Post on 09-Apr-2023
PREFACE
Studies on the Cost of Cultivation of Horticulture crops is one of the milestones to be
achieved under 13th Finance Commission’s Grant (State Specific Needs). The studies and
experiments are undertaken by Horticulture Department, Government of Mizoram by
conducting detailed survey in 8 Divisions across 8 districts of Mizoram. Necessary
information regarding the cost of cultivation of horticulture crops are acquired from selected
farmers for selected crops. After the required information are obtained, the compilation and
publication is brought out by the Technical Wing, Directorate of Economics & Statistics.
This publication mainly highlights the different kinds of inputs employed and the
costs incurred on these inputs for the cultivation of the selected horticulture crops under
study. These kinds of information are deemed to be crucial in order to have a glimpse and
thereby assess the viability and general status of horticulture farming in Mizoram.
The Directorate gratefully acknowledges the kind cooperation extended by
Horticulture Department and the farmers across Mizoram by supplying the requisite
information for incorporation in this publication. Although all possible efforts have been
made, the publication could not be brought out early due to various technical problems faced
by Horticulture Department.
I express my sincere gratitude to Miss Lalhmangaihsangi Ralte, Research Officer for
preparing this invaluable Report, and to Miss B. Vanlalruati, Deputy Director for her strong
supervision.
I sincerely hope that this publication would serve as a useful source of information to
Administrators, Policy-Makers, Development Planners, Academicians, Research Scholars,
General Public and other readers having interest in the economics of horticulture farming in
Mizoram. Comments and suggestions for further improvement in terms of quality, coverage,
content, presentation, etc. would highly be appreciated.
(B. LALRINHLUA)
Dated Aizawl Director
the 6th April, 2021 Economics & Statistics
Mizoram : Aizawl
CONTENTS
SN Division/ District Page No.
INTRODUCTION
i
Executive Summary ii-iv
I. Tuidam Division, Mamit 1-5
II. Kolasib Division, Kolasib 6-10
III. Aizawl Division, Aizawl 11-15
IV. Khawzawl Division, Champhai 16-19
V. Serchhip Division, Serchhip 20-24
VI. Lunglei Division, Lunglei 25-30
VII. Lawngtlai Division, Lawngtlai 31-35
VIII. Siaha Division, Siaha 36-39
INTRODUCTION
Cost of cultivation studies are an important mechanism for data generation on cost
structure of crops. These are very intensive surveys wherein data are collected on the various
inputs which are used for the cultivation of crop. The data collection approach in these
surveys is inquiry based which implies that the information on the input use is obtained by
inquiry from the farmer. Use of input is a continuous process which goes on from beginning
to end. In order that no information on input use is missed, data collection under these
surveys is generally carried out in multiple rounds. Thus the farmer is visited repeatedly
during the growth stage of the crop and during the time of harvest so that the information on
input use is correctly and properly recorded. As a result a huge volume of data is generated
through these surveys and the data so collected is generally used to work out cost per unit
area or cost per unit weight.
Cost of cultivation data are extremely crucial for policy formation by administrators
and policy planners. In addition, these data are used by many organizations for micro level
decision making. Individuals also use these data for different studies and research purposes.
It would be appropriate to mention that due to the changes taking place at the global level the
importance of cost of cultivation data has increased manifold. This is attributable to the
phenomenon of global competitiveness which implies that those who are efficient and can
produce at competitive prices will survive.
Acknowledging the importance of cost of cultivation data, Directorate of Economics
and Statistics, Government of Mizoram prepares this report on the ‘Studies on Cost of
Cultivation of Horticulture Crops’ from the necessary data obtained through experiments and
studies conducted by Horticulture Department, Government of Mizoram in 8 divisions/
districts across Mizoram. Being the Nodal Department of official statistics in Mizoram,
Directorate of Economics and Statistics gives utmost importance to statistical strengthening
and improvements, to acquire timely and reliable statistics of the state so that, these statistics
may be used for decision making at the macro and micro level as well as for necessary
researches and statistical works.
i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the costs of cultivation of horticulture crops are undertaken in 8 Divisions
from 8 Districts of Mizoram namely Tuidam Division, Kolasib Division, Aizawl Division,
Khawzawl Division, Serchhip Division, Lunglei Division, Lawngtlai Division and Siaha
Division. A brief summary of the studies are presented as follows.
I. Crop Selection - For the studies of cost of cultivation, five types of horticulture crops-
Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit, Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple are selected in majority
i.e. 5 out of 8 Divisions namely in Tuidam Division, Kolasib Division, Aizawl
Division,Lunglei Division, and Lawngtlai Division, whereas Arecanut is not selected for
Serchhip Division and Siaha Division. Further Arecanut and Pineapple are not selected
for Khawzawl Division where only 3 horticulture crops – Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit
and Banana are selected to study the costs of cultivation under this Division.
