchase of water,

generation of bills and collection for the concession period. The project infrastructure was planned

to be developed within a total time period of 18 months. Post completion of the construction works,

the SPV was to undertake the operation and maintenance of the water supply system for a

concession period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP contract for the project is a Concession Agreement for the

development of the project on a BOT basis. The contract involves the following parties, viz., KMDA,

NDITA and the consortium of private developers. As per the Concession Agreement, the private

developer is required to undertake the development, design, engineering, financing, procurement,

construction, completion, commissioning, implementation, management, administration, operation

and maintenance of the Water Supply Network, Sewerage Network and the Sewage Treatment Plant

(STP) at the site, viz., Sector V. Against the capital investment made, the private developer is

permitted to charge the consumers a water supply-cum-sewerage tariff. The Concession Agreement

requires the private developer to operate and manage the water supply and sewerage system for a

time period of 30 Years.

Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 188 March 2016

Case Study - Latur Water Supply Project, Maharashtra

Located in the Maratwada region, Latur city is a district headquarter covering an area of 32.56 sq

kms and a population of 3.5 lakhs (2001 census). The city is anticipated to witness a significant

decadal growth in population of about 52%.

The Latur Municipal Council (LMC) is responsible for water supply to Latur City. Prior to May 2005,

the primary sources of water supply to the city were 2 weirs on Manjra river that supplied about 35

million liters per day (mlpd) of water. LMC operated two water treatment plants and a distribution

network covering 350 kms. In addition, the city was also drawing about 3 mlpd of ground water

through bore wells and open wells. Historically, Latur city has faced acute water scarcity. LMC was

supplying water to the city through individual connections as well as public stand posts. Of the 26,000

regularized water connections, majority were unmetered connections alongside a significant number

of illegal connections. In addition to limited availability of water, the demand coverage was also low

with only 70% of the population receiving water once a week. The situation was further aggravated

during the summer season. LMC took over this scheme from MJP in 2005 but was unable to operate

and maintain it optimally. Despite ample availability of water, LMC was unable to manage its

distribution network and Latur city was receiving water only once a week. Consequently the

percentage of Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which is the difference between the quantity of treated

water in the distribution system and the quantity of water that is actually billed to consumers, was

also very high for LMC. In addition to such operational issues, LMC was also plagued by low

collection efficiencies and constraints on revenue growth through revisions in water tariffs. Given

LMC’s existing liabilities

and its inability to raise

additional resources of `

17.17 crores for

completing the existing

water supply system,

LMC initially decided to

transfer the Stage V

Water Supply scheme to

MJP. Subsequently, LMC

resolved to transfer the

existing water supply

scheme for the entire

Latur city to MJP. Based

on the resolution passed by LMC, MJP was given the right to operate the water supply scheme for

Latur city for a period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP structure for the project is a performance based

management contract for integrated source to tap water supply management for the Latur city. The

project contracting structure deployed is shown in Figure.

Source: Compendium on Public Private Partnership in Urban Infrastructure - Ministry of Urban

Development, Confederation of Indian Industry, Government of India, 2010.


Page 189 March 2016

Case Study - Timarpur Okhla Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Project

Delhi generates 7,000 metric tonnes (MT) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) daily, which is expected

to increase to 18,000 MT by 2021. The present landfill sites that are being utilized for disposing the

garbage are approaching their full capacity and even with the envisaged capacity addition, the

situation is unlikely to improve.

The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has thus embarked on a project to reduce the amount of

MSW being disposed in the landfill sites and utilizing the waste for productive purposes such as

generation of power from waste. MCD has identified two locations, namely Timarpur and Okhla, for

implementing this project.

The following facilities are to be developed as a part of the integrated municipal waste handling

project:

Plants for converting MSW to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), capable of processing 1300 TPD at Okhla and 650 TPD at Timarpur.

A bio-methanation plant capable of handling of 100 TPD of green waste at Okhla.

A water recovery plant capable of handling up to 6 MLD of treated sewage at the Okhla site for recycling into process water and cooling water.

A Power plant with a generation capacity of 16 MW at Okhla.

