Osteo Arthro Myologi DMS

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OSTEOLOGI UMUM

ARTHROLOGI UMUM



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II. Berdasarkan Letak



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Arthrologi umum

• Defenisi : ilmu yang mempelajari persambungantulang (sendi) pada umumnya.

• Klasifikasi berdasar ada/ tdk persambungan:• SYN ARTHROSIS, terdapat persambungan

antara kedua tulang oleh suatu jaringan.

• DI ARTHROSIS, tidak terdapat persambungankrn ada ruang antar kedua tulang (cavumarticulare)



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Synarthrosis

KLASIFIKASI, berdasarkan jenis jaringan

a. Sindesmosis (jar. Ikat)

i.

Suturaii. Schindylesis

iii. Gomphosis

iv. Syndesmosis elastica

v. Syndesmosis fibrosa

b. Synchondrosis (tulang rawan)

c. Synostosis (tulang)



Indarti * *

a. sutura

d. Gomphosis e. Schindylesis

b. Syndesmosis elastica

c. Syndesmosis fibrosa



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DiarthrosisBagian -bagian sendi diarthrosis

• Capsula articulare

• Fossa articulare/ cavitas glenoidalis

• Cavum articulare

• Capsula articulare• Alat –alat khusus:

• Labium articulare

• Discus articulare

• Meniscus

• Bursae mucosae

• Ligamentum , ekstra & intra-capsularis



Indarti * *

Bursa mucosae

Caput articulare

ligamentum

Cavum articulare

Ligamentum

meniscus

Capsula articulare

Fossa articulare



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Klasifikasi diarthrosis

Berdasarkan kemungkinan geraknya:

1. Amphiarthrosis, gerak sedikit

• Misal : art. Sacroiliaca2. Articulationes, gerak luas

A. Sendi satu sumbu

• sendi engsel (ginglymus); art. Humero-ulnaris• Sendi kisar (art. Trochoidea) ; art radio-ulnaris



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B. Sendi dua sumbu

• Sendi telur ( art ellipsoidea), kepala sendicembung. Misal : art. Radiocarpae

• Sendi pelana (art. Sellaris) , kepala sendi seperti

pelana, misal : art. Carpometacarpae I

C. Sendi tiga sumbu

• Sendi peluru (art. Globoidea), lekuk sendi

mencakup ½kepala sendi.Mis art Humeri.

• Sendi buah pala (art. Spheroidea), lekuk sendi

mencakup > ½ kepala sendi . Misal ; art. coxae



Indarti * *

a. Multi axial

c. Sendi kisar

d. Sendi ellipsoidea

b. Sendi engsel

f.sendi pelurue. Sendi pelana



Terms of movement



Vertebral Column

ComponentsVertebrae

Intervertebral discs

Normal CurvaturesCervicalThoracicLumbar

SacralAbnormal CurvaturesScoliosisLordosisKyphosis



Vertebral Colum

General Characteristics ofa Vertebra◼ The Cervical

Vertebræ◼ The Thoracic

Vertebræ◼ The Lumbar

Vertebræ◼ The Sacral and

Coccygeal Vertebræ

The Vertebral Column as a Whole



Vertebrae

Parts of a typicalvertebra• Body

• Vertebral arch• Pedicles (paired)

• Laminae (paired)

• Transverse

processes (paired)• Spinous process

(single)

• Vertebral

foramen



Joints of the vertebral column

• Joint of the vertebral bodies

• Joint of the vertebral arches(zygapophysial joints)

•Atlanto-axial joints• Atlanto-occipital joints

• Costo-vertebral joints

• Sacro-iliac joint



• Atlantooccpital :• Ante and retroflexie (30 ) degree it`s to retard by anterior

membr,atlantooccipital , and ant.,atlanto-epistropheus• Lateroflexie (20 ) degree

• Rotatio atlantoaxial joints



Upper Limb



Skeleton of Upper Limb

Shoulder (shoulder girdle)Clavicle, Scapula

Upper armHumerus

Lower armUlnaRadius

HandCarpus

MetacarpusPhalanges of the Hand



Carpal tunnel



Joints of the upper limb

• Sterno-clavicular joint

• Acromio-clavicular joint

• Shoulder joint

• Elbow joint• Radio-ulnar joint

• Wrist joint

• Intercarpal joints

• Carpo-metacarpal joints• MP joints

• IP joints



Elbow Joint

• Structure :• Distal part of humerus

• Proximal part of radiusand ulna



Wrist joint

Radio-carpal joint

Proximal parts :

