Environmental Assessment of the Waigaoqiao Phase II Power ...

Environmental Assessment of theWaigaoqiao Phase II Power Plant Project

Shanghai Municipality, PRC

_~~~I'repared for

Shanghai Municipal ElectricPower Company

Shanghai,-|

Preare B6-d KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc.

A Golder AssocJtLes Con7ony

WVith Asswsanme Frorn

May 1997 East China Electric Power Design Institute

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SHANGHAI WAIGAOQIAOPHASE II PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTSUPPLEMENT

Prepared For:

Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company181 Nanjing Dong RoadShanghai 200002, P.R. China

Prepared By:

Golder Associates Inc.6241 NW 23rd Street, Suite 500Gainesville, Florida 32653-1500

May 19979651118C

9651118C5/30/97

TABLE OF CONTENTS(Page 1 of 4)

LIST OF TABLES vLIST OF FIGURES viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1

1.0 BACKGROUND 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA)MISSION 1-2

1.1.1 WORLD BANK TREATMENT OF THERMAL POWERDEVELOPMENT 1-2

1.1.2 EA BY THE EAST CHINA ELECTRIC POWER DESIGNINSTITUTE (ECEPDI) AND KBN ENGINEERING ANDAPPLIED SCIENCES, INC. (KBN) 1-3

1.1.3 WAIGAOQIAO POWER PLANT GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE 1-4

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL. LEGAL. AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FORPROJECT DEVELOPMENT 1-4

1.2.1 PRC LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 1-4

1.2.2 SHANGHAI MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 1-5

1.2.3 WORLD BANK REQUIREMENTS 1-6

1.3 WAIGAOOIAO PHASE H POWER PLANT PROJECT 1-6

1.3.1 INTRODUCTION 1-6

1.3.2 NECESSITY FOR WAIGAOQIAO PHASE II 1-8

1.3.3 WAIGAOQIAO PLANT DESCRIPTION 1-9

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2-1

2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2-1

2.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY, PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY ANDSEISMICITY 2-1

2.1.2 AIR RESOURCES 2-2

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2.1.3 WATER RESOURCES 2-7

2.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 2-9 I

2.2.1 TERRESTRLAL RESOURCES 2-9

2.2.2 AQUATIC RESOURCES 2-10

2.3 SOCIAL. CULTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT 2-11

2.3.1 LAND USE 2-11

2.3.2 SOCIOECONOMICS 2-13

2.3.3 CULTURAL RESOURCES 2-16

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 3-1

3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3-1

3.1.1 AIR QUALITY 3-1

3.1.2 NOISE 3-11

3.1.3 WATER RESOURCES 3-15

3.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 3-21

3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL 3-23

3.3.1 CHANGES TO LAND USE 3-23

3.3.2 RESETTLEMENT 3-23

3.3.3 DEMOGRAPHICIEMPLOYMENT/ECONOMIC IMPACTS 3-24

3.3.4 TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS 3-25

3.3.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES 3-25

3.3.6 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 3-25

3.3.7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 3-26

3.4 TRANSMISSION LINE 3-29

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3.4.1 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS 3-30

3.4.2 OPERATIONAL EFFECTS 3-34

4.0 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 4-1

4.1 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES 4-1

4.2 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS 4-1

4.3 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT 4-3

4.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISCHARGE 4-3

4.5 ALTERNATIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 4-4

4.5.1 ALTERNATE PM EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 4-4

4.5.2 ALTERNATIVE SO2 EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 4-6

4.5.3 ALTERNATIVE NOx CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 4-13

4.6 ASH DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES 4-18

4.6.1 ASH HANDLING SYSTEMS 4-18

4.6.2 ASH DISPOSAL SITES 4-18

4.6.3 ASH YARD STABILIZATION 4-18

5.0 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION AND MONITORING 5-1

5.1 MITIGATION OF AIR IMPACTS 5-1

5.2 MITIGATION OF IMPACTS TO WATER RESOURCES 5-2

5.2.1 WATER USE 5-2

5.2.2 WATER DISCHARGE 5-3

5.3 MITIGATION FOR ASH DISPOSAL 5-4

5.4 RESETTLEMENT 5-4

5.5 MONITORING AND TRAINING PROGRAMS 5-6

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5.5.1 AIR MONITORING 5-7

5.5.2 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 5-8

5.5.3 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MONITORING 5-9

5.5.4 RESETTLEMENT 5-9

5.5 RISK MANAGEMENT 5-il

REFERENCES REF-I

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF CONTACTS - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTWAIGAOQIAO PHASE II POWER PROJECT

APPENDIX B AREA PHOTOGRAPHSAPPENDIX C PUBLIC MEETING MINUTESAPPENDIX D CERTIFICATION FROM SHANGHAI MUNICIPAL CULTURAL RELIC

MANAGEMENT BUREAU - ARTIFACTSAPPENDIX E FUGITIVE DUST EMISSION METHODOLOGYAPPENDIX F THERMAL MODELINGAPPENDIX G CERTIFICATION FROM SHANGHAI ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION BUREAU- DUST CONCENTRATION/ DISCHARGE =100 mg/Nm3

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LIST OF TABLES(Page 1 of 3)

1.2-1 PRC Environmental Protection Legal Framnework 1-18

1.2-2 PRC Class II Air Quality Standards 1-19

1.2-3 PRC Water Quality Standards for Yangtze River Near Waigaoqiao 1-20

1.2-4 World Bank General Environmental Guideline for Power Projects 1-21

1.2-5 World Bank Air Emission Guidelines for Stationary Sources 1-22

1.2-6 World Bank Ambient Air Quality Guidelines 1-23

1.2-7 World Bank Reconmnended Noise Guidelines 1-24

1.3-1 Coal Characteristics for Waigaoqiao Power Project 1-25

1.3-2 Design Information for Phase I of Waigaoqiao Power Project 1-26

1.3-3 Design Information for Phase II and Phase HI of Waigaoqiao PowerProject 1-27

