Post on 25-Feb-2023
Hittite Hittite Hittite Hittite ḫḫḫḫūūūūmantetmantetmantetmantetand the PIE instrumental endingand the PIE instrumental endingand the PIE instrumental endingand the PIE instrumental ending
Alwin Kloekhorst (a.kloekhorst@hum.leidenuniv.nl)
Topic
Melchert & Oettinger: Ablativ und Instrumentalim Hethitischen und Indogermanischen. EinBeitrag zur relative Chronologie, Inc.Ling. 32 (2009).
Topic
Melchert & Oettinger: Ablativ und Instrumentalim Hethitischen und Indogermanischen. EinBeitrag zur relative Chronologie, Inc.Ling. 32 (2009).
→ Endings in a dental.
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuit
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit
other IE (abl.)
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit
other IE (abl.)pronominal *-d
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit
other IE (abl.)pronominal *-d Skt. mád, tvád
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit
other IE (abl.)pronominal *-d Skt. mád, tvád
nominal o-stems *-�d
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit
other IE (abl.)pronominal *-d Skt. mád, tvád
nominal o-stems *-�d Skt. -āt, Lat. -ō(d), Lith. -o
Melchert & Oettinger
Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt
nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit
other IE (abl.)pronominal *-d Skt. mád, tvád
nominal o-stems *-�d Skt. -āt, Lat. -ō(d), Lith. -o
→ all related to each other
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (1)
pronominal:
Hitt. kēt, apēt < *ḱé-d, *h1obhé-d
[new form: šu-me-et (OS): instr. of ‘you (pl.)’]
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (1)
pronominal:
Hitt. kēt, apēt < *ḱé-d, *h1obhé-d
[new form: šu-me-et (OS): instr. of ‘you (pl.)’]
Skt. mád, tvád
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (1)
pronominal:
Hitt. kēt, apēt < *ḱé-d, *h1obhé-d
[new form: šu-me-et (OS): instr. of ‘you (pl.)’]
Skt. mád, tvád < *mé-d, *tué-d
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (1)
pronominal:
Hitt. kēt, apēt < *ḱé-d, *h1obhé-d
[new form: šu-me-et (OS): instr. of ‘you (pl.)’]
Skt. mád, tvád < *mé-d, *tué-d
→ ending *-d
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (2)
thematic:
Skt. -āt is sometimes disyllabic, so *-oHVd
Lith. -o, Latv. -a
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (2)
thematic:
Skt. -āt is sometimes disyllabic, so *-oHVd
Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā (Stang 1966)
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (2)
thematic:
Skt. -āt is sometimes disyllabic, so *-oHVd
Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā (Stang 1966)
→ *-oh1ad
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (2)
thematic: *-oh1ad
*-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’)(not *h2ed or *h1ad because of pron. *-d)
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (2)
thematic: *-oh1ad
*-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’)(not *h2ed or *h1ad because of pron. *-d)
*-oh1-ad:
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (2)
thematic: *-oh1ad
*-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’)(not *h2ed or *h1ad because of pron. *-d)
*-oh1-ad: *pedoh1 + *ad (“Gruppenflexion”)
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (3)
Hittite nominal -(i)t: recent ending
šākuu%a- ‘eye’: instr. šākuit and šākuu%at (1x)
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (3)
Hittite nominal -(i)t: recent ending
šākuu%a- ‘eye’: instr. šākuit and šākuu%at (1x)
šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (3)
Hittite nominal -(i)t: recent ending
šākuu%a- ‘eye’: instr. šākuit and šākuu%at (1x)
šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad
analysed as šākuu%a-t
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (3)
Hittite nominal -(i)t: recent ending
šākuu%a- ‘eye’: instr. šākuit and šākuu%at (1x)
šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad
analysed as šākuu%a-t, after which -t spread.
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (3)
Hittite nominal -(i)t: recent ending
šākuu%a- ‘eye’: instr. šākuit and šākuu%at (1x)
šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad
analysed as šākuu%a-t, after which -t spread.
-it is “durch Anaptyxe hinter auf Dentalen endendem Stammauslaut entstanden”
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (3)
Hittite nominal -(i)t: recent ending
šākuu%a- ‘eye’: instr. šākuit and šākuu%at (1x)
šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad
analysed as šākuu%a-t, after which -t spread.
-it is “durch Anaptyxe hinter auf Dentalen endendem Stammauslaut entstanden”, and apparently must eventually have replaced -at.
