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BAU Souvenir
Horticulture Development in Jharkhand
Mathura Rai:~, R. V. Singh:~, Vishal Nath:~, A. K. Singh:~ and R. S. Pan:~
Horticulturalcrops have played importantroleindiversificationof land use forbetter
utilization, improvement in productivity,increase inemployment opportunities, bettereconomic returnand nutritionalsecurityworldwide. It has played an important role in theglobal economy through a production of413.93milliontonnes fruitsand 565.52million
tonnes of vegetables (FAOYear book, 1996).Indiasharesabout 10per cent and 13per centof the global production of fruits andvegetables, respectively. The countryproduces fruitsand vegetables to the tune of41.5m t and 71.59m t, respectively.
Thestate of Jharkhand isendowed withideal soil and climatic conditions for
cultivationof a number of fruits,vegetables,omamentals, tubers, medicinal and aromaticplants. Itsplateau region is highly enrichedwithplant bioresources of horticulturalcrops.However,out of a total 79.91akhha land area
presently 29.6 lakh ha is being utilized forcultivation.About 9%of the total area under
cultivationisirrigatedand the ratio of lowlandto upland is 40: 60, approximately. The percapita food grain availabilityis130kg whichis quite low compared to the Nationalaverage of 205 kg/year. Hence to meet thedemand of increasing population thecropping intensityisto be Increased from 1.5to 2.0. The situation is really alarming andthereforeoureffortsshouldbe more and more
production oriented from the major part ofthe unutilizedabundant land resources. Inthis
endeavour, diversification of agriculturepreferably horticulturalcrops should be givenpriorItywhich willnot only give high returnsfrom unproductive marginal lands but alsosustain the environment and security forquality foods. Fruitcrops being perennial innature are highlysuitable forthe uplands. Itisdesired that systematic plantation may betaken up on priorityto make the state self'sufficientInfruits.Highqualityvegetables aregrown in this region but due to lack in Infrastructure such as road, multi purpose coldstorage, adequate market support system,processing industryand export back up, thecultivation Isrestricted.
The Horticulture and Agro-PorestryResearch Programme (HARP),Ranchiformerlyknown as Central Horticultural ExperimentStation (CHES),Ranchi, since itsInception In1979, has played significant role Indevelopment of improved technologies Inhorticultural crops. The significantachievements made duringlasttwo decadesare discussed Inbrief:
1. AUGMENTATIONOFGERMPLASM
Atotal of 2958germplasm linesincludingfruits(771),vegetables (1836)and ornamentalplants (351)have been collected and being
* Horticulture and Agro-Forestry Research Programme, (ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region)Plandu, Tata Road, Ranchi -834 010 .
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characterlsed. evaluated and used Inbreeding programme to develop highyieldingvarietiesresistantto bioticand abioticstresses.
RELEASEOFVARIETIES
The Station has made significantcontribution in the field of horticultural
technology generation by Identlfying/releasingimproved varietiesinImportantfruits
and vegetable crops viz..Swama Roopa inlitchi;Swama Alauklkand Swarna Rekha Inpointed gourd; Swama Shree and SwamaManl in brinjal; Swarna Pooma. SwamaSwetha and Swarna Agethl incucumber andSwama Manjarlln ridge gourd (Table 1).These improved varieties are gainingpopularityfortheirspecial attributes Includinghigh yield. better quality. disease and pestresistance etc.
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Table 1Particulars of the Varieties released from HARP.Ranchi
Crop Variety Important Characteristics
Utchl Swarns Roopa Highyielding. cracking resistant. high tSS.small seed.high pulp/seed ratio and bearing Incluster of 25-30fruits
-,Pointed Gourd Swarna Rekha Highyielding.fruitelongated long. colour green striped.
seed soft.yield200-230q/ha
Swarna Alaukik Highyielding.fruitcolour lightgreen possesses long shelflifeand good forsweet preparation. yield240-280q/ha
Cucumber Swarna Poorria Longfruitingperiod. fruitmedium size.solidwithno cavityand tolerant to powdery mildew. yield 300-350q/ha
SwarnaSwetha Medium sized fruits.high yielder. no hollowness.(CHC-1) long shelf life. resistance to powdery mildew and
anthracnose disease. yield ranges from250-300q/ha
Swarna Ag!3thi Highyielder. no hollowness.resistant to powdery(CHC-2) mildew.anthracnose and epilechna beetles. long shelf
life.yield ranges from 300-325q/ha
Ridge Gourd Swarna Manjarl Very high yielder resistant to powdery mildew anddowny mildew. Performingwell.InAICVIPcentres.