1.3-4 Water Use for Waigaoqiao Power Project 1-28

1.3-5 Wastewater Discharge for Waigaoqiao Power Project 1-29

1.3-6 Quantity of Ash and Characteristics for Waigaoqiao Power Project 1-30

1.3-7 Stack and Emissions Data for Phase I of Waigaoqiao Power Project 1-31

1.3-8 Stack and Emissions Data for Phase II and Phase HI Waigaoqiao PowerProject 1-32

2.1-1 Monthly Maximnum, Minimum, and Mean Temperatures, 1995: GaoqiaoHydrological and Meteorological Station 2-17

2.1-2 Annual Summary of Air Quality Data in 1995 for Pudong Area 2-18

2.1-3 Tidal Elevations and Tidal Spectrum at the Gaiqiao Hydrologic Station 2-19

2.1-4 Tidal Characteristics 2-20

2.1-5 Water Temperature in the Yangtze River from 1985-1987 2-21

2.1-6 Water Quality in the Vicinity of the Plant Site 2-22

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2.1-7 Water Quality Monitoring Results Along the Zhuyuan Sewage DischargePort in the Yangtze River (March 1994) 2-23

3.1-1 Stack, Operating, and Emission Data for the Coal-Fired Units at theWaigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases I, II, and m 3-39

3.1-2 Stack, Operating, and PM10 Emission Data for Material-HandlingOperations at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases I, II, and III 340

3.1-3 Stack, Operating, and Emission Data for the Coal-Fired Units at theSidongkou Power Plant 341

3.14 Comparison of Air Dispersion Model and Meteorological PreprocessorInput Requirements to Parameters Available from Meteorological Stationat Gaoqiao 342

3.1-5 Maximum Predicted SO2, PM, and NOQ Concentrations for theWaigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases I, II, and III- Screening Analysis 343

3.1-6 Comparison of Maximum Predicted S02, PM, and NO2 Concentrations forthe Waigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases I, II, and III, to Ambient Air QualityStandards and Guidelines- Refined Analysis Around Waigaoqiao Plant 3-44

3.1-7 Comparison of Maximum Predicted SO2 Concentrations for theWaigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases I, II, and III, to Ambient Air QualityStandards and Guidelines- Refined Analysis Around Sidongkou Plant 345

3.1-8 Summary of Source Input Data for the Noise Impact Analysis of theShanghai Power Project 346

3.1-9 Summary of Temperature Rise at Intake Subject to Different Phases 349

3.1-10 Envelope Area of Temperature Diffusion Near Surface in the Course ofthe Tides 3-50

3.1-11 Slack Flood Tide, Phase [II Maximum Discharge Port Analysis 3-51

3.1-12 Average Flood Tide, Phase Il Discharge Port Analysis 3-52

3.1-13 Average Flood Tide, Phase III Maximum Discharge Port Analysis 3-53

3.3-1 Estimate of Crop Loss Due to Land Use Change 3-54

3.3-2 Summary of Land Acquisition for Waigaoqiao Therrnal Power Project 3-55

3.3-3 Summnary of Affected Structures 3-56

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3.3-4 Summary of Affected Population 3-57

5.0-1 Mitigation Plan: Summary of Issues/Mitigating Measures 5-12

5.1-1 SO, Air Quality Impacts Associated with the Installation of Flue GasDesulfurization (FGD) at Sidongkou Plant 1 Units 1 and 2 and WaigaoqiaoPhase II using Low Sulfur Fuel 5-14

5.5-1 Environmental and Training Programs for Waigaoqiao Power Plant Project 5-15

5.5-2 Labor Safety and Health Monitoring 5-16

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LIST OF FIGURES

1.3-1 Locations of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant Site, Transmission System, andSidongkou Power Plant Site 1-33

1.3-2 Waigaoqiao Power Project Phase II Plot Plan 1-34

1.3-3 Water Balance for Phase II 1-35

1.3-4 Schematic of Typical Transmission Tower Designs 1-36

2.1-1 Annual Windrose for Gaoqiao Station, January - December 1995 2-24

2.1-2 Air Monitoring Stations and Background Data 2-25

2.1-3 Waigaoqiao Power Plant Location and,Hydrologic Monitoring Stations 2-26

3.1-1 Annual Windrose for Miarni International Airport, 1987-1991 3-58

3.1-2 Maximum Predicted 24-hour SO2 Concentrations for Phase II 3-59

3.1-3 Predicted Annual Average S0 2 Concentrations for Phase II 3-60

3.1-4 Maximum Predicted 24-hour SO2 Concentrations for Phase III 3-61

3.1-5 Predicted Annual Average SO2 Concentrations for Phase III 3-26

3.1-6 Predicted Maximum 24-hour SO2 Concentrations with Sidongkou PowerPlant's FGD System 3-63

3.1-7 Predicted Annual Average SO2 Concentrations with Sidongkou PowerPlant's FGD System 3-64

3.1-8 Waigaoqiao Power Project Noise Isopleths (in dBA) Phase I 3-65

3.1-9 Waigaoqiao Power Project Noise Isopleths (in dBA) Phases I and II 3-66

3.1-I0 Waigaoqiao Power Project Noise Isopleths (in dBA) Phases 1, [I. and III 3-67

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SHANGHAI WAIGAOQIAO PHASE II POWER PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

NEED FOR THE PROJECT

China is currently the world's second largest producer of electricity, its installed capacity having

grown at an annual average rate of 8 percent between 1983 and 1994. The Shanghai Electric

Power Grid (SEPG) is an important part of the East China Grid which covers the provinces of

Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang and the Shanghai Municipality. Greater Shanghai is one of the

main load centers of the East China Grid and is served by the Shanghai Municipal Electric Power

Company (SMEPC). Shanghai, as the largest city and economic center in-China, will continue to

experience electric growth. By the year 2000, the maximum load is expected to reach 11,600

MW, an annual average load growth of over II percent. By 2002, the maximum load is expected

to be 13,750 MW. With planned additions through 2000, the maximum capacity will be

12,277 MW. To meet power demnands, SMEPC plans to add approximately 1,800 to 2,000

megawatts (MW) of generating capacity at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant as part of the second

phase of development. Located in the Pudong New Area, 20 kilometers (kIn) from the city

center, the Waigaoqiao facility has been planned in three phases (see Figure 1). Following the

completion of the first phase of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant (four 300-MW units) in 1997,

SMEPC plans to initiate the second phase of development of the site through the construction of

two coal-fired supercritical units of 900 to 1,000 MW each, followed by a third and final phase of

installation of another 1,800 to 2,000 MW for a total site development of about 5,200 MW. The

capital cost for the Phase II project is estimated to be about $US 2 billion with funds from a

World Bank loan, SMEPC, East China Electric Power Company, Shen Neng Electric Power

Development Investment Company, local banks, and cofinancing.

