APPENDIX I DEFINITION OF AGE-SEX CLASSES ... - Springer
32
APPENDIX I DEFINITION OF AGE-SEX CLASSES FOR THE BARBARY MACAQUE AGE-SEX CLASSES Because various authors have used their own age-sex definitions for their specific study contexts, discrepancies in the classification of the various stages of development for the Barbary macaque have arisen (see table 1.1). This appendix attempts to offer a more precise classification of age-sex classes based on close observations of the behaviour and physical characteristics of animals of known ages. This classification is adapted from one derived by E. Merz in the French and German monkey enclosures (see Turckheim and Merz, Chap. 10, this volume). A classification such as this cannot claim to be precise for all individuals nor all situations. Individual and environmental dif- ferences are likely to influence growth rates, attainment of puberty etc., so that errors in assigning animals to particular age-sex classes will appear. The advantage of this classification is that, being derived from close observation of large numbers of animals of known ages, it can supercede any based on much broader definitions. AGE-SEX CLASS DEFINITIONS The following descriptions are of animals kept in a provisioned environment. Body weights given are taken from measurements during the winter vaccination period in the parks; they are therefore ex- pected to be lower than at other times of the year but higher than for animals in the wild. Descriptions apply to both sexes up to the age of two (juvenile 2) years, thereafter there are visible sex differences which warrant a separate classification for males and females. 335
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Transcript of APPENDIX I DEFINITION OF AGE-SEX CLASSES ... - Springer
APPENDIX I
DEFINITION OF AGE-SEX CLASSES FOR
THE BARBARY MACAQUE
AGE-SEX CLASSES
Because various authors have used their own age-sex definitions for their specific study contexts, discrepancies in the classification of the various stages of development for the Barbary macaque have arisen (see table 1.1). This appendix attempts to offer a more precise classification of age-sex classes based on close observations of the behaviour and physical characteristics of animals of known ages. This classification is adapted from one derived by E. Merz in the French and German monkey enclosures (see Turckheim and Merz, Chap. 10, this volume).
A classification such as this cannot claim to be precise for all individuals nor all situations. Individual and environmental differences are likely to influence growth rates, attainment of puberty etc., so that errors in assigning animals to particular age-sex classes will appear. The advantage of this classification is that, being derived from close observation of large numbers of animals of known ages, it can supercede any based on much broader definitions.
AGE-SEX CLASS DEFINITIONS
The following descriptions are of animals kept in a provisioned environment. Body weights given are taken from measurements during the winter vaccination period in the parks; they are therefore expected to be lower than at other times of the year but higher than for animals in the wild. Descriptions apply to both sexes up to the age of two (juvenile 2) years, thereafter there are visible sex differences which warrant a separate classification for males and females.
335
Tab
le I.l
P
rev
iou
s cla
ssif
icati
on
s
of
age-
sex
cla
sses
for
the B
arb
ary
mac
aque
Bu
rto
n
(197
2)
Dea
g (1
974)
T
aub
(197
8)
Infa
nt
1 B
irth
-0
.25
yrs
B
aby
Bir
th -
0.4
2 y
rs
Infa
nts
B
irth
-1
.00
y
r
Infa
nt
2 0
.25
y
r -
1.0
0 y
r In
fan
t 0
.42
y
r -
1.2
0 y
rs
Yearl
ing
s:
1.0
0 y
r -
2.0
0 y
rs
Juv
en
ile
1 y
r -
3 y
rs
Juv
en
ile
(F)
1 y
r -
3.5
0 y
rs
Juv
en
ile
: (F
) 3
.00
yrs
-
4.0
0 y
rs
(H)
1 y
r -
5.0
0 y
rs
(M)
2.0
0 y
rs
-4
.00
yrs
S
ub
-ad
ult
: (F
) 3
yrs
-
4 y
rs
Su
b-a
du
lt:
(F)
3.5
yrs
-
5.0
0 y
rs
Su
b-a
du
lt:
(F)
3.0
0 y
rs -
4.0
0 y
rs
(M)
3 y
rs
-5
yrs
(H
) 5
.00
yrs
-
7.0
0 y
rs
(M)
4.0
0 y
rs
-5
.00
yrs
A
du
lt
(F)
4 y
rs +
A
du
lt
(F)
5. O
Oy
rs +
A
du
lt
(F)
5.0
0 y
rs +
(M
) 5
yrs
+
(M)
7.0
0 y
rs +
(M
) 6
.00
y
rs +
w
w
(j) » ""0
""0
m
Z o X
APPENDIX I 337
(a) (b)
(e)
(e) (f)
Plate XIX. Birth to two years of age, a) newborn baby CAP); b) 6th week CAP); c) 11th week CAP); d) 14th week (AP); e) 18th week (EM); f) 2-3 yrs. (EM).
338 APPENDIX I
Birth to two years of age (Plate XIX)
Both Sexes
Infant I, 1-3 days. Black Infant
Traces of blood on the mother's pelage (legs, arms, belly and mouth) indicating recent birth.
Irrnnediately after birth, the new born's pelage is wet. Fur colour is black to dark brown, lighter ventrally; skin of feet, hands, face, perineum and tail light pink; genital region may be swollen due to maternal hormonal influences but recedes after 48 hours; blotches may be present on the face as dark red patches; umbilicus approximately 15-25 cm long left to dry out and break off on second or third day; ischial callosities barely distinct from the perineal region appearing as soft, wrinkled, pink translucent area within the smoother pink region. New-born infants are carried ventrally by their mothers who often support them when starting locomotion (feet of new-born do not normally make contact with the mother's fur). Main activities of the new-born are sleeping and suckling with gradually more coordinated arm movements. Generally, new-borns are carried exclusively by their mothers but exceptionally males will take infants of this age.
Infant I, 3-15 days
Infant with black fur, carried ventrally; seeks nipple by jerky head movements; from carrier's lap will try to reach for nearby objects; oral exploration of own and carrier's body; by 15 days will have usually made first crawling steps near mother; mother still with intact winter fur.
Infant I, 15-45 days
Infant with black fur; oral and tactile exploration of own body, of carrier's body and near objects; finds nipple without jerky movements; stays within easy reach of mother or caretaker; will seek reassurance from body contact with mother or caretaker; motor abilities developing from crawling to jumping movements to walking; will climb small bushes; increased dorsal transport; begins play contact with siblings or peers; mother closely supervises infant's activities and intervenes frequently; mother still mainly in winter fur; which lightens visibly till the end of this period.
