STUDIES ON COST OF CULTIVATION OF HORTICULTURE ...

STUDIES ON

COST OF CULTIVATION OF HORTICULTURE CROPS

IN MIZORAM

PREFACE

Studies on the Cost of Cultivation of Horticulture crops is one of the milestones to be

achieved under 13th Finance Commission’s Grant (State Specific Needs). The studies and

experiments are undertaken by Horticulture Department, Government of Mizoram by

conducting detailed survey in 8 Divisions across 8 districts of Mizoram. Necessary

information regarding the cost of cultivation of horticulture crops are acquired from selected

farmers for selected crops. After the required information are obtained, the compilation and

publication is brought out by the Technical Wing, Directorate of Economics & Statistics.

This publication mainly highlights the different kinds of inputs employed and the

costs incurred on these inputs for the cultivation of the selected horticulture crops under

study. These kinds of information are deemed to be crucial in order to have a glimpse and

thereby assess the viability and general status of horticulture farming in Mizoram.

The Directorate gratefully acknowledges the kind cooperation extended by

Horticulture Department and the farmers across Mizoram by supplying the requisite

information for incorporation in this publication. Although all possible efforts have been

made, the publication could not be brought out early due to various technical problems faced

by Horticulture Department.

I express my sincere gratitude to Miss Lalhmangaihsangi Ralte, Research Officer for

preparing this invaluable Report, and to Miss B. Vanlalruati, Deputy Director for her strong

supervision.

I sincerely hope that this publication would serve as a useful source of information to

Administrators, Policy-Makers, Development Planners, Academicians, Research Scholars,

General Public and other readers having interest in the economics of horticulture farming in

Mizoram. Comments and suggestions for further improvement in terms of quality, coverage,

content, presentation, etc. would highly be appreciated.

(B. LALRINHLUA)

Dated Aizawl Director

the 6th April, 2021 Economics & Statistics

Mizoram : Aizawl

CONTENTS

SN Division/ District Page No.

INTRODUCTION

i

Executive Summary ii-iv

I. Tuidam Division, Mamit 1-5

II. Kolasib Division, Kolasib 6-10

III. Aizawl Division, Aizawl 11-15

IV. Khawzawl Division, Champhai 16-19

V. Serchhip Division, Serchhip 20-24

VI. Lunglei Division, Lunglei 25-30

VII. Lawngtlai Division, Lawngtlai 31-35

VIII. Siaha Division, Siaha 36-39

INTRODUCTION

Cost of cultivation studies are an important mechanism for data generation on cost

structure of crops. These are very intensive surveys wherein data are collected on the various

inputs which are used for the cultivation of crop. The data collection approach in these

surveys is inquiry based which implies that the information on the input use is obtained by

inquiry from the farmer. Use of input is a continuous process which goes on from beginning

to end. In order that no information on input use is missed, data collection under these

surveys is generally carried out in multiple rounds. Thus the farmer is visited repeatedly

during the growth stage of the crop and during the time of harvest so that the information on

input use is correctly and properly recorded. As a result a huge volume of data is generated

through these surveys and the data so collected is generally used to work out cost per unit

area or cost per unit weight.

Cost of cultivation data are extremely crucial for policy formation by administrators

and policy planners. In addition, these data are used by many organizations for micro level

decision making. Individuals also use these data for different studies and research purposes.

It would be appropriate to mention that due to the changes taking place at the global level the

importance of cost of cultivation data has increased manifold. This is attributable to the

phenomenon of global competitiveness which implies that those who are efficient and can

produce at competitive prices will survive.

Acknowledging the importance of cost of cultivation data, Directorate of Economics

and Statistics, Government of Mizoram prepares this report on the ‘Studies on Cost of

Cultivation of Horticulture Crops’ from the necessary data obtained through experiments and

studies conducted by Horticulture Department, Government of Mizoram in 8 divisions/

districts across Mizoram. Being the Nodal Department of official statistics in Mizoram,

Directorate of Economics and Statistics gives utmost importance to statistical strengthening

and improvements, to acquire timely and reliable statistics of the state so that, these statistics

may be used for decision making at the macro and micro level as well as for necessary

researches and statistical works.

i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Studies on the costs of cultivation of horticulture crops are undertaken in 8 Divisions

from 8 Districts of Mizoram namely Tuidam Division, Kolasib Division, Aizawl Division,

Khawzawl Division, Serchhip Division, Lunglei Division, Lawngtlai Division and Siaha

Division. A brief summary of the studies are presented as follows.