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

The World Bank has established guidelines for ensuring that borrowers have adequately

characterized the environmental impacts of proposed actions, considered alternatives to a proposed

project, developed measures that would mitigate unavoidable impacts, and identified training and

monitoring requirements to assure implementation of those measures. Environmental assessment

(EA) guidelines for the World Bank provide general guidance in the preparation of EA reports

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9651118C/ES-35/30/97

and are supported by supplementary guidelines that address requirements for thermoelectric

projects. Finally, Operational Policy Notes (OPN) assure treatment of topics of particular

importance to the Bank, including possible impacts to biodiversity, indigenous peoples, wildlands,

and wetlands.

In the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), the Thermal Power Plant Project Preparatory Stage

Environmental Protection Regulation (MOE, 1989) promulgated by the Ministry of Energy

(MOE) requires an EA during the feasibility study stage of project development. For projects

with an investment potential in excess of 200 million yuan (RMB), the EA should be submitted to

MOE by the main administrative unit of the project. In the case of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant,

this administrative unit is SMEPC. After previewing the document, MOE submits the EA to the

national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for approval.

The Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Environmental Protection (SMBEP) is primnarily responsible

for overseeing the environmental quality of the greater Shanghai area. While SMBEP develops

policies and programs aimed at decreasing levels of pollutants from a variety of sources, the

organization defers to the PRC National Environmental Quality Standards for numerical guidance

related to emissions and effluent as well as ambient conditions. SMBEP has primary

responsibility for monitoring industries for compliance with these standards.

Feasibility studies were carried out by the Beijing Economic Research Institute while technical

designs and environmental impact assessments were conducted by the East China Electric Power

Design Institute (ECEPDI). As result, a draft EA report has been prepared by ECEPDI and

submitted to the World Bank. As a supplement to the ECEPDI draft EA report, this EA was

prepared in collaboration with ECEPDI to address further the impacts of the proposed project,

particularly as they relate to current and future power production at the Waigaoqiao facility.

PROJECT DESCRIPIION

PROJECT SCHEDULE

The Waigaoqiao Phase II Power Plant project is an integral expansion of the Waigaoqiao Power

Plant site. Construction for the four 300-MW Phase I units was initiated on November 25, 1992,

with completion of all units expected by 1997. Units I and 2 of the Phase I project were in

commercial operation at the end of 1994 and 1995, respectively. The Phase II project will consist

9651118C/ES-45/30/97

of two 1,000-MW (nominal) units that will be in commercial operation in 2002. The planning of

the site also incorporated the addition of Phase m, which is expected to be simnilar in capacity as

Phase II, i.e., two 1,000-MW (nominal) units.

PLANT SITE

The area designated for power plant development for all phases is 144.4 hectares (ha); Phase II

will occupy about 46 ha. To provide construction laydown for Phase II and site and construction

laydown areas for Phase m, agricultural and residential areas adjacent to Phase I will be

dedicated to the power plant. About 1,000 people currently using this land will be relocated.

The fuel for all phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant will be bituminous coal from the Shenfu-

Dongshen mining area located in the middle of Inner Mongolia. Coal will be transported by rail

to a coastal port and then shipped to the Waigaoqiao Plant site in 35,000-ton shallow-draft coal

ships. The coal pier constructed for Phase I can handle docking of two coal ships. A separate

pier is planned for Phase II and will have a similar design as the Phase I pier. For Phase III, the

Phase II coal pier will be used.

WATER SUPPLY

The Yangtze River is the principal source of cooling and service water for all phases of the

Waigaoqiao Power Plant. The major use of water is for once-through condenser cooling. Phase I

will ultimately use 45.3 cubic meters per second (m3/s) of Yangtze River water for condenser

cooling Phases II and III will each utilize 74.2 m31s for condenser cooling during the summer.

The intake and discharge designs for all phases are similar. Service water is used for the steam

cycle, ash sluicing, and other plant uses. Yangtze River water used for boiler service is treated

using clarification-sedimentation, reverse osmosis (RO), and mixed-bed resin demineralization.

City water will be used for all potable water purposes. Wastewater generated for all phases will

consist of boiler treatment regeneration wastewater (RO and demineralizer backwash), boiler

cleaning, wash water, contact and non-contact rainfall runoff, excess bottom ash water, and

sanitary sewage. The industrial wastewater is treated using neutralization and sedimentation.

Any potential oil-contaminated wastewater is treated in an oil separator prior to discharge.

Sewage wastewater is treated using biological treatment (aeration) and chlorination. The

9651118C/ES-S5/30/97

wastewater for all phases is discharged to the once-through discharge system and the Yangtze

River.

BYPRODUCTS

The byproducts from all phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Project primnarily consist of bottom ash

(boiler slag) and fly ash. The bottom ash is sluiced from the boiler to a dewatering area. The

bottom ash for all phases will be stored (or disposed) adjacent to the Yangtze River in an area of

about 1.2 million m2. A bottom ash (slag) area has been constructed for Phase I and will be used

for all phases depending on ash reuse.

Fly ash will be transported from a separate ash pier and to ash barges. The barges will be

transported to the Limin Ash Yard, which is located about 14 km downstream from the plant site.