Infant I, 45-75 days
Patches of new denser bright brown fur appear ventrally first, around the forearms then shoulders and feet until the entire body is covered; head still dark, only brown spot may appear on top;
APPENDIX I 339
motor activities considerably developed; except in specific situations (distress or danger) the infant is carried dorsally; it is now able to walk longer distances unaided; frequency and duration of play with agemates increases as do intervals between body contact with mother; mother more often prevents infant from nipple or body contact; infant reacts to aggressive behaviour from mother by distress calling; mother begins to moult and a shorter more brownish pelage appears first on the head and forearms, then shoulders and legs and lower parts of back, the long greyish winter fur is still visible on the sides of the body, belly, neck, arms and legs.
Infant I, 75-145 days
Infants dark pelage is gradually replaced by dense, brown fur; mother continues to prevent infant from body/nipple contact; infant will feed on different foods; observes mother and other individuals feeding; spends more time playing with agemates and older juveniles; mother loses rest of her longer winter pelage, by the end of this stage her summer pelage is complete.
Infant 2, 145 days - I year. Brown infant
Mean body weight: male, 2.1 kg; female, 1.9 kg. Sitting height: 20 cm.
Brown infant gradually becoming more independent, carried less; fully weaned but often on nipple; mother still accessible to infant; more time spent playing with agemates and older juveniles sometimes far away from mother.
Juvenile I, 1-2 years
Mean body weight: male, 4.4 kg; female, 4.1 kg.
Much more dextrous in locomotion and in handling of objects; more independent but still spending most time near mother; occasionally carried and seen on nipple especially if mother has no new infant; frequent play with peers.
Over two years of age
Males (Plates XX and XXI)
Juvenile 2, 2-3 years
Hean body weight: 6.2 kg. Sitting height: 33 cm.
Often in play groups with agemates and older juveniles, mostly of same sex; often far away from mother, resting with juveniles,
340
(a)
(e)
APPENDIX I
(b)
Plate xx. Males, a) 5-6 yrs. (EM); b) 7-8 yrs. (EM); c) and d) 10-11 yrs. (EM); e) 18+ yrs. (EM) .
APPENDIX I
subadults and adult males.
Juvenile 2, 3-4 years
Mean body weight: 8.1 kg. Sitting height: 38 cm.
341
Body more slender; participates in rough tumble play with other juvenile males; will rest with other juvenile, subadult and adult males; will mount swollen females although there are no effective copulations or ejaculations.
Subadult male, 4-5 years
Mean body weight: 10.4 kg. Sitting height: 43 cm.
At about 4-5 years body size is similar to adult female; canines do not erupt below the occlusion plane; will frequently play with agemates and juvenile males, frequent rough tumble play; during mating season will occasionally copulate with ejaculations, probably no reproductive success; well tolerated by high ranking males.
Subadult male, 5-6 years
Mean body weight: 12.2 kg. Sitting height: 49 cm.
Body losing slenderness; upper and lower canines surpass incisors by the end of this period; increased participation in sexual behaviour, frequent copulations with ejaculations; generally well tolerated by high ranking males.
Subadult male, 6-7 years
Mean body weight: 14.3 kg. Sitting height: 53 cm.
Larger body; canines fully erupted by the end of this period, testicles full size; less tolerated by high ranking males during mating season.
Adult male, 7-8 years
Mean body weight: 15.3 kg. Sitting height: 55-60 cm.
Some males reach full size at this age; canines full length; mostly excluded from mating by higher ranking males.
342 APPENDIX I
(a) (b)
(d) (e)
Plate XXI. Development stages of dentition in Barbary macaque males, a) 4-5 yrs. (EM); b) 5-6 yrs. (EM); c) 6-7 yrs. (EM); d) 18+ yrs. (EM); e) example of fully developed male dentition (EM) •
APPENDIX I 343
Adult male, 8-12 years
Mean body weight: 17.0 kg.
Young adult males, heavy body, canines usually showing signs of wear or sometimes broken.
Adult male, 12-15 years
Mean body weight: 15.0 kg.
Middle-aged males; canines showing greater signs of deterioration with considerable inter-individual differences; body heavy.
Adult male, 15+ years
Old males; canines often missing; much wear in dentition; physical condition similar to old females; socially more active than old females.
Females (Plates XXII and XXIII)
Juvenile 2, 2-3 years
Mean body weight: 5.7 kg. Sitting height: 30 cm.
Still with mother but often playing with peers; if mother has second infant it often interacts with it and carries it occasionally; first faint indication of sexual swelling, ischial callosities differentiated as two distinct, triangular forms and perineal region appearing as a circular mass separate from the callosities region; no longer carried by other individuals.
Subadult female, 3-4 years
Mean body weight: 7.5 kg. Sitting height: 35 cm.
Body more slender; nipples small and button-like, face also small; still plays frequently with agemates and juveniles (mostly of the same sex); participates in infant care and will ably carry infants; sexual swellings distinctly larger; fearful when inspected by adult males; first conception can occur at about 3.75 years; with advancing pregnancy body begins to take a rounder shape; before birth nipples enlarge.
344 APPENDIX I
(b)
(c)
(a)
(0 )
Plate XXII. Females, a) 4-5 yrs., pr~m~parous (EM); b) 4-5 yrs., nUlliparous (EM); c) 6-7 yrs., multiparous (EM); d) 18+ yrs. (EM); e) 20+ yrs. (EM).
APPENDIX I 345
(?oJ (b) (e)
(d) (e)
(f) (g)
Plate XXIII. Female sexual swellings, a) 3-4 yrs. (EM); b) 4-5 yrs. (EM); c) 5-6 yrs., maximal swellings, during mating season (AP); d) 8-9 yrs. (EM); e) li-12 yrs., characteristic presenting pose of swollen female (EM); f) 15-20 yrs. (AP); g) very old female (20+ yrs.) with only slight swelling (AP).
346 APPENDIX I
Subadult female, 4-5 years
Mean body weight: 8.6 kg (nulliparous), 10.2 kg (primiparous mother). Sitting height: 40 cm.
Small face, no beard; nulliparous females still slender-bodied, small button-like nipples; still engage in play; females with infant have rounder body, longer nipples and will play only exceptionally.
Adult female, 5-6 years
Mean body weight: 10.2 kg. Sitting height: 45 cm.
Small face, small dark beard appearing as a fine line under the chin.
Adult female, 6-8 years
Mean body weight: 11.0 kg. Sitting height: 45 cm.
Beard becoming larger, nipples longer; large sexual swellings usually changing pink to blue-grey.
Adult female, 8-15 years
Heavier than preceding stage, fatter, beard more marked, nipples long and pendulant; large sexual swellings.
Adult female, 15-20 years
Mean body weight: 10.3 kg. Sitting height: -45 cm.
Large black beard, framing cheeks and chin, giving long and narrow impression of face; thinner.
