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CONSONANT CHANGES

IN ENGLISH SONGS BY KOREAN SINGERS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SENDY INTANIA HERMASTUTI

Student Number: 134214117

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2017

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

CONSONANT CHANGES


AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By



ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2017


A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

CONSONANT CHANGES


By

SENDY INTANIA HF,RMASTUTl


Approved by

~Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd., M. Hum.

Advisor

~Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A.

Co-Advisor

iii

August 15, 2017

August 15,2017


A Sarjana Sastl'a Undergraduate Thesis

CONSONANT CHANGES


By


Student Nwnber: 134214117

Defended before the Board ofExaminers

On August 25,12017

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name

Chairperson

Secretary

Member 1

Member 2

Member 3

: Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd., M. Hwn.

: Dr. Fr. B. Alip, MPd., M.A

: Wedhowerti, S. Pd., M.Hwn.

: Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd., M. Hwn.

: Dr. Fr. B. Alip, MPd., MA.

Yogyakarta, August 31, 2017

~~FaCUlty of LettersP. ~~. ..,~ ~ Sf:lJv../;-<<" lI5 ~><? ,ata Dharma University

,f~ ~ 0'< D.>~,,,,,:l" ean'\~ ,''"> "'., E~

.' , iJ-"':.,Jr. ?'e: "," <>",""''''''''~(' ,. '\JJ~

I=. V"Kl't" ~~,o;iiN>---=-f.

r. P, Ari Subagyo, MHwn,

iv


STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I celiify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

I

Yogyakarta, August 13, 2017

sendy~jE~m"

v


LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dhanna

Nama : Sendy Intania Hennastuti

Nomor Mahasiswa : l342l41I 7

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada PerpustakaanUniversita$ Sanata Dhanna karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

/

CONSONANT CHANGESI


beserta perangkat yang diperiukan (hila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikankepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna hak untuk menyimpan,mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau medialain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa periu meminta ijin kepada saya maupunmemberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagaipenulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yoyakarta

Pada tanggal 13 Agustus 2017

Yang menyatakan,

S'"dY~m",M;

vi


vii

“A flower

does not think of competing

to the flower next to it.

It just blooms”

- Zen Shin -


viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Allah S.W.T., the

Almighty God, for the blessing bestowed upon me. Thank You for the strength that

can lift me up when I fall and for all the knowledge given to me so that I can finally

finish this thesis after the journey of these 4 past years.

I would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd.,

M.Hum., who has helped me and guided me in finishing this thesis. I thank her very

much for the encouragement, for her patience, and also for the precious time that

she provided for consulting my thesis. My deep appreciation goes to my co-advisor,

Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for his advice and suggestion on my thesis. I also

thank all the lecturers and staffs in English Letters Department for providing their

time and energy during my study.

This study would not have been possible without the support from my

beloved mother whose love is unconditional for me. Thank you for your motivation

and prayers during days and nights. My sincere thanks are dedicated to my older

sister and brother who always give me support and cheer me up every time I have

a hard time. Also, I am heartily thankful to my very special friend, Sulistyo Yuda

Atmamarta, who always gives his great love and support to me.

Last but not least, my regards and blessings are extended to my beloved

friends in Group Kepo, my classmates, and all other whom I have not mentioned

but have played a great role for making my college life so meaningful.

Sendy Intania Hermastuti


ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ............................................................................. vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………..…ix

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xi

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................. 3

C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 3

D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 5

A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................... 5

B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 7

1. Theory of Language in Songs ...………………………………………7

2. Phonetics and Phonology ……………………………………………..8

3. English Consonants ...………………………………………………....9

4. Korean Consonants .…………………………………………………13

5. Phonological Processes ……………………………………………...17

6. Korean Phonological Processes ……………………………………..19

C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 21

A. Object of the Study .................................................................................... 21

B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 22

C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 23

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) .................... 26

A. Consonant Changes in English Songs by Korean Singers ........................ 26

1. Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears” by Wonder Girls ............ 26

2. Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior.................................... 27


x

3. Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without You” by

Super Junior ........................................................................................ 29

4. Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang ........................ 30

5. Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang ............................ 31

6. Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang .............................. 32

7. Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue................................ 32

8. Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue .................................... 33

9. Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue................. 35

10. Consonant Change in “Every Time” by CN Blue ............................... 35

B. Phonological Patterns of the Consonant Changes ..................................... 36

1. Substitution of [p] for [f] .................................................................... 36

2. Substitution of [b] for [v] .................................................................... 38

3. Substitution of [ʤ] for [ʒ] ................................................................... 41

4. Substitution of [ʤ] for [z] ................................................................... 43

5. Substitution of [s] for [θ] .................................................................... 44

6. Substitution of [l] for [r] ..................................................................... 46

7. Substitution of [ʃ] for [s] ..................................................................... 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 52

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 54

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 56

Appendix 1 : Consonant Changes in “Two Different Tears”

by Wonder Girls ........................................................................ 56

Appendix 2 : Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior .......................... 56

Appendix 3 : Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without

You” by Super Junior ................................................................ 57

Appendix 4 : Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang .............. 57

Appendix 5 : Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang ................... 57

Appendix 6 : Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang ..................... 57

Appendix 7 : Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue ...................... 58

Appendix 8 : Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue ........................... 58

Appendix 9 : Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue ....... 58

Appendix 10: Consonant Changes in “Every Time” by CN Blue .................... 59


xi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 English Consonants Place and Manner of Articulation ………………. 13

Table 2.2 Korean Phonemic Consonants ……………………………………….. 16

Table 4.1 Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears” …………………………... 27

Table 4.2 Consonant Changes in “She” ………………………………………… 28

Table 4.3 Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed ……………………….. 30

to Live Without You”

Table 4.4 Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” …………………………….. 30

Table 4.5 Consonant Changes in “I’ll Be There” ……………………………….. 31

Table 4.6 Consonant Changes in “Make Love” …………………………………. 32

Table 4.7 Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” ………………………………….. 33

Table 4.8 Consonant Changes in “Feeling” …………………………………….. 34

Table 4.9 Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” ………………………… 35

Table 4.10 Consonant Changes in “Every Time” ……………………………….. 36

Table 4.11 Consonant Changes [f] → [p] ……………………………………….. 38

Table 4.12 Consonant Changes [v] → [b] ………………………………………. 39

Table 4.13 Consonant Changes [ʒ] → [ʤ] ……………………………………… 42

Table 4.14 Consonant Changes [z] → [ʤ] ……………………………………… 44

Table 4.15 Consonant Changes [θ] → [s] ………………………………………. 45

Table 4.16 Consonant Changes in [r] → [l] …………………………………….. 47

Table 4.17 Consonant Changes in [s] → [ʃ] ……………………………………. 50

Table 4.18 Summary of Phonological Patterns Found in The Consonant

Changes ……………………………………………………………... 50


xii

ABSTRACT

HERMASTUTI, SENDY INTANIA. Consonant Changes in English Songs by

Korean Singers. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

Music industry in Indonesia is now filled with many genres or types of

music. One of them that is very famous nowadays is a music genre called K-pop or

Korean pop, originating from South Korea. In line with the development of K-pop

music that continues worldwide, Korean singers start making English songs.

However, singing an English song is not an easy thing to do for the Koreans since

they were not born and raised with English as their mother tongue. This makes it

quite difficult for them to produce a precise pronunciation of English words. As a

result, they tend to change some sounds, especially consonants, when they sing

English songs. It is interesting for the writer to analyze the consonant changes found

in Korean singers’ pronunciation.

There were two objectives to be discussed in this study. The first was to find

out the consonants that are usually changed or replaced by Korean singers when

they sang their English songs, and also finding their substitutions. The second

objective was to find the phonological patterns found in the consonant changes in

Korean singers’ pronunciation.

In this study, the data collection was done using a purposive sampling

technique which meant that the chosen data in this study were the data that

contained consonant changes with the same patterns that could fulfill the purpose

of the study. The data were collected from the English songs sung by some Korean

boy and girl groups who were recognized as the singers who successfully make K-

pop into international recognition such as Wonder Girls, Super Junior, Bigbang,

and CN Blue. In analyzing the data, the writer used phonological approach to

analyze the consonant changes that occurred in Korean singers’ pronunciation.

In conclusion, there were 41 words that consisted English consonant

changes, and it was found that there were 7 English consonants that underwent

changes when Korean singers sing their English songs. Fricatives are found as the

consonants that usually undergo a change. Thus, Korean singers should be more

careful when pronouncing the fricatives. Furthermore, the phonological processes

that were usually found in those consonant changes were the process of changing

fricatives into stops or affricate consonants, process of changing [r] into [l], and the

last is the process of palatalization.


xiii

ABSTRAK

HERMASTUTI, SENDY INTANIA. Consonant Changes in English Songs by

Korean Singers. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Industri musik di Indonesia saat ini dipenuhi oleh berbagai macam aliran

musik. Salah satunya yang masih sangat populer adalah musik Korean pop atau K-

pop yang berasal dari negara Korea Selatan. Sejalan dengan perkembangan K-pop

yang semakin mendunia, penyanyi-penyanyi Korea mulai menciptakan lagu-lagu

berbahasa Inggris. Meskipun demikian, menyanyikan lagu dalam bahasa Inggris

bukanlah hal yang mudah untuk dilakukan oleh para penyanyi Korea karena Bahasa

Inggris bukanlah bahasa ibu mereka. Hal ini menyulitkan mereka untuk dapat

mengucapkan kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris dengan tepat. Akibtanya, mereka

sering mengubah beberapa bunyi terutama konsonan ketika mereka bernyanyi

menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Hal ini sangat menarik bagi penulis untuk

menganalisis perubahan konsonan yang terjadi pada pengucapan bahasa Inggris

oleh para penyanyi Korea.

Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dibahas. Yang

pertama adalah menemukan konsonan-konsonan yang biasanya diubah oleh para

penyanyi Korea ketika menyanyikan lagu-lagu berbahasa Inggris, serta mencari

tahu pengganti bagi setiap konsonan tersebut. Rumusan masalah yang kedua adalah

untuk mencari tahu pola fonologis yang ditemukan pada perubahan konsonan di

pengucapan oleh para penyanyi Korea.

Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik sampel

bertujuan yang berarti bahwa data yang telah dipilih merupakan data yang

mengandung perubahan konsonan dengan pola serupa yang dapat memenuhi tujuan

penelitian. Data-data tersebut diambil dari lagu-lagu berbahasa Inggris yang

dinyanyikan oleh penyanyi-penyanyi Korea yang dianggap telah membawa

kepopuleran K-pop hingga mancanegara, seperti Wonder Girls, Super Junior,

Bigbang, dan CN Blue. Dalam studi ini penulis menggunakan pendekatan fonologi

untuk menganalisis perubahan konsonan yang terjadi pada pengucapan oleh

penyanyi-penyanyi Korea.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ditemukan 41 kata

dalam bahasa Inggris yang mengandung perubahan konsonan. Selain itu, diketahui

pula bahwa terdapat 7 konsonan dalam bahasa Inggris yang mengalami perubahan

ketika para penyanyi Korea menyanyikan lagu-lagu berbahasa Inggris milik

mereka. Frikatif merupakan konsonan-konsonan yang sering mengalami

perubahan. Dengan demikian, para penyanyi Korea sebaiknya lebih berhati-hati

dalam mengucapkan konsonan tersebut. Selanjutnya, proses fonologi yang secara

umum dapat ditemukan pada perubahan konsonan tersebut adalah proses perubahan

dari frikatif menjadi stop atau afrikat, proses perubahan konsonan [r] menjadi [l],

dan yang terakhir adalah proses palatalisasi.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a tool for communication in written or spoken words. It is used

by the people of a particular country or area in order to communicate to each other.

There are many languages spoken by human beings in this world. However, the

language that is recognized as one of the most widely spoken language is English,

which now becomes a language that is used internationally. Besides used as a native

language in some countries, English is also used as a foreign language in many

other countries. In the countries that regard English as a foreign language, the use

of English by the non-native speakers of English serves “the purpose as a vehicle

for science, for the mass media (press, radio, television), and some kinds of

international entertainment” (Strevens, 1980: 62).

Talking about the use of English in some kinds of international

entertainment, we will certainly come to think about the use of it in songs. In

Indonesia, Korean songs nowadays have become the most popular song among

youngster music enthusiasts. Korean songs become popular along with the entrance

of Korean pop culture in Indonesia. From about 10 years ago, K-pop has been well

spread not only in Indonesia, but also throughout the world. Its fame has been

mentioned by Kim (2016:3) “South Korea’s entertainment industry has grown

substantially since 1990s, producing Asia-wide and other parts of the world’s

successes in music”.


2

As the effect of the previous fact, many Korean singers recently start

producing many English songs so that they can attract more music enthusiasts

outside their country to listen to their music. Besides their own English songs, some

Korean singers also produce the remake of the existed English songs by

international singers, then they sing those songs again in a different arrangement.

In some other cases, Korean singers often get a request to sing English songs written

or sung by an American or British singers. For example, in 2013, Super Junior sang

a song by Michael Bolton entitled “How Am I Supposed to Live Without You” for

a music program and a concert in Korea. In another occasion in 2011, Taeyeon, one

of Girl’s Generation’s members, sang a song by Rihanna entitled “Take a Bow” for

a music program in Korea.

As a listener of K-Pop songs, the writer found out that there are some sound

changes that appear when Korean singers sing English songs. For example, the

word love, from the lyric of Super Junior’s song entitled “This is Love”, is

pronounced as [lʌb] instead of /lʌv/ and the word lifetime pronounced [laɪptaɪm]

instead of /laɪftaɪm/. From those examples, the writer found out that the sounds

which are usually changed in pronunciation by those Korean singers are the

consonant. Based on the fact above, it is very interesting to analyze the consonant

changes that appear in English songs by Korean singers. Thus, in this research, the

writer uses English songs sung by Korean singers as the data. The songs that are

chosen are songs with English words in all of their lyrics.

This research is essential to be conducted so that the different pronunciation

between English and Korean consonants can be described. Due to the fact that many


3

listeners and fans of Korean singers are not the natives of English, this present

research helps them from making mistake in pronouncing the English consonants.

It is because from this research, they will understand the problem occurring in

English consonants’ pronunciation by Korean singers. Thus, they will not make the

same mistakes done by those singers in pronouncing some English consonants.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background mentioned above, the problems of this present

study are formulated as follows,

1. What English consonants are changed in English songs by Korean singers?

2. What phonological patterns are found in the consonant changes?

C. Objectives of the Study

In accordance with the above problems, there are two objectives in this

study. The first objective of this study is to find the English consonants that undergo

changes in English songs sung by Korean singers. From the result of the first

objective, the substitutions for the consonants that are changed every time it is

uttered by Korean singers can also be seen. The second objective is to identify the

patterns of consonant changes found in the songs. From this second objective, the

writer tries to show in what environment those consonants change. The differences

of the Korean and English consonants found in those English songs will be analyzed

further in order to find out how those differences give effects to the Korean singers’

pronunciation of English consonants in their songs. In addition, from the second

objective, the reasons of consonant changes can also be found through the analysis.


4

D. Definition of Terms

To guide the progress of the study, there are some terms that are used in this

present study. Those terms are defined as follows.

Because this study talks about the consonant changes, the most important

thing to be understood is the term consonant itself. “Consonants are speech sounds

produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract as the air from the lungs

is pushed through the glottis out of the mouth” (Fromkin, 1991: 214). The term

consonant refers to types of sounds, not to the letters that represent them (Fromkin,

Rodman, and Hyams, 2003: 235).

In Longman Dictionary of Poetic Terms, song is “a short lyric verse

accompanied by music. Usually, the lyric is simple, direct, and conventional so as

not to compete with the music” (Myers and Simms, 1989: 286). From that

definition, we can say that song is a simple, short, direct, and conventional lyrics

verse that is meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.


5

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

Many studies have discussed the differences between English and Korean

phonology. Those kinds of studies are related to this present research since it deals

with consonant change. In this review of related studies, there are two studies which

are relevant to the present study. The first is the study conducted by Soo Rim (2010)

and the second is the study that is conducted by Cho and Park (2006).

Soo Rim, in a journal published in 2010, tries to investigate the effect of the

native language, Korean Phonology, on English. It finds out that there are three

different sound patterns, which have different phonological conditions in English

and Korean, namely aspiration, nasalization, and palatalization. Besides providing

the differences between English and Korean consonants, this study also provides

some information about phonological rules that exist in Korean and this kind of

information is very beneficial for the writer in conducting this present study. Even

though both Soo Rim’s observation and this present study talk about English and

Korean phonology, especially the phonological rule that happen to the consonants,

this present study uses songs as the object of the observation. Meanwhile, Hong’s

observation uses audio recording of people that speak some simple sentences.

The next study is conducted by Cho and Park. In their journal published in

2006, Cho and Park try to provide a thorough comparative analysis of Korean-

English phonological structures and processes. This study concludes that with


6

proper knowledge on the contrastive analysis of Korean-English phonological

structures and processes, Korean students will acquire better speech delivery and

interpretation quality into English. From this study, there are some information that

is very beneficial in conducting this present study, such as the differences and

similarities between English and Korean phonemic along with the errors that may

be done by the Koreans when speaking English. Cho and Park’s research is different

from this present study because in this present study, the writer only focuses on

consonants. The object of the research is also different because Cho and Park did

not use songs as their object.

The studies above are relevant to the present research because both of them

include the findings about the differences between English and Korean phonology

and phonetics. Moreover, the studies that are reviewed above have the same

methodology as this present study, which is phonological approach. Those findings

are very beneficial for the writer in conducting the present study because it presents

the differences between English and Korean consonants and phonological

differences. However, this present study is different from the above because none

of the above uses songs as the data.

The third study is from Wisung’s undergraduate thesis that was published

in 2016. In this study, she analyzes the vowel changes that happened in the

pronunciation of a Colombian character named Gloria from “Modern Family” TV

series. The writer used a sample study in conducting this study by analyzing the

sample of English words that are mispronounced by Gloria in “Modern Family”

Season 1 Episode 1-10. Wisung finds that the vowel changes in Gloria’s utterance


7

happened in certain environment or pattern. The pattern occurs because of the

availability of Spanish and English vowel.

Wisung’s undergraduate thesis can be related to this present study because

the two talk about sound change and use a sample study in conducting the studies.

Moreover, these two studies also try to find out the patterns of the sounds that are

changed. However, there are also some differences between Wisung’s study and

this present study. Wisung’s thesis uses the speech of a character in a TV series,

while this present study uses song lyrics as its data. Then, the language that is

compared to English in both studies is also different. Wisung’s study compares

English to Spanish, while this present study compares English with Korean.

B. Review of Related Theories

Before going further to the analysis, in this part, the writer discusses some

theories from some linguists in order to analyze and find out the answers for the

problem formulations. In conducting this study, the writer needs some theories

which are appropriate with the topic discussed. Because this study focuses on the

changes that happen to consonants, the first things that should be understood are

the consonants existing in English and Korean. This knowledge will be found from

the theory of Phonetics and Phonology. Then, the theory of Phonology is also

important to be discussed in this part.

1. Theory of Language in Songs

The writer has mentioned before in the definition of terms that song is a

simple, short, and direct lyrics verse that is meant to be sung to the accompaniment

of a musical instrument (Myers and Simms, 1989: 286). From that definition, it can


8

be concluded that the language in song is generally simpler and shorter than the

language that we usually use in our daily conversation. Furthermore, according to

Shen, song is a combination of music and language. The nature of language in songs

is fairly repetitive and consistent. The lyrics in songs are characterized by the use

of rhythms, conversational speech and poetic expressions (2009). In her article, she

also mentions that “the most common phonological phenomena that occur nearly

in every English song are liaison, loss of explosion, assimilation, voicing, deletion,

insertion and so on” (Shen, 2009).

2. Phonetics and Phonology

The branch of linguistics that studies speech sound is called Phonetics. It

provides objective ways of describing and analyzing the range of sounds humans

use in their language (McMahon, 2002:1). In other words, Phonetics is concerned

with describing the speech sounds that are produced by humans, including how they

are produced and their characteristics.

Another study which is appropriate for this present study is Phonology.

Even though both Phonetics and Phonology are the studies of spoken language,

Phonology is the further study of the spoken language. Phonology is the study of

sound patterns. “It can be the different patterns of sounds in different languages, or

different patterns of sounds in different positions in words” (Fromkin et al., 2003:

273). Phonology is concerned with how sounds function in relation to each other

in a language.