Transportation of RDF from Timarpur to Okhla for combustion in the boiler of the power plant mentioned above.

The project is registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to earn 2.6 million Certified Emission

Reductions (CERs) over a ten-year period.

PPP structure of the Project - The project has been undertaken on Built, Own, Operate and

Transfer (BOOT) basis. IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (IL&FS – IDC) was

mandated to structure the project, evaluate various technologies, carry out project development

activities and select suitable developer through competitive bidding. IL&FS IDC and the Andhra

Pradesh Technology Development & Promotion Board established an SPV known as the Timarpur-

Okhla Waste Management Company Private Limited (TOWMCL).

The successful bidder M/s Jindal Urban Infrastructure Limited (JUIL) acquired 100% equity in the

SPV - TOWMCL. The following were the agreements executed by the SPV for this project-

The SPV signed the main concession agreement for the development, construction, operation and maintenance of an integrated municipal waste processing plant with NDMC.

The SPV signed a lease agreement with the Delhi Power Company Limited (DPCL) for the land at Timarpur. DPCL, the owner of the Timarpur site, is a holding company with shares in Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (the electricity generation company), Delhi Power Supply Company Limited (the electricity procurement, transmission and bulk Supply Company) and in the three power distribution companies (Central & East Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd., South and West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd. And North and North West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd.)

The SPV signed a lease agreement with New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) for the land at Okhla for 25 years. NDMC had taken this land on lease from the Delhi Development Authority.

The SPV entered into agreements with the MCD and NDMC for the supply of municipal waste.

It entered into an agreement with the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) for receiving sewage and disposing treated effluent.

The SPV entered into a Power Purchase Agreement with BSES Rajdhani Power Limited. Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 190 March 2016

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD

15.1 Conclusion

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Hussainabad has been developed aiming to maintaining a clean,

safe and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing

of all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in

Hussainabad through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection,

construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional

roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

The City Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad discussed in different chapters of this report has been

developed considering the guidelines provided in National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Swachh

Bharat Mission, National River Conservation Plan, Municipal Solid waste management & handling

Rules 2000 and other relevant guidelines and include following components for develop wide approach

include:

a. Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta,

industrial wastes, bio-medical and other hazardous wastes;

b. Storm water drainage;

c. Environmental up-gradation of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;

d. Abatement of environmental pollution in river front, other non-point sources;

e. Environmental sanitation education;

f. Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

g. Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.

The priority areas for sanitation coverage considered in the CSP include the following:

h. Serving the un-served urban poor / BPL population including the urban slums;

i. Serving the un-served public areas;

j. Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring;

k. Rehabilitation of existing facilities; and

l. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities

CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications in terms of technical,

capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made

depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation.

Following section summarises the short term, medium term and long term plan for Hussainabad town.

Sector Short term (2017-2020)

Water supply

Finalization of DPR for water supply / completion of water

supply works

Detail survey of the town to identify water source

contamination points and mapping.

Augmentation of surface water source

Drainage network

Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network.

Desilting of existing drain.

Removal of encroachment from existing drains.

Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town in

the storm water drainage network.

Access to toilet

Detail survey of the town to identify actual coverage of toilets.

Initiate IEC and awareness campaign

Conversion of single pit latrine to twin pit latrine

Conversion of insanitary latrine to sanitary latrine


Page 191 March 2016

100% coverage of individual toilets based on septic tanks

Construction of community toilets for slum areas and urban

poor

Construction of public toilet for existing floating population

Procurement of suction machines

Development of septage management site

Waste water management

100% on site sanitation coverage – individual and community

toilets.

Industrial effluent management.

Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/ septage

from onsite sanitation facilities.

Solid waste management

Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste

collection efficiency for primary and secondary waste

collection.

Promote home composting.

100% collection of waste from bins.

100% transportation of waste to the dumping site.

Finalization of SWM DPR.

Sector Medium term (2020-2025)

Water supply

Finalization of water supply construction works.

Increasing number of water connections.

100% collection of water supply charges as per new regulations

provided by Government of Jharkhand.

