REKAYASA JARINGAN KULIT

8/2/2019 REKAYASA JARINGAN KULIT

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[@EGZGTG OG[JIBGI


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D`hh t}`djghjtgsjfi ji nphsjd`hhphg{

f{bgijtn

Tj` fl g d`hh dgiifs b{fr k`zfic gd`{sgji tj`

Tf ji f{c`{ sf b{fr npts jid{`gt`

ipnk`{ fl d`hht' Rjsa jid{`gt` ji tj`( ghh hj|jib }{fd`tt

rjhh jid{`gt` ji s`{nt fl

tj` !nf{` lffc( fqzb`i*( wpghjsz !`lljdj`is jisge` gic fpssge`* gic

dfn}h`qjsz !f{bgi`hh`t f{bgit*


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D`hh t}`djghjtgsjfi ji nphsjd`hhphg{

f{bgijtn

T}`djghjtgsjfi jt nfcjljdgsjfi ji

. Ts{pdsp{`

. Kjfda`njts{z

Pic`{bf }{fd`tt cjll`{`isjgsjfi


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F{bgit @qgn}h`

t? a`g{s(ejci`zt(hpibt(teji ,

tsfngda


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Sjttp` jt g d`hhphg{ f{bgijgsjfigh h`|`h

jis`{n`cjgs` k`sr`ì d`hht gic gdfn}h`s` f{bgijtn) Aìd`( g sjttp` jtgi ìt`nkh` fl d`hht( ifs i`d`ttg{jhzjcìsjdgh( kps l{fn sa` tgn` f{jbji( sagssfb`sa`{ dg{{z fps g t}`djljd lpidsjfi)

Sa` tspcz fl sjttp` jt eifri gtajtsfhfbz f{( ji dfii`dsjfi rjsacjt`gt`( ajtsf}gsafhfbz)


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]hgis sjttp`


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D`hh f{bgijtgsjfi ji }hgist

N`{jts`ngsjd ]`{ngiìsTs{pdsp{` Tnghh d`hht

Saji rghht

Hg{b` ipdh`j Cìt` dzsf}hgtn

If |gdpfh`t

Zfpib

Lpidsjfi

Gdsj|`hz cj|jcjib

Hfdgsjfi

Sj}t , {ffst

Ts{pdsp{`

Ngsp{`

Ag|` f{ tsjhh pic`{bfjibcjll`{ìsjgsjfi


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N`{jts`ngsjd sjttp`?D`hht fl sajt sjttp` dfisjip` sf cj|jc` sa{fpbafpssa` hjl` fl sa` }hgis)Tfn` fl sa`t` d`hht hft` sa`j{ gkjhjsz sf cj|jc` gic

k`dfn` }g{s fl fsa`{ sjttp`t)


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G hfibjspcjigh t`dsjfisa{fpba g b{frjib taffs sj}tafrjib g}jdghn`{jts`ngsjd sjttp`) Ifs`sags sa` d`hht g{` tnghh(ag|` c`it` dzsf}hgtn( gicg{` |`{z sjbashz }gde`c)

Ajba }fr`{ |j`r fl g hfibjspcjigh t`dsjfi fl sa`Dfh`pt g}jdgh n`{jts`n)Sa` g}jdgh n`{jts`n jt g cfn`.tag}`c ngtt flcj|jcjib d`hht gs sa` sj} fl sa` taffs)

Sa` g}jdgh n`{jts`n rjhh }{fcpd` sa` sa{``}{jng{z n`{jts`nt? }{fsfc`{n( }{fdgnkjpn(gic b{fpic n`{jts`n)Sa`t` sa{`` n`{jts`nt ji sp{i rjhh }{fcpd` i`rd`hht sags rjhh cjll`{`isjgs` jisf sa` `}jc`{njt(}{jng{z |gtdphg{ sjttp`t( gic b{fpic sjttp`t

!}jsa gic df{s`q*)


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G hfibjspcjigh t`dsjfi sa{fpba g {ffs sj}) Sa`

n`{jts`ngsjd sjttp` jt hfdgs`c opts gkf|` sa`{ffs dg}) Sajt sff jt g}jdgh n`{jts`n5 cj|jtjfi flsa`t` d`hht lfhhfr`c kz d`hh `hfibgsjfi {`tphst jisa` {ffs b{frjib ji h`ibsa)

Js jt g d{ftt t`dsjfi fl g cjdfs ts`n)

Lfdpt fi sa` srf hg{b` |gtdphg{ kpich`t ji sa`d`is`{ fl sa` thjc`)Sa` qzh`n sjttp` jt tsgji`c {`c)Opts gkf|` sa` qzh`n jt g hgz`{ fl n`{jts`ngsjdsjttp`( sa` |gtdphg{ dgnkjpn)

Sa` }ahf`n sjttp` jt lfpic fpstjc` fl sa` |gtdphg{dgnkjpn)


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Sajt jt g ajba.}fr`{ |j`r fl g d{ftt.t`dsjfi tafrjib g hgs`{gh n`{jts`n( sa`|gtdphg{ dgnkjpn( ji sa` tgn` }hgis tafri ji }{`|jfpt thjc`) Gbgji( sa`

qzh`n sjttp` jt tsgji`c {`c( gic sa` hg{b` d`hht fi sa` sf} fl sa` thjc` g{`}ahf`n) Sa` b{`ì k{jde.hje` d`hht k`sr`ì sa` qzh`n gic }ahf`n jt sa` g{`gji rajda sa` |gtdphg{ dgnkjpn jt hfdgs`c) Sa` i`r d`hht }{fcpd`c kz sa`dgnkjpn g{` jijsjghhz hje` saft` fl sa` dgnkjpn jst`hl( kps( gt sa`z b{fr gicngsp{`( sa`j{ dag{gds`{jtsjdt thfrhz dagib` gt sa`z cjll`{ìsjgs` jisf fsa`{sjttp`t) Sa` |gtdphg{ dgnkjpn jt g tjibh` hgz`{ fl d`hht rjsaji sajt k{jde hje`

{`bjfi5 js jt {`t}fitjkh` lf{ sa` b{frsa ji cjgn`s`{ fl g ts`n) Sa` sjttp`t}{fcpd`c kz sa` |gtdphg{ dgnkjpn g{` t`dficg{z sjttp`t)


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]`{ngiìs sjttp`? D`hht fl sajt sjttp` ag|` hfts sa`j{gkjhjsz sf cj|jc` gic sa`z ag|` g t}`djghj`c ts{pdsp{`sf }`{lf{n t}`djljd lpidsjfit)

Kgt`c fi sa` sz}` fl d`hht }{`tìs ji sa` sjttp`( sa`]`{ngiìs sjttp` jt cj|jc`c jisf srf dgs`bf{j`t?

Tjn}h` ]`{ngiìs Sjttp`

gic

Dfn}h`q ]`{ngiìs Sjttp`)

Rajh` sa` tjn}h` }`{ngiìs sjttp` dfitjts fl fihz fi`sz}` fl d`hht !`b) ]g{ìdazng*(sa` dfn}h`q }`{ngiìs sjttp` dfitjtst fl nf{` sagifi` sz}` fl d`hht !`b) Qzh`n gic }ahf`n*


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Sz}`t fl }g{ìdazng?

j* Dahf{ìdazng ?D`{sgji }g{ìdazngsfpt sjttp` dfisgjidahf{f}hgts gic tzisa`tj` lffc kz sa` }{fd`tt fl}afsftzisa`tjt)

jj* G`{ìdazng? Ji gwpgsjd }hgist }g{ìdazngsfpt d`hhtag|` gj{ dg|jsj`t k`sr`ì sa`n sf tsf{` gj{( tpda g sjttp` jt

dghh`c G`{ìdazng) Js }{f|jc`t kpfzgidz sf sa` gwpgsjd}hgist tf sags sa`z dgi lhfgs ji rgs`{)

T j n } h ` ] ` { n g i ` i s S j t t p ` t

]g{ìdazngTs{pdsp{`?Js jt sa` lpicgnìsgh sjttp` dfn}ft`c fl saji

rghh`c( hj|jib d`hht raft` d`hh rghh jt dfn}ft`c fld`hhphft`) Tnghh jis`{d`hhphg{ t}gd`t g{` }{`tìsk`sr`ì sa` d`hht)

Hfdgsjfi gic lpidsjfi? Js fddp{t ji ghh tfls }g{st fl}hgist gic jt n`gis lf{ tsf{gb` fl lffc gic sf }{f|jc`

sp{bjcjsz sf tfls`{ }g{st fl }hgist) ]g{ìdazng

D hh a


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Dfhhìdazng jiS{git|`{t` T`dsjfi

