U

2

47.11 tiJ1 i OF , THE1=1 VALLEY

cc BASAL - SANDSTONE AS A WASTEWATER

Ul INJECTION INTERVAL 0

U

0

UI 2 Prepared by the Geological Surveys of Illinois,

Indiana, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the Department of Geo-logical Engineering, University of Missouri - Rolla.

2 UI he • under sponsorship of the

OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION 2

with the assistance of a grant from the is WATER RESOURCES DIVISION, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

• U)

JULY 1976

•.u••••....•..'•.•.••''•••.

MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION*

ILLINOIS Richard H. Briceland, Ph. D., Director, Environmental Protection Agency (Vacancy) (Vacancy)

INDIANA William T. Paynter, M.D., State Health Commissioner Ralph C. Pickard, Assistant Commissioner, State Board of Health (Vacancy)

KENTUCKY Robert D. Bell, Secretary, Department of Natural Resources Kenneth 0. Gibson, Sr., Senator, Commonwealth of Kentucky Arnold L. Mitchell, Commissioner, Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Resources

NEW YORK Peter A. Berle, Commissioner, Department of Environmental Conservation (Vacancy) Joseph R. Shaw

OHIO Christine M. Carlson, League of Women Voters Lloyd N. Clausing, Director, Portsmouth Water Department Ned E. Williams, Director, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

PENNSYLVANIA Wesley E. Gilbertson, Deputy Secretary, Dept. of Environmental Resources Maurice K. Goddard, Ph. D.,, Secretary, Department of Environmental Resources Marion K. McKay, Ph. D.,, Professor Emeritus, University of Pittsburgh

VIRGINIA Denis J. Brion, State Water Control Board (Vacancy) (Vacancy)

WEST VIRGINIA Luther N. Dickinson N. H. Dyer, M.D., State Health Commissioner Edgar N. Henry, Director, West Virginia Water Development Authority

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Norman H. Beamer, District Chief, U. S. Geological Survey Francis T. Mayo, Regional Administrator, Region V., Environmental Protection Agency Donald L. Williams, Chief, Planning, Ohio River Division, Corps of Engineers

OFFICERS Ralph C. Pickard, Chairman Arnold L. Mitchell, Vice Chairman Ned E. Williams, Secretary Albert J. Brooks, Treasurer Leo Weaver, Executive Director

LEGAL COUNSEL Leonard A. Weakley, Taft, Stettinius & Hollister

*As of July 1, 1976

EVALUATION OF THE OHIO VALLEY REGION BASAL SANDSTONE

AS A WASTEWATER INJECTION INTERVAL

Prepared by the Geological Surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the Department of Geological Engineering, Univer-sity of Missouri -- Rolla, under sponsorship of

Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission

with the assistance of a grant from the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey

Copies are available

at $3.00 each. Single copies free

to tax supported institutions.

SUMMARY

ORSANCO involvement in the study of underground wastewater injection

began in 1967 and, during 1967-1973 resulted in the publication of two re-

ports documenting the findings of that period. They were "Perspective on

the Regulation of Underground Injection of Wastewater" and "Underground

Injection of Wastewaters in the Ohio Valley Region." Whereas the previous

efforts were directed toward policy and administrative procedures, the pre-

sent study describes regional characteristics and utilization potentials.

These efforts are directed to form a basis for location, design and engineer-

ing of wastewater wells in the basal Cambrian age sandstone units.

The present project produced a series of geologic and physical charac-

teristic maps and geologic cross sections that have been formulated from a

large number of observations and measurements made in wells throughout the

Ohio Valley. Data used in preparation of the maps and cross sections are

included in tables.

The mapping revealed that basal sandstone is present throughout the

Ohio Valley region, with the exception of small areas where it was never

deposited. It lies at the base of the stratigraphic sequence and is not

exposed at the surface anywhere within the region. This vertical location

in combination with the lack of usable resources contained in the basal

sandstone cause it to be favorable for wastewater injection. Only in

northern Illinois, where it contains fresh water, and in the few localities

where gas is stored or hydrocarbons have been found, is the basal sand-

stone precluded for wastewater injection because of its value for other

uses.

In addition to the restrictions mentioned above, the basal sandstone

is too deep for practical consideration in southern Illinois and Indiana,

in most of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and in southern New York. Zones

of major faulting in southern Illinois and Indiana and across Kentucky con-

siderably restrict the potential for injection in those areas. Occasional

major faults that require consideration are also present at a few other

locations in the region.

-1-

The reservoir properties of thickness, porosity and permeability,

and areal extent determine the quality of a rock unit for wastewater

injection. The wide areal extent of the basal sandstone ha; been men-

tioned. Generally, the other properties are present in the most favorable

combination in northeast Illinois and northwest Indiana and become less

favorable eastward and southward from that area. This does not eliminate

locations other than northern Illinois and Indiana from consideration, but

it does suggest caution in selecting the basal sandstone as a potential

injection interval throughout the rest of the region.

Vertical confinement of injected wastewater is necessary to prevent

its escape from the injection interval and entering fresh-water aquifers

or strata containing valuable mineral deposits of stored gas. Because the

basal sandstone is underlain by Pre-Cambrian age crystalline rock, downward

migration is not possible. The basal sandstone is overlain by several hun-

dred feet of shale and siltstone with varying percentages of sandstone and

carbonate throughout most of Illinois and Indiana and in western Ohio. Al-

though local confirmation is always necessary, for preliminary purposes,

the basal sandstone would be considered suitably confined in these areas.

Elsewhere, the degree of confinement, though possibly adequate, is less

certain before drilling and testing have been accomplished.

Earthquake history in an area must be considered because an earthquake

might potentially damage injection well facilities or alter geohydrologic

conditions. In addition, it is now believed possible to stimulate seismic

activity by fluid injection and the susceptibility of an area to such induced

seismic events should be examined. Within and near the Ohio Valley region,

two localities stand out as having been affected by significant earthquakes

during recorded time. These areas include extreme southern Illinois, adjacent

western Kentucky and western New York.

Evaluation of the possible effect of earthquakes on wastewater injection

operations and the relation between wastewater injection and earthquake

stimulation is less certain than reservoir evaluation because of the limited

experiences in this technology. However, the generalization can be made

that extra precautions should be taken in system construction and operation in

areas of high seismic risk and that care should be exercised in injection

operations sited near faults which could be the source of earthquake generation.

-11-

CONTENTS

Summary I

Introduction 1

Definition of the basal sandstone 3

Map presentations

Well locations 4

Elevation of the top of the Precambrian basement surface 5

Elevation of the top of the basal sandstone 7

Thickness of the basal sandstone 8

Porosity and permeability of the basal sandstone 9

Pore volume and flow capacity fo the basal sandstone 12

Salinity of water in the basal sandstone 14

Thickness of the confining unit 16

Ratio of lithologies in the confining unit 18

Zones of seismic risk and earthquake generation 19

Discussion of cross sections

Illinois 22

Indiana 23

Ohio 24

Pennsylvania 24

West Virginia 24

Summary of the adequacy of the basal sandstone for wastewater

injection 25

References 27

Abbreviations used in well data tables 28

Acknowledgments 29

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 - Correlation chart of Cambrian rocks in Indiana and adjacent areas

Map 1 - Well locations

Map 2 - Elevation of the top of the Precambrian basement surface

Map 3 - Elevation of the top of the basal sandstone

Map 4 - Thickness of the basal sandstone

Map 5 - Porosity of the basal sandstone

Map 6 - Pore volume of the basal sandstone

Map 7 - Salinity of water in the upper 100 feet of the basal sandstone

Map 8 - Thickness of the confining unit

Map 9 - Ratio of lithologies in the confining unit

Map 10 - Zones of seismic risk

Cross section 1 Basal Sandstone Northern Illinois

• Cross section 2 Basal Sandstone Eastern Illinois

Cross section 3 Basal Sandstone Northern Indiana

Cross section 4 Basal Sandstone Central Indiana

Cross section 5 Basal Sandstone Eastern Indiana

Cross section 6 Basal Sandstone Northern Ohio

Cross section 7 Basal Sandstone Pennsylvania

Cross section 8 Basal Sandstone Western West Virginia

TABLES

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Well Data -- Illinois

Well Data -- Indiana

Well Data -- Kentucky

Well Data - New York

Well Data - Ohio

Well Data -- Pennsylvania

Well Data - West Virginia

Salinity and Density of Water in the Basal Sandstone -- Illinois

Salinity and Density of Water in the Basal Sandstone -- Indiana

Salinity and Density of Water in the Basal Sandstone -- Kentucky

Salinity and Density of Water in the Basal Sandstone -- Ohio

Salinity and Density of Water in the Basal Sandstone -- New York

INTRODUCTION

ORSANCO involvement in underground wastewater injection began in

1967 at the initiation of Dr. Edward J. Cleary, then Executive Director

and Chief Engineer at ORSANCO. This first effort culminated in 1969

with the publication of the report "Perspective on the Regulation of

Underground Injection of Wastewaters" (Cleary and Warner, 1969). A

recommendation of this report was that an ORSANCO committee be formed

to develop policy guidelines, regulatory procedures and technical cri-

teria pertaining to underground injection of wastewaters in the Ohio

Valley. The Commission adopted this recommendation and the Advisory

Committee on Underground Injection of Wastewaters was organized. The

report of that committee was submitted to the Commission in late 1972

and the committee's policy recommendations were adopted by the Commi-

ssion in January, 1973. This policy statement and the regulatory

guidelines and technical criteria to support it are contained in the

publication "Underground Injection of Wastewaters in the Ohio Valley

Region" (ORSANCO, 1973).

Upon completion of its original assignment, the Advisory Committee

on Underground Injection of Wastewaters considered how it might further

contribute to the advancement of the technology in the area of its

responsibility. A possible project, the detailed delineation of the

geologic and engineering potential of the basal Cambrian age sandstone

unit for wastewater injection, was selected and a proposal for this

project developed. All state geological agencies of the ORSANCO states

expressed their willingness to participate in the study, with technical

corrdination to be provided by Dr. D. L. Warner of the University of

Missouri, Rolla. Under ORSANCO's sponsorship, a proposal for the pro-

ject was submitted to the U. S. Geological Survey in order to obtain

the funds necessary to defray expenses for travel, meetings, and report

preparation and publication. The project was funded by the U.S.G.S.,

and work began early in 1974.

1

The broad objective of the project was the determination, in as

much detail as possible, of the geological and utilization character-

istics of the basal sandstone for wastewater injection in the Ohio

Valley area. This interval was selected for study because it was gen-

erally known to have many of the characteristics favorable for use as

an injection in a number of locations, and because it could be anticipated

that there would be an interest in using it more extensively for this

pupose in the future. A further reason for selecting the basal sand-

stone for study was the fact that it is present throughout most of the

Ohio Valley area and would, therefore, present maximum opportunity for

cooperative study among the ORSANCO states.

At a meeting of the Committee on Underground Injection of Waste-

water, the detailed objectives of the present study were established

and the procedures for their accomplishment agreed on. During the

st.udy, some minor adjustments in the original plan were made. The

actual scope of the study as it has been completed is reflected by

the list of maps, cross sections and tables.

The data for maps 1-4, 8, and 9 were obtained by the Geological

Surveys of each of the participating states and, where enough points

were available, state maps were drawn by the respective agencies. The

data and maps were supplied to the University of Missouri, where they

were compiled to form the regional maps presented here. Maps 5-7 were

prepared at the University of Missouri, using data supplied by the

states and well logs obtained from commercial suppliers. Map 10 is

the same map that was used in previous ORSANCO (1973) report. The

cross sections were prepared by the respective state agencies.

Each of the maps and the cross sections will be discussed

individually and their significance for underground wastewater injec-

tion planning and regulation analyzed.