In other words, phonetics is about sounds of language, while phonology is

about sound systems of language. Phonetics is a descriptive tool which is necessary


9

to the study of the phonological aspects of a language. Moreover, Vikner (1986)

states that the study of phonology gives us insight into how the human mind works.

The study of the phonetics of a foreign language gives us a much better ability both

to hear and to correct mistakes that we make, and also to teach pronunciation of the

foreign language (in this case English) to others. As phonetics and phonology both

deal with sounds, and as English spelling and English pronunciation are two very

different things, it is important to remember and understand that they are not

analyzing the letters, but sounds.

3. English Consonants

English consonants have 24 sounds which are divided into two types. They

are places of articulation and manner of articulation (Fromkin et al., 2003: 242).

a. Places of Articulation

Place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs.

Movement of the tongue and lips cause the restriction, reshaping the oral cavity in

various ways to produce various consonants. According to McMahon, places of

articulation consist of eight classifications (2002:31-33).

1) Bilabial

Bilabial consonants are articulated by bringing both lips together. The

bottom lip is the active articulator, and the passive articulator is the upper lip.

Consonants included in Bilabials are [p], [b], and [m] as in peel, bone, and mouse.

Other than those sounds, there is one further English phoneme under this heading

which is the approximant /w/. This additional articulation takes place at the velum,

so [w] is a labial-velar sound.


10

2) Labiodental

Labiodental consonants are articulated by touching the bottom lip to the

upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are [f] as in fine, and [v] as in vine.

3) Dental

Dental sounds are articulated by inserting the tip of the tongue between the

upper and lower teeth. [ð] as in this and [θ] as in thin are interdental sounds.

4) Alveolar

Alveolar sounds are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the

bony tooth bridge called alveolar ridge. [t] as in top, [d] as in die, [n] as in nose, [s]

squeeze, [z] as in zoo, [l] as in lick, and [r] as in row are alveolar.

5) Palato-alveolar

Palato-alveolar or postalveolar sounds are produced with the blade of the

tongue as the active articulator, and the alveolar ridge and the hard palate as the

passive one. They include sounds [ʃ] as in she, [ʤ] as in judge, [ʧ] as in match, and

[ʒ] as in garage.

6) Palatal

To produce this sound, the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate

just behind the alveolar ridge. Palatal sound is the approximant /j/ as in yacht.

7) Velar

Velars are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or

velum. The back of the tongue is the active articulator, while the passive articulator

is the velum. Velars consist of [k] as in cat, [g] as in get, and [ŋ] as in sing.


11

8) Glottal

English has two glottal sounds. The first is the voiceless glottal fricative [h].

In pronouncing [h], there is no airflow restriction. It’s from the flow of air through

the open glottis. The tongue and lips are usually in the position for the production

of the following vowel. The second is Glottal stop [ʔ] which is produced if the air

is stopped completely in the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords.

b. Manner of Articulation

It’s used to distinguish the sounds by the flow of the airstream that may be

blocked or partially blocked; the vocal cord may vibrate or not vibrate (Fromkin et

al., 2003: 244).

1) Voiced and Voiceless Sounds

Voiced sounds are produced when the vocal chords are vibrating. Voiced

sounds are [b, d, g, z, ð, v, ʒ, ʤ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j]. Meanwhile, voiceless sounds are

produced when the vocal cords are not vibrating when we produce the sounds.

Voiceless sounds are [p, t, k, s, f, θ, ʃ, ʧ, h, ʔ].

2) Nasal and oral sounds

Most sounds in all language are oral sounds including vowels except nasal

sounds. Nasal sounds are [m], [n], and [ŋ].

3) Stops and Continuant

Sounds that are stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief time are

called Stops, while sounds in which there is no stoppage in the vocal tract are called


12

Continuants. Stop sounds are [p, b, m, t, d, n, k, g, ŋ, ʧ, ʤ]. The continuant

consonants are fricatives, affricates, liquid, and glide.

4) Fricatives

Fricatives are sounds made with a small opening, allowing the air to escape

with some friction. In English, the fricatives are [f, v, s, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ]. When a fricative

is produced, the lower articulator is close to the upper articulator, but not so close

that the air cannot escape, creating frication. Therefore, the essential component of

a fricative is obstructed air-flow with frication.

5) Affricates

Affricates are sequences of stop and fricatives. Fricatives are [ʧ, ʤ] as in

the initial of the word child and joke. In producing affricates, firstly, the tip of the

tongue is at the rear of the alveolar ridge. Then, the tongue pulls away slightly from

the roof of the mouth to form a fricative.

6) Liquid

Liquids are consonant sounds in which the tongue produces a partial closure

in the mouth, resulting in a resonant, vowel like consonant such as a lateral liquid

[l] and retroflex liquid [r]. [r] is also approximant.

7) Glide

Glides are also known as a semivowel. It consists of approximant [w, j] as

in the words yes and west.

The table below gives the summary of consonants that exist in English based

on the place and manner of articulation.


13

Table 2.1 English Consonants Place and Manner of Articulation

(Adopted from O’Grady and Archibald, 2004)

Place of Articulation

Bil

ab

ial

La

bio

den

tal

Den

tal

Alv

eola

r

Pa

lato

-

alv

eola

r

Pa

lata

l

Vel

ar

Glo

tta

l

Ma

nn

er o

f A

rtic

ula

tio

n

Sto

p Voiced b

d

g

Voiceless p

t

k ʔ

Fri

cati

ve Voiced

v ð z ʒ

Voiceless

f θ s ʃ

h

Aff

rica

te

Voiced

ʤ

Voiceless tʃ

Na

sal

Voiced m

n ŋ

Gli

de Voiced w

j

Liq

uid

Retroflex

r

Lateral

l

4. Korean Consonants

Based on the book by Song (2006:26), Korean phonetic system has only 19

consonants, they are /p, p′, pʰ, t, t′, tʰ, m, n, ŋ, tɕ, tɕ′, tɕʰ, k, k′, kʰ, s, sʰ, l, h/.

One character of Korean consonants is that there are three distinctive voiceless

sounds in the stops and affricates. They are lax/lenis (weak/basic) sounds /p, t, k/,

fortis (tense) sounds /p′, t′, k′/, and aspirated sounds /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.

In the Korean alphabet, tense sounds are represented as double lenis sounds

/pp, tt, kk/. “These tensed stops in Korean are never voiced, but are always

voiceless” (Song, 2006:27). When producing the tensed stops /p′, t′, k′/ in Korean,


14

the airstream is blocked not only at the place of articulation, but also at the vocal

cords. Thus, in Korean, “the tensed stops are produced by bringing the lips together

and by closing off the vocal cords at the same time” (Song, 2006:28).

The aspirated voiceless stop consonants [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ] can be found both in

English and Korean. However, they are different. In Korean, those aspirated

voiceless consonants exist as phonemes while in English they exist only as the

allophones of the voiceless stop consonants /p/, /t/, /k/.

a. Place of Articulation

Korean place of articulation is divided into five categories. They are

Bilabial, Dental, Palatal, Velar, and Glottal.

1) Bilabials

Bilabials are produced by bringing both lips together. Bilabial consonants

are /p, p′, pʰ, m/, for example: bul [pul] (fire), ppul [p’ul] (horn), and pul [pʰul]

(grass). The sound [b] is the allophone of lenis /p/.

2) Alveolar

Alveolar sounds are produced by putting the tip of the tongue to the alveolar

ridge. Alveolar sounds consist of /t, t′, tʰ, s (fortis), sʰ, n, and l/. The examples of

the words are dal [tal] (moon), ttal [t′al] (daughter), tal [tʰal] (mask), sal [sal]

(flesh), ssal [ssal] (uncooked grains of rice), nal [nal] (day), and baram [paɾam]

(wind). /l/ is an alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/. It

is [l] at the end of a word, before a consonant other than /h/, or next to another /l/.

Sound [d] is the allophone of lenis /t/.


15

3) Palatals

Palatals include sounds produced by raising the front part of the tongue to

the hard palate. Palatal consonants are /tɕ, tɕ′, tɕʰ/ as in “jada” [tɕada] (to sleep),

jjada [tɕ′ada] (to squeeze), and chada [tɕʰada] (to kick). Sound [dʒ] is the allophone

of lax /tɕ/.

4) Velars

Velars are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate of

velum. Velar consonants are /k, k′, kʰ, ŋ/ as in the words kogi [kogi] (meat), kkoma

[k′oma], kal [kʰal] (knife), and bang [paŋ]. The sound [g] is the allophone of /k/.

5) Glottals

Glottals are sounds produced by involving the vocal cords in the larynx,

with no modification of the airstream in the mouth. Glottal sound is /h/ as in hada

[hada] (to do).

b. Manner of Articulation

According to Cho (2016:237), Korean manner of articulation is divided into

five classes.

1) Stops

Stops are produced by completely blocking the airstream in the mouth.

Korean stop consonants are /p, p′, pʰ, t, t′, tʰ, k, k′, kʰ/.

2) Fricatives

Fricatives are produced by obstructing but not completely blocking the

airstream inside the mouth. Fricative consonants are /s, sʰ, and h/.


16

3) Affricates: the consonants / tɕ, tɕ′, tɕʰ /.

4) Nasals

Nasals are produced by letting the air pass out through the nasal cavity, not

through the mouth. Nasal consonants are /m, n, ŋ/.

5) Approximants

Approximant consonant is /l/. The sound /l/ is usually in complementary

distribution with [ɾ].

The consonants that exist in Korean language have been elaborated above,

and it can be seen that there are some English consonants which are not found in

Korean phonemic consonants. Consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, and /ʤ/ are not found

phonemically in Korean, but these consonants are found as allophones. However,

there are also some consonants that cannot be found either as phonemes or

allophones. Those are the fricative sounds /f, v, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ/. Then, in order to make

it easier to understand, a table that summarizes Korean consonants has been

provided below.

