May 2014
BHAVANISHANKAR. PRESEARCH Department MANGALORE UNIVERSITY KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA574199
SOCIALSCIENCEREPORTERISSN2231-0789VOL4.ISSUE2 MAY
2014
‘A STUDYFACTORSCHANGESWOMEN
May 2014
BHAVANISHANKAR. P RESEARCH SCHOLAR Department of SOCIAL WORK MANGALORE UNIVERSITY KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA574199
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCINGFACTORS ON THE OCCUPATIONALCHANGES AMONG BEEDI ROLLINGWOMEN IN KULAL COMMUNITY’
INFLUENCINGOCCUPATIONAL
ROLLINGCOMMUNITY’
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A Study on the Influencing Factors on
the Occupational Changes among Beedi
rolling women in Kulal Community”
Bhavanishankar. P1
Dr. Mohan S. Singhe2
Abstract
Industrialization has become the
cause for the Occupational areas to
multiply, leading to a lot of differentiation.
The occupational mobility may be
regarded as one of the important indicators
of their changing socioeconomic structure
associated with the income level.
Industrialization and advancement in
technology had adversely affected on
Pottery occupation and it has brought into
the process of Pot making occupation. Due
to this the women’s of Kulal community
prefer to Beedi rolling as an immediate
alternative job. The men prefer to go collie
outside and most of the time spend their
earnings to other purpose to fulfil their bad
habits like drinking, smoking and chewing
tobacco etc. The responsibilities of home
maintenance fall on the shoulder of poor
household women, and they earn it
1 Research Scholar (N.E.T. /J.R.F.), Department of Social Work, Mangalore University Email: [email protected], Mob: +9197402655512 Coordinator, and Research Guide, Department of Social Work, Mangalore University
through Beedi rolling occupation. It is
based on the human development approach
and discussed the issues of women’s well
being with regard to the status of women.
The study focused on micro level issues,
for which secondary data were used and
the somewhere interview method was
followed. As we know Beedi rolling
occupation which has the hazards of health
even though the women’s of Kulal
community prefer it and run their
livelihood. The study focus on hazards of
life due to Beedi occupation, having
family responsibilities, decision making
and overall maintenance of the family,
along with socio economic conditions of
Kulal women. It is a study on the
Influencing Factors on the Occupational
Changes among Beedi rolling women in
Kulal Community. And it is enlightening
the changing status along the previous
status what they had.
Key Words:
Beedi Rolling, Kulal Community, Pottery,
Globalization, Hazards, Transitions.
SOCIAL SCIENCE REPORTER 4.2 [May 2014] ISSN 2231-0789
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A Study on the Influencing Factors on
the Occupational Changes among Beedi
rolling women in Kulal Community
Bhavanishankar. P1
Dr. Mohan S. Singhe2
Introduction
Industrialization has become the cause for
the Occupational areas to multiply, leading
to a lot of differentiation. The occupational
mobility may be regarded as one of the
important indicators of their changing
socioeconomic structure associated with
the income level. Social status and
personal satisfaction are both a
consequence as well as a cause of
economic development. Industrialization
and advancement in technology had
adversely affected on Pottery occupation
and it has brought into the process of Pot
making occupation. Due to this the
women’s of Kulal community prefer to
Beedi rolling as an immediate alternative
job. The men prefer to go collie outside
and most of the time spend their earnings
to other purpose to fulfil their bad habits
like drinking, smoking and chewing
tobacco etc. The responsibilities of home
maintenance fall on the shoulder of poor
household women, and they earn it
through Beedi rolling occupation. As we
know Beedi rolling occupation which has
the hazards of health even though the
women’s of Kulal community prefer it and
lead their livelihood. The study focus on
hazards of life due to Beedi occupation,
having family responsibilities, decision
making and overall maintenance of the
family, along with socioeconomic
conditions of Kulal women.