I. Crop Selection - For the studies of cost of cultivation, five types of horticulture crops-

Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit, Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple are selected in majority

i.e. 5 out of 8 Divisions namely in Tuidam Division, Kolasib Division, Aizawl

Division,Lunglei Division, and Lawngtlai Division, whereas Arecanut is not selected for

Serchhip Division and Siaha Division. Further Arecanut and Pineapple are not selected

for Khawzawl Division where only 3 horticulture crops – Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit

and Banana are selected to study the costs of cultivation under this Division.

II. Numbers of Farmers under Study - The number of farmers under the present study

vary across different divisions and across various crops. This is shown in Table 1 as

follows.

Table-1 : Number of Farmers Selected for Cost of Cultivation Studies

Division/ District Number of Farmers Selected

M.Orange Dragonfruit Banana Arecanut Pineapple Total

Tuidam Division,

Mamit 1 1 1 1 1 5

Kolasib Division,

Kolasib 1 1 1 1 1 5

Aizawl Division,

Aizawl 8 3 1 2 7 21

Khawzawl Division,

Champhai 2 1 1 0 0 4

Serchhip Division,

Serchhip 3 3 3 0 3 12

Lunglei Division,

Lunglei 1 1 1 1 1 5

Lawngtlai Division,

Lawngtlai 4 3 4 4 4 19

Siaha Division, Siaha 4 3 3 0 4 14

Total 24 16 15 9 21 85

ii

Table-1 shows that a total of 85 farmers are selected for the study of cost of

cultivation in Mizoram. Taking division-wise, 4 farmers are selected from Khawzawl

Division, 5 farmers each are selected from Tuidam, Kolasib, and Lunglei Divisions, 12

farmers from Serchhip, 14 farmers from Siaha, 19 and 21 farmers from Lawngtlai and

Aizawl Divisions respectively. Taking crop-wise, 9 farmers are selected to study the cost

of cultivation of Arecanut, 15 farmers for Banana, 16 farmers for Dragonfruit, 21 farmers

for Pineapple and 24 farmers for the study of cost of cultivation of Mandarin Orange.

III. Nature of costs of inputs incurred- The inputs used for different types of crops vary

depending on the needs of the crops and also vary across different Divisions. As such, the

input costs vary widely among different farmers. The various kinds of inputs that demand

the highest input costs for the 5 crops are computed for each of the 8 Divisions/ Districts

and are presented in Table- 2 as follows :

Table 2- Division- wise Highest Input Costs for Different Crops

Division/ District Input with Highest Cost for Different Crops

M. Orange Dragonfruit Banana Arecanut Pineapple

Tuidam Division,

Mamit

Planting

Material

Planting

Material

Planting

Material

Labour on

Weeding

Planting

Material

Kolasib Division,

Kolasib Human Labour

Planting

Material

Human

Labour

Human

Labour

Planting

Material

Aizawl Division,

Aizawl

Labour on

Weeding

RCC Post,

Trellis &

erection of Posts

Water Tank Water Tank

Slips/

Suckers/

Crown

Khawzawl

Division,

Champhai

Labour on

Weeding

Planting

Material

Labour on

Weeding - -

Serchhip

Division,

Serchhip

Family Labour

RCC Post,

Trellis &

erection of Posts

Labour on

Planting -

Labour on

Weeding

Lunglei Division,

Lunglei Water Tank

Labour on

Weeding

Labour on

Weeding

Labour on

Weeding

Labour on

Weeding

Lawngtlai

Division,

Lawngtlai

Human Labour Physical Inputs Human

Labour

Human

Labour

Human

Labour

Siaha Division,

Siaha

Labour on

Weeding

Labour on

Weeding &

Trimming

Labour on

Weeding -

Labour on

Weeding,

Trimming

&Earthing

up

iii

Table 2 shows the different types of inputs that demand the highest cost for the 5

horticulture crops across the 8 Divisions of Mizoram. Although, these inputs vary for

different crops and for different Divisions, one can observe that majority of the farmers

incur the highest cost in employing labour for weeding across all crops and Divisions. In

addition to this, inputs such as planting material and human labour for unspecified

purposes also appear frequently as the inputs demanding the highest costs for some of the

crops across the Divisions.

IV. Duration of cultivation- The duration of cultivation under study varies across different

divisions and across different types of crops. Among the 5 crops under study, the duration

of cultivation of Arecanut is the longest in 5 out of 8 Divisions that cultivate the crop

where the cost of cultivation is taken for 14 years period for Lunglei Division, 8 years for

Aizawl Division, 7 years each for Tuidam and Kolasib Divisions and 2 years for

Lawngtlai Division. The duration of cultivation of the rest of the crops are mostly taken

for 1 to 5 years period across the 8 Divisions.

iv

1

I. COSTS OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, TUIDAM DIVISION, MAMIT

Abstract

Sl. No Name of Farmers Address Name of

Crops

Total cost of

cultivation

(in Rs)

1 - Mamit M. Orange 1,57,200

2 - Vaipuanpho Dragonfruit 3,16,300

3 - Tuidam Banana 1,25,000

4 - Tuidam Arecanut 2,71,000

5 - Luimawi Pineapple 2,72,200

TOTAL : 1,141,700

The abstract for studies on cost of cultivation of horticulture crops under Tuidam

Division, Mamit District shows that 5 farmers are selected as representatives of 5 different

horticulture crop farmers in the division. These crops are- Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit,

Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple. These farmers incur different amount of costs of cultivation

for different time periods where the cost of cultivating Dragonfruit is the highest at Rs.