-2-

DEFINITION OF THE

THE BASAL SANDSTONE

For this study, an unusual geologic procedure was followed in that the rock

unit being mapped is not a conventional geologic formation. Rather, it is a

hydrogeologic or engineering unit equivalent in character to an aquifer or petro-

leum reservoir.

The relationships of the geologic formations that comprise the basal sand-

stone unit in four of the Ohio Valley states and in three other adjacent states

are shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, the basal sandstone includes the Mt. Simon

Sandstone and sandstones in the lower Eau Claire Formation in Illinois, Indiana,

Kentucky and Ohio.

The Mt. Simon Sandstone consists principally of fine- to coarse-grained

sandstone. It is commonly poorly sorted and contains conglomeritic zones. Cross

bedding is often visible in cores. It ranges in color from clear in quartzose

portions to pink in the arkosic intervals. It may be only slightly cemented and

friable or silica cemented and very hard. Although the formation is primarily

sandstone, shale beds are often present, particularly near the top or the base.

These beds are from a few inches to more than 50 feet thick. Generally, the Mt.

Simon Sandstone rests unconformably on Precambrian age igneous or metamorphic

rocks, but some geologists have recognized a so-called "granite wash" unit below

the Mt. Simon; and, it has been interpreted that the Mt. Simon lies on older

Cambrian or Precambrian age sandstones in some localities.

For the purpose of this report, all sandstones that rest upon the Precam-

brian basement are included with the basal sandstone. Its upward extent is

determined by the point at which it becomes overlain by more than about 100 feet

of rocks that are dominantly (>50%) siltstone, shale, or carbonate, as determined

by examination of cores, cuttings, and geophysical logs. Formations comprising

the basal sandstone in western Ohio are the same as in eastern Indiana, but

toward central Ohio a sandstone facies of the Rome Formation in combination with

the Mt. Simon Formation forms the basal sandstone. In Pennsylvania, the basal

sandstone is known as the Gatesburg Formation. In New York, the Potsdam and

lower Galway (or Theresa) Formations comprise the basal sandstone. The West Vir-

ginia Geological Survey designated the basal sandstone as the Mt. Simon in this

study, but other terminology has been used previously.

-3-

MAP PRESENTATIONS

Well Locations

The locations of wells penetrating the basal sandstone in the Ohio Valley

region and used in this study are shown in Map 1, and data for these wells are

given in Tables 1-7. Information in the tables includes: the well operator and

well name; year completed; location; reference elevation (at or near ground sur-

face); total depth; well status; available logs; availability of water and core

analyses; depth, thickness, and characteristics of the confining unit and basal

sandstone; and depth of the Precambrian basement. The wells in each state are

numbered consecutively and the well number appears in Map 1. Locations of the

cross sections are also shown.

In addition to the locations, the purpose for which each well was construc-

ted is shown by symbol. From this information, it is possible to infer the ex-

tent of potential conflicts between wastewater injection and other uses, includ-

ing oil and gas production, natural gas storage, and water supply.

One of the outstanding characteristics of the basal sandstone for waste

disposal is the relatively little use it receives for other purposes in the

Ohio River Basin region. In northern Illinois, the basal sandstone is used for

water supply. This is reflected by the numerous water supply wells shown in

that area. Storage of natural gas is also practiced in northern and central

Illinois and northwestern Indiana. More such storage areas will be developed,

but they are limited to anticlinal structures and no appreciable quantity of the

total subsurface volume will be consigned to this use. Exploration for oil and

gas in the basal sandstone has proven to be disappointing and only six explora-

tory wells in the entire Ohio Valley area are known to have encountered signi-

ficant amounts of hydrocarbons. Three wells in Illinois and two in Kentucky

have encountered gas. One oil discovery has been drilled in Kentucky. These

six wells are shown in Map 1.

Elevation of the Top of

the Precambrian Basement Surface

Map 2 depicts the relief on the Precambrian basement surface. The reference

datum is sea level. The contour interval is generally 1,000 feet. Some 500

foot contours appear in Illinois.

The map is used to estimate the total thickness of sedimentary rocks and

unconsolidated deposits that are present at a location. This is done by deter-

mining the approximate ground surface elevation at the location, then adding this

elevation to the subsea elevation of the Precambrian basement surface. In this

case, the basal sandstone is the objective for injection purposes; therefore,

this computation will yield the approximate total well depth if the entire for-

mation is penetrated. Because of the large contour interval used, the estimate

is obviously not a precise one, but it is sufficiently accurate for feasibility

studies. It should be noted that the map is not equally reliable everywhere,

because its reliability depends on the density of data. The relative reliabil-

ity at any particular location, however, is easily determined by combined refer-

ence to the well location map and the data tables.

The map shows that the depth to the Precambrian surface is well within a

reasonable drilling range of about 5,000 to 6,000 feet for a disposal well in

much of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky, but only in northern New York,

Pennsylvania, and extreme western West Virginia is this true. In the central

Illinois basin portion of Illinois and Indiana, the Precambrian surface is at

depths of 12,000 to 15,000 feet and in the central Appalachian basin of Pennsyl-

vania and West Virginia, depths rapidly reach beyond 12,000 feet and may ulti-

mately reach more than 30,000 feet.

Faults that are known and are judged to be significant are also shown. Only

representative faults are shown in southern Illinois, extreme southwestern Indi-

ana, and central Kentucky, because there are too many to depict at the map scale

used. A highly faulted mineralized area is shown in southeastern Illinois and

western Kentucky, where geologic conditions are particularly complex. Faults

affect the potential of a site for injection by complicating geologic conditions,

by acting as possible flow barriers or conduits, and by creating planes of weak-

ness along which tectonic stresses may be relieved, thus causing earthquakes.

The latter topic will be discussed in greater detail later in this report.

-5-

Not all faults are of equal significance in evaluating the quality of a.

site and each case must be evaluated individually. However, the generalization

can be made that the more extensive the faulting at a site, the less desirable

the site is for an injection well because of the difficulty of predicting the

fate of the injected waste.

Elevation of the Tof ot

the Basal Sandstone

Elevation of the top of the basal sandstone is shown in Map 3. The refer-

ence datum is sea level. The contour interval is 1,000 feet.

When the ground surface elevation is known, the map can be used to esti-

mate the depth to the top of the basal sandstone and thus the potential disposal

interval. Depth to the basal sandstone ranges from less than 1,000 feet in

northern Illinois to more than 13,000 feet in the center of the Illinois basin.

Depth to the basal sandstone rapidly increases to beyond 12,000 feet in the

Appalachian basin of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Generally, potential of

the basal sandstone for injection becomes very limited at a depth greater than

about 5,000 to 6,000 feet because of well construction costs. Its potential is

also limited where it is very near the surface, because it may contain fresh

water and is less well confined than where it is more deeply buried.

Several areas are shown where the basal sandstone is absent. This probably

occurred because such areas were topographically high, perhaps islands, during

the deposition of the sandstone. As it is necessary for a well to strike these

areas before they are known to exist, only a few of these have been identified.

It is, therefore, reasonable to expect that the basal sandstone is absent from more

portions of the Ohio Valley area than are indicated in Map 3.

Thickness of the Basal

Sandstone

The thickness of the basal sandstone and throughout the Ohio River

Valley is shown (in May 4) by contours of equal sandstone thickness (Map 4)

(isopach map). The contour interval ranges from 50 to 500 feet, depending

on the total sandstone thickness in the area. The basal sandstone reaches a

maximum thickness of more than 2,500 feet in northeastern Illinois, but it

thins in all directions from there. Thinning results both from lack of

deposition of sediment and from lateral change from sandstone to shale or

dolomite. The basal sandstone is completely absent north of the zero isopach

line in extreme northern New York. It is also known to be absent in several

local areas as previously mentioned and as is shown in Map 4.

The thickness of the basal sandstone is an important factor in determin-

ing its adequacy as an injection intervals If other characteristics are equal,

the thicker it is, the greater the volume of wastewater it can accept without

the development of excess pressure. Also, the rate of lateral spread of waste

away from the injection well is inversely related to the thickness of the

reservoir.

Porosity and Permeability of

the Basai. Sandstone

Porosity is the volume of pores in a rock divided by the total rock volume.

It is expressed either as a ratio or a percent. Porosities of over 35 percent

are found in newly deposited sands, while porosities of less than 5 percent

occur in lithified, well-cemented sandstones. Dense limestones and dolomites

may have almost no porosity. Porosity is not a measure of the fluid trans-

porting capability of a rock, but a sandstone with high porosity is a better

reservoir than one with low porosity, because the greater the amount of pore

space the smaller the radius to which the injected waste will spread.

Porosity can be determined by laboratory analysis of core samples obtained

during drilling and by examination of borehole geophysical logs run in drilled

wells. Where core analysis data were available, as indicated in Tables 1 to 7,

they were used, checked, and supplemented by log examination. In wells where

core samples were not taken, log examination was performed and, if the logs were

believed to be reliable, average porosity values were determined. Map 5 was

constructed by contouring the average porosities (in percent) obtained from

laboratory and log data. Average porosities ranged from slightly over 20 percent

to less than 5 percent. Whereas a porosity of over 20 percent is very good for

a lithified sandstone, a porosity of less than 5 percent is very poor. Although

Map 5 should not be relied upon too heavily, it does show trends in porosity

useful for judging the probable quality of the basal sandstone as a disposal

reservoir. These trends will be interpreted in combination with other reservoir

properties.

It should be mentioned that average porosity values were used for some Il-

linois wells which only partially penetrate the basal sandstone. Before using

figures from these, a comparison was made between average values for the upper

part of the basal sandstone and vaules for the entire unit in fully penetrating,

nearby wells. It was found, in the cases examined, that sampling of the upper

several hundred feet would yield values representative of the entire unit. An

additional important consideration is that, where the basal sandstone is more

than several hundred feet thick, significant zones with good porosity may occur

even where the average porosity of the total unit is fair or poor.

Permeability is the capacity of a porous medium to transmit a fluid. The

unit of permeability used in evaluating deep aquifers is the darcy. Because most

deep aquifers have permeabilities of much less than a darcy, the millidarcy

(0.001 darcy) is most frequently reported. Permeability can be evaluated by

core analysis and formation testing. Log analysis can sometimes be used also,

but was not attempted in this study because of its relative unreliability. Most

of the available permeability values were from gas storage fields in Illinois.

A few values were also obtained from wastewater disposal wells in Illinois and

other states, but too few were available for preparation of a contour map. There-

fore, the individual values are listed in the tables, but not shown on a map.

For wastewater injection, permeabilities of more than 100 millidarcys are very

good, those of 10 to 100 millidarcys fair to good, those of less than 10 milli-

darcys indicate a relatively poor reservoir, and of less than 0.1 millidarcy,

an aquiclude. A thick sandstone, like a porous one, can have poor average perme-

ability, but may still be an adequate reservoir, if it has a few good perme-

ability zones.

Most of the available permeability values are for the tipper 100 to 300 feet

of the basal sandstone. As with porosity, it is believed that an average for

the upper part of the basal sandstone is representative of the entire unit, but

this assumption may not always be valid. Examination of Table 1 shows that the

average permeabilities of the basal sandstone in Illinois are quite variable,

ranging from a low of 15 millidarcys to a high of 185 millidarcys, values

which would be categorized as fair to good. As indicated in the table, some of

these values are average for an entire gas storage field, which causes them to

be unusually reliable.

The basal sandstone in two waste disposal wells in northwestern Indiana has

exceptional permeability (300 to 420 millidarcys), but the basal sandstone in

a third disposal will in the same area has only fair permeability (45 millidarcys).

Values were obtained for only three other wells in Indiana and these wells

are located along the eastern border. The values are 48, 13, and 11 millidarcys

(Table 2).

Permeability values were obtained for the basal sandstone in five Ohio dis-

posal wells that penetrate the basal sandstone and for one oil and gas exploration

well (Table 5). The high value was 80 millidarcys in one of the Vistron Company

wells and the low value was 11.6 millidarcys in the Calhio Chemical Company well.