An area of 1.2 million m2̀ has been constructed for Phase I and will be used for the other phases

depending on ash reuse. The storage/disposal area for the fly ash has been constructed in the

littoral area of the Yangtze River, about 800 m into the river and 1,000 m along the shoreline. A

concrete outer berm separates the storage/disposal area from the river. The area just north of the

ash storage/disposal area is being used for disposal of Haungpu River sediments which will be

used by the Pudong New Area Municipality. If required for Phase II, the Phase I ash yard will

be extended downstream.

The ash characteristics for the Shenfu-Dongshen coal are a favorable quality for reuse in the

construction industry. Currently all the ash generated from Phase I Units 1 and 2 is provided at

nominal cost to the construction industry. Some bottom ash has been stored/disposed of in the

bottom ash area, but it is largely open; the Limin Ash Yard has not been used.

AIR EMISSIONS

The air emissions from the combustion of coal for all phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant will

be controlled using low-sulfur (0.43 percent) coal to limit emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2),

electrostatic precipitators (ESP) to limit emissions of particulate matter (PM), and boiler design

and low-NO, combustors to limit emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO). An additional benefit of

using Shenfu-Dongshen coal is the SO2 removal obtained from the high calcium content which

studies using this coal in a similar unit has demonstrated an average SO2 removal of about 14

percent.

9651118CIES-65/30/97

With the implementation of Phase I, the Shanghai Municipal Government has implemented a

requirement to install FGD systems for SO2 removal. The use of low-sulfur content Shenfu-

Dongshen coal obviates the technical need to install FGD systems on Phase II units to meet air

quality and emissions standards. The use of FGD would be costly for the planned 1,000 MW

units and not necessary from an air quality perspective. Instead of installing FGD on Phase II

units, SMEPC has requested and obtained approval from the Shanghai Municipality to offset the

SO2 emissions from Phase II by installing FGD on two 300-MW (nominal) units using 1.8 percent

sulfur coal at another power plant, i.e., the Sidongkou Power Plant. Fugitive dust that may be

generated from the coal and ash handling systems will be controlled for all phases using

enclosures, air pollution control devices, and watering. All phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant

will meet or be lower than the World Bank, PRC, and Shanghai emissions guidelines and

standards.

TRANSMISSION LINES

A 500-kV system will interconnect Phase II and Phase III with the SMEPC electric system.

Currently, the electric power from Phase I is transmitted through a 230-kV system. The location

for the 500-kV system has been under development since 1983 and confirmed in 1993 by the

Shanghai Municipal government. The siting was coordinated with the Pudang New Area planning

subdivision and other municipal agencies. Once the corridor is identified, construction will be

controlled by the municipal government. The current land use of the line is open land or

agricultural; any small buildings would be removed with resettlement under the Shanghai

Municipal Resettlement Bureau.

AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

AIR QUALITY

The City of Shanghai, like all major industrialized urban areas, has many anthropogenetic sources

of air pollution which have increased during the past decade due to growth. The SMBEP has

monitored the ambient air quality that include parameters relevant to the Waigaoqiao Power

Project: sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO,), and total suspended particulates (TSP).

The monitoring data collected by SMBEP indicate that the ambient air quality standards for TSP

are exceeded at all stations. The maximum daily TSP concentrations measured routinely exceeded

both the World Bank 1988 guidelines and PRC Class II standards for particulates, which are

0.500 milligram per cubic meter (mg/im3) and 0.300 mg/m3, respectively. The source of the high

9651118C/ES-75/30/97

TSP concentrations are the result of the construction and industrial activities. The Shanghai

Municipal Government has implemented plans for reducing the high TSP concentrations in the

The maximum daily (24-hour) background SO2 concentrations in the area that would be impacted

by emissions from the Waigaoqiao Power Plant are generally below both the World Bank and

PRC Class 11 ambient air quality standards of 0.500 mg/m3 and 0.150 mg/rn3 , respectively, for

the maximum 24-hour and annual averaging times. The SO2 concentrations observed in central

Shanghai and at Waigaoqiao exceed the PRC Class II guideline for the maximum 24-hour

averaging times.

The observed air quality for NO, is below the SMBEP and World Bank guidelines with the

exception of several instances where the maximum 24-hour concentration is marginally above the

SMBEP standard of 0.150 mg/Nm3. The annual NO, concentration in the area is below the

SMBEP and the World Bank guidelines.

The observed noise levels comply with the World Bank guidelines and the Shanghai Class HI and

IV noise standards.

WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY

The Yangtze River, also known as the Changjiang River, is the largest river system in China.

The annual average discharge of the Yangtze River is about 30,200 m3/sec. The Yangtze River

has been heavily degraded in recent decades, chiefly due to contamination from industrial wastes,

ship-borne wastes, untreated municipal sewage, stormwater runoff, and vastly increased sediment

loads due to upstream deforestation.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS

The site for the Phase II expansion of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant including coal pile expansion

is located on land which has been previously cleared and impacted and used by small businesses,

industry, and agriculture practices. The Limin Ash Yard has vegetation characteristic of weedy,

open, previously cleared land The area is being used by local farmers to harvest shrimp and

cattle grazing. No unusual plants or those considered rare by the International Union for

Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources are in evidence at the plant site or ash yard.

9651118C/ES-85/30/97

The land allocated for the three phases of the Waigaoqiao facility at one time represented a

combination of industrial, agricultural, and residential land uses. SMEPC has been allocated the

land required for the three phases of the Waigaoqiao facility and its ancillary facilities such as the

transmission line.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

AIR RESOURCES

The air quality impacts of Phases I and II and Phases I, II and Im, without concentrations from

other sources, are below the Shanghai Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS) and the World

Bank guidelines. When other sources are considered, the annual average impacts for SO2 are less

than the Shanghai AAQS, but the 24-hour impacts are predicted to be slightly higher than the

AAQS. However, this assumes that the maximum impacts from other sources occur at the same

time as Waigaoqiao, an unlikely result.. The S02 impacts are predicted to be less than the

currently applicable World Bank guidelines. The maximum impacts for inhalable particulates are

predicted to be above the Shanghai AAQS; the impacts would also be above the currently

applicable World Bank guidelines. The existing high particulate load of the Shanghai area is the

primary cause of the predicted exceedances. The maximum impacts due to the plant are small

when compared to the Shanghai AAQS. The maximum annual impacts of NO2 are predicted to

be less than the Shanghai AAQS and the World Bank guidelines.