II. Numbers of Farmers under Study - The number of farmers under the present study
vary across different divisions and across various crops. This is shown in Table 1 as
follows.
Table-1 : Number of Farmers Selected for Cost of Cultivation Studies
Division/ District Number of Farmers Selected
M.Orange Dragonfruit Banana Arecanut Pineapple Total
Tuidam Division,
Mamit 1 1 1 1 1 5
Kolasib Division,
Kolasib 1 1 1 1 1 5
Aizawl Division,
Aizawl 8 3 1 2 7 21
Khawzawl Division,
Champhai 2 1 1 0 0 4
Serchhip Division,
Serchhip 3 3 3 0 3 12
Lunglei Division,
Lunglei 1 1 1 1 1 5
Lawngtlai Division,
Lawngtlai 4 3 4 4 4 19
Siaha Division, Siaha 4 3 3 0 4 14
Total 24 16 15 9 21 85
ii
Table-1 shows that a total of 85 farmers are selected for the study of cost of
cultivation in Mizoram. Taking division-wise, 4 farmers are selected from Khawzawl
Division, 5 farmers each are selected from Tuidam, Kolasib, and Lunglei Divisions, 12
farmers from Serchhip, 14 farmers from Siaha, 19 and 21 farmers from Lawngtlai and
Aizawl Divisions respectively. Taking crop-wise, 9 farmers are selected to study the cost
of cultivation of Arecanut, 15 farmers for Banana, 16 farmers for Dragonfruit, 21 farmers
for Pineapple and 24 farmers for the study of cost of cultivation of Mandarin Orange.
III. Nature of costs of inputs incurred- The inputs used for different types of crops vary
depending on the needs of the crops and also vary across different Divisions. As such, the
input costs vary widely among different farmers. The various kinds of inputs that demand
the highest input costs for the 5 crops are computed for each of the 8 Divisions/ Districts
and are presented in Table- 2 as follows :
Table 2- Division- wise Highest Input Costs for Different Crops
Division/ District Input with Highest Cost for Different Crops
M. Orange Dragonfruit Banana Arecanut Pineapple
Tuidam Division,
Mamit
Planting
Material
Planting
Material
Planting
Material
Labour on
Weeding
Planting
Material
Kolasib Division,
Kolasib Human Labour
Planting
Material
Human
Labour
Human
Labour
Planting
Material
Aizawl Division,
Aizawl
Labour on
Weeding
RCC Post,
Trellis &
erection of Posts
Water Tank Water Tank
Slips/
Suckers/
Crown
Khawzawl
Division,
Champhai
Labour on
Weeding
Planting
Material
Labour on
Weeding - -
Serchhip
Division,
Serchhip
Family Labour
RCC Post,
Trellis &
erection of Posts
Labour on
Planting -
Labour on
Weeding
Lunglei Division,
Lunglei Water Tank
Labour on
Weeding
Labour on
Weeding
Labour on
Weeding
Labour on
Weeding
Lawngtlai
Division,
Lawngtlai
Human Labour Physical Inputs Human
Labour
Human
Labour
Human
Labour
Siaha Division,
Siaha
Labour on
Weeding
Labour on
Weeding &
Trimming
Labour on
Weeding -
Labour on
Weeding,
Trimming
&Earthing
up
iii
Table 2 shows the different types of inputs that demand the highest cost for the 5
horticulture crops across the 8 Divisions of Mizoram. Although, these inputs vary for
different crops and for different Divisions, one can observe that majority of the farmers
incur the highest cost in employing labour for weeding across all crops and Divisions. In
addition to this, inputs such as planting material and human labour for unspecified
purposes also appear frequently as the inputs demanding the highest costs for some of the
crops across the Divisions.
IV. Duration of cultivation- The duration of cultivation under study varies across different
divisions and across different types of crops. Among the 5 crops under study, the duration
of cultivation of Arecanut is the longest in 5 out of 8 Divisions that cultivate the crop
where the cost of cultivation is taken for 14 years period for Lunglei Division, 8 years for
Aizawl Division, 7 years each for Tuidam and Kolasib Divisions and 2 years for
Lawngtlai Division. The duration of cultivation of the rest of the crops are mostly taken
for 1 to 5 years period across the 8 Divisions.
iv
1
I. COSTS OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, TUIDAM DIVISION, MAMIT
Abstract
Sl. No Name of Farmers Address Name of
Crops
Total cost of
cultivation
(in Rs)
1 - Mamit M. Orange 1,57,200
2 - Vaipuanpho Dragonfruit 3,16,300
3 - Tuidam Banana 1,25,000
4 - Tuidam Arecanut 2,71,000
5 - Luimawi Pineapple 2,72,200
TOTAL : 1,141,700
The abstract for studies on cost of cultivation of horticulture crops under Tuidam
Division, Mamit District shows that 5 farmers are selected as representatives of 5 different
horticulture crop farmers in the division. These crops are- Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit,
Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple. These farmers incur different amount of costs of cultivation
for different time periods where the cost of cultivating Dragonfruit is the highest at Rs.