◼ Distal end ofradius◼ Articular disc

Distal parts◼ Proximal row of

carpal bones



Skeleton of Lower Limb

PelvisHip Bone

Femur

PatellaLeg

TibiaFibula

The Foot

TarsusMetatarsusPhalanges of the Foot



Skeleton of theLower limb



Joints of the lower limb

• Hip joint• Knee joint• Tibio-fibular joints• Ankle joint• Foot joints :

• Involve tarsal,metatarsaland phalanges

• Subtalar joint• Talo-calcaneonavicular• Calcaneo-cuboid• Cuneonavicular•

Intercuneiform-cuneocuboid• Tarsometatarsal,and

intermetatarsal• Metacarpophalangeal and

iterphalangeal



HIP JOINT

• Type : enarthrosis (ball andsocket )

• Bones : head of femur and

acetabulum of hip bone

• Movement : flexion,extension, abduction,

adduction, lateral, medial

rotation

• Ligaments of hip joint :• Acetabular labrum (glenoid

labrum)

• Transverse acetabular

• Iliofemoral

• Ischiofemoral

• Pubofemoral

• Capitis / teres femoris

• Synovial membrane



• Perasat Thomas



MUSCLE ACTING ON HIP JOINTS• Flexion : iliopsoas, sartorius, pectineus, rectus fem., add. long., add. Brevis,

add. magnus (anterior part), tensor fascia lata

• Medial rotate : Glut. max, semitend., semimemb., biceps fem., add. mag.

(posterior part)

• Lateral rotate : Piriformis, obturator int., gemelli., obturator ext., quadrat., fem.,glut. max., adductores (all)

• Extension : Gluteus max., semitend., semimemb., biceps fem., add., mag.,post., part.

• Abduction : Glut. med., glut. min., tensor f.l., piriformis, sartorius

• Adduction : add. mag., add. long., add. brev., gracilis, pectineus, obturator ext.,quadratus fem.



CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Dislocation

1. Congenital

2. Traumatic• anterior dislocation much rarer than

posterior dislocation

B. Osteoarthritis



• Knee joints



Myologi Umum



Bag. Anatomi

FK. UNJANI

Myologi Umum



Tata Letak Otot

(Anterior)



Tata Letak Otot

(Posterior)



M l f th h ld



Muscle group of the shoulder

• Anterior Thoraco-Appendicular /pectoral Musclesh Pectoralis major / minor mh Subclavius mh Serratus anterior m

• Posterior Thoraco-Appendicular

Musclesa. Superficial : trapezius m,

latissimus dorsi mb. Deep : levator scapulae m,

rhomboids m• Scapulo-Humeral / Intrinsic shoulder

musclesh Deltoid mh Teres major mh 4 rotator cuff muscles (SITS)



W ll f h ll



Wall of the Axilla

anterior wall

lateral wall

posterior wall

medial wall

Contents of theAxilla



Articulation on the Pectoral Girdle



Articulation on the Pectoral Girdle

Movement, support/stability1. Sterno-clavicular joint2. Acromio-clavicular joint

h Acromiclavicular lig., coracoclavicular lig. ( trapezoid, conoid )3. ”Scapulo-thoracic joint”

h Pseudo-joint,h Support : M.trapezius,rhomboidei,serratus anterior,levator

scapulae4. Shoulder joint ( art humeri )

h Unstableh Support:

h Lig.glenohumeral superior/media/inferior,coracohumeral,coracoacromialh Dynamic stability : SITS + Tendo m.biceps brachii caput

longumh Coracoacromial arc = roof of the shoulder

B hi l / U A R i



Brachial / Upper Arm Region

❑ Skeleton : humerus❑ Superficial structures

➢ Superficial brachial fascia

➢ Cephalica vein, basilic vein

➢ Cutaneus nerve

➢ Lymphatic system

❑ Fascial Compartment ( Deepfascia )

➢ Anterior

➢ Posterior

➢ Intermuscular septum

Cross section of the Arm



A t i F s i l C t t f th A



Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Arm

❑ Muscles:❑ Biceps brachii m. ;❑ Coracobrachialis m. ;❑ Brachialis m.

❑ Innervation :

musculocutaneus n.

❑ Function : Flexor on thecubital joint



Posterior Fascial Compartment of the



pArm

❑ Muscle:

❑ Triceps brachii m.❑ Nerve supply : radial

nerve

❑ Function : extension

Cubittal fossa



Cubittal fossa

❖ Boundariesh Superiorly / base : an

imaginary line connectingthe medial and lateralepicondyles

h Medially : pronator teresh Laterally : brachioradialis

h Floor : pronator teres,brachialis

h Roof : deep fascia (cubital fascia )



◼ Muscles acting the elbow jointsanterior /flexor compartmentsuperficial layers :biceps brachii m.,

deep layers :brachialis and coracobrachialisposterior /extensor compartment :superficial layers :long heads and lateral head oftriceps brachii m .,deep layers : medial head of the triceps m.,anconeus m.