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

Initiate metering of water supply connections.

Drainage network

Integration of minor and major drains.

Detail topographic survey of the town.

Finalization of DPR for storm water system.

Finalize procurement of the maintenance equipment

Construction of New Storm Water Drainage system.

Access to toilet

100% coverage of individual toilets.

100% disposal of fecal sludge.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating population

Waste water

management

Preparation of DPR for extensive sewerage system.

Finalization of collection & Conveyance System

Initiate the Treatment and Disposal mechanisms – sewerage zone

wise.

Initiation of sewerage network construction work.

Construction of DEWAT system for slum areas.

Solid waste

management

Initiate door to door waste collection system.

Segregation of waste at the dumping site.

Augmentation of waste collection and transportation equipments

and vehicle.

Formation of Customer complaint / Grievance redressal Cell

Initiate waste collection charges.

Initiate works for transfer station and sanitary landfill site.


Page 192 March 2016

Sector Long term (2025-2045)

Water supply

100% coverage of water supply connections

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

100% coverage of water supply meters.

24X7 water supply to households.

Drainage network

Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the demands of

developing city

Replacements of components as per the maintenance plan

Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to be

developed for storm water drains.

Access to toilet 100% coverage of individual toilets.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating population

Waste water

management

Construction of centralized sewerage system connected to

households.

Initiate collection of sewer charges.

Augmentation of the sewerage system to meet the demands of

developing city.

Replacements of components as per the maintenance plan

Solid waste

management

100% door to door waste collection.

Waste segregation at sources.

Scientific disposal and processing of waste at landfill site.

Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in collection of

SWM charges

15.2 WAY FORWARD

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short, medium and long term

goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan by way of formulation of project proposals

in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs) and detailed project reports (DPRs). Such project documents

should conform to the relevant policy / programme / scheme of both the state government and the

central government to arrive at a techno-economically feasible option, which would be most suitable for

the town for in-time implementation as well as sustainable operation and maintenance.

Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate the steps needed

to implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) has already

been formulated in the town comprising representatives from CNP, officials of various department,

representing various public stakeholders to sheer implementation of the projects identified in the CSP

document. CSTF will provides useful platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public

support and participation during the development and implementation phase of various project identified

in the CSP.

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town in different locations

and land requirement for each of the projects should be assessed and the land parcels should be made

available to the concern implementing agencies in advance. It may be pertinent to mention that the

provision of basic amenities in Hussainabad is not just important for environmental improvement but is

also desired for improved health and hygiene of residents and visitors and downstream towns using

available water resources for domestic purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first input into a long-term

endeavor to rehabilitate and later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation facilities in Hussainabad.


Page 193 March 2016

ANNEXURE


Page 194 March 2016

Annexure 1– Meeting with CSTF Members and Other Officials

including MoM


Page 195 March 2016


Page 196 March 2016


Page 197 March 2016


Page 198 March 2016

CSTF Members and other officials during draft CSP report presentation at Hussainabad NP on 17.12.2015


Page 199 March 2016

Annexure 2- Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 1 -

with Nagar Panchayat and DW&SD

Date: 7th August, 2015


Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from HNP, DW&SD representative from

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is

provided in the following section:

1) Md. R Ram, Chairman, HNP

2) Mr. S Singh, Head Clerk, HNP

3) Mr. U Thakur, HNP

4) Mr. A Singh, JE, DW&SD

5) Mr. A K Pal, SENES

6) Md. Maswood, SENES

The main points discussed during the meeting are highlighted in the following section

A stakeholder consultation was organised with public representatives of HNP and PHED

officials. During the meeting representatives from SENES consultants appraised the brief of

the project and objectives to prepare the Town Sanitation Plan to the officials. Detail data

checklist was also shared with them. All the officials cooperated with SENES team in providing

the secondary data. SENES team also conducted a reconnaissance survey of the town with

the officials. Honble Chairman of Hussainabad accompanied SENES team in town survey.

Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Honb’le Chairman of Hussainabad provided the information regarding the extent of the

town and historical background of Hussainabad.