...
Brinjal Swarna Shree Fruit round to oval. skin colour whitish. seed very few
and soft. profuse bearing suitable for "BhartaNpreparation. yield 600-650 q/ha
Swarna Manl High yielder. resistant to bacterial wilt and fruit borer
Infestation. average yield 600-650 q/ha...-54
CropMangoEarlyMaturity
Mid EarlyMid Maturity
MidLate
LateMaturity
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Table 20
Suitable Varieties of FruitCrops identified for the Region
Very Late
Dwarf & Regular Bearer
Sucking Type
Utchl
EarlyMaturity
Mid MaturityMid Late
Late Maturity
Fragrant PulpSmallSeeded
Guava
High Yielding
Better quality and softseeded
Banana
Table Type
Vegetable Type
PineappleCitrus
Sweet OrangeMandarin
Aonla
Passion Fruit
Jack Fruit
CustardApple
PapayaBael
Maturity Time
20-30May
30 May-1 0 June10-30June
20 June -5 July
25June - 20 July
20 July - 10Aug.
18-22May
20-25 May
25 May-1 0 June5-15June
Aug. - Feb.
Aug. - Feb.
Nov. - Dec.
July - Aug.
May - JulyNov. - Dec.
Genotypes
BombayGreen,RaniPasand,GaurjeetandZardalu
Himsagar, Gopalbhog & KisanbhogLangra, Safeda Maida, Dashehri,PrabhaShankerand WazirPasandMahmood Bahar and Mallika
Amrapali, Sipia, Chausa, Fazal! andBangaloraKetki
Amrapali and LatraSafedaMalihabadi,LucknowSafedaand -
Nayab
Shah!.Ajhauli and GreenCHE5-2,RoseScented and EarlyBedanaSwarna Roopa, China and Late BedanaPurbi.Shahiand RoseScented
Late Bedana, Early Bedana and SwarnaRoopa
Sardar and Allahabad SafedaArka Mridula
Dwarf Cavendish and AlpanBhosand BattisaKew
KodurSathgudiNagpur Santra and Kinnow mandarinNA-7and KanchanKaveri
KhajuwaBalanagar and Arka ShahanCHES-1,CHE5-2and CHE5-3CHE5-1
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Table 2 (b)
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids of Vegetable Crops
Genotype
ARTH-4, ARTH-3, CHRT-4, CHTH-1, Swarna Mant Vaishali, MTH-6 and BRH-2
Swarna Shree, CHRBH-1, CHRBH-2, CHBR-3, CHES-309, Arka Navneet. Pusa
Hybrid-6,Pant Riturajand Mukta Keshi
Arka Gaurav, Arka Mohini,ArkaBasant and CaliforniaWonder
Arka Lohitand Pusa Jwala
Prideof India,Golden Acre, PusaSynthetic,Pusa Drumhead, Shree GaneshGol and BSS-31
EarlyKunwari. Maghshobha, Pusa Deepali, Depalika, Improved Japanese,Pusa Snowball K-1and Snowball-16
Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay and Parbhani Kranti
Arka Niketan and Arka Kalyan
Arka Ajit. Arkel, NDVP-1, NDVP-5 and Azad P-1
CH-913, Arka Komal, Pusa Parvati, Pant Anupama and CH-812*
Birsa Priya, CH-829 B, CH-1127, DVFB-1, Kentucky Wonder & CH-819*
Pusa Barsati and Arka Garima
Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, EL-1,Hybrid-1 and Hybrid-2
Arka Manlk, Arka Jyoti and Sugar Baby
Swarna Poorna, Priya, Pusa Sanyog, Swarna Swetha, Swarna Agethi*Arka Bhar
Arka Harit. Priya, Kalyanpur Sona, MC-84 and Pusa Hybrid-1
Arka Suryamukhi
CHRG-1 and Swarna Manjari** Released at National Level
2. IDENTIFICATIONOFSUITABLEVARIETIESOFFRUITS
quality and usages for different purposeshave been identified.