-10-

Only three additional permeability values were obtained for the basal sand-

stone in the Ohio Valley area. These were 230 millidarcys for the ilamnierini I I

Paper Company well in Pennsylvania (Table 6) and 113 and 7 millidarcys respectively

for the Bethlehem Steel Company and Hooker Chemical Company wells in New York

(Table 4).

In summary, average permeabilities for 37 wells or gas storage fields were

obtained. These ranged from a high of 420 millidarcys to a low of 7. No ob-

vious pattern of permeability distribution could be deduced from this small

number of values.

Pore Volume and Flow Capacity

of the Basal Sandstone.

The average porosity multiplied by the total thickness of sandstone yields

the pore volume. This number provides a means of readily comparing the storage

capacity of a formation at various locations. In Map 6, an isoval map, equal

values of sandstone pore volume have been contoured. No criteria have been

developed, however, for classification of the quality of a reservoir based on

its pore volume. Such a classification may not be possible, because a thick

sandstone with a low porosity can have the same pore volume as a thinner sand-

stone with a high pore volume yet the reservoirs will not be of equal quality

for injection purposes. Nevertheless, a reservoir with a high pore volume will

generally be of better quality than a reservoir with a low pore volume.

The pattern in Map 6 shows that the greatest reservoir volumes are present

in northeastern Illinois, where the basal sandstone is thickest (Map 4) and

where it also has the highest average porosity (Map 5). In areas of west-

central Ohio and everywhere east of central Ohio, pore volumes of less than 10

prevail. These have only one-thirtieth the volume available to a well in

northeastern Illinois. As discussed above, these values do not provide an ab-

solute measure of reservoir quality, but they do indicate that the basal sand-

stone of northern Illinois and Indiana and western Ohio is much more promising

than it is elsewhere in the Ohio Valley area. The values shown in Map 6 can be

directly entered into equations that require a porosity-foot term, e.g., equations

for distance of waste travel and pressure buildup during injection.

Perhaps the most significant measure of the quality of the basal sandstone

as a disposal reservoir is its flow capacity 1, which is its average perme-

ability multiplied by the effective thickness of sandstone. Although flow ca-

pacity values are not given, they can easily be obtained by multiplying the

average permeabilities in the data tables by the total thickness of basal sand-

stone and the sandstone percent, which are also in the tables. Although the

1Flow capacity (permeability x thickness) is similar to, but not exactly the

same as transmissivity (hydraulic conductivity x thickness). Flow capacity is

a property of the aquifer only, whereas transmissivity considers the density and

viscosity of the aquifer water as well.

-12-

average permeability of the basal sandstone in northern Illinois and Indiana is

clearly not always higher than in other areas, the thickness of the unit is so

much greater there than elsewhere that its flow capacity will be many tirs

greater than elsewhere in the region. The highest value for the region can be

calculated to be about 92 darcy-feet for the U.S. Steel well in northern Indiana,

and the lowest, 0.65 darcy-feet for the Hooker Chemical Company well in New York.

Salinity of Water in

the Basal Sandstone

Evaluation of injection feasibility includes consideration of the 1) salinity,

2) density, 3) chemistry of the formation water. This may also be a factor in de-

signing a waste pretreatment plan and in predicting the extent and direction of

travel of injected wastes.

Tables 8-12 contain values of total dissolved solids content and density that

were collected or determined during the study. Water for analysis was collected

by well operators during well construction by means of drill stem testing or swab-

bing (a form of pumping). The values from water analyses were obtained through

laboratory determinations of both total dissolved solids and density. The results

from logs are based almost entirely on resistivities from induction logs. No

other electric log was found to be usable in the Ohio Valley area. Accurate con-

version from resistivity to dissolved solids requires a knowledge of the ionic

composition of a water. During this study, it was assumed that the waters were

sodium chloride solutions, an assumption that was considered sufficiently accurate

in view of other inherent limitations in well log analysis. Data obtained by

water analysis are not always reliable either, given the difficulty of obtaining

representative and uncontaiminated samples. Whenever possible, comparisons made

of the results of the two methods were consistent enough to give confidence in

the general reliability of the data in Tables 8-12. However, it should be re-

alized that any particular value may be subject to considerable error. Confidence

in a particular value is greatest where several consistent values are given for

the same well, where several wells that are in the same vicinity yielded approxi-

mately the same values, and where both laboratory and log analyses are given.

Confidence is least where log analysis alone was possible, where values in a

particular well differ considerably, and where only one well is present or values

in nearby wells differ considerably.

Map 7 is a contour map of equal total dissolved solids content (isocon map)

for water in the upper 100 feet of the basal sandstone. This was used for com-

parison because it normally has the lowest salinity of water at any level in the

forr'ation, thus making it controlling for injection purposes, and because more

analyses and logs were available for this interval than for any other.

Map 7 shows- that in the Ohio Valley states the basal sandstone contains very

saline water except in northern Illinois and possibly near fault zones in southern

Kentucky. It was known that water in the basal sandstone is generally sal ine,

but the areal variation in salinity had previously been determined only in Il-

linois, and even in that state, the data given are now more extensive than pre-

viously reported. Within the region, values range from fresh potable water in

northern Illinois to water with a total dissolved solids content of 300,000 mg/i

which is about 30 percent. No state or Federal agency has suggested that waters

with dissolved solids contents greater than 10,000 mg/i need be protected for

water supply purposes; injection is therefore not precluded by that factor except

in the limited areas mentioned.

During injection, if the injected water is less dense than the formation

water, the injected water will tend to flow updip as a wedge. If the opposite

is true, flow will be downdip. While this is not significant in most cases, it

would have to be taken into account where the extent of spread of an injected

waste is considered important. In such a case, adjustment of waste density to

that of the formation fluid might be contemplated, or, as has been suggested,

the waste might be made more dense than the formation fluid and injected into a

synclinal area where it would tend to be trapped.

In addition to lateral variation in formation water salinity, there is con-

siderable vertical variation, as can be seen by examination of the data in

Tables 8-12. In general, salinities increase with increasing depth, but rever-

sals in this pattern can be found. The apparent reversals that are shown are

all the result of log interpretation; none that are shown are confirmed by water

analysis. The fact that water of varying salinity occurs within the basal sand-

stone is evidence that vertical flow is restricted even within that unit. This

is favorable for disposal because it suggests that wastewater flow may be re-

stricted in the same way.

-15-

Thickness of the Confining Unit

The characteristics of the confining units are also important to the suit-

ability of a potential disposal interval. It is essential that injected waste

be prevented from escaping from the basal sandstone and entering fresh-water aqui-

fers or strata containing minerals or stored gas. Because the basal sandstone is

underlain by Precambrian age crystalline rock, downward migration is not possible.

In various portions of the Ohio Valley area, the basal sandstone is immediately

overlain by shale, by siltstone, or by carbonates (dolomite or limestone). Map 8

shows, by contours of equal thickness, the amount of shale and siltstone that

directly overlies the basal sandstone.

Where a sufficient thickness of unfractured shale or siltstone is present,

it is probable that injected waste would be completely confined to the basal sand-

stone. While it is not possible to state exactly what constitutes a sufficient

thickness of shale or siltstone without performing an engineering analysis of the

particular injection program, it can be calculated that, under typical circum-

stances, approximately 50 years would be required for any waste to migrate through

a 100 foot shale or siltstone confining bed. In most cases an injection well

will have been shut down and all driving pressure will have been dissipated before

50 years have passed, so that the waste would never have reached the top of the

confining bed. This calculation indicates that 100 feet of shale or siltstone

should provide adequate confinement in most cases. A lesser amount may be suf-

ficient in some instances and a greater amount required in others. It should be

noted that, by virtue of its position at the base of the stratigraphic sequence,

several thousand feet of beds containing no usable resources will often overlie

the basal sandstone and that absolute confinement to the immediate basal sand-

stone may not be necessary.

Where dolomite or limestone immediately overlie the basal sandstone, no con-

fining unit is shown to be present for two reasons. First, where carbonates are

present over the basal sandstone in the Ohio Valley, there is commonly a very

substantial thickness, perhaps interbedded with minor sandstone and shale. This

makes definition of the boundaries of the confining unit difficult. Second, it

it not possible to assume that all limestones or dolomites will act as aquicludes.

In many cases they will, but in others they are porous and permeable, thus acting

as aqu I le rs . There fore , when -limestones or do loin it es I ,nnn'd i at IV over I to the

I)asa .1 sands Lone , I tie ir confining properties Intis t be I OOI I IV dot e mi I nod by

ination of geologic and engineering information obtained during drilling and

testing of any proposed disposal well. This should also be done when shales or

siltstones are present, but considerable confidence in these lithologies has

already been established because a number of gas storage fields have been devel-

oped and operated in Illinois and Indiana, demonstrating the capability of the

shale and siltstone units overlying the basal sandstone to provide confinement

for injected fluids.

Ratio of Lithologies in the Confining Unil

As previously discussed, a characteristic which may influence the effectiveness

of a waste confining unit is its lithology. It has already been established that

only within the limits shown in Map 8 is a confining unit accepted as being present.

It is within these limits that the basal sandstone is directly overlain by shale

and siltstone. However, even within the area where a shale and siltstone unit is

present, the lithology is variable. By definition, geologists consider a rock that

contains more than 50 percent clay- and silt-sized clastic grains to be shale and

siltstone. A shale or siltstone may be composed entirely of such grains or may con-

sist of only fifty-one percent. Without specific testing, a confining unit would

be thought to be of better quality the greater the percent of shale and siltstone.

Therefore, an estimate was made of the relative percents of shale and siltstone,

sandstone, and carbonate that compose the confining unit.

Map 9 depicts the results of these estimates by use of a numerical rating

scheme. In the areas assigned the number 1, the confining unit is greater than

79 percent shale and siltstone. In the areas designated 2 and 3, the confining unit

is greater than 66 percent shale and siltstone. In area 2 the remaining 34 percent

is predominantly sand and in area 3, predominantly carbonate. The same rationale

applies to areas 4 and 5. Outside of the numbered areas, the rocks overlying the

basal sandstone are predominantly carbonate or sandstone. Although these assigned

numbers do not constitute a quantitative ranking, the confining unit in area 1

would be thought to be qualitatively superior to that unit in areas 2 and 3, and so

forth. Furthermore, gradation into sandstone would be thought to be more detri-

mental to the quality of the confining unit than would gradation into carbonate.

It is apparent that the confining units in Northern Illinois and Indiana grade

into sandstone and in southern Illinois and Indiana into carbonate. At the eastern

boundary, in Ohio, there is a very rapid change from shale and siltstone to

carbonate.

Zones of Seismic Risk and Earthquake Generation

The past history of earthquake activity in an area must be considered because

an earthquake might potentially damage injection well facilities or alter geotiydro-

logic conditions. In addition, it is now believed possible to stimulate seismic

activity by fluid injection; thus, the susceptibility of an area to such induced

seismic events should be examined.

Within and near the Ohio Valley region, two localities stand out as having

been affected by significant earthquakes during recorded time. Three of the most

intense earthquakes recorded in this country were centered near New Madrid, Missouri,

and occurred in December 1811, and January and February 1812. All three of these

earthquakes were of greater intensity than any that have occurred in California,

the 1906 San Francisco earthquake included. A total area of at least 2,000,000

square miles was shaken and significant topographic changes occurred, including the

formation of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. Because the epicenter area was largely a

wilderness, few lives were lost. The area of southeast Missouri and portions of

adjoining states are still active and more than one hundred earthquakes have been

reported there since 1812.

An earthquake occurred November 9, 1968, near Broughton, Hamilton County, Il-

linois, about 100 miles northeast of the epicenter of the New Madrid earthquakes.

