A Study on the Influencing Factors on the Occupational Changes among Beedi rolling women in Kulal...

May 2014

BHAVANISHANKAR. PRESEARCH Department MANGALORE UNIVERSITY KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA574199

SOCIALSCIENCEREPORTERISSN2231-0789VOL4.ISSUE2 MAY

2014

‘A STUDYFACTORSCHANGESWOMEN

May 2014

BHAVANISHANKAR. P RESEARCH SCHOLAR Department of SOCIAL WORK MANGALORE UNIVERSITY KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA574199

STUDY ON THE INFLUENCINGFACTORS ON THE OCCUPATIONALCHANGES AMONG BEEDI ROLLINGWOMEN IN KULAL COMMUNITY’

INFLUENCINGOCCUPATIONAL

ROLLINGCOMMUNITY’

SOCIAL SCIENCE REPORTER 4.2 [May 2014] ISSN 2231-0789

THEMATICS PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD [BHAVANISHANKAR. P] Pages 74-90

A Study on the Influencing Factors on

the Occupational Changes among Beedi

rolling women in Kulal Community”

Bhavanishankar. P1

Dr. Mohan S. Singhe2

Abstract

Industrialization has become the

cause for the Occupational areas to

multiply, leading to a lot of differentiation.

The occupational mobility may be

regarded as one of the important indicators

of their changing socioeconomic structure

associated with the income level.

Industrialization and advancement in

technology had adversely affected on

Pottery occupation and it has brought into

the process of Pot making occupation. Due

to this the women’s of Kulal community

prefer to Beedi rolling as an immediate

alternative job. The men prefer to go collie

outside and most of the time spend their

earnings to other purpose to fulfil their bad

habits like drinking, smoking and chewing

tobacco etc. The responsibilities of home

maintenance fall on the shoulder of poor

household women, and they earn it

1 Research Scholar (N.E.T. /J.R.F.), Department of Social Work, Mangalore University Email: [email protected], Mob: +9197402655512 Coordinator, and Research Guide, Department of Social Work, Mangalore University

through Beedi rolling occupation. It is

based on the human development approach

and discussed the issues of women’s well

being with regard to the status of women.

The study focused on micro level issues,

for which secondary data were used and

the somewhere interview method was

followed. As we know Beedi rolling

occupation which has the hazards of health

even though the women’s of Kulal

community prefer it and run their

livelihood. The study focus on hazards of

life due to Beedi occupation, having

family responsibilities, decision making

and overall maintenance of the family,

along with socio economic conditions of

Kulal women. It is a study on the

Influencing Factors on the Occupational

Changes among Beedi rolling women in

Kulal Community. And it is enlightening

the changing status along the previous

status what they had.

Key Words:

Beedi Rolling, Kulal Community, Pottery,

Globalization, Hazards, Transitions.



A Study on the Influencing Factors on

the Occupational Changes among Beedi

rolling women in Kulal Community

Bhavanishankar. P1

Dr. Mohan S. Singhe2

Introduction

Industrialization has become the cause for

the Occupational areas to multiply, leading

to a lot of differentiation. The occupational

mobility may be regarded as one of the

important indicators of their changing

socioeconomic structure associated with

the income level. Social status and

personal satisfaction are both a

consequence as well as a cause of

economic development. Industrialization

and advancement in technology had

adversely affected on Pottery occupation

and it has brought into the process of Pot

making occupation. Due to this the

women’s of Kulal community prefer to

Beedi rolling as an immediate alternative

job. The men prefer to go collie outside

and most of the time spend their earnings

to other purpose to fulfil their bad habits

like drinking, smoking and chewing

tobacco etc. The responsibilities of home



through Beedi rolling occupation. As we

know Beedi rolling occupation which has

the hazards of health even though the

women’s of Kulal community prefer it and

lead their livelihood. The study focus on

hazards of life due to Beedi occupation,

having family responsibilities, decision

making and overall maintenance of the

family, along with socioeconomic

conditions of Kulal women.