A. Fruit Crops
Two decades of research results on fruit
crops has helped to Identify stable and highyielding varieties suitable to different seasons
for the stable yield (Table 2a). The varietiespromising for different traits like different
maturity period, yield potentials, flavour,
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B.Vegetable CropsTheStation has made significant strides
in identifying suitable varieties/hybrids forimportant vegetable crops for this region(Table 2b). Continuous efforts have resultedto identify resistant varieties/lines for variousbiotic and abiotic stressesforitscultivation in
,",
-Crop
Tomato
Brinjal
Capsicum
Chilli
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Okra
Onion
Pea
FrenchBean
Pole Bean
CowpeaParwal
Watermelon
T., Cucumber
BottleGourd
BitterGourd
Pumpkin
Ridge Gourd
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Jharkb.and and also for use Inthe breedingprogramme.
ZONEWISESUITABILITYOFHORTICULTURALCROPSIN THESTATE
The area of newly created JharkhandState falls under three zones vlz. Zone IV
consisting shallow uplands of gravelly tosandy tex1urewithpoor fertilitystatus,mediumlands of moderately acidic in nature, poorlydrained with moderate fertility; Zone Vconsisting of the soils of north NetarhatPlateau having shallow to medium depth,reddish yellow to yellow In colour,moderately acidic to neutral withpoor fertility;Zone VIconsisting of red yellow laterite soil,mixedyellowblack catenary soil,red yellowchocolate iron ore soil,red yellow light greyhilland forest soils to steep slope. Furtherdetailsabout the sub regions,land distributionunder forest and cultivation and area under
Irrigationas well as rainfallare given below:
Zone IV
A. FruitCrops: Utchl, Mango, Guava,Strawberry,Orange, Raspberry,JackfrultandAnnona.
B.Vegetable Crops: Onion,Cauliflower, Cabbage, Peas, Beans, Brlnjal,Cucurbitaceous Crop and Tomato.
C. Flowers: Roses,Gladiolus, Tuberose,Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Marigold andDahlia.
D. Medicinal Plants: Solanum
kha;'ianum, carisa augustalia, plantagoovate, vinca rosea.
E. Spices: Ginger, Turmeric,Coriander.
F. Vegetable Seed Production: Onion,Cauliflower, Peas, Beans, Brlnjal,Cucurbltaceious Crops and Tomato.
ZoneVA. FruitCrops: Mango, Guava, Utchl.
Peach, Pear, LowChillingApple, Strawberry,Raspberry,Jackfrult.
B. Vegetable Crops: Onion,Cauliflower, Cabbage, Broccoli, Brusse.lsSprout Peas, Beans, Brinjaland Tomato.
C. Flowers: Roses, Gladiolus,Chrysanthemum, Dahlia and Poppy.
D. Medicinal Plants: Asafoetida, costus,dioscorea.
Table3
Totalarea, itsdistributionunder forest cultivation and irrigationwithrainfallunder different zones
Zone Sub Region Area(m ha)
Netcultivatedarea (%)
!
II,
I
I
iI
Central North 4.1 55.0IV
Eastern Plateau
Western Plateau
South EasternPlateau
2.5
1.3
24.0
31.6
V
VI
.
Forestarea(%)
13.0
Irrigatedarea(ha)
11,237
Totalrainfall(mm)
1321.
24.0
24.0
1409'"
1304
21.956
15,510
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E. Aromatic Plants; Eucalyptus,Vanilla,Mentha, Pelargonium, Patcholi, Aniseed.
F. Mushroom: Tropical mushroomduringrainyseason and European mushroomunder controlled conditions.
G. Vegetable Seed Production:Cauliflower,Onion, Peas, Beans, BrinjalandTomato.
Zone VIA. Fruit Crops: Mango, Ber, Aonla,
Pomegranate, Guava and Phalsa.
B. Vegetable Crops: Brinjal.Cucurbitaceous Crops, Okra, Cowpea andFrenchBean.
C. Flowers: Marigold, Jasmine andGerbera.
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D. Medicinal Plants: OioscoreafIoribundaand tulsi.
E. Vegetable Seed Production: Brinjal.Cucurbitaceous Crops, Okra, Cowpea andFrenchBean.
FUTURESTRATEGIES
r, , 1.Processing IndustriesInthis region abundant of raw material
Isavailable in different fruit and vegetablecrops throughout the year particularlyaonla,mango, litchi,tamarind, and jackfrultamongthe fruitsand tomato, cauliflower,cabbage,mushroomsamong vegetables. Establishmentof processing Industrieswillbe highlyhelpfulto utilise the surplus produce during theseason, Theprocessed/value added productcan meet the requirement during offseason.Thiswillnot onlyregulate the market but alsoenhance the production Inthisregion.