The installation of FGD on Sidongkou Plant 1, Stack No. 1, results in a substantial decrease in

regional SO2 emissions and a decrease in annual and 24-hour concentrations around the Sidongkou

Plant and in Central Shanghai. The emissions reduction from Sidongkou Plant Units 1 and 2 is

expected to be about 48,000 tons per year. In contrast, the SO2 emissions from Waigaoqiao

Phase II will be about 37,000 tons per year. Therefore, a net reduction of over 10,000 tons/year

SO2 will result with the proposed strategy. For air quality, the decrease in 24-hour concentrations

in the Sidongkou area is almost double the increase in the Waigaoqiao area. An increase in air

quality concentrations occurs in the Waigaoqiao area due to the proximity of the plant and the

distance of the Sidongkou plant from Waigaoqiao. However, there is a decrease in the maximum

concentrations in Central Shanghai where the air quality is much poorer In the Central Shanghai

area, both the annual and 24-hour maximum concentrations due to Sidongkou and Waigaoqiao are

predicted to decrease. The 24-hour maximum concentrations from both plants would decrease by

about 70 percent while the annual average would decrease by about 40 percent. An added benefit

9651118C/ES-95/30/97

of the FGD system is the reduction of particulate emissions which is estimated to be about 1,600

tons/year.

The predicted noise levels are within the World Bank guidelines and Shanghai Class III daytimne

standards for industrial land use areas. Impacts to commercial and residential areas will not

occur. The Shanghai Class III and Class IV nighttime noise standards of 55 dBA may be exceeded

at both the eastern and southern boundaries of the plant site, but the adjacent land uses are

industrial with no residential areas nearby. Based on these results, no significant impact to public

health and welfare from noise levels is predicted.

Recommendations

IUtilize low-sulfur (0.43 percent) coal in Phase II and III in conjunction with FGD on

Sidongkou Plant 1.

v Reduce particulate emissions rate to 100 mg/m3 .

* JUtilize low-NO, burners to reduce NOQ emission rate to World Bank guidelines.

* Continue to monitor air quality in vicinity of power plants.

* Continue control practices (e.g., watering) for fugitive dust emissions.

WATER RESOURCES

The volume of flow in the Yangtze River at Waigaoqiao is sufficient to accomnnodate once-

through cooling. Service water will also be obtained from the Yangtze River. The water will be

pretreated using chemical clarification, settling, and reverse osmosis. Boiler feedwater will be

demineralized. The water treatment has been designed to reduce water use and wastewater

discharges by recycling some process wastewater streams. The wastewater treatment and

discharge system has been designed for the Waigaoqiao Phase II power project to minimize

impacts. The treatment system will handle all water treatment wastes through neutralization and

sedimentation. Potentially oily wastes generated in equipment washing operations will go through

oil water separators. Water used for bottom ash will be recycled.

The World Bank Guidelines for thermal discharges may be exceed in areas around the discharge.

The maximum impacts under low flow conditions will be 33 hectares for Phases I and II and 72

9651118CIES-105/30197

hectares for all phases. Under normal flow conditions the impacted area will be less than 7.5

hectares.

Recommendations:

* Utilize Yangtze River for once-through condenser cooling and service water.

* Recycle lower quality water for ash handling and dust suppression.

* Install and operate water treatment systems

ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The impact of constructing Phase II and Phase m of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant is expected to

be minimal on the ecology, since the area has been impacted previously, and no significant

habitats exist. The major potential impact for the bottom ash area is the removal of the

introduced agricultural and wetland area created from the Yangtze River. This habitat provides

locally useful grazing area and shrimp harvesting for local farrners. Use of the area for bottom

ash disposal would prohibit these alternative uses. To assure the reuse of ash, SMEPC should

develop a management plan for ash reuse and have dedicated staff to implement the reuse plan.

Where possible, alternate uses should be developed (e.g., as a road base aggregate) for potential

future plans. The economics favor reuse which avoids disposal costs such as land acquisition, ash

yard construction, handling, and transportation.

The intake and discharge of cooling water from the Yangtze River may have some impact on

local fishery productivity since the area is estuarine and hence a nursery zone for early life stages.

However, the temperature differences are not great and tidal and current velocities are such that

any exposure will be transitory and not significant. There are no benthic communities of

significance (i.e., sessile communities), so overall impacts are expected to be minimal. The free

residual chlorine of the cooling water discharge will be kept to 0.1 ppm or less which is below

the World Bank guideline of 0.2 ppm.

Recommendations:

* Develop an ash reuse plan to mitigate use of ash disposal areas.

* Limit and monitor chlorine usage for once-through cooling system.

9651118C/ES-115130/97

SOCIOCULTURAL RESOURCES

Currently, 1,000 residents from Jiang Zhang Zhai, the nearest village, reside on portions of the

land allocated for Phase II at Waigaoqiao and will need to be relocated to secure the land for the

subsequent phases of the project. A resettlement plan is being developed by SMEPC in

cooperation with World Bank consultants. Moreover, villagers are eager to move to the newly

constructed housing units since they offer the advantages of indoor plumbing, contained sewage

disposal, and a steady electricity source. In addition, the PRC and Shanghai governments require

that all displaced persons be placed in gainfully employment and trained for these positions if

necessary. SMEPC has committed to carrying out this requirement for all displaced persons.

The power plant will employ 2,500 workers at its peak during construction. The workers will

come from the greater Shanghai area. During operation, the facility will require a work force

of about 800 skilled and unskilled labor. Similarly, these workers will reside in the greater

Shanghai area, as well as specifically in the Pudong New Area. Therefore, there will be no need

to construct worker colonies for either the construction or operational labor force.