Tafrjib RghhSajdeìjibt7) D`hh Rghh;) Rghh Sajdeìjibt4) ]{fsf}hgtn3) \gdpfh`

Dfhhìdazng

Ts{pdsp{`? Sajt sjttp` jt dfn}ft`c fl tfn`rags `hfibgs`c d`hht rjsa d`hhrghht sags g{` j{{`bphg{hz sajdeì`c gs df{i`{t cp` sf c`}ftjsjfi fl d`hhphft` f{}`dsji) Sa`z ngz k` f|gh( dj{dphg{ f{ }fhzbfigh) \`{z hjssh` jis`{d`hhphg{ t}gd`tg{` }{`tìs)

Hfdgsjfi? Js fddp{t k`hfr sa` `}jc`{njt fl ts`n gic }`sjfh` !tsghe fl sa` h`gl*gic g{fpic |`jit)

Lpidsjfi? Sajt sjttp` }{f|jc`t n`dagijdgh tp}}f{s gic lh`qjkjhjsz gic ji tfn`

dgt`t js ngz }ftt`tt dahf{f}hgtst sf }`{lf{n ]afsftzisa`tjt) Sa` ts`n gich`g|`t g{` gkh` sf kìc `gtjhz gic saì dfn` kgde sf sa`j{ f{jbjigh }ftjsjfi cp`sf sa` }{`tìd` fl dfhhìdazng)

T h a


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Tdh`{ìdazng

Ts{pdsp{`? Js jt g sjttp` fl c`gc gic

sajde rghh`c d`hht( ag|jib if jis`{d`hhphg{t}gd`t) Sa` sajdeìjibt g{` fl d`hhphft`f{ hjbiji f{ kfsa) T`|`{gh pihjbijlj`c g{`gtdghh`c }jst flsì c`|`hf} fi rghht)

Hfdgsjfi? Sajt sjttp` jt ptpghhz lfpic ji

sa` ag{c gic tsjll }g{st fl sa` }hgis hje`t``c dfgs( apte fl dfdfips( ji sa` ts`ng{fpic |gtdphg{ kpich`t( |`jit fl h`g|`tgic ag{c df|`{jib fl l{pjst gic ipst)

Lpidsjfi? Js jt sa` daj`l n`dagijdgh

sjttp` ji }hgist gic jt gkh` sf k`g{ }pta(}phh( ts{gji gic ta`g{jib lf{d`t) Js}{f|jc`t ts{ìbsa sf }hgis }g{st gic ghtf}{fs`dst sa` c`hjdgs` }g{st fl sa` }hgist)

Sa`z g{` fl srf sz}`t? ljk{`t gictdh`{`jct)


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@}jc`{ngh sjttp`

Hfdgsjfi ? ts`n( h`g|`t , {ffst

Ts{pdsp{` ? . Lhgs

. Hg{b` |gdpfh`t

. Df|`{`c rjsa dpsjdh`

njijnj` rgs`{ hftt]{fs`dst l{fn n`dagijdgh jiop{z

]{`|`is ji|gtjfi fl cjt`gt`t kz

njd{ff{bgijtnt. [ffs agj{

Jid{`gt` tp{lgd` g{`g lf{ rgs`{ p}sge`

. Bpg{c d`hht

Dfis{fh f `iji , dhftji fl tsfngsg


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]`{ngi`is sjttp`t


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@}jc`{njt gic Kg{eSa` }{fs`dsj|` sjttp`t

Sa` `}jc`{njt ptpghhz dfitjtst fl g tjibh`.hgz`{`c b{fp} fl d`hht sagsdf|`{t }hgist h`g|`t( lhfr`{t( {ffst gic ts`nt) Js lf{nt g kfpicg{zk`sr``i sa` }hgis gic sa` `qs`{igh rf{hc)

Kg{e jt lf{n`c l{fn sa` n`{jts`n sags g}}`g{t hgs`{ ji sa` hjl` dzdh`fl g }hgis) Rffcz ts`nt gic tfn` fsa`{ ts`n ts{pdsp{`t }{fcpd` gt`dficg{z df|`{jib dghh`c sa` t`dficg{z n`{jts`n f{ }`{jc`{n f{df{e dgnkjpn sags {`}hgd`t sa` `}jc`{njt gt sa` }{fs`dsj|`df|`{jib)Sa` }`{jc`{n {`}hgd`t sa` `}jc`{njt( gic gdst gt g }{fs`dsj|`df|`{jib hje` sa` `}jc`{njt)D`hht }{fcpd`c fi sa` fpstjc` kz }`{jc`{n lf{n sa` df{e) D`hht flag|` tpk`{ji ji sa`j{ rghht sf }{fs`ds sa` ts`n l{fn c{zjib gic}gsafb`i gssgde) Fhc`{ df{e d`hht g{` c`gc( gt jt sa` dgt` rjsarffcz ts`nt) Gt sa` ts`n b{frt( sa` df{e dgnkjpn }{fcpd`t i`r

hgz`{t fl df{e rajda g{` jn}`{n`gkh` sf bgt`t gic rgs`{)


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]`{jc`{n jt lfpic fi sa` tp{lgd` fl


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]`{jc`{n jt lfpic fi sa` tp{lgd` flrffcz }hgist5 js jidhpc`t sa` df{e d`hhtfi sa` tp{lgd` fl fhc`{ rffcz ts`nt)Sa` }`{jc`{n {`}hgd`t sa` `}jc`{njt ji}hgist sags ag|` t`dficg{z b{frsa) Sa`

df{e d`hht g{` c`gc5 js jt sa`j{rgs`{}{ffl`c d`hh rghht sags lpidsjfi gtsa` }{fs`dsj|` fps`{ df|`{jib fl }hgist)N`{jts`ngsjd d`hht rjsaji sa` }`{jc`{n!df{e dgnkjpn( sa` fsa`{ hgs`{ghn`{jts`n* }{fcpd` sa` df{e d`hht)

sz}` fl tp{lgd`sjttp`( sa` fps`{kg{e f{ }`{jc`{n

!tsgji`c {`c ji sajtthjc`*)

D f n } h ` q ] ` { n g i ` i s S j t t p ` t


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D f n } h ` q ] ` { n g i ` i s S j t t p ` t

Qzh`n gic ]ahf`n

Q h


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Sa`z g{`?

Qzh`n s{gda`jct

Qzh`n s{gda`g` f{|`tt`ht

Qzh`n ljk`{t gic

Qzh`n }g{ìdazng

Qzh`nJs jt g dfn}h`q }`{ngiìs sjttp`( rajda jt t}`djghj`c lf{ sa`dficpdsjfi fl rgs`{ gic nji`{gh tpktsgid`t ji sa` }hgis kfcz) Qzh`njt g a`s`{fbìfpt sjttp` ngc` p} fl lfp{ cjll`{ìs sz}`t fl d`hhphg{

`h`nìst)

]ahf`n


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]ahf`n jt ghtf ga`s`{fbìfpt sjttp`(ngc` p} fl lfp{cjll`{ìs sz}`t fld`hhphg{ `h`nìst(

ign`hz(

Tj`|` spk`t

Dfn}gijfi d`hht

]ahf`n }g{ìdaznggic

]ahf`n ljk{`t

]ahf`n jt g dfn}h`q }`{ngiìs sjttp`( rajda jt t}`djghj`c lf{ sa`dficpdsjfi fl lffc gic fsa`{ f{bgijd tpktsgid`t)

]ahf`n


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gijngh &apngisjttp`

N hsjd`hh hg{ !hg{b`* f{bgijtnt l idsjfi nf{`


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Nphsjd`hhphg{ !hg{b`* f{bgijtnt lpidsjfi nf{`

`lljdjìshz jl d`hht k`dfn` t}`djghj`c lf{

t}`djljd lpidsjfit)

Sa`{` g{` sz}`t fl sjttp`t lfpic ?Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`Nptdphg{ SjttpÌ`{|fpt Sjttp`

@}jsa`hjgh Sjttp` gic D`hh Opidsjfit

Rajh` ghtf sa` tzts`n ji F{bgijtn ?Jis`bpnìsg{z Tzts`n

F{bgi Tzts`nAfn`ftsgtjt

/T}fib`t cf ifs ag|` sjttp`t)


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Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`

Js jt gi sjttp` sags jt dag{gds`{j`c kz sa` gkpicgid` fl

`qs{gd`hhphg{ dfn}fi`ist !tpda gt ljk`{t gic jis`{d`hhphg{tpktsgid`t*) Sa` sjttp` c`{j|`t jst ign` l{fn jst lpidsjfiji dfii`dsjib( tp}}f{sjib( tp{{fpicjib f{ kjicjib d`hht gicsjttp`t)

Dfii`dsj|` sjttp` jt dfn}ft`c fl?d`hht

`qs{gd`hhphg{ ngs{jq

@qs{gd`hhphg{ ngs{jq jt g t}`djgh l`gsp{` sags cjtsjibpjta`tdfii`dsj|` sjttp` l{fn sa` fsa`{ sjttp`t fl sa` kfcz) Sajtngs{jq ngz k` o`hhz.hje`( lhpjc( c`it` f{ {jbjc) Sa` igsp{` flngs{jq cjll`{t gddf{cjib sf sa` lpidsjfi fl sags }g{sjdphg{dfii`dsj|` sjttp`)

Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`


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Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`Dfii`dsj|` sjttp` a`h}t gssgda ngs`{jght sfb`sa`{ sa{fpba ljk{fpt( tp}}f{sj|`( kfi`gic lhpjc dfii`dsj|` sjttp`t) Ghh dfii`dsj|` sjttp`t ag|` sa{`` dfnnfi }{f}`{sj`t?t}`djghj`c d`hht( b{fpic tpktsgid`( gic }{fs`ji ljk`{t)

Sa` B[FPIC TPKTSGID@ jt da`njdgh tpktsgid`t sags tgsp{gs`t t}gd` ji

k`sr`ì d`hht gic ljk`{t) Sa`{` g{` sa{`` cjll`{ìs sz}`t fl ljk`{t? DFHHGB@ILJK@[T g{` dfits{pds`c fl g }{fs`ji !dfhhgbì* rajda gjct ji lh`qjkjhjsz giccp{gkjhjsz) Tjnjhg{ sf dfhhgbì ljk`{t( sa` [@SJDPHG[ LJK@[T k{gida fpsrg{c sflf{n saji tp}}f{s tzts`nt) Hgtshz( g }{fs`ji eifri gt `hgtsji nge`t p} @HGTSJDLJK@[T rajda fll`{ lh`qjkjhjsz)

LJK[FPT DFII@DSJ\@ SJTTP@ Hfft` ljk{fpt Ljk{fkhgts d`hht5 lf{nt}{fs`dsj|` hgz`{ f|`{ f{bgit gic gjct`}jsa`hjpn)

Cìt` ljk{fpt Ljk{fkhgts d`hht5 d{`gs`c l{fn

dhft`hz kpich`c dfhhgbì ljk`{t) Flsì lfpic jisìcfit&hjbgnìst dfii`dsjfit sf kfi`t&ofjist)

Gcj}ft` sjttp` Hfft` dfii`dsj|` sjttp`ra`{` d`hht tr`hh sf tsf{` lgs) Sjttp` }{fs`dstf{bgit( jitphgs`t f{bgit( gic jt pt`c lf{ì`{bz)

]jdsp{` l{fn ass}?&&ì)rjej}`cjg)f{b&rjej&Ljk{fptVdfii`dsj|`Vsjttp`
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Illu_connective_tissues_1.jpg


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Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`?


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. D`hht

. @qs{gd`hhphg{ Ngs{jqDag{gds`{jtsjdt Fl Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`?D`hht . rjc`hz t}gd`c ji sa` `qs{gd`hhphg{ ngs{jq

Dfn}fiìst fl `qs{gd`hhphg{ ngs{jq?. Rgs`{. B{fpic tpktsgid`? t`njtfhjc b`hdfisgjijib Sjttp` lhpjct(tghst , Bhzdfdfiopbgs`tsrf sz}`t ]{fs`fbhzdgit df{` }{fs`ji BGB !Bhzdf}{fs`jit* jt

gssgda`c lj|` Dafic{fsji tph}ags`( c`{ngsgi tph}ags`( e`{gsgitph}ags` , a`}g{gi tph}ags`) Bhzdf}{fs`jit taf{s`{ k{gida`cfhjbftgddag{jc`t . Ljk{fi`dsji , hgnjiji. Ljk{`tDfhhgbì ljk{`t !rajs` ljk{`t*

rjc`hz cjts{jkps`c@hgtsjd ljk{`t !z`hhfr ljk{`t* lfpicji sa` hpibt( khffc |`tt`ht[`sjdphg{ ljk{`t g{` lji` dfhhgbìljk{`t lfpic ji t}h`ì gic hj|`{

L idsjfit kgt`c fi n`dagijdgh


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Lpidsjfit kgt`c fi n`dagijdgh}{f}`{sj`t

Kjicjib sfb`sa`{ Dfn}g{sn`isghjgsjfi Tp}}f{s

]aztjdgh Jnnpifhfbjd }{fs`dsjfi , Tsf{gb`

D@HHT


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D@HHT

Zfpib`{ f{ Picjll`{`isjgs`c d`hh

Ljk{fdzs`t. nfts ipn`{fpt(tzisa`tjt gic sp{if|`{ fl kfsaljk{`t gic ifi ljk{jhhg{ b{fpictpktsgid`

Ngd{f}agb`t. gic fsa`{}agbfdzsjd d`hht

Ngts d`hht. t`d{`s` ajtsgnji` ,a`}g{ji rajda n`cjgs`jilhgnngsf{z }{fd`tt

]hgtng d`hht. t`d{`s` gisjkfcj`t Gcj}fdzs`t.tsf{`t lgs @ftjif}ajht(i`ps{f}ajht( sd

Ljk`{t? [`sjdphg{ ljk{`t


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Ljk`{t? [`sjdphg{ ljk{`t

C`hjdgs` Lf{n lji` i`srf{et tdgllfhcjib

lf{ tp}}f{s {`tjcìs d`hht Lfpic nftshz ji sa` Hzn}afjc

f{bgit Dfitjts fl dfhhgbì

. ngji sz}` s{f}fdfhhgbì sz}` JJJTs{fng > tp}}f{sjib i`srf{e fl gif{bgi&bhgic

]g{ìdazng > t}`djljd d`hht sags

dag{gds`{j` sa` bhgic&f{bgi

@)b ji Hzn}a ifc`( ts{fng >{`sjdphg{ sjttp`( }{jidj}gh}g{ìdazngh d`hht hzn}afdzs`t


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Ljk`{t? @hgtsjd ljk{`t

@nk`cc`c ji gi

gnf{}afpt ngs{jq). ngs{jq jt dfn}ft`c flsa` }{fs`ji `hgtsji) Njd{fljk{jht.

jicj|jcpgh

Ljk{`t g{` k{gida`c. k{gida`t `ic jiaffe hje` lgtajfi

If{nghhz . Sajii`{

sagi sa` dfhhgb`iljk{`t


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Ljk`{t?Dfhhgbì Cfnjigis Pik{gida`c Lpidsjfi

. ts{ìbsa sf sa` dfii`dsj|` sjttp`)

Sajdei`tt fl sa` ljk{`t |g{j`t @gda fl sa`t` ljk{jht jt dfn}ft`c fl

njd{fljk{jht Sz}`t?

f

cjll`{ìs s{f}fdfhhgbì sz}`t!ign`c sz}` J sf QQ*f Sz}`t J( JJ gic JJJ g{` sa` ngof{

ljk{`.lf{njib s{f}fdfhhgbìt)f S{f}fdfhhgbì sz}` J\ . dfn}fiìs

fl sa` kgtgh hgnjig)


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Dfii`dsj|` sjttp`

Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp` Dfisjip`c


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TP]]F[SJ\@ SJTTP@ gjct ji sa` lf{ngsjfi fl kfi` gic dg{sjhgb`) Cp` sf jsttfhjc ngs{jq( sajt sjttp`t d`hht ptpghhz fddp}z tnghh dg|jsj`t eifri gt

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fl |`{z cp{gkh` dfhhgbì ljk`{t rajda dgi ìcp{` }{`ttp{`&r`jbas gic gktf{ktafde) Ljk{fdg{sjhgb` jt lfpic ji sa` ofjis fl sa` }pkjd kfi`t( t}jigh cjtet(

gic ji ei`` dg{sjhgb`)

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ass}?&&ì)rjej}`cjg)f{b&rjej&Ljk{fdg{sjhgb`

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KFI@T g{` sa` lj{n`ts dfii`dsj|` sjttp` rajda jt dfits{pds`c fl gag{c ngs{jq gic dfhhgbì ljk`{t) Kfi`t b`s tfn` fl sa`j{ ts{pdsp{` l{fn

FTT@FPT SJTTP@( rajda hìct sf sa` dzhjic{jdgh tag}` fl sa`n!FTS@FIT*) Hfib gic cìt` DFN]GDS KFI@T ag|` {jibt fl ag{cngs{jq ji sa` fts`fit) Gs sa` ìct fl hfib kfi`t jt g hjbas`{ ts{pdsp{èifri gt T]FIBZ KFI@) Sajt ngs`{jgh agt g t`}g{gs`c lf{ngsjfi

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Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp` Dfisjip`cLhpjc

KHFFC? ]hgtng hjwpjc rjsa lf{n`c `h`nìst !{`c gic rajs` khffc d`hht( gic}hgs`h`st*) Khffct cpsj`t jidhpc` dg{{zjib fqzbì gic ips{jìst sa{fpbafps sa`

kfcz sf fsa`{ sjttp`t lhpjc gic dj{dphgs`t a`gs) [@C KHFFC D@HHT s{git}f{sfqzbì sa{fpbafps sa` kfcz kz hfft`hz kjicjib sa` fqzbì rjsa sa` d`hhtA@NFBHFKJI(gi j{fi dfisgjijib ts{pdsp{`) [`c khffc d`hht cf ifs dfisgji gipdh`pt) Fi sa` fsa`{ agic( RAJS@ KHFFC D@HHT dfisgji g ipdh`pt gic g{`hg{b`{ ji tj`) Ghtf( sa`z ag|` g nf{` s{githpdìs g}}`g{gid`) Rajs` khffcd`hht a`h} sf ljbas jil`dsjfit kz `jsa`{ dfitpnjib sa` }gsafbìt sa{fpba

}agbfdzsftjt f{ d{`gsjib gisjkfcj`t sf ljbas jil`dsjfit) ]HGS@H@ST g{`}{`tìs ji kfi` ng{{fr ra`{` sa`z gjc ji sa` {`dfits{pdsjfi fl k{feì khffc|`tt`ht) ]hgs`h`st g{` }j`d`t fl d`hht)

HZN]A? Z hhfrjta lhpjc dfisgjijib rajs` khffc d`hht) Hzn}a f{jbjigs`t l{fn sjttp` lhpjcgic jt dh`git`c ji sa` HZN]A IFC@T rajda jt hzn}agsjd sjttp` fi g hzn}agsjd |`tt`h)

]jdsp{` fl `h`nìstlfpic ji khffc

]jdsp{`l{fnApngiKjfhfbzkzTzh|jgT)Ngc`{}gb`


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DFII@DSJ\@ SJTTP@ ][F]@[?