The production of pottery is one of the
most ancient arts. The oldest known body
of pottery dates from the Jomon period
(from about 10,500 to 400 BC) in Japan;
and even the earliest Jomon pottery exhibit
a unique sophistication of technique and
design. Excavations in the Near East have
revealed that primitive fired-clay vessels
were made there more than 8,000 years
ago. Potters were working in Iran by about
5500 BC, and earthenware was probably
being produced even earlier on the Iranian
high plateau. Chinese potters had
developed characteristic techniques by
about 5000 BC. In the New World many
pre-Columbian American cultures
developed highly artistic pottery traditions.
The Indian sub-continent including the
area which includes Bangladesh was also
famous for pottery.
Regardless of time or place, basic pottery
techniques have varied little except in
ancient America, where the potter's wheel
was unknown. Among the requisites of
success are the correct composition of the
clay body by using balanced materials;
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skill in shaping the wet clay on the wheel
or pressing it into molds; and, most
important, firing at the correct
temperature. The last operation depends
vitally on the experience, judgment, and
technical skill of the potter (Aich, 2003)
From third century B. C, and twelfth
century A. D. Pottery, terra cotta figurines
and plaques were most abundant in
Bangladesh. The earliest specimens of
pottery are those of the Northern Black
Polished Ware. This pottery spread into
Bangladesh from the north later than
fourth century B. C. (Mahmud, 2009)
The discovery of specimens of pottery at
Mahasangarh, north Bengal from third
century B. C, to sixteenth century A. D,
reflects the evolution of pottery in a
cultural setting. Pottery represents the
largest single category of antiquities at
Mainamati (SE of Dhaka). The subject
matter portrayed in the Mainamati terra
cotta plaques is overwhelming; it includes
almost everything that can be found in the
life and imagination of the Bengal
countryside.
Varied specimens of pottery have been
discovered at Pharpur, N. Bengal (ancient
residential University of Bangladesh).
There are above 2000 terra cotta plaques
still embellishing the outer wall of the
Pharpur temple.
Kajekar, (2001) opines that many of the
studies have sought to portray the social
life of Kumbars and tried to unfold the
pace, degree and direction of the changes
taking place in their social life from time
to time. This attitude has adversely
defected the Kulal women and restricted
them from reaping the benefits of modern
education and employment. Even today,
there are families, which are not ready to
send their female children to school after
they attain puberty. In rural areas, the
religious dogmas and caste restrictions do
not allow them to maintain equality
between men and women.
Kapadia. K. M., (1982) in his study, “The
passing of the Traditional Society: A study
of Rural Society in Gujarat”, revealed that
18% of the Kumbars deviated from Pottery
to Carpentry and 10% to Tailoring and
other non traditional occupation.
Sarkar. J., (1973) in his research
“Kumbars in Mysore City” (A study of 56
families) came out with his own
observation. He found the increasing
trends of inter-generational occupational
mobility among the craftsmen.
Sharma, (1986) shows that social mobility
takes place at three levels: 1) Individual
level, 2) Family level, 3) Group level.
Thus, all the studies of Kumbars (Kulals)
that have been conducted softer, either in
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Karnataka or outside, have treated
Kumbars as a community. Most of them
are community studies, covering different
facets of life, though the same facet of
community life has not attracted the
attention of all the researchers to the same
degree. Some have given greater attention
to the economies of pottery, while others
have concentrated on the technology of
pottery.
Singh Y. , (1980) says that in the past
when the Potters worked on co-operative
basis, all shared the works and benefits.
With the introduction of the concept of
paid labour the Potters have began to hire
labourers and pay them the wages. The
other new concept like undertaking
production or marketing by others for
commission or profit is also becoming
popular. However, values towards the
traditional occupations are changing with
the advancement of science and
technology.
Singh, (1979) opines due to the impact of
industrialization, the occupational areas
have been multiplied leading to a lot of
differentiation. The occupational mobility
may be regarded as one of the important
indicators of their changing socioeconomic
structure associated with the income level.
Social status and personal satisfaction are
both a consequence as well as a cause of
economic development.
Sivaram. P., (1990) in his research (Social
Mobility) in Cuddapah district,
Andrapradesh, described that because of
industrialization, pottery became non-
remunerative for Kumbars. Thus potters
are trying to leave their occupation and are
tending to take up new occupations like
managing the Petty Shops, Agriculture and
other lucrative business. The Kumbars are
also participating in elections by
contesting in Municipal Elections
representing their Wards.
