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BAU Souvenir

Horticulture Development in Jharkhand

Mathura Rai:~, R. V. Singh:~, Vishal Nath:~, A. K. Singh:~ and R. S. Pan:~

Horticulturalcrops have played importantroleindiversificationof land use forbetter

utilization, improvement in productivity,increase inemployment opportunities, bettereconomic returnand nutritionalsecurityworldwide. It has played an important role in theglobal economy through a production of413.93milliontonnes fruitsand 565.52million

tonnes of vegetables (FAOYear book, 1996).Indiasharesabout 10per cent and 13per centof the global production of fruits andvegetables, respectively. The countryproduces fruitsand vegetables to the tune of41.5m t and 71.59m t, respectively.

Thestate of Jharkhand isendowed withideal soil and climatic conditions for

cultivationof a number of fruits,vegetables,omamentals, tubers, medicinal and aromaticplants. Itsplateau region is highly enrichedwithplant bioresources of horticulturalcrops.However,out of a total 79.91akhha land area

presently 29.6 lakh ha is being utilized forcultivation.About 9%of the total area under

cultivationisirrigatedand the ratio of lowlandto upland is 40: 60, approximately. The percapita food grain availabilityis130kg whichis quite low compared to the Nationalaverage of 205 kg/year. Hence to meet thedemand of increasing population thecropping intensityisto be Increased from 1.5to 2.0. The situation is really alarming andthereforeoureffortsshouldbe more and more

production oriented from the major part ofthe unutilizedabundant land resources. Inthis

endeavour, diversification of agriculturepreferably horticulturalcrops should be givenpriorItywhich willnot only give high returnsfrom unproductive marginal lands but alsosustain the environment and security forquality foods. Fruitcrops being perennial innature are highlysuitable forthe uplands. Itisdesired that systematic plantation may betaken up on priorityto make the state self'sufficientInfruits.Highqualityvegetables aregrown in this region but due to lack in Infrastructure such as road, multi purpose coldstorage, adequate market support system,processing industryand export back up, thecultivation Isrestricted.

The Horticulture and Agro-PorestryResearch Programme (HARP),Ranchiformerlyknown as Central Horticultural ExperimentStation (CHES),Ranchi, since itsInception In1979, has played significant role Indevelopment of improved technologies Inhorticultural crops. The significantachievements made duringlasttwo decadesare discussed Inbrief:

1. AUGMENTATIONOFGERMPLASM

Atotal of 2958germplasm linesincludingfruits(771),vegetables (1836)and ornamentalplants (351)have been collected and being

* Horticulture and Agro-Forestry Research Programme, (ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region)Plandu, Tata Road, Ranchi -834 010 .

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characterlsed. evaluated and used Inbreeding programme to develop highyieldingvarietiesresistantto bioticand abioticstresses.

RELEASEOFVARIETIES

The Station has made significantcontribution in the field of horticultural

technology generation by Identlfying/releasingimproved varietiesinImportantfruits

and vegetable crops viz..Swama Roopa inlitchi;Swama Alauklkand Swarna Rekha Inpointed gourd; Swama Shree and SwamaManl in brinjal; Swarna Pooma. SwamaSwetha and Swarna Agethl incucumber andSwama Manjarlln ridge gourd (Table 1).These improved varieties are gainingpopularityfortheirspecial attributes Includinghigh yield. better quality. disease and pestresistance etc.

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Table 1Particulars of the Varieties released from HARP.Ranchi

Crop Variety Important Characteristics

Utchl Swarns Roopa Highyielding. cracking resistant. high tSS.small seed.high pulp/seed ratio and bearing Incluster of 25-30fruits

-,Pointed Gourd Swarna Rekha Highyielding.fruitelongated long. colour green striped.

seed soft.yield200-230q/ha

Swarna Alaukik Highyielding.fruitcolour lightgreen possesses long shelflifeand good forsweet preparation. yield240-280q/ha

Cucumber Swarna Poorria Longfruitingperiod. fruitmedium size.solidwithno cavityand tolerant to powdery mildew. yield 300-350q/ha

SwarnaSwetha Medium sized fruits.high yielder. no hollowness.(CHC-1) long shelf life. resistance to powdery mildew and

anthracnose disease. yield ranges from250-300q/ha

Swarna Ag!3thi Highyielder. no hollowness.resistant to powdery(CHC-2) mildew.anthracnose and epilechna beetles. long shelf

life.yield ranges from 300-325q/ha

Ridge Gourd Swarna Manjarl Very high yielder resistant to powdery mildew anddowny mildew. Performingwell.InAICVIPcentres.