The intensity was about 7 (modified Mercalli scale) as compared to an estimated

intensity of 12 for the New Madrid earthquakes. These values are equivalent to 5.5

and 8.1 on the Richter scale. Reports from the oil and gas industry (Heigold, 1968)

reveal that subsurface hydrologic changes and minor damage to well facilities

occurred.

A second area in the Ohio Valley where relatively intense earthquakes have

been recorded is in western New York. Here earthquakes with intensities of 8 were

recorded in 1929 and 1944. These two earthquakes were centered near Attica and

Massena, New York, respectively, and related changes in groundwater conditions

reportedly occurred in 1929. A less intense 1966 earthquake was also centered near

Attica, New York.

Data from the most recently published seismic risk map of the United States

are reproduced in Map 10. These data agree with the above discussion and indicate

a possibility of major earthquake damage in the extreme southeast and northeast

portions of the Ohio Valley and of moderate to minor damage elsewhere in the area.

The first observation of an apparent relationship between fluid iuect ion and

seismic activity was made at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal injection well near Denver,

Colorado in the early 1960's. Since that time, similar relationships have been

documented at Rangely, Colorado, and Dale, New York. The former related to water

injection for secondary recovery of oil and the latter to disposal of brine from

solution mining of salt.

It has been erroneously stated by many that these seismic events have been

stimulated by "lubrication" of a fault zone by injected fluids. What has happened,

if injection has been involved, is that the water pressure on a fault plane has

been increased, thus decreasing the friction on that plane and allowing movement

and consequent release of stored seismic energy.

Based on this interpretation of the mechanism of earthquake triggering by,

fluid injection, the following conditions would necessarily be present for the

earthquake to occur.:

1. A fault with forces acting to cause movement of the blocks on either

side of the fault plane, but which are being successfully resisted

by frictional forces.

2. An injection well constructed close enough, vertically and horizon-

ally, to the fault so that the fluid pressure changes caused by in-

jection will be transmitted to the fault plane.

3. Injection at a sufficiently great rate and for a sufficiently long

time to increase fluid pressure on the fault plane to the point that

frictional forces resisting movement become less than the forces

tending to cause movement. At this time movement will occur and

stored seismic energy will be released. That is, an earthquake will

occur.

There is no known precedent for regulatory policy and requirements that will

take seismic risk and earthquake generation into account. Tentative suggestions

are:

1. If possible, sites should be avoided where risk of major earthquake

damage is possible, as suggested by Map 10;

2. Where a well is constructed in a zone of major or moderate seismic

risk, special attention should be given to standby facilities;

3. In areas of major or moderate seismic risk, wells should not be

constructed so that they pass through fault planes because of the

danger of shifting along the fault plane during an earthquake and

consequent possible damage to well casing;

-20-

4. When wells are constructed in the vicinity of a major fault or faults

that could be a source of earthquake occurrence, injection pressures

should be kept to a minimum and a seismic monitoring network should be

considered to provide early warning by detection of initial minor

movements.

DISCUSSION OF CROSS SECTIONS

Eight cross sections were prepared. The locations of the lines of cross

•section are given in Map 1. The purposes of the cross sections are to show lat-

eral variations in the thickness and lithology of the basal sandstone and the

immediately overlying strata and characteristic responses of these units in the

various types of geophysical logs that are used. For convenience in showing

these relations, the sections are drawn with the top of the Mt. Simon Sandstone

as a horizontal datum. This is conventional practice with such illustrations,

but it is misleading to those not familiar with construction of cross sections.

Actually, the top of the Mt. Simon occurs at widely varying depths from well to

well, as can be determined by observing the depth markings in the log of each

well or by consulting the appropriate table among Tables 1-7. Each of the cross

sections is briefly discussed below.

Illinois

Two cross sections were prepared for Illinois. In the east-west cross sec-

tion across northern Illinois (Cross Section 1), the basal sandstone ranges in

thickness from about 900 feet in Well No. 17 on the west side to about 2300 feet

on the east side in Well No. 23. The 2300 feet of basal sandstone represents near-

ly the maximum thickness at any location in the Ohio Valley.

In this cross section, the basal sandstone is almost entirely sandstone, with

a few scattered shale beds, mostly thin ones. The log of Well No. 21 clearly shows

the difference between the Mt. Simon Sandstone, and the basal sandstone in north-

ern Illinois. The Mt. Simon Sandstone includes the sandstones below 3110 feet, and

the basal sandstone includes the sandstones and shales below 2900 feet. The con-

fining unit is also very well displayed in the log of this well and, as the legend

indicates, is principally shale and siltstone, with a few beds of sandstone and

dolomite..

Cross Section 2 ranges from northeastern to southeastern Illinois. The nor-

thermost well, Well No. 3, was drilled for use as an injection well and would prob-

ably have been satisfactory for that purpose, except that the water in the upper

part of the sandstone is fresh enough to be used for water supply. The sandstone

in that well is thick, porous, and relatively free of shale. The basal sandstone

thins progressively as it is traced southward from Well 35 to Well 22. This

thinning is partly a result of the passage of sandstone to carbonate. It can be

seen that carbonate is present in and above the confining unit in these wells.

Indiana

Cross Section 3 proceeds from west to east across northern Indiana from Well

No. 9 to Well No. 60 in Mercer County, Ohio. The basal sandstone can be seen to

grade upward into silstone and sandy dolomitic silstone in the logs of several

of the wells. The contact between the basal sandstone and the confining unit is

not clearly defined in these wells and was established by use of all available

evidence as to the permeability of the beds. The lithology of the confining unit

is also variable. In some wells, it is nearly all shale and silstone whereas in

others it becomes dolomitic. As the cross section proceeds from the northern Il-

linois-Indiana area, where the basal sandstone reaches its maximum thickness,

toward the east, it becomes progressively thinner and therefore has less reservoir

capacity. Wells No. 9 and 15 are both being used successfully for injection into

the basal sandstone.

The basal sandstone shows no major variation in thickness or lithologic char-

acter in the four wells in Cross Section 4, which progresses from north-central

Indiana to northeast Kentucky. The confining unit also retains about the same

thickness in these wells. It does exhibit some variation in dolomite and sandstone

content, but this is probably not sufficient to be significant in determining its ade-

quacy to provide waste confinement. The cross section terminates on the south with

the E.I. DuPont disposal well in Jefferson County, Kentucky. It was originally

intended to inject into the basal sandstone in this well, but it was found to be

inadequate for accepting the waste volume produced by the plant; thus, a shallower

zone was used.

The basal sandstone shows little variation in thickness or lithology as it is

traced from northern Indiana to southern Indiana in Cross Section 5. The Cross

Section proceeds along the eastern border of Indiana and terminates in western Ken-

tucky with the DuPont well, which is also the southermost well in Cross Section 4.

The basal sandstone is almost entirely sandstone and ranges from about 350 to 500

feet in thickness in the Indiana wells. It is about 800 feet thick in the DuPont

well. The confining unit has, however, changed in character as it has been traced

eastward and, while it is still shale and silstone, it has become dolomitic, as

is shown in the logs of the Indiana wells in this cross section.

Ohio

(rn; t( t ion ( beg his ni the west with We I I No. 60, the ext rerie eastern we 1 1

in (rot-is Section 3. From there it proceeds eastward across northern 011io to \e11

No. 81, in extreme northeastern Ohio. Throughout this cross section, the basal

sandstone and the Mt. Simon Sandstone are the same. The only variation in the

basal sandstone in this figure is the progressive thinning from about 350 feet in

the west to just over 100 in the east. However, the confining unit can be seen

to pass by facies change from shale and silstone in the west to dolomite in the

east. As previously discussed, dolomite may provide adequate confinement, but this

must be verified locally.

Pennsylvania

Conditions shown by Cross Section 7, which is comprised by wells in northwest

Pennsylvania, are little different from those in northeastern Ohio. The basal sand-

stone is thin and is overlain by dolomite and sandy dolomite. Well No. 3 is the

now-abandoned disposal well of the Hammermill Paper Company. The basal sandstone

(Mt. Simon Sandstone) was used in this well, in addition to other intervals, for

waste injection.

West Virginia

Cross Section 8 proceeds northeastward through extreme western West Virginia

and into southeastern Ohio. The basal sandstone in Cross Section 8 is thin, as it

is in Cross Sections 6 and 7, but it becomes an even poorer reservoir because it

is interbedded sandstone and carbonate with resultant probably low porosity and

permeability. The basal sandstone is also overlain by carbonate strata in this

cross section as in the previous two. It is noteworthy that the depths shown in

the well logs suggest the unhikelyhood that the basal sandstone would be used for

injection in this immediate area.

SUMMARY OF THE ADEQUACY 01' THE

BASAL SANDSTONE FOR WASTEWATER INJECTION

The data tables, maps, and cross sections, and the discussion of them pro-

vide a basis for the evaluation of the basal sandstone as an injection interval

in the Ohio Valley region.

The basal sandstone is present throughout the Ohio Valley region, with the

exception of areas where it was never deposited, some of which are shown in Map 3.

It lies at the base of the stratigraphic sequence, on the Precambrian basement

surface. This vertical location, in combination with the lack of usable resources

found in the basal sandstone, cause it to be favorable for wastewater injection.

Only in northern Illinois, where it contains fresh water, and in the few locali-

ties where gas is stored or hydrocarbons have been found is the basal sandstone

precluded for wastewater injection because of its value for other uses. Such

locations are indicated by the well symbols in Map 1.

Another restriction on the use of the basal sandstone for waste injection

is indicated in Maps 2 and 3, which show that in southern Illinois and Indiana,

in most of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and in southern New York, the unit is

too deep to be practical for wastewater injection. These maps also show the pre-

and across Ken-

those areas.

in other parts

sence of zones of major faulting in southern Illinois and Indiana

tucky, which considerably restrict the potential for injection in

Occasional major faults that require consideration are also shown

of the region.

The reservoir properties of

in Maps 4, 5, and 6, and data on

thickness, porosity, and pore volume are shown

permeability are provided in Tables 1-7. Gener-

ally, the maps and tables show that the basal sandstone is most favorable for

wastewater injection in northeast Illinois, and northwest Indiana, and that it

becomes less favorable eastward and southward from those areas.

Experience supports this conclusion, because wastewater injection and gas storage

have been extensively and successfully practiced in northeast Illinois and north-

west Indiana, while attempts in other areas have met with mixed results. This

by no means eliminates from consideration locations other than northern Illinois

and Indiana, but it does suggest caution in projecting the potential of wells

throughout the rest of the region. Map 7 shows that, except for the areas north

of the 10,000 mg/i isocon line in northern Illinois and perhaps near fault zones

in other locations, there need be no concern with contamination of usable water

in the basal sandstone.

Maps 8 and 9 show that the basal sandstone is directly overlain by several

hundred feet of shale and siltstone with varying percentages of sandstone and

carbonate throughout most of Illinois, Indiana, and in western Ohio. Although

local confirmation is always necessary, for preliminary purposes, the basal sand-

stone would be considered suitably confined in these areas. Elsewhere, dolomite

or limestone overlie the basal sandstone and the degree of confinement, though

very possibly adequate, is less certain before drilling and testing has been

accomplished.

Areas of relative seismic risk are shown in Map 10. Evaluation of the pos-

sible effect of earthquakes on wastewater injection operations and the relation-

ship between wastewater injection and earthquake stimulation is less certain than

reservoir evaluation because of limited experience in this technology. However,

the generalization can be made that extra precautions should be taken in system

construction and operation in areas of high seismic risk and that care should

be exercised in injection operations that are sited near faults which could be

the source of earthquake generation.

The cross sections provide a more graphic portrayal of the data presented in

Maps 4, 8, and 9 and show the lithic variations occurring in the basal sandstone.

They supplement the maps and data tables. In addition, the cross sections show

the response of the units under study in the geophysical borehole logs typically

used in the region.