He appraised the team members that HUssainabad is mixed culture based city like

business/service/agricultural based city. In the year 1972 Hussainabad was declared

Nagar Palika and in the year 2008 it was made Nagar Panchayat

The NP officials informed that at present, the drainage system (pucca drain as well as

kutcha drain) comprises of open drains constructed in a haphazard way to meet

temporary local conditions in different parts of the town. Most of the drainage channels

meets to Hadhi nallah, which is ultimately meet with river Sone at a distance 5 km north

eastern side of the town.

Mr. Singh, JE, DW&SD were informed regarding the water supply scenario of the town,

current supply and demand gaps and key issues of the water supply to the town.

Waste management system in Hussainabad and shortcomings of the waste

management system were also discussed with the officials.

The officials was informed that shortage of man power is one the key issue with HNP

and as most of the employees is on contract basis.


Page 200 March 2016

Mr. Singh, JE, DW&SD were informed the construction part of the WTP has been

executed by the DW&SD (earlier PHED) and now all the O&M part generally looked

after by the NP officials

Waste water generated from coal fields and mixing with storm water drain is one the

major issue in Hussainabad which was discussed during the meeting.

SENES team was informed that almost all the wards in the town have a number of

cattle in the each and every ward of the NP.

The chairman also informed that one new crematorium is proposed in the town along

the banks of Hadhi nallah.

Apart from other areas like schools, health centres, toilets, railway station, bus stand,

market areas, town hall (under construction), parks and slum etc. was also visited by

team.


Page 201 March 2016

Annexure 3- Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 2

– with DW&SD

Date: 10th August, 2015

Venue: DW&SD Office, Hussainabad

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from HNP, DW&SD representative from



1) Mr K Kishore, SDO, DW&SD, HNP

2) Mr. A Singh, JE, DW&SD, HNP





A stakeholder consultation was organised with public representatives of HNP and officials of

DW&SD at DW&SD office, Hussainabad. The agenda of the meeting was to gather information

about the existing status of drinking water availability and ongoing projects for supplying water

to Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat area. The major issues discussed were source of water

supply, augmentation of new WTP, storage facilities of water, distribution of water supply.

SENES team also conducted a detail survey of the town with the officials for data collection.

Various councillors and junior engineer of HNP accompanied SENES team to visit the WTP

site, OHT site and major distribution line in Hussainabad. Key points discussed during the

meeting were as follows:

Officials of DW&SD provided detail information of drinking water supply status of

Hussainabad. They informed that River Sone is the source of water supply in

Hussainabad.

During the meeting with DW&SD officials, all the relevant information regarding the

water supply system such as source of water supply, schemes for water supply, OHTs

and their capacities, water connection charges, issues in water supply system,

proposed works, ground water levels, distribution network etc. was provided

During the meeting the non-revenue water is more than the acceptable limit which is

due to the condition of distribution line as well as un-authorized connection by the

habitants of the NP area


Page 202 March 2016


– with Hussainabad Nagar Panchayat



Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from HNP, PHED representative from



1) Md. R Ram, Chairman, HNP

2) Mr. P Khusbaha, Executive Officer, HNP

3) Mr. S Agarwal, Vice Chairman, HNP

4) Mr. Waris, Assist cum computer operator, HNP

5) Mr. S Singh, Head Clerk, HNP


7) Mr. A Singh, JE, DW&SD




A stakeholder consultation was organized with public representatives of HNP. The agenda of

the meeting was to gather all the ward wise information for sanitation aspects. Issues and

requirement for future years with respect to toilet coverage, drainage, sewerage, solid waste,

crematoria, etc. were also discussed during the meeting. SENES team also conducted a detail

survey of the town with the officials. Honb’le Executive Officer and Chairman of Hussainabad

supported SENES team for data collection. Various councilors and Junior Engineer of HNP

accompanied SENES team to visit the environmental sensitive areas of Hussainabad. Key

points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Honb’le Executive Officer was very happy to known, after a long time the City

Sanitation Plan are going to prepare for this town

Availability of household piped water supply connections, public stand post and hand

pumps in the town

Detail of ward wise availability of water bodies and their status in terms of surrounding

activities, use of pond and ownership of ponds were given

Honb’le Chairman of Hussainabad provided the information about ongoing SBM status

in Hussainabad and targeted individual and community toilets to be constructed in the

current year.