...

Brinjal Swarna Shree Fruit round to oval. skin colour whitish. seed very few

and soft. profuse bearing suitable for "BhartaNpreparation. yield 600-650 q/ha

Swarna Manl High yielder. resistant to bacterial wilt and fruit borer

Infestation. average yield 600-650 q/ha...-54

CropMangoEarlyMaturity

Mid EarlyMid Maturity

MidLate

LateMaturity

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Table 20

Suitable Varieties of FruitCrops identified for the Region

Very Late

Dwarf & Regular Bearer

Sucking Type

Utchl

EarlyMaturity

Mid MaturityMid Late

Late Maturity

Fragrant PulpSmallSeeded

Guava

High Yielding

Better quality and softseeded

Banana

Table Type

Vegetable Type

PineappleCitrus

Sweet OrangeMandarin

Aonla

Passion Fruit

Jack Fruit

CustardApple

PapayaBael

Maturity Time

20-30May

30 May-1 0 June10-30June

20 June -5 July

25June - 20 July

20 July - 10Aug.

18-22May

20-25 May

25 May-1 0 June5-15June

Aug. - Feb.

Aug. - Feb.

Nov. - Dec.

July - Aug.

May - JulyNov. - Dec.

Genotypes

BombayGreen,RaniPasand,GaurjeetandZardalu

Himsagar, Gopalbhog & KisanbhogLangra, Safeda Maida, Dashehri,PrabhaShankerand WazirPasandMahmood Bahar and Mallika

Amrapali, Sipia, Chausa, Fazal! andBangaloraKetki

Amrapali and LatraSafedaMalihabadi,LucknowSafedaand -

Nayab

Shah!.Ajhauli and GreenCHE5-2,RoseScented and EarlyBedanaSwarna Roopa, China and Late BedanaPurbi.Shahiand RoseScented

Late Bedana, Early Bedana and SwarnaRoopa

Sardar and Allahabad SafedaArka Mridula

Dwarf Cavendish and AlpanBhosand BattisaKew

KodurSathgudiNagpur Santra and Kinnow mandarinNA-7and KanchanKaveri

KhajuwaBalanagar and Arka ShahanCHES-1,CHE5-2and CHE5-3CHE5-1

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Table 2 (b)

Suitable Varieties/Hybrids of Vegetable Crops

Genotype

ARTH-4, ARTH-3, CHRT-4, CHTH-1, Swarna Mant Vaishali, MTH-6 and BRH-2

Swarna Shree, CHRBH-1, CHRBH-2, CHBR-3, CHES-309, Arka Navneet. Pusa

Hybrid-6,Pant Riturajand Mukta Keshi

Arka Gaurav, Arka Mohini,ArkaBasant and CaliforniaWonder

Arka Lohitand Pusa Jwala

Prideof India,Golden Acre, PusaSynthetic,Pusa Drumhead, Shree GaneshGol and BSS-31

EarlyKunwari. Maghshobha, Pusa Deepali, Depalika, Improved Japanese,Pusa Snowball K-1and Snowball-16

Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay and Parbhani Kranti

Arka Niketan and Arka Kalyan

Arka Ajit. Arkel, NDVP-1, NDVP-5 and Azad P-1

CH-913, Arka Komal, Pusa Parvati, Pant Anupama and CH-812*

Birsa Priya, CH-829 B, CH-1127, DVFB-1, Kentucky Wonder & CH-819*

Pusa Barsati and Arka Garima

Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, EL-1,Hybrid-1 and Hybrid-2

Arka Manlk, Arka Jyoti and Sugar Baby

Swarna Poorna, Priya, Pusa Sanyog, Swarna Swetha, Swarna Agethi*Arka Bhar

Arka Harit. Priya, Kalyanpur Sona, MC-84 and Pusa Hybrid-1

Arka Suryamukhi

CHRG-1 and Swarna Manjari** Released at National Level

2. IDENTIFICATIONOFSUITABLEVARIETIESOFFRUITS

quality and usages for different purposeshave been identified.