SZ]@T


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Hfft` G{`fhg{ Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`

. ipn`{fpt d`hht gickhffc |`tt`ht

. gkpicgis b{fpictpktsgid`( lh`qjkh`(ifs {`tjtsgis sf ts{`tt. Lfpic ji . pic`{

`}jsa`hjgh tp{lgd`t(g{fpic khffc|`tt`ht , bhgict

Sa` 0 }{jng{z dfn}fi`ist fl sa` tp}`{ljdjgh lgtdjg !hfft`j h h sj sj *


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j{{`bphg{ g{`fhg{ dfii`dsj|` sjttp`*?7) Ljk{fkhgtst;) Dfhhgbì Ljk`{t

4) @hgtsjd Ljk`{t3) Sjttp` Lhpjc0) LgsJi dfis{gts sf sa` f|`{hzjib c`{njt gic sa` pic`{hzjib c``}lgtdjg( sa` tp}`{ljdjgh lgtdjg ngz k` cjtsjibpjta`c kz sa`

}{`tìd` fl lgs

Cìt` j{{`bphg{ dfii`dsj|` sjttp`


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Cìt` j{{`bphg{ dfii`dsj|` sjttp`

Cìt` j{{`bphg{dfii`dsj|` sjttp` lf{ntsa` c`{njt fl sa` teji)

G{` |`{z `qsìtj|`)

Ajba cìtjsz fl dfhhgbìljk{`t gic sa`j{j{{`bphg{ cjts{jkpsjfi)

L`r d`hht)

Cg{e t}fst tdgss`{`ck`sr`ì sa` dfhhgbìljk{`t {`}{`tìs saìpdh`j fl sa` d`hht

Cìt` j{{`bphg{

Cìt` [`bphg{ Dfii`dsj|` Sjttp`


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b Dfg{t` dfhhgbì ljk{`t g{` ghjbi`c rjsa `gda fsa`{ rjsa

fihz |`{z ig{{fr f}ìt t}gd`t k`sr`ì sa`n) Hje` ji nfts fsa`{ dfii`dsj|` sjttp`t( sa`{` rjhh k` fihz g

l`r d`hht k`sr`ì sa` ljk{`t) Sa`j{ dzsf}hgtn jt cjlljdphs sf jcìsjlz kps sa` ipdh`j dgi

k` t`ì tdgss`{`c gnfib sa` dfhhgbì ljk{`t) Ipdh`j g{` flsì `hfibgs`c(

gic sa`j{ hfib gqjt {pit }g{ghh`h

sf sa` dfp{t` fl sa` dfhhgbìljk{`t

lfpic ji g{`gt fl sìtjfi(sìcfit( hjbgnìst ,

g}fi`p{ft`t( ts{fng fl t}h`ì ,hzn}a ifc`t)

Cìt` {`bphg{


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K{fri gcj}ft` sjttp`


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K{fri gcj}ft` sjttp`

A`{` Gcj}fdzs`t ag|ìpdh`pt dìs{ghhz}hgd`c

Dzsf}hgtn agt g

l{fsaz g}}`g{gid` D`hh kf{c`{t g{` ifs

dh`g{ Dg}jhhg{j`t g{` |`{z

l{`wpìs

@}jsa`hjgh sjttp`


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@}jsa`hjgh sjttp` df|`{t sa` rafh`tp{lgd` fl sa` kfcz) Js jt ngc` p} fld`hht sags g{` dhft`hz }gde`c gic

g{` dfn}ft`c fl fi` f{ nf{`hgz`{t) Sajt sjttp` jt t}`djghjt`c sflf{n sa` df|`{jib f{ hjijib fl ghhjis`{igh gic `qs`{igh kfcz tp{lgd`t)@}jsa`hjgh sjttp` sags fddp{t fi

tp{lgd`t fi sa` jis`{jf{ fl sa` kfczjt eifri gt `icfsa`hjpn)

!g* Twpgnfpt)!k* Dpkfjcgh)

!d* Dfhpnig{)!c* Ts{gsjlj`ctwpgnfpt) !`*]t`pcfts{gsjlj`c) !l* S{gitjsjfigh)


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@}jsa`hjgh Sjttp`


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}@]JSA@HJGH? Dfitsgis hgz`{ fl lj{nhz }gde`c d`hht)

TJN]H@ @]JSA@HJG? Tjibh` hgz`{ fl d`hhtgss{jkps`c l{fn sa{`` d`hh sz}`t)

TWPGNFPT @]JSA@HJPN jt g hgz`{ lfpic jihpibt gic khffc |`tt`ht) Js jt ngc` fl

dfn}gds`c d`hht gic gjct ji }{fs`dsjfi)

DPKFJCGH @]JSA@HJPN jt g hgz`{ fl dpk`cd`hht lfpic ji bhgict( hjijib sa` f|g{j`t gicejci`z spkph`t) Dpkfjcgh `}jsa`hjpn gjct ji

gktf{}sjfi)

DFHPNIG[ @]JSA@HJPN g{` {`dsgibphg{tag}`c d`hht rjsa sa` ipdh`j gs sa` kfssfn) Js jtlfpic hjijib sa` cjb`tsj|` g{`g gic gjct jigktf{}sjfi)

]jdsp{`t l{fn Apngi Kjfhfbz kz Tzh|jg T) Ngc`{ }gb`t


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}

]T@PCFTS[GSJLJ@C DFHPNIG[@]JSA@HJPN hji`t sa` s{gda`g gicgjct ji `o`dsjib jn}p{jsj`t) Npdpt

a`h}t sf s{g} }g{sjdh`t gic djhjgdg{{j`t js sf sa` sa{fgs g{`g)

S[GITJSJFIGH @]JSA@HJPN hji`tf{bgit rajda ts{`sda) Lfpic ji

khgcc`{( p{`sa{g gic p{`s`{t)TSGSJLJ@C@]JSA@HJG jt lfpicji sa` ift`( nfpsa(`tf}agbpt( gighdgigh gic |gbjighjijibt) Sa` d`hht g{`tsgde`c jisf hgz`{trajda fll`{}{fs`dsjfi)

BHGICPHG[ @]JSA@HJG jt giz`}jsa`hjpn rajda t`d{`s`t

}{fcpdst) G d`hh f{ g b{fp} fl d`hhtsags t`d{`s` }{fcpdst g{` eifri

gt BHGICT) T`d{`sjfi sf gi fps`{tp{lgd` jt cfi` kz @QFD[JI@

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jis`{ighhz sa{fpba sa` khffcts{`gn)]jdsp{`t l{fn Apngi Kjfhfbz kz Tzh|jg T) Ngc`{ }gb`


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Nptdh`t fl sa` kfcz g{` ngc` p} fl `hfibgs`c nptdh`

d`hht ghtf eifri gt nptdh` ljk{`) Sa` nf|`n`is fl sa`

kfcz jt k{fpbas gkfps kz sa` dfis{gdsjfi gic{`hgqgsjfi fl dfis{gdsjh` }{fs`ji }{`t`is ji nptdh` d`hht)

Sa`t` dfis{gdsjh` }{fs`jit g{` gdsji gic nzftji)

Nptdphg{ Sjttp` ]jdsp{`t l{fn ApngiKjfhfbz kz Tzh|jg T)Ngc`{ }gb`


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TE@H@SFI NPTDH@? Lfpicra`{` nptdh`t gssgda sf kfi` gicgjc ji nf|`n`is) Sa` ljk`{t g{`hfib dzhjic`{ tag}`t sags g{`lf{n`c kz sa` dfnkjijib fl d`hht({`tphsjib ji nphsj}h` ipdh`j)

TNFFSA NPTDH@? Lfpic ji sa`rghht fl khffc |`tt`ht gic tfn`jis`{igh f{bgit) Gjct ji sa`

s{gitl`{ fl tpktsgid`t)