During the meeting it was asked by the Officials regarding the any schemes for urban

poor and slums in Hussainabad are have to be implemented or not.


Page 203 March 2016

Detail of ward wise availability of ponds and their status in terms of surrounding

activities, use of pond and ownership of ponds were given.

Availability of public stand post and hand pumps in the town.

Solid waste generation in Hussainabad and existing collection, transportation,

treatment and disposal system.

Apart from getting new data from HNP, data gathered during the previous visit was

also verified from the officials.


Page 204 March 2016


– with Circle Office

Date: 7th September,, 2015

Venue: Circle Office, Hussainabad

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from HNP, Education Department

representative from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of

the participants is provided in the following section:

1) Mr Sahsi Bhusan, Head Clerk, Circle Office

2) Mr. N Tiwari, Assistant, Circle Office

3) Mr. U thakur, Hussainabad

4) Mr. Alok Kumar Pal, SENES



A stakeholder consultation was organised with public representatives of HNP and officials of

Circle Office, Hussainabad. The agenda of the meeting was to gather information about the

existing sanitation status of the NP for development. The major issues discussed were source

of canal flowing through the town boundary etc. SENES team also conducted a detail survey

of the town with the officials. Councilor’s of HNP accompanied SENES team to visited the

Circle Office. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Officials of Circle Office informed they have no data like Revenue map or Anchal map

with that concerned office.

They have also informed that the said map may be available in Patna or Daltonganj

Water Resource Department earlier known as Irrigation Department

The officials from the CO office assured, if the map is available, then the they would

provide the field visit team.


Page 205 March 2016

Annexure 6- Stakeholder Consultation 5– Slum Community


Venue: Various wards of Hussainabad

Attendees: The discussion was held between washer slum community and representative

from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants

is provided in the following section:

1) Slum Peoples of the NP area





A stakeholder consultation was organised with slum community. The agenda of the meeting

was to gather all information related infrastructure development. Availability of water,

sanitation and its drainage were also discussed during the meeting. SENES team also

conducted a detail survey of the town and along bank of Hadhi nallah with the NP officials.

Honb’le Vice Chairman of Hussainabad supported SENES team for data collection. Various

councilors of HNP accompanied SENES team to visit the environmental sensitive areas of

Hussainabad. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

The group of slum community informed the status of source of water and sanitation

condition of their localities.

It was asked during the meeting about the community toilet construction in their vicinity

Common source of water mainly drinking water source only depends upon the tube

well or well and only a few places they avail PSP.

During the meeting it was revealed that they are eagerly waiting for the construction of

household as well as the community toilet with the help of Govt. support


Page 206 March 2016

Annexure 7- Stakeholder Consultation 6– Health Institutions


Venue: PHC & Various locations of Hussainabad

Attendees: The discussion was held between hospital staff and representative from SENES

Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is provided in

the following section:





A stakeholder consultation was organised with public Doctor of PHC Hussainabad and private

nursing homes in Hussainabad. The agenda of the meeting was to gather all information for

sanitation aspects like safe disposal of medical waste and related issues. SENES team also

conducted a detail survey of the town with the officials of HNP to find out the ongoing practice

for disposal of bio medical waste. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

There is one PHC in Hussainabad which provide only outdoor facility, only a few seat

for indoor. The doctor of PHC told that as there is no inpatient facility in PHC so almost

negligible bio medical waste is generated. Whatever is generated it is thrown in open

space from where HNP vendor dumped it with solid waste.

The biomedical waste generated in the hospital is very less and it is not feasible to

develop a separate biomedical waste management facility for the town, HNP should

get associated with the biomedical waste management facilities of the District

headquarter.

During the field visit, it has been seen nursing homes thrown their bio medical waste

in open place near solid waste dumped.