3,16,300and the cost of cultivating Banana is the lowest at Rs. 1,25,000. The total cost of
cultivation for 5 different horticulture crops amounts to Rs. 1,141,700.
2
1.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 5 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material (Budded M. Orange)
2. LDPE pipe
3. Tools and implements
4. Manure and fertilizer
5. P.P Chemicals
6. Labour on jungle clearance, pit digging, planting, irrigation, plant protection
measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, harvesting, packing and
transportation
7. Miscellaneous expenses
The total cost incurred on the first year of cultivation is the highest which amounts to
Rs. 99,300 and vary each year with the total cost falling to Rs. 20,550 on the fifth year.
1.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfruit is obtained for 3 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. Construction of trellis
3. Tyres for trellis
4. HDPE pipe
5. Tools and implements
6. Manure and fertilizer
7. P.P Chemicals
8. Labour on jungle clearance, land preparation, erection of trellis posts, planting,
irrigation, plant protection measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding,
harvesting, packing and transportation, plastic crates
9. Miscellaneous expenses
3
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfruit incurred is the highest for the first year which is
Rs. 2,42,450 and vary each year falling to Rs. 35,600 on the third year of cultivation.
1.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer incurred
costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. Tools and implements
3. Manure and fertilizer
4. P.P Chemicals
5. Labour on jungle clearance, planting, plant protection measures, application of
manures and fertilizers, weeding, propping, denavelling, etc., harvesting, packing and
transportation
6. Miscellaneous expenses
The cost of cultivation of banana is Rs. 88,450 in the first year and fell to Rs. 36,550
in the second year of cultivation.
1.4. Cost of Cultivation of Arecanut
The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for 7 years period. The farmer incurred
costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. Tools and implements
3. HDPE pipe
4. P.P Chemicals
5. Manures and fertilizers
6. Labour on plant protection measures, weeding, application of manures and fertilizers,
harvesting, transportation, etc.
The farmer incurred a cost of Rs. 118,700 in the first year which is the highest cost
incurred while only Rs. 13500 for weeding is incurred on the third year of cultivationand Rs.
31,150 incurred on the seventh year of cultivation.
4
1.5. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple
The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. Tools and implements
3. Manure and fertilizer
4. P.P Chemicals
5. Labour on jungle clearance, land preparation, planting, earthing up, plant protection
measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, desuckering, harvesting,
packing and transportation
6. Miscellaneous expenses
The farmer incurred a cost of Rs. 237,000 on the first year of cultivation while a sum
of Rs. 156,700 is incurred on the second year of cultivation.
1.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Tuidam Division, Mamit
Mandarin Orange
6
II. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, KOLASIB DIVISION, KOLASIB
Abstract
Sl. No Name of Farmers Address Name of
Crops
Total cost of
cultivation
(in Rs)
1 P.C. Thanghuama Hriangmual,
Bukpui M. Orange 114,240
2 R. Lalrintluan Thingdawl Dragonfruit 17,46,400
3 K. Lalduhawma Zau ‘O’, Lungdai Banana 53,900
4 Thanchhuma Dochhumahmun,
Bilkhawthlir Arecanut 9,12,000
5 Lalbuangi TuilutZau, Kolasib Pineapple 2,76,100
TOTAL : 31,02,640
The abstract for the cost of cultivation studies of horticulture crops under Kolasib
Division, KolasibDistrict shows the cost of cultivation incurred by five farmers on five
different kinds of crops namely, Mandarin orange, Dragonfruit, Banana, Arecanut and
Pineapple for different time periods. The abstract shows that the highest amount of cost is
incurred for the cultivation of Dragonfruit that is Rs. 17,46,400 and the lowest amount is
incurred for the cultivation of Banana amounting to Rs. 53,900. The total cost of cultivating
these five horticulture crops in Kolasib Division is Rs. 31,02,640.
7
2.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting materials
2. P.P Chemicals
3. Manure and fertilizers
4. Human labour
5. Miscellaneous expenses
The farmer incurred a total cost of Rs. 74,700 in the first year of cultivation and fell to
Rs. 39,540 in the second year of cultivation.
2.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting materials
2. P.P Chemicals
3. Manure and fertilizers
4. Trellis
5. Labour on laying out and land preparation, etc., weeding
6. Miscellaneous expenses
The farmer incurred a total cost of Rs. 15,71,800 on the first year of cultivating
dragonfruit and fell to Rs. 1,74,600 on the second year of cultivation.