DG[CJGD NPTH@? Lfpic jia`g{s rghht) Jst lpidsjfi jt sf

}pn} khffc)

Ngc`{ }gb`


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Ghh hj j hh a a kjhj j hjI`{|fpt Sjttp`


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Ghh hj|jib d`hht ag|` sa` gkjhjsz sf {`gds sf tsjnphj)

I`{|fpt sjttp` jt t}`djghjt`c sf {`gds sf tsjnphj gic sf

dficpds jn}pht`t sf |g{jfpt f{bgit ji sa` kfcz rajda

k{jib gkfps g {`t}fit` sf sa` tsjnphpt) I`{|` sjttp`

!gt ji sa` k{gji( t}jigh df{c gic }`{j}a`{gh i`{|`t sags

k{gida sa{fpbafps sa` kfcz* g{` ghh ngc` p} fl

t}`djghjt`c i`{|` d`hht dghh`c i`p{fit)

I`p{fit ag|` ngiz cjll`{`is tag}`t gic


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I`p{fit ag|` ngiz cjll`{ìs tag}`t gictj`t) Afr`|`{( g sz}jdgh i`p{fi ji g apngidfitjtst fl lfp{ ngof{ {`bjfit? g d`hh kfcz(cìc{js`t( gi gqfi( gic tzig}sjd s`{njight)

Hje` ghh d`hht( sa` ìsj{` i`p{fi jt tp{{fpic`ckz g d`hh n`nk{gi`)Sa` d`hh kfcz jt sa` ìhg{b`c }f{sjfi fl gi`p{fi sags nfts dhft`hz {`t`nkh`t fsa`{d`hht) Js dfisgjit sa` ipdh`pt gic fsa`{f{bgi`hh`t !lf{ `qgn}h`( sa` njsfdafic{jg

gic ìcf}hgtnjd {`sjdphpn*)Sa` cìc{js`t gic gqfi g{` saji dzsf}hgtnjd`qsìtjfit fl sa` i`p{fi) Sa` cìc{js`t(rajda k{gida fps ji s{``hje` lgtajfi l{fn sa`d`hh kfcz( g{` t}`djghj`c sf {`d`j|` tjbightgic s{gitnjs sa`n sfrg{c sa` d`hh kfcz) Sa`

tjibh` hfib gqfi dg{{j`t tjbight grgz l{fn sa`d`hh kfcz)Ji apngit( g tjibh` gqfi ngz k` gt hfib gt 7n`s`{ !gkfps 4 l``s*) Tfn` i`p{fit sags ag|`d`hh kfcj`t ji sa` t}jigh df{c ag|` gqfit sags`qsìc ghh sa` rgz cfri sf sa` sf`t)

G i`{|` jt gi ìdhft`c( dgkh`.hje` kpich` fl gqfit !sa`hfib thìc`{ }{fo`dsjfit fl i`p{fit* G i`{|` }{f|jc`t g


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hfib( th`ic`{ }{fo`dsjfit fl i`p{fit*) G i`{|` }{f|jc`t gdfnnfi }gsargz lf{ sa` `h`ds{fda`njdgh i`{|` jn}pht`tsags g{` s{gitnjss`c ghfib `gda fl sa` gqfit)

I`{|fpt Sjttp`


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I`{|` sjttp` dfitjtst fl I`p{fit gic I`p{fbhjg)

I@P[FIT? G d`hh dfitjtsjib flc`ic{js`t( g kfcz gic gqfi)C@IC[JS@T g{` k{gida`t fll sa` d`hhkfcz sags {`d`j|` tjbight) Sa` D@HH

KFCZ dfisgjit g ipdh`pt gicdzsf}hgtn) Gi GQFI dg{{j`t fpsi`{|` jn}pht`t l{fn sa` kfcz)

I@P[FBHJG? D`hht lfpic jii`{|fpt sjttp`) I`p{fbhjgtp}}f{s i`p{fit sa{fpbaifp{jtan`is)

]jdsp{` l{fn Apngi Kjfhfbz kz Tzh|jg T) Ngc`{ ]gb`


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D`hh opidsjfit gjc sjttp`t ji sa`j{ lpidsjfit kz ofjijib d`hhtsfb`sa`{ `jsa`{ kz sjbas opidsjfit( gca`tjfi opidsjfit f{ bg}

opidsjfit)

G) SJBAS OPIDSJFIT? D`hh hgz`{tk`dfn` {`tjhj`is kz d{`gsjib g sfpbakg{{j`{ kz sa` ofjijib fl }hgtngn`nk{gi` }{fs`jit)

K) GCA@TJFI OPIDSJFIT?D`hht dzsfte`h`sfi ljk`{t g{`gssgda`c sf fi` gifsa`{) Lfpicji sjttp`t rajda ts{`sda( hje` teji)

D) BG] OPIDSJFIT? G opidsjfilf{n`c kz srf i`jbakf{jib }hgtngn`nk{gi`t( ghhfrjib nfh`dph`t&jfitsf dj{dphgs` sa{fpba dagii`ht)

]jdsp{`t l{fn Apngi Kjfhfbz kz Tzh|jg T) Ngc`{ ]gb` 2=

Jis`bpn`isg{z Tzts`n? Teji gic


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b z zfsa`{ f{bgit

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@]JC@[NJT? Ts{gsjlj`c twpgnfpt`}jsa`hjpn) Ts`n d`hht b`s i`r`}jc`{ngh d`hht lf{ teji {ì`rgh)

]jdsp{` l{fn Apngi Kjfhfbz kz Tzh|jg T) Ngc`{ ]gb` 27

@}jc`{njt

C`{njt

Tpkdpsgi`fpt hgz`{

TPKDPSGI@FPT HGZ@[?Dfits{pds`c fl gcj}ft` gic hfft`dfii`dsj|` sjttp`) Fll`{t }{fs`dsj|`

hgz`{ gbgjits `qs`{igh gkpt`)

C@[NJT? Sajde ljk{fpt !dfhhgbìgic `hgtsjd* sjttp` pic`{ sa``}jc`{njt) Ghhfrt nf|`nìsgic lh`qjkjhjsz rjsafps s`g{jib)

Khffc |`tt`ht c`hj|`{ ips{jìstsf sa` teji rajh` {`bphgsjib kfczs`n}`{gsp{`) Dfisgjit tìtf{z

{`d`}sf{t)

Igjht( agj{ lfhhjdh`t( gic tr`gs bhgictg{` gdd`ttf{z f{bgit fl teji)


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Sa` Jis`bpn`isg{z Tzts`n


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Jis`bpnìsg{z Tzts`n

!jis` > rafh`5 .bpnìs > kfcz df|`{jib*

Srf ngof{ dfn}fiìst?

Dpsgi`fpt n`nk{gi` & teji

Gdd`ttf{z ts{pdsp{`? agj{( igjht( ,

nphsjd`hhphg{ `qfd{ji` bhgict

Bì`{gh Lpidsjfi fl sa` jis`bpnìsg{zs


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tzts`n ]{fs`dsjfi

@qd{`sjfi

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I`p{gh dfis{fh !}{jng{z c`s`{njijib lgdsf{*

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Tzisa`tjt fl |jsgnji C4 Tsf{gb` fl hj}jct

C`s`dsjfi fl sfpda( }{`ttp{`( }gji gic

Tzisa`tjt fl |jsgnji C4


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b z z

Sa` jis`bpnìs cf`t ifs lpidsjfi ji

jtfhgsjfi) Sa`{` g{` ghtf? `qsìtj|` i`srf{e fl khffc |`tt`ht

tìtf{z {`d`}sf{t !sfpda( }{`ttp{`(

s`n}`{gsp{` , }gji* az}fc`{njt & tpkdpsgi`fpt hgz`{ ?

t`}g{gs`t sa` jis`bpnìs l{fn sa` c``}lgtdjg g{fpic fsa`{ f{bgit

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\g{j`c ji lpidsjfi

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Sa` jis`bpnìsg{z tzts`n gll`dst fsa`{ tzts`nt ji sa`kfcz


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I`{|` ìcjibt ji teji gic tpkdpsgi`fpt sjttp`}{f|jc` ji}ps sf sa` k{gji lf{ sfpda( }{`ttp{`( sa`{nghgic }gji tìtgsjfit

Dfis{fh khffc lhfr gic tr`gs bhgic gdsj|jsz lf{sa`{nf{`bphgsjfi

I@[\FPT TZTS@N

kfczSa` jis`bpnìsg{z tzts`n jt gll`ds`c kz fsa`{ tzts`nt jisa` kfcz

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E`{gsjifdzs`t ji teji a`h} gdsj|gs` 2 càzc{fdafh`ts`{fh

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rajda }{fnfs`t gktf{}sjfi fl cj`sg{z dghdjpn gic}aft}af{pt ji sa` tnghh jis`tsji`

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b big{{frjib fl teji khffc |`tt`ht( rajda a`h} gcopts khffclhfr sf sa` teji

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@qd{`s`t rgts` }{fcpdst

Ngjisgjit if{ngh }A gic jfi dfn}ftjsjfi fl kfcz

lhpjct

HZN]AGSJD TZTS@N , JNNPIJSZ Cjtdfp{gb` }ì`s{gsjfi gic b{frsa fl njd{fk`t?