Adult females, 20+ years
Very old females, no longer reproductive; leaner; slow movements with lowered pelvis, bent knees, small breasts almost invisible in the fur; nipples small; fingers sometimes crippled with arthritis; less active, mostly sitting and sleeping; less socially active; worn dentition; missing teeth.
APPENDIX II
DIET OF THE BARBARY MACAQUE IN THE WILD
The following appendix attempts to list all major food species utilised by the Barbary macaque in a number of representative study areas. The habitats include mixed oak, fir and cedar forests in North Africa as well as scrub in Gibraltar. Although Gibraltar, strickly speaking, does not form part of the animal's natural range, data on feeding habits have been chosen for this site in the absence of information on other scrub sites of identical floral composition in North Africa (e.g. Djebel Moussa).
Data comes from long-term studies undertaken in each area and therefore are considerable approximations to a complete listing of food items used by the macaques. Acknowledgements to the collectors at the different habitats are given at the end of the appendix.
347
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e X
X
X
X
X
X
P
ista
cia
te
reb
inth
us
L.
Tre
e X
X
X
=
Ger
ania
ceae
G
eran
ium
atl
an
ticu
m
Bo
iss.
an
d
Reu
t.
Her
b X
X
X
X
G
eran
ium
mo
lle
L.
Her
b X
X
X
X
X
X
X
G
eran
ium
pur
pure
um
ViI
I.
Her
b X
X
G
eran
ium
ro
tun
dif
oli
um
L.
Her
b X
X
X
G
eran
ium
tu
bero
sum
L.
Her
b X
X
G
eran
ium
lu
cidu
m L
. H
erb
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ox
alid
acea
e H
erb
Oxa
lis
pes
-ca
pra
e L
. H
erb
X
X
X
Ara
liceae
Hed
Era
h
eli
x L
. S
can
den
t X
X
X
X
X
X
Um
bel
life
rae
Bun
ium
alp
inum
Wal
dst
. an
d K
it.
Her
b X
X
X
X
C
au
cali
s p
laty
carp
us
au
ct.
, n
on
.L.
Her
b X
X
C
onop
odiu
m c
ap
illi
foli
um
Bo
iss.
H
erb
X
X
X
X
X
Con
opod
ium
mar
ianu
m L
arg
e H
erb
X
X
X
X
Con
opod
ium
B
unio
des
(Bo
iss.
) C
ele
stan
i H
erb
X
X
X
X
X
Fer
ula
tin
git
an
a L
. H
erb
X
X
Myr
roid
es n
odos
a (L
.)
Can
non
Her
b X
X
X
X
X
P
imp
inel
la
Tra
gium
V
iII.
H
erb
X
X
X
Sa
nic
ula
eur
opae
a L
. H
erb
X
X
X
Smyr
nium
alu
satr
um
L.
Her
b X
X
T
haps
ia vil
losa
L.
Her
b X
X
X
T
ori
lis
arv
ensi
s (H
ud
s.)
Lin
k.
Her
b X
X
X
X
T
ori
lis
het
ero
ph
yUa
(G
uss
.)
Her
b X
X
X
Ole
acea
e O
lea
euro
paea
L
. T
ree
X
X
X
Bo
rag
inac
eae
Ech
ium
vu
lga
re
L.
Her
b X
X
W
01
w
Part
eate
n1
Hab
itat 2
(J
l
Pla
nt
fam
ily
, g
enu
s,
specie
s,
Lif
e
'" au
tho
rity
o
r an
imal
ta
xo
no
mic
g
rou
p
Form
F
lo
Fr.
S
. L
. B
. S
t.
R.
A.
O.
2 3
4 5
Lab
iata
e
CU
nopo
dium
sp
. H
erb
X
X
Lav
andu
la m
ult
ifid
G L
. S
hru
b
X
X
Nep
eta
gra
na
ten
sis
L.
Sh
rub
X
X
X
P
rasi
um m
ajus
L
. S
hru
b
X
X
X
Ros
mar
inus
o
ffic
ina
lis
L.
Shr
ub
X
X
X
Sa l
via
ve
rban
aca
(L.)
B
rig
. H
erb
X
X
Teu
criu
m
spp
. H
erb
X
X
X
Teu
criu
m
fru
ctic
an
s L
. S
hru
b
X
X
X
Teu
criu
m p
oliu
m L
. H
erb
X
X
X
Pla
nta
gin
aceae
Pla
ntag
o co
rono
pus
L.
Her
b X
X
X
X
X
Scro
ph
ula
riaceae
An
tirr
hin
um
maj
us L
. H
erb
X
X
Lin
ari
a
het
ero
ph
ylla
D
esf.
H
erb
X
X
Ver
onic
a a
rven
sis
L.
Her
b X
X
V
eron
ica
Led
erif
oli
a L
. H
erb
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oro
ban
chea
e O
roba
nche
m
ute
lii
Sch
ult
z
Her
b X
X
X
Ru
bia
ceae
G
aliu
m a
pa
rin
e L
. H
erb
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Rub
ia p
ereg
rin
a L
. S
can
den
t X
X
S
her
ard
ia a
rven
sis
L.
Her
b X
X
X
X
Cap
rif o
liaceae
Lo
nic
era
arb
orea
B
ois
s.
Sca
nd
ent
X
X
Lon
icer
a im
plex
a L
. S
can
den
t X
X
X
V
ibur
num
Tin
us
L.
Tre
e X
X
X
~
"'lJ
Vale
rian
aceae
"'lJ m
Va
leri
an
ella
co
ron
ota
(L
.)
DC
. H
erb
X
X
X
X
Z
Va
leri
an
ella
dis
coid
ea
Lo
is.
Her
b X
X
0
Va
leri
an
ella
mic
roca
rpa
Des
v.
Her
b X
X
X
X
X
V
ale
ria
nel
la r
imos
a B
ast
. H
erb
X
X
X
X
Dip
saca
ceae
~
Va
leri
an
a
tub
ero
sa L
. H
erb
X
X
"1J
"1J m
Com
posi
tae
Z
An
dry
ala
sp
p.
Her
b X
X
0
An
dry
ala
ced
reto
riu
m
(Mai
re)
Her
b X
X
X
A
nd
rya
la i
nte
gri
foli
a L
. H
erb
X
X
Ast
eri
scu
s m
ari
tim
us
L.
Her
b X
X
B
ell
is sy
lvest
ris
(L.)
C
asso
H
erb
X
X
X
X
Ca
llen
du
la
suff
ructi
co
sa
Vah
l.