2.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer incurred
costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. P.P Chemicals
3. Human labour
4. Land revenue
8
The farmer incurred a total cost of Rs. 27,400 for cultivating banana on the first year
of cultivation and this fell to Rs. 26,500 on the second year of cultivation.
2.4. Cost of Cultivation of Arecanut
The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for 7 years period. The farmer incurred
costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. P.P Chemicals
3. Human labour
4. Land revenue
The farmer incurred the highest cost of cultivation on the first year of cultivating
Arecanut which is Rs. 2,70,000 and remains the same each year till the seventh year at Rs.
1,07,000 for every year.
2.5. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple
The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. Other inputs
3. Human labour
4. Family labour
5. Land revenue
6. Miscellaneous expenses such as head load of produce and transportation of produce.
The farmer incurred a highest cost of cultivation on the first year of amounting to
Rs. 1,85,300 and fell to Rs. 90,800 on the second year of cultivating Pineapple.
9
2.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Kolasib Division, Kolasib
Mandarin Orange
Dragonfruit
Banana
11
III. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, AIZAWL DIVISION, AIZAWL
Abstract
Sl.
No Name of Farmers Address
Name of
Crops
Total cost of
cultivation (in Rs)
1 Kapmawia Sailam M. Orange 2,74,708
2 K. Lalhmingliana Sailam M. Orange 2,63,463
3 Rohlira Sailam M. Orange 2,33,217
4 Malsawma Sailam M. Orange 2,80,589
5 C. Lalhmingliana Sailam M. Orange 2,45,349
6 Lalrinliana Sailam M. Orange 2,21,948
7 Lalngaihzuala Thingsultlangnuam M. Orange 2,88,650
8 Lalramzauva Darlawng M. Orange
(Budded) 1,88,045
9 H. Rokunga Salem veng Dragonfruit 3,50,587
10 Tlanghluna Lungverh Dragonfruit 3,86,573
11 C. Laldanga Thingsultlangnuam Dragonfruit 4,69,157
12 K. Lalremruata Thingsultlangnuam Banana 1,34,945
13 R. Lalhmingmawia N. Lungleng Arecanut 4,14,033
14 Richard
Lalchungnunga Zarkawt Arecanut 4,88,122
15 Lalthlamuani Sakawrdai Pineapple 1,37,750
16 Lalduhsaka New Vervek Pineapple 1,22,700
17 H. Rinliana Muallungthu Pineapple 2,55,050
18 Lalhmachhuana Muallungthu Pineapple 2,33,000
19 Thanghuta Samlukhai Pineapple 1,42,110
20 R. Duhzuala Samlukhai Pineapple 1,38,275
21 Chhanhima Samlukhai Pineapple 1,16,275
TOTAL : 5,384,546
The abstract for the cost of cultivation studies under Aizawl Division, Aizawl District
shows that 21 farmers cultivating 5 horticulture crops- Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit,
Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple were selected for studying the cost of cultivation. Out of
these 21 farmers, the lowest cost is incurred by Mr. Chhanhima, a farmer cultivating
Pineapple incurring Rs. 1,16,275 whereas the highest cost is incurred by Richard
Lalchungnunga for cultivating Arecanut. The total cost incurred by all the farmers under
Aizawl Division is Rs. 5,384,546 for the cultivation of these five horticulture crops.
12
3.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 8 years period for 7 farmers
cultivating the seedlings and 4 years period for one farmer cultivating the budded M. Orange.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Seedlings and budded M. Orange
2. Insecticide
3. Fungicide
4. Fertilizers – Urea, MOP, SSP and micro nutrients
5. Organic manures- neem kasto
6. Water tank
7. Pipes
8. Machines- Brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, secaeture, sprayer
9. Slaked lime
10. Labour on jungle clearing digging and filling and half moon terrace, planting,
weeding, fertilizer/ manures application, training/ pruning
11. Land revenue
12. Miscellaneous expenses
Most of the farmers cultivate on their own land while 2 out of the 8 farmers leased the
lands they cultivate. Among the 8 M. Orange farmers, the highest cost incurred is Rs.
2,88,650 for cultivating M. Orange (seedlings) for 8 years period while the lowest cost
incurred is Rs. 1,88,045 for cultivating M. Orange (budded) for 4 years period.
3.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Rooted cuttings
2. Insecticide
3. Fungicide
4. Fertilizers- Urea, NPK
5. Organic Manures- cow dung, neem kasto
6. Water tank
13
7. Pipes
8. RCC post and trellis
9. Slaked lime
10. Labour on jungle clearing (including burning and clearing of debris), pit digging and
filling, half moon terrace, planting, replacement, replanting, erection of post, weeding,
irrigation, manures and fertilizers application, training/ pruning
11. Miscellaneous expenses
Among the 3 dragonfruit farmers, the lowest cost incurred for 2 years of cultivation is
Rs. 3,50,587 while the highest cost incurred for the same period of time is Rs. 4,69,157.