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b } b ]{f|jc` n`dagijdgh kg{{j`{t Hgib`{agit d`hht ji `}jc`{njt ? {`dfbijjib , }{fd`ttji

lf{`jbi gisjbìt Ngd{f}agb`t ji sa` c`{njt ? }agbfdzsj` njd{fk`t sags

}ì`s{gs` sa` teji tp{lgd`

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[@][FCPDSJ\@ TZTS@N I`{|` ìcjibt ji teji gic tpkdpsgi`fpt sjttp` {`t}fic sf

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Ngnng{z bhgict !nfcjlj`c tr`gs bhgict* }{fcpd` njhe

Tpdehjib fl g kgkz tsjnphgs`t i`{|` ìcjibt ji teji h`gcjibsf njhe ò`dsjfi

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T`q af{nfi`t gll`ds agj{ cjts{jkpsjfi( gcj}ft` sjttp` cjts{jkpsjfiji tpkdpsgi`fpt hgz`{( gic ngnng{z bhgic c`|`hf}nìs

TEJI


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TEJI Hg{b`ts f{bgi fl sa` kfcz( kfsa tp{lgd` g{`g ,

r`jbas Ji gcphst( df|`{t gi g{`g fl gkfps ;n; gic

r`jbat 3)0 0 eb !7


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7) ]{fs`ds pic`{hzjib sjttp`t l{fn jiop{z? n`dagijdgh( a`gs( dfhc(kjfhfbjdgh)

;) ]{`|`is `qd`tt rgs`{ hftt)

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3) T`{|` gt g {`t`{|fj{ lf{ lffc gic rgs`{? gcj}ft` sjttp`

0) Gttjts ji sa` }{fd`tt fl qd{`sjfi? A;=( Tghs( P{`g( Hgdsjd Gdjc)


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0 hgz`{t Ts{gspn kgtgh` !b`{njigsj|pn*


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Ts{gspn kgtgh` !b`{njigsj|pn*

Ts{gspn t}jiftpn

Ts{gspn b{giphftpn Ts{gspn hpdjcpn

Ts{gspn df{i`pn

Sa` ts{gspn B`{njigspn !TB*


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}{f|jc`t sa` b`{njigh d`hht i`d`ttg{z lf{ sa` {`b`i`{gsjfifl sa` hgz`{t fl sa` `}jc`{njt)Sa`t` b`{njigh d`hht g{` t`}g{gs`c l{fn sa` c`{njt kz gsaji hgz`{ fl kgt`n`is n`nk{gi`)Dfisjipfpt njsfsjd gdsj|jszDfitjtsjib fl g rjc` hgz`{fl dpkfjcgh f{ dfhpnig{

d`hht ji dfisgds rjsasa` c`{njt7 hgz`{

Ts{gspn t}jiftpnSa hh sa s cj jc j sa s s j sj k j s


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Sa` d`hht sags cj|jc` ji sa` tsgspn b`{njigsj|pn tffi k`bji sfgddpnphgs` ngiz c`tnftfn`t fi sa`j{ fps`{ tp{lgd`)Sa`t` }{f|jc` sa` dag{gds`{jtsjd }{jdeh`t fl sa` ts{gspn t}jiftpn

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{frt fl }fhza`c{gh d`hht

rjsa {fpic ipdh`j

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Df t ts b f 4 0 gz` t f }f zbf g d` t s gs b gcpg zk`dfn` lhgss`i`c

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Sa` d`hht fl sa` ts{gspn

b{giphftpn !TB[*

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E`{gsfazghji b{giph`t

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sa` c`tnftfngh

dfii`dsjfit( a`h} sf lf{n

g rgs`{}{ffl kg{{j`{

Ts{gspn hpdjcpn !`ftjif}ajhjd*


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Dfn}ft`c fl g saji hgz`{ fl s{git}g{ìs lhgssì`c d`hhtNf{` `|jcìs ji sajde teji

Sa` ts{gspn hpdjcpn jt if{nghhz fihz r`hh t`ì ji sajde`}jc`{njt gic {`}{`tìst g s{gitjsjfi l{fn ts{gspnb{giphftpn sf ts{gspn df{i`pn

@}jc`{njt |g{j`t ji sajdei`tt c`}ìcjib ngjihz fi

l{jdsjfigh lf{d`t gic jt sajde`ts fi sa` }ghnt gic tfh`t)

Ts{gspn df{i`pn !af{iz hgz`{*


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D`hht ji sajt hgz`{ g{` c`gc ag|jib hfts sa`j{ ipdh`j gicfsa`{ f{bgi`hh`t

Twpgnfpt gic `qs{`n`hhz lhgss`i`c gic tdgh` hje` D`hht dfisgji }{fs`ji e`{gsji Dfitjtst fl ngiz hgz`{t fl lhgss`i`c ifi.ipdh`gs`c

e`{gsjij`c d`hht Ji TD g e`{gsjifdzs` b{gcpghhz njb{gs`t sf sa` tp{lgd`

gic jt thfpba`c fll ji g }{fd`tt dghh`c c`twpgngsjfi)

T D


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Sa` C`{njt


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]g}jhhg{z hgz`{

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gic jis`{cjbjsgs`t rjsa sa` `}jc`{njt)

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Ljk{fkhgtst g{` }{jidj}gh d`hhphg{ dfitsjspìs)

\gtdphg{ ts{pdsp{`t( i`{|`t( teji g}}ìcgb`t)

Sa` C`{njt


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Sa` c`{njt jt sa` njc hgz`{ fl teji( sajdejii`{ hgz`{ fl teji( rajda dfn}{jt`t khffc|`tt`ht( dfii`dsj|` sjttp`( i`{|`t( hzn}a|`tt`ht( tr`gs bhgict gic agj{ taglst) Jsagt srf ngji hgz`{t?

Sa` p}}`{ hgz`{ lf{ sfpda( }gji gic a`gs(rajda dfnnpijdgs` rjsa sa` dìs{ghi`{|fpt tzts`n gic jt {`t}fitjkh` lf{ sa`lfhct fl sa` ljib`{}{jist)

Sa` hfr`{ hgz`{ ngc` fl cìt` `hgtsjdljk`{t sags afpt` sa` agj{ lfhhjdh`t( i`{|`t(bhgic( gic bj|`t sa` teji nfts fl jstts{`sdaji`tt gic ts{ìbsa)

Sa` C`{njt dfisgjit nftshz ljk{fkhgtst
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dfisgjit nftshz ljk{fkhgtstf t`d{`s` dfhhgbì( `hgtsji gic b{fpic tpktsgid`f tp}}f{s gic `hgtsjdjsz fl teji

Ghtf }{`tìs g{` jnnpi` d`hht sags g{` ji|fh|`c jic`lìt` gbgjits lf{`jbi ji|gc`{t }gttjib sa{fpba sa``}jc`{njt)

jt sz}jdghhz tpkcj|jc`c jisf srf fi`t( g }g}jhhg{z c`{njtgic g {`sjdphg{ hgz`{)

Sa` }g}jhhg{z c`{njt !]C*
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dfisgjit |gtdphg{ i`srf{et sags ag|` srf lpidsjfit?f tp}}f{s sa` g|gtdphg{ `}jc`{njt rjsa ips{jìst

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Sa` |gtdphgsp{` jis`{cjbjsgs`t ji g{`gt > c`{ngh }g}jhhg` !C]*) ]C ghtf dfisgjit l{`` tìtf{z i`{|` ìcjibt gic N`jtti`{t

df{}ptdh`t

N`hgifdzs`t


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N`hgifdzs`t g{` n`hgiji.}jbnìs lf{njib d`hht

c`{j|`c l{fn i`p{gh d{`ts rjc`hz cjts{jkps`c sa{fpbafps sa` kfcz) }{`tìs ji sa` `}jc`{njt gic jst g}}ìcgb`t

T`kgd`fpt bhgict


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N`{de`ht d`hht


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N`{de`ht d`hht

Ji sa` kgtgh hgz`{ fl sa` `}jc`{njt( gic jisjngs`hzgttfdjgs`c rjsa g i`{|` s`{njigh)

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teji > sfpda df{}ptdh`t !Sgtstda`jkì*( gic ji agj{z teji>sgdsjh` agj{ cjtdt)

C`s`ds |`{sjdgh( ta`g{jib( f{ fsa`{ cj{`dsjfighc`lf{ngsjfit !dfisjipfpt sfpda*( gic cj{`dsjfi fl agj{nf|`nìs

dagib`t ji `}jc`{ngh d`hh tag}` cp{jib e`{gsjijtgsjfigic sa{`` t}`djghjt`c d`hht rjsaji sa` `}jc`{njt?n > n`hgifdzs`5