REFERENCES

Algermissen, S.T., 1969, Seismic risk studies in the United States; Presented at Fourth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, January 14, 1969, Santiago, Chile, Reprints available from U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Adminis-tration, Washington, D.C.

Becker, L.E., Hreha, A.J., and Dawson, T.A., 1976, Pre-Knox (Cambrian) Stratigraphy in Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin --, in preparation

Cleary, E.J., and Warner, D.L., 1969, Perspective on the regulation of underground injection of wastewaters: Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio

Heigold, P.C., 1968, Notes on the earthquake of November 9, 1968, in southern Illinois: Illinois Geological Survey Environmental Geology Note No. 24.

ORSANCO, 1973, Underground injection of wastewaters in the Ohio Valley Region: Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio

ARRRKV I AT IONS [ISEI) IN WELL DATA TABLES

KB kelly bushing

DF derrick floor

GL ground level

TM topographic map

ETM estimated from topographic map

THL

O/G ABD drilled for oil or gas - abandoned

OIL producing oil

GAS producing gas

GAS STG drilled and utilized for gas storage or storage field

GAS STG ABD abandoned gas storage well observation

SWD salt water disposal well

DISP industrial disposal well

DISP ABD abandoned industrial disposal well

WTR water supply well

WTR ABD abandoned water supply well

NI not identified

ND not determined

NP not penetrated

i incomplete section

(?) information unknown or questionable

MD millidarcys

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The following organizations and individuals have contributed

materially to the preparation of the report Evaluation of the Ohio

Valley Region Basal Sandstone as a Wastewater Injection Interval.

Illinois State Geological Survey

Jack A. Simon, Chief Robert E. Bergstrom, Principal Geologist, Geological Group Thomas C. Buschbach, Geologist, Stratigraphy and Areal

Geology Section Donald C. Bond, Head, Oil and Gas Section Timothy Keminis, Research Assistant

Indiana Geological Survey

John B.Patton, State Geologist Leroy E. Becker, Head, Petroleum Section Andrew J. Hreha, Geologist, Petroleum Section Thomas A. Dawson, Head, Petroleum Geology Section to

April 1974 (deceased)

Kentucky Geological Survey

Wallace W. Hagan, State Geologist Edward N. Wilson, Head, Oil and Gas Section

New York Geological Survey

James F. Davis, State Geologist W. Lynn Kreidler, Senior Scientist (deceased)

Ohio Division of Geological Survey

Horace R. Collins, State Geologist Adriaan Janssens, Head, Subsurface Geology Section

Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey

Arthur Socolow, State Geologist William S. Lytle, Senior Research Geologist Walter R. Wagner, Geologist, Oil and Gas Geology Division

West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey

Robert B. Erwin, State Geologist Larry D. Woodfork, Assistant State Geologist Douglas G. Patchen, Head, Oil and Gas Section

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - cont'd

ORSANCO

Russell A. Brant, Geologist and Principal Investigator

University of Missouri -- Rolla Department of Geological Engineering

Don L. Warner, Professor of Geological Engineering and Consultant to ORSANCO -- Project Technical Coordinator

A. Herbert Harvey, Professor of Petroleum Engineering

Ernest Bartoli, Graduate Assistant

Dennis Gleason, Graduate Assistant

John Reiss, Jr., Graduate Assistant

U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division

Francis A. Kohout, Project Officer

Leonard A. Wood, Project Officer

-30-

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MAP 2

ELEVATION OF THE TOP OF THE PRECAtmRSAN BASEMENT %MkCEOO AVER BAN AND vY

Ohio

Ivor ValI•y weer CoinmisslO" 1975

p,istd oics' Kwalft ow *46 --S

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4 / •i" 4 MAP 3 S

A

-'-', 'k --V•

ELEION MAP ON THE TOP OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE 01110 RIVER BASIN AND VICINITY

Ohio River MIsy Water Sanitation Commission 1975

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j54

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Pvspsrid comp b by "m 080IO9IO 8wnp CS t, os, P011 10YAWS,

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MAP 4

THICKNESS OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE 04-00 YER BASIN AND V1CINTY

OhIo River *IIey Water S-onitati* CommIssion 4975

Prepared c__itl. by * io4 I.' WAmftft mm Wk -Vae, %%*do. — NO4 o

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Co. biIdvw6ww $, 50 10 500 low

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I

POROSITY OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE OHIO RIVER BASIN AND VICINITY

Ohio River Volley Water Sanitation Commission 1975

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PORE VOLUME OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE 0110

RIVER BASIN AND VIC*NTY

Ohio River Volley Water Son-itatiox Commission 1975

Pvepo,,d by me Depovtieat 04 QSoo$iCS aSIerflg,

ueevwvey of i-ofl., atwo lbs asmcS of OW Gsoed Soon, e of 9104W WINAL.

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MAP 7

SALINITY OF WATER IN THE UPPER 100 FEET OF

) ,r

I ):-; \. - -/

THE BASAL SANDSTONE OHIO RIVER BASIN AND VICINITY

_. l "-\L.

/5

•"4 I Ohio River Volley Water Sanitation Commission 1975 L '

-5 If_5_,,_ ,,•_ I

Prepared by the O.pot!m.nt of Geological Engineering, University of Missouri -Rolia, with the o,sancs o

jr S the Geoliagicai Suensys of ItiViofi. ltt4ous, Xwsfucby,

hew York, Oton, Pvstwyhoon,0. and et Vh'Wec

0 3e,lss 0 4Ott

Contours of total drsuofned soeds conoentre$,Ofls in per 5* as defer ed by woOSr eedye.s

-c / and log etherpre"two. Coittoun rtternd

y•- \ ( \ \ ---i I ,_,_,

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MAP 8 1-7

- •S r f THICKNESS OF THE COflFV4II4 UNIT OHiO RIVER

B'pSN AND V1CINKTE

Ohio River Valley Wctr Sanitation Commission 975

A-.5 • -J- J N / 's J, Psiperid CCd9iCSdy IN O*oiI r-S of

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RATIO OF LITHOLOGES 04 THE CONFNNG UNIT OHIO RIVER BASIN AND VK*IIIY

Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission 1975

Prepared co.Io$$vry by IM G.o4oqCaI 9iiqs of IIInoès, LtIc, KiI*i, Now 't. Ohio, PeøpyIv'oc,

d WesI 1FiG, and Wi LI.w.air?y of ccs1-RoSa

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MICHI G4N

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V possmaj Mr- rs, NO as wilmals Or smillius" ZU !88811 It

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MAP 10 The Ohio River basin and vicinity showing the degree of seismic risk as projected from earthquake history and geologic considerations. from A/germrssen. 1969

LEGEND MAJOR DAMAGE FROM

- EARTHQUAKES MAY OCCUR

H- MODERATE DAMAGE FROM EARTHQUAKES MAY OCCUR

MINOR DAMAGE FROM EARTHQUAKES MAY CCCu

c ago

TQO Of - 11600N

TOP OF CONFIFF*Q MIT

am

CROSS SECTION FAST

- WEST CROSS SECTION OF THE BASAL

SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA IN NORTHERN ILtINO3

OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATERSANITATION COMMISSION - 915 PREPARED WY THE ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

• S

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1

CROSS SECTION 2 NORTH - SOUTH

CROSS SECTION Of THE BASAL SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT

STRATA IN EASTERN ILLINOIS OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COISSION - ISiS

PREPARED BY THE ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

IIVRM.m ft.

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1

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CROSS SECTION 3 EAST - WEST

CROSS SECTION OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT

STRATA IN NORTHERN INDIANA OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - 975

PREPARED BY THE INDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

LAW" ca so-wo

r!i

CCAA

CROSS SECTION 4 NORTH - SOUTH

CROSS SECTION OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT

STRATA R CENTRAL INDIANA 01'O RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION CONNISSIO$I-P975

PREPARED By THE INDIANA G(OLOICAL SURVEY

A.'.-., 0611WIIIIIIII.Aw S. -

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AR

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SA•HIIS SUUWYSI

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CROSS SECTION 5 NORTH - SOUTH

CROSS SECTION O THE BASAL S AND STOHIE AND ADJACENT

STRATA S. (ASTERN INDIANA OHIO RIVER VALLEY *ATEW SANITATION COMMISSION-FATS

PREPARED BY THE INDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Eft CLAW PORMATIM

IM SAHI. A

1...•

CROSS SECTION 6 EAST- WEST

CROSS SECTION OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE AND AOIACENT

STRATA IN NORTHERN OHIO OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION-1975

PREPARED BY THE OHIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Q

CROSS SECTION 7

CROSS SECTION OF THE BASAL SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT

STRATA IN PENNSYLVANIA OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - 975

PREPARED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

H

--

EJ.

CROSS SECTION OF THE BASAL

SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA IN WESTERN WEST VIRGINIA

OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - 575 PREPARED BY THE WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CROSS SECTION B

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GE

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CN

tn H"-l_-IH U) •ui •-i

• •_-4

a)

• Q: •

I

4J Q -ii lJ

M~-"

~ IN

('J

H N en LO '.0 N- CO 0)0 H (N C') If) '.0 N 0)0)0 _-I (N (') -'r U) '.0 N 0)0)0 '.0 '.0 '.0 '.0'4) '.0 '.0 '.0 '.0 N- N N- N- N- N- N- N- N- N- CC) (00)0)0)0)0)0)0)0) (7S

I!) L() tt o co N ON Lfl C) Lfl C' 0 N m m N (fl () IICW 0 H co Co N co co N H N N If H co m H H N H H N O\ 11w N N N () C) m I H 0 () 0i (') IV Lfl CO 0 CO ( 00 H 0 () 0 N m P) O u NN cn NN mr')m NNrNmNNNNNNLCNNNNNLnLn Ill I I II 1011111111111111111111

H

I 11111111 I III IC\l 10111 INI liii I I m (N

N U N 0 U) Lfl 0 N N N rn N CO (N C to N H I I I I H (14 H N I I (N I H N I N m I rn (N I N I

LflLfl IC) N C) C) D IC) 0 N 110 N N N If) IC)

C) I I I I H H i-I -1 0 I I r-I I H 0 H H N i-4 I .-1 H N 0 I H I 0 I

I-I C) m N N C) N C\ 0 0 00 000 N C) 0 E- 0 I I I I H () H H I I I 0 $ H I 00 I N IC) 0 I 0 I If) I

1) ) Z Z

U)

ri H LC) IC) N N 0 If)LC) O 0 CO N LC) N C> 0 '..D 0 p 0

Z C\ N H (fl (N If) (N N Z O' LC) CO N (fl CO O e) ¼ 0 N C) H () m ,-I H -4 H H H H H H () H H H H H N H N (N lw H H

U)

H 0 ¼0 O m ¼0 N 00 '¼0 0 N N U 0 N N m N ¼0 O 00 It) E- o\ m It) N 0 u o N O' H N CO If) ' ' H C) H m , Z CO (N N CO N 0 C) CO N Z H N H CO m ¼0 H CO CO CO O (N CO Z 0 cn co

HmNNNnmc'I - N cn (NNNNHHH IV NH NHLC)LC) 111111110 11111111111111 1111

H

U) U)

if) 0 0 N LC)0

c00 If) 0 0 IV C) 0 ? m Z H m qw Z m H

H 0

0 aN ¼) '(NC)

IC) 0) CO Nif) H HH

I I I I II

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I < I I >< I I I I > I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I $ ) I I I I I I I ) I I I I I I I

GE

OP

HY

SIC

AL

LO

GS

Cl) >I IuIIIIIIIuu

I I><<I II I

I I 11111 iII><.