Table 2.2 Korean Phonemic Consonants (Adopted from Cho and

Park, 2006)

Bil

ab

ial

La

bio

den

tal

Den

tal

Alv

eola

r

Pa

lato

-

alv

eola

r

Pa

lata

l

Vel

ar

Glo

tta

l

Sto

p

lax p

t

k

tense p′ t′ k′

aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ

Fri

ca

tiv

e

lax s

h aspirated sʰ


17

Aff

rica

te lax

tɕ

tense tɕ′

aspirated tɕʰ

Na

sal

m

n

ŋ

Ap

pro

xim

an

t

j

Fla

p

ɾ

5. Phonological Processes

According to Walt Wolfram and Robert Johnson (1982), phonology is a

dynamic system in which the units change as they come into contact with other

units in the system. That kind of change is called as phonological process which

can apply in every language in the world. Here are some phonological processes

that often occur in language according to Walt Wolfram and Robert Johnson (1982)

and Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2003).

a. Assimilation

Assimilation is a change in a given sound made under the influence of other

sounds nearby. In other words, Assimilation is the rule that makes two segments

which are near to each other become more similar. The example is the rule where

the voiced /z/ of the English plural suffix is changed to [s] after a voiceless sound

which happens to the word pets. It is supposed to be pronounced [pɛts] instead of

[pɛtz]. This rule can be changed into a notation as follows.

C - voiced / C ____

[+voiced] [- voiced]


18

b. Dissimilation

Besides Assimilation, language has another feature-changing rule that is

called Dissimilation process. It is a rule in which a sound or a segment becomes

less similar to other segments (Fromkin et al., 2003). For example, the word fifth is

pronounced as [fift] instead of [fifθ]. In this case, the fricative /θ/ becomes

dissimilar to the fricative that occurs before it by becoming a stop. The notation for

this rule is shown as follows.

C + alveolar / C _______

- fricative

- voiced - voiced

+dental + labiodental

+fricative + fricative

c. Epenthesis

The process of inserting a sound segment (a consonant or a vowel) into a

form is called Epenthesis (Fromkin et al., 2003). It includes the rules for forming

regular plurals, possessive forms, and third-person singular verb agreement in

English. The schwa insertion part of the rule of English plural formation is one of

the example of epenthesis, such as in kisses which is pronounced as [kɪsǝz].

Another examples of epenthesis can be seen from the word film [fɪlǝm] and in the

word grow [grǝʊ] being realized as [gǝrǝʊ].

d. Deletion

According to Wolfram and Johnson (1982), another phonological rule that

affects the entire segments is called Deletion. It is a rule that delete the entire

segments. The example of segment deletion rule is when we often delete the


19

unstressed vowels in the words such as memory [memǝri:] and mystery [mɪstǝrɪ],

or the loss of the initial /p/ in pneumonia.

6. Korean Phonological Processes

As mentioned by Walt Wolfram and Robert Johnson (1982), phonological

process can apply in every language in the world. However, there are some

phonological processes which are available in Korean but not in English. According

to Richards (1979:5), language transfer is one of the seven factors that influence the

learners’ language use. Thus, these phonological processes only existing in Korean

are important to be discussed here. It is because they are usually transferred by

Korean singers when they sing English songs, and the transfer of those Korean

phonological processes can cause consonant changes made by Korean singers. Here

are some Korean phonological processes or rules which cannot be found in English

according to Cho (2006:241-242) and Lee (1999:238).

a. Korean Palatalization

Korean has a palatalization process where the alveolar obstruent consonants

such as /s/, /t/, and /tʰ/ changes into their allophones [ʃ], [tɕ], and [tɕʰ] whenever

they occur before the vowel /ɪ/. For example, when Korean want to say /sosik/

which means news, they will pronounce it as [soʃik] instead. Another example is

they will pronounce /katʰɪ/, which means together, as [katɕʰɪ]. It is also mentioned

by Cho (2006:242) that, “this palatalization process tends to be transferred over to

English. Thus, Koreans will have a problem with those consonants.”


20

b. Korean Lenis Stop Voicing Process

Another Korean phonological rules are lenis stop voicing rules. “According

to this rule, lenis stop and affricate sounds such as /p, t, k, and tɕ/ become voiced

[b], [d], [g], and [ʤ] when occurring between voiced segments” (Lee, 1999:2), most

notably between vowels. For example, Korean people will pronounce /papo/,

means fool, as [pabo].

C. Theoretical Framework

Based on the above reviews of related studies and related theories, to answer

problem number one which is finding the consonants changes that occur when

Korean singers sing English songs, this present study will use the theories of

phonetics which works on the segmental level. Phonetics is used to answer the first

problem formulation because the first problem concerns with investigating

individual sounds that is considered as one segment of speech. This study uses both

English and Korean phonetics.

Then, to answer research problem number two, this present study will use

the theory of phonology. For the second problem, the writer focuses on the theory

of phonological processes in order to find out the patterns of the consonant changes.

Some information and findings from the first related study that have been reviewed

before will also be used in solving this problem.


21

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is the pronunciation of English consonants in

English songs sung by Korean singers. The writer is interested in this topic because

Korean singers often mispronounce some English consonants when they have to

sing English songs. Therefore, in this study, the writer would like to find out what

English consonants that change and how the change happens in Korean singers’

pronunciation. In this study, the linguistic elements that are analyzed are sounds,

specifically, the sounds which are included as consonants in English.

In order to find out the consonants that are changed when the Korean singers

pronounce them, the writer analyzes some English songs, sung by Korean singers,

where some consonant changes can be found. The songs that are used in this study

are “2 Different Things” by Wonder Girls, “Wedding Dress”, “I’ll be There” and

“Make Love” by Bigbang, also “She” and “How Am I Supposed to Live Without

You” by Super Junior. This study also analyzes the English songs sung by a South

Korean pop rock band named CN Blue. The songs that are chosen from CN Blue’s

albums are “Teardrops”, “Every time”, “Feeling”, and “I Don’t Know Why”. Those

songs that are chosen above are all written in English.

The reason for choosing the songs that are written and sung by those singers

is because CN Blue, Wonder Girls, Bigbang, and Super Junior are considered as

Korean boy and girl groups who successfully brought K-Pop into international

recognition, along with TVXQ and Girl’s Generation (m.korea.net). Their fame can


22

also be recognized by the albums they have produced and achievements they have

got. Each of them has launched more than 6 albums, holds more than 6 concert

tours that are held in many countries in Asia, America, and Europe, and they also

have received many music awards such as Golden Disk Award, Mnet Asian Music

Award, and Teen Choice Award (www.theculturetrip.com).

B. Approach of the Study

Since this study analyzes changes in sounds and its pronunciation,

phonological approach is applied as its approach. According to Carr (1993),

phonology is the study of systems of sounds. It is also the study of the sound system

of a particular language. This approach is chosen because the purpose of this

research is to find out the phonological patterns in the sound change. Phonological

approach is appropriate to be applied in this study for the reason that phonology is

about the ways in which speech sounds form patterns, so it will give the theories to

help in analyzing the data and giving the conclusion of the change that happens in

English consonants.

In conducting this study, error analysis is also applied. It is used because

error analysis is a tool to examine how the learners obtain the second language

(Richards, 1979:4). Error analysis is applied to identify the deviation form of

consonants that occur in Korean singers’ pronunciation when they sing English

songs. Thus, the reasons why the consonant changes occur in Korean singers’

pronunciation can be found.


23

C. Method of the Study

There were some steps that are done in doing this study. They were Data

Collection and Data Analysis. The steps are explained as follows.

1. Data Collection

This research used a purposive sampling technique to collect the data.

According to Maxwell (1997:87), “Purposive sampling is a type of sampling in

which particular settings, persons, or events are deliberately selected for the

important information they can provide that cannot be gotten from the other

choices”. It means that the data used in this study were only the selected data which

were suitable for the purpose of the study.

In this study, the data selected for this study were the English words that

have consonant changes in it. This study did not use all the words presented in CN

Blue, Super Junior, Wonder Girls, and Big Bang’s English songs. The writer did

not use all English songs from the selected singers as the data because the same

patterns of consonant changes could only be found in the songs that had been

mentioned before.

The data for this study were collected by listening to all the words presented

in the songs that had been chosen as the primary data. The songs were downloaded

by the writer from www.youtube.com, and they were played using GOM Player

that the writer had in laptop ASUS X453M. In order to avoid any disturbance while

listening to the songs, the writer used an earphone for Samsung Tab 3.8 to listen to

the pronunciation. The writer listened to the songs one by one. Then, if there was a

part where a consonant change happened, it was repeated in order to make sure that


24

the writer did not misheard it. After that, the words and the consonants that changed

were noted down.

2. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the first step that the writer did was collecting the

words where consonant changes could be found. Then, those selected words were

transcribed into phonetic transcriptions using Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English in order to know the intended pronunciation. The Korean

singers’ pronunciation was also transcribed into phonetic transcriptions. From those

phonetic transcriptions, the writer identified the consonant changes in each song

and categorized them based on the form of consonant changes.

In order to make the data easier to read, a code was given to the data. The

encoding of the data was given based on the singers of the songs. Thus, the code

would begin with K.S. which is the abbreviation of Korean Singer, and then it

would be followed by a number that represents the name of the singer. The code

for the data is elaborated below.

a. K.S.1 would be the code for Wonder Girls

b. K.S.2 would be the code for Super Junior

c. K.S.3 would be the code for Bigbang

d. K.S.4 would be the code for CN Blue

After giving code to each data, the writer compiled all the words that had

been chosen as the data according to the consonant change and its substitution.

Then, all consonants found in the analysis were described by their features in order

to identify the cause of the consonant changes. Furthermore, the phonological


25

processes were analyzed in order to find the phonological rule that can explain the

patterns of consonant changes that occur.

In order to make the findings clearer and more understandable, the writer

provided a table that helped to point out the consonant changes that happened and

also the phonological process that was applied. For the first problem formulation,

the table was made for each song that was analyzed. It contained the data code, the

list of consonants that were changed and its substitutions, also the pronunciation of

words where the consonants changes happen. The pronunciation shown in the table

started with the pronunciation from dictionary, then followed by the Korean

singers’ pronunciation. The first table is as follows.

Table 3.1 Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears”

Data

Code

Consonant

Change English Words

Target

Pronunciation

Korean Singer’s

Pronunciation

For the second problem formulation, there will be provided a table that

consists of data code, the list of words where the consonant changes happen, and

the pronunciation of those words according to the dictionary and based on Korean

singers’ pronunciation. This table will show the data based on each consonant

change. The table will be shown as follows.