3,16,300and the cost of cultivating Banana is the lowest at Rs. 1,25,000. The total cost of

cultivation for 5 different horticulture crops amounts to Rs. 1,141,700.

2

1.1. Cost of Cultivation of Mandarin Orange

The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 5 years period. The farmer

incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :

1. Planting material (Budded M. Orange)

2. LDPE pipe

3. Tools and implements

4. Manure and fertilizer

5. P.P Chemicals

6. Labour on jungle clearance, pit digging, planting, irrigation, plant protection

measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, harvesting, packing and

transportation

7. Miscellaneous expenses

The total cost incurred on the first year of cultivation is the highest which amounts to

Rs. 99,300 and vary each year with the total cost falling to Rs. 20,550 on the fifth year.

1.2. Cost of Cultivation of Dragonfruit

The cost of cultivation of Dragonfruit is obtained for 3 years period. The farmer


1. Planting material

2. Construction of trellis

3. Tyres for trellis

4. HDPE pipe



7. P.P Chemicals

8. Labour on jungle clearance, land preparation, erection of trellis posts, planting,

irrigation, plant protection measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding,

harvesting, packing and transportation, plastic crates


3

The cost of cultivation of Dragonfruit incurred is the highest for the first year which is

Rs. 2,42,450 and vary each year falling to Rs. 35,600 on the third year of cultivation.

1.3. Cost of Cultivation of Banana

The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer incurred

costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :




4. P.P Chemicals

5. Labour on jungle clearance, planting, plant protection measures, application of

manures and fertilizers, weeding, propping, denavelling, etc., harvesting, packing and

transportation


The cost of cultivation of banana is Rs. 88,450 in the first year and fell to Rs. 36,550

in the second year of cultivation.

1.4. Cost of Cultivation of Arecanut

The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for 7 years period. The farmer incurred




3. HDPE pipe

4. P.P Chemicals

5. Manures and fertilizers

6. Labour on plant protection measures, weeding, application of manures and fertilizers,

harvesting, transportation, etc.

The farmer incurred a cost of Rs. 118,700 in the first year which is the highest cost

incurred while only Rs. 13500 for weeding is incurred on the third year of cultivationand Rs.

31,150 incurred on the seventh year of cultivation.

4

1.5. Cost of Cultivation of Pineapple

The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer





4. P.P Chemicals

5. Labour on jungle clearance, land preparation, planting, earthing up, plant protection

measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, desuckering, harvesting,

packing and transportation


The farmer incurred a cost of Rs. 237,000 on the first year of cultivation while a sum

of Rs. 156,700 is incurred on the second year of cultivation.

1.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Tuidam Division, Mamit

Mandarin Orange

5

Dragonfruit

Banana

Arecanut

6

II. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, KOLASIB DIVISION, KOLASIB

Abstract


Crops

Total cost of

cultivation

(in Rs)

1 P.C. Thanghuama Hriangmual,

Bukpui M. Orange 114,240

2 R. Lalrintluan Thingdawl Dragonfruit 17,46,400

3 K. Lalduhawma Zau ‘O’, Lungdai Banana 53,900

4 Thanchhuma Dochhumahmun,

Bilkhawthlir Arecanut 9,12,000

5 Lalbuangi TuilutZau, Kolasib Pineapple 2,76,100

TOTAL : 31,02,640

The abstract for the cost of cultivation studies of horticulture crops under Kolasib

Division, KolasibDistrict shows the cost of cultivation incurred by five farmers on five

different kinds of crops namely, Mandarin orange, Dragonfruit, Banana, Arecanut and

Pineapple for different time periods. The abstract shows that the highest amount of cost is

incurred for the cultivation of Dragonfruit that is Rs. 17,46,400 and the lowest amount is

incurred for the cultivation of Banana amounting to Rs. 53,900. The total cost of cultivating

these five horticulture crops in Kolasib Division is Rs. 31,02,640.

7




1. Planting materials

2. P.P Chemicals

3. Manure and fertilizers

4. Human labour


The farmer incurred a total cost of Rs. 74,700 in the first year of cultivation and fell to

Rs. 39,540 in the second year of cultivation.