>c>><I I>I>>, ><>I

000 00000

N N N N Ln O H Q N Ui N H C N N ¼0 N N CD C) N O CO

H CO N C CO N CO N C CO 0 CD N N N N N N m N N Lfl

IICT N N CO 0 N 0 N CO CO H Ui H N O CO N N CD CO N CO oll CO CO CO CO CO CO CO o co CO c> CO

H

(L) H

z >2 • 0 H

H 0i4-O) 0 r

4) W r-I 14 (Tj 'rl

04 u 44

ER

4J4_)4J4_) 0000

llll

-I -4 -1

H m cn N Ui LI) N LU N CO CO CO ('i CO CO ICT CO CO CO CD CO O\ O's O Ol ON ON M C\ C'i 0i O's ON ON H H H H H H H —1 H H H H

H • U)

H

0 H H H

. *,r, ,* J go

• • 8

H (N rn Ui CD N CO O. 0 H N O\ C\ Ci O O\ O' O\ 0i O 0000

_-1 -1 —J

DA

TA - Ohio

om co u cmO\ qcw 0r-4a N 0 H 0 H H 0 C\ m 0 a

I () N N N N N H N N H Z 1111111111 I

111111111111 I

o i N I I 00 I 00 m f-I U) '.D H 11W Lfl(fl N(')

LflLfl If) N N 0 Lfl N N If 0 I H I I H H I H H H 00

I-fl I 00 I I I I co r- 100 H N U)Lfl

1?

-'-I N N If) 0 t LO (D N Ui If) 0 m in I-fl N N 0 Z in w ItT C N N O\ 0 m () ('1 N H (N H H

%D co OD 'D N I-fl N N N 'D co N m N H H I I I I

0 (fl w (fl O N (fl 0 H M H co H co (N

N N w H N H H H N H H N ' 1111111 I

0CN0Lfl 00 0 N Lfl N 0 N

m N N Z H H

%D 0( CNmNLfl 0 IT 0 CV) Lfl '.OLfl NNHH HH 1111 II

1111111111 III

1111111111111

~g

H (N O H C) N '0 N 0. 0 aN IT 00

U) N H H

a) OH

-1 H OH 01-i

.0> O0 (1) 4-i

u, r '0t!'0 ¼0 '.0 C. ON ON H H H H .—I

H (N ()

0 r'1,-3a)

cz1E4 uwoom m a L

(I) > a) t.0 Ln Lfl a lilt

N LI) IN

LI) ¼0 N 0000 I

(N 0 a) Lt) m cn -i qtT U) a) '---4 .H

LO N N LO 0 LI)

N m cc ¼D LI) If) C)

I I

Li

~ ~ ~~ ~ ~1:1~

R ~O - 00-- -013- 1 po-- oz 00-- lo~

(N (N KT LO N tf),1 if) If) (N If) r) (f) (N('•) (N If) (N ,-I ¼0 If) I'D (V) 1.0 co co 'm N

(N,-) -1,--)

(N .D N N If) ''O\ 0 If) 0 m o' m '-I ¼0 (N N LI) 0) Ll) 0 0)

'-I

0

c 'ri )1) Q) W (Cl >'-I

•H > ) )-4 4) ,-4 (I) c Qi i,-i U )OOOIl)

'-10W-I 0 r10Q0Ø) (A

2 , i I

,-) ' ' o' ' LI) If) N N N j) N N LI) N 0) 0% 0) 0)0) 0) rH r-4 1 ,-i '-I -I , '-I

U) §4

~, A A 8 w

,-4 (N (fl ' LI) "0 N co

64 H w 00 E-i m 00 ¼0 00 m 0 4 c 00 moo N r-

r, m CO r— CO I I

r I I I I I I I I

>

I I I I I I I I

I I I

OLJ CO H H -1 H H

E-'E-. E-c

CO

LO If) N I I Ln I I I N

I I

80 I I I

I I I

itt.1

-wu

'-I H H H H

0 0 0

m 0 0 N 0 0

0 r- 0 0

N 0

H

'in0in 0)0)01.0 co 0) 0 N m m

CO 0 m 0 m 0 m 0 rHO HO 0)0 0 W04 N in N 01.00) H N N N N m m m

in in in 0 N 0) H 0 H CO H N (3) H t.0 N N N CO

SA

LIN

IT

Y

rl 0

4-1 r4 04.)

(Ti

4J.4 ID4 a) (1) En

0)N co IV COO) mm

0 H 0

cos coH m m

0)

00 InN if) in

(n U) In U) U) U) U) U) 0 r1 r4 •HU)U) U) r1 U) -rq U) H U) -H

U) U) U) Cci r1 U) U) U) 4-44.) >1 >1 >{. >iU)U) U) >lW >1 U) >1 In >1 WCflU)U)U) 0 (13

4.) H (i

- H ( (HH

>iH >1H >1 H H (dH (Ti H (Ti rH(Ti

>1>1>1>1>1 H H H H H Foci) (Ti c (Ti (Ti

0.1

4J4 4 4 4 1 (1) (1) ci) 0) (1) b)(1) ci) bQ) btYtr 4) 4.) 4.) 4.) 41 30 Q4.) 0 4 0 04.) 00000 (Ti (Ti (Ti (Ti

H

cL1 0 > ra E- ci) 00 00 000000 00000000 00000 H >U) 00 00 00 0000 00000000 00000 U)0 00 1.01.0 Hr-T 0000 00 00 0 in 0 0 00000 ZH (i 0 r4

4.) Wr-T 00 N N NN mmoo ONONOCOOcn O¼0NDCO 0U) 0 0)0) 00 00 00 rrQ H H inNOO) ODr0Nin

cI ci H H H'H H H

V 1?

( TO

TA

L D

ISS

OL

VE

D S

OL

IDS

4-4 rHO ci)

wo

( j(Ti

U) r 111 O

bserv

atio

n

CO IZT H m OD 00 m m

in 1.0H 1.0 H H N CO N m m in m m m m I I I I

CO 1.0 N t.0 in 1.00 1.0 0 N 0 N 0) H H H H H N N N m II I I I I I I

N N N N LO N 01.0 r- (Y) m in N m in 0 1.0 t10 N N I I I I I

U) -H 0 () 1-; LI) 1.0 0) N

-1 N N N N .1 H

o •r-1

U) •rj (n

U) r1 U)

Cl) r1 U)

to U) r4 U) d U) r1 U)

U) rq U)

U) U) U) U) •rl ri U) r1

(0 (1) U) r1 r1 r1

U) r1 U)

in r1 U)

(1)

U)

(4-14L) >1 >1 >1 >1U)>i >1 U)U)iCJ) WU)U) >1 >1 >1

Q( i-i H '-1 HiH H >1iH >4 >4 >4H H H 4J ( ( ( (H( ( Hr- (dH r-Hr-

rQ)

4) 4 -1 (1) 0) a) a) U) øib U) bba)b a) U) U) Z4- 4.) 4.) 4.) 4)04.) 4.) 0040 000 4) 41 .1-)

(CS (Cj (Cl (Cl-(Cl (Cl (Cl (Cl (Cl H

a)

4) >11 rd 4J a' CO H CO ' m N 0 -rlrj (fl (N 0 ¼0 1.0 0 91 0 0

0 U) 0 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4-1 124 U) H H H H H H H H H H

U)

Wa) 4J4 (1j

>1 t4a) OH

H

(00

rtlW

rj

U) U)

r-4 r-4 ro (Cl0.r-1

0U)0 El (I)

Cl

o 0 o

N Lfl

o N H

(N H (N

00 00

LI)LI)

000 000 D0r

tD0I'D COCO

00 00 mm

O OIN

0000 0000 000

IQOOmLr) HH(N

000 000 000

COLI) H(N

c'

0 0 0

N Ø

00 00 NN

(N(N HH

00 00 mm

N(N

-I.)

C) 44

H 0 O 4.) U)

> 0 4 ri (13

(N O

0 0

Nm IT 0(N

(NH COO

(NCOH() flO(N

0¼O N(NN

LO 0

0C NO

CflCO C()

rj m ICT NCO NO'0 LI)LI) NNNCO 000C CO U) ¼C) N (Cl -1 H H H (N (N (N H H H H H H '-1 (N (N (N H H

(Cl (I)

H

(Cla) a)WU)

çzO

I H II I I I I I liii I Ii I II II

U) (Cl po

0 N

0 m oO oo m 0 ¼o a) r-I Iq 0O m HO ¼H

CN o- m OLnCO OH H(nmo ICT 0u) I N N(N

(N N LI) .Ø Iq LI) Ifl (N (N IV v v LI) LI) N D (N m H

' H (N (N m m c' (N (N (N (N (N (N (N N m ko (N (N H H H Iq

(Y-,

(total dis

solv

ed s

oli

ds

)

E

H a)rI

0 0

OIn 0 c O '.00 0IHLflH M 00 Or-I OH InN a) Cd N Iq N () N N (') N In CO N CO In O N CO H CO 0 H H N

> 'CO IVIn NN IV Iq COCOONm HH co 00 c-I H HH c-I H H H N Iq IV N N CO CO CO CO m m N N m m m m

(a Q)

a) U)

I I II I I II I 11111 I I I I II I I

CO

'd a)

c--14..) 0(n

-rIld rCj(J)

c--IH

4) 0 4.)

ro c-I 4.) H c-I

4-4

o -c-I

U) U) -d

-c-I U)

U) c-I U)

U) r-I U)

U) r-I U)

U) Cl) En U) U) c-I U)

-c-I r1 H -c-I U) .c-I

U) --I U)

U) -c-I (n

U) -c-I U)

U) -c-I U) 4-44.) En >1 >i >i i U)U)U)U)1U) >1 >1 >1 Old >ir-I r-I c--I c--I >1 r-I>-1 H c--I c-I 41 HId Id cd Id Hr-I(dr--4 Cd (Ti rd Cd

Cd CdCdCdCdCd

4 04 4J4 .I -4 4 s-I 4 4 -I .4 a)W

41 bW 04j

a) 4..)

a) J

a) 4) 0004.)0

a) 4)

a) 4.)

a) 4.)

a) 4.)

C H

t-Cd Cd Cd Cd 4Cd Cd (d (d Cd

E 0

4-4

U) .4Cd a)a)

>

c-I -c-I U)

cza) a

H H 0

H

H c-I 0

H

(fl 0

H

0 N 0

H

In

H

H

Ifl 0

H

In ItT 0

H

r-I In 0

H

0 In 0

H

4J > 't r-I a) 0000 00 00 000000 00 00 00 00 U)O > U) 00 00 00 00 000000 00 00 00 00

HHFTi 00 OD Lflu) 000000 Cd 0-c-I 4-)U)H Nm NN 00 00 00 OInOONO OC 00 co

'd a) OW 0 E-1c-IC1)

a

H H H H In In O In N 0 In ko 0 HHHNN

N N In In t.C) 110 D

Cd4-)

U) -d

m

0 (Y) OD 0 O 00 OD O OON'.ONO '.0'.0 NCO '.O (fl '.Dm (fl 0 '.0 N In 0 RZT N 0 (fl H N O v qz3, In (') 0 qv I ON I HIn OH OO OO '3''.DCOCOO 0) ON In '.0 CON co OD N N N N N m' NT CO CO CO CO CO O m cn m m C) In m 0

CO m m

0 -1 (N 14T '.0 N CO (0 N CO CO In H H CO In CO '.0

0 4-i rI 04)

Cd

4J4 cZa) a)U)

0

00

4)

0 C.)

4i4

>1 4-4W OH

H

(1) lc:

(I14-)

U)

H 0 U)

rd

H 0 U) U)

rd

H c1 4) 0 4) B

asal Sandstone Unit in

Observation

U) (n U) U) U)

U)U) 1 •.-4 U) r1 rl r{ r4rI U) U) -ffi U) U) U)U) >1 >1 U) >4 >1 >i

,—I H >1H H H

(cml HH

(Ti

Iq:

-4 4 4 a) a) dW a) a)

00 4) 4.) 04-) 41 (Ti (Ti ,1(Ti (Ti (Ti

>1 rd 4-3 LO (Y) H Lfl

0 (fl H 0 U) 0 0 0 0

4-4 •r24 a) H H H H

U)

0 "-I

4-44)

4) rj

rZ 04

WW Z4-)

H

.4J

00 00 0 00 0 0 00 00 0 00 0 0 00 0 0D H 0

0 0 H 0 OH cO(N lflLfl c\ cND H

co (Y) cOO ICT H(14 ON co r- co c'. H jlRT 0 ()U) N Z

(n(Y) ()r) (N (NCN H I I I I I I I I

>1 4.) H

H (Ti 0 U) 4-4-r-1

04.) (Ti

4J-1 04 W (1) U)

0

0 L coo 0 Go 110 0 (NH OD LC) oll 1.0 .O HN OH N OD

(N (Nm (N 1.0

0 U)U)() U) •r-I r4 r1

4-J U)U)U) U)

>1>1>1 >1

rtj(1) (j V.1 04

WU)

4-3 000 0 --

H Wat

er A

naly

sis

U) U) U) U)•HU)W U)U)•-IU) U)WU)W r4 r.1 U) r r1 H (I) H (A U)>U)W WW>IU) U)U)WCf) >1 >1 r-I11 >11 1-4 >1 r4 r1 (0 r- r-I r-( r-4 (ti r-I r-4 r1 r.1 r-1 RI RIRIRI

b (1) b b b w 0 04100 0Q410 0000

>1 N N t-O 0 0 0

r-1 r -

ro 0000 00 000000 00000 0000 0000 00 000000 0 0000 0000

(ti 0 r1 0000 00 000000 0 0000 0000

.lJ U)r-I LO in U) CO 0 COc0000N CO cc) oCcO OW 0 E •-1 C))

i-I - N '-I 00 m( 1)Ln0 rr

NNor r4 r

NNON

In C) C' C)

m U-) OC) cn coo CON C".

