1. f t 'U '~~ f f FlL#tl? (One-Party or Single Party System)

2. f t ' U ¶ J W E 1 J W f f fl (Two-party or Biparty System)

3. 3 3 J L l M ~ l U W f f fl (Multi-party or Multiple partv System)

4. sruum.rndummm#~~ ~ f n xuum.rndc (one Dominant Party or 1%

Party System)

1 f 1 1 ~ ~ l ~ 1 7 b Maurice Duverger U I H ' J U H ~ ? ~ U ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ U

F'S 215 133

3. J ~ ~ J ~ J w ' J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u Y

3.1 n2iunnuuo~1auuw~~n18u.r"

Jruumsn&? ~~mf idnnk~~~d~: :~nf l~ i f&~uiwd~du~~umrnnn~f iod

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LLd&u#iol~#ii614Fu2

3.2 ~ ' n v m r k ~ ~ d r o n ~ u u w ~ ~ n ~ d o ~ ~ w

.rr~uw.r.rn~#u?u'nozdfinwwCi~Ci

(I) mtnnnlda~mtnlh2 (mdma#d7u7*?osg') ~ n n n h k u 7 ~ n w n 4 4 4 mungmu w ria ldrimr~n7sdatau a ~ u ~ i u ~ c ~ u r n l p n n ~ r i e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ n ~ ~ ' ~ s ~ d ~ ~ ~ n p t

dnG n~~~mmnrniio~~~~~w.rn~~ua~ulu'dni.r.s'~~n~~n~~A ~ion~lr@l/u? 4Furn.rnni.r~ijotwnmlu~l5d~~~fii o u n . r r ~ ~ l h d i u i r u ~ i ? ~ ~ l & ~ 1 f i ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ w ~ ~ u u i

~ ~ n i w k ~ ~ u n f k d u f i ~ ~ ~ a z 6 d o f i i ~ ~ ~ ~ % 2 u f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fi.fl.1936 uirni 126 h mmnouli?ff a d i t 0 u ~ ~ ~ n d . n i . r d 0 ~ ~ o ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ u n 1 . r ~ f i ~ d u 1 f ~ n u n ~ ~ j ~ f f ~ 6

~0u~~nrdiii6~lunndi~ffuiion~aun~~nit~~o~k4~~.~~0nm~~m~~~~f*~ Ad wuinu

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nnnfirSJibd . r ~ m ~ u y n n ~ d f l n ~ i u ~ i u i . r n l ~ n i ~ d n n t o ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ u w . r . r n ctnu3~1.r

fin~fl.ra~fllnafordio~~#nnainvcnn umtm.rnor$ i~ f id~~~mni '~d~ i f~ iu~f l i~u iu

l i?anuuodw.r~ndd~ol j?n~k~d6d~kdnnrr3juun%~o.ra11ru~~n~~n.r .runiJ~~~if I

.rz&uflod8u

fiiflm~nrilu4iu#n%noufi?fi~d oi~bi.orr~in7sSlwlra~rrrtr~a~luwi~srrrn"?nui

f i o ~ u l u l ~ ~ l

(n) wr.rnnmiio~~0ufl~~~nuvo\rtlu~unidff~fi11 ..

(u) L ~ ~ R M ~ ~ W ~ L I U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J % U ~ U L A U ? (~~O~U~UIIUJ~U)

(n) 6 d u ~ ~ m w k ~ ~ u a t ~ b r r u u w . r . r n ~ ~ u ~ ~

'IUUIE~TZC~ H84'31nOtbl~)6d fi9l~nEIf (Add Hitler) %7trll(S1~3fl National Sodalist ,

wrr nrruaf au 6 2

(2) ml~l~r~lj~vd~u'i7~~sdn7t&~~~bid~e?nfili)0?~1~a~~~n~~i~a1d7v qn unannnuu ~ v u ~ ~ u s ' ~ ~ f d ~ & ? ~ ~ a ' ~ ~ ~ f ) ~ ~ t ~ ~ t ~ ~ 3 ~ v ~ ~ v m n ld7nttlarv~fnvdh

dn8'Iurruoulhraif db t~ rn.mnirtdo~trafi~nnu#ufluimztr(?'i~guin )iulhzaim ~ n n m m n u i u i d ~ r a f i ~ n a ~ u ~ u ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ i n ~ d ~ ~ ~ i ~ I ~ ~ ~ d f ~ ~ ~ i r (people-