The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 2 years period. The farmer



2. P.P Chemicals

3. Manure and fertilizers

4. Trellis

5. Labour on laying out and land preparation, etc., weeding


The farmer incurred a total cost of Rs. 15,71,800 on the first year of cultivating

dragonfruit and fell to Rs. 1,74,600 on the second year of cultivation.





2. P.P Chemicals

3. Human labour

4. Land revenue

8

The farmer incurred a total cost of Rs. 27,400 for cultivating banana on the first year

of cultivation and this fell to Rs. 26,500 on the second year of cultivation.


The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for 7 years period. The farmer incurred



2. P.P Chemicals

3. Human labour

4. Land revenue

The farmer incurred the highest cost of cultivation on the first year of cultivating

Arecanut which is Rs. 2,70,000 and remains the same each year till the seventh year at Rs.

1,07,000 for every year.





2. Other inputs

3. Human labour

4. Family labour

5. Land revenue

6. Miscellaneous expenses such as head load of produce and transportation of produce.

The farmer incurred a highest cost of cultivation on the first year of amounting to

Rs. 1,85,300 and fell to Rs. 90,800 on the second year of cultivating Pineapple.

9

2.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Kolasib Division, Kolasib

Mandarin Orange

Dragonfruit

Banana

10

Arecanut

Pineapple

11

III. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, AIZAWL DIVISION, AIZAWL

Abstract

Sl.

No Name of Farmers Address

Name of

Crops

Total cost of

cultivation (in Rs)

1 Kapmawia Sailam M. Orange 2,74,708

2 K. Lalhmingliana Sailam M. Orange 2,63,463

3 Rohlira Sailam M. Orange 2,33,217

4 Malsawma Sailam M. Orange 2,80,589

5 C. Lalhmingliana Sailam M. Orange 2,45,349

6 Lalrinliana Sailam M. Orange 2,21,948

7 Lalngaihzuala Thingsultlangnuam M. Orange 2,88,650

8 Lalramzauva Darlawng M. Orange

(Budded) 1,88,045

9 H. Rokunga Salem veng Dragonfruit 3,50,587

10 Tlanghluna Lungverh Dragonfruit 3,86,573

11 C. Laldanga Thingsultlangnuam Dragonfruit 4,69,157

12 K. Lalremruata Thingsultlangnuam Banana 1,34,945

13 R. Lalhmingmawia N. Lungleng Arecanut 4,14,033

14 Richard

Lalchungnunga Zarkawt Arecanut 4,88,122

15 Lalthlamuani Sakawrdai Pineapple 1,37,750

16 Lalduhsaka New Vervek Pineapple 1,22,700

17 H. Rinliana Muallungthu Pineapple 2,55,050

18 Lalhmachhuana Muallungthu Pineapple 2,33,000

19 Thanghuta Samlukhai Pineapple 1,42,110

20 R. Duhzuala Samlukhai Pineapple 1,38,275

21 Chhanhima Samlukhai Pineapple 1,16,275

TOTAL : 5,384,546

The abstract for the cost of cultivation studies under Aizawl Division, Aizawl District

shows that 21 farmers cultivating 5 horticulture crops- Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit,

Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple were selected for studying the cost of cultivation. Out of

these 21 farmers, the lowest cost is incurred by Mr. Chhanhima, a farmer cultivating

Pineapple incurring Rs. 1,16,275 whereas the highest cost is incurred by Richard

Lalchungnunga for cultivating Arecanut. The total cost incurred by all the farmers under

Aizawl Division is Rs. 5,384,546 for the cultivation of these five horticulture crops.

12


The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 8 years period for 7 farmers

cultivating the seedlings and 4 years period for one farmer cultivating the budded M. Orange.

The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :

1. Seedlings and budded M. Orange

2. Insecticide

3. Fungicide

4. Fertilizers – Urea, MOP, SSP and micro nutrients

5. Organic manures- neem kasto

6. Water tank

7. Pipes

8. Machines- Brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, secaeture, sprayer

9. Slaked lime

10. Labour on jungle clearing digging and filling and half moon terrace, planting,

weeding, fertilizer/ manures application, training/ pruning

11. Land revenue


Most of the farmers cultivate on their own land while 2 out of the 8 farmers leased the

lands they cultivate. Among the 8 M. Orange farmers, the highest cost incurred is Rs.

2,88,650 for cultivating M. Orange (seedlings) for 8 years period while the lowest cost

incurred is Rs. 1,88,045 for cultivating M. Orange (budded) for 4 years period.


The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.