Fascial compartment of the forearm



Anterior Fascial Compartment of the



pForeArm

❑ Superficial Muscles:• Pronator teres m. ;• Flexor carpi radialis m. ;• Palmaris longus m.• Flexor carpi ulnaris m• Flexor digitorum superficialis m

❑ Deep muscles• Flexor digitorum profundus m• Flexor pollicis longus m•

Pronator quadratus m

❑ Function : Flexor on the cubital joint

Posterior Fascial Compartment of the



pForeArm

• Extensor– supinatormuscles :

• Superficial :• extensor carpi radialis

longus & brevis, extensordigitorum, extensor

digiti minimi, extensorcarpi ulnaris, anconeus

• Common tendon of originis attached to lateralepicondyle of humerus

• Deep group• Supinator, abductor

pollicis longus, extensorpollicis longus & brevis,extensor indicis



◼ Thenar muscles : abductor pollicis brevis,

flexor pollicis brevis,and opponens pollicis,

adductor pollicis.Hypothenar muscles: abductor digiti V,

flexor digiti V brevis, opponens digiti V.short

muscle of the hand :lumbricales(4 ) and

interossei (dorsal and palmar )



• The lower limb is specialized forlocomotion,

bearing weight equilibrium



Lower limb consists of :• Gluteal region

• Thigh and knee joint

• Anterior leg and dorsal foot

• Posterior leg and plantar foot

Gluteal Region 1



G ut a g n

▪

Gluteal fascia▪ Gluteal Ligaments :

▪ Sacrotuberous, Sacrospinous ligament

▪ Greater sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures

entering or leaving the pelvis▪ Lesser sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures

entering or leaving the perineum

▪ Gluteal Muscles : ▪

Large glutei and a deep of smaller muscles ( piriformis,obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris )



GLUTEAL REGION

◼ Lies posterior to the pelvis

◼ Between crista iliaca / iliaccrest

◼ And inferior border ofgluteus maximus is

indicated by gluteal sulcus when the tight is extended,it is inferior to the glutealfold

◼ Intergluteal cleft (clunial /

natal cleft) separated thebuttock from each order



• Gluteal ligaments :

• Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous lig.

• The greater sciatic foramen

• The lesser sciatic foramen



Muscle of gluteal region:

gluteus maximus, gluteus

medius, gluteus minimus,

periformis, obturatorinternus, gemelli superior

and inferior, quadrattus

femoris



• Gluteal muscles :• Three large glutei →maximus, medius, and minimus

– which are mainly extensors, abductors, and medial

rotators of the thigh

• Deeper group : piriformis, obtorator internus, gemelli,and quadratus femoris → lateral rotators of the thigh



• Emerge to the inferior piriformis muscle are :• Sciatic, posterior cutaneus, inferior glutealis (A,V.N),

pudendal nerve,internal pudendal art.

• Emerge to the superior piriformis muscle are :• Superior gluteal art / vena and nerve

Intragluteal injection



Gluteus mediusparalyses



p y



THIGH MUSCLEThree compartment :

• Anterior → quadriceps femoris, pectineus,

iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata, and sartorius

• Medial / adductor group → adductor (longus,brevis, magnus), gracilis and obturator externus

• Posterior → hamstrings muscle

(semitendinosus, semimembranosus, bicepsfemoris / long head)



Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment

f th Thi h



of the Thigh

▪ Muscles :▪ Sartorius,

▪ Ilio-psoas,

▪ pectineus,

▪ quadricepsfemoris

Muscles of the Posterior FascialC mp tm nt f th Thi h



Compartment of the Thigh

▪ Muscles :

▪ Biceps femoris,

▪ semitendinosus, semimembranosus,

▪ small part of the adductor magnus

Muscle in Posterior

Compartment of the



Compartment of the

Thigh

Popliteal fossa



Transverse section of the leg



Contents of the Anterior FascialCompartment of the Leg



Compartment of the Leg

▪ Muscles :▪ Tibialis anterior,

▪ extensor

digitorum longus,▪ peroneus tertius,

▪ extensor hallucis

longus

Contents of the Lateral FascialCompartment of the Leg




▪ Muscles :▪ Peroneus longus,

▪ peroneus brevis

Contents of the Posterior FascialCompartment of the Leg




▪ Muscles : • Deep transverse fascia

• Superficial group :Gastrocnemius, popliteus,soleus

• Deep group : Popliteus,flexor digitorum longus,tibialis posterior, flexorhallucis longus

Contents of the Posterior FascialCompartment of the Leg




▪ Muscles : • Deep transverse fascia

• Superficial group :Gastrocnemius, popliteus,soleus

• Deep group : Popliteus,flexor digitorum longus,tibialis posterior, flexorhallucis longus



FOOT / PEDIS

Skeleton of the foot : 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals

and 14 phalanges.