leaders) ufirsin~do~~uui~~do~d7i (leaden-people) ' I u m : ~ ~ w n n ~ ~ u a k ~ ~ ~ u ~ n o u - ~ h ~ ~ ( i ~ f i t v ( i ~ % ~ h l ~ d k ~ f 4 b ~ 1 5 2 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 n M 1 ~ = : ( i f l ~ ~ i ~ # ~ f l ~ ~ Q i ~ i ~ ~ 4 d i 4

~~~rda~uuI~nusrd~dau. j iwAu~iu~o~rn~~ (cell - rnihtia) d ~ n m t ~ k n ~ z ~ i ~ o ( s r

r l i s ~ i d ~ ~ u r ~ u n a i u i n ~ r ~ l u d ~ ~ q t i~diu~d~~nllwua~wf J Q I ~ ~ ~ ~ I J ~ J L L W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A udtj r ~ u ~ y u n n ~ m ~ d o ~ r m m ~ d u ~ d m ~ ~ ~ r Q I u ~ n ~ ~ i l ~ n . J ~ ~ t ~ m n n ~ d ~ ~ n ~ u ~ ~ u i ~ ~ m (rednue) Y Q J ~ W ~ P ~ ~ ~oiudlu~u~rzs1i~rht:t(i'1r~~Yr~uinn~or~Cjn~nrr: LL~IAUJ ,

nnrdpJuuui~rdo4~ii~ (~eader-people) ' ~ d i # ~ ~ n ~ s t ~ n a ~ u f f u f l u f ~ ~ n ~ d a ~ d i ~ 6nlwraorfirfpndl Natlohal Soslalibnche Partel u & ; t ~ d ~ d i NAn k u r ~ i w u i ~ ~ u f n u 8 ~ Natlonal UAZ

roiwoi~lidaaaa~ Sodalistlche U ~ M U U ~ ( , ,*'

6r(lau yuuim, wRfinu (ra9rhnllmnrinn. 2801) ma1 47 uA%ll*l 83-83-86

136 ' Ps 215 *

nnM~nmuafin0no~dnunnr kd#~~h '@~s%i~r]~nsnuqu~" (Democratic

Centralism] ' ~ J H ~ J % B J L ~ ~ H U ~ I I 2 OJ!~ ;.~ljdM- # ~ J ? I R ~ R L c ~ u % ? ~ L ~ ~ J ~ ~ J I ~ ] ~

LGoJuuclnu~vidrn~M ~dorn~rkr id~#g~X~ 8 ' uat oh~4no.s n~ mKa'mls~iouai 1 n n s o ~ ~ d o ~ u u ~ ~ # 0 ~ l Q i ~ u r ] ~ = : n ' ~ . 5 ~ ~ ' ~ : d h ~ t d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u l a u ~ r i 3 u ~ n ~ ~ n ~ = : d i ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ u ' ~ J ~ R ~m~ta0dll4~hfi,0~~lqin~$~&~*fi13 lind.rrioda~hnnrn.1~12uf=:~u~~o=: (IRB uhfl~l#flnmfid+ia L L I C I . ~ ~ F I ~ J ~ Q ~ ~ 6 3

odfo~od'fifin8 u~r~~uayunnliclf U ~ Q V O J O J ~ ~ ~ ' I = : C ~ ~ ~ J lum~ll#iEfinaw~~fi

6 JY bamrnidifk%h~f 9 ~ 6 7 ~ 1 0 (~~itrrmngnb, b? h q d c ~ ~ ~ d f :%I%~JI~~u (democratic)

~miriionnn~~o~n~~mlu~~~u~~d~~zdiirdij~lrii~~m'~~~f~ Ba~rmrmn~adn~

rr6uat?~~fiau~d~~~'~ld~~flo~~~nr~a0b~~du~ 1 . + I

- ~r'9U;1u,aolll?a$a9ir&~#i~~s~~'1ga;~~~cJIt~ (Autmratlc Centralism) nann

~tsu~o~u~noli~~moinLd~ JYU c ;drnS\uf~fiu~a~$~4i~jroiI1111 &%gliu ke~dawu

df:fl1flu9 64h J l ~ d l ~ ~ % C 1 4 r ( f ~ f t o n l f TW W: wltl3ubdEI (Propaganda) L L R ~ L L W ~

' I (Democratre ~nttallsm) dH&na7f i~6d (I) n n d a n k o d n n d ~ n o ~ r n r m n$dng am, ~ ~ i a ) ~ 4 o m n n ~ d o ~ h ~ $ t d o ~ ~ ~ (2) ~d311~3~4lh~3Cftm (Party Bodies) '' hofmm'I&&~mn (party Organizations) L L R Z H ~ ~ U J ~ U ~

rnUnnhOu1hz01 (3) . r t t d u f l d t d ~ h f ~arlffbJdid~a~hduodu~du&1btl1n (4) n ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ 4 t l ~ ~ ~ d ~ u ~ ~ f f ~ d b u d u ~ d ~ ~ u ( i l o ~ 1 . 1 ? u ~ l l ) i n ~ ~ '

'Zuene J.Meehan, John P.Rotha and Muhay ~ . ~ t e d m a n . the Dynamlcs of Modern Government

(McGraw-Hill, 1966) p.%

9 b ~ 6 ~ e t . Party Parmct and P r r a u ~ Gmupr, pp. 33-k '

odidlrfiniu rruuwnnt#u~lr)ui~dr=:~n~~G~na~~=:~Ouwrrmu~nau (Mass

party) ~du wrrn~un~udr~~n~~d"3ni ~ d o ~ ~ i n ~ ~ u r r ~ u d ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ u ' t l ~ ~ n ~ r ~ b o ~ ~ U u

d3ul~d ~ ~ ~ y ' d l ~ d ~ l ~ ~ ~ 3 d ~ 1 ~ 3 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ d ~ ~ " I I ~ " I I U L ~ ~ C I ~ ~ U ~ U ~ I J % ~ ~ ~ ~ %

4~~Cia+'uaui%nn%m.ri~

(4) ~ ~ n n i ~ i 1 j ~ 1 a ~ ~ m i n t p i n ~ ~ u n i ~ b i i i ~ ~ u n ' o n 1 ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ npou n"ai~ut3'aa"u din@vav~j~i)?'au

h~iunirfl~Fiudqai~o~wrrn~uni~d~~1~~&~O8n5wnd0~iun1rd~~i~d~i '

muflSniruoJTgii?u d w ~ 3 i ~ i m m o r d d l ~ ~ ~ ~ d d i f i ~ ~ u n i d 6 ~ i f odimm6uii

~ w a L U ~ ~n~15nirwrrn~~u~~,~u~(%uR~qifi~~111iin1u unudae~guuis Inmu ' uiunfjuuoli ~ f luh . c t ,

'qu3 role-no w~~n(ro~nl~~1kuCuuyu~fl~)d~liluw2nfu~~u~l fl 1924 u ( ~ ~ ~ u ~ D ~ ~ ~ J ~ u ~ u u ~ u .-; , +

M ~ u n u m r i D $ f l u u ~ f l n ~ ~ ( 1 U 1 ~ 6 ~ 1 ~~n:nkurniulklunnumr 2-3 hu~u~4i~fluuufin (qlnfm f i ~ 1 1 & 81) . . 1 1