Table 3.2 Consonant Changes [v] → [b] in Korean Singers’ English Songs

Data

Code Words The Change in Pronunciation


26

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of two main parts. The first part of the analysis

answers the first problem formulation. It focuses on the lists of words whose

consonants are changed after pronounced by the Korean singers in their songs that

are chosen as the data. The second part of the analysis elaborates more about the

consonants that are changed and their substitutions. From this elaboration, the

patterns of consonant changes also the phonological processes that happen in the

songs can be drawn. Thus, the second part answers the second problem formulation.

A. Consonant Changes in English Songs by Korean Singers

According to the data that the writer obtained from the selected songs, in

those 10 English songs, there are 29 words whose consonants are pronounced

differently from the pronunciations found in dictionary. Below are the lists of words

with consonant change, which are classified based on the title of the songs.

1. Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears” by Wonder Girls

The song “2 Different Tears” is included in Wonder Girls’ first album which

uses English as the language of the songs. When listening to the song, there are not

many mispronunciations done by the singer. However, some consonant changes

still can be found in some words, and those changes can be heard clearly as the

writer listens to the song. The consonant changes found in this song can be seen in

the table below.


27

Table 4.1 Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears”

Data

Code

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.1 [f] → [p] life

left [laɪf]

[left]

[laɪp]

[lept]

K.S.1 [r] → [l] tears [tɪers] [tɪels]

K.S.1 [v] → [b] move [mu:v] [mu:b]

From the table above, the first consonant change that occurs in “2 Different

Tears” is the change of sound [f] into [p] as seen in the words life and left. According

to the dictionary, the word life should be pronounced as [laɪf], and the word left

should be pronounced as [left]. However, Wonder Girls pronounces it as [laɪp] and

/lept/. The consonant [f] is always changed into [p] whenever Wonder Girls

pronounces the word life and left in this song.

The second consonant change happens to consonant [r]. It is changed into

consonant [l] when Wonder Girls pronounces the word tears. In the dictionary, it

should be pronounced as [tɪers], but Wonder Girls pronounced it as [tɪels]. In this

song, the consonant change from [r] into [l] only happens when they pronounce the

word tears. The last change that can be found in the song “2 Different Tears” is the

change of consonant [v] into [b] in the word move. The singer tends to pronounce

the word move as [mu:b] instead of [mu:v] as what is written in the dictionary.

2. Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior

The song entitled “She” is actually not the song written by Super Junior.

They also never produce an album or a single in English. However, they usually

have some English songs to perform at their world tour. One of those songs is the


28

song entitled “She” which is originally sung by Elvis Costello, an English musician.

This song also has once performed in a TV program in Korea as a special

performance by Super Junior in 2011. Even though they have ever sung English

songs in many occasions, there are still some consonants that are changed every

time they sing an English song. The consonant changes found in the song “She” by

Super Junior can be seen in the table below.

Table 4.2 Consonant Changes in “She”

Data

Code

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.2 [f] → [p] reflected [rɪflektɪd] [rɪplektɪd]

K.S.2 [v] → [b]

of

heaven

survive

souvenir

have

love

[ɒv]

[hevən]

[sərvaɪv]

[suːvənɪr]

[hæv]

[lɅv]

[ɒb]

[hebən]

[sərbaɪ]

[suːbənɪr]

[hæb]

[lɅb]

K.S.2 [ʒ] → [ʤ]

pleasure

treasure

meazure

[pleʒər]

[treʒər]

[meʒər]

[pleʤər]

[treʤər]

[meʤər]

K.S.2 [s] → [ʃ] seem [sim] [ʃim]

K.S.2 [z] → [ʤ] reason [rizən] [riʤən]

K.S.2 [r] → [l] rough

ready [rɅf]

[redi]

[lɅf]

[ledi]

As can be seen in the table above, the changes happen to the consonants [f],

[v], [s], [z], [r], and [ʒ]. The consonant [f] changes into [p] whenever Super Junior

pronounce the word reflected. It has to be pronounced as [rɪflektɪd], but they

pronounce it as [rɪplektɪd]. Then, the changes from consonant [v] into [b] happens


29

in the words of, heaven, survive, souvenir, have, and love. This consonant change

can be heard clearly throughout the performance of the song.

The next consonant change is the of consonant [ʒ] to [ʤ]. It is found in the

words pleasure, treasure, and measure. According to the dictionary, those words

should be pronounced as [pleʒər], [treʒər], and [meʒər]. Nevertheless, they tend to

change the consonant [ʒ] into [ʤ] in the pronunciation of those words. Thus, the

pronunciation will become [pleʤər], [treʤər], and [meʤər].

In the song entitled “She”, there is also a change from consonant [s] into [ʃ].

It occurs in the word seem that has to be pronounced as [sim] instead of [ʃim]. The

last consonant changes found in this song are the changes from consonant [z] into

consonant [ʤ] and also the change from [r] into [l]. Consonant change from [z].

into [ʤ] can be seen in the word reason which should be pronounced as [rizən]

instead of [riʤən]. Then, the change from consonant [r] into [l] is found in the word

rough and ready.

3. Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without You” by

Super Junior

Similar to the song entitled “She”, “How Am I Supposed to Live Without

You” is also an English song sung by Super Junior when they have their world tour.

This song is originally sung by an American singer named Michael Bolton. In

singing this song, Super Junior make some consonant changes when they

pronounce some English words. However, there is only one change that occurs to


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the English consonant in this song. The only change happens to consonant /v/, and

the example of the occurrence is shown below.

Table 4.3 Consonant Change in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without

You”

As shown in the table above, consonant [v] is changed into [b] when Super

Junior pronounce the words of, loving, believe, and living. Those words should be

pronounced as [ɒv], [lɅvɪŋ], [bəliv], and [livɪŋ]. However, they pronounce it as [ɒb],

[lɅbɪŋ], [bəlib], and [libɪŋ]. These changes can be found every time they pronounce

those words in the song.

4. Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang

Compared to the other boy/girl groups in Korea, Bigbang is considered to

have better English speaking skill. It can be proven by the number of English songs

they have already produced. They have 16 English songs, and “Wedding Dress” is

one of their most popular English songs. However, there are still some differences

in pronunciation when they pronounce some English words in their songs. The

consonant changes found in this song are listed in the table below.

Table 4.4 Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress”

Data

Code

Consonant

Change

English

Words

Target

Pronunciation

Korean Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.3 [v] → [b] of [ɒv] [ɒb]

Data

Code

Consonant

Change English

Words

Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.2 [v] → [b]

of

loving

believe

living

[ɒv]

[lɅvɪŋ]

[bəliv]

[livɪŋ]

[ɒb]

[lɅbɪŋ]

[bəlib]

[libɪŋ]


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K.S.3 [f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]

In the song “Wedding Dress”, consonants that undergo a change are [v] and

[f]. Consonant [v] is changed into [b] every time Bigbang pronounce the word of.

In the dictionary, it should be pronounced as [ɒv] instead of [ɒb]. Thus, there is a

change from consonant [v] to [b]. On the other hand, consonant [f] is changed into

[p]. This consonant change occurs in the pronunciation of the word life. Bigbang

pronounce it as [laɪp] instead of [laɪf].

5. Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang

“I’ll be There” is another English song sung by Bigbang which has

consonant changes in it. The consonant changes found in this song are shown in

the table below.

Table 4.5 Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There”

Data

Code

Consonant

Change

English

Words

Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.3 [v] → [b]

of

believe

have

love

loving

[ɒv]

[bəliv]

[hæv]

[lɅv]

[lɅvɪŋ]

[ɒb]

[bəlib]

[hæb]

[lɅb]

[lɅbɪŋ]

K.S.3 [f] → [p] laugh [læf] [læp]

The table shows that there are also changes from consonant [v] into [b] and

also from consonant [f] into [p]. The number of consonant change [v] into [b] is

bigger than the number of consonant [f] into [p]. Consonant [v] undergoes a change


32

into [b] in the words of, believe, have, love, and loving. Meanwhile, consonant

change of [f] into [p] only happens in one word that is life.

6. Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang

Another Bigbang’s most popular English song is the song entitled “Make

Love”. From this song can also be found a consonant change that is shown in the

table below.

Table 4.6 Consonant Changes in “Make Love”

Data

Code

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.3 [v] → [b]

love

ever

never

[lɅv]

[evə(r)]

[nevə(r)]

[lɅb]

[ebə(r)]

[nebə(r)]

In “Make Love”, the only consonant change that can be found is from [v] to [b].

This consonant change found in the words love, ever, and never. The word love

should be pronounced as [lɅv], but Bigbang pronounce it as [lɅb]. Thus, consonant

[v] in this word is changed into [b]. The same thing goes to the word ever and never

which are should be pronounced as [evə(r)] and [nevə(r)] instead of [ebə(r)] and

[nevə(r)].

7. Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue

An English song entitled “Teardrops” is included in CN Blue’s album

launched in 2010. This song was first performed by CN Blue during their world

tour. Then, it is also chosen as a soundtrack of a very popular Korean drama entitled

“Heartstring”. Even though CN Blue has often sung this English song, there are still


33

some differences in pronouncing the English consonant while singing this song.

The consonant changes found in this song is listed below.

Table 4.7 Consonant Changes in “Teardrops”

Data

Code

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.4 [v] → [b] everything [evriθɪŋ] [ebrisɪŋ]

K.S.4 [θ] → [s] everything [evriθɪŋ] [evrisɪŋ]

K.S.4 [f] → [p] if [ɪf] [ɪp]

K.S.4 [r] → [l] teardrops [tɪrdrɑ:ps] [tɪldrɑ:ps]

From the table above, it can be seen that there are 4 consonant changes

found in the song “Teardrops” by CN Blue. The first is consonant change from [v]

into [b]. It is found when CN Blue pronounce the word everything. According to

the dictionary, it is pronounced as [evriθɪŋ], but in this song, they pronounce it as

[evrisɪŋ]. Therefore, consonant [v] is changed into [b] in their pronunciation. Then,

still from the same word, it also can be seen that consonant [θ] is changed into [s].

The third consonant change is from consonant [f] into [p] as can be seen in

the word if. The singer pronounces this word as [ɪp] instead of [ɪf]. The last

consonant change is found when CN Blue pronounce the word teardrops.