◼Three parts :

◼ Hindfoot : talus and calcaneus

◼ Mid foot : naviculare, cuboid, and cuneiforme

◼ Fore foot : metatarsals and phalanges



MUSCLES OF FOOT

• 4 layers muscles of the plantar of foot.

• Three compartment of the sole foot :

• Medial compartment : abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis, medial plantar nerve

and vessels

• Lateral compartment :abductor and flexor digiti minimi brevis• Central compartment : flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum longus,

quadratus plantae, lumbricals, proximal part of tendon flexor hallucis



◼ Foot/Pedis RegionMuscle of sole of the foot (plantar pedis):

First layer : abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digitiminimi/VSecond layer: quadratus plantae, lumbricalsThird layer : flexorhallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis/V

◼ Fourth layer : Plantar interossei (three muscles), dorsal interossei (fourmuscles)

◼ Muscles of dorsum of the foot (dorsum pedis):extrinsic muscles: tibialis

anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longusintrinsicmuscles: externsor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis◼ Joints :

hip jointknee/ genu jointtibiofibular joint proximal and distalankle jointfoot joints



Muscles of dorsum of thefoot (dorsum

pedis) :extrinsic muscles :

tibialis anterior, extensor

digitorum longus, extensor

hallucis longusintrinsic

muscles: externsor

digitorum brevis, extensorhallucis brevis



FOOT / PEDIS

Skeleton of the foot : 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals

and 14 phalanges.

◼Three parts :

◼ Hindfoot : talus and calcaneus

◼ Mid foot : naviculare, cuboid, and cuneiforme

◼ Fore foot : metatarsals and phalanges



ARCHES OF FOOT

• Longitudinal arch is composed of :

✓ Medial → talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, 3 medial

metatarsals. Talus and navicular are most subject toinjury.

✓ Lateral → calcaneus, cuboid, 2 lateral metatarsals.

• Transversal arch is spreading the weight in all directions :

✓ Posterior transverse arch → navicular and cuboid

bone.✓ Anterior transverse arch → heads of the metatarsal

bones.



• Arcus is to endured : by interpillar lig.,intersegmental lig. and strapmedial

• medial longitudinal arcus

• Intersegmental is form by lig.,: calcaneo-naviculare, cuneonaviculare, cuneometatarsalia.

• Interpillar : plantar aponeurosis, abductor

hallucis, flex., digit., brevis• Strap by posterior tibial m.



• Lateral longitudina arcus is toendured by

lig.,:intersegmental : plantar longum.

Calcaneocuboidea,

• Inrpillar : aponeurosis plantaris, abductor digiti V,

flexor pollicis brevis

• Strap : longus peroneus m.



• Arcus plant., tranversus :

• Intersegmental :lig tarsi plantaris, lig., tarsi

interossea.• Interpillar : post., tibial m., and longus peroneus

m.



Appendix

Istilah



• Apponeurosis: Tendo yang tipis seperti pita,

mengubungkan otot dengan bagian yang

digerakkannya

• Fascia: Lembaran jaringan ikat fibrosa yangmembentang di bawah kulit atau membungkus otot

dan oragan tubuh

• Ligamentum: Jaringan ikat yang menghubungkantulang atau organ dalam



Kesimpulan



• Otot merupakan jaringan yang penting dalam tubuh

manusia, dengan fungsi yang utama sebagai alat penggerak

• Terdapat 3 jenis otot: polos, jantung, rangka

• Gerakannya dipengaruhi oleh sistem syaraf ➔ unit motor

system; volunter dan involunter

• Terminologi otot menggambarkan arah gerak, posisi, bentuk

dan lokasinya dalam tubuh

Referensi



Gray’s. Atlas of Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone. 2008

Martini, Frederic H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology.

Ed 7th. Pearson Education. 2006

Moore, Keith L. Essential Clinical Anatomy. Hipokrates. 1996.

Moore, Keith L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Ed th. Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins. 2006.

Rohen J, Yokochi. Atlas Anatomi Manusia. Ed 5th

. ECG. 2002Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy. Ed 7th. Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins. 2004.



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Osteo Arthro Myologi DMS

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