1. Rooted cuttings

2. Insecticide

3. Fungicide

4. Fertilizers- Urea, NPK

5. Organic Manures- cow dung, neem kasto

6. Water tank

13

7. Pipes

8. RCC post and trellis

9. Slaked lime

10. Labour on jungle clearing (including burning and clearing of debris), pit digging and

filling, half moon terrace, planting, replacement, replanting, erection of post, weeding,

irrigation, manures and fertilizers application, training/ pruning


Among the 3 dragonfruit farmers, the lowest cost incurred for 2 years of cultivation is

Rs. 3,50,587 while the highest cost incurred for the same period of time is Rs. 4,69,157.




1. Sucker

2. Water tank

3. Pipes

4. Machines- knife/ dao, hand hoe, shovel, sprayer

5. Labour on- jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding


The land of cultivation is leased by the farmer and the cost of cultivating banana is

higher for the first year which is Rs. 1,25,445 and fell to Rs. 9,500 on the second year of

cultivation.


The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained from 2 farmers for 8 years period each.


1. Seedlings (polypotted and gap filling)

2. Fertilizers- DAP, MOP

3. Water tank

4. Pipes/ drip irrigation

5. Machines- brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, sprayer

14

6. Labour on jungle clearing, pit digging and filling and half moon terrace, planting,

weeding, irrigation, fertilizer/ manures application


Among the 2 farmers, the higher cost incurred is Rs. 4,88,122 for 8 years period while

the other farmer incurred lower cost of Rs. 4,14,033 for a total of 8 years period.


The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained from 7 farmers for 2 years period each

among 5 farmers and 1 year period each for other 2 farmers. The farmers incurred costs on

the purchase and employment of the following inputs :

1. Slips, suckers, crown

2. Water tank

3. Pipes

4. Machines- brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, sprayer

5. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding, desuckering


Among the pineapple farmers, the highest cost incurred is RS. 2,55,050 for 2 years

period and the lowest cost incurred is Rs. 1,16,275 for 2 years of cultivating pineapple.

3.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Aizawl Division, Aizawl

Mandarin Orange

15

Dragon Fruit

Banana

16

IV. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, KHAWZAWL DIVISION, CHAMPHAI

DISTRICT

Abstract


Crops

Total cost of

cultivation

(in Rs)

1 - Khawzawl M. Orange 2,47,440

2 - Khawzawl M. Orange

(Budded) 1,66,800

3 - Khawzawl Dragonfruit 2,28,000

4 - Khawzawl Banana 1,83,600

TOTAL : 8,25,840

The abstract for the cost of cultivation of horticulture crops under Khawzawl

Division, Champhai District shows the cost of cultivation incurred by farmers cultivating 3

kinds of horticulture crops namely- Mandarin Orange (seedlings and budded), Dragonfruit

and Banana for different time periods. The abstract shows that the cost of cultivating M.

Orange (seedlings)is the highest at Rs. 2,47,440 while the cost of cultivating M. Orange

(Budded) is the lowest at Rs. 1,66,800 under Khawzawl Division.

17


The cost of cultivation of M. Orange (seedlings) is obtained for 7 years period from

one farmer and of M. Orange (budded) for 3 years period from another one farmer. The

farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following inputs :

1. Planting materials- seedlings and budded



4. P.P Chemicals

5. HDPE pipe

6. Labour on jungle clearance including layout, pit digging, planting and staking

7. Plant protection measures, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, harvesting,

packing and transportation.

Among the two M. Orange farmers, the highest cost per year is incurred for

cultivating M. Orange (budded) on the first year of cultivation at Rs. 1,13,600 whereas the

lowest cost per year is incurred on the cultivation of M.Orange (budded) on the second year

of cultivation at Rs. 20,900.







4. P.P Chemicals

5. Trellis

6. HDPE pipe

7. Labour on jungle clearance including layout, planting, plant protection measures,

application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, erection of post, harvesting, packing

and transportation.

18

The farmer incurred a cost of Rs. 1,91,900 on the first year and the cost fell to Rs.

36,100 on the second year of cultivating dragonfruit.







4. P.P Chemicals

5. HDPE pipes

6. Labour on jungle clearance including layout, planting, plant protection measures,

application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, propping, denavelling, mattocking,

harvesting, packing and transportation.

The farmer incurred the highest cost on the first year of cultivation amounting to Rs.

1,22,980 and fell to Rs. 47,500 on the third year of cultivating Banana.