The aligrunent for the additional 50 kan transmission line has been secured by the Department of

Roads and is currently unoccupied. The alignment for the transmission line, which has been

developing for 11 years, follows a major highway for a significant portion of the route. Criteria

for siting the remainder of the route included measures to avoid towns and existing buildings and

collocating with existing linear facilities. No resettlement will be required for the construction of

the additional 500-kV transmission line.

Recommendations:

* Implement resettlement program as prescribed by Shanghai Municipal Government.

MONITORING PROGRAMS

SMEPC has incorporated a comprehensive monitoring program for Phase I of the Waigaoqiao

Power Project which will continue for Phases n and III. The program includes elements to

measure the air, noise, water, ash, and occupational conditions. Initially, monitoring will be

conducted to determine conformance with manufacturers' guarantees. The methods for

determining contract conformance will be specified prior to their use and be based on

methodologies recognized as valid and appropriate to measure environmental emissions and

9651118C/ES-125/30/97

discharges. Additionally, the potential exceedance of the World Bank thermal guideline during

certain times suggest the need for thermal monitoring not currently performed. The monitoring

programs recommended for Phases II and III are listed below.

Recommendations:

* Continue monitoring of stack emissions and fugitive dust emissions for plant equipment.

* Continue to support SMBEP efforts to monitor ambient air quality in the vicinity to the

power plants (Waigaoqiao and Sidongkou).

* Continue water intake quantity and quality monitoring of the Yangtze River water.

* Continue monitoring of water discharge quality for parameters relevant to the discharge

characteristics and include total suspended and dissolved solids (TSS and TDS), pH, oil and

grease, and chlorine residual.

* Continue noise monitoring on a quarterly within and outside the plant a various locations.

* Continue occupational training that is conducted on a regular basis with an established

program.

* Develop and Implement an ecological monitoring program to assess thermal impacts. Any

significant thermal effects determined during Phase II would be the basis for mitigation

developed during Phase IIl development.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

The Waigaoqiao Power Project has been under planning and development for more than 10 years

with communications and input that involve various agencies of the Shanghai Municipal

govermnent and Central governnent. Various stakeholders in the projects development and those

that may be directly affected include: Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Enviromnental Protection,

Shanghai City Planning Administration, Shanghai Municipal Real Estate Bureau, Shanghai

Municipal Housing and Land Administration, Pudong New Area administration and village team

leaders. On December 9, 1996 a public meeting was held at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant to

discuss projects environmental impacts with the stakeholders. Representatives for SMEPC,

SMBEP and ECEPDI presented a description of the Phase II project, its environmental impacts

and mitigation, and the monitoring programs. About 40 representatives attended the meeting with

nearby village team representative in attendance.

9651118C/I-J5/28/97

1.0 BACKGROUND

China is currently the world's second largest producer of electricity, its installed capacity having

grown at an annual average rate of 8 percent between 1983 and 1994. Nevertheless, China's

economic development continues to be restrained by electricity shortages, and Government plans

indicate that generating capacity must increase by 17 to 20 gigawatts (GW) per year for the next

5 years to prevent more acute shortages. The Shanghai Electric Power Grid (SEPG) is an

important part of the East China Grid which covers the provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang

and the Shanghai Municipality. Greater Shanghai is one of the main load centers of the East

China Grid and is served by the Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company (SMEPC).

The primary objectives of this project are to:

i. Increase electricity supply to reduce the acute power shortages in Shanghai through

development of two large coal-fired thermal units based on the most advanced

technology;

2. Develop a program to apply for the first time in China the 'bubble concept' for cost-

effective air quality management within Shanghai Municipality;

3. Support the ongoing power sector reform by restructuring SMEPC in line with the

power sector reform strategy, encouraging private sector involvement through listing

of the generation company, and rationalizing the tariff structure as well as adjusting

the tariff level to accommodate the stricter sulfur dioxide emission standards; and

4. Promote an innovative and diversified financing model for a large infrastructure

project and improve the access of power entities to international financial markets.

To achieve these goals, SMEPC plans to add approximately 1,800 to 2,000 megawatts (MW) of

generating capacity at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant as part of the second phase of development.

Located in the Pudong New Area, 20 kilometers (km) from the city center, the Waigaoqiao

facility has been planned in three phases. Following the completion of the first phase of the

Waigaoqiao Power Plant (four 300-MW units) in 1997, SMEPC plans to initiate the second phase

of development of the site through the construction of two coal-fired supercritical units of 900 to

1,000 MW each, followed by a third and final phase of installation of another 1.800 to

2,000 MW.

9651118C/1-25128/97

The capital cost for the Phase II project is estimated to be about $US 2 billion with funds from a

World Bank loan, SMEPC, East China Electric Power Company, Shen Neng Electric Power

Development Investment Company, local banks, and cofinancing.

The generating units of the proposed project will be designed to burn good-quality coal produced

at the Shenfu and Dongsheng mines in Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

The plant will be connected to the SEPG through a 500-kilovolt (kV) transmission system.

SMEPC has primary responsibility for the project. Feasibility studies were carried out by the

Beijing Economic Research Institute while technical designs and environmental impact

assessments were conducted by the East China Electric Power Design Institute (ECEPDI). As

result, a draft Enviromnental Assessment (EA) report has been prepared by ECEPDI and

submitted to the World Bank. This report was prepared in collaboration with ECEPDI to address

further the impacts of the proposed project, particularly as they relate to current and future power

production at the Waigaoqiao facility.

Much of the information in this EA is based on the ECEPDI technical feasibility and

environmental assessment which includes conceptual design information. Final design information

including process flows will be developed after the international bidding process is completed for

the importation of the super-critical units proposed for Phase II. Process flows will be developed

for all mechanical, electrical, civil and environmental systems

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) MISSION

1.1.1 WORLD BANK TREATMENT OF THERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT

The World Bank has established guidelines for ensuring that borrowers have adequately

characterized the environmental impacts of proposed actions, considered alternatives to a proposed

project, developed measures that would mitigate unavoidable impacts, and identified training and

monitoring requirements to assure implementation of those measures. Environmental assessment

(EA) guidelines for the World Bank are specified in the World Bank Operational Directive (OD)

4:01 (1991); which provides general guidance in the preparation of EA reports. Via the

Sourcebook series (1990), OD 4:01 is supported by supplementary guidelines that address sector

specific issues. Specific environmental assessment guidelines exist for thermoelectric projects.