Meehan, Roche aild Stedrnan,op.dt., p.56

nessla 0auln9 '0% eau!n!3 62 e!qweZ '82

'alleZ 'LZ uarua~ .gz e!s!unL ;5Z

'PZ eluezue~ .€Z uepns 'ZZ adpulld

ellewos ' 12 pue auo~ oe~ 'OZ epueMl3 '61 eauelynew *LI

Qf %! l 'PI peo3 &a~[ ' 1 1

06~03 '8

apJaA ade3 -5

elofiuv '2

L''5P'nO !l!eH 'Z

(1 ) 3 : Y L l ~ f flL8~?~lJlJLfl@I b ~ f ~ (Totalitarian Unipartism) I

(2) f r Y Y r ( ' l f ~ l l f l ~ ? L L l I l l d l ~ i ~ f l f l ~ (Authoritarian Unipartism) I

I

(3) f ~ ~ ~ V l f 3 fldfi~?L~Y~d I (Pragmatic Unipartism) I

8.4.1 r:uunn~~dur~~u~h~ofa ~fluuvudalo fint~~o~nunnnindidcndd

C I t auur?udluistbmuf o )r(%fi?uri? (Totalitarian) L L U ? I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L L U U ~ ) ( ~ ~ ~ ~ W L L Y ~ ~ L W ~ ~ I

nnuuuraud~u~~~fln~af~~'~~owiiu uci~Ayiuunncii~iiu)r(niuorii~ t o

(1) m-1iuiimdi~iuh3 l P noufaCln(ilmnodT'IIqli~o~ Rourseau 4% *uyafi~Enuifi ucifinfuiuyufl~

A \ f l L l J l L 1 1 ~ ~ " (Man is born good, it is capitalism that corrupt him) ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ d ~ d d ~ ~ l ) r ( ~ l ~

(iu&idfln8uiuvp di~finu#uuiu~u~flmun&'u~d W ~ ~ ~ O U Q ? C I R ~ ( J L B U L ~ ~ B J ~ ~ ~

r 'I

12~lovannl Sartori, Partles &d Party Systems (Cambridge University Press. 19771, p.221-222

fiufii~diuiwa~nu8un~15 iiikdiciqpnc adi?Ciuri nrr unru~uuaiaui

d o a n idu i f~ uvi mu8unrr UIB w u ~ z v l i ~ # n b ~ u ~ u a ~ u ~ d

cCauw~mdiuv(ia%aBiiia"nodfn~i~o~ 9~&hbvhlli IJIILLU~A?~YRRJI u ~ d bsnunhrfiuurifi LYIGJL~RU& 3 j d ~ f i i d ~ f i ~ ~ ~ n 1 l u m 8 " ( m a IS ~ a o ~ n y

corrupt . that he is born corrupt, and that it is sodety alone that cibilizes him) 636~ &RU

~ ~ o ~ ~ i c : u @ n ~ u i i a o r ~ ~ n w i I ~ i wr rn~ ia%a i t J L ~ ~ U L ~ ~ Z I ~"uov~3'11uQun~~3d~::

~ n a i d 1 u i w a d m u i i s r ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ \ ~ d 1 ~ 1 o a n ~ d 0 ~ ' 1 u ~ o % 0 a ~ ~ ~ n r f ~ 1 ~ ~ wmn$doiB

f i i r i J ~ J u n $ n $ n n u i ~

ndi?ku~?d r n 3 n ~ u n o u f i ~ ~ m h n ~ 1 ~ " 1 1 ~ 4 u n n r n ~ w d o ~ ~ i f i ~ ' u o a u Q u

nmia d?uw~ncl iuvh~%n6~~nm~nu~uB~ rnzadunni~iAodn(iiunn~ufiiJvo~ w33n~unnuf i?~ainjnni i?~nr~uadc n i r l i i ~ ~ o ~ o ~ m ~ n n ~ ~ ~ ? C i w f i " u w ~ \ H " i ~ a

~ ~ ~ Z f l ~ ~ 1 2 1 ~ ~ ~ 3 3 ~ ~ l l ~ l ~

(Militia) \,

na~uunndi do J I ~ JIQI ~n711'budte iiirgiifio do~n~fuaul8num:nnrlamo~n oinaudn ~ d a ~ o i n 3 ~ u u w ~ s n ~ i ; u u ga J ~ ~ ~ i ~ d i c i g f f i n wq~n~flu0~6ni~dtvfi3

1351 ~ ~ u ~ : ~ ~ u u t b n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ i l i ~ ~ r f l ~ i ~ o d t i n ~ r ~ ~ ~ ? ~ u d i f i ~ n n n u d ~ a % w i

~Uum3nTYa (closed Party) l J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ r i ~ ~ d n n n ~ ~ l i r m n ~ d ~ ~ i ~ a ~ ~ J d b 141uii~uw.nn~Liu~~dnu~w\~ J ( N ~ W generations) Bd~:~iOJjfUtmnRROJLOUdiunir~ana~rfIu

.rtsznawdJ ~afu ~ ~ i ~ o ~ m m i ~ i ~ ~ ~ u ~ I i l u d a : ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ t l ~ ~ ~ m ~ nmurflumrn I t " A d uv/s?rr nr=: (caste) ~ ~ & ~ w ~ a u n s c l d i u 7 o n i ~ n i ~ ~ f i a ~ errd~ur?irwrmrroud~C1~16

JRI$O n~1~Sm~O~n~73nflfinww~9(~n?1~~lnnd7mrnr(1~%afi rrelnnrthfifndmzfii

Kemal f l ( l w u l ~ l ~ d f i % d l l L ? I R o& q rdu lufl 1024 1fiflnn6dwffn A ~ H ~ I ( ~ ~ S S I V ~ PW) 4~ w rflu@3 u o ~ w n n d f i i u ~ ~ n d ~ ~ d o i n n ~

an7'Iufl 1930 Kemal l8Lfun62 Fethi

~ o y $~L~u~&~u~~~z~Ou~ont~mf7tl~~~lr~4~~~di5?1ui~mcf'~~u~~iuu (hberal party) u(i

wndlignqu~d#nlbnluil 1935 ~ d O ~ e ~ f i ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ u ~ u f lim%o~w~nakd(~~~ui~~niu

d ~ m d o q a u n n a i u o ~ i ~ l u ~ w ~ u d ~ a i ) n i ~ o = : u n ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ i ~ ~ i \_

ndidlfimu rnu~ka~nnu~afi$d~o J uo~fiflAwuiaiurh&u'IH"~iiamn , '- -

chahiuhtin h l n ~ n u $d~irfluflj~d~ybnunu k m d dadurillnund lho'14 Celal

Bayer ~~WT~IJWLIISIII~~U, (Demo~btic Party) $UI d~lu~nltdni~~mo~fl~~u~nu%u