A. Fruit Crops

Two decades of research results on fruit

crops has helped to Identify stable and highyielding varieties suitable to different seasons

for the stable yield (Table 2a). The varietiespromising for different traits like different

maturity period, yield potentials, flavour,

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B.Vegetable CropsTheStation has made significant strides

in identifying suitable varieties/hybrids forimportant vegetable crops for this region(Table 2b). Continuous efforts have resultedto identify resistant varieties/lines for variousbiotic and abiotic stressesforitscultivation in

,",

-Crop

Tomato

Brinjal

Capsicum

Chilli

Cabbage

Cauliflower

Okra

Onion

Pea

FrenchBean

Pole Bean

CowpeaParwal

Watermelon

T., Cucumber

BottleGourd

BitterGourd

Pumpkin

Ridge Gourd

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Jharkb.and and also for use Inthe breedingprogramme.

ZONEWISESUITABILITYOFHORTICULTURALCROPSIN THESTATE

The area of newly created JharkhandState falls under three zones vlz. Zone IV

consisting shallow uplands of gravelly tosandy tex1urewithpoor fertilitystatus,mediumlands of moderately acidic in nature, poorlydrained with moderate fertility; Zone Vconsisting of the soils of north NetarhatPlateau having shallow to medium depth,reddish yellow to yellow In colour,moderately acidic to neutral withpoor fertility;Zone VIconsisting of red yellow laterite soil,mixedyellowblack catenary soil,red yellowchocolate iron ore soil,red yellow light greyhilland forest soils to steep slope. Furtherdetailsabout the sub regions,land distributionunder forest and cultivation and area under

Irrigationas well as rainfallare given below:

Zone IV

A. FruitCrops: Utchl, Mango, Guava,Strawberry,Orange, Raspberry,JackfrultandAnnona.

B.Vegetable Crops: Onion,Cauliflower, Cabbage, Peas, Beans, Brlnjal,Cucurbitaceous Crop and Tomato.

C. Flowers: Roses,Gladiolus, Tuberose,Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Marigold andDahlia.

D. Medicinal Plants: Solanum

kha;'ianum, carisa augustalia, plantagoovate, vinca rosea.

E. Spices: Ginger, Turmeric,Coriander.

F. Vegetable Seed Production: Onion,Cauliflower, Peas, Beans, Brlnjal,Cucurbltaceious Crops and Tomato.

ZoneVA. FruitCrops: Mango, Guava, Utchl.

Peach, Pear, LowChillingApple, Strawberry,Raspberry,Jackfrult.

B. Vegetable Crops: Onion,Cauliflower, Cabbage, Broccoli, Brusse.lsSprout Peas, Beans, Brinjaland Tomato.

C. Flowers: Roses, Gladiolus,Chrysanthemum, Dahlia and Poppy.

D. Medicinal Plants: Asafoetida, costus,dioscorea.

Table3

Totalarea, itsdistributionunder forest cultivation and irrigationwithrainfallunder different zones

Zone Sub Region Area(m ha)

Netcultivatedarea (%)

!

II,

I

I

iI

Central North 4.1 55.0IV

Eastern Plateau

Western Plateau

South EasternPlateau

2.5

1.3

24.0

31.6

V

VI

.

Forestarea(%)

13.0

Irrigatedarea(ha)

11,237

Totalrainfall(mm)

1321.

24.0

24.0

1409'"

1304

21.956

15,510

57-

"

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E. Aromatic Plants; Eucalyptus,Vanilla,Mentha, Pelargonium, Patcholi, Aniseed.

F. Mushroom: Tropical mushroomduringrainyseason and European mushroomunder controlled conditions.

G. Vegetable Seed Production:Cauliflower,Onion, Peas, Beans, BrinjalandTomato.

Zone VIA. Fruit Crops: Mango, Ber, Aonla,

Pomegranate, Guava and Phalsa.

B. Vegetable Crops: Brinjal.Cucurbitaceous Crops, Okra, Cowpea andFrenchBean.

C. Flowers: Marigold, Jasmine andGerbera.

"

D. Medicinal Plants: OioscoreafIoribundaand tulsi.

E. Vegetable Seed Production: Brinjal.Cucurbitaceous Crops, Okra, Cowpea andFrenchBean.

FUTURESTRATEGIES

r, , 1.Processing IndustriesInthis region abundant of raw material

Isavailable in different fruit and vegetablecrops throughout the year particularlyaonla,mango, litchi,tamarind, and jackfrultamongthe fruitsand tomato, cauliflower,cabbage,mushroomsamong vegetables. Establishmentof processing Industrieswillbe highlyhelpfulto utilise the surplus produce during theseason, Theprocessed/value added productcan meet the requirement during offseason.Thiswillnot onlyregulate the market but alsoenhance the production Inthisregion.