3.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer incurred
costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Sucker
2. Water tank
3. Pipes
4. Machines- knife/ dao, hand hoe, shovel, sprayer
5. Labour on- jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding
6. Miscellaneous expenses
The land of cultivation is leased by the farmer and the cost of cultivating banana is
higher for the first year which is Rs. 1,25,445 and fell to Rs. 9,500 on the second year of
cultivation.
3.4. Cost of Cultivation of Arecanut
The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained from 2 farmers for 8 years period each.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Seedlings (polypotted and gap filling)
2. Fertilizers- DAP, MOP
3. Water tank
4. Pipes/ drip irrigation
5. Machines- brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, sprayer
14
6. Labour on jungle clearing, pit digging and filling and half moon terrace, planting,
weeding, irrigation, fertilizer/ manures application
7. Miscellaneous expenses
Among the 2 farmers, the higher cost incurred is Rs. 4,88,122 for 8 years period while
the other farmer incurred lower cost of Rs. 4,14,033 for a total of 8 years period.
3.5. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple
The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained from 7 farmers for 2 years period each
among 5 farmers and 1 year period each for other 2 farmers. The farmers incurred costs on
the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Slips, suckers, crown
2. Water tank
3. Pipes
4. Machines- brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, sprayer
5. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding, desuckering
6. Miscellaneous expenses
Among the pineapple farmers, the highest cost incurred is RS. 2,55,050 for 2 years
period and the lowest cost incurred is Rs. 1,16,275 for 2 years of cultivating pineapple.
3.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Aizawl Division, Aizawl
Mandarin Orange
16
IV. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, KHAWZAWL DIVISION, CHAMPHAI
DISTRICT
Abstract
Sl. No Name of Farmers Address Name of
Crops
Total cost of
cultivation
(in Rs)
1 - Khawzawl M. Orange 2,47,440
2 - Khawzawl M. Orange
(Budded) 1,66,800
3 - Khawzawl Dragonfruit 2,28,000
4 - Khawzawl Banana 1,83,600
TOTAL : 8,25,840
The abstract for the cost of cultivation of horticulture crops under Khawzawl
Division, Champhai District shows the cost of cultivation incurred by farmers cultivating 3
kinds of horticulture crops namely- Mandarin Orange (seedlings and budded), Dragonfruit
and Banana for different time periods. The abstract shows that the cost of cultivating M.
Orange (seedlings)is the highest at Rs. 2,47,440 while the cost of cultivating M. Orange
(Budded) is the lowest at Rs. 1,66,800 under Khawzawl Division.
17
4.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange (seedlings) is obtained for 7 years period from
one farmer and of M. Orange (budded) for 3 years period from another one farmer. The
farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting materials- seedlings and budded
2. Tools and implements
3. Manures and fertilizers
4. P.P Chemicals
5. HDPE pipe
6. Labour on jungle clearance including layout, pit digging, planting and staking
7. Plant protection measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, harvesting,
packing and transportation.
Among the two M. Orange farmers, the highest cost per year is incurred for
cultivating M. Orange (budded) on the first year of cultivation at Rs. 1,13,600 whereas the
lowest cost per year is incurred on the cultivation of M.Orange (budded) on the second year
of cultivation at Rs. 20,900.
4.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting material
2. Tools and implements
3. Manures and fertilizers
4. P.P Chemicals
5. Trellis
6. HDPE pipe
7. Labour on jungle clearance including layout, planting, plant protection measures,
application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, erection of post, harvesting, packing
and transportation.
18
The farmer incurred a cost of Rs. 1,91,900 on the first year and the cost fell to Rs.
36,100 on the second year of cultivating dragonfruit.
4.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 3 years period. The farmer incurred
costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Planting materials
2. Tools and implements
3. Manures and fertilizers
4. P.P Chemicals
5. HDPE pipes
6. Labour on jungle clearance including layout, planting, plant protection measures,
application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, propping, denavelling, mattocking,
harvesting, packing and transportation.
The farmer incurred the highest cost on the first year of cultivation amounting to Rs.
1,22,980 and fell to Rs. 47,500 on the third year of cultivating Banana.
