Hittite ḫūmantet and the PIE instrumental ending

Hittite Hittite Hittite Hittite ḫḫḫḫūūūūmantetmantetmantetmantetand the PIE instrumental endingand the PIE instrumental endingand the PIE instrumental endingand the PIE instrumental ending

Alwin Kloekhorst ([email protected])

Topic

Melchert & Oettinger: Ablativ und Instrumentalim Hethitischen und Indogermanischen. EinBeitrag zur relative Chronologie, Inc.Ling. 32 (2009).

Topic

Melchert & Oettinger: Ablativ und Instrumentalim Hethitischen und Indogermanischen. EinBeitrag zur relative Chronologie, Inc.Ling. 32 (2009).

→ Endings in a dental.

Melchert & Oettinger


Hitt.


Hitt. (instr.)


Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t


Hitt. (instr.)pronominal -t kēt, apēt



nominal -(i)t



nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuit



nominal -(i)t cons.-stems: kiššarta, genzuita-stems: lālit, alpit




other IE (abl.)




other IE (abl.)pronominal *-d




other IE (abl.)pronominal *-d Skt. mád, tvád





nominal o-stems *-�d





nominal o-stems *-�d Skt. -āt, Lat. -ō(d), Lith. -o





nominal o-stems *-�d Skt. -āt, Lat. -ō(d), Lith. -o

→ all related to each other

Melchert & Oettinger: analysis (1)


pronominal:


pronominal:

Hitt. kēt, apēt


pronominal:

Hitt. kēt, apēt < *ḱé-d, *h1obhé-d


pronominal:


[new form: šu-me-et (OS): instr. of ‘you (pl.)’]


pronominal:



Skt. mád, tvád


pronominal:



Skt. mád, tvád < *mé-d, *tué-d


pronominal:



Skt. mád, tvád < *mé-d, *tué-d

→ ending *-d


thematic:


thematic:

Skt. -āt


thematic:

Skt. -āt is sometimes disyllabic, so *-oHVd


thematic:


Lith. -o, Latv. -a


thematic:


Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā (Stang 1966)


thematic:


Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā (Stang 1966)

→ *-oh1ad


thematic: *-oh1ad


thematic: *-oh1ad

*-ad


thematic: *-oh1ad

*-ad = adv. *ad


thematic: *-oh1ad

*-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’)


thematic: *-oh1ad

*-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’)(not *h2ed or *h1ad because of pron. *-d)


thematic: *-oh1ad


*-oh1-ad:


thematic: *-oh1ad


*-oh1-ad: *pedoh1 + *ad (“Gruppenflexion”)


Hittite nominal -(i)t


Hittite nominal -(i)t: recent ending



šākuu%a- ‘eye’



šākuu%a- ‘eye’: instr. šākuit and šākuu%at (1x)




šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad





analysed as šākuu%a-t





analysed as šākuu%a-t, after which -t spread.






-it is “durch Anaptyxe hinter auf Dentalen endendem Stammauslaut entstanden”






-it is “durch Anaptyxe hinter auf Dentalen endendem Stammauslaut entstanden”, and apparently must eventually have replaced -at.

Melchert & Oettinger: analysis


(1) PIE pronominal *-d



(2) PIE them. ending *-oh1-ad < *-oh1 + *ad




(3) Hittite nominal -(i)t is recent


�� (1) PIE pronominal *-d







��





��

��

Problems: *-oh1-ad

Problems: *-oh1-ad

M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a

Problems: *-oh1-ad

M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā

Problems: *-oh1-ad

M&O: Lith. -o, Latv. -a < PBalt. *-ā, not *-ō (Stang 1966)

Problems: *-oh1-ad


Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō

Problems: *-oh1-ad


Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a

Problems: *-oh1-ad


Accented: PBalt. *ā ≠ PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a > Lith. uo, Latv. uo

Problems: *-oh1-ad



Unaccented:

Problems: *-oh1-ad



Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō

Problems: *-oh1-ad



Unaccented: PBalt. *ā = PBalt. *ō> Lith. o, Latv. a (Mažiulis 1970)

Problems: *-oh1-ad




e.g. Lith. dúoti ‘to give’ vs. dovanà ‘gift’ < *dō-

Problems: *-oh1-ad





Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented

Problems: *-oh1-ad





Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented: < PBalt. *-ā

Problems: *-oh1-ad





Lith. -o, Latv. -a always unaccented: < PBalt. *-ā as well as *-ō

Problems: *-oh1-ad






→ PIE *-oHad

Problems: *-oh1-ad






→ PIE *-oHad, *-oHod, *-oHed

Problems: *ad

Problems: *ad

M&O: the element *-ad = adv. *ad (Lat. ad ‘to, into’, “hin, zu”)

Problems: *ad


semantically unattractive

Problems: *ad


semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’

Problems: *ad


semantically unattractive: abl. = ‘away from’: opposite meaning!

Problems: *ad



M&O: *pedoh1-ad

Problems: *ad



M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”

Problems: *ad



M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”> “vom Platz her”

Problems: *ad



M&O: *pedoh1-ad “im Zusammenhang mit der Stelle (hier)her”> “vom Platz her”: note the brackets around ‘hier’

Problems: *ad




how e.g. *tué-d?

Problems: *ad




how e.g. *tué-d? Why not ‘to you’ instead of ‘away from you’?

Problems: Hitt. -t

Problems: Hitt. -t

M&O: Hitt. -t generalized from šākuu%at < *sókwoh1-ad

Problems: Hitt. -t


But šākuu%at attested once in MH text, whereas normal form is šākuit (also attested in OH).

Problems: Hitt. -t


But šākuu%at attested once in MH text, whereas normal form is šākuit (also attested in OH).

Even if šākuu%at is original form, why replaced by šākuit?

Hittite -t and -it

Hittite -t and -it

----tttt:

Hittite -t and -it

----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-t

Hittite -t and -it

----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-t

Hittite -t and -it

----tttt: ganut /gnút/ ‘knee’ < *gn-éu-tišḫanda /DsHánt/ ‘blood’ < *h1sh2-én-tkiššarta / kiššarat /kDSárt/ ‘hand’ < *ghs-ér-t

Hittite -t and -it


NH: ēšḫanit ‘blood’, kiššarit ‘hand’

Hittite -t and -it



----itititit:

Hittite -t and -it



----itititit:variant of -t, in which i is anaptyctic vowel, especially after

dentals

Hittite -t and -it




dentals, e.g. *kunant-t > kunantit (Neu 1979: 19)

Hittite -t and -it





Problems: 1. *kunant-t should have yielded **kunantst

Hittite -t and -it





Problems: 1. *kunant-t should have yielded **kunantst2. -it often found after vowels, e.g. genzuit, not**genzut

Variant -et

Variant -et

e.g. ḫūmantet ‘all, every, each’

Variant -et


Often seen as spelling variant

Variant -et


Often seen as spelling variant, but spelling with e too often:ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et (9x, including in OS)ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-it (2x)

Variant -et



ḫūmant-: in oblique cases originally accented on the ending(Kloekhorst fthc.):

Variant -et




gen.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-da-a-aš = /HomantJs/ < *°nt-ós

Variant -et




gen.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-da-a-aš = /HomantJs/ < *°nt-ósdat.-loc.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-i = /HomantL/ < *°nt-éi

Variant -et




gen.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-da-a-aš = /HomantJs/ < *°nt-ósdat.-loc.sg. ḫu-u-ma-an-ti-i = /HomantL/ < *°nt-éi

→ instr. ḫu-u-ma-an-te-et = /Homantét/ < *°nt-ét

Variant -et

Other examples of -et not easy to find: the sign E/IT is ambiguous regarding its reading.