4.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Khawzawl Division, Champhai

Mandarin Orange

19

Dragon Fruit

Banana

20

V. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, SERCHHIP DIVISION, SERCHHIP

DISTRICT

Abstract


Crops

Total cost of

cultivation

(in Rs)

1 R. Liansanga Mualcheng M. Orange 54,830

2 J.B. Zahmingthanga N. Vanlaiphai M. Orange 74,950

3 Vanlalhmuaka N. Vanlaiphai M. Orange 3,79,460

4 C. Lawmzuala Serchhip Dragonfruit 3,53,573

5 Laluaia Serchhip Dragonfruit 3,53,573

6 K. Laldaihvela Serchhip Dragonfruit 3,53,573

7 Lalrinkima Khumtung Banana 1,82,600

8 Zoremmawia Khumtung Banana 1,81,850

9 Lalhmunliana Khumtung Banana 1,85,300

10 Ramlawma Keitum Pineapple 2,70,800

11 Keitawna Keitum Pineapple 2,70,800

12 T.C. Lallala Keitum Pineapple 2,70,800

TOTAL : 29,32,109

The abstract for cost of cultivation studies under Serchhip Division, Serchhip District

shows the cost of cultivating 4 types of horticulture crops namely- Mandarin Orange,

Dragonfruit, Banana and Pineapple by 3 farmers each for different time periods. The abstract

shows that the highest cost of cultivation is incurred by Vanlalhmuaka, an M. Orange farmer

amounting to Rs. 3,79,460 while the lowest cost is incurred by another M. Orange farmer, R.

Liansanga at Rs. 54,830. The sum total cost of cultivating these 4 horticulture crops is Rs.

29,32,109 under Serchhip Division.

21


The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 8 years period each from 3

farmers. The farmers incurred costs on the purchase and employment of the following

inputs :

1. Seedlings

2. Chemical inputs- insecticide and fungicide

3. Fertilizers- Urea, MOP, SSP, micronutrients, NPK (foliar spray), slaked lime

4. Organic manures- FYM (cow dung), neemkasto, poultry waste

5. Irrigation inputs- water reservoir/ tank and pipes

6. Machine/ tools and implements- knife, hand hoe, shovel, secateurs, spade, sprayer, etc

7. Waged human labour and family labour on jungle clearance, pit digging, filling and

half moon terrace, planting, interculture operations, irrigation, applications of

fertilizers/ manures/ chemicals


The costs incurred vary widely among the 3 farmers where the lowest cost incurred is

Rs. 54,830 for 8 years period while the highest cost incurred is Rs. 3,79,460 for the same

period of cultivation.




1. Rooted cuttings and gap fillings

2. Insecticides

3. Fungicide

4. Fertilizers- urea, MOP, SSP

5. Organic manures- cow dung

6. Slaked lime

7. Machines- brush cutter, knife, hand hoe, shovel, secateurs, sprayer

8. Labour on jungle clearing, pit digging and filling and half moon terrace, planting,

RCC post and trellis and erection of posts, weeding, irrigation, fertilizer/ manures

application, training/ pruning

22


According to the information received, the 3 farmers incurred the same costs of

Rs. 3,53,573 each for 2 years of cultivating Dragonfruit.


The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.


1. Suckers

2. Insecticide

3. Fungicide

4. Fertilizers- NPK

5. Organic manures- cow dung, neemkasto

6. Machines- hand hoe, sprayer

7. Labouron jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding, fertilizers/ manures

application, desuckering


Among the 3 farmers, the lowest amount of cost incurred is Rs. 1,81,850 for 2 years

period and the highest cost incurred is Rs. 1,85,300 for the same period of cultivation.


The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 2 years period each for 3 farmers.


1. Slips/ suckers/ crown

2. Insecticide

3. Fungicide

4. NPK

5. Neemkasto

6. Machines- knife, hand hoe

7. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding, fertilizer/ manures

application, desuckering


23

According to the information received, the 3 farmers incurred the same costs of

Rs.2,70,800each for 2years of cultivating Pineapple.

5.5. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Serchhip Division, Serchhip

Mandarin Orange

Dragon Fruit

24

Banana

Pineapple

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VI. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, LUNGLEI DIVISION, LUNGLEI.

Abstract


Crops

Total cost of

cultivation

(in Rs)

1 PC. Lalhmachhuana

S/o PC. Lalthanga Thingfal M. Orange 3,77,050

2 Rochhungi

D/o Zohmingthanga Zohnuai Dragonfruit 44,100

3 Romawia

S/o Vanbawiha Zobawk Banana 2,78,300

4 Lawmzuala

S/o C. Hnawktea Lunglawn Arecanut 2,04,450

5 Lalhumawia

S/o A. Muanzova Tawipui N-I Pineapple 1,96,500

TOTAL : 11,00,400

The abstract for studies on cost of cultivation of horticulture crops under Lunglei

Division shows that 5 farmers from different areas are selected as representatives of 5

different horticulture crop farmers in the division. These crops are- Mandarin Orange,

Dragonfruit, Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple. These farmers incur different amount of costs

of cultivation where the cost of cultivating Mandarin Orange is the highest at Rs. 3,77,050

and the cost of cultivating Dragonfruit is the lowest at Rs. 44,100. The total cost of

cultivation for 5 different horticulture crops amounts to Rs. 11,00,400.