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n > n`hgifdzs`5H > Hgib`{agit d`hh5N > N`{e`h d`hh !gttfdjgs`c rjsa i`{|` `icjib*)

N`jtti`{"t Df{}ptdh`!sgdsjh`*


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N`jtti`{"t df{}ptdh`t g{` hfdgs`c ji sa` c`{ngh

}g}jhhg` fl teji gic g{` ji dfisgds rjsa kgtgh d`hht) Sa`z g{` nfts ipn`{fpt ji sa` ljib`{ sj}t( }ghn gic

tfh`( hj}t( gic ij}}h`) Sa`z g{` {g}jchz gcg}sjib n`dagif{`d`}sf{t sags

tpkt`{|` cjtd{jnjigsj|` sfpda t`itgsjfit @hfibgs`c f|fjc kfcj`t lfpic ji sa` c`{ngh }g}jhhg`!}g}jhhg{z*

Kgt` fl `}jc`{njt

T`itf{z {`d`}sf{t


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L{`` i`{|` ìcjibt g{` pt`c sf tìt` kfsas`n}`{gsp{` gic }gji

Sa` [`sjdphg{ Hgz`{ ![C* dfitjtst fl cìt` j{{`bphg{ dfii`dsj|` sjttp`(


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dfitjtst fl c`it` j{{`bphg{ dfii`dsj|` sjttp`( Js cjll`{t l{fn }g}jhhg{z hgz`{ !]C*( rajda jt ngc` p} fl

hfft` dfii`dsj|` sjttp` !h`tt ipnk`{ fl d`hht*

Sajt hgz`{ fl sa` c`{njt bj|`t sa` tejit f|`{ghh ts{`ibsa gic`hgtsjdjsz

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Az}fc`{njt?


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dfn}ft`c fl hfft` dfii`dsj|` sjttp` rjsahg{b` ipnk`{t fl gcj}ft` d`hht)

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dfisgjit sa` ngof{ khffc |`tt`ht fl sa`teji)

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Gidaf{t teji sf pic`{hzjib sjttp`t)

Taffe gktf{k`{ gic jitphgsf{)

]gdjijgi Df{}ptdh` Sa`t` g{` hfdgs`c c``} ji sa` az}fc`{njt)


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Sa`t` g{` hfdgs`c c``} ji sa` az}fc`{njt) Sa`j{ lpidsjfi jt lf{ c``} }{`ttp{` {`d`}sjfi) C`s`dsjfi fl |jk{gsjfi gic n`cjgs` c``} }{`ttp{`

tìtgsjfi Thjd`c fijfi.hje` hgn`hhg{ ts{pdsp{` hfdgs`c ji sa` c``}

c`{njt gic tpkdpsgi`fpt sjttp`

Teji g}}ìcgb`tSa` teji dfisgjit g |g{j`sz fl g}}ìcgb`t?


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Agj{ f{ Agj{ tagls

@hfibgs`c e`{gsjij`c ts{pdsp{` c`{j|`c l{fnji|gbjigsjfi fl `}jc`{ngh `}jsa`hjpn

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G spkphg{ ji|gbjigsjfi fl sa` `}jc`{njt rajda

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T`kgd`fpt bhgic Dfii`ds`c sf sa` agj{ lfhhjdh`( dfn}fpic fl

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`}jc`{ngh ji f{jbji)

Sa` teji dfisgjit g |g{j`sz fl g}}ìcgb`t?

T`kgd`fpt Bhgict Tjn}h` gh|`fhg{ bhgict lfpic

a s h l


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`|`{zra`{` `qd`}s }ghnt flsa` agict gic tfh`t fl sa`l``s)

Cf sa` cpdst fl sa`t` bhgictk{gida6

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T`d{`s` gi fjhz( hj}jc.{jdat`d{`sjfi dghh`c t`kpn)

Hgifhji jt gdspghhz ta``}t`kpn

T`kpn jt sz}jdghhz t`d{`s`cjisf g agj{ lfhhjdh` f{fddgtjfighhz fisf sa` kfcztp{lgd`)

T`kpn tfls`it gic hpk{jdgs`tsa` teji) Js ghtf c`d{`gt`t sa`

g{{`dsf{ }jhjnptdh`

Sa` t`kgd`fpt bhgic jt jicjdgs`c kz sa` g{{fr) Ifs` afrjst cpds jt pik{gida`c gic afr js `n}sj`t jisf g agj{lfhhjdh`


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lfhhjdh`)

Tpcf{jl`{fpt&Tr`gs Bhgict


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Tr`gs bhgict)

Cjts{jkps`c f|`{ sa``isj{` kfcz `qd`}ssa` ij}}h`t gic}f{sjfit fl sa`

`qs`{igh b`ijsghjg) F|`{ ;)0 njhhjfi }`{

}`{tfi)

; sz}`t?

7) N`{fd{ji` tr`gsbhgict

;) G}fd{ji` tr`gsbhgict

N`{fd{ji` Tr`gsBhgict


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Bhgict

Nf{` ipn`{fpt sagi g}fd{ji` tr`gsbhgict)

@t}`djghhz }{fnji`is fi sa` }ghnt(tfh`t( gic lf{`a`gc)

Tjn}h`( dfjh`c( spkphg{ bhgict)

Cpds `n}sj`t jisf g lpii`h.tag}`c }f{`gs sa` teji tp{lgd`)

Ngof{ lpidsjfi fl n`{fd{ji` tr`gsjib jt

sf dffh sa` kfcz sa`{nf{`bphgsjfi

rBhgict N`{fd{ji` tr`gs jt g cjhps` rgs`{z tfhpsjfi fl tfn`


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N`{fd{ji` tr`gs jt g cjhps` rgs`{z tfhpsjfi fl tfn`tghst !jidhpcjib IgDh*( |jsgnji D( gisjkfcj`t( tnghhgnfpist fl ijs{fbìfpt rgts`t !p{`g( p{jd gdjc( gic

gnnfijg*( gic hgdsjd gdjc) }A fl tr`gs jt 3.< d{`gsjib g ljhn fi sa` kfcz eifri gt

sa` gdjc ngish`) Tpda gi gdjcjd ì|j{finìs jtkgds`{jftsgsjd }{`|ìst kgds`{jgh {`}{fcpdsjfi gicb{frsa)

Agj{ gic Agj{ Lfhhjdh`t Sa` agj{ lfhhjdh` tp{{fpict npda fl sa` agj{ {ffs)


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Js dfisgjit gi fps`{ dfii`dsj|` sjttp` ta`gsa gic gi jii`{ `}jsa`hjgh {ta`gsa)

Gs sa` kgt` fl sa` agj{ lfhhjdh` jt g tjibh` hgz`{ fl njsfsjd d`hht c`{j|`cl{fn sa` ts{gspn kgtgh`) Sajt jt sa` agj{ ngs{jq)

Ghh sa` d`hht fl sa` agj{ g{` c`{j|`c l{fn sa` agj{ ngs{jq) Opts k`i`gsaagj{ ngs{jq jt gi fk|jfpt c`{ngh }g}jhhg dghh`c sa` agj{ }g}jhhg) Js dfissa` khffc |`tt`ht sags ifp{jta sa` ngs{jq gic sa` d`hht fl sa` agj{ lfhhj


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Ifsjd` sa` agj{ tagls( agj{ lfhhjdh`( }g}jhhg( gic sa`nphsj}h` t`kgd`fpt bhgict)

Agj{ gic Agj{Lfhhjdh`t


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Lfhhjdh`t

R{g}}`c g{fpic sa` kphk fl sa`lfhhjdh` jt g i`srf{e fl tìtf{zi`{|` ìcjibt eifri gt sa` agj{{ffs }h`qpt) Ghhfr sa` agj{t sft`{|` g tìtf{z lpidsjfi)

Gssgda`c sf `gda agj{ jt g kpich`fl tnffsa nptdh` eifri gt gig{{`dsf{ }jhj nptdh`) Ji sjn`t fll{jbas f{ dfhc( sa`t` nptdh`t

dfis{gds gic dgpt` sa` agj{ sftsgic fi ìc gic }{fcpd`tbfft` kpn}t) Jid{`gt`t gj{lhfr ji ngnnght rjsa

tjbijljdgis agj{ !j)`)( ifs apngit* gicjid{`gt`t sa` g}}g{ìs tj` fl gigijngh rjsa tjbijljdgis agj{) \`tsjbjgh

g{{`dsf{ }jhj nptdh`)
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Sa` g{{fr jicjdgs`t gi g{{`dsf{ }jhj nptdh`) Ji sajt }jdsp{`(zfp tafphc ghtf s{z sf jc`isjlz sa` tagls( {ffs( lfhhjdh`( agj{}g}jhhg( gic t`kgd`fpt bhgic)