Variant -et


patet ‘foot’

Variant -et


patet ‘foot’

gen.pl. pa-ta-a-an = /padJn/ < *pod-óm

Variant -et


patet ‘foot’

gen.pl. pa-ta-a-an = /padJn/ < *pod-ómdat.-loc.pl. pa-ta-a-aš = /padJs/ < *pod-ós

Variant -et


patet ‘foot’


→ instr. pa-te-et = /padét/ < *pod-ét

Variant -et


patet ‘foot’


→ instr. pa-te-et = /padét/ < *pod-ét

→ -et is the accented full grade variant of -t!

Variant -it

Variant -it

Hypothesis: -it is unaccented variant of -et

Variant -it

Hypothesis: -it is unaccented variant of -et (cf. *nébhes > n,piš)

Variant -it


OS forms:

ge-en-zu-i-t°

ga-a-pí-ni-it

še-e-er-ḫi-it

etc.

Variant -it


OS forms:

ge-en-zu-i-t° = /géntsuit/

ga-a-pí-ni-it = /gJbinit/

še-e-er-ḫi-it = /sḗrHit/

etc.

Variant -it


OS forms:

ge-en-zu-i-t° = /géntsuit/

ga-a-pí-ni-it = /gJbinit/

še-e-er-ḫi-it = /sḗrHit/

etc.

*C/C-et

Hittite situation

Hittite situation

Three variants:

Hittite situation

Three variants:

-t < *-t (zero-grade)

Hittite situation

Three variants:


-et < *-ét (acc. full grade)

Hittite situation

Three variants:


-et < *-ét (acc. full grade)

-it < *-et (unacc. full grade)

Hittite situation

Three variants:gen.sg.

-t < *-t (zero-grade) -š < *-s

-et < *-ét (acc. full grade) -āš < *-ós

-it < *-et (unacc. full grade) -aš < *-os

Hittite situation

Three variants:gen.sg. abl.

-t < *-t (zero-grade) -š < *-s -z < *-ti

-et < *-ét (acc. full grade) -āš < *-ós -āz < *-óti

-it < *-et (unacc. full grade) -aš < *-os -az < *-oti

Hittite situation





-t = original proterodynamic ending

Hittite situation






-et = original hysterodynamic ending

Hittite situation






-et = original hysterodynamic ending

-it = secondarily unaccented hysterodynamic ending

PIE situation

PIE situation

pronominal *-d

PIE situation

pronominal *-d

nominal (cons.-stems):

PIE situation

pronominal *-d

nominal (cons.-stems):proterodynamic *-d

PIE situation

pronominal *-d

nominal (cons.-stems):proterodynamic *-dhysterodynamic *-éd

PIE situation

pronominal *-d


o-stems *-oh1ed

PIE situation

pronominal *-d


o-stems *-oh1ed < *-o-ed

PIE situation

pronominal *-d


o-stems *-oh1ed < *-o-ed

(compare dat.sg. *-oh1ei < *-o-ei)

Thank youfor your attention

References

Kloekhorst, A., fthc., Accentuation, plene spelling, and dat.-loc.sg. forms in Hittite, Proceedings of the 8th Internation Congress of Hittitology, Warsaw 2011.

Mažiulis, V., 1970, Baltu1 ir kitu1 indoeuropečiu1 kalbu1 santykiai (deklinacija), Vilnius.

Melchert, H.C. & Oettinger, N., 2009, Ablativ und Instrumental im Hethitischen undIndogermanischen. Ein Beitrag zur relative Chronologie, Incontri Linguistici 32, 53-73.

Neu, E., 1979, Einige Uberlegungen zu den hethitischen Kasusendungen, Hethitischund Indogermanisch (edd. E. Neu e.a.), 177-196.

Stang, C.S., 1966, Vergleichende Grammatik der Baltischen Sprachen.

Hittite ḫūmantet and the PIE instrumental ending

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