wzeoufmsuoulhzni5dlmu u~zmrnlhznifd~nu~~i~unu::'Zuni~~~onk~

n~uliui&i~liu o i o n ~ d 6 n w w d ~ 6 ~ o n = : u ~ w a ~ w ~ ~ n ~ i 6 d

( I ) h 7 f i f l 7 f l f j a i ~ l l l ~ ~ ~ Q / 2 M I R d d ~ n l f t 1 ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ 0 ~dq~u~iu=:a=:c~a #JCIYI& odi ~ l ~ f i l ~UT~UIIUD ~ m n l f ~ ~ i o ~ m n n n ~ l i o ~du~iiah udfinorrflu

mm~(in 7 . ( / ~ ~ r i o ~ ~ ~ ~ i w ~ ~ ~ a c f ' ~ ~ u i n ~ f i \ \

16q7wr rlafi'nm3nd urtmric, nnr je~?u~ef iaenn~i t ( ~ 7 ~ d u ~ l ' l n a l ~ ~ 7 d 7 ~ H a , 2520) H

lb~uverger, Politfcal Parties, pp. 275-280 "'-\

17u77wn u s z n w , $ j ~ 1 1 I Y ? . H I X ~ 106 \ ' \ '\

I

on Service R 4769/74 p. 13 I

I

1955 U61: 365 ( i ~ 258 1959 ~~d@6dl"I&%&i~'r,f ftd~~ltlld~d~&3finb~lJ nrzlu3 t oe4 uc iWn~hat~d1~ 2 rnmdi48ri:kih' o w h d i d o u ~ u ~ ~ ~ 4 d ~ r ~ 4 1

Y . .

4.3 h~.mn~dinzuuna~m~n~0011(1

fian rui~ruurn.r~ni~~to3~o~dfr~n~ci i~ 7 wulkruuao~rn~ll4~u~ulduin~n lug nn.1980 ~l~rmnd~rtuuaodmffijcid

\

I . United States of America

2. United King

3. New Zealand

4. Fiji

5. Liechtenstein ' . ) 6 ,Uruguay T

8. Babados

9. Jamaica

10. Dominican

nn~on~~~~uunrruuao~w~~fi~~~urfo~tl~nd~woaufia tinirIudfrm+vd

hruuao~m.m~ocdf ingn?unntiio~~fin 1 i,yodAag uar~dmfminrju~.r:~nw

dbrruu~niumrfid\ai\1oudj~n~ w~f lunn~u$~~S~?tu ~ $ p d o ~ ? t u ~ r ~ h ~ a a ~

l V 7 R h $ ! Qn%ina~asfiu L$U R o b E.Dahl Ufl: Jean Blondel (I?WDI Canada.

I

I 18 Duverger, Politfcal Partles, p. 215 ',

Conservative URZ Liberal URZfl8n 2 ~ f f fl~fin fi0 New Democratic UAZ Soclal Credlt

bq 2 mfn~fin j J d ~ ~ d ~ ( l q l d i i ~ m t ~ ~ u ~ f f u . j l r l l~ ' 2 w ~ ~ n l ~ $ & ~ f f ~Jdi~u~n~dmmm . I

wng 194s-1974 Ihm~tank~ 1 1 d~ 2 prmnlwgi I C i ~ # a d i ~ r n n ~ ~ w u i a t ~ u ~ 1-2 & 1 d

~ Z Y Y W ~ ~ ~ V D . J U ~ U ~ C ~ a d ~ f u n ~ ~ f l n o d i d ~ i ~ f l u f : : ~ ~ A O J Y ~ ~ U D J M ~ Q **TWO-~IUS-~WO

party System" nf ~ ¶ I O J O O U L ~ U f id~n~f id l j~#nl tW~i ]~ "Two and a half' H ~ D Y~~~

r frfd~" (2112 party system) ~ ~ d f m ~ l J & ? ~ 2 m f d M g / 1hn' Sodsljit PWy U l f

PBdp~eDs party f i ~ 1 n n s f i n lio Liberal party ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I C C I P ~ U U U L ~ U J I J ~ J ~ 2 I(RI

l~9flCi~#n&i~u7nillmrm dqu noarm& fiil#nnuoctrfJu **one-pIus-two ~ ~ V C S . I S

~ d ~ u q n a o ~ n f t f i c l i 1 rmml~qjICiuri Labour Party U ~ Z 2 m n d n lio Liberal party

URZ National Country Party ~ou~nt~6ub#n~~lnhz~uu~lmffnuin L W f l Z W f l

L ~ ~ R I U C W ~ country lCinniRnB~~fluflus0m1~u#~nnj~uc)olunn~sftan~Jum=:nm C ~ & ~ ~ U I R u(/fi~uljjmni~uc)aozzibrnvwu~uu#u U R Z ~ I L Q U ~ O ~ ~ M ~ U L ~ ~ ~ I I

( ~ d u 8 d 3 d~t~ncTf /n l / i~d~~tr~ l~o i~ t~4 i~ i~uf ZYY u o d ~ f n ~ ~ i u n ~ n n n

h ~ 1 d h ~ ~ a ~ u ~ u u u ~ m ~ 1 ~ ~ 3 u ~ i n ~ m d (Renomenon) M&~:WW

(Federalist Party) 4l.k d7Udiubod~~dku fi~undon(mdnu+im~n~~oui~dmbaofn~n~ d .r d

(Anti-Federalist Party) ~3qBf iUBn~uu iu~u J% WJ ~fl%hSfi¶.k lu3~fJ~bWl 7 ~~El~bdLddff~d~bi~?~nBb07"11~:: W33n Federalist !6

h ~ ~ f l n 1 3 b f i ~ n k ~ l ~ d l b b M ~ d d 3 ~ f IUI?Y~ ounrzhmdd 1800 b~~biuulWJ3~od ~sd~da4~un8ul&fu~u"11uznnoaui ouiszvhdcfl 1 81 o djlud~~nnuddrmo~w~3n

fiuoidfluiu fl6~dduuuiL9umsrnabb~mw~"r~~~nn'u (Democrat-Republican) nniu un~ww~~m~Iuun3w' Iu f lo~~u l u u ~ ~ ~ u ~ i i u w i ~ n ~ v ~ a ~ a o 3 ' n ^ n ~ 6 ~ d o u n ~ i u ~ u u o u

fddqa &afu lud?nzuzfI 181 2-1 824 4~~0ud~~dm~n~a~u~~rnw-4r3dSfiu \6fu~fion

&dbfiuhzniui~u# ku$nuoz~fljdo$unn~~d&ni~n13~do~~nu aXndnrl.rz3R~ind P d** Lfllnqn&i "qmri~n?i%@nm (Era of Good Feeling) ~~d~AjlUn13~fionkdfl 1824 bfia

~nnw7noonulkdm3ma'bub~n3n (Democrat Party) d7uoodu fi?u% oliUi h W 7 n

~JbfunnuboJ~iLuiUbbun 4fld6fiu (National Republican) 1 6 L u " 1 3 7 ~ ~ ~ 7 n l b ~ u ~ - L ~ ~ b ~ ~ -

fn8~6'IuniiUiou ~~aI&o+iw3m i n (Whigs) i7ufiuhiuw7n~aIuum

dnrnldl iss6 msrijn~6~munfiu~iu~~~~ur3~~1~duafiu~~o~~1~~~~unniu&~