2. Exportoriented fruit,vegetable andornamental gardening
TheChhotanagpur and Santhal Pargana>.areas possessing mild tropical climate and
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welldrained fertilizedsoiloffersuitable climate
forcultivationof a number of fruits,vegetableand ornamental crops having better exportpotential.
3. Cold storageThere isneed to establish multipurpose,
multichamber cold storage Inthis region forthe storage of surplusfruitsand vegetables.Settingup of Hitechcold storage willbe highlyprofitable. Thiswillregulate the market usefulto provide produce during off season andsubsequently Increase production. Setting upof this facility would In turn be helpful inh9ndling of horticultural produce for distantmarket and also export of horticulturalcrops.
4. MicropropagationCommercial plant propagation through
tissueculture to meet the growing demand isthe need of hours. Setting up a micropropagation unitforpropagation of cultivarsof different horticultural crops to meet thedemand Isalso essential. Thiswillgenerateemployment to the ruralyouth and Improvetheireconomic condition. Micropropagationlinkedwithcommercial cultivation of flowers
fordomestic and export market would bringquantum change in the present state of arton floriculture.
5. Floriculture
Investment in Hitech floriculturefor the
export potential crops provide betteropportunities' for high profit. These includesroses, gerbera, orchids, IIIlies,gladiolus forexport market and marigold, crysanthemum,gladiolus, gerbera, tuberose, dahlia, goldenrod etc. offer immense potential for internalmarket. The type of cutflowers availableunder protected cultivation inthe region isofWorldclass. Development of onward linkages
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withInternational market willopen up a newera incommercial floriculture.
6. ExoticvegetablesTheclimate of the state isverycondusive
forthe cultivation of exotic vegetables suchas Brocooli,Red cabbage, Baby corn, Kale,Swisschardetc. which have growing marketinthe state as welladjoining areas.
7. Biofertilizerand bio pesticidesIn the present time of bio intensive
agriculture, several production units of biofertilizerand bio pesticides are required. Thisis more particularly required in Jharkhandstate as the land isalwaysdeficient innutrientsand lowcost and renewable source of N,p,Kand micro nutrients can be obtained
through these products. Biopesticides arerequiredalso forenvironmental safety.
8. Medicinaland aromatic PlantsTheregion has large forest cover which
serves as reservoir for large number ofmedicinal and aromatic plant species.Systematic collection, conservation andutilizationof these plants to cure differentdiseaseswillbe helpfulinestablishingindustriesbased on these plants inthis region.
9.MushroomcultureThe Jharkhand state has mild climate
whichiswellsuited to cultivate differenttypesof mushrooms.The raw material likepaddystraw isabundantly available in the regionwhichcan be utilizedfor rearing mushroomswhereas itswaste can be used forproductionof vermicompost - an excellent source oforganic matter for crops, fruits,vegetablesand nurserymanagement.
10.Vegetable seed productionProduction of quality seeds of
vegetables particularly onion, French
bean, okra, brinjal. tomato, cowpea andpea is highly remunerative venture fornewly created state of Jharkhand.Technologies for seed production Invegetables for this region is availablewhich can be adopted at large scale forthe upliftment of region's economy. Theadded advantage of this enterprise Istheutilization of family labours for productionof much remunerative commodities which
will sustain and uplift the farmerseconomy. It is estimated that 75-90 tonesof seeds of different vegetables arepresently required for domestic market.
11.Fruitnursery
Since the region has Immense potentialforfruitproduction, ensured supply of qualityplanting material of different fruitplants hasgreat scope. The region has the addedadvantage of mild climate supported withmedium -high rainfallwhere nurserybusinesscan florishin better manner. Availabilityofmanpower willalso facilitate the enterprisein the region. Apart from fruitsornamentalplants can also be propagated anddistributed Inlarge scale. ItIsprojected thatifhorticulture development istaken in rightearnest the number of fruitcrops saplings willbe 20-30 lakhs every year for at least 10-15years.
12.Lowvolume high value crops
Several spices and condiments liketurmeric, ginger, saunt tej patta (bayleaf), etc. can be grown effectively underJharkhand. Mushroom is mot paying lowvolume high value crop which can beeffectively grown In the region.Metropolitan city like Calcutta ispotentialmarket and located at short distance. 0
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