The production of pottery is one of the

most ancient arts. The oldest known body

of pottery dates from the Jomon period

(from about 10,500 to 400 BC) in Japan;

and even the earliest Jomon pottery exhibit

a unique sophistication of technique and

design. Excavations in the Near East have

revealed that primitive fired-clay vessels

were made there more than 8,000 years

ago. Potters were working in Iran by about

5500 BC, and earthenware was probably

being produced even earlier on the Iranian

high plateau. Chinese potters had

developed characteristic techniques by

about 5000 BC. In the New World many

pre-Columbian American cultures

developed highly artistic pottery traditions.

The Indian sub-continent including the

area which includes Bangladesh was also

famous for pottery.

Regardless of time or place, basic pottery

techniques have varied little except in

ancient America, where the potter's wheel

was unknown. Among the requisites of

success are the correct composition of the

clay body by using balanced materials;



skill in shaping the wet clay on the wheel

or pressing it into molds; and, most

important, firing at the correct

temperature. The last operation depends

vitally on the experience, judgment, and

technical skill of the potter (Aich, 2003)

From third century B. C, and twelfth

century A. D. Pottery, terra cotta figurines

and plaques were most abundant in

Bangladesh. The earliest specimens of

pottery are those of the Northern Black

Polished Ware. This pottery spread into

Bangladesh from the north later than

fourth century B. C. (Mahmud, 2009)

The discovery of specimens of pottery at

Mahasangarh, north Bengal from third

century B. C, to sixteenth century A. D,

reflects the evolution of pottery in a

cultural setting. Pottery represents the

largest single category of antiquities at

Mainamati (SE of Dhaka). The subject

matter portrayed in the Mainamati terra

cotta plaques is overwhelming; it includes

almost everything that can be found in the

life and imagination of the Bengal

countryside.

Varied specimens of pottery have been

discovered at Pharpur, N. Bengal (ancient

residential University of Bangladesh).

There are above 2000 terra cotta plaques

still embellishing the outer wall of the

Pharpur temple.

Kajekar, (2001) opines that many of the

studies have sought to portray the social

life of Kumbars and tried to unfold the

pace, degree and direction of the changes

taking place in their social life from time

to time. This attitude has adversely

defected the Kulal women and restricted

them from reaping the benefits of modern

education and employment. Even today,

there are families, which are not ready to

send their female children to school after

they attain puberty. In rural areas, the

religious dogmas and caste restrictions do

not allow them to maintain equality

between men and women.

Kapadia. K. M., (1982) in his study, “The

passing of the Traditional Society: A study

of Rural Society in Gujarat”, revealed that

18% of the Kumbars deviated from Pottery

to Carpentry and 10% to Tailoring and

other non traditional occupation.

Sarkar. J., (1973) in his research

“Kumbars in Mysore City” (A study of 56

families) came out with his own

observation. He found the increasing

trends of inter-generational occupational

mobility among the craftsmen.

Sharma, (1986) shows that social mobility

takes place at three levels: 1) Individual

level, 2) Family level, 3) Group level.

Thus, all the studies of Kumbars (Kulals)

that have been conducted softer, either in



Karnataka or outside, have treated

Kumbars as a community. Most of them

are community studies, covering different

facets of life, though the same facet of

community life has not attracted the

attention of all the researchers to the same

degree. Some have given greater attention

to the economies of pottery, while others

have concentrated on the technology of

pottery.

Singh Y. , (1980) says that in the past

when the Potters worked on co-operative

basis, all shared the works and benefits.

With the introduction of the concept of

paid labour the Potters have began to hire

labourers and pay them the wages. The

other new concept like undertaking

production or marketing by others for

commission or profit is also becoming

popular. However, values towards the

traditional occupations are changing with

the advancement of science and

technology.

Singh, (1979) opines due to the impact of

industrialization, the occupational areas

have been multiplied leading to a lot of

differentiation. The occupational mobility

may be regarded as one of the important

indicators of their changing socioeconomic

structure associated with the income level.

Social status and personal satisfaction are

both a consequence as well as a cause of

economic development.