Consonant [r] in [tɪrdrɑ:ps] is changed into [l], so the pronunciation of this word

becomes [tɪldrɑ:ps].

8. Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue

The song entitled “Feeling” is also an English song that is popular by CN

Blue. This song is a pop rock song and the tempo of this song is a bit slow.

Therefore, it is not difficult to find out whether or not there is a consonant change


34

in this song. From the analysis, some consonant changes are found in this song, and

those changes are shown in the table below.

Table 4.8 Consonant Changes in “Feeling”

Data

Code

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.4 [r] → [l]

teardrop

tiers

tear

[tɪrdrɑ:p]

[tɪers]

[tɪer]

[tɪldrɑ:p]

[tɪels]

[tɪel]

K.S.4 [v] → [b] every

everything

[evrɪ]

[evrɪθɪŋ]

[ebrɪ]

[ebrɪsɪŋ]

K.S.4 [θ] → [s] everything [evrɪθɪŋ] [ebrɪsɪŋ]

Based on the data in the table above, it can be seen that the consonant

changes found in this song are almost the same with the changes in the previous

song. The first is the change happening to consonant [r] which is changed into [l].

This consonant change is found when CN Blue pronounce the words teardrop,

tears, and tear. In the dictionary, those words are pronounced as [tɪrdrɑ:p], [tɪers],

and [tɪer]. However, when CN Blue pronounce those words, the pronunciation

becomes [tɪldrɑ:p], [tɪels], and [tɪel]. It shows that there is consonant [r] which is

changed into [l].

The second change is the change from consonant [v] into [b] which can be

seen in the word every and everything. Those words in the dictionary are

pronounced as [evrɪ] and [evrɪθɪŋ]. However, those words are pronounced as [ebrɪ]

and [ebrɪsɪŋ] by CN Blue. The last change is also found in the pronunciation of the

word everything. The consonant [θ] in [evrɪθɪŋ] is changed into [s], so it becomes

pronounced as [ebrɪsɪŋ].


35

9. Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue

In this English song sung by CN Blue, there is only a few differences found

in the pronunciation of some consonants. The consonant changes found in this song

are shown in the table below.

Table 4.9 Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why”

Data

Code

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.4 [θ] → [s] anything

think

[eniθɪŋ]

[θɪŋk]

[enisɪŋ]

[sɪŋk]

K.S.4 [r] → [l] hear

care

[hɪr]

[ker]

[hɪl]

[kel]

K.S.4 [f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]

The table above shows that there are 3 consonant changes in the song “I

Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue. The first is the change of consonant [θ] into [s].

This consonant change is found when CN Blue pronounces the word anything and

think. The word anything should be pronounced as [eniθɪŋ] instead of [enisɪŋ], and

the word think is pronounced by the singer as [sɪŋk] instead of [θɪŋk].

The second consonant that undergoes a change is consonant [r] which is

changed into [l] when the singer pronounces the word hear and care. Lastly, the

consonant [f] in the pronunciation of the word life is changed into [p]. Thus, life is

pronounced by the singer as [laɪp] instead of [laɪf].

10. Consonant Change in “Every Time” by CN Blue

The third CN Blue’s song chosen as the data to be analyzed is an English

song entitled “Every Time”. In this song, there is only a little difference in


36

pronouncing the English consonant. As a result, there are only 2 consonant changes

found in this song, and it will be shown in the table below.

Table 4.10 Consonant Changes in “Every Time”

Data

Code

Consonant

Change

English

Words

Target

Pronunciation

Korean

Singer’s

Pronunciation

K.S.4 [v] → [b] love [lɅv] [lɅb]

K.S.4 [f] → [p] if [ɪf] [ɪp]

The table shows that consonant [v] is changed into [b]. This change happens

when the singer pronounces the word love as [lɅb] instead of [lɅv]. The other change

happens to consonant [f] which is changed into [p]. This consonant change found

when CN Blue pronounce the word if as [ɪp] instead of [ɪf].

B. Phonological Patterns of the Consonant Changes

In the previous section, it has been listed and analyzed the words which their

consonants are changed after being pronounced by Korean singers. Next, the

patterns of the consonant changes will be discussed in this section. In order to

identify the patterns of the consonant changes, it will also be provided the features

of the consonants. Then, the pattern of phonological processes that usually happen

in the consonant changes done in Korean singers’ pronunciation will also be drawn.

The analysis is done below based on the consonant change.

1. Substitution of [p] for [f]

From the previous discussion, it is found that there is a change from

consonant [f] into [p], and the substitution of [f] is always the consonant [p]. Below

are the features of consonant [f].


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[f]

+ labiodental

+ fricative

- voiced

Meanwhile, the features of consonant [p] are as listed below.

[p]

+ bilabial

+ stops - voiced

Based on the features of each sound, consonant [f] and [p] are different in

the place of articulation where [f] is [+labiodental] because it is “produced by

touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth” (McMahon, 2002:31) and [p] is

[+bilabial] because it is “produced by bringing both upper and lower lips together”

(McMahon, 2002:31). Based on the flow of the airstream, the origin consonant is

[+fricative], while the after consonant is [+stops], and based on the vibration of the

vocal cord, both the origin consonant and the after are [-voiced].

The explanation above shows that Korean singers usually change the

fricatives consonant [f] into stops consonant [p] in their pronunciation of English

words. This change is caused by the absence of phoneme /f/ in Korean phonemic

consonants, so it is replaced by nearby stops consonant /p/ (Cho, 2006:238). The

occurrence of this consonant change in English songs sung by Korean singers is

listed in the table below.


38

Table 4.11 Consonant Changes [f] → [p] in Korean Singers’ English

Songs

From the table above, sounds [f] and [p] are preceded by diphthong /aɪ/, vowels

/e/, /ɪ/, and /æ/. Those consonants are in the natural class of [- consonantal].

Therefore, it can be concluded that in Korean singers’ pronunciation, the consonant

[f] will be changed into [p] when it is preceded by vowels. The notation for this rule

is shown as below.

[f] → [p] / [- consonantal] ____

2. Substitution of [b] for [v]

The second consonant change that usually occurs in Korean singers’

pronunciation of English words is the change from consonant [v] into consonant

[b]. Below are the features of consonant [v].

[v]

+ labiodental

+ fricative

+ voiced

Meanwhile, the features of consonant [b] are shown below.

Data

Code Words The Change in Pronunciations

K.S.1 life [laɪf] → [laɪp]

left [left] → [lept]

K.S.2 reflected [rɪflektɪd] → [rɪplektɪd]

K.S.3 life [laɪf] → [laɪp]

laugh [læf] → [læp]

K.S.4 if [ɪf] → [ɪp]

life [laɪf] → [laɪp]


39

[b]

+ bilabial

+ stops

+ voiced

Based on the features of each sound, in the place of articulation, consonant

[v] and [b] are different because [v] is [+labiodental] for it is produced by bringing

the bottom lip to the upper teeth and [b] is [+bilabial] for it is produced by bringing

both lips together (McMahon, 2002:31). Based on the flow of the airstream, the

origin consonant is [+fricative], while the after consonant is [+stops]. Then, based

on the vibration of the vocal cord, both the origin consonant and the after are

[+voiced].

The explanation above shows that Korean singers usually change the

fricatives consonant [v] into stops consonant [b] in the pronunciation of English

words. This change is a result of the absence of fricative [v] in Korean consonant,

as can be seen in table 2.2. Then, it is replaced by nearby stops [b]. “According to

the lenis stop voicing rule in Korean’s phonological rule, even though consonant

[b] cannot be found as a phoneme, it actually exists in Korean as allophones” (Cho,

2006). Thus, it is easier for Korean singers to pronounce [b] instead of [v]. The

occurrence of this second consonant change is listed in the tables as follows.


Data


K.S.1 move [mu:v] → [mu:b]

K.S.2 of [ɒv] → [ɒb]

believe [bəliv] → [bəlib]


40

have [hæv] → [hæb]

love [lɅv] → [lɅb]

K.S.3

of [ɒv] → [ɒb]

believe [bəliv] → [bəlib]

have [hæv] → [hæb]


K.S.4

every [evrɪ] → [ebrɪ]

everything [evrɪθɪŋ] → [ebrɪsɪŋ]


From the table above, it is shown that that consonants [v] and [b] are

preceded by vowels /u:/, /ɒ/, /i/, /e/, /æ/, and /Ʌ/. Those are in the natural class [-

consonantal]. Hence, for the first pattern, in Korean singers’ pronunciation,

consonant [v] will change into [b] when it is preceded, followed, or placed between

by [- consonantal]. If this rule is written in the form of a notation, it will be shown

as below.

[v] → [b] / [- consonantal] ____

The next table below shows the second environment where consonant

change [v] into [b] happens in Korean Singers’ pronunciation.


Data


K.S.2 survive [sərvaɪv] → [sərbaɪ]

The table shows that that consonants [v] and [b] are followed by the diphthong /aɪ/

which is in the natural class [- consonantal]. Therefore, for the first pattern, in


41

Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [v] will change into [b] when it is

followed by [- consonantal]. In the notation, it will be shown as below.

[v] → [b] / ____ [- consonantal]

The third table below shows the last environment of consonant change from

the sound [v] into [b] in Korean singers’ pronunciation.


Data


K.S.2

heaven [hevən] → [hebən]

loving [lɅvɪŋ] → /lɅbɪŋ]

living [livɪŋ] → /libɪŋ]

souvenir [suːvənɪər] → /suːbənɪər]

K.S.3

ever [evə(r)] → /ebə(r)]

never [nevə(r)] → /nebə(r)]

loving [lɅvɪŋ] → /lɅbɪŋ]

The table shows that consonants [v] and [b] placed between the vowels /u:/,

/ɪ/, /i/, /ə/, /e/, and /Ʌ/. Those vowels are also in the natural class [- consonantal].

Thus, in Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [v] will also be changed into [b]

when it placed between by [- consonantal]. If this rule is written in the form of a

notation, it will be shown as below.

[v] → [b] / [- consonantal] ____ [- consonantal]

3. Substitution of [ʤ] for [ʒ]

The next consonant that is often replaced by another consonant when it is

pronounced by Korean singer is consonant [ʒ]. This consonant is usually replaced

by consonant [ʤ]. Below are the features of consonant [ʒ].