bbdnm~nd7wd~h?ufiufa k~~33dr3d~f iu (Republican Party) ~ u I R u ~ ~ ~ I ~ % J ^ ~ u c I D ~ ~ ~ Q V)

N, VI ~~ucjtli~rmz~ni.r~ijon~~~'1z~iuiiiu~n3t:~~~3nui19iw3~n lug 1 860 ni3unn uun IE 3 uo~~33n~aduumwoon~~udiu~~flodiu'l~ fii16ws.rndoufii8dfi~ $~!ainiunaocbai 5 P - 0, 4iu~1.i ~d3zfiuiiiun'nfiu~uui~6 oun3zi~lug 1884 b.mfiuvn ~ I n ~ n o f n%4u~ud

~nzlufl 1892. 191 2 ~ n z 191 6 lunfiuvnpahl 3nku '

MAJOR PARTIES THIRD PARTIES

SouFtcE: Guide to u-s. Elections (Wahlin$on; D. C. : Congressional Quaiterly, lnc, 1975). p. 176.

Anti-Mason Free Soil ~merican Breckinrldge Democrats Constitutional Union Popullst Progressive (Roosevelt) Sovialist Progressive (Lafollete) American Independent

DBo#d~ncrjl m~da1ud1~111ncuuu~~tl~1u~~o~ L Q U A ~ ~ U hocunnuun 9lnWTWlltni L ~ U progressive party Unn UDn OlnVW Fl Republican LLRt Breckinridge

Democrats URZ American Independent Party UflnUnOlnM3lA Democrat ~ R t l H ~ d 1 6

n z u u u ~ b s d d o u ~ ~ d ~ d ~ ~ d o ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ a c ~ ~ ~ n t o ' ? ~ $ i ? ' ~ o d Breckinridge. Teddy

Roosevelt, Robert Lafollete URZ George Wallace

ndmlafla~d m~nrndo~~uatnfjotufn~diSn~wdou#~~ac6~uw~~nnvi~~ ) ~ ~ z ~ n u r h ~ ~ ~ d I m n = : ~ u n n 8 ~ 7 k l m n ~ Republican ~ ~ I I W ~ J R Demmat ~h)hr

no~diu~~aulunllanmr, u~iuln:creoc~n~un?uu~=:fi1nl111a~1~~~~1d~7u uvi

fiq~~d'hh4hlJlLILLlJ~ Tweedledum-Tweedledee M?D L M ~ D W ~ ~ U ~ ~

\

Ba~fl~fluaar~fof~~da~f1~nifu11nu11nm~iuc1~idu c l~ iu~$oumwluf i fns~~du3

fiun~nnfiinui 89~n~naoflu~~nnuf~nh=:~nw1ud~~1=:tl=:do~do ~o in~nu~unmi J

rndatjal~ai n~iufi~1~Jiu~~mnwnlCiri~lrsi~~~1nm~u417~IIun~u~ 7 h a o ~ n Q u nqn

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head ~ C i ~ d d ~ u u i ~ O u ~ ? n Whigs UTJRC~LIYUYDJW?~ Torim r~nulnnaufinAaufio

cliruihtl Church of England unrflfh nhr~UYl13Lnkt Q I J ~ ~ ~ u u ? ~ ~ H $ ~ & u ~ ~ L ~ ? ~ D ~

d tu~usuunun rw~~uu id d?uw.m n ~ u l & ~ u n ~ i u ~ ~ u ~ ~ u ~ i n w ~ n f i d w n

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~ u f n h d f l 1 830-1 846 M?n Tories L ~ U L S ~ ~ ~ ~ U L ~ ~ ~ L ~ U ~ ~ W L ~ E ] ~ L ? ~ V ~ Uar

wqn Wh@ nn~m~f lu~o~huof f f~~uf r~~ id f l 1846-1868 u n r w ~ m f l u ~ u u i ~ ~ u ~ ~ u i a

Lmnomui u t l i u i ~ d ~ o r d n n ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ a n & ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ u i % n o ~ n ~ d # ~ r ( ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ udfiud

diuiouneunu~no~~fuiniln ounrrrd~d~d?~do~do~Oqnfl 1900 o u n ~ r k w ~ m u ~ n n

1 i u f f f la~ n n ~ f n d u ~ o ~ m t d 3 ( l o m n a ~ u o f $ ~ ~ 5 h r n n ~ ~ u ~ ~ & u ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ YQ ~dinG~uof fmnd\d I

n n ~ u n d i u i ~ r n d n i ~ ~ d c ~ ~ o 3 ~ f f n 8 ~ u ~ ~ 1 3 n ~ ~ d ~ u cn~~~$d i f l ~ f l onnumn

~~unmoluwnnodiqu~~'~ d l u f l t a t 8 gurdo~uioin LR?R noad uof o \ciJI inif~nn~

~ n n n n o u a o f nf ldtnkdf uiawadu ~ui%nuo~rnrnOiu?u~d~$J~n1m1n5

nnm~~Inanm\di~rr~~u~Q~nR~ ~aof~Mm ~~aan?n S~uunfi?oon~lnmn uar

ui$inrnarr~Bird~~iurSiw'~ nn~wnh6dndi?~i~o;im~1~~~odfn~uad1u~oad\d ,

ha~awir\ug 1924 dd~i~?~d~d'Iu~ni\&n~nd\dod'1ddi~0~ia01n 159 dk~ LM#O

d u d 40 dkd ~rijnflrw.r.mnl~%om~n~n~uof 16n ~ ~ U L U U W ~ ~ ~ ~ Z M ~ L O U ~ I O ~ L ~ ~ L L ~ W ~

wnntl~u~ffnluyiur~ndiafiiuodid~~uni~ni~nn

wnavuofl$i~s'u0k k~Iuiflgm~~fnlu~~fiia 1923 k a n n & ~ ~ ~ u i a n f ~ u u d

wnl~1uund ~ ~ d d i d l ~ ~ n n i i ~ i n w ~ ~ n ~ ~ u ~ ~ f n ~ ~ ~ ~ m n ~ ~ a n n r ~ ~ u u ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ k t ~ d ~ ~ m ~ n ~ ~ n n d ~ ~ d w d m i ~ ~ ~ 1 n ~ u n 4 ' ~ ~ ~ f n ~ u vmma~uo fn j~ rh rn

~h(Juial&ain o::~~u\ioirrrrt~~ai~un+I~if ~ ~ ~ I B M ~ ~ ~ ~ L L U ~ T F I U W ~ ~ U ~ J L L . ~

ii'nunnds~5$o~~~n~ui%mo~m~n~~'udf6~11ou~#o~~9iu~~u fpiavnsmnuof f i u h z u u u ~ # s ~ l u ~ m ruzwsmnaubaofnfldn8uuifldiuio8nn~~Md~