4.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Khawzawl Division, Champhai
Mandarin Orange
20
V. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, SERCHHIP DIVISION, SERCHHIP
DISTRICT
Abstract
Sl. No Name of Farmers Address Name of
Crops
Total cost of
cultivation
(in Rs)
1 R. Liansanga Mualcheng M. Orange 54,830
2 J.B. Zahmingthanga N. Vanlaiphai M. Orange 74,950
3 Vanlalhmuaka N. Vanlaiphai M. Orange 3,79,460
4 C. Lawmzuala Serchhip Dragonfruit 3,53,573
5 Laluaia Serchhip Dragonfruit 3,53,573
6 K. Laldaihvela Serchhip Dragonfruit 3,53,573
7 Lalrinkima Khumtung Banana 1,82,600
8 Zoremmawia Khumtung Banana 1,81,850
9 Lalhmunliana Khumtung Banana 1,85,300
10 Ramlawma Keitum Pineapple 2,70,800
11 Keitawna Keitum Pineapple 2,70,800
12 T.C. Lallala Keitum Pineapple 2,70,800
TOTAL : 29,32,109
The abstract for cost of cultivation studies under Serchhip Division, Serchhip District
shows the cost of cultivating 4 types of horticulture crops namely- Mandarin Orange,
Dragonfruit, Banana and Pineapple by 3 farmers each for different time periods. The abstract
shows that the highest cost of cultivation is incurred by Vanlalhmuaka, an M. Orange farmer
amounting to Rs. 3,79,460 while the lowest cost is incurred by another M. Orange farmer, R.
Liansanga at Rs. 54,830. The sum total cost of cultivating these 4 horticulture crops is Rs.
29,32,109 under Serchhip Division.
21
5.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 8 years period each from 3
farmers. The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following
inputs :
1. Seedlings
2. Chemical inputs- insecticide and fungicide
3. Fertilizers- Urea, MOP, SSP, micronutrients, NPK (foliar spray), slaked lime
4. Organic manures- FYM (cow dung), neemkasto, poultry waste
5. Irrigation inputs- water reservoir/ tank and pipes
6. Machine/ tools and implements- knife, hand hoe, shovel, secateurs, spade, sprayer, etc
7. Waged human labour and family labour on jungle clearance, pit digging, filling and
half moon terrace, planting, interculture operations, irrigation, applications of
fertilizers/ manures/ chemicals
8. Miscellaneous expenses
The costs incurred vary widely among the 3 farmers where the lowest cost incurred is
Rs. 54,830 for 8 years period while the highest cost incurred is Rs. 3,79,460 for the same
period of cultivation.
5.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Rooted cuttings and gap fillings
2. Insecticides
3. Fungicide
4. Fertilizers- urea, MOP, SSP
5. Organic manures- cow dung
6. Slaked lime
7. Machines- brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, secateurs, sprayer
8. Labour on jungle clearing, pit digging and filling and half moon terrace, planting,
RCC post and trellis and erection of posts, weeding, irrigation, fertilizer/ manures
application, training/ pruning
22
9. Miscellaneous expenses
According to the information received, the 3 farmers incurred the same costs of
Rs. 3,53,573 each for 2 years of cultivating Dragonfruit.
5.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Suckers
2. Insecticide
3. Fungicide
4. Fertilizers- NPK
5. Organic manures- cow dung, neemkasto
6. Machines- hand hoe, sprayer
7. Labouron jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding, fertilizers/ manures
application, desuckering
8. Miscellaneous expenses
Among the 3 farmers, the lowest amount of cost incurred is Rs. 1,81,850 for 2 years
period and the highest cost incurred is Rs. 1,85,300 for the same period of cultivation.
5.4. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple
The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Slips/ suckers/ crown
2. Insecticide
3. Fungicide
4. NPK
5. Neemkasto
6. Machines- knife, hand hoe
7. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding, fertilizer/ manures
application, desuckering
8. Miscellaneous expenses
23
According to the information received, the 3 farmers incurred the same costs of
Rs.2,70,800each for 2years of cultivating Pineapple.
5.5. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Serchhip Division, Serchhip
Mandarin Orange
Dragon Fruit
25
VI. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, LUNGLEI DIVISION, LUNGLEI.
Abstract
Sl. No Name of Farmers Address Name of
Crops
Total cost of
cultivation
(in Rs)
1 PC. Lalhmachhuana
S/o PC. Lalthanga Thingfal M. Orange 3,77,050
2 Rochhungi
D/o Zohmingthanga Zohnuai Dragonfruit 44,100
3 Romawia
S/o Vanbawiha Zobawk Banana 2,78,300
4 Lawmzuala
S/o C. Hnawktea Lunglawn Arecanut 2,04,450
5 Lalhumawia
S/o A. Muanzova Tawipui N-I Pineapple 1,96,500
TOTAL : 11,00,400
The abstract for studies on cost of cultivation of horticulture crops under Lunglei
Division shows that 5 farmers from different areas are selected as representatives of 5
different horticulture crop farmers in the division. These crops are- Mandarin Orange,
Dragonfruit, Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple. These farmers incur different amount of costs
of cultivation where the cost of cultivating Mandarin Orange is the highest at Rs. 3,77,050
and the cost of cultivating Dragonfruit is the lowest at Rs. 44,100. The total cost of
cultivation for 5 different horticulture crops amounts to Rs. 11,00,400.