Her
b X
X
X
C
ardu
us
spp
. H
erb
X
X
X
Car
duus
B
ala
nsa
e B
. an
d R
. H
erb
X
X
Car
duus
p
yon
oce
ph
alu
s L
. H
erb
X
X
Ca
rlin
a a
tla
nti
ca
P
omel
. H
erb
X
X
Ca
rlin
a c
orym
bosa
Q
. an
d S
. H
erb
X
X
Cat
anan
che
caer
ule
a
L.
Her
b X
X
X
X
C
enta
urea
na
na
Des
f.
Her
b X
X
X
C
hrys
anth
eum
co
ron
ari
um
L.
Her
b X
X
C
irsi
um
aca
ma
(L
.)
Moe
nch
Her
b X
X
C
irsi
um
ech
ina
tum
(D
esf.
) D
C.
Her
b X
X
C
irsi
um
sy
ria
cum
(L
.)
Gae
rtn
H
erb
X
X
X
Cre
pis
h
aen
sele
ri T
hu
ill.
H
erb
X
X
Cre
pis
vesi
ca
ria
"(B
all.
) B
abe.
H
erb
X
X
Cyn
ara
hyst
rix (
Ball
.)
BaL
'.
Her
b X
X
C
ham
aepe
nce
casa
bona
e D
C.
Her
b X
X
X
D
oron
icum
atl
an
ticu
m
(Ch
aber
t)
Her
b R
ouy
Her
b X
X
X
G
ala
cti
tes
tom
ento
sa
(L.)
M
oenc
h.
Her
b X
X
H
ypo
cho
eris
ra
dic
ata
L.
Her
b X
X
X
L
apsa
na
com
mun
is
L.
Her
b X
X
X
X
X
M
an
tisa
lca
sa
lam
an
tica
(L
.)
Bri
g.
et
Her
b X
X
X
X
Cav
ill.
M
icro
lon
chu
s sa
lma
nti
cus
(L.)
D
C.
Her
b X
X
Pic
nom
on
aca
rna
(L
.)
Cas
so
Her
b X
X
Pil
ose
lla
o
ffic
ina
rum
F.W
.Sch
ult
z an
d H
erb
X
X
Sch
ult
z B
ip.
Pti
lost
emo
n
casa
bona
e (L
.)
W.
Gre
nte
r H
erb
X
X
Scol
ymus
h
isp
an
icu
s L
. H
erb
X
X
Sil
ybu
m m
aria
num
(L
.)
Gae
rtn
H
erb
X
X
Sonc
hus
ole
race
us
L.
Her
b X
X
X
w
So
nchu
s te
ner
rim
us
L.
Her
b X
X
X
0
1
W
Tar
axiu
m o
ffic
ina
le
L.
Her
b X
X
X
X
Part
eate
nr---
Hab
itatZ
--
W
Pla
nt
fam
ily
, g
enu
s,
specie
s,
Lif
e
CJ1
-I':>
au
tho
rity
o
r an
imal
ta
xono
mic
gr
oup
Form
F
lo
Fr.
S
. L
. B
. S
t.
R.
A.
o.
1 2
3 4
5
Gra
min
ae
Agr
opyr
on c
anin
um
(L.)
B
eau
v.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
Agr
opyr
on m
argi
natu
m L
ind
b.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Agr
opyr
on pano~itanum P
ari
. G
rass
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
ntho
xant
hum
odo
ratu
m L
. G
rass
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
rrhe
nath
erum
ela
tiu
s (L
.)
Mert
t.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
X
X
Bro
mus
st
eri
Zis
L.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
X
X
X
Bro
mus
te
cto
rum
L.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
Car
ex s
pp
. G
rass
X
X
X
X
X
C
ynos
urus
ec
hin
atu
s L
. G
rass
X
X
X
X
X
C
ynos
urus
el
ega
ns
Des
f.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Da
ctyl
is g
lom
erat
a L
. G
rass
X
X
X
X
X
F
estu
ca tr
iflo
ra D
esf.
G
rass
X
X
X
X
X
X
H
eZic
tro
tric
ho
n
Jah
an
die
zii
(Lit
ard
.)
Gra
ss
X
X
Po
tzta
l H
olcu
s la
na
tus
L.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
X
X
Foa
bu lb
osa
L.
Gra
ss
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tri
ticu
m s
pp
. G
rass
X
X
V
uZpi
a g
enic
uZ
ata
(L
.)
Lin
k.
Gra
ss
X
X
Irid
aceae
CoZ
chic
um
spp
. H
erb
X
X
Cro
cus
spp
. H
erb
X
X
Cro
cus
na
eva
den
sis
Amo
and
C
ampo
H
erb
X
X
X
Cro
cus
nu
dif
loru
s Sm
. H
erb
X
X
X
Rom
uZea
bu
lboc
odiu
m
(L.)
Se
b an
d
Her
b X
X
X
M
auri
i
Lil
iaceae
All
ium
pa
nic
ula
tum
L.
Her
b X
X
X
M
usca
ri
com
osum
(L
.)
Mil
ler
Her
b X
X
X
X
»
Mus
cari
g
ran
dif
loru
m B
aker
H
erb
X
X
iJ
iJ
Orn
itho
gaZ
um c
omus
am
L.
Her
b X
X
m
Z
O
rnit
hoga
lum
um
beZZ
atum
L
. H
erb
X
X
0 R
uscu
s ac
uZea
tus
L.
Her
b X
X
X
T
uZip
a sy
Zve
stri
s L
. H
erb
X
X
Dio
sco
reac
eae
Tam
us
com
mun
is
L.
Sca
nd
ent
Orc
hid
acea
e C
epha
Zan
th
em
ru
hra
(L
.)
L. C
. R
ich
H
erb
Ep
ipa
ctis
h
ell
eb
ori
ne
(L.)
C
ran
tz
Her
b L
imod
orum
ab
ort
ivu
m
(L.)
S
v.
Her
b
Ag
ari
cale
s F
un
gi
Bry
op
hy
ta
Mo
sses
Mo
llu
sca
Sn
ail
s
My
riap
od
a C
en
tip
ed
es
and
l'.
iill
iped
es
Oli
go
ch
aeta
Co
leo
pte
ra
Ort
ho
pte
ra
Lep
ido
pte
ra
1 :
Fl.
=
Flo
wer
s:
Fr.
=
Fru
its;
S
O.
= O
ther
s (F
un
gi
and
mo
sses
)
Ear
thw
orm
s
Beetl
es
Gra
ssh
op
per
s
Bu
tterf
lies
and
Mot
hs
See
ds;
L
. L
eav
es;
B.
X
X
X
Bar
k;
St.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ste
m;
R.
Ro
ots
; A
. A
nim
al;
2:
1 =
Scr
ub
, G
ibra
ltar
(data
fr
om
J.
E.