42

[ʒ]

+ palato-alveolar

+ fricative

+ voiced

Meanwhile, the features of consonant [ʤ] are listed below.

[ʤ] + palato-alveolar

- fricative

+ voiced

From the features listed above, it can be seen that consonant [ʒ] and [ʤ] are

both included as [+ palato-alveolar] in the place of articulation as seen in table 2.1.

Both consonants also share the same feature based on the vibration of the vocal

cord where both are [+ voiced]. Based on the flow of the airstream, consonant [ʒ]

is [+fricative], while the after consonant is [- fricative]. From the features of each

consonant above, it explains that Korean singers tend to change the fricative

consonant [ʒ] into affricates consonant [ʤ] when they sing their English songs. This

change occurs since fricative [ʒ] does not exist in Korean phonemic consonants and

it is replaced by affricate [ʤ], which exists as the allophone of consonant /ʧ/ as the

result of Korean’s lenis stop voicing rules. The occurrence of this consonant change

is listed as follows.

Table 4.13 Consonant Changes [ʒ] → [ʤ] in Korean Singers’ English

Songs

Data Code Words The Change in Pronunciations

K.S.2

pleasure [pleʒər] → [pleʤər]

treasure [treʒər] → [treʤər]

measure [meʒər] → [meʤər]


43

The table above shows that phoneme [ʒ] and [ʤ] are preceded by vowel /e/

and followed by vowel /ə/. The preceding vowel is specified as [+ front], [+ mid],

and [+ tense] in natural classes. Meanwhile, the following vowel is in the natural

classes of [+ central], [+ mid], and [+ reduced]. By looking at the class of those

vowels, it can be concluded that consonant [ʒ] will change into [ʤ] when it is

between [+ front] [+ mid] [+ tense] vowel and [+ central] [+ mid] [+ reduced]

vowel. In the form of the rule, it will be written as below.

[ʒ] → [ʤ] / ___

4. Substitution of [ʤ] for [z]

The fourth consonant that undergoes a change based on the analysis is

consonant [z]. Similar to the sound [ʒ], consonant [z] is also changed into consonant

[ʤ]. Below are the features of consonants [z].

[z]

+ alveolar

+ fricatives

+ voiced

Meanwhile, the features of consonant [ʤ] are listed below.

[ʤ] + palatal - fricatives

+ voiced

+ central

+ reduced

+ front

+ mid

+ tense

- consonantal


44

As it is shown in the data above, the two consonants [z] and [ʤ] have

different quality in the place of articulation where [z] is [+ alveolar] since this sound

is “produced by raising the tip of tongue to the alveolar ridge” (McMahon,

2002:32), while [ʤ] is [+ palato-alveolar]. In the vibration of the vocal cord, both

are [+ voiced]. On the other hand, they are different in the flow of the airstream

where [z] has the quality of [+ fricatives], while [ʤ] has the quality of [- fricatives].

The occurrence of this consonant change is listed in the table below.

Table 4.14 Consonant Changes [z] → [ʤ] in Korean Singers’ English

Songs

Data Code Word The Change in Pronunciation

K.S.2 reason [rizən] → [riʤən]

From the table above, it is shown that there is only one example in which

consonant change happens in English songs sung by Korean singer. As seen in the

table, consonant [z] and [ʤ] are preceded by vowel /i/ and followed by vowel /ə/.

The preceding vowel is included in the natural class of [+ front], [+ high], and [+

tense]. Meanwhile, the following vowel is included in [+ central] [+ mid] [+

reduced]. After looking at the class of those vowels, it can be concluded that

consonant [z] is changed into [ʤ] when it comes after a [+ front] [+ high] [+ tense]

vowel and before [+ central] [+ mid] [+ reduced] vowel. When the pattern in drawn

in a notation, it will be written as below.

[z] → [ʤ] / ____

+ front

+ high

+ tense

- consonantal

+ central

+ mid

+ reduced


45

5. Substitution of [s] for [θ]

The fifth consonant that undergoes a change in English songs sung by

Korean singers is consonant [θ]. This consonant is usually replaced by [s]. The

features of sound [θ] are listed below.

[θ]

+ interdental

+ fricative

- voiced

Meanwhile, the features of consonant [s] are shown below.

[s]

+ alveolar

+ fricative

- voiced

As it is shown in the data above, those consonants have both similarity and

difference in their features. They are different in the place of articulation where [θ]

is [+ interdental] and [s] is [+ alveolar]. The sound [θ] is “produced by inserting the

tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, while sound [s] is produced by

raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge” (McMahon, 2002:32).

When it comes to the flow of the airstream, the origin and the after consonant share

the same feature which is [+fricative]. Then, based on the vibration of the vocal

cord, both consonants are included in [- voiced]. Those features tell that Korean

singers usually replace the fricatives [θ] with fricatives [s] in their pronunciation.

Based on table 2.2, it is known that sound [θ] is absent in Korean phoneme

while sound [s] is present there. Thus, Korean singers tend to replace [θ] with [s]


46

because it is easier for them to pronounce a consonant that is present as a phoneme

than the one which is not present there either as a phoneme or an allophone. The

occurrence of this consonant change is shown in the table below.

Table 4.15 Consonant Changes [θ] → [s] in Korean Singers’ English

Songs

Data


K.S.4

everything [evriθɪŋ] → [evrisɪŋ]

anything [eniθɪŋ] → [enisɪŋ]

think [θɪŋk] → [sɪŋk]

In this part, the pattern of the consonant change is very obvious. It is shown

that consonant [θ] and [s] are followed by vowel /ɪ/. This vowel has the quality of

[+ front], [+ high], and [- tense]. As conclusion, in Korean singers’ pronunciation,

the consonant [θ] will be replaced by [s] when it comes before [+ front], [+ high],

[- tense] vowel. The rule of this consonant change is drawn as below.

[θ] → [s] / ____

6. Substitution of [l] for [r]

The next is the change from consonant [l] to consonant [r]. It is found that

consonant [r] is often changed or replaced by consonant [l]. In order to make the

notation is easier to be drawn, the features of consonant [r] are listed below.

+ front

+ high

- tense

- consonantal


47

[r]

+ alveolar

+ approximant

- lateral

Meanwhile, the features of consonant [l] are shown as below.

[l]

+ alveolar

+ approximant

+ lateral

It can be seen from the table above that the features of sounds [l] and [r] are

almost the same. In the place of articulation, the origin consonant [r] and the after

consonant [l] are included as [+ alveolar]. Based on the flow of the airstream, both

of the consonants are [+ approximant]. However, the origin and the after sounds

also have a difference. Consonant [r] is described as [- lateral], while [l] is

considered as [+ lateral]. This change occurs due to the fact that in Korean, “[l] and

[r] are allophones of a single phoneme, with [r] produced between vowels and [l]

everywhere else” (McMahon, 2002:21).

Thus, if Korean singers transfer this Korean phonological rule when they

speak English, it may cause consonant change. In the table below are the

occurrences of this consonant change in English songs sung by Korean singers.

Table 4.16 Consonant Changes [r] → [l] in Korean Singers’ English

Songs

Data Code Words The Change in Pronunciation

K.S.2 rough [rɅf] → [lɅf]

ready [redi] → [ledi]


48

The first table shows the words in which consonants [l] and [r] are followed

by vowels /Ʌ/ and /e/. Those vowels are in the natural class [- consonantal]. Meaning

to say, in Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [r] will change into [l] when it

comes before or after [- consonantal]. In the form of notation, it is drawn as follows.

[r] → [l] / ____ [- consonantal]

The next table below shows the second environment where the consonant

[r] will change into consonant [l] in Korean singers’ pronunciation.

Table 4.16 Consonant Changes [r] → [l] in Korean Singers’ English

Songs

Data Code Words The Change in Pronunciation

K.S.4

teardrop [tɪrdrɑ:p] → [tɪldrɑ:p]

hear [hɪr] → [hɪl]

tear [tɪer] → [tɪel]

care [ker] → [kel]

This second table shows that consonants [l] and [r] are preceded by vowels /e/ and

/ɪ/. Those vowels are also in the natural class [- consonantal]. Therefore, in Korean

singers’ pronunciation, consonant [r] will change into [l] when it comes before or

after [- consonantal]. In the form of notation, it can be drawn as follows.

[r] → [l] /[- consonantal] ____

7. Substitution of [ʃ] for [s]

The last consonant change that often occurs when Korean singers sing

English songs is the change from consonant [s] into [ʃ]. The features of consonant

[s] are listed below.


49

[s]

+ alveolar

+ fricative

- voiced

Meanwhile, the features of consonant [ʃ] are shown below.

[ʃ]

+ palato-alveolar + fricative

- voiced

Based on the features above, it is found that [s] and [ʃ] have difference in

the place of articulation. Consonant [s] is included as [+ alveolar], while [ʃ] has the

quality of [+ palate-alveolar]. Sound [s] is articulated by raising the tip of tongue to

the alveolar ridge and [ʃ] is articulated by move the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge,

then move to the soft palate. However, they also have similarities. The first is that

both the origin and the after consonant share the same feature on the flow of the

airstream which is [+ fricatives]. The other similarity lies on the vibration of the

vocal cord where [s] and [ʃ] are [- voiced].

It can be concluded that alveolar fricatives [s] is often changed into [ʃ] in

Korean singers’ pronunciation of English words in their songs. This consonant

change happens as the result of Korean palatalization process where the alveolar

obstruent consonant /s/ changes into its allophone [ʃ] whenever they occur before

the vowel /ɪ/ (Cho, 2006:241). The occurrence of this consonant change in English

songs sung by Korean singers is shown in the table below.


50

Table 4.17 Consonant Changes [s] → [ʃ] in Korean Singers’ English

Songs

Data


K.S.2 seem [sim] → [ʃim]

It is shown in the table that consonant [s] and [ʃ] are both followed by /i/.

This vowel is included in the natural class [+ high], [+ front], and [+ tense]. Thus,

it can be summarized that in Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [s] will be

changed into [ʃ] when it comes before [+ high] [+ front] [+ tense] vowel. In the

form of notation, this consonant change can be written as below.

[s] → [ʃ] / _____

From the elaboration of the data analysis above, there are 3 phonological

patterns found in consonant changes occurring in English songs that sung by

Korean singers. The table below shows the summary of the phonological processes

found in consonant changes in English songs sung by Korean singers.