26
6.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 3 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Seedlings
2. Water tank
3. Pipes
4. Knife/ Dao
5. Shovel
6. Hand hoe
7. Sprayer
8. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding
9. Miscellaneous expenses
The land of cultivation of the farmer is leased and the total costs of cultivation vary
each year during the 3 years period from Rs. 1,26,000 on the first year to Rs. 1,61,150 on the
third year of cultivation.
6.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 4 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Knife/ Dao
2. Shovel
3. Hand hoe
4. Cement post
5. Labour on weeding
6. Miscellaneous expenses
The farmer performed the works of eathening up and planting by herself. The land of
cultivation is leased and the total costs vary each year from Rs. 16,600 on the first year to
Rs. 11,850 on the fourth year.
27
6.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 5 years period. The farmer incurred
costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Seedlings
2. Pipes
3. Knife/Dao
4. Shovel
5. Hand hoe
6. Labour on jungle clearing, planting, weeding
7. Miscellaneous expenses
The farmer performed the work of planting by himself alongwith the workers
employed. The land of cultivation is leased and the total costs incurred vary each year from
Rs. 82,300 on the first year to Rs. 49,200 on the fifth year of cultivation.
6.4. Cost of Cultivation of Arecanut
The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for 14 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Seedlings
2. Neemcasto (Organic manure)
3. Knife/ Dao
4. Shovel
5. Hand hoe
6. Sprayer
7. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding
8. Miscellaneous expenses
The land of cultivation is leased and the total costs of cultivation vary each year from
Rs. 22,050 on the first year to Rs. 13,800 on the 14th year of cultivation.
28
6.5. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple
The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 3 years period. The farmer
incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Seedlings
2. Pipes
3. Knife/ Dao
4. Shovel
5. Hand hoe
6. Labour on jungle clearing, weeding
7. Miscellaneous expenses
The farmer performed the works of earthening up and planting by himself and the
land of cultivation is owned by the farmer. The total costs of cultivation vary from Rs.
1,17,200 on the first year to Rs. 42,200 on the third year of cultivation.
6.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Lunglei Division, Lunglei
Mandarin Orange
31
VII. COSTS OF CVULTIVATION STUDIES, LAWNGTLAI DIVISION,
LAWNGTLAI
Abstract
Sl.
No Name of Farmers Address Name of Crops
Total cost of
cultivation (in Rs)
1 Lianawrha Sangau- II M. Orange 80,900
2 L.C. Ronghaka Siachangkawn M. Orange 80,850
3 Tialhupa Siachangkawn M. Orange 78,550
4 Manghnina Siachangkawn M. Orange 66,700
5 Lalbiakdika Chawntlangpui Dragonfruit 3,47,600
6 Lalnunpuia Diltlang ‘S’ Dragonfruit 3,51,595
7 T. Thaluaithanga Lawngtlai Bazar Dragonfruit 3,51,288
8 Lalbiakdika Chawntlangpui Banana 78,875
9 Khawmkima Chawntlangpui Banana 73,750
10 Biakhluna Chawntlangpui Banana 72,750
11 R. Lalchawimawia Chawntlangpui Banana 71,417
12 Remkhupa Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 68,745
13 Mangchhawna Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 73,354
14 Kilhengi Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 63,732
15 Lalpanmeka Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 72,720
16 HreluaiaSathing Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 48,875
17 Bawiliana Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 56,870
18 Lalpari Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 47,960
19 A. Ngotha Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 61,513
TOTAL : 21,48,044
The abstract for the cost of cultivation studies under Lawngtlai Division, Lawngtlai
District shows that 4 farmers each are taken as representative farmers of Mandarin Orange,
Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple and 3 farmers are taken as representative farmers of
Dragonfruit. Among these 5 horticulture crops, the lowest cost of cultivation is incurred by
Lalpari, a Banana farmer incurring Rs. 47,960 whereas the highest cost of cultivation is
incurred by Lalnunpuia, a Dragonfruit farmer incurring Rs. 3,51,595. The total cost of
cultivation by all the farmers is Rs. 21,48,044 under Lawngtlai Division.
32
7.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 2 years period each for 4 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Physical inputs
2. Waged human labour
3. Family labour
4. Land revenue
Particulars of physical inputs are not mentioned by the investigators where only the
total costof physical inputs as a whole is obtained. The lowest cost of cultivation incurred
among the 4 farmers is Rs. 66,700 for 2 years period whereas the highest cost incurred is
Rs. 80,900 for the same period of time.
7.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Physical inputs
2. Waged human labour
3. Family labour
4. Land revenue
Particulars of physical inputs are not mentioned by the investigators where only the
total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained. The lowest cost of cultivation incurred
among the farmers is Rs. 3,47,600 for 2 years period whereas the highest cost incurred is Rs.