Sivaram. P., (1990) in his research (Social

Mobility) in Cuddapah district,

Andrapradesh, described that because of

industrialization, pottery became non-

remunerative for Kumbars. Thus potters

are trying to leave their occupation and are

tending to take up new occupations like

managing the Petty Shops, Agriculture and

other lucrative business. The Kumbars are

also participating in elections by

contesting in Municipal Elections

representing their Wards.

It is evident from the above reviewed

literature that there are some studies on the

contemporary situation of Kumbars (i.e.

Potter Kulals) and the measures adopted

for their betterment. In other words, these

studies have pointed towards backward

classes as a whole. These narratives and

empirical studies have attempted to study

and examine the impact of modernization

and urbanization besides the constitutional

safeguards and welfare measures on the

backward classes and their social mobility.

Such studies are numerous but the point

however may be noted here is that there

are not many significant and detailed

studies made on the individual caste. In

view of this lacuna, the present study has

become imperative and important.

Sirohi, (2005) highlights upon the labour

welfare, labour legislations and different

facilities to different working groups



including Beedi labourers. It also

described the welfare measures available

for those unorganized labourers like Beedi

rollers. He explains the administrative

machinery designed to implement the

Labour welfare measures i8in order to

improve the workers’ conditions.

Sreedhar, (2002) outlines

recommendations on evolving out different

employment opportunities for women

Beedi workers as there was declaiming in

the availability and the uncertainty of

work. The article identifies alternative

employment activities and strategies to

promote them. But the findings suggest

that women Beedi workers are not thinking

in terms of alternative to Beedi work at

present. The author reveals that the idea of

an alternative to Beedi work made some

women Beedi rollers feel insecure.

Rao, (1992) highlights the health issues of

women Beedi workers and its implications

in the future. Bad working conditions at

home due to poverty causes them to suffer

from fever, diarrhea and as the findings of

the study says the workers commonly

suffer from giddiness, headaches, eye

problem, trachoma, gynecological

problem, back ache, knee cap pain,

tuberculosis etc. are the areas discussed in

it. Though the government provides

treatment in government dispensaries

under welfare scheme due to inadequacy,

the workers had to depend upon private

sources. The author reveals that the

workers in Jabalpur organized co-

operatives with the help of self employed

women’s association, as a measure against

an explosion and started working as

centralized workers. The co-operative was

determined to provide economic security,

independence and health guidance which

helped the workers to pay attention to their

health problems which they never did

before.

Sasikumar, (2004) in their study try to

describe the impact of anti tobacco

legislation on Beedi labourers, Tendu leaf

collectors and tendu cultivators and

consumers in West Bengal. This study

focuses upon the socio economic profile of

these actors and explains the process of

production and their economic

vulnerability and dependence. They

highlight that the Beedi manufacturing is

the single activity in providing

employment to a large number of people

after agriculture. This work deals with the

system of production, its informal nature

and women’s participation in Beedi

manufacturing.

Kaur, (1999) in their work explains that

tobacco industry provides employment to a

large number of people, which ranges from

3.5 to 26 million in which, the bulk of the

employment generated by the industry is



in Beedi making. Any policy relating to

tobacco use will adversely affect the

vulnerable section of Beedi rollers.

KaurSoni, (2006) describes women are

treated as a vulnerable section of the

society. The author highlights how the

mothers in the family discourage the girl

child doing the skilled work and encourage

doing unskilled manual level work. She

highlights that the women in India do not

have financial freedom. Besides, the

author explains that the main hurdle in

empowering the girl is illiteracy and

gender difference that can be visible in

rural areas. A rural woman despite having

an income has no control over the money

she earns. Their contribution to

socioeconomic development as producers

and workers will be recognized in the

formal and informal sectors including

home based workers.

Objectives

1. To know the causes for

declining the Pot making

Occupation.

2. To know the impact of the

industrialization on Pot making

Occupation.

3. To understand the influencing

factors on the Occupational

changes.

4. To examine the perception of

the Kulal women to shift them

in Beedi Rolling Occupation.

5. To assess the difficulties faced

by the Kulal women in Beedi

Occupation.