Page 207 March 2016

Annexure 8 - Details of the treatment process

Sewage/ Wastewater Treatment Technologies

1. Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

Technology: The most common process used for municipal wastewater treatment is the

activated sludge process, tested and proven technology over 7-8 decades across the World.

Widely practices in Indian conditions.

Energy requirement: High

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)

2. Trickling Filters

Technology: A proven technology, in use for more than 100 years across the World. A trickling

filter or bio-filter consists of a basin or tower filled with support media such as stones, plastic

shapes, or wooden slats. Commonly practiced in India Industrial towns / industries.

Energy requirement: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: moderately High (double than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high, better if combined with ASP)

3. BIOFOR (Biological Filtration & Oxygenated Reactor) Technology

Technology: A two stage high rate filtration method through a biologically active media and

high rate filtration. The primary treatment system is enhanced with addition of coagulants and

flocculants. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan has not yielded very

satisfactory performance for various managerial failures / setback.

Energy requirement: High (almost double than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High capital cost (require less numbered skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Gas generation through post treatment of primary sludge)


Page 208 March 2016

4. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process

Technology: UASB is an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge and

suspended in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed by

the anaerobic microorganisms. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan / Ganga

Action Plan have not yielded satisfactory performance for various technical (particularly for

non-availability of required BOD level in sewage) & managerial failures / setback.

Energy requirement: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require moderately skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low (comparable to ASP), but moderately high (with polishing

tank, require to improve efficiency)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high for gas recovery); however, require re-

aeration for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse.

5. Fluidized Bed Reactor

Technology: Aerobic fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) are used as a new technology in

wastewater treatment in small Sewage Treatment Plants for treating decentralized city

wastewater, industrial sewage treatment plant from food waste, paper waste and chemical

waste etc. Success rate is satisfactory in India, particularly for small scale plants / units.

Energy requirement: High (Slightly lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (50% higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high)

6. Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)

Technology: In this process, the raw sewage free from debris and grit shall be taken up for

biological treatment for removal of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus. In this form, the

sequences of fill, aeration, settle and decant are consecutively and continuously operated all

in the same tank. No secondary clarifier system is required to concentrate the sludge in the

reactor. The return sludge is recycled and the surplus is wasted from the basin itself. The

technology is gaining popularity in India, however, demand high technical and managerial skill

for O&M.

Energy requirement: High (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (Lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)


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Low Cost Options:

7. Waste Stabilization Ponds

Technology: Waste water stabilization pond technology is one of the most important natural

methods for wastewater treatment. Waste stabilization ponds are mainly shallow man-made

basins comprising a single or several series of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds. The

treatment is achieved through natural disinfection mechanisms. It is particularly well suited for

tropical and subtropical countries because the intensity of the sunlight and temperature are

key factors for the efficiency of the removal processes. It is simple to construct and maintain.

This is one of the most commonly practiced technology in India since introduction of

wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however losing its popularity due to

constraints in getting required land parcel.

Energy requirement: Negligible

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (not require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Very High (3 to 4 times of ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Lowest (Periodical maintenance of ponds required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse (if followed by fishing

tanks)

8. Aerated Lagoons

Technology : In this system, the mechanical - biological purification of the waste water takes

place in one or more aerated lagoons according to the size of the plant, which are followed by

an non-aerated sedimentation and polishing pond. This is also one of the practiced technology

in India since introduction of wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however

not being practiced commonly at present as it requires large land parcel.

Energy requirement: Moderately Low (comparable to UASB)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Low (require semi-skilled manpower)

Land requirements: High

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low


tanks)

9. Oxidation Ponds

Technology: Oxidation Ponds are also known as stabilization ponds or lagoons. They are used

for simple secondary treatment of sewage effluents. Oxidation ponds also tend to fill, due to

the settling of the bacterial and algal cells formed during the decomposition of the sewage.

Overall, oxidation ponds tend to be inefficient and require large holding capacities and long

retention times. This is another practiced technology in India since introduction of wastewater

treatment in urban sectors in the country, however not being practiced commonly at present

as it also requires moderately large land parcel.