Fa)
; 2
= M
ixed
o
ak fo
rest,
D
jeb
el
Bo
uh
assi
m,
Mor
occo
(d
ata
fr
om
J.E
. F
a);
3 =
Fir
fo
rest,
D
jeb
els
Lak
raa,
T
alas
sem
tan
e,
Tis
sou
ka,
M
oroc
co
(data
fr
om
J.
E.
Fa,
P
.T.
Meh
lman
);
4 =
Ced
ar fo
rest,
B
ou Jir
rir
, M
oroc
co
(data
fr
om
G.R
. D
ruck
er);
5
= C
edar
fo
rest,
A
in
Kah
la,
Mor
occo
(d
ata
fr
om
J.
M.
Dea
g).
» ."
."
m
Z
0 X =
w
(J1
(J
1
APPENDIX III
VARIANT SPELLING OF LOCALITY NA}lliS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT
Place names in the text are those used in the Carte du Maroc 1/50,000 maps 1970 and Michelin Map of Algeria, No. 172, 1981. The spellings employed in the case of Morocco are those advised by the Commission de toponymie marocaine. Other renditjons given below, indicate variant spelling found in French (Fr.) and Spanish (Sp.) maps and texts.
CITIES AND TOWNS
Asilah: Bejaia:
Arzila, Arcila, Asilah (Fr.); Arcila (Sp.). Bougie (Fr.).
Ceuta: Sebta (Fr.). Chaouen: Shaouen, Chechaouene, Chaouen (Fr.); Chauen, Xauen (Sp.). Tetouan: Tetouane, Tetouan (Fr.); Tetuan (Sp.).
DISTRICTS
Djebala: RhGmara:
Jbala, Jebala, Djebala (Fr.); Yebala (Sp.). Gnmara, Ghomara, Rhomara (Fr.); Gomara (Sp.).
MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS
Djebel: Jbil, Jbel, Jebel, Djebel (Fr.); Yebel (Sp.), (mountain). Djebel Bouhassim: Buhashim, Bou Hachem, Bouhassim (Fr.); Buchachem
(Sp.) . Djebel Kelti: Kelti (Fr.); Quelti (Sp.). Djebel Tissouka: Tissouka, Tisouka (Fr.); Tisuca (Sp.). Djebel Tizirane: Tisirene, Tiziran (Fr.); Tisiran (Sp.). Oued: Oued, Wad (Fr.); Uad (Sp.), (river) Oued Laou: Laou, Lao (Fr.); Lau (Sp.). Oued Loukkos: Loukos (Fr.); Lucus (Sp.).
357
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Prof. Frances D. Burton, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto MlC 1A4, Canada.
Dr. John M. Deag, Dept. of Zoology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3TT, U.K.
Mr. Graham R. Drucker, Dept. of Anthropology, University College, London WCl, U.K.
Ms. Julia E. Fa, Dept. of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OXl 3PS, U.K.
Dr. Susan G. Hornshaw, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5C2, Canada.
Mr. Patrick T. Mehlman, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto MlC 1A4, Canada.
Ms. Nelly Menard, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Universite des Rennes I, 35380 Plelan le Grand, France.
Ms. Ellen Merz, "La Montagne des Singes", Kintzheim, 67600 Selestat, France.
Dr. Lawrence A. Sawchuk, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto MlC 1A4, Canada.
Dr. Miranda F. Stevenson, The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Scottish National Zoological Par, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, U.K.
Mr. Philip J. Stewart, Dept. of Forestry, University of Oxford Oxford OXl U.K.
Dr. David M. Taub, Yemmassee Primate Center, Yemmassee, South Carolina, u.s.A.
Prof. Jack V. Thirgood, Dept. of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1W5, Canada.
Mr. Gilbert de Turckheim, "La Montagne des Singes", KintzHeim, 67600 Selestat, France.
359
INDEX
Abies numidica (see Numidian fir) Abies pinsapo (see Moroccan fir) Abou Bnar, 176 Acacia, 36 Acacia tortillis (see Acacia) Acanthyllis numidica, 103 Acer granatense, 179, 185 Activity patterns, 189 Afares oak, 104, 107, 322 Affenberg, 242-261 Africa Proconsularis, 40 Age distribution, 271, 273, 296 Age of onset of breeding
Ain Kahla, 126 enclosures, 257 Gibraltar, 284-286
Agnostic buffering, 11 Agriculture, 54, 76 Agricultural ratio, 183 Aguelmane Aziga, 92, 93, 94 Ain Kahla, 93, 95, 113-133, 153,
331 Ain Leuh, 76, 90, 92, 94 Ait M'hamrned, 95, 97 Ait Ouabane, 103 Ajdir plateau, 94 Akhdar, Djebel, 22, 35-37 Al-Ansari, 48 Al-Bekri, 48 Alder, common, 34, 88 Alder buckthorn, 88 Aleppo pine, 35, 96, 97, 100, 102 Alerce, 47 Alfa grass, 31 Algeria, 23, 24, 25, 35, 36, 39,
41,44,46, 49, 50, 52, 72, 73, 109, 322, 326, 331
Alger, 49, 73, 322 Almohades, 45 Alnus glutinosa (see Alder) Ali ou Zrou, 94 Ampelodesma mauritanica, 103 Amur tiger, 215 Anagallis linifolia, 103 Anjera, 48 Anti-Atlas, 22 Antiquities, 37 Ape-cities, 6 Apollo, temple of, 42 Agfadou, 73, 80,104,107,331 Arab chroniclers, 37 Arab culture, 44-45 Arab conquest, 44 Arbal, 92, 94 Arbustus parorii, 35 Arbustus unedo (see Strawberry
tree) Arhbala, 97 Arhbalou N'Ikraouen, 94 Argan tree, 34 Argania sideroxylon (see Argan
tree) Argania spinosa, 61 Arganier, le pays d', 61 Arian Christians, 44 Aristotle, 6 Art-Attab, 89 Artemisia absinthium, 103 Artemisia herb-alba (see Dwarf
sage) Ascaris, 251 Asilah, 48, 49 Asphodelus microcarpus, 31, 103 Assamese macaque, 126
361
362