3,51,595 for the same period of time.
7.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period each for 4 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Physical inputs
2. Waged human labour
3. Family labour
4. Land revenue
33
Particulars of physical inputs are not mentioned by the investigators where only the
total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained.The lowest cost incurred for cultivating
Banana is Rs. 71,417 for 2 years period while the highest cost incurred is Rs.78,875 for the
same period of time.
7.4. Cost of Cultivation of Arecanut
The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for years 2 period each for 4 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Physical inputs
2. Waged human labour
3. Family labour
4. Land revenue
Particulars of physical inputs are not mentioned by the investigators where only the
total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained. Among the 4 farmers,thelowest cost
incurred for cultivating Arecanut is Rs. 63,732 for 2 years period while the highest cost
incurred is Rs.73,354 for the same period of time.
7.5. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple
The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 2years period each for 4 farmers.
The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :
1. Physical inputs
2. Waged human labour
3. Family labour
4. Land revenue
Particulars of physical inputs are not mentioned by the investigators where only the
total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained. Among the 4 farmers, the lowest cost
incurred for cultivating Pineapple is Rs. 47,960 for 2 years period while the highest cost
incurred is Rs. 61,513 for the same period of time.
34
7.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Lawngtlai Division, Lawngtlai
Mandarin Orange
Dragon Fruit
36
VIII. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, SIAHA DIVISION, SIAHA DISTRICT
Abstract
Sl.
No Name of Farmers Address Name of Crops
Total cost of
cultivation (in Rs)
1 Ngun-iapa Noaotlah M. Orange 1,18,000
2 Lallungmuana Noaotlah M. Orange 1,18,000
3 B. Beimo Amobye ‘CH’ M. Orange 1,18,000
4 Lalthlengliana Amobye ‘CH’ M. Orange 1,18,000
5 V. Pari Siahatlah Dragonfruit 60,800
6 V. Ronghaka Siahatlah Dragonfruit 60,800
7 C. Zohminga Amobye ‘CH’ Dragonfruit 60,800
8 P. Beitia Lobo-II Banana 85,000
9 Biaksanga College Vaih Banana 85,000
10 Zabua Zyhno Banana 85,000
11 C. Rorela Thiahra Pineapple 59,500
12 T. Hmotha Thiahra Pineapple 59,500
13 N. Sakho Amotlah Pineapple 59,500
14 Holly N. Colony- I Pineapple 59,500
TOTAL : 11,47,400
The abstract for cost of cultivation studies under Siaha Division, Siaha District shows
that 14 farmers are selected as representative farmers of 4 different kinds of horticulture crops
namely – Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit, Banana and Pineapple for different time periods.
M. Orange farmers incurred the highest cost of cultivation of Rs.1,18,000 each while
Pineapple farmers incurred the lowest cost of Rs.59,500 each.
37
8.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange
The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for the second year of cultivationby4
farmers. The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following
inputs :
1. Seedlings
2. Labour on clearance of jungle etc., digging of pit, filling of pits with topsoil, Planting,
weeding, weeding (interculture)
3. Miscellaneous expenses
Separate costs of cultivation by each of the 4 farmers are not mentioned by the
investigators where only the total cost incurred by a single farmer on the second year of
cultivation is mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is
taken to be similar for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating M. Orange onthe second
year is Rs.1,18,000 each for 4 farmers.
8.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit
The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for the first yearof cultivation by 3
farmers. The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following
inputs :
1. Seedlings
2. Human labour on planting, weeding and trimming, trimming and prunning
3. Miscellaneous expenses
Separate costs of cultivation by each of the 3 farmers are not mentioned by the
investigators where only the cost incurred by a single farmeron the first year of cultivation is
mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is taken to be similar
for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating Dragonfruiton the first year is Rs. 60,800each
for 3 farmers.
8.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana
The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for the third year of cultivationby3
farmers. The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following
inputs :
38
1. Rhizome
2. Human labour on clearance of jungle etc., planting, weeding
3. Miscellaneous expenses
Separate costs of cultivation by each of the 3 farmers are not mentioned by the
investigators where only the cost incurred by a single farmer on the third year of cultivation is
mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is taken to be similar
for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating Banana on the third year is Rs. 85,000each
for 3 farmers.
8.4. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple
The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for the second year of cultivationby4
farmers. The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following
inputs :
1. Slip/sucker/crown
2. Labour on earthing up, planting, weeding and trimming, desucking
3. Miscellaneous expenses
Separate costs of cultivation by each of the 4 farmers are not mentioned by the
investigators where only the cost incurred by a single farmer on the second year of cultivation
is mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is taken to be
similar for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating Pineapple on the second year is Rs.
59,500each for 4 farmers.
8.5. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Siaha Division, Siaha
Mandarin Orange