It is evident from the above reviewed
literature that there are some studies on the
contemporary situation of Kumbars (i.e.
Potter Kulals) and the measures adopted
for their betterment. In other words, these
studies have pointed towards backward
classes as a whole. These narratives and
empirical studies have attempted to study
and examine the impact of modernization
and urbanization besides the constitutional
safeguards and welfare measures on the
backward classes and their social mobility.
Such studies are numerous but the point
however may be noted here is that there
are not many significant and detailed
studies made on the individual caste. In
view of this lacuna, the present study has
become imperative and important.
Sirohi, (2005) highlights upon the labour
welfare, labour legislations and different
facilities to different working groups
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including Beedi labourers. It also
described the welfare measures available
for those unorganized labourers like Beedi
rollers. He explains the administrative
machinery designed to implement the
Labour welfare measures i8in order to
improve the workers’ conditions.
Sreedhar, (2002) outlines
recommendations on evolving out different
employment opportunities for women
Beedi workers as there was declaiming in
the availability and the uncertainty of
work. The article identifies alternative
employment activities and strategies to
promote them. But the findings suggest
that women Beedi workers are not thinking
in terms of alternative to Beedi work at
present. The author reveals that the idea of
an alternative to Beedi work made some
women Beedi rollers feel insecure.
Rao, (1992) highlights the health issues of
women Beedi workers and its implications
in the future. Bad working conditions at
home due to poverty causes them to suffer
from fever, diarrhea and as the findings of
the study says the workers commonly
suffer from giddiness, headaches, eye
problem, trachoma, gynecological
problem, back ache, knee cap pain,
tuberculosis etc. are the areas discussed in
it. Though the government provides
treatment in government dispensaries
under welfare scheme due to inadequacy,
the workers had to depend upon private
sources. The author reveals that the
workers in Jabalpur organized co-
operatives with the help of self employed
women’s association, as a measure against
an explosion and started working as
centralized workers. The co-operative was
determined to provide economic security,
independence and health guidance which
helped the workers to pay attention to their
health problems which they never did
before.
Sasikumar, (2004) in their study try to
describe the impact of anti tobacco
legislation on Beedi labourers, Tendu leaf
collectors and tendu cultivators and
consumers in West Bengal. This study
focuses upon the socio economic profile of
these actors and explains the process of
production and their economic
vulnerability and dependence. They
highlight that the Beedi manufacturing is
the single activity in providing
employment to a large number of people
after agriculture. This work deals with the
system of production, its informal nature
and women’s participation in Beedi
manufacturing.
Kaur, (1999) in their work explains that
tobacco industry provides employment to a
large number of people, which ranges from
3.5 to 26 million in which, the bulk of the
employment generated by the industry is
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in Beedi making. Any policy relating to
tobacco use will adversely affect the
vulnerable section of Beedi rollers.
KaurSoni, (2006) describes women are
treated as a vulnerable section of the
society. The author highlights how the
mothers in the family discourage the girl
child doing the skilled work and encourage
doing unskilled manual level work. She
highlights that the women in India do not
have financial freedom. Besides, the
author explains that the main hurdle in
empowering the girl is illiteracy and
gender difference that can be visible in
rural areas. A rural woman despite having
an income has no control over the money
she earns. Their contribution to
socioeconomic development as producers
and workers will be recognized in the
formal and informal sectors including
home based workers.
Objectives
1. To know the causes for
declining the Pot making
Occupation.
2. To know the impact of the
industrialization on Pot making
Occupation.
3. To understand the influencing
factors on the Occupational
changes.
4. To examine the perception of
the Kulal women to shift them
in Beedi Rolling Occupation.
5. To assess the difficulties faced
by the Kulal women in Beedi
Occupation.