n i s u k ~ d i u u i l i u b i l u i ' ~ u 1 w a ~ ~ ~ u a a ~ w ~ n 1 u 8 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ a a o a u 1 b s msn~a~uofIiin~uui~0u~guia8nnQ~ZuII 1929-1931 ~ ~ n ~ a ~ ~ l l n d i r ~ u u i s n ~ p u u ~ tug 1945-1 950 ~ ~ a z $ ? ~ i l 1950-1 951 T a ~ n i s ~ 0 i ~ o ~ ~ a a ~ ~~nzzrif '636~4 P3ngu Z U $ ~ J fi 1964 i ~ u m s n n o u ~ n f n f l ~ i l ~ i u ~ ~ n I ~ ~ ~ t l j i i i ~ u i n ~ i R I U I ~ I I P ~ ~ ~ ~ U I R

I#hd 1 924- 1 929 ~ ~ ~ 1 l J ~ JUB ~ 6 % Id 1 935-1 937 IUZ d 1 937- 1940 hfJnndl uo~uonA'5u un-ttauudbau aiudidk~ ~ ~ ~ z M ~ I Q ,951 -1964 L ~ u $ ? J L ~ ~ I ~ u ~ I ~

d W . 44 u i u ~ w s ~ n n o u r a o i ~ ~ ~ d ~ i u ~ s n ~ a k ~ f ~ u ~ a l i o t i i ~ r j ' u n ~ btluguinaiuisnrraitl nu EuIiilLri ~aoi8a, nu ua:uuniiaurrwci i ~ u i a u a u ~ i n a ~ u 2 n?~ 6 ~ i o h ~ : ~ i i J d d 1931 - 1 935 uaelusr~d18 1940-1945 b~~u~a~dojnr(wds:~ud~rri~nr(~nis~

l u m ~ n n ~ t o ~ brnw~a~1 a^noiaz~~nu n i a z a n ( i 1 1 u n 1 ~ 1 ~ r r ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ o J 1 a n ~ u ~ 1931

If% ~ ~ ~ l ~ r ? " f f ~ l ~ d " l b ~ ~ 6 0 ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ o u ~ ~ I I R u I % ~ ~ I T ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o u ~ % o ~ L?#%'/ bF4blJof bLF4z wrsnfi~udfa rrazlustcl ~fli940-1945 n n ~ i b ~ u n n d n m ~ J U ~ ~ M I L I U ~ O J L L C ~ U L Y ~ L ~ U

unzAamuuiCi?u uRuoJaJnsiu J i i I ~ ~ a o f ~ a ~ i l u u i s n i ' ~ u u d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u i ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u I w

wnn ounszri~R'uqa~ JWIP (a?)

G.E. 1918

G E. 1922 Lloyd George

1923 Law

Baldwin Jan.G.E

1924 Nov G E

MacDonald

Baldwin -. ,

G.E. 1929

G.E. 1931

G.E 1935

1937

G.E. 1959 - - - - - _ _ _ 1962 ---- ------- t

G.E. 1964

G.E. 1966

MacDonald

MacDonald

Baldwin

Chamberlain

Churchill '

Attlee

Churchill

Eden

Macmillan

Macmillan

Lord Home

Wilson

G.E 1974 Heath

Callaghan

G E 1979

G.E. 1983

G E. General Election

Conservative

Labour

4 nlll Roy C Macridis and Robert E. Ward. Modern Political System, Europe (Princeton Hall, Inc. 1963) p 53 UW::

~&b;u~~ubut$quu I

1 5 4 Ps 215 L

nhdfiuqd dlnvw&~~flu~~uno~mrmo~&~nr~w~O~~~osduin3zd~~a~li

bjnqwlraom~~nc~naoaui~u~sf l rgos bu~Ou8dm~n~a~uof~iuu~a~6n~r(a d knqabrzuuaium~n udrnfl rot a .mnfi~uoffafi~3'u~n'u~fioon1d bu~owizlu

11 I 924 d i ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ n i a a n ~ u i ~ ) r ( t o ~ ~ u ~ o u n z 1.44 ~viidu b j n q w f i n f i u ~ ~ z u u ~ m

wndnoufl~flqfiu uu"~zihmnnmriloJdu d n ~durmrmoutpad mnai9l(lou

~qnd (Welsh Nationalist Party) LLBZWJ f lT l1~fk l~ l f i~~ (Sadish Nationalist Party) ~ddl&

dunuinunz~n~wnriomi~dnrno~odi~I~ imizm~~~inr)r(oiiiiIbi~u~tonk.~~3ufiu

ldrfiu 10 flu

ohdqfinu nq~hnk~fl3~dima~n~uofl)r(d~~nuuiu James Callashan '16do

14~iiann unn~wnBu~um~n~nLuof rdoJoinnmb:qul~pidJz~ihoJm~~~ho5~d 24 unlitlu 2524 11u~\fiunL~niiuiwodaui~nw'tfcIfiL~uwui~nf~c1ni1uniJLfionr~ { iw~~nl ln$~unulu~u '~?~i ) ry~~~~~i l~~~i~u ' in 'unu ~ 3 u ~ q l $ ~ r i ~ u ~ : n w 8 m ' 1 ~ ~ 1

b u ~ a w i c n ~ u h w ? i ~ ~ w o ~ ~ ~ ~ i z ' 1 u ~ l f ~ m i ~ ~ ~ n u ~ a J ~ M n i w

U J J J Y U ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ L I d ~ 3 ~ n u ~ ) r ( d i ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ l 1 ~ z n i ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ f i ~ ~ u u n z l d ~ ~ f i ~ ~ u 4 1 ~ d ~ ~ 1 ~ u -

yaad

n i ~ ~ d ~ u u u d n f i ~ n i ~ r ~ o n ~ ~ i w ~ ~ ~ 1 6 ~ n d i ~ d ~ O u u u 3 ~ i r u 4 i w ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ a ~ u a f oz

r d ~ u u ~ f l u ~ n d ~ u ~ i ~ ~ ~ unzlu~:~1zui~~~unu~l1u~1outpalioi0~~u~l~ud~u~~~i~

r m r n r n ~ ~ ~ i l u d ~ n ~m~zndonkJ)r(fl imnniu+i~nn~)r( ddrIi'1siuitl Micheal ~ m t

rJJins/uhu#imc~m7 f l f i ~ i f u ~ ~ o n ~ d u ~ ~ ~ f l i w ~ f f lnul~d

aqm~~nsh~rIi~~~U76nc]imwo~mr~16ubw1tl Roy Jenkbls UIJ S h w

William U1U David Owen UIZUlU William Rodgers @7d7flrylD~~JCI ~fCLn~fl(ia