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis
(1) PIE pronominal *-d
(2) PIE them. ending *-oh1-ad < *-oh1 + *ad
(3) Hittite nominal -(i)t is recent
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis
���� (1) PIE pronominal *-d
(2) PIE them. ending *-oh1-ad < *-oh1 + *ad
(3) Hittite nominal -(i)t is recent
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis
���� (1) PIE pronominal *-d
(2) PIE them. ending *-oh1-ad < *-oh1 + *ad
(3) Hittite nominal -(i)t is recent
����
Melchert & Oettinger: analysis
���� (1) PIE pronominal *-d
(2) PIE them. ending *-oh1-ad < *-oh1 + *ad
(3) Hittite nominal -(i)t is recent
����
����
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented:
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)
e.g. Lith. dúoti ‘to give’ vs. dovanà ‘gift’ < *dō-
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)
e.g. Lith. dúoti ‘to give’ vs. dovanà ‘gift’ < *dō-
Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)
e.g. Lith. dúoti ‘to give’ vs. dovanà ‘gift’ < *dō-
Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented: < PBalt. *-ā
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)
e.g. Lith. dúoti ‘to give’ vs. dovanà ‘gift’ < *dō-
Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented: < PBalt. *-ā as well as *-ō
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)
e.g. Lith. dúoti ‘to give’ vs. dovanà ‘gift’ < *dō-
Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented: < PBalt. *-ā as well as *-ō
→ PIE *-oHad
Problems: *-oh1-ad
M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)
Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo
Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)
e.g. Lith. dúoti ‘to give’ vs. dovanà ‘gift’ < *dō-
Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented: < PBalt. *-ā as well as *-ō
→ PIE *-oHad, *-oHod, *-oHed
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!
M&O: *pedoh1-ad
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!
M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!
M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”> “vom Platz her”
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!
M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”> “vom Platz her”: note the brackets around ‘hier’
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!
M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”> “vom Platz her”: note the brackets around ‘hier’
how e.g. *tué-d?
Problems: *ad
M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)
semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!
M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”> “vom Platz her”: note the brackets around ‘hier’
how e.g. *tué-d? Why not ‘to you’ instead of ‘away from you’?
Problems: Hitt. -t
M&O: Hitt. -t generalized from šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad
But šākuu%at attested once in MH text, whereas normal form is šākuit (also attested in OH).
Problems: Hitt. -t
M&O: Hitt. -t generalized from šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad
But šākuu%at attested once in MH text, whereas normal form is šākuit (also attested in OH).
Even if šākuu%at is original form, why replaced by šākuit?
Hittite -t and -it
----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t
Hittite -t and -it
----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t
NH: ēšḫanit ‘blood’, kiššarit ‘hand’
Hittite -t and -it
----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t
NH: ēšḫanit ‘blood’, kiššarit ‘hand’
----itititit:
Hittite -t and -it
----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t
NH: ēšḫanit ‘blood’, kiššarit ‘hand’
----itititit:variant of -t, in which i is anaptyctic vowel, especially after
dentals
Hittite -t and -it
----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t
NH: ēšḫanit ‘blood’, kiššarit ‘hand’
----itititit:variant of -t, in which i is anaptyctic vowel, especially after
dentals, e.g. *kunant-t > kunantit (Neu 1979: 19)
Hittite -t and -it
----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t
NH: ēšḫanit ‘blood’, kiššarit ‘hand’
----itititit:variant of -t, in which i is anaptyctic vowel, especially after
dentals, e.g. *kunant-t > kunantit (Neu 1979: 19)
Problems: 1. *kunant-t should have yielded **kunantst
Hittite -t and -it
----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t
NH: ēšḫanit ‘blood’, kiššarit ‘hand’
----itititit:variant of -t, in which i is anaptyctic vowel, especially after
dentals, e.g. *kunant-t > kunantit (Neu 1979: 19)
Problems: 1. *kunant-t should have yielded **kunantst2. -it often found after vowels, e.g. genzuit, not**genzut
Variant -et
e.g. ḫūmantet ‘all, every, each’
Often seen as spelling variant, but spelling with e too often:ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et (9x, including in OS)ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-it (2x)
Variant -et
e.g. ḫūmantet ‘all, every, each’
Often seen as spelling variant, but spelling with e too often:ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et (9x, including in OS)ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-it (2x)
ḫūmant-: in oblique cases originally accented on the ending(Kloekhorst fthc.):
Variant -et
e.g. ḫūmantet ‘all, every, each’
Often seen as spelling variant, but spelling with e too often:ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et (9x, including in OS)ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-it (2x)
ḫūmant-: in oblique cases originally accented on the ending(Kloekhorst fthc.):
gen.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-da-a-aš = /HomantJs/ < *°nt-ós
Variant -et
e.g. ḫūmantet ‘all, every, each’
Often seen as spelling variant, but spelling with e too often:ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et (9x, including in OS)ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-it (2x)
ḫūmant-: in oblique cases originally accented on the ending(Kloekhorst fthc.):
gen.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-da-a-aš = /HomantJs/ < *°nt-ósdat.-loc.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-i = /HomantL/ < *°nt-éi
Variant -et
e.g. ḫūmantet ‘all, every, each’
Often seen as spelling variant, but spelling with e too often:ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et (9x, including in OS)ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-it (2x)
ḫūmant-: in oblique cases originally accented on the ending(Kloekhorst fthc.):
gen.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-da-a-aš = /HomantJs/ < *°nt-ósdat.-loc.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-i = /HomantL/ < *°nt-éi
→ instr. ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et = /Homantét/ < *°nt-ét
Variant -et
Other examples of -et not easy to find: the sign E/IT is ambiguous regarding its reading.