Scope of the Study
Traditionally the Kulal women have been
engaged in Pottery making and allied
occupation. But due industrialization,
urbanization and other several factors the
Kulal women tend to change their
traditional occupation. A major segment of
Kulal women shifted their occupation from
Pottery to Beedi rolling. This transition in
the occupation has brought a tremendous
change in their role and status. It seeks to
observe the degree and direction of the
changes that have taken place in the role,
status and occupation of Kulal women and
the factors associated with the causation of
such changes.
Methodology of the Study
The study focused the status of Beedi
Rolling women’s in Kulal community. It is
based on the human development approach
and discussed the issues of women’s well
being with regard to the status of women.
The study focused on micro level issues,
for which secondary data were used and
the somewhere interview method was
followed. As far as the analysis of an
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interview at the micro level (village level)
and respectively represent the sub-districts
(talks). To obtain few detailed data a
standard interview schedule was prepared
for respondents of Kulal Community.
The causes for declining the Pot making
Occupation:
The Pot making profession had lost its
importance due to several facts like
urbanization, industrialization etc.
Industrialization is one of the important
reasons for declining the Pot making
profession. It directly affects the Pot
making profession and the people who
were engaged in Potter profession they
shift themselves in another profession. The
reasons are which causes for declining the
Pottery spelt below,
1. The mud which was used to
Pottery is less available. The
Potters would suffer due to
availability of the mud in a
seasoned time.
2. There is no proper as well definite
market demand for Pottery things
in the market.
3. The less interest among the Potters
is also one of the important reasons
for declining the Pot making
occupation.
4. The generation gap is adversely
affected to pottery occupation. The
young people are not interested to
continue the Pottery occupation.
5. Modernization is also adversely
affected to Pottery. For example
the LPG users are prepared the
aluminium vessels to their kitchen
usage.
6. The Beedi rolling occupation is one
of reason to decline Pottery. The
people who were engaged in
pottery like to shift their
occupation to Beedi.
7. The number of families would
decrease due the family planning
adaptation in Kulal family. So the
Potters prepared their children to
have a higher education, so the
demand of Pottery occupation will
be decreased.
8. The young people in Kulal family
didn’t follow the Pottery due to
humiliation. Because the people of
except Kulal community were
mocking the people who were
engaged in Pottery as ‘Odaari’
(means to hear the order of others,
and not think over it)
9. The validity of Pottery vessels is
very less while comparing to other
vessels. So the demand of Pottery
vessels decreased.
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The impact of the industrialization on
Pot making Occupation:
After Industrialisation the Pot making
profession utterly destroyed. The people
follow themselves the modern fashion of
life. As they adjusted to modern life, they
used the modern way of life and they turn
themselves new alumini9um vessels, LPG
in kitchen room and aluminium pot and
vessels to their daily usage. So it is
indirectly affected the Pottery profession.
1. The usage of the aluminium vessels
decreased the usage of Pottery
things.
2. The people who were engaged in
Pottery they shift to themselves in
Industry and lose the interest of
Pottery.
3. The lack of skilled labor in Pottery
also adversely affects to Pottery.
So the Pot making occupation is
slowly declining.
4. The Pot making family very less in
Kulals. So Industrialization
affected these limited people.
5. In this modern society, everything
is ready made. So people also
adjusted to these processes and
make use of ready made things.
6. Today this world uses the ready-
made things and paper plate in one
or other occasion. So it indirectly
affects the Pot making profession.
7. In a market the fiber things fill the
place and demand of Pottery things
and its usage (For example: fiber
jug, glass, plate etc.).
8. There is no training center of Pot
making; this is adversely affected
on this profession.
The influencing factors in the
Occupational changes:
There are many factors influencing the
Occupational Transition of Kulal
community. Traditionally, they were
engaged in Pottery and now in the
influence of modernization,
industrialization and liberalization they
shifted in various jobs. There are many
things to influence on the transition which
spelt below.
1. To find out the other income source
and make sustainability.
2. To maintain a family an
occupational transition is very
necessary.
3. Education of children and family
maintenance it is very importance
of transition to other jobs from
pottery is very essential.