Assemid, Djebel, 165 Atlantic Silva, 42 Atropine, 252 Augustus, 41-42 Azilal, 97 Azni, 73 Aznar, 96 Azrou, 76, 93, 95, 136 Babor, Djebel, 105,332 Bab Basen, 73 Bab Taza, 165, 185 Bacterial infections, 251 Balansea glaberrima, 103 Ballearics, 38 Barbarossa, 49 Barbary, 44, 49 Barbary thuya, 34, 36, 61, 81,
96 Batha, 26 Bedouin, 45 Bedouin invasions, 44 Beech, 246, 248 Bejaia, 100 Belisarius, 44 Bengazi, 22, 46 Beni Ghobri, 104 Beni Hilal, 45 Beni Magil, 45 Beni Mellal, 89 Beni Messoud, 99 Beni Him, 95 Beni M'Guild, 113 Beni Mohammed, 183 Beni Sulaem, 45 Berbers
cultivations, 55 culture, 46 land use, 56 villages, 56
Berberis hispaniea (see Spanish burburry)
Bernicia, garden of, 46 Betula pendula (see White birch) Birth intervals
Ain Kahla, 125 enclosures, 257 Gibraltar, 288
Birth rates enclosures, 257
Gibraltar, 275-277
Birth season Ain Kahla, 125 enclosures, 256 Gibraltar, 279-283
Bissy, 75 Blackberry, 153, 248 Blida, 99 Bomba, 22
INDEX
Bonnet macaque, 8, 126 Bouhassim, Djebel, 85, 88, 322,
331 Bou Cedre, 94 Bou Iblane, 73 Bou Igaouerh, Djebel, 94 Bou Jirrir, 136 Boulemane, 73, 95 Boumia, 95 Bou Slimane, Djebel, 170 British Isles, 72 Bromus squarrosus, 103 Broom health, 31 Bracken, 34, 89 Bruyere, 64 Buckthorn, 31 Bupleurum spinosum, 103 Burning, 185 Byzantines, 44, 45 Caesar, 41, 43 Calamintha alpina, 103 Calyeotome spinosa, 103, 104 Camel thorn, 31, 34, 36 Canary Islands, 34 Captive populations, 212
interrelationships, 208 difference with non-captive
populations, 223 Carob, 31 Carthage, 38, 40, 43, 44 Cartheginians, 6 Cascades d'Ouzoud, 95, 97 Cayo Santiago, 127 Cedar, 34, 35, 42, 45, 64, 66,
75, 81, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 103, 115, 135, 149, 179
Cedrus atlantiea (see Cedar) Censuses, 172, 270 Ceratonia siliqua (see Carob) Cereoeebus albigena (see
Mangabey)
INDEX
Cercopithecus aethiops (see Vervet)
Cereals, 41 Ceuta, 42, 47, 48 Chamaerops humilis (see Dwarf
fan) palm Chabet el Akra, 105 Chaouen, 165, 167, 185 Chimpanzee, 300 Chrea, 73 Christian era, 42 Cicero, 37 Cistaceae, 31 Cistus laurifolius (see Rock
rose) Cistus monspeliensis, 104 "Citrus", 42 CITES, 319, 329 Classification, 4 Cliffs, 170, 191 Climate
Ain Kahla, 116-117 Bou Jirrir, 136 enclosures, 246 Gibral tar, 264 Maghreb, 23-24 Rhomara, 171-172
Climatic provinces, 28-30 Commercial logging, 76 Competition, 193 Confinement, 222 Cork oak, 81, 85, 104, 167,322 Core group, 233 Corsairs, 49 Crataegus laciniata (see
Hawthorn) Crataegus monogyna (see
Hawthorn) Cupressus sempervirens (see
Italian cypress) Cyprus, 38 Cyrenaica, 24, 35, 36, 40, 42,
46, 49 Cyrene, 37, 38 Cytisus megalanthus, 34 Cytisus triflorus, 104 Dactylis glomerata, 103 Daphne gnidium, 34 Daphne laureola, 103 Dar el Oued, 107
Darguina, 105 Dates, 41
363
Dayet Ifrah, 93, 95 Deforestation, 52, 194, 197-198 Degenerative occurrences, 252 Dellys, 100 Demographic studies, 263 Diarsed, 252 Diet, 12, 142-153 Diodorus, 6 Djebala, 46 Djebalan hills, 32 Djijel, 75 Djurdjura, 73, 80, 102-104, 322,
332 Dog rose, 31, 34 Dwarf fan palm, 81 Dwarf sage, 31 Eaux et Forets, Service des, 50 Ecological strategy, 12 Ecological research, 332 Education activities, 332 Egypt, 38, 41, 72 EI Hammam, 90, 92, 94 EI Kbab, 95 EI Kebir, 75 EI Ksiba, 89, 97 EI Milia, 75 Al Rbia, Oued, 92, 93 Emigration, human, 53 Emigration
enclosures, 245 Gibraltar, 295
Enjil, 90 Environmental pressure, 19-20 Erica arborea (see Tree heath) Erica scoparia (see Broom heath) Erosion, 25, 56 Euphorbia, 34 Expenditure, Gibraltar, 266 Experimental use, 320 Fagus sylvatica (see Beech) FAO, 319 Farda, Oued, 165, 170, 176 Feeding (see Diet) Fecundity, female
Ain Kahla, 129 enclosures, 257 Gibraltar, 286, 299
364
Fernando el Catolico, 47 Ferula spp., 89 Fes, 45, 48, 63, 90 Festuca algeriensis, 103 Fezzan, 49 Ficus carica (see Fig) Fig, 183 Flora, Maghreb, 26 Forest
definitions, 26 coniferous, 32 evergreen sclerophyll, 32 deciduous, 32 management, 61 production, 22 products, 63 statistics, 78
Forest area Algeria, 52, 77 Morocco, 52, 63 Tunisia, 52, 63
Foret des Singes, 242 Fossil macaques, 4, 71 Fox, red, 191 Fragaria vesca (see Strawberry) Frangula alnus (see Alder
buckthorn) French foresters, 49-50 French forest management, 63 French settlers, 50 Galenic anatomy, 6 Garet, 41 Gariga, 31 Garrigue, 31, 35 Gaul, 41
Grande Kabylie, 72, 100, 107, Grazing, 55, 154-160, 321 Greeks, 6, 40 Group
activities, 187 composition
Ain Kahla, 123 enclosures, 243-245 Gibraltar, 269-271 Rhomara, 173-175
dispersion, 188 size
Ain Kahla, 117-118 enclosures, 243-245 Gibraltar, 269-271 Rhomara, 173-175
Guercif, 89 Guerrouch, 73, 107 Gyzantes, 6 Hab i tats, 79
Ain Kahla, 113-116 Bou Jirrir, 136 evaluation, 81 Gibraltar, 264 productivity, 140 Rhomara, 170-172 "wild" and "confined", 221