26




1. Seedlings

2. Water tank

3. Pipes

4. Knife/ Dao

5. Shovel

6. Hand hoe

7. Sprayer

8. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding


The land of cultivation of the farmer is leased and the total costs of cultivation vary

each year during the 3 years period from Rs. 1,26,000 on the first year to Rs. 1,61,150 on the

third year of cultivation.




1. Knife/ Dao

2. Shovel

3. Hand hoe

4. Cement post

5. Labour on weeding


The farmer performed the works of eathening up and planting by herself. The land of

cultivation is leased and the total costs vary each year from Rs. 16,600 on the first year to

Rs. 11,850 on the fourth year.

27




1. Seedlings

2. Pipes

3. Knife/Dao

4. Shovel

5. Hand hoe

6. Labour on jungle clearing, planting, weeding


The farmer performed the work of planting by himself alongwith the workers

employed. The land of cultivation is leased and the total costs incurred vary each year from

Rs. 82,300 on the first year to Rs. 49,200 on the fifth year of cultivation.


The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for 14 years period. The farmer


1. Seedlings

2. Neemcasto (Organic manure)

3. Knife/ Dao

4. Shovel

5. Hand hoe

6. Sprayer

7. Labour on jungle clearing, earthening up, planting, weeding


The land of cultivation is leased and the total costs of cultivation vary each year from

Rs. 22,050 on the first year to Rs. 13,800 on the 14th year of cultivation.

28




1. Seedlings

2. Pipes

3. Knife/ Dao

4. Shovel

5. Hand hoe

6. Labour on jungle clearing, weeding


The farmer performed the works of earthening up and planting by himself and the

land of cultivation is owned by the farmer. The total costs of cultivation vary from Rs.

1,17,200 on the first year to Rs. 42,200 on the third year of cultivation.

6.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Lunglei Division, Lunglei

Mandarin Orange

29

Dragon Fruit

Banana

30

Arecanut

Pineapple

31

VII. COSTS OF CVULTIVATION STUDIES, LAWNGTLAI DIVISION,

LAWNGTLAI

Abstract

Sl.

No Name of Farmers Address Name of Crops

Total cost of

cultivation (in Rs)

1 Lianawrha Sangau- II M. Orange 80,900

2 L.C. Ronghaka Siachangkawn M. Orange 80,850

3 Tialhupa Siachangkawn M. Orange 78,550

4 Manghnina Siachangkawn M. Orange 66,700

5 Lalbiakdika Chawntlangpui Dragonfruit 3,47,600

6 Lalnunpuia Diltlang ‘S’ Dragonfruit 3,51,595

7 T. Thaluaithanga Lawngtlai Bazar Dragonfruit 3,51,288

8 Lalbiakdika Chawntlangpui Banana 78,875

9 Khawmkima Chawntlangpui Banana 73,750

10 Biakhluna Chawntlangpui Banana 72,750

11 R. Lalchawimawia Chawntlangpui Banana 71,417

12 Remkhupa Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 68,745

13 Mangchhawna Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 73,354

14 Kilhengi Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 63,732

15 Lalpanmeka Ngengpuitlang Arecanut 72,720

16 HreluaiaSathing Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 48,875

17 Bawiliana Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 56,870

18 Lalpari Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 47,960

19 A. Ngotha Saizawh ‘E’ Pineapple 61,513

TOTAL : 21,48,044

The abstract for the cost of cultivation studies under Lawngtlai Division, Lawngtlai

District shows that 4 farmers each are taken as representative farmers of Mandarin Orange,

Banana, Arecanut and Pineapple and 3 farmers are taken as representative farmers of

Dragonfruit. Among these 5 horticulture crops, the lowest cost of cultivation is incurred by

Lalpari, a Banana farmer incurring Rs. 47,960 whereas the highest cost of cultivation is

incurred by Lalnunpuia, a Dragonfruit farmer incurring Rs. 3,51,595. The total cost of

cultivation by all the farmers is Rs. 21,48,044 under Lawngtlai Division.

32


The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for 2 years period each for 4 farmers.


1. Physical inputs

2. Waged human labour

3. Family labour

4. Land revenue

Particulars of physical inputs are not mentioned by the investigators where only the

total costof physical inputs as a whole is obtained. The lowest cost of cultivation incurred

among the 4 farmers is Rs. 66,700 for 2 years period whereas the highest cost incurred is

Rs. 80,900 for the same period of time.