The perception of the Kulal women to
change the occupation to Beedi Rolling
Occupation:
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While Pottery declining the responsibility
of home maintenance and education of
children were very heavy to people of
Kulal community. So they choose other
available alternative job. Meanwhile the
women of Kulal community prepare to roll
Beedi. The perception of Kulal women to
opt to choose rolling Beedi spelt below,
1. While Pottery lost its popularity,
the Beedi rolling profession had
raised in rural area.
2. There were no other alternative job
opportunities except Beedi
available in rural area.
3. While the husband went to coolie
work the responsibility of home
management fall the shoulder of
women. so they were choose the
Beedi rolling as an alternative job
for income,
4. The women of Kulal community
had the responsibility to look after
the elders of family and children,
so they choose Beedi rolling as an
occupation for a second income to
the family.
5. The other alternative jobs like
coolie, garments were too difficulty
to did by the Kulal women.
6. The semi skilled person is also roll
Beedi. So the Kulal women prepare
to roll Beedi.
7. The women of Kulal community
were not had any alternative work
in rural area and it’s very difficult
to passing time in rural area. So the
women of Kulal community
prepare to roll Beedi.
8. In some Kulal family had
agriculture in rural area. So the
women of these families prepare to
roll Beedi as second occupation.
9. The women of Kulal community
who had debt in bank prepare
rolling Beedi to their family to
overcome these problems.
10. In rural area the Self Help Groups
having plenty of roles. The women
of Kulal community who were
joined these groups; to help their
family to obtained the debt from
these Groups, so repayment of
these debts they prepare to roll
Beedi.
The difficulties faced by the Kulal
women in Beedi Occupation:
Due to liberalisation and globalization the
Pottery declining and the women of Kulal
community prepare to Beedi rolling. These
women were faced many problems. So as
per the opinions of women of Kulal
community the difficulties faced by them
were spelt below,
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1. Back pain and neck pain etc which
relating to healthy problems were
increased to these women.
2. The breathing problem to Beedi
rolling women was increased due
to the usage of tobacco in Beedi
rolling.
3. The Beedi rolling was not an easy
task and it needs more hours per
day. It’s a problematic to the
women.
4. In some where the foreman of
Beedi branch would created the
problems in Beedi rolling process.
5. The raw material of Beedi ( Tadoo
leaves and tobacco ) was
sufficiently available to Beedi
rolling women.
6. Several Beedi companies were not
timely provided the pass book
facilities to Beedi rolling women.
7. Suppose the Beedi rolling women
had kid, they can’t maintain the
child while rolling Beedi.
8. In several families the marital
problems arise due to rolling Beedi
because of the women were very
busy in Beedi works, the husbands
of these families were thought that
their wives not care about them, so
this leads to marital problems.
9. Due to rolling Beedi the women
have sight problems, and most of
them have faced eye problems.
Conclusion:
The major part of changes we can
see in the following, the home caretaker
responsibilities have been increased. The
responsibility of took care about their
children and their education. In decision
making process women played a major
role. The responsibility while performing
religious functions have been increased.
To look after the family members and
chores fallen on the shoulder of women.
These are the few responsibilities what we
capture at a glance and many others hidden
behind from the sight. The impact of
industrialization is made the occupational
areas have been multiplied leading to a lot
of differentiation. The occupational
mobility may be regarded as one of the
important indicators of their changing
socioeconomic structure associated with
the income level. Industrialization and
advancement in technology had adversely
affected on Pottery occupation and it has
brought into the process of Pot making
occupation. Due to this the women’s of
Kulal community prefer to Beedi rolling
occupation as an immediate alternative
job.
The responsibilities of home
maintenance fall on the shoulder of poor
household women, and they earn it
through Beedi rolling occupation. As we
know Beedi rolling occupation which has
SOCIAL SCIENCE REPORTER 4.2 [May 2014] ISSN 2231-0789
THEMATICS PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD [BHAVANISHANKAR. P] Pages 74-90
the hazards of health even though the
women’s of Kulal community prefer it and
run their livelihood. The study focus on
hazards of life due to Beedi occupation,
having family responsibilities, decision
making and overall maintenance of the
family, along with socio economic
conditions of Kulal women.
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