Agj{ lfhhjdh`t rjsa r`hh c`|`hf}`c t`kgd`fptbhgict gic sa`j{ cpdst)
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TEJI( |`{sjdgh t`dsjfi) @}jc`{njt rjsa e`{gsjij`c d`hht(

agj{ ji agj{ lfhhjdh`t t`kgd`fpt bhgict Sajde c`{njt
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agj{ ji agj{ lfhhjdh`t( t`kgd`fpt bhgict) Sajde c`{njt)

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i`{|`t }{fs`ds kfcz( {`bphgs`t kfcz s`n}`{gsp{`( gic d{`gs`t |jsgnji C l{fn P\{gcjgsjfi)

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HZN]AGSJD? Tzts`n dfhh`dst sjttp` lhpjct( gktf{kt lgs( gic tsf{`t rajs` khffc d`hht)A`h}t {`bphgs` lhpjc kghgid`)

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@hjnjigs`t rgts`) [@T]J[GSF[Z? Tptsgjit k{`gsajib kz sgejib fqzbì ji gic {`nf|jib dg{kfi

cjfqjc`) Ghtf a`h}t ngigb` if{ngh }A)

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TE@H@SGH? Bj|`t kfcz tag}` rajh` }{fs`dsjib f{bgit) Te`h`sgh nptdh`t gjc ji

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I@[\FPT? K{gji( t}jigh df{c gic i`{|`t {`d`j|` tìtf{z cgsg rajda jt tsf{`c)I`{|` jn}pht`t g{` tìs sf nptdh`t sf gjc ji nf|`nìs)

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F{bgi Tzts`n F|`{|j`r Dfisjip`c

CF[TGH DG\JSZ? Dfisgjit \@IS[GH DG\JSZ D s j sa Sa j D js
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CF[TGH DG\JSZ? Dfisgjitsa` D{gijgh Dg|jsz gic sa`\`{s`k{gh Dg|jsz)

D[GIJGH? K{gji

\@[S@K[GH? T}jigh Df{c

\@IS[GH DG\JSZ? Dfisgjit sa` Saf{gdjd Dg|jsz(Gkcfnjigh Dg|jsz( gic ]`h|jd Dg|jsz)

SAF[GDJD? A`g{s( hpibt( gic `tf}agbpt

GKCFNJIGH? Tsfngda( Hj|`{( T}h`ì( ]gid{`gt(Bghhkhgcc`{( gic Jis`tsji`t

]@H\JD? [`}{fcpdsj|` f{bgit

G nptdh` eifri gt CJG]A[GN t`}g{gs`t sa` saf{gdjd gic gkcfnjigh dg|jsj`t)

Lfp{ Sz}`t fl Kfcz N`nk{gi`t

NPDFPT? Hfft` ljk{fpt `}jsa`hjgh sjttp` rajda hji`t sa` jis`{jf{ {`t}j{gsf{z(cjb`tsj|`( p{jig{z( gic {`}{fcpdsj|` tzts`nt) Bfkh`s d`hht t`d{`s` npdpt sf l{fnkgds`{jgh f{ |j{pt }ì`s{gsjfi)

T@[FPT? Saf{gdjd dg|jsz gic hpibt g{` df|`{`c kz }h`p{g`( a`g{s jt df|`{`c kz}`{jdg{cjgh tgd( gic sa` gkcfnjigh dg|jsz jt df|`{`c kz sa` }`{jsfi`pn) Sa`gkcfnjigh f{bgit g{` gssgda`c sf sa` rghh kz n`tìs`{z !cfpkh` hgz`{ }`{jsfi`pn*)N`nk{gi`t {`ngji hpk{jdgs`c kz rgs`{z t`d{`sjfi)

TZIF\JGH? Hfft` dfii`dsj|` sjttp` hji`t dg|jsj`t fl ofjist gic t`d{`s` hpk{jdgsj|`tfhpsjfi sf e``} kfi`t nf|jib l{``hz)

N@IJIB@T? ]{fs`dsj|` sjttp` rajda df|`{t sa` k{gji gic t}jigh df{c)

F{bgi Tzts`n F|`{|j`r Dfisjip`
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Saf{gdjd Dg|jsz

Gkcfnjigh Dg|jsz

\ìs{gh Dg|jsz

Cf{tgh Dg|jsz

]jdsp{` l{fnApngi Kjfhfbzkz Tzh|jg T)

Ngc`{ ]gb` 22

Afn`ftsgtjt?Sa` kfczt dg}gdjsz sf }aztjdghhz {`bphgs` jstjis`{igh ì|j{finìs jt eifri gt AFN@FTSGTJT) Ghh tzts`nt rf{e sfb`sa`{sf a`h} ngjisgji afn`ftsgtjt)
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sf a`h} ngjisgji afn`ftsgtjt)

Sa` if{ngh dficjsjfit p}a`hc ji g d`hh f{ f{bgijtn jt eifri gt Afn`ftsgtjt)Lf{ `qgn}h`( sa` f{bgi tzts`nt fl apngit ghh rf{e sfb`sa`{ sf }`{lf{n

d`{sgji lpidsjfit tpda gt gktf{kjib ips{jìst gic fqzbì( gic `qd{`sjibrgts`)

]jdsp{` l{fn Apngi Kjfhfbz kzTzh|jg T) Ngc`{ ]gb` 2:

Sa`z ghtf gcoptssa`j{ }{fd`tt`t sfngjisgji {`bphg{jsztpda gt tr`gsjibraì sa` kfczs`n}`{gsp{` tsg{st

sf {jt`)

Afn`ftsgtjt Dfisjip`cI@BGSJ\@ L@@CKGDE? Sa` jis`{igh ì|j{finìs tsgzt lgj{hz tsgkh` cp` sfi`bgsj|` l``ckgde n`dagijtnt sa{fpba tìtf{t gic sa` dfis{fh dìs`{) Raì
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i`bgsj|` l``ckgde n`dagijtnt sa{fpba tìtf{t gic sa` dfis{fh dìs`{) Raìg dagib` fddp{t( g tìtf{ rjhh ifsjlz sa` dfis{fh dìs`{ rajda {`h`gt` gi `ll`dssf f|`{sp{i sa` dagib`)

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]agt` 7 !=.31a* ]hgtngsjd JnkjkjsjfiCjllptjfi fl ips{jsjfi l{fn sa` {`dj}jìs k`c)

]agt` ; Jiftdphgsjfi

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B{gls {`|gtdphg{j`c kz jib{frsa fl i`r|`tt`ht jisf k`c)

[`wpj{`nìst lf{ Tp{|j|gh
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K`c npts k` r`hh |gtdphg{j`c) Sa` dfisgds k`sr``i b{gls gic

{`dj}j`is npts k` lphhz jnnfkjh`)

Hfr kgds`{jgh dfpis gs sa` tjs`)

T}hjs Sajdei`tt
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Pt`c raì dftn`sjd g}}`g{gid` jt ifsg }{jng{z jttp` f{ raì sa` tj` flsa` rfpic jt sff hg{b` sf pt` g lphhsajdei`tt b{gls)

7) Da{fijd Phd`{t

;) S n}f{g{z df|`{gb`

4) Df{{`dsjfi fl }jbnìsgsjfi cjtf{c`{t

3) Kp{it

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Jicjdgsjfit lf{ lphh sajdei`tt teji b{glstjidhpc`?7) Jl gcogdìs sjttp` agt }{`nghjbigis f{

nghjbigis h`tjfit gic }{`dhpc`t sa` pt` fl

g lhg});) T}`djljd hfdgsjfit sags hìc sa`nt`h|`t r`hh

sf LSTBt jidhpc` sa` igtgh sj}( a`hjdgh {jn(lf{à`gc( `z`hjct( n`cjgh dgisapt( dfidag(

gic cjbjst)


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S{git}hgisgsjfiC lj jsj s s l ls ! sj *
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C`ljijsjfi? sf s{gitl`{ g b{gls !gi f{bgi f{ sjttp`*

l{fn fi` }g{s f{ jicj|jcpgh sf gifsa`{

Ngz sge` }hgd` k`sr`ì?

Cjll`{ìs }g{st fl tgn` f{bgijtn!gpsfb{glsjib*

Cjll`{ìs f{bgijtnt fl sa` tgn` t}`dj`!ghhfb{glsjib*

Cjll`{ìs t}`dj`t!qìfb{glsjib*

Gpsfhfbfpt sjttp`t Sjttp` l{fn sa` tgn` }gsjìs
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Sa` jc`gh f}sjfi

Kjfdfn}gsjkh`( if jnnpi` {`t}fit` Igsp{gh

C`d{`gtjib g|gjhgkjhjsz fl a`ghsaz sjttp`

l{fn }gsj`ist rjsa cjt`gt`

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kfcz tjs` sf gifsa`{ ji sa` tgn`

jicj|jcpghCp` sf sa` b`i`sjd afnfhfbz fl sa`

sjttp`( sa` jnnpi` tzts`n cf`t if{`t}fic sf js

Pt`? tzisa`sjd jn}hgisgsjfi teji b{glst

kfi` ng{{fr s{git}hgisgsjfi

Ghhfb`i`jd sjttp`t
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