Hacho, Djebel, 45 Hadrian, 43 Halimium lasiocalycinum, 34 Hannibal, 38 Haruz of Marrakech, 34
INDEX
322
Haut Atlas, 22-24, 34, 49, 64, 72-73, 79, 95
Hawthorn, 24, 103, 141 Genista quadriflora, 34, 136, Genista tricuspidata, 104 Genealogical subgroups, 230 Gelada baboon, 283
157 Health, 23
Geology, Rhomara, 167 Geranium lucidum, 151 Ghmara, 47 Gibraltar, 3, 47, 127, 214, 263-
306, 307-318, 328-329 Goats, 55, 154, 182-183, 187-188 Golden lion tamar in, 205 Gorilla, 205 Gorilla gorilla (see Gorilla) Goundafa, 73 Gouraya, 75, 102
Helianthemum vulgare, 103 Holly, 84, 141, 185 Holm oak, 73, 81, 85, 90, 93, 94
96, 103, 115, 136, 141, 170, 179, 185, 191
Horace, 37 Human population density, 167 Human pressure, 102, 297, 301 Hunting, 76, 320 Ibn Khaldun, 45 Icetcifere, Djebel, 103 Ielles, 48 I:frane. 90, 95, 136 Ighrem, Djebel, 96
INDEX
Iirilt Aimet, 103 Ilex aquifolium (see Holly) Immediate priorities, 325 Immigration, 295 Imourassine, 183 Immouzer, 95 Incarceration, 222 Infant-directed behaviour, 8, 11 Infant survival
enclosures, 257-258 Gibraltar, 291
Interbirth intervals '(see Birth intervals)
Interindividual distances, 224-225
Interspecific interactions, 191, 192
Irrigation "oriental" devices, 40 Roman systems, 44
ISIS, 205, 215, 328 Italy, 40-41, 49 Italian cypress, 35 Itzere, 90, 93, 95 IUCN/SSC, 321, 329 IZY, 205, 208 Jackal, common, 191 Japanese macaque, 11, 126, 128,
129, 295, 299 Jebaa forest, 95 Jujube, 35 Juniper, 32, 34, 35, 96, 246 Juniperus oxycedrus (see
Juniper) Juniperus phoenicea (see Red
juniper) Juniperus thurifera (see
Mountain juniper) Kabba Abad, Djebel, 183 Kabylies (see Grande and
Petite Kabylies) Kabylie de Collo, 75 Kairouan, 45 Kasba Tadla, 95 Kermes oak, 102 Kerrata, 105 Kerrouchene, 95 Ketama, 73 Ketamin, 249 Khenifra, 90, 94, 95
Kintzheim, 242, 327 Komuch, 97 Koran, 321 Kroumirie, 35 Ksar-as-Srair, 47 Labiatae, 156 Lactational amenorrhoea, 128 La Graciosa, 48 Lakraa, Djebel, 81, 170,331 Laheen, 94 Laou, Oued, 88 La Parguera, 127 Larache, 48 Laurustinus, 88, 179, 185 Lavandula, 31 Lebanon, 38, 43 LelIa Khedija, 75 Lentisc, 35, 36, 81 Leo Africanus, 48, 49 Leontideus rosalia (see Golden
lion tamar in) Leptis Magna, 24, 43 Libya, 48, 49 Lion-tailed macaque, 212 Livestock, 154, 175 Location calls, 188 Logging, 185 Long-tailed macaque, 126 Lotus, 42 Loukkos, Oued, 48 Low maquis, 179 Loxodonta africana (see
Elephant) Lucanus, 37 Lycium intricatus, 31 Macaca arctoides (see stump
tailed macaque)
365
Macaca assamensis (see Assamese macaque)
Macaca fascicularis (see Longtailed macaque)
Macaca floren tina, 7 1 Macaca fuscata (see Japanese
macaque) Macaca lyhica, 71 Macaca majori, 71 Macaca mulatta (see Rhesus
macaque) Macaca nemestrina (see pig
tailed macaque)
366
Macaca pliocaenia, 71 Macaca prisca, 71 Macaca radiata (see Bonnet
macaque) Macaca silenus (see Lion-tailed
macaque) Macaca sinica (see Toque macaque) Macaca suerica, 71 Madala forest, 102 Madeira, 34 Maghreb, physiography, 21 Mago, 40 Maquis, 31, 35, 37, 49 Male fertility, 128 Management
enclosures, 248-252 Gibraltar, 266-268
Mangabey, 300 Maritime pine, 81, 167, 179 Marmora, 64 Marrakech, 34, 45, 64, 73, 97 Mating season
Ain Kahla, 124 enclosures, 256-257
Matrilines effect on spacing, 228 Gibraltar, 275
Mauritania Caesarensis, 40 Mauritania Tingitana, 40 Mebendazole, 251 Meknes, 89 Meman, 45 Merhraoua, 90 Merino de l'est, 55 Michliffen, 331 Midelt, 95, 96 Mimejab, 94 Minoans, 38 Miocene, 71, 166 Mixed cedar forests (see Cedar) Mogador, 34, 38 Mogods, 35 Monkey effigies, 4 Monkey units, 176-177 Morocco, 24, 26, 38, 40, 43, 45,
46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72, 73, 75, 107, 109, 113, 241, 326, 331
INDEX
Moroccan fir, 36, 81, 85, 165, 167, 176, 179, 183, 191, 194, 322
Mortality causes
Ain Kahla, 124 enclosures, 251 Gibraltar, 293
changes enclosures, 259 Gibraltar, 294
Moslems, 38 Mothers, 289 Moulay Idriss, 89 Moulouya, 34, 48, 81, 89 Moulting, 124 Mountain juniper, 34 Mouzaia forest, 99 Movements, 191 Moyen Atlas, 22, 23, 24, 52, 66,
72, 76, 79, 80, 90, 95, 96, 107, 113, 135, 322
Muluia, Oued, 48 National Parks, 100, 102, 105,
108, 109, 326, 333 Neonatal sex ratios, 257, 283 Nepeta granatensis, 153 Nero, 40 Nkour, 48 Nomenclature, 4 North African forest conservation
331 Numidia, 40 Numidian fir, 36, 105, 322 Objectives, conservation
wild, 324-325 captive, 327-328
Oedyda, 34 Oesophagostomum, 251 Olea europaea (see Olive) Olive, 31, 32, 35, 81 Onset of breeding
enclosures, 257 Gibraltar, 285
"Open concept", 222 Orang-utan, 205 Orbis Romanus, 38 Ouaouezarht, 96 Ouergha, 81 Ouiouane, 92, 93
INDEX