9651118C/1-3S/28197

Finally, Operational Policy Notes (OPN) assure treatment of topics of particular importance to the

Bank; including possible impacts to biodiversity, indigenous peoples, wildlands, and wetlands.

During the identification phase, the World Bank screens projects with regard to their potential for

causing adverse enviromnental impacts, assigning the projects to one of three categories: A, B,

or C. Phase II of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant project, like virtually all thermal power projects,

was rated as Category A, meaning that significant potential exists for adverse environmental

impacts and that an EA must always be performed.

1.1.2 EA BY THE EAST CHINA ELECTRIC POWER DESIGN INSTITUTE (ECEPDI)AND KBN ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES, INC. (KBN)

The design of thermal power plants and associated facilities is the primary function of ECEPDI, a

public organization located in Shanghai that provides technical assistance services to utilities.

ECEPDI prepared an EA for the development of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant. World Bank

review of the project regarding potential environmental issues led to the involvement of KBN

Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc. (KBN) in October 1996. Through KBN collaboration

with SMEPC and ECEPDI, the World Bank desires information that:

1. Potential impacts from atmospheric pollution of all phases of the project are

adequately assessed and mitigated,

2. Thermal impacts associated with proposed effluent discharge are adequately

represented,

3. Fly ash waste disposal issues are adequately addressed,

4. Adequate public participation is sought, and

5. The OPN special topics are addressed.

The objective for KBN's participation was to provide assistance to SMEPC and ECEPDI in the

preparation of a final EA report that addresses these areas of particular World Bank interest and

allows the timely execution of the Appraisal Mission.

A three-person team of KBN scientists traveled to Shanghai in October-November 1996, visiting

the Waigaoqiao site and surrounding areas, interviewing local officials and residents, and

identifying additional data through a series of working meetings with SMEPC and ECEPDI staff.

9651118CI1-45/28/97

The 1996 EA document (ECEPDI, 1996) and information obtained from SMEPC and ECEPDI

were used by the KBN team as an information reference during EA preparation.

1.1.3 WAIGAOQIAO POWER PLANT GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE

The potential area of environmental impact is determined by the aggregate scope of construction

and operational impacts.

Construction Imnacts

Construction impacts are derived principally from the occupation and alteration of land for power

plant infrastructure, including the switchyard, power block, coal handling facilities, ash storage

and disposal facilities, and water resource infrastructure. Additional impacts to local populations

can be anticipated in the form of increased road and ship traffic, as well as from the influx of

temporary labor.

Operationa) ImRacts

Operational impacts for thermal power projects can be derived from the discharge of atmospheric

and aquatic pollutants, withdrawal of water from surface and underground sources, and the

generation of other waste streams. These impacts were considered within a range of 15 to 25 Iam

surrounding the power plant site.

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL, LEGAL, AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR PROJECTDEVELOPMENT

1.2.1 PRC LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

1.2.1.1 PRC Laws

The principal laws and regulations related to environmental impacts of thermal power plants in

China are provided in Table 1.2-1. According to the Thermal Power Plant Project Preparatory

Stage Environmental Protection Regulation (MOE, 1989) promulgated by the Ministry of Energy

(MOE), an EA is required during the feasibility study stage of project development. For projects

with an investment potential in excess of 200 million yuan (RMB), the EA should be submitted to

MOEP by the main administrative unit of the project. In the case of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant,

this administrative unit is SMEPC. After previewing the document, MOEP submits the EA to the

national Enviromnental Protection Agency (EPA) for approval.

9651118C/1-55/28/97

The appropriateness and sufficiency of the environmental mitigation proposed for the facility is

the responsibility of MOEP according to Document DJ No. 131: Acceptance of Regulation for

Thermal Power Plant Environmental Mitigation Devices after Completion (MOEP, 1988). The

organizations responsible for monitoring the impacts associated with the project are determiined by

MOEP according to regulations that specify in detail the monitoring organization, personnel,

installations, duties, monitoring parameters, station locations, and monitoring periods,

methodology to be used, among other details.

PRC air and water quality standards applicable to the Phase II Project are sumunarized in

Tables 1.2-2 and 1.2-3, respectively.

1.2.1.2 PRC Environmental Protection Agencies

Environmental protection in China is implemented on three principal levels: national (or state),

provincial, and the municipal (or local). Therefore, there exists a national EPA, provincial EPA,

and an EPA at the local level for the nearest city of significant size. The Waigaoqiao Power

Plant is located within the administrative responsibility of Shanghai which, unlike smaller cities in

China, reports administratively directly to Beijing rather than to a province. Therefore, the

relevant environmental protection agencies include the national EPA and the Shanghai Municipal

While the local and provincial EPAs are consulted as part of the EIS process, the ultimate

decision on the approval of the EIS rests entirely with the national EPA. Moreover, the published

envirownental regulations provide no detailed guidance on prioritization of impacts and how

decisions on resource use are mnade. A list of all agencies contacted in the EIS process is

provided in Appendix A.

1.2.2 SHANGHAI MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

The Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Environrnental Protection (SMBEP) is primarily responsible

for overseeing the environmental quality of the greater Shanghai area. SMBEP is comprised of

21 departments with a wide range of responsibilities related to environmental protection in

Shanghai. While SMBEP develops policies and programs aimned at decreasing levels of pollutants

from a variety of sources, the organization defers to the PRC National Enviromnental Quality

Standards for numerical guidance related to emissions and effluent as well as amnbient conditions.

9651118C/1-65/28/97

SMBEP has primary responsibility for monitoring industries for compliance with these standards,

a responsibilitv that is carried out through spot investigations, strategic ambient air and water

quality monitoring, and technical support to industries.