~~~~cffuomnnmumfiuam~no'n41~3w~d~ nmhzmw 24-25 rm ~ J L ~ R ~ T I

(3) ila4ctnuA . - m m n n t f l n ~ ~ ~ % u a u i ~ & ~ t ' u f l ~ u i ~ u d n ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d 1 Q n i u ~ d / ~ l h a i d u i

~ r u u f ~ a n i uuubjnq~iuun:'kfl$8n~~fon k d h l d ~ ~ r i ' 1 1 ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ d 1879 Iauw.r~n

Ljberal I [&~f~dt!11111~Ufl 1891 - 191 2 d~ul~(i~dI~u~o~dLquvodwffn \ Reform Party

IUfl 1 9 1 6 W3fn Labour \&fR$d#U ~( i f id 'd IdI6di~ i~ fflJ1 ~ d ' 4 L f l ~ ~ ~ d ~ 7 ~ Reform

aufld6 1928 ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ u u ~ ~ u ~ I L z I u Y ~ ~ w ~ ~ Liboral ~ J I & L ~ ~ ~ u ~ D I H ~ L O U ~ ~ ( ~ Unhed

Party I U T ~ U ~ ~ W T Z R Labour lhj~nr~~~uuiihufi1l~dd~~~nl~I6nr~~u~~duau'i~u1n

d ~ a l ~ vmn Reform ~ ~ I J W ~ C I United d ~ l 6 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ) h t k ~ ~ ~ u i n w w d u ~ 1 n f l 1931 -1935

~ ~ ~ ~ i n ~ ~ f ~ u i n ~ 6 ~ d ~ u u u i ~ 0 u v o ~ ~ ~ ' 1 n Labour 1Uiidfl 1949 lud 1936 O U R J ~ ~ 1949

WffJ Reform f i l J W 7 1 ~ United ~ ~ ~ ~ R J I ? u ~ ~ u L o u w ~ ~ ~ L ~ u ~ ~ I I I z ~ % ~ National Party

n i f~~o~uod~l7%~~aui i?w ~ n ~ d ~ u ~ i i u n ~ o ~ d i u i u u i i National Party

%Llwffn Labour 3 d A

~ ' U ~ Z U Z H ~ ~ dm~nnn~dod~fi@~uonwff ~ H U J Social Credit Polltical' Leaque

u(ifldd6nhnmdnv$od~nu nrii?fio rnsnd l6~~1~8on~~iu~ 1 d i d 1954 IU?&QY ~ton~au~uf l i 966 LLAI&L~UJ i d i d ~ u i l i g n

f r u ~ a o d w r ~ m o d ~ ? 4 l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ u . ~ 1 d n ~ i u ~ ~ n d u i n ~ d ~ ~ ~ d f r ~ n f l ~ ~ n ~ ~ cguin

~rnizw.rmdn 7 ~ ~ C i ~ ~ n n u ~ d ~ o 1 1 ~ ~ n r ~ d d 6 n E ~ ~ n i ~ n i ~ ~ f i 0 ~ t n u ~ u u w d d j n ~ u d

4.4 y.Iiluuhir q mr~suunarmln 4.4.1 ~ f i 0 l f ~ i f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ 3 f ~ ~ ~ ~ i d d f ~ ~ f l i ~ ~ f ainfinwmrnndotf

vo~rnsn~!onciuhao~ ~uucinmrwd 19 tgu+iuui ~ r u u a o m n n \ i r ~ ~ u ~ n u i o

fiuuilu 3 ldddi~f i Ar r d a#

(I) a d ~ ~ f ~ ~ u a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ f : a r n ~ n f ~~anadudoin'" ~ i u n i i fruu

ao dwfmuuunpufl" (a bourgeois two-party system) ~ ~ u f r u u ~ o ~ m ~ ~ d o ~ u i ~ ~ n n n

~ubnrni~~n;no~fndciuu lillw2n~u4~uu d ~ ~ . n n ~ o ~ ~ n ~ ~ z ~ n ~ ~ u ~ a ~ f f u d 19

22 Kenneth Janda. Political Partler : A Cross-National ~unre$ (The Free Press, 1980), pp. 225-226

23~auiice Duverger, Political Parties, pp. 212-215

1

PS 215

~~1u~mu1n~udwn1~n1uila=:bn~da::uun1uwaan~~u1bbn~d3=:uu~n ~waan ulllinnlh~nglimo~waf n I ~ n a ~ ~ u ~ u d n 1 u e r a ~ 3 ~ w d i 9 un=:~iuernn~wd 20

ondud~~ngnndkqld~n7u f i~ l~cruiun~luinruuno~w~ano::nn~u~~ldk~~n

d m u n ~Auturifibainkmne a n ~ s ~ z ~ n n a r u u n o JW~~I~Y'J~R&UUIZH~~ La wnnoyfndQufiuin9QaramKu docio$fi~~d~sI~nu~ruu ~ d u WuauCi u l ~ b n n n wanbnifluu$nu4nW d u na6iY~nqtt (u~ld~lhingiiwanunifltlun~o~ kwwqn

wifndfiaugmqnld ~ d n ~ ~ d o ~ n n ~ ~ ? w n d ~ ~ w ~ n ~ n i e % u u ~ i ~ ~ u ~ o ~ f l u ~ o f u b a ~ ~ b u ~ u b~m-anoyfndfhu) ~ r u u n o ~ m a ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ; d d n n ~ d ~ R n d u d o ~ u " i ~ ~ : : n ~ n ~ ~ a ~

liudln5u1fn%n(ibiu3Qiun1~ria$3::~i1 J"IIU#U Ao ~fluniado~far~i~~wannpufl d 66

(bourgeois) diuMddQiuw7ndjnufiuucliuMuJ seuuno~wraqddd~o=:~4un1i fduu UP ~mn~~uuayfndfiauiiumaum" (a Conservative-Labour dualism) mnnhar~itmli a~uuna~wamuuuayfndfluun'u~~nufluu bwsltaruunn ~ r n ~ n ~ d ~ ~ d o f d ~ ~ & ~ o w l ~ ~ d a r ~ n n d r n f n d d n u f l u u d ~ u ~ ~ u o ~ n ~ ~ ~ u d n f a u n ~ d 7 (Trade Union4 d IC~S JU%JW~ f C I ~ J ~ I J ~ ~ U (Indirect in wudure) d8ngldb~~~nfia ~~~td~~uaIil:uldZU ni~d&ll'lritdd$R i i ~ m n l n m s n ~ ~ ~ d ~ n ~ ~ ~ u i u d o ~ ~ i n ~ u ' ~ = : ~ f l ~ ~ u n ~ b n ~ ~ ~ d d a ~