NOC Cr.1r-4r4 ODN 1 110\ m ilo ICT ifl0Nr.1P) 0 inGr-Itfl N()O N 0r 00HrNN rrr-1NN inWO N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N (N N (N N N N

I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I

0 Q4)

(ti ONiflO NO C\ v 0OO¼D NCO0 CC) 0 N000 ON IT (Y) 1.0 COO co 00 (fl0O NNrIU 0r-1N '- r- (3) NNCOOC'O\ CO CC) (Y 0 inNCO

04 (1) cn m m m c fl N (N N N ('1 N (N N N N N N M m fn rn m WU)

N 0 N in CO (r)

N ci (N IIZT

BA

SA

L S

AN

DS

TO

NE

UN

IT

IN

TH

E O

HI

O V

AL

LE

Y A

RE

A

Sea L

evel

Met

hod

of

reta

tio

n U) U) U) r1 •rI U) U) U) (fl•-IU)U) (I) U) r4 •rl r4 -rA U) I r1 >1 >1 (n U) U) H H >i>1 >i Cd Cd H H H HCdr-H

Cd Cd Cd

I-i 4 ci) a) 4) 4) 0 0 0 04-'00 Cd Cd

0 0

r 4 r4 r-4

U)

Ln qzT IV r- 00 00

HH

0 ON

H

LO

0

i-I

LU r- 0 0

H

H 0

H

Or-I H

>iCd ra 4J a) 00 00 00000 000 000 00 00000 r1 >0) 00 00 00000 000 000 00 00000 En c (1) C:

HHtj Cd0r4 4JU)r-I

00

00

00

00

0000 00(N

NLU co IZT 0 0 OD qz:T

LULUO

Ln tD oN

00

0(N

OOHOO

(N0000 00)0 LULU LULl) (N(N'O0LU 00(N HH IZT LULl) H (N LU 0

rW ElrU) (N (N

() (N (N H

() H

C)

rd 4J

U) rI rj •,- 4) H •r1 0 r.

r(1)

4-i 0

Wc: >0 H4-)

H 0 a) 0 •r{ > .i-I 4) N N 0 N H00(N00 IZT H ci'NO N0(N m cn H (N i' (N (N

00) ro

a)4 Cd Cd>

(N In 110 t~o

(N (N LU LU

N H (N H LU (N (N O00 HIn0H

qcT (N

ci' in ci' OOH

¼0N C)O0 00

0NDcO

(N (N (N (N H (N (N C14 CN m m m (14 (N (N H H c.4 (N (N H H H (N (N r1 Cd Cd

Q) 4) I I I I I I I I $ I I I I I I I I I I

WH U) U)

H H

4-) En 0(d 4J

Obse

rvatio

n

N In (N (N m m

i-I 00 (N 00 ci' H (N¼OND0NN0 NNNHNCa) (N (N (N m m m m

LO coo m In H %D

m

00 LU(N o0 (N In

0 I 0 I 110

O0(N00 III H I N O 0c'CLU (N (N Co (N m

LU (N

(N N (N

0 LU

0 In

H In

0••

Method of

Interpretation

U)

U) >.

>1>1 H Hr4 (13 U(U

a) 00 4-'

U) U) U) U) U)

U) U) U)U) U) M11

H H H r (U (o (U(U (U

U) -H (n U) U) U) U) U) -H -H -H •H -H >iU) U) U) U) U)

(U(UCU(U

00000 ci) bb' 4)00000

U) U) U) (0 r4 () -rI U) U) -H r1 U) r4 U) r H U) U) >U) >1 U) U) >4 >1H >i r-1 >i>-tH

tyl a) m m tT(1) 04-' 04)004i 1-4 (U:1 rd 1-1-i (U

000 000 000 U)O0 ¼0N0 c' H

0 (N H N 0 0 0

H H H

0000000000 0000000000 U)0N0O00r-IO0

0 (') 0 r-4 00 H 00 H i-I U) 00 in rn 0 U)

C' HHr-4H(N(N

0 0 H H

0000000 0000000 0000000 U)'O0000 'mU)oU)oU)

'-4H(N(N

0 TT

H

0000000 0000000 0 m 00000

U)NoCOo(N U) r- (NU)N

C'

ci)

4i

E 0

4-4

U)

Wa)

>1

OH H

>if 4-i>

U)0

rj)

(Ti

r 4-) r4 -H

U)

Ix4 W

U) rtj r1 H 0 (n

ro

H 0 U)

Uro-'-I

H

4-4 0

r-1 0 ci) •r-1 ::> 04-i

4-i

(U' cv U)

woo'uøoornoo N rnowrn

I I I I I I II I I

osm o qzT m NO(N

l U) I I I

(N ON (N N OH (N I I

(fl (N (N (N I

N N O (N I

N N N H U) Ø 000 m (n m I I I

U) N m U) in U) WT Iq Homcoco inincoomco H i-I H rH N (N (fl I I I I I I I

4) 0 4)

0 4-4 -'-4 Q4i

(U 4-i4 Q-1a) cijU)

,- rn (f) ON rn H

' rn .00 CO 0 (N U) rn 00 rn

I ml mo i 00oU)m (N (N kD rn H ( rn o

4 (fl N rn (Y)

00 corn coo rn'

Hco Iq

am(N , NO

U)U)¼0

mNk00000

CO CO N CO CO NNMMMMM

(3) U) (N

H 0 (ND

H (N

(N CO 000 m N U) 00 ' in a) U) '-4

(N CN CN m '

Sandstone Unit in

Method of

Interpretation

-'OOOOO

cl) 4J

E 0

4-4

U)

a)0)

(U

OH H

COO H •r-1 •(U

4_J 0

rda)

(U)

0 .4J U) ra r. iii U)

HH (U(U 4-) U) 0(U 4JPQ

> 4) r-4

-1 H

(U C')

cc qzr

H

cc• m H ¼0

04-i O (N (U

la4 0) CN

H (N 0

dissolved solids

00 in LO in N N N m ifl(0r1ifl0 (N (N m m m

00000000 M0000000 c'i in HO 0000

H ¼0 (00 0000 OH inc inc

HH(N

-1252 to -2305

r- 0 0

H

r-0 0 N (N

N (N

(N

rj a) H 0 H (flH En

.,-I U)

cc RV

H

00 00 or

ccLno(0

H H (N N I I I I

N N S N in H in Iq in t.0 r- (Y) (Y) (Y) (fl m I I I I

S

N

IC 0 cc

to -5510

N

in

5450-6160

U)U)U) r-4 H H U)U)U) >1>11 H H H (U (U(U

bbb 000

(0(0(0(0 H H H H (0(0(0(0

H H H H

0000

(0(0(0 H --4 H (0U)U)

H H H (U(U (U

000 I- :I

0000 0000 0000 0000 OOOO 0000 CflinOin 0000

H(N 00mb HHH(N

HOC'0 'omso LnO(OH N (N (N

00000 00000 00000

00000 Lo in bin 0 D HHN

OD cc cc 0 Lfl in (N cc

NNCOOO (N (N N (N (N I I I I I

cc cc cc o in NNCflO0 '.DONcccc

m m (Y)

00000 00000 00000

oq4T 00000 00 OOinOin N(N HHHN(N C'

cc m cc N H (N N N CO H H in D N (N (N (N N N I I I I I

OinOifl Tv OH0'ON O OIN rfl RV in (N N C.) cn ()

U) in in 0 HNHLfl inmnr- cc

,

'0 H

N H

in

i

CD H

rn 0 4)

Inte

rDre

tat io

n U) U) U) U)U)U)Cj) U)U)U)UD r1 WU)U)U)U) U) ?1rI (n U) r1 r1 r-I r1 r1 rI r1 rI U) •rI rI -r-I r1 'r-I r4 U) () H rq (OU)U)UD U)U)U)U) >1 U)U)U)U)U) U) >> U) U) >1>11>1 >>i>ii '-4 >4 >1>11 >M 14 >1 >1 r4r-4r-4 r-r-I,-4r-I M r-44Hr-4r-4 r-I d (ti rH r4

ti(TicTi (ti (ti (ti

(1) b' 0) (1) b 0000 0000 4J 00000 0 4J4) 0 0

F- (tiCti 0 i-i

Fn 4J

0

0 rO 0000 0000 0b 00000 0 00 0 0

H >U) 0000 0000 0 00000 0 00 0 0 Lo z (0.,-4

0000 0000 OQ 00000 0 00 0 0

00Nifl 000Lfl 0 0u000 tlo 00 0 0 0 w 0 (1)r4N 000N N NN000 -4 LflIfl 0 El r4 (ID N N Cfl r1 r1 E4 r-I '-I N (') C') N N I

U)

>0

44

r1°0 0) •r-

04

4J SNON N'0O • ' NOiU)OLfl N (14 (Y) r1 ' 0U) Q)'.Jj 0 Ln Lr) r-q y4Ø() OD kDZ m cno 0 D

r4Nm¼O CO0N q CO LflNO'r- ) r-4 i -I LO LO 4J IfI Lfl Lfl Lfl ko N N N ) rJ) N N N CC) CO N N Lfl

Q U) 0)U) (i Id 0) liii liii III II I I I I I

o

utflCOtfl IZT kDNW 110 UDN() CC) (fl 0 tlo0 0 r-4

'r0Lfl NLflr 1 0Lfl()N0 C CN LC) i-4

0NL() '.00ir) LI) Iq LflN OY cfl m C0 0 In DLO'.O NSCOCO N COCOCOCOC' In VUX Cfl O

N

.-4 N 01, I-fl

1 r4 N

(IDH

HE-I

0 (I)

SALI

NIT

Y

REPO

RT

ED

Q)

4-)

E 0

4-4

U)

(1) (1) 4J4

>1 4-4 a) OH

H

(1)0 •r-1

w.c

rta)

(4.J

(1) r1

•r-1 4) H r1 0 w:J

(total dissolved

Basal Sandstone

0

4-14-) 0

41 rQ)

U) U) U) •i-I U) •,-1 -I U) r1 U) U) >4U)

>ir- H H RI H

U) r4

'U)

H RI

U) U)U)U) r4 r1 r4 H U) U)U)U)