Table 4.18 Summary of Phonological Patterns Found in The Consonant

Changes

Data Code Consonant Change Phonological Patterns

K.S.2 [s] → [ʃ]

Alveolar obstruent consonant occurring

before /ɪ/ changes into its allophone

(Korean palatalization)

K.S.4 [θ] → [s] Fricative /θ/ is changed into its nearby

fricative existing in Korean phoneme

K.S.1

K.S.2 [r] → [l]

/r/ is changed into /l/ when it does not

occur between vowels

+ front

+ high

+ tense

- consonantal


51

K.S.4

K.S.1

K.S.2

K.S.3

K.S.4

[f] → [p]

Fricatives are changed into their nearby

stops or affricates K.S.1

K.S.2

K.S.3

K.S.4

[v] → [b]

K.S.2 [ʒ] → [ʤ]

K.S.2 [z] → [ʤ]

The first phonological pattern is that English fricatives which cannot be

found in Korean will be changed into their nearby stops or affricates as the result

of the absence of those fricative consonants in Korean. The second is that consonant

[r] will be changed into [l] when [r] does not occur between vowels. The last

phonological pattern is the palatalization that exists in Korean where /s/ is changed

into its allophone when it occurs before /ɪ/. Those patterns of consonant changes

occur as the result of Korean singers who tend to transfer the phonological

processes existing in Korean phonology.

From the analysis and discussion conducted in this chapter, it is found that

consonants that usually undergo a change in Korean singers’ pronunciation are

consonants [θ], [s], [f], [v], [z], [ʒ] and [r]. According to McMahon (2002:29),

consonants [θ] [s] [f] [v] [z] and [ʒ] are included as fricatives, while [r] is a liquid.

It can be concluded that Korean singers tend to change the fricatives and a retroflex

liquid when they sing English songs. Thus, they should pay more attention to the

pronunciation of fricative consonants and liquid consonant when they sing English

songs so that they can produce the correct pronunciation as the target pronunciation.


52

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the previous chapter, it has been discussed about the consonant changes

and their patterns that occur when the selected Korean singers sing their English

songs. From many of their English songs, 10 songs are used for the analysis. Those

songs include the consonant changes that Korean singers usually make when they

sing English songs. Based on the analysis done at the previous chapter, it is found

that there are 7 English consonants that are changed in English songs sung by

Korean singers. Those consonants are /f/, /v/, /ʒ/, /z/, /θ/, /r/, and /s/ which tend to

be replaced by other consonants as the result of the absence of some English

consonants in Korean phonemic consonants and also as the result of some Korean

phonological processes that are applied in Korean singers’ pronunciation.

Firstly, consonants /f/, /v/, /ʒ/, and /z/ are changed in Korean singers’

pronunciation because those fricative consonants are absent in Korean phonemic

consonants. Such fricatives are replaced by the nearby stops or affricates that exist

in Korean as a phoneme or an allophone such as [p] for [f], [b] for [v], [ʤ] for [ʒ],

and [ʤ] for [z]. Those consonant changes have the same process which explains

that in Korean singers’ pronunciation, English fricatives that are absent in Korean

usually will be changed into the nearby stops or affricates. In addition, it is also

found that fricative [θ], which is absent in Korean phonemic consonant, is usually

replaced by the nearby fricative [s] in Korean singers’ pronunciation.


53

Secondly, based on the findings, there are also found 2 consonant changes

that occur as the result of some Korean phonological rules that are unconsciously

transferred in Korean singers’ pronunciation. The change from [r] into [l] occurs as

there is a process in Korean that [r] will be changed into [l] whenever it is not

between [- consonantal]. Meanwhile, the change from [s] into [ʃ] happens as the

result of Korean palatalization process.

In conclusion, there are 3 phonological process found in the consonant

changes found in English songs by Korean singers. They are the process of

changing the labiodental fricative consonants, alveolar fricative voiced consonant,

dental fricative voiceless consonant and palato-alveolar fricative voiced consonant

into their nearby stops or affricates, changing sound [r] into [l] when it does not

come between vowels, and the last is palatalization process. However, based on the

findings, it can also be seen that the process of changing English fricatives into

stops or affricates becomes the process that mostly happen in the consonant changes

found in this study. From 41 words, there are 31 words which have a consonant

change by changing some English fricatives into nearby stops or affricates. Thus,

the absence of those fricatives become the major cause of the consonant changes

found in English songs sung by Korean singers.

This recent study will give contribution in phonology analysis which can be

developed more. For the future research, it is possible to conduct the same analysis

with more updated songs since the production on English songs by Korean singers

are always increasing nowadays. It is also possible to conduct the analysis

comparing the consonant changes made by Korean singers from year to year.


54

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carr, Philip. Modern Linguitics: Phonology. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd,

1993.

Cho, Junmo & Hae Kyeong Park. “A Comparative Analysis of Korean-English

Phonological Structures and Processes for Pronunciation Pendadogy in

Interpretation Training”. Theories and Practices of Translation and

Interpretation in Korea. Vol. 51. No. 2 (2006): 229. Erudite.

(http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2006/v/n2/013253ar.html?lang=en).

September 14, 2016.

Fromkin, V. D. An Introduction to Language. Sydney: Hartcourt, 1991

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to

Language. New York: Michael Rosenberg, 2003.

Kim, Harry. Surfing the Korean Wave: How K-pop is taking over the world. The

McGill Tribune. Students’ Society of McGill University. February 2, 2016.

(mcgilltribune.com). December 11, 2016.

Lee, H. K. Korean Phonology for the KAEPS System. n.p. June 25, 1999.

(youngkorean.com). June 5, 2016.

Maxwell, J. “Designing a Qualitative Study” in Handbook of Applied Social

Research Method. Eds. L. Bickman and D. J. Rog. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,

1997.

McMahon, April. An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press Ltd. 2002.

Myers, Jack & Michael Simms. The Longman Dictionary of Poetic Terms. New

York: Longman, 1989.

O’Grady, W. & J. Archibald. An Introduction: Contemporary Linguistic Analysis.

Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2004.

Richards, Jack. C. Error Analysis. London: Longman, 1977.

Shen, Chunxuan. “Using English Songs: an Enjoyable and Effective Approach to

ELT”. English Language Teaching. Vol. 2. No. 1. (2009): p. 92.

(ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/341/305). November 29, 2016.

Song, Jae Jung. The Korean Language: Structure, use and context. Madison: Taylor

& Francis e-Library, 2006. (en.bookfi.net/book/1064503). September 30, 2016.

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Strevens, Peter. Teaching English os an International Language. Oxford:

Pergamon Press, 1980.

Vikner, S. Phonetics and Phonology. Geneva: University of Geneva, Dept. of

English, 1986.

Wisung, Gratia M.G.S. The Phonological Study of Vowel Change in Colombian

Speaker’s Pronunciation as Seen in Character Gloria on “Modern Family” TV

Series. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

Wolfram, Walt & Robert Johnson. Phonological Analysis: Focus on American

English. Washington: Prentice Hall Regents, 1982.


56

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Consonant Changes in “Two Different Tears” by Wonder Girls

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]

left [left] [lept]

[r] → [l] tears [tɪers] [tɪels]

[v] → [b] move [mu:v] [mu:b]

Appendix 2: Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior

Consonant


Target

Pronunciation

Korean Singer’s

Pronunciation

[f] → [p] reflected [rɪflektɪd] [rɪplektɪd]

[v] → [b]

of

heaven

survive

souvenir

have

love

[ɒv]

[hevən]

[sərvaɪv]

[su:vənɪr]

[hæv]

[lɅv]

[ɒb]

[hebən]

[sərbaɪ]

[su:bənɪr]

[hæb]

[lɅb]

[ʒ] → [ʤ]

pleasure

treasure

measure

[pleʒər]

[treʒər]

[meʒər]

[pleʤər]

[treʤər]

[meʤər]

[s] → [ʃ] seem [sim] [ʃim]

[z] → [ʤ] reason [rizən] [riʤən]

[r] → [l] rough

ready

[rɅf]

[redi]

[lɅf]

[ledi]


57

Appendix 3: Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without

You” by Super Junior

Appendix 4: Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang

Consonant Change English Words Intended

Pronunciation

Korean

Singers’

Pronunciation

[v] → [b] of [ɒv] [ɒb]


Appendix 5: Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang

Consonant


Intended

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[v] → [b]

of [ɒv] [ɒb]

believe [bəliv] [bəlib]

have [hæv] [hæb]

love [lɅv] [lɅb]

loving [lɅvɪŋ] [lɅbɪŋ]

[f] → [p] laugh [læf] [læp]

Appendix 6: Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang

Consonant


Intended

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[v] → [b] love [lɅv] [lɅb]

Consonant

Change English Words Intended

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[v] → [b]

of [ɒv] [ɒb]

loving [lɅvɪŋ] [lɅbɪŋ]

believe [bəliv] [bəlib]

living [livɪŋ] [libɪŋ]


58

ever [evə(r)] [ebə(r)]

never [nevə(r)] [nebə(r)]

Appendix 7: Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue

Consonant


Intended

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[v] → [b] everything

[evriθɪŋ] [evrisɪŋ]

[θ] → [s] [evriθɪŋ] [evrisɪŋ]

[f] → [p] if [ɪf] [ɪp]

[r] → [l] teardrops [tɪrdrɑ:ps] [tɪldrɑ:ps]

Appendix 8: Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue

Consonant


Intended

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[r] → [l]

teardrop [tɪrdrɑ:p] [tɪldrɑ:p]

tears [tɪers] [tɪels]

tear [tɪer] [tɪel]

[v] → [b] every [evrɪ] [ebrɪ]

everything [evrɪθɪŋ] [ebrɪsɪŋ]

[θ] → [s] everything [evrɪθɪŋ] [ebrɪsɪŋ]

Appendix 9: Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue

Consonant


Intended

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[θ] → [s] anything [eniθɪŋ] [enisɪŋ]

think [θɪŋk] [sɪŋk]

[r] → [l] hear [hɪr] [hɪl]

care [ker] [kel]



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Appendix 10: Consonant Changes in “Every Time” by CN Blue

Consonant


Intended

Pronunciation

Korean Singers’

Pronunciation

[v] → [b] love [lɅv] [lɅb]

[f] → [p] if [ɪf] [ɪp]


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