(d@Q auuno~mmo~%ato~~u"t '# ~ 5 u ~ ~ d h m ~ u o : ~ ~ ~ ' u ~ ~ e i ~ A u ~ ~ q e r ~ ~ ~ ~ n o n ~ ~ a i

t ~ ~ ~ i h ~ ~ i k n h \ d t % a i h r bm~rmanffdnuhd&n wwbfluwaf ndbf i%dJn t t t b

PS 215 157

1 1 J f l 8 n k t ~ Lihc "bipolar system" iklihUUfrnd~f1o J 2 nt$J ~ H ~ I J W R ~ C I D U @ H ~ ~ I ~

MdJfilln€@WRFl Christian Democrat (~I+fndhu) Y m R Socialist Ufl: Social Democrat

(fif~ufisu) aa:wnn Republi~an (LRSCLIIU) d ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i i ~ ~ . ~ n i 3 ~ d 3 : n i ~ d ' l f l ~

f l z f ~ a n (Western Parties) dJn&siiut%wunoJwsshuin ~ds~udm.rnnouyfin(i8jlJ

H I U I ~ ~ L ' ~ ~ I ~ ~ : ~ L ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ I J U I T I ' ~ &

mn.reuurotm3nIu2~d 3 L T J L ~ ~ R ~ O ~ J nrji-dAo l i i m s n n o u ~ a l i a i u i ~ n ~omwr:~fionk& fir=:~~udu(~isod1~~1rl~~87~do3zuunnd~1~o~ ~ m i r ~ i u h u ~ n

f iwnnnnuyfir6~:n~r~i~do'l~diuio fionnflinis(i7~&ml1o~wrsn wnhzniuui

fi'noLfim3zuuLw4on13~~uuf~ L % D ~

o n d n hmR ~ ~ u n niwnozuwnrzuuao~m~mR~ 3 lduih( 2 U U U AD 3zuu

~ t x M 3 m m q d ~ n mdsrhiiuflu "3zu~HE1~m3nl~%nls" (Technical dualism)

ndnlin ~fluszuu~o~msn~nifu'~~~o"~a::~~i~wo~w3an~flun1au'm~bo"~1u~~o~~a~u1s r r dlndoe un:?fdai%'~ udf ~ro~wnneii~soara'udf"~~~inif ~ f i ~ ~ ~ ? ' l d a ? u f l a ~ m n ~ w u

66 j i ~ ~ ~ m z u o u n i n ~ n m o ~ t ~ s ~ ~ u i ~ h z u u ~ o ~ r n s n ~ d d 3 LOU 3zuuRoJwm ti ni~8n" (Metaphysical dualism) ndi?Ao ~ilusruuan~wsmdn13~au~~~uds~~uwu~1u

~~,mmw'i13dnfnDJ uu?n?iufimyagiu~udod7a~~nu .rzuuaoJw.r>nuuuum

(Technical dualism) L T ~ I ~ U ~ P E ~ I ~ J ~ Z ~~~d3~31~d!6111!fl& 66

4.4.2 3: UURDJWlln ~ ~ U L Q W I ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ R L H M S ' ~ M l n ~ O l 3 f ~ l 3 ~ 6 ~ ~ n ~ r z ~ d e u f ~ s 1 a ~ w r . m " (degree of discipline) Llh ~ J R D J ~ J ~ ~ L ~ R ~ R - ~ I u u ~ ~ ~ ~ I J ~ ~ ~

Duverger ~fsnszuu~o~rn3ntlo~~~nqw~i~~u 6'3zuuRn~w3snuuud~" (Rigid two 66

party system) LL8t10 J R M ~ ~ D L U ? ~ I * ~ ~ U U R O J W ~ ~ R I I U U ~ ~ ~ W ~ (Flexible two-party

n - d i u ~ ~ n ~ i ~ ~ o n z u u ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ n R ~ 2 uuu O ~ ~ ~ Y L ~ O U S C ~ ~ O J W ~ F I t o

. r ~ u u a a ~ ~ 3 3 n b ~ u u ~ ~ ~ ~ o z ~ # 3 : ~ d s u ? i t s L ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ u ~ u i ~ n ~ ~ ~ : U U W E I J W ~ ~ C I L L Y Y

douo:dr:~dsu~e~dousiu~~~ni~~dnQs~d~rui~n'lsldr=:~dsu~its ~fluwa

~ ~ ~ L G ~ J ~ I ~ I ~ = : ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ c ~ ' I o J L L w : I ~ ~ ~ J w Q I J ~ ~ ~ ~ w ' ~ ~ n ~ u d ~ : : ~ n ~ ~ ~ a a ~

ludjnqr ~ d o ~ o i n n i ~ ~ n i ~ d n n s o m z u o ~ ~ ~ ~ i d~~nf im'1r id is f i~n ( n w f j d ) (ro~uioinnu8ndi~~uim0~ani nnu~un~aa~nru~juud6&0~f iu~111~

~rIuayuvn~aui%nvo~wnn w3.m; ~ ( i b d u h J A ~ ~ f l s u ? C ~ ~ ~ o n ~ u ~ u w u i % n v o J

25~uvergor, Party Polftlcs and Pressure Groups, p.23

un~n~Aniawrsmzliuoi15 7 ~ ~ n i n r ~ b ~ u n i a d ~ z ~ i u d ~ u u ~ n n ~ ~ f l ~ f l ~ u o~Aniawan

udnnr6~~8arr1un1afi7~un~~~nfla~u~flaffl5~0n~dundu~f~bbarw"n~du m a n

~ u a z $ i u " ~ ~ i ~ i ~ ~ n ) w aot~abau ~unia~mundnund~~QcIa~i~i~uaz&uw"oddu wio

~iu~c(dmui%nsninn~mrn msn1uszfifl"111~0r~i~n%id~1~un6~~n~ln~u"1%d4~1b~tdd

d ' t r r i u d ~ f f unzGunuin~z~ii~nrr~~nn~~~vi~Qu

~ ~ n n ~ i u ~ ~ u ~ a a z u a ~ a ~ ~ n ~ a w a m ~ d a ~ a z ~ u r i d ~ a ~ ~ u ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u o ~

m a n 'd~nr i i~ l~ i i i l id~r ru luazuu1n~waan910~~~~i iu mui%nlummnaa~naaum d r n 7 n ~ u ~ d ~ i r f l u b d n ~ n ~ d u ~ n d n z bbuw'bflbbdwaa nudnuviaznuornnnl ~t ldnd

nrkuuniudni~nii~n~ndbbrrzdat"111%u6odn1au1~n1 fid~iluwnazriouainniad

160 PS 215