H H Hr-4 (dRI RI

U) U) U) U) U) •i4 •r4 -r4 r1 r U)U)U)U)U)

(d RI

U)U)U)U)U) r4r4r1dr4 U)U)U)U)U) >1>1>1>1>1 r-4Hr--1,-1H

U) W.,-4u) -i U)r4 W>1W >1H HRir-1

0.4

(1) Q) Q) tPbb'b b'b'b' bb1tbb' 0 0 4)0 4-) 000 00000 00000 04J0 I-1)- RIi:1 RI , _-1 0 (Til:1

H

a) U)

0000 0000 0000

0 0 0

0000 0000 0000

00000 00000 00000

00000 00000 00000

000 000 000

(d0rI 4J U)H

0000 ccccNLr

cc Lt)

0000 'DNOLfl

OLflLflOO C') If) N cc

00 00 Lt) If000N

0o%l0 mocc

OW 0 (14C' H HH(N(N H H H (N H H (N (N Cl (N (N H E-'

4-1 0

0 -i •r-1 4) N

o N rn

ui cc

ON RT

(N OD

0N ccmcicrn N000 Iq

ccmo'occ If) L( N (N

cccccN tf)DN

cc ON C14 mo 0 D CC) (N ' If) ¼0 N N U-) cc (N r in Cl Cl Cl

(Ti W w a)H U)

0

I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I

4)

r. '-4 0 Ri 4-1 -r-I Cl) Q4)

(Ti (N(N0 H. m

(N 110 HO

Ofl 110 0

L()0¼O tlo 0 NOD0

0 (-I

if) (N

H (N Ifl u;

0 0

0_c ICT

C"oo 4J-1 0 'DO CC) (N (N U)If) u-) CC) (NN

a)U) ll:T ICT 11 If) If) Lfl l fj U) U-) Lflu-) tf)

N (N

cc (N ()

N Cl

0 Cl

OD

(1) r( rj

•r4 4) H 0

4-I

(total dissolved 0 r.

WQ.rI if) Hif)CO) Lntnmin r- 0) D(Nr

(i) (i 0mHCNO)N 0 0H 00 00 Ln OD inco 00u00 00- v--lHC'4'NH if) c¼DN U¼D0H m in 1,6 mrinu

Lfl c'i 00 00 q If)LflLf)f) (Ila) a)a)U)

II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I

Method of

Interpretation

Cci U) Cci U) U) (ci U) U) r1 r-I r1 r1 -i-I -v-Iv-1 U)U) U) U) U) U) U) U)

1>1>1>1>1>1 H iH H H H H H

Log Analysis

U)U)U)U) U)U)U)U) (AU)U) U)U)C1)U) r4 ri r1 r4 •rI •v-1 ri r1 .,-1 •rI •r( r1 H H (flU)U)U) ()U)U)U) U)U)UD U)U)U)U) >11>1>1 >1>1>11 >11>1 >1M>1>1 v--I H H v—I H H H H H H H H H H H

RIRIRI (TiRIRI m RIRIRI

bbtT' bb 0000 0000 000 0000 00000000

>1 (13 4-) > a) 00000000 0 0000 0000 000 0000

U) 00000000 0 0000 0000 000 0000 (1)0 HrH ro 00000000 0 0000 0000 000 0000

(Ii 0r1 4-)U)H LC)0000000 0 0 Ln 00 0000 000 LnLflmO 0(1)0 NOLflHO'L000 qv NC)ULfl co 00 00 m 'D00 HCNHC El r1 Cl) Hmrrirrir-IHC'4m H HHC'IN HH H Hc'4c

A

(0 4-)

>1 4)

r1 H (Ti Cl)

0 4-I r1 04-)

(Ti

4J4 4a)

a)C%)

0OCO in M D0(N IqT (N W0rriC'Ii'NH

Iq N (N m

0CNCC) NLflON (N qV ¼0N in LO in LI)

kDO¼D 0N0 co

r- ON c- c) loll c

(fl ItT N

If) If) U

0 N H ' m111 'o kD 0LO0'O

(N (') N Co II) tfl in II) I(-) '0

U)U) U) (n U)

r1 r1 rI r

U) U) U) U) (n

1>1 >4

r-4 r1 ,-1r-I

njfl flu Ruflu

, I

a) 4) 00 0 00 c 14 H

of Waters from the

rj

U) 00 00

0 0

00 00

0)0 Hr NO 0 00 (

4J(flr1 191, m 0 00 00)0 '- I!) 00

.r-i (I) c'-4 mm rca)

retation

Method of

cN¼c4 q:T co mm mr-s ON N 0s '0N m c'm I I I I I

or m -n 00 cob (3) NW mm

Log A

naly

sis

U) U) 0 U) U) •r-I U)H rI

44 4J r1 U) U)

U) -H U)

0 (a >1 >1 H 4.) H H C rflj

(j (j

,C

Q4 I 4J4 Wa) a) bW

0 4.) 0-) (d i-

H

U) U) U) U) U) U) U) U) (1) •- F-4 r1 r-I •r-1 r1 U) U) U) U) U) U) U) (I) U)

1 >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 H H H

U) b b b b b b o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :i 0 0 F4 :1 :1

AN

D D

EN

SIT

Y O

F W

AT

ER

S F

RO

M T

HE

IN

TH

E O

HIO

VA

LL

EY

AR

EA

U)

a)

ra Q) 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U) 0 0 LI) 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r- r-

(0r-1 0 0 O 0U) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4JU)r4 0 N CO CNN N 0) N 0 ICT 0 m 'O N 0U)0 0 0) LI) NH N N CO 0 H IC) Lfl ) N ErU) Cfl H Hr H H r H H

N CO .OH H m m 0 LI) IV N CO 0) 0 0 CO 0 H Iq N () N N i-4 O (fl CO H (') H (3) 0) CflLC) 0 H N CO CO LI) CO N D C') N H N N N N N LI) N N C') N r-f U

I I I II I I I I I I I I I I

CO i-I 0 u0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IC) 0 0 N 0 CO NO N 0 H ¼0 O ¼C) '.0 CO '.0 0 N N N 0) N m rn m CO m CO C') u Cfl C') N N C') (') C') C') 110 C') C') Ilzr m N '.0

N H (') H Iq C') 110 0 CO 0 0 i' H 'zJ' H H H H N N N C'l Iq '1'

U) U) U) •r-I () U) r4 U) U) rl U) r4ri U) r1 -1 U) >i U) U) >f U) U) >1 H >1 >1 H >1 >1 H ( H H H H

b 0 0

Log

An

aly

sis

0 14

0) 4) Ri

0 b' 0 -1

(1) 4) (i

U) o U) U) U) U) U) -I U) d •r-1 •,-4 r1 r4 r1 In r4

4-1 4J U) U) U) U) U) >i U) 0 rd >1 >1 i '1 >1 H >1

4-) H H H H H ( H rQ) 0 ,c1 4 04

a) 0) b Y' b' 4-) 0 0 0 0 0 41

p- (j H

rd 4J E o iU)

4-4 cx(1)

U)

ww

U)0 (a Qr4 4JU)r-4 0U)0 El -'-1 Cl)

r(L)

(14-)

o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 0

N 110 N CO 0 in (fl a-) N m N 0 0 tlo VIO

in N ON 0 RV H in N (fl CO in CO 0 in 0 H H H H r H H H H H N H

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 RV 0 H

0 0 0 0 0 0

C) Q0 0 N in 0 N in N C N 0 Iq a-' CO 0 (N N CO N to 0 Ilzr N ¼0 N ¼0 CO N

CO IV 1.0 N IT 0 m CO ¼Q 0 N H N in qtT (1) (Y) in N N C) rn IV N N

I I I I I H I I I I I I

Iq U-) 0 (Y) 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 0 0 N CO SIO in Cfl O 0 CO 0 0 H ,-4 CO CO O H C) N 0 ' 0 Cfl 0 N ¼0 in 0 H Iq o in ' in m m H in (fl N in m c)

H

U) r1 ro r1 4-) H 0 r. U)

ac H4-) 0U) U) rd U)

ro cn H H co (13 4-)U) o(

Sea

Le

vel

Met

hod

of

Inte

rre

tat io

n

Cl)

HE-I

oz Cn 4-1

0

I-10

.r4 4J 0(1) CJD COZ

WHU) CJ)zQ

0

0

SA

LIN

ITY

0 4-4 r4 04

(t

4J4

(1) U)

0

AN

D D

EN

SIT

Y O

F W

AT

ERS

FR

OM

TH

E

IN

TH

E OH

IO V

AL

LE

Y A

RE

A

U) Cl) U) U) U) U) U) U) •d r rI r4 r -rl r1 If) U) Cl) U) U) (1) U) U) >1 >1 >1 >1 >i >11 >1 H H H H H HH H (Ii (Ti (Ti (Ti (Ti (Tifli (Ti

I I I

' b bb' b l)) W 0 0 0 00 0 4.) 4.)

N N N

r4 r4

o 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0, 0 0 00 0 0 0

0 LO 00 0Lfl Iq H 0 N N D (fl N N N N

NN m N

C N N 'D H Lfl H 0 N Lfl LflO co N N cO 0 tlo 'tf) co if, m N () N H Cl N

I I I I I I I I

Cl Cl N co ¼C) N Cl 0 l N U)0 Lfl H 0

Lfl N (I ifl N H Cl (I Cl Loin N v N

UNDERGROUND INJECTION OF WASTEWATER ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Arthur A. Socolow William S. Lytle Bureau of Topographic and

Geological Survey 300 Liberty Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 Phone: 412-565-5030

James Calver Virginia Division of Mineral Resources P. 0. Box 3667 Charlottesville, Virginia 29903 Phone: 804-293-5121

Leonard Wood U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division, National Center Mail Stop 411, 1112 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092 Phone: 703-860-6904

Robert B. Erwin Larry D. Woodfork West Virginia Geological

and Economic Survey P. 0. Box 879 Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 Phone: 304-292-6331

Don L. Warner Department of Mining, Petroleum

and Engineering Geology University of Missouri Rolla, Missouri 65401 Phone: 314-341-4754

Jack Simon Robert E. Bergstrom Illinois Geological Survey 121 Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 Phone: 217-344-1481

John B. Patton, CHAIRMAN Leroy Becker Indiana Geological Survey 611 North Walnut Grove Bloomington, Indiana 47401 Phone: 812-337-2862 (Patton)

812-337-5412 (Becker)

Wallace W. Hagan Edward N. Wilson Kentucky Geological Survey 120 Graham Avenue Lexington, Kentucky 40506 Phone: 606-257-1792

James F. Davis New York Geological Survey State Education Bldg., Bin. 973 Albany, New York 12224 Phone: 518-474-5810

Horace R. Collins A. Janssens Ohio Division of Geological Survey Fountain Square Columbus, Ohio 43224 Phone: 614-466-5344

REGULATORY AGENCIES OF THE SIGNATORY STATES

ILLINOIS Environmental Protection Agency State of Illinois 2200 Churchill Road Springfield, Illinois 62706 (217) 525-5467

INDIANA Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board 1 330 West Michigan Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46206 (317) 633-4420

KENTUCKY Department of Natural Resources Capital Plaza Tower Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 (502) 564-3410

NEW YORK Environmental Health Services NYS Department of Environmental Conservation 50 Wolf Road Albany, New York 12201 (518) 457-7362

OHIO Ohio Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 1049 Columbus, Ohio 43216 (614) 466-2390

PENNSYLVANIA Department of Environmental Resources P.O. Box 2351 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 (717) 787-2666

VIRGINIA State Water Control Board P.O. Box 11143 Richmond. Virginia 23230 (804) 770-2241

WEST VIRGINIA Division of Water Resources Department of Natural Resources 1201 Greenbrier Street Charleston, West Virginia 2531 1 (304) 348-2107

OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION

414 Walnut Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45202