Variant -et
Other examples of -et not easy to find: the sign E/IT is ambiguous regarding its reading.
patet ‘foot’
Variant -et
Other examples of -et not easy to find: the sign E/IT is ambiguous regarding its reading.
patet ‘foot’
gen.pl. pa-ta-a-an = /padJn/ < *pod-óm
Variant -et
Other examples of -et not easy to find: the sign E/IT is ambiguous regarding its reading.
patet ‘foot’
gen.pl. pa-ta-a-an = /padJn/ < *pod-ómdat.-loc.pl. pa-ta-a-aš = /padJs/ < *pod-ós
Variant -et
Other examples of -et not easy to find: the sign E/IT is ambiguous regarding its reading.
patet ‘foot’
gen.pl. pa-ta-a-an = /padJn/ < *pod-ómdat.-loc.pl. pa-ta-a-aš = /padJs/ < *pod-ós
→ instr. pa-te-et = /padét/ < *pod-ét
Variant -et
Other examples of -et not easy to find: the sign E/IT is ambiguous regarding its reading.
patet ‘foot’
gen.pl. pa-ta-a-an = /padJn/ < *pod-ómdat.-loc.pl. pa-ta-a-aš = /padJs/ < *pod-ós
→ instr. pa-te-et = /padét/ < *pod-ét
→ -et is the accented full grade variant of -t!
Variant -it
Hypothesis: -it is unaccented variant of -et (cf. *nébhes > n,piš)
OS forms:
ge-en-zu-i-t°
ga-a-pí-ni-it
še-e-er-ḫi-it
etc.
Variant -it
Hypothesis: -it is unaccented variant of -et (cf. *nébhes > n,piš)
OS forms:
ge-en-zu-i-t° = /géntsuit/
ga-a-pí-ni-it = /gJbinit/
še-e-er-ḫi-it = /sḗrHit/
etc.
Variant -it
Hypothesis: -it is unaccented variant of -et (cf. *nébhes > n,piš)
OS forms:
ge-en-zu-i-t° = /géntsuit/
ga-a-pí-ni-it = /gJbinit/
še-e-er-ḫi-it = /sḗrHit/
etc.
*C/C-et
Hittite situation
Three variants:
-t < *-t (zero-grade)
-et < *-ét (acc. full grade)
-it < *-et (unacc. full grade)
Hittite situation
Three variants:gen.sg.
-t < *-t (zero-grade) -š < *-s
-et < *-ét (acc. full grade) -āš < *-ós
-it < *-et (unacc. full grade) -aš < *-os
Hittite situation
Three variants:gen.sg. abl.
-t < *-t (zero-grade) -š < *-s -z < *-ti
-et < *-ét (acc. full grade) -āš < *-ós -āz < *-óti
-it < *-et (unacc. full grade) -aš < *-os -az < *-oti
Hittite situation
Three variants:gen.sg. abl.
-t < *-t (zero-grade) -š < *-s -z < *-ti
-et < *-ét (acc. full grade) -āš < *-ós -āz < *-óti
-it < *-et (unacc. full grade) -aš < *-os -az < *-oti
-t = original proterodynamic ending
Hittite situation
Three variants:gen.sg. abl.
-t < *-t (zero-grade) -š < *-s -z < *-ti
-et < *-ét (acc. full grade) -āš < *-ós -āz < *-óti
-it < *-et (unacc. full grade) -aš < *-os -az < *-oti
-t = original proterodynamic ending
-et = original hysterodynamic ending
Hittite situation
Three variants:gen.sg. abl.
-t < *-t (zero-grade) -š < *-s -z < *-ti
-et < *-ét (acc. full grade) -āš < *-ós -āz < *-óti
-it < *-et (unacc. full grade) -aš < *-os -az < *-oti
-t = original proterodynamic ending
-et = original hysterodynamic ending
-it = secondarily unaccented hysterodynamic ending
PIE situation
pronominal *-d
nominal (cons.-stems):proterodynamic *-dhysterodynamic *-éd
o-stems *-oh1ed
PIE situation
pronominal *-d
nominal (cons.-stems):proterodynamic *-dhysterodynamic *-éd
o-stems *-oh1ed < *-o-ed
PIE situation
pronominal *-d
nominal (cons.-stems):proterodynamic *-dhysterodynamic *-éd
o-stems *-oh1ed < *-o-ed
(compare dat.sg. *-oh1ei < *-o-ei)
References
Kloekhorst, A., fthc., Accentuation, plene spelling, and dat.-loc.sg. forms in Hittite, Proceedings of the 8th Internation Congress of Hittitology, Warsaw 2011.
Mažiulis, V., 1970, Baltu1 ir kitu1 indoeuropečiu1 kalbu1 santykiai (deklinacija), Vilnius.
Melchert, H.C. & Oettinger, N., 2009, Ablativ und Instrumental im Hethitischen undIndogermanischen. Ein Beitrag zur relative Chronologie, Incontri Linguistici 32, 53-73.
Neu, E., 1979, Einige Uberlegungen zu den hethitischen Kasusendungen, Hethitischund Indogermanisch (edd. E. Neu e.a.), 177-196.
Stang, C.S., 1966, Vergleichende Grammatik der Baltischen Sprachen.