Scope of the Study

Traditionally the Kulal women have been

engaged in Pottery making and allied

occupation. But due industrialization,

urbanization and other several factors the

Kulal women tend to change their

traditional occupation. A major segment of

Kulal women shifted their occupation from

Pottery to Beedi rolling. This transition in

the occupation has brought a tremendous

change in their role and status. It seeks to

observe the degree and direction of the

changes that have taken place in the role,

status and occupation of Kulal women and

the factors associated with the causation of

such changes.

Methodology of the Study

The study focused the status of Beedi

Rolling women’s in Kulal community. It is

based on the human development approach

and discussed the issues of women’s well

being with regard to the status of women.

The study focused on micro level issues,

for which secondary data were used and

the somewhere interview method was

followed. As far as the analysis of an



interview at the micro level (village level)

and respectively represent the sub-districts

(talks). To obtain few detailed data a

standard interview schedule was prepared

for respondents of Kulal Community.

The causes for declining the Pot making

Occupation:

The Pot making profession had lost its

importance due to several facts like

urbanization, industrialization etc.

Industrialization is one of the important

reasons for declining the Pot making

profession. It directly affects the Pot

making profession and the people who

were engaged in Potter profession they

shift themselves in another profession. The

reasons are which causes for declining the

Pottery spelt below,

1. The mud which was used to

Pottery is less available. The

Potters would suffer due to

availability of the mud in a

seasoned time.

2. There is no proper as well definite

market demand for Pottery things

in the market.

3. The less interest among the Potters

is also one of the important reasons

for declining the Pot making

occupation.

4. The generation gap is adversely

affected to pottery occupation. The

young people are not interested to

continue the Pottery occupation.

5. Modernization is also adversely

affected to Pottery. For example

the LPG users are prepared the

aluminium vessels to their kitchen

usage.

6. The Beedi rolling occupation is one

of reason to decline Pottery. The

people who were engaged in

pottery like to shift their

occupation to Beedi.

7. The number of families would

decrease due the family planning

adaptation in Kulal family. So the

Potters prepared their children to

have a higher education, so the

demand of Pottery occupation will

be decreased.

8. The young people in Kulal family

didn’t follow the Pottery due to

humiliation. Because the people of

except Kulal community were

mocking the people who were

engaged in Pottery as ‘Odaari’

(means to hear the order of others,

and not think over it)

9. The validity of Pottery vessels is

very less while comparing to other

vessels. So the demand of Pottery

vessels decreased.



The impact of the industrialization on

Pot making Occupation:

After Industrialisation the Pot making

profession utterly destroyed. The people

follow themselves the modern fashion of

life. As they adjusted to modern life, they

used the modern way of life and they turn

themselves new alumini9um vessels, LPG

in kitchen room and aluminium pot and

vessels to their daily usage. So it is

indirectly affected the Pottery profession.

1. The usage of the aluminium vessels

decreased the usage of Pottery

things.

2. The people who were engaged in

Pottery they shift to themselves in

Industry and lose the interest of

Pottery.

3. The lack of skilled labor in Pottery

also adversely affects to Pottery.

So the Pot making occupation is

slowly declining.

4. The Pot making family very less in

Kulals. So Industrialization

affected these limited people.

5. In this modern society, everything

is ready made. So people also

adjusted to these processes and

make use of ready made things.

6. Today this world uses the ready-

made things and paper plate in one

or other occasion. So it indirectly

affects the Pot making profession.

7. In a market the fiber things fill the

place and demand of Pottery things

and its usage (For example: fiber

jug, glass, plate etc.).

8. There is no training center of Pot

making; this is adversely affected

on this profession.

The influencing factors in the

Occupational changes:

There are many factors influencing the

Occupational Transition of Kulal

community. Traditionally, they were

engaged in Pottery and now in the

influence of modernization,

industrialization and liberalization they

shifted in various jobs. There are many

things to influence on the transition which

spelt below.

1. To find out the other income source

and make sustainability.

2. To maintain a family an

occupational transition is very

necessary.