2. Exportoriented fruit,vegetable andornamental gardening

TheChhotanagpur and Santhal Pargana>.areas possessing mild tropical climate and

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welldrained fertilizedsoiloffersuitable climate

forcultivationof a number of fruits,vegetableand ornamental crops having better exportpotential.

3. Cold storageThere isneed to establish multipurpose,

multichamber cold storage Inthis region forthe storage of surplusfruitsand vegetables.Settingup of Hitechcold storage willbe highlyprofitable. Thiswillregulate the market usefulto provide produce during off season andsubsequently Increase production. Setting upof this facility would In turn be helpful inh9ndling of horticultural produce for distantmarket and also export of horticulturalcrops.

4. MicropropagationCommercial plant propagation through

tissueculture to meet the growing demand isthe need of hours. Setting up a micropropagation unitforpropagation of cultivarsof different horticultural crops to meet thedemand Isalso essential. Thiswillgenerateemployment to the ruralyouth and Improvetheireconomic condition. Micropropagationlinkedwithcommercial cultivation of flowers

fordomestic and export market would bringquantum change in the present state of arton floriculture.

5. Floriculture

Investment in Hitech floriculturefor the

export potential crops provide betteropportunities' for high profit. These includesroses, gerbera, orchids, IIIlies,gladiolus forexport market and marigold, crysanthemum,gladiolus, gerbera, tuberose, dahlia, goldenrod etc. offer immense potential for internalmarket. The type of cutflowers availableunder protected cultivation inthe region isofWorldclass. Development of onward linkages

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withInternational market willopen up a newera incommercial floriculture.

6. ExoticvegetablesTheclimate of the state isverycondusive

forthe cultivation of exotic vegetables suchas Brocooli,Red cabbage, Baby corn, Kale,Swisschardetc. which have growing marketinthe state as welladjoining areas.

7. Biofertilizerand bio pesticidesIn the present time of bio intensive

agriculture, several production units of biofertilizerand bio pesticides are required. Thisis more particularly required in Jharkhandstate as the land isalwaysdeficient innutrientsand lowcost and renewable source of N,p,Kand micro nutrients can be obtained

through these products. Biopesticides arerequiredalso forenvironmental safety.

8. Medicinaland aromatic PlantsTheregion has large forest cover which

serves as reservoir for large number ofmedicinal and aromatic plant species.Systematic collection, conservation andutilizationof these plants to cure differentdiseaseswillbe helpfulinestablishingindustriesbased on these plants inthis region.

9.MushroomcultureThe Jharkhand state has mild climate

whichiswellsuited to cultivate differenttypesof mushrooms.The raw material likepaddystraw isabundantly available in the regionwhichcan be utilizedfor rearing mushroomswhereas itswaste can be used forproductionof vermicompost - an excellent source oforganic matter for crops, fruits,vegetablesand nurserymanagement.

10.Vegetable seed productionProduction of quality seeds of

vegetables particularly onion, French

bean, okra, brinjal. tomato, cowpea andpea is highly remunerative venture fornewly created state of Jharkhand.Technologies for seed production Invegetables for this region is availablewhich can be adopted at large scale forthe upliftment of region's economy. Theadded advantage of this enterprise Istheutilization of family labours for productionof much remunerative commodities which

will sustain and uplift the farmerseconomy. It is estimated that 75-90 tonesof seeds of different vegetables arepresently required for domestic market.

11.Fruitnursery

Since the region has Immense potentialforfruitproduction, ensured supply of qualityplanting material of different fruitplants hasgreat scope. The region has the addedadvantage of mild climate supported withmedium -high rainfallwhere nurserybusinesscan florishin better manner. Availabilityofmanpower willalso facilitate the enterprisein the region. Apart from fruitsornamentalplants can also be propagated anddistributed Inlarge scale. ItIsprojected thatifhorticulture development istaken in rightearnest the number of fruitcrops saplings willbe 20-30 lakhs every year for at least 10-15years.

12.Lowvolume high value crops

Several spices and condiments liketurmeric, ginger, saunt tej patta (bayleaf), etc. can be grown effectively underJharkhand. Mushroom is mot paying lowvolume high value crop which can beeffectively grown In the region.Metropolitan city like Calcutta ispotentialmarket and located at short distance. 0

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