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Energy requirement: Moderately Low

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately Low (require semi-skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately High (less than Waste stabilisation pond)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low (Comparable to Lagoons)


tanks)

10. Karnal Technology

Technology: The Karnal Technology involves growing tree on ridges 1m wide and 50cm high

wand disposing of the untreated sewage in furrows. The amount of the sewage/ effluents to

be disposed off, generally depends upon the age, type of plants, climatic conditions, soil

texture and quality of effluents.

Though most of the plants are suitable for utilizing the effluents, yet, those tree species which

are fast growing can transpire high amounts of water and are able to with stand high moisture

content in the root environment are most suitable for such purposes. Eucalyptus is one such

species, which has the capacity to transpire large amounts of water, and remains active

throughout the year. Not being practiced in urban sector in India at present, due to very large

land requirement.

Energy requirement: NIL

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (Except land cost) (not require skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Highest

Annualised (O&M) cost: Very Low (Periodical land & plant management required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (through marketing wood & wood products)


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Annexure 9- Detailing of DEWAT system

Decentralized waste water treatment system (DEWATS):

Development of sewerage network would take a longer time frame and would depend on

external factors such as availability of funds for implementation of cost intensive sewerage

and wastewater treatment systems, the objective of this project component is to address the

immediate need of treating the wastewater (black water) that are discharged into the surface

drains and to minimize pollution on the surface water bodies, in the interim period.

Decentralized waste water treatment system (DEWATS) system is cost effective, both in terms

of capital investment and maintenance needs. The system should also be capable of taking

variable loads considering the proposed development of wastewater infrastructure within the

town that over the time will reduce the wastewater load into the drains. These DEWATS would

be established in various locations of slums and one module would treat waste water from

approximately 300 HHs. Treatment plant would be set up in the low lying area but above the

flood level so that gravity flow can be maintained. Not only in the slum area but new developed

colonies can have this system of waste water treatment. Locally treated water can be further

utilized for other purposes such as gardening, road cleaning and washing. A short note on the

system is provided in following section.

Relatively simple wastewater treatment techniques can be designed to provide environmental

protection while providing additional benefits from the reuse of water. These techniques use

natural processes of pollutant removal including sedimentation, bio-filtration, followed by

nutrient removal using aquatic and terrestrial systems. These can be successfully used to treat

a variety of wastewaters and function under a wide range of weather conditions. Terrestrial

systems make use of the nutrients contained in wastewaters. Plant growth and soil adsorption

convert biologically available nutrients into less-available forms of biomass, which can be

harvested for a variety of uses. The advantages of decentralized approach are:

1. Water quality protection of a greater length of waterway

2. Lower Capital and O&M costs of individual treatment units

3. Lower environmental impacts

4. Lower risk of overall system failure

5. Compatibility with a staged approach to implementation

6. Less or no power requirements by adopting units such as bio-filters and constructed

wetlands, etc.

The proposed wastewater treatment facility is divided in three major components.

i. Primary unit, for the removal of grit and large objects by physical separation. The main

elements of this component include screen chamber and grit chamber

ii. Secondary unit, for converting organic components into stable end products through

microbiological process

iii. Tertiary unit, for removal of pathogens and nutrients (especially nitrogen and

phosphorous) through anoxic microbiological process


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FUNCTIONING OF DEWATS SYSTEM

MODULE OF DEWATS SYSTEM

Raw Waste Water

Screens

Physical Removal of large size particles/objects

Removal of Inert Solid by Gravity

Primary Settling Tanks

Primary Sludge

Preliminary residuals

(i.e. grit, rags etc.)

Biological Treatment

System

Removal of suspended solid by gravity

WetlandsRemoval of residual organic

matter and nutrients (constructed wetlands)

Treated wastewater effluent discharge to natural drain

Grit removal

Removal of organic matter(attached growth filter e.g.

Trickling Filter)

For disposal


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MODEL OF DEWATS SYSTEM

City Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad - UDHD, Jharkhand

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Transcript of City Sanitation Plan for Hussainabad - UDHD, Jharkhand