Ould, 75 Ourika valley, 73, 97 Outat-Enjil des Ait Lahsen, 89 Outat Oued el Haj, 89 Overgrazing effects, 89, 154-160 Palestro, 75 Pan paniscus (see Pygmy
chimpanzee) Pan troglodytes (see Chimpanzee) Panthera tigris (see Amur tiger) Parental care, 8 Party, 117 Pastoralism (see also Grazing),
46 Pax Romana, 41 Pentapolis, 37 "Peripheral", 229, 233 Petite Kabylie, 72, 105, 322 Phlomis bovei, 103 Phoenicians, 4, 38, 40 Phosphalygel, 252 Phyrigana, 31 Picea abies (see Spruce) Pig-tailed macaque, 12, 128,
225 Pine forests, yield, 66 Pinus spp., 171, 248 Pinus halepensis (see Aleppo
pine) Pinus pinaster (see Maritime
pine) Pistacia atlantica, 34, 35, 66 Pistacia lentiscus (see Lentisc) Pleistocene, 71-72 Pliny, 37, 40 Poa spp., 136 Pongo pygmaeus (see Orang-utan) Poplar, 34 Population density
Ain Kahla, 118 Rhomara, 179
Population estimation, 79, 122 Populus nigra (see Poplar) Portugal laurel, 88 Portuguese oak, 73, 81, 90, 95,
100, 104, 136, 159, 170, 322
Protected areas activities, 333
367
Provisioning effects, 300 events, 268
Pruning, 183, 185 Prunus lusitanica (see Portugal
laurel) PSGB, 329 Pteridium aquilinum (see
Bracken) Pygmy chimpanzee, 205, 329 Pyrenean oak, 81, 170, 322 Quercus spp., 246, 248 Quercus afares (see Afares oak) Quercus coccifera (see Kermes
oak) Quercus faginea (see Portuguese
oak) Quercus ilex (see Holm oak) Quercus pyrenaica (see Pyrenean
oak) Rabat, 64 Ras-el-Ma, 75, 90, 93, 95, 331 Ras Timedouine, 103 Red juniper, 31, 35, 61 Riata mountains, 73 Rich, 89 Rif, 22, 23, 24, 36, 47, 48,
72-73, 79-81, 322 Riparian plant communities, 88 Rhamnus alaternus (see Buckthorn) Rhesus macaque, 8, 126, 128, 129,
295, 299, 320 Rhus pentaphylla (see Sumac) Roar, 189 Rocamadour, 327 Rock rose, 31, 34 Romans, 40, 42, 43, 44 Rond-Point de Cedres, 73 Rosa can ina (see Dog rose) Rosa pouzinii, 153 Rosemarinus spp. (see Rosemary) Rosemary, 31 Rubus fructicasus (see Black-
berry) Rubus ulmifolius (see Blackberry) Ruisseau des Singes, 99 Safi, 35 Sagho, Djebel, 34 Saguinus oedipus, 329
368
Sanhajan highlands, 32, 48 Sale, 44 Sale of monkeys, 194 Salem (see Affenberg), 327 Salix purpurea (see Purple
willow) Scilla hispanica, 104 Scipio Africanus, 40 Scylax, 46 Sebou, Oued, 26, 62 Sebt Assifane, 165 Seheb, 90, 93 Senecio perralderianus, 103 Senoual, 93-95 Setti Fatma, 99 Sex ratio
Ain Kahla, 121 Gibraltar, 271 Rhomara, 178
Sheep, 55, 155, 321 Sidi M'Guild, 90, 92, 93, 113 Sicily, 40 Sidi Yahia ou Youssef, 96 Sidon, 38 Sink holes, 167 Sleeping sites, 191 Social behaviour, 188 Social organization, 8 Socio-spatial behaviour, 225 Soil degradation, 54 S~rbus torminalis (see Wild
Service Tree) Spain, 46, 47, 72
forest exploitation by, 50, 64 occupation of Morocco, 50
Spanish burburry, 103, 185 Species-related activities, 333 Spruce, 246 Stellaria media, 151 Steppe, 26 Stipa tenacissima (see Alfa
grass) Stora, 75 Strabo, 42, 48 Strawberry, 248 Strawberry tree, 31 Strongiloides, 251 Stud books, 205 Stump-tailed macaque, 126, 128,
225
Sumac, 31 Surgical cases, 252 Sus scrofa, 153, 191 Tababor, 35 Tadla, 34 Tagoulett, 96 Tahafourt, 90 Tala Ouilef, 103
INDEX
Talassemtane, 81, 89, 177, 179 Talousisse, Djebel, 170 Tamarix boveana, 36 Tamjilt, 90 Tanger, 36, 49, 81 Taourirt Ighil, 104 Takoucht, 105 Tarhzirt, 97 Tas_sent, 97 Taskert, 93, 94 Taxus baccata (see Yew) Taza, 73, 90 Tazoute, Djebel, 165, 170 Tazzeka, Djebel, 90 Tell Atlas, 22, 23, 35 Terga, 48 Tetouan, 64 Tetraclinis articulata (see
Barbary thuya) Thamugadi, 24 Thenet-el-Had, 73 Theophrastus, 37, 42 Theropithecus gelada (see
Gelada baboon) Thyme laea, 136 Thysarus, 24 Thymus spp., 31, 34, 136 Thyon, 37 Tidiquin, Djebel, 73 Tighret, 73 Tigounatine, 103, 104 Tiguerouguine, 94 Tijjida-Adelmane, Oued, 165,
176-177 Tijuca, 212 Tikjda, 103, 104 Tilouggite, 97 Timahdite, 95 Timsit forest, 102 Tirs, 35 Tissouka, Djebel, 81, 89, 170,
177, 183
INDEX
Tizirane, Djebel, 89 Tizi Ifni, 73 Tizi M'Cenoad, 103 Tizi-n-test, 73 Tizi N'Isly, 97 Tizuit, 34 Toque macaque, 8, 126, 299 Toronto zoo, 226 Totapen, 252 Tounfite, 90, 96, 97 Tourists, 102, 278, 298-303 Trade, 330 Transhumant grazers, 102 Trapping, 194 Tree heath, 31, 104 Triadic behaviour, 11 Tripolitania, 22, 36, 43, 46 Tripoli, 37, 49 Tropical Forest and Primate
Programme, 321 Tunisia, 22, 23, 24, 35, 38, 40,
43, 45, 46, 49, 50, 55, 64, 65
Tunis, 41, 44, 49 Tyre, 38 Umbelliferae, 156 Utica, 38, 42 Vandals, 44 Vervet, 225 Veterinary care, 249 Viburnum tinus (see Laurustinus) Villages, 175, 182 War, Second World, 50, 65 White birch, 34 WHO, 329 wild Service Tree, 141 Winter, 151, 179 World Conservation Strategy, 324 WWF/IUCN, 329 Yew, 79, 88, 141 Zad, 95 Zaghruan, 43 Zaine tribe, 154 Zereces, 6 Ziziphus jujuba (see Jujube) Ziziphus latus (see Camel thorn) Zoos, 203, 204, 223
369