1. Physical inputs


3. Family labour

4. Land revenue


total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained. The lowest cost of cultivation incurred

among the farmers is Rs. 3,47,600 for 2 years period whereas the highest cost incurred is Rs.

3,51,595 for the same period of time.


The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for 2 years period each for 4 farmers.


1. Physical inputs


3. Family labour

4. Land revenue

33


total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained.The lowest cost incurred for cultivating

Banana is Rs. 71,417 for 2 years period while the highest cost incurred is Rs.78,875 for the

same period of time.


The cost of cultivation of Arecanut is obtained for years 2 period each for 4 farmers.


1. Physical inputs


3. Family labour

4. Land revenue


total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained. Among the 4 farmers,thelowest cost

incurred for cultivating Arecanut is Rs. 63,732 for 2 years period while the highest cost

incurred is Rs.73,354 for the same period of time.


The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for 2years period each for 4 farmers.


1. Physical inputs


3. Family labour

4. Land revenue


total cost of physical inputs as a whole is obtained. Among the 4 farmers, the lowest cost

incurred for cultivating Pineapple is Rs. 47,960 for 2 years period while the highest cost

incurred is Rs. 61,513 for the same period of time.

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7.6. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Lawngtlai Division, Lawngtlai

Mandarin Orange

Dragon Fruit

35

Banana

Pineapple

36

VIII. COST OF CULTIVATION STUDIES, SIAHA DIVISION, SIAHA DISTRICT

Abstract

Sl.

No Name of Farmers Address Name of Crops

Total cost of

cultivation (in Rs)

1 Ngun-iapa Noaotlah M. Orange 1,18,000

2 Lallungmuana Noaotlah M. Orange 1,18,000

3 B. Beimo Amobye ‘CH’ M. Orange 1,18,000

4 Lalthlengliana Amobye ‘CH’ M. Orange 1,18,000

5 V. Pari Siahatlah Dragonfruit 60,800

6 V. Ronghaka Siahatlah Dragonfruit 60,800

7 C. Zohminga Amobye ‘CH’ Dragonfruit 60,800

8 P. Beitia Lobo-II Banana 85,000

9 Biaksanga College Vaih Banana 85,000

10 Zabua Zyhno Banana 85,000

11 C. Rorela Thiahra Pineapple 59,500

12 T. Hmotha Thiahra Pineapple 59,500

13 N. Sakho Amotlah Pineapple 59,500

14 Holly N. Colony- I Pineapple 59,500

TOTAL : 11,47,400

The abstract for cost of cultivation studies under Siaha Division, Siaha District shows

that 14 farmers are selected as representative farmers of 4 different kinds of horticulture crops

namely – Mandarin Orange, Dragonfruit, Banana and Pineapple for different time periods.

M. Orange farmers incurred the highest cost of cultivation of Rs.1,18,000 each while

Pineapple farmers incurred the lowest cost of Rs.59,500 each.

37


The cost of cultivation of M. Orange is obtained for the second year of cultivationby4


inputs :

1. Seedlings

2. Labour on clearance of jungle etc., digging of pit, filling of pits with topsoil, Planting,

weeding, weeding (interculture)


Separate costs of cultivation by each of the 4 farmers are not mentioned by the

investigators where only the total cost incurred by a single farmer on the second year of

cultivation is mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is

taken to be similar for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating M. Orange onthe second

year is Rs.1,18,000 each for 4 farmers.


The cost of cultivation of Dragonfuit is obtained for the first yearof cultivation by 3


inputs :

1. Seedlings

2. Human labour on planting, weeding and trimming, trimming and prunning



investigators where only the cost incurred by a single farmeron the first year of cultivation is

mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is taken to be similar

for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating Dragonfruiton the first year is Rs. 60,800each

for 3 farmers.


The cost of cultivation of Banana is obtained for the third year of cultivationby3


inputs :

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1. Rhizome

2. Human labour on clearance of jungle etc., planting, weeding



investigators where only the cost incurred by a single farmer on the third year of cultivation is

mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is taken to be similar

for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating Banana on the third year is Rs. 85,000each

for 3 farmers.


The cost of cultivation of Pineapple is obtained for the second year of cultivationby4


inputs :

1. Slip/sucker/crown

2. Labour on earthing up, planting, weeding and trimming, desucking



investigators where only the cost incurred by a single farmer on the second year of cultivation

is mentioned. Therefore, the cost of cultivation incurred by a single farmer is taken to be

similar for all the farmers. Thus, the cost of cultivating Pineapple on the second year is Rs.

59,500each for 4 farmers.

8.5. Pictures of Horticulture Crops Cultivated in Siaha Division, Siaha

Mandarin Orange

39

Dragon Fruit

Banana

Pineapple

STUDIES ON COST OF CULTIVATION OF HORTICULTURE ...

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