As SMBEP relates to the proposed project at Waigaoqiao, the organization has been consulted

throughout development of the project to ensure that mitigation and monitoring proposed for the

facility conforms with SMBEP policies and PRC environmental standards. Most relevant to

Phase II of the Waigaoqiao facility, SMBEP has collaborated with SMEPC to develop an

innovative approach to the Municipality requirement that all new coal-burning power plants be

equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD). Since the Waigaoqiao Phase II units comply with

PRC and World Bank emissions guidelines by using low-sulfur coal, the investment required to

install FGD equipment on Phase II would be considerable and would be better applied to retrofit a

facility at Sidongkou with FGD using much higher sulfur coal. This approach was developed to

ensure that the installation of FGD produces the greatest econornic benefits while offsetting sulfur

dioxide emissions of the project in the Shanghai airshed.

As stated previously, formal enviromnental approval for the Waigaoqiao facility is received from

the central rather than municipal governments. Nevertheless, SMEPC has worked closely with

SMBEP to ensure their concerns regarding the enviromnental inpacts of the facility were

adequately addressed. Moreover, SMBEP assisted with the organization and presentation during

the public meeting on environmental issues.

1.2.3 WORLD BANK REQUIREMENTS

In addition to PRC guidelines referenced in Section 1.1. 1, the World Bank also has specific

industrial pollutant discharge and ambient environmental quality standards for the power sector, as

detailed in Table 1.2-4. World Bank air quality guidelines applicable to power plants are

presented in Tables 1.2-5 and 1.2-6. Noise guidelines are presented in Table 1.2-7.

1.3 WAIGAOOIAO PHASE II POWER PLANT PROJECT

1.3.1 INTRODUCTION

In December 1996, an Economic Analysis for Waigaoqiao Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant

Phase II was prepared by Beijing Economic Research Institute of Water Resources and Electric

9651118C/1-75/28/97

Power. This analysis included a least cost scenario for satisfying the alarming electricity deficit

expected in Shanghai as part of its economic growth.

Currently, electricity to satisfy demand in Shanghai is imported from neighboring provinces, all

of which are experiencing power shortages. Increasing the power supply to the Shanghai power

grid was determined a priority in China's effort to improve its electricity deficit. A number of

factors make Shanghai an optimal location for power development:

1. Shanghai has the largest population of any municipality in China with a per capita

energy consumption higher than the national average.

2. Industrial energy demands are rapidly increasing, and

3. Energy utilization efficiency is high, with the potential for improvements in energy

conservation.

The specific site for development of Waigaoqiao Phase II was selected as part of a long-term

planning effort by the PRC and Shanghai government. This planning was critical given the rapid

growth and acute land shortage in Shanghai. A number of reasons made the existing Waigaoqiao

site preferred for the development of Waigaoqiao Phase II:

1. The transmission distribution system in Shanghai is currently being upgraded,

2. Significant portions of the infrastructure required for the facility already exists through

the development of Waigaoqiao Phase I,

3. Proximity to the Yangtze river facilitates delivery of coal and equipment to the site

and the availability of cooling water,

4. A labor pool sufficient for the construction and operation of the facility exists in and

around Shanghai,

5. Adequate land existed for the development of the Phase II with room for future

expansion (In contrast, other land in Shanghai is not available), and

6. Sufficient room existed to construct large, high efficiency thermal units to improve

efficiency of the overall system.

The Waigaoqiao Phase nl Power Plant project is an integral expansion of the Waigaoqiao Power

Plant site. Construction for the four 300-MW Phase I units was initiated on November 25. 1996,

with completion of all units expected by 1997. Units I and 2 of the Phase I project were in

commercial operation at the end of 1994 and 1995, respectively. Appendix B, Figure B-1,

9651118C/I-85128/97

presents a panoramic view of Phase I under construction. The Phase II project will consist of two

1,000-MW (nominal) units that will be in commercial operation in 2002. The planning of the site

also incorporated the addition of Phase III, which is expected to be similar in capacity as Phase II,

i.e., two 1,000-MW (nominal) units. The total capacity of the site is planned for a nominal

5,200 MW. While this EA focuses on the Phase II project, the evaluation of the project must

incorporate the existing Phase I project and deternine the environmental impacts of adding Phase

HI. Therefore, the project descriptions that follow present information on all phases of the

Waigaoqiao Power Plant complex.

1.3.2 NECESSITY FOR WAIGAOQIAO PHASE II

1.3.2.1 Descrption of Existing Power System

SMEPC provides the electric power for the Shanghai municipality with the exception of

Chongming and Changxing islands. The Shanghai electric system is part of the East China Power

Pool. The installed capacity of the SMEPC is 8,294 MW with a 1995 maximum load of 6,919

The transmission system for the Shanghai system consists of 500-kV and 220-kV circuits. The

500-kV system consists of double-circuit transmission lines that form a half circuit around a major

portion of Shanghai. The half loop is from the Sidongkou No. 2 Power Plant to Yanggao and to

Yanghang (see Figure 1.3-1). The Sidongkou-Yanggao portion runs through Huangdu, Sijn,

Nanqiao, and Shanling. As part of the Waigaoqiao Phase 11 project, the 500-kV loop will be

completed from Yanghang to Yanggao with interconnection to Waigaoqaio Phase Dl Power Plant.

1.3.2.2 Load Forecast

Shanghai, as the largest city and economic center in China, will continue to experience electric

growth. By the year 2000, the maximum load is expected to reach 11,600 MW, an annual

average load growth of over 11 percent. By 2002, the maximum load is expected to be

13,750 MW. With planned additions through 2000, the maximum capacity will be 12,277 MW.

Waigaoqiao Phase II Power Plant is needed to provide the almost 1,500 MW increase in demand

while providing an acceptable reserve margin.

9651118C/I-95/28/97

1.3.3 WAIGAOQIAO PLANT DESCRITION

1.3.3.1 Plant Site

The Waigaoqiao plant site is located in Northeast Pudong New Area along the Yangtze River (see

Figure 1.3-1). The site is located abotit 20 km from the Shanghai city center. The site is

bounded on the west by Gang-dian Road and on the south by Haixu Road. The Waigaoqiao New

Harbor