An In-depth Review: Structural Health Monitoring using Fiber Optic Sensor

105IETE TECHNICAL REVIEW | VOL 29 | ISSUE 2 | MAR-APR 2012

An In-depth Review: Structural Health Monitoring using Fiber Optic Sensor

Muhammad Hassan Bin Afzal, Shahid Kabir1 and Othman SidekCollaborative μ-Electronic Design Excellence Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia,

1Department of Engineering, King Faisal University, College of Engineering Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Fiber optic sensors (FOSs) are being extensively developed and utilized in various fields due to their exclusive properties compared with conventional sensing technologies, such as their complete immunity to electromagnetic interference, capability of functioning in hostile surroundings, elevated sensitivity, and user-friendliness. The deterioration of concrete structures over time is one of the major growing problems worldwide. The characteristics of FOSs can provide more accurate and precise detection of crack damage in these structures. In this paper, the latest research and progress activities regarding crack detection in concrete structures have been investigated and discussed. This paper also provides a comprehensive critical review and comparison study of various approaches used in detecting crack damage using FOSs. A separate section is devoted to highlight the areas where further improvements are required. The compatibility and sustainability of the latest FOSs in detecting damage have also been studied and evaluated in this paper.

KeywordsDamage detection, Fiber optic sensors, Structural health monitoring.

1. Introduction

The extensive application of concrete structures in recent years has made it very important matter to observe, monitor, and evaluate the conditions of these structures real time to avoid any kind of major accidents or serious consequences. In case of all recent civil infrastructures, concrete structures are the primary choice [1-3].There are various techniques that have been applied to detect the internal crack damage inside the concrete structures. All the sensing techniques that rely on electrical, mechanical, and optical approaches have their own specific merits and demerits, but only fiber optic sensors (FOSs) are able to fulfill the greater part of the requirements of accuracy, price, procedure location, and remote operation. FOSs are being extensively developed and utilized in various fields because of their exclusive properties over conventional sensing technologies, for example complete immunity to electromagnetic interference, capability of functioning in hostile surroundings, elevated sensitivity, and user-friendliness. Implementation of fiber optic sensing techniques inside concrete structures signifies a novel interdisciplinary branch in engineering field which entails the distinct blend of laser-optics, fiber-optics, optoelectronics, microelectronics, artificial intelligence, composite material science, and also structural engineering. But by comparing the overall characteristics and suitability, FOSs have better facilities and advantages over the traditional electrical and other

types of sensors. That is why FOSs are currently the prime choice for complete sensing process in concrete structures [4,5]. In this paper, the latest research and progress activities regarding crack detection in concrete structures have been investigated and discussed. This paper also provides a comprehensive critical review and comparison study of various approaches used in detecting crack damage using FOSs. A separate section is devoted to highlight the areas where further improvements are required. The compatibility and sustainability of the latest FOSs in detecting damage have also been studied and evaluated in this paper.

2. Fiber Optic Sensing Technology

In the field of science and technology, the wide-ranging usage of fiber optics and its realistic applications surfaced rapidly and as time progressed, it made a huge advancement by having a positive impact on world-wide communication technologies. This specific technology possess distinguishing and very useful characteristics such as low-cost, incredible capacity of carrying accurate information from one place to another, and total invulnerability from many pertinent interferences. FOS is one of the most authoritative and versatile type of sensors that brought so many noteworthy positive results to a variety of measurement systems and technologies similar to the fiber optic technology brought to the modern telecommunication systems.

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Afzal MHB, et al.: Structural Health Monitoring using Fiber Optic Sensor