3. Education of children and family

maintenance it is very importance

of transition to other jobs from

pottery is very essential.

The perception of the Kulal women to

change the occupation to Beedi Rolling

Occupation:



While Pottery declining the responsibility

of home maintenance and education of

children were very heavy to people of

Kulal community. So they choose other

available alternative job. Meanwhile the

women of Kulal community prepare to roll

Beedi. The perception of Kulal women to

opt to choose rolling Beedi spelt below,

1. While Pottery lost its popularity,

the Beedi rolling profession had

raised in rural area.

2. There were no other alternative job

opportunities except Beedi

available in rural area.

3. While the husband went to coolie

work the responsibility of home

management fall the shoulder of

women. so they were choose the

Beedi rolling as an alternative job

for income,

4. The women of Kulal community

had the responsibility to look after

the elders of family and children,

so they choose Beedi rolling as an

occupation for a second income to

the family.

5. The other alternative jobs like

coolie, garments were too difficulty

to did by the Kulal women.

6. The semi skilled person is also roll

Beedi. So the Kulal women prepare

to roll Beedi.


were not had any alternative work

in rural area and it’s very difficult

to passing time in rural area. So the

women of Kulal community

prepare to roll Beedi.

8. In some Kulal family had

agriculture in rural area. So the

women of these families prepare to

roll Beedi as second occupation.


who had debt in bank prepare

rolling Beedi to their family to

overcome these problems.

10. In rural area the Self Help Groups

having plenty of roles. The women

of Kulal community who were

joined these groups; to help their

family to obtained the debt from

these Groups, so repayment of

these debts they prepare to roll

Beedi.

The difficulties faced by the Kulal

women in Beedi Occupation:

Due to liberalisation and globalization the

Pottery declining and the women of Kulal

community prepare to Beedi rolling. These

women were faced many problems. So as

per the opinions of women of Kulal

community the difficulties faced by them

were spelt below,



1. Back pain and neck pain etc which

relating to healthy problems were

increased to these women.

2. The breathing problem to Beedi

rolling women was increased due

to the usage of tobacco in Beedi

rolling.

3. The Beedi rolling was not an easy

task and it needs more hours per

day. It’s a problematic to the

women.

4. In some where the foreman of

Beedi branch would created the

problems in Beedi rolling process.

5. The raw material of Beedi ( Tadoo

leaves and tobacco ) was

sufficiently available to Beedi

rolling women.

6. Several Beedi companies were not

timely provided the pass book

facilities to Beedi rolling women.

7. Suppose the Beedi rolling women

had kid, they can’t maintain the

child while rolling Beedi.

8. In several families the marital

problems arise due to rolling Beedi

because of the women were very

busy in Beedi works, the husbands

of these families were thought that

their wives not care about them, so

this leads to marital problems.

9. Due to rolling Beedi the women

have sight problems, and most of

them have faced eye problems.

Conclusion:

The major part of changes we can

see in the following, the home caretaker

responsibilities have been increased. The

responsibility of took care about their

children and their education. In decision

making process women played a major

role. The responsibility while performing

religious functions have been increased.

To look after the family members and

chores fallen on the shoulder of women.

These are the few responsibilities what we

capture at a glance and many others hidden

behind from the sight. The impact of

industrialization is made the occupational

areas have been multiplied leading to a lot

of differentiation. The occupational

mobility may be regarded as one of the

important indicators of their changing

socioeconomic structure associated with

the income level. Industrialization and

advancement in technology had adversely

affected on Pottery occupation and it has

brought into the process of Pot making

occupation. Due to this the women’s of

Kulal community prefer to Beedi rolling

occupation as an immediate alternative

job.

The responsibilities of home



through Beedi rolling occupation. As we

know Beedi rolling occupation which has



the hazards of health even though the

women’s of Kulal community prefer it and

run their livelihood. The study focus on

hazards of life due to Beedi occupation,

having family responsibilities, decision

making and overall maintenance of the

family, along with socio economic

conditions of Kulal women.

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A Study on the Influencing Factors on the Occupational Changes among Beedi rolling women in Kulal...

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