106 IETE TECHNICAL REVIEW | VOL 29 | ISSUE 2 | MAR-APR 2012

Additionally, FOSs have a variety of exceptional benefits, for example faster response, low-cost manufacturing procedure, very solid and strong exterior, very light weight, and greatly sensitive. For these reasons, FOSs are vastly popular and very efficient as a sensing device and also provide complete solution to a variety of physical and chemical measurement applications such as flow, temperature, strain, biomedical, electrical and magnetic, rotation, vibration, displacement, pressure, etc. Practical implementation of FOSs for synchronized structural health monitoring (SHM) of concrete structures is one of the most important and ongoing research and the ultimate goal is to obtain most accurate data to monitor the condition properly and take effective steps. Over the recent years,some extensive researches and practical implementations have been carried out in this field and it provided us with some promising outcome. One of the promising sensing methods is fiber optic strain sensor which is performed as an internal sensor inside structures to observe and monitor the possible damages [6,7]. Also, previously a number of research groups and scientists carried out various laboratory tests and their studies and results established the huge potential of FOSs embedded inside the concrete structure to sense and detect strain and potential damages [8-14]. But, it is fairly a difficult and very delicate procedure to embed the FOS inside the structure properly to monitor the various types of damages. This process certainly requires significant carefulness, well-planned designing, and proper coating layer to shield the optical fiber sensor. However,this protection layer of coating plays one of the most important roles in this whole sensing system as the longevity and functionality of this sensor largely depends on the characteristics of this specific coating. Figure 1 describes the frame-work of applied FOSs in bridge components to observe and monitor the overall real-time condition of a specific bridge from a remote place. In this specific method of SHM, three different types of modern technologies play the most important part such as implanted FOSs for detection purpose, upgraded and modernized communication system for data collection and analysis, and highly developed software program to detect real-time probability of damages or any other structural health problems [15].

3. Structural Health Monitoring and Concrete Structure

SHM is an all-inclusive comprehensive process of monitoring the various types of damages and problems in different fields and areas of engineering. In case civil engineering, the SHM signifies the material change, internal deterioration in condition, and alteration in properties due to change in external circumstances in various types of structures. Concrete structures are one

of the most important field in civil engineering and currently being widely used in construction works. Concrete is a special kind of compound construction material that mainly contains high-quality cements and cementitious ingredients mixed in proper amounts. Krishnaswamy has been working in this field for a long time and he discussed this unique concept of entire management system of intelligent SHM [16-18]. Intelligent SHM is a very promising model that offers a well-organized and complete methodology to diminish the risk of disastrous failure of safety-critical structures. Figure 2 represents the various applications of SHM in different fields, whereas Figure 3 represents the working procedure of SHM in a specific field [18].

Any type of structural collapse or failure of safety-critical construction, for instance nuclear reactors, dams, bridges, air-craft, big buildings, etc., can be avoided by applying the SHM systems. Because, an efficient and functional SHM system utilizes the Non-Destruction Inspection method to sense and monitor the present state of a specific structure also provides continuous real-time data about that structure, so the condition can be

Figure 2: Various applications of structural health monitoring.

Figure 1: A complete framework to monitor the health of par-ticular bridge components using fiber optic sensors.






observed any time and any required action can be taken to avoid structural deterioration. SHM system applies specific types of sensors integrated inside structures to obtain these real-time data. Various kind of structural analysis and failure models are being incorporated with those obtained data from integrated sensors just to evaluate the present condition of a structure. SHM system also provides probable verdict of the remaining life-time of that structure.

4. Various Types of Damage in Concrete Structure

There are different types of deterioration in concrete structures based on different reasons. Mostly there are two main sources that can cause the deterioration such as external sources and initial construction problems. A range of factors have very bad impacts on the total concrete infrastructure, for example low funding, population growth, tighter health and environmental necessities, low-standard installation, lack of proper inspection and maintenance, irregularity in design and operation practices. Simultaneously, in certain sectors, the ageing of concrete structure is being accelerated due to momentous growth which leads to increased loading. Also, high costs of different services cause interruption in regular maintenance, repairs or replacement and results serious consequences [19,20]. The primary type of deterioration in concrete structures is corrosion of the reinforcing steel. Primarily corrosion in reinforced steel in concrete structure happens because of two major reasons, such as carbonation and chloride contamination. It is one of worst kind of deterioration in concrete structures and sometimes it results in cracking and severe damages to the construction. Figure 4 describes the basic working process of corrosion mechanism with chemical reactions for steel in concrete structures.

However, there are some other serious deterioration processes that do severe damages to concrete structures such as the alkali-silica reactivity which operates within the structures and also freeze/thaw damage caused by exterior sources. Sometimes, problematic preliminary construction procedure and also lack of maintenance cause severe damage in concrete structure. It is very important to have a very detailed and thorough study and analysis of the deterioration, clearly understanding the root of the problem then it and also careful evaluating all the probable repair choices before taking any repair options. In this way, the most right repair option is being selected to solve the concrete structure deterioration. Apart from corrosion in reinforced steel concrete structures, Table 1 discusses about some of the major types of deterioration in concrete structures, root cause analysis, and probable treatment.

5. Various Approaches to Detect Crack Damage

Kesavan et al. [21] reviewed and discussed about the application of FOSs integrated inside the concrete structures to sense, monitor, and track the overall deterioration and to be able take appropriate steps. Also, they proposed the application of Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric (EFPI) sensors and Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in concrete structures for SHM for longer period. Though both these FOSs have some distinctive merits and demerits,they preferred EFPI sensors and successfully discussed the development of this specific FOS in concrete structures accompanying with an experimental study with real-time results. This experimental study shows extremely positive outcome with tremendous potential for future real-time application. Recent scientific studies reveal that EFPI sensors showed better performance to sense strain appropriately in civil engineering arena [22]. Basically, an EFPI sensor consisted of optical fiber placed in such a way in the localized sensing area that an optical cavity is being created with two parallel

Figure 3: Basic working procedure of structural health moni-toring management.

Figure 4: The process of corrosion for reinforced steel in con-crete structure with chemical reactions.






mirrors. These two mirrors are also perpendicular to the axis of the optical fiber. Here, both the reference and also the sensing optical fiber cable are the same one up to the first mirror which initiates the start of the sensing part. Figure 5 represents the Fabry-Perot cavity length which is created between the air–glass interfaces of two fiber end coupled in a hollow core fiber. Change in cavity length is being sourced when the severance between these two specific fiber cables is altered. Finally, the interferometric fringe varied along with the change in cavity length. The intensity of applied strain is directly correlated to the generated sinusoidal—shaped interference pattern. So, with appropriate calibration method, the magnitude of the applied strain can be measured.

The integrated FOS inside the concrete structure requires proper coatings and protection; otherwise, it can get damaged during construction time or compaction period because it is very sensitive and fragile by nature. Furthermore, this specific sensor needs to accumulate record and transmit the accurate data when there is a high stress in the concrete structure. So, the steel-rod assembly technique has been applied on the embedded sensor. Figure 6 represents the steel-rod assembly procedure step by step and also shows the final condition of the embedded sensor before applying inside the concrete structure.

This method showed satisfactory results in the laboratory tests. After applying the steel-rod assembly coating, this sensor can withhold heavy loads and still able to provide accurate measurements and data. There are few problems regarding this method as well. Primarily,

Figure 5: A basic working principle of an Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric sensor.

Table 1: Represents some of the major reasons for concrete structure degradation and possible treatmentsTypes of deterioration Root cause analysis Probable treatmentDefect in design and construction

The overall strength and durability of reinforced concrete can be thoroughly affected by poor design and construction procedure. These possibly will cause reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures

Protection against ingressMoisture controlConcrete restoration

Poor compaction technique

During casting leads procedure, poor compaction techniques may result to honeycombing and empty spaces inside the structure. These types of problems are normally noticeable at corners and slab ends, where the cement paste does not totally enclose the big aggregate particles

Protection against ingressMoisture controlExposing the affected part and fill up with epoxy based material containing very high compressive strength

Concrete ingredients and manufacturing procedure

During the design or implementation stage of the concrete structure, a number of problems possibly can take place. These problems are high ratio of water to cementitious ingredients, alkali aggregate reaction, chloride ingress, and carbonation

Protection against ingressConcrete restorationReducing or eliminating moisture either by deflecting the run-down, or by the application of coatings or sealers

Sulfate related deterioration

Concrete structure can also be degraded by the various types of sulfates such as calcium, potassium, and aluminum which are found in groundwater and as well as in soil

Protection against ingressMoisture controlConcrete restoration

Environmental factors There are various types of environmental factors that can cause serious deterioration in concrete structures such as staining, erosion, efflorescence, freeze/thaw damage, etc.

Cleaning the concrete and removing surface laitanceAppropriate coatings to avoid future stainingProtection against ingressMoisture controlConcrete restorationPhysical resistance

it does not work well under extreme high temperature and sometime provides less accurate measurements. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of this sensor, a test has been carried out and when 75°C temperature is applied, the output results varied up to 2%. Above all, with more advanced research and modification, this specific sensing method shows a tremendous potential for concrete structure degradation in the field of civil engineering.

Rodrigues et al. [23] successfully studied, experimented, developed, and discussed about optical-based transducers by applying Optical FBG sensing technology embedded in the concrete structured bridges with detailed operation mode, overall performance, and sustainability in this paper. Also, practical implantation fiber optic sensing technology-based SHM system in






the Leziria Bridge, Portugal, is presented with real-time monitoring and performance analysis. They successfully designed and developed a new and unique type of vertical displacement transducer and a strain transducer-based fiber optic sensing method. Figure 7 represented the schematic diagram of the strain transducer that has been embedded in that bridge for long-term SHM system.

The strain transducer basically consisted of a special type of specific container, which is connected with the hydraulic circuit helping to hold the free region of the liquid and the sensing parts. There are two multiplexed FBG FOSs in each of the transducers in that sensing technology. These sensors are installed in the opposite direction of the load cell which is embedded in such a way that the weighting of the signals of these two sensors are able to eliminate any type of thermal effects and also isolates the signal because of the change in the relative vertical position. Figure 8 represents the detailed schematic architecture of the applied transducer inside the bridge.

This specific technology shows an immense potential for future SHM application in concrete bridge structures for longer period. It shows consistent and reliable performance and able to measure and collect the data in real-time to facilitate users taking care of the construction and also taking any precaution. Nevertheless, there are some very important things that need to be considered before installing this specific technology in the bridge

structure. It requires a very careful and professional assistance to install this technology. Also, it is very important to make sure that there is no high loss of light; otherwise, it will be difficult to get accurate data. Compare with traditional sensors, installation process of this specific sensing technology requires an extensive careful watch which also takes longer time.Other than that, it is a very unique and robust sensing technology which has a great potential for future SHM procedure in concrete bridge structure.

Xuan et al. [24] successfully proposed, designed, and developed a novel FOS-based monitoring procedure to measure and evaluate the prestress loss quantitatively in the steel-strand reinforced structures. Prestress technique is commonly used in the modern building construction work to lessen the deadweight of structures and enhance their durability and reliability. Usually, this specific technique is applied in concrete bridge structure and nuclear reactor containments [25,26]. In the prestress steel stand, a FOS and a reflector are being installed. The normal of the reflector is needed to be installed parallel to the axial direction of the steel stand just to make sure the vertical condition and also the position between the probe of the FOS and the surface area of the reflector. Figure 9 represents the basic working principle of monitoring of prestress loss based on FOS.

This novel and unique fiber optic sensing technology for situ monitoring the prestress loss is a feasible

Figure 7: Schematic diagram of the embedded strain transducer based on fiber optic sensing technology in Leziria Bridge, Portugal.

Figure 6: A step-by-step detailed procedure of steel-rod method applied on the embedded sensor.






Figure 10: Experimental setup of the Fiber optic sensor tech-nology using dopant polymer fiber.

Figure 8: Detailed schematic architecture of the applied verti-cal displacement transducer based on Fiber optic sensor tech-nology.

Figure 9: This diagram represents the basic working principle of Fiber optic sensor technology in prestress monitoring.

process and can be used for longer period and also can be monitored online for prompt action. Also, in the design of prestressed reinforced concrete structure, the arrangement of steel-strand inside the concrete structures is a very important issue which required careful planning to avoid losses. The output results also show that the prestressed losses gradually decreased from initial stage as a result of relaxation method.

Currently, fiber optic communication and satellite communication play a very important role in total healthcare management for people living in remote areas such as villagers, soldiers in remote battlefields, etc. [27,28]. Tam et al. [29] successfully investigated and developed a unique type of dopant polymer optical fibers based on fiber optic sensing technology for SHM of concrete structures. A novel design of a photosensitive microstructured polymer optical fiber is being proposed for SHM applications in concrete structures which contain some unique and distinctive benefits such as low-cost, no interference of dopant illusion, and more accurate data. Figure 10 represents the schematic diagram of the proposed writing FBG embedded with dopant polymer fiber.

The remarkable and effective capability to identify and determine the change in various physical parameters such as strain, stress, load, temperature, displacement, and pressure makes polymer optic fibers one of the primary choice and most suitable option for SHM applications. Additionally, it is also much economical compared with their glass-counterpart. Above all, polymer optical fibers offer some distinctive and very effective facilities such as improved fracture resistance, better flexibility, user friendly, easier and safer ways of disposable, and much superior elastic limit. All the advantages make polymer optical fiber most appropriate choice for SHM applications [29].

In this study, the proposed innovative hole-assisted single-mode polymer optical fiber design is specifically suitable SHM applications because it is successfully able to get rid of the unwarranted pressure of dopant diffusion for much better performance and also successfully able to enhance the ultraviolet writing effectiveness in FBG inscription [29].

These special types of custom-made polymer optical fibers are really useful for sensing applications, particularly using FBG sensors to detect the deterioration of concrete structures. It is very low-cost, easier to install, and very user-friendly. Although there are few scopes which requires further improvements for better output and reliability, such as really good and powerful light source integrated inside the polymer optical fiber and more enhanced coupling devices. Still, this

specific polymer optical fiber-based fiber optic sensing technology for concrete structure damage detection shows good prospective and with more research and developments, it can be one of the primary choices for damage detection.

Yeo et al. [30] successfully designed and developed a unique and novel FBG moisture sensor for testing porosity changes in various types of concrete structures when exposed to series of freeze/thaw cycles to measure






the overall concrete structure degradation. The basic intention of this specific work is to show the feasibility, reliability, and usefulness of this sensor by detecting the influence of freeze/thaw damage in concrete structures appropriately. Figure 11 represents the basic working procedure of this specific sensor in concrete structures.

The proposed and applied sensor in this study is relatively very lightweight, compact, and requires very small hole in the structure for installation. The results has been noted and analyzed before and after various cycles of freeze/thaw under laboratory conditions [30].Here, the fiber optic probe can successfully sense the variability and differences in the samples. It also shows that freeze/thaw process is not necessarily the one when the pores are simply opened up uniformly. Though there were very little differences between two zero cycle sample measurements, sometimes it is bit difficult to differentiate data in that specific point. It is relatively small in structure, easier to design, and delivers quicker responses.Still, this specific procedure requires more research and advancements to apply in practical field for longer period to detect the freeze/thaw damage in structure.

6. A Comparison Study

When concrete structures are interacting with its service environment, these structures repeatedly goes through considerable changes that often have major undesirable consequences on its engineering properties. As a result, the durability and longevity of these concrete structures and their ingredient phases have received significant attention from scientists and engineers. One of the possible solution is to apply supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, and metakaolin as ingredients

Figure 11: Basic working principle of moisture sensor based on fiber optic sensing technology.

Table 2: Evaluation of various fiber optic sensing technologies applied in structural health monitoring in concrete structuresProposed by Publication year Method proposed Advantages LimitationKesavan et al. [26]

2010 Embedding fiber optic sensor in concrete structure and performance analysis

Demonstrated satisfactory outcome at high strain ranges, under flexure and fatigue loads.Developed embedment procedures can be proficiently used for continuing monitoring

Does not work well under extreme high temperature.Requires extreme care for safe embedment of a fragile fiber optic sensor inside concrete structure

Rodrigues et al. [28]

2010 Long-term monitoring system based on FBG sensors applied to concrete bridges

Evaluating the structural performance of Leziria Bridge infrastructure, serving in its maintenance with safety and economy.Shows consistent and reliable performance and able to measure and collect the data in real-time

The practical application of this technology still requires further improvement for efficient and widespread use.It requires a very careful and professional assistance to install this technology.Compared with traditional sensors, installation process of this specific sensing technology requires an extensive careful watch which also takes longer time

Xuan et al. [29]

2009 Situ monitoring on prestress losses in the reinforced structure with fiber-optic sensors

Results signify that the developed method is realistic for online evaluation of the prestress loss in large-scale structures. The prestressed losses gradually decreased from initial stage as a result of relaxation method

Also, in the design of prestressed reinforced concrete structure, the arrangement of steel-strand inside the concrete structures is a very important issue which required careful planning to avoid losses

Tam et al. [32]

2010 A unique type of dopant polymer optical fibers based on fiber optic sensing technology for structural health monitoring of concrete structures

It is very low-cost, easier to install, and very user-friendly.

Requires further improvements for better output and reliability such as really good and powerful light source integrated inside the polymer optical fiber and more enhanced coupling devices

Yeo et al. [33]

2009 Novel FBG moisture sensor for testing porosity changes in various types of concrete structures

The fiber optic probe can successfully sense the variability and differences in the samples.It is relatively small, easier to design, and delivers quicker responses

This specific procedure requires more research and advancements to apply in practical field for longer period to detect the freeze/thaw damage in structure

FBG – Fibre bragg grating






to improve the overall performance of the concrete structures. Still, there are so many different types of possibility of concrete degradation due to various reasons [31-33]. Also, various applications of FOS-based technology can be improved with integrated magneto-optical photonic band gap structure implementation [34,35]. The Table 2 discusses the possibility, reliability, and feasibility of different types of sensing method that have been reviewed in previous section [33].

7. Conclusion

Different types of fiber-optic sensing technology are used for SHM of various types of concrete structures to sense and measure the structural degradation and also their experimentally acquired results in last two years have been thoroughly analyzed and discussed in this review. Basically, three primary observations were derived from this study. First, most of these proposed FOS-based SHM system requires more developments and modifications for practical applications [36,37]. Second, it needs careful and very professional assistance to install these systems in concrete structures, which also requires a lot of time. Third, the aim of this specific technology should target for a longer period with enhanced performance and accuracy.

Overall, fiber optic sensing technology shows a very promising future in SHM of concrete structure. With assistance of proper developments and more modified equipments, this technology has a tremendous potential in detecting degradation of concrete structures that accurately helps the users to take effective steps to avoid any further consequences.

8. Future Work

Our future work and target is to research, develop, and fabricate a novel fiber-optic sensor-based SHM system which can easily be embedded inside the concrete structure for a longer period with wireless real-time data transfer to facilitate the users. Also, another important focus of our work is to reduce the hassle of installation in practical applications, so that users can easily install these systems in structures without any professional assistance.

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37. O. Sidek, and M.H. Bin Afzal, “A Review Paper on Fibre-Optic Sensors and Application of PDMS Materials for Enhanced Performance” in IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA), Langkawi, Malaysia, Sep. 2011, pp. 255-60.

DOI: 10.4103/0256-4602.95383; Paper No. TR 217_11; Copyright © 2012 by the IETE

AUTHORSMuhammad Hassan Bin Afzal received his B.Sc degree in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from AIUB, Bangladesh. He got his PGCE degree in Optical Engineering techniques from University of Nottingham, UK. From 2011, he is a post-graduate research student at CEDEC, USM, Malaysia. His research interests are Magneto-Optical Photonic Band Gap structures (MO-PBG), Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS), Structural Health

Monitoring (SHM) and application of PDSM materials in sensors.

E-mail: [email protected]

Shahid Kabir is an Associate Professor at the College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After his undergraduate studies in California, USA, Dr. Kabir pursued his graduate studies at the University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, where he completed his Master of Science in Geomatics, and his Doctorate in Civil Engineering, specializing in

Structural Health Monitoring. His research interests encompass subjects related to Sustainable Materials and Infrastructure at large, and focus on concrete technology and sustainable urban planning.


Othman Sidek is the Director of the Collaborative μ-Electronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC). He obtained his M.Sc. in Communication Engineering from UMIST, UK, and a PhD in Information Systems Engineering from Bradford University, UK. His research focuses on μ-Electro Mechanical Systems, Wireless Sensor Networks and Embedded Systems.





An In-depth Review: Structural Health Monitoring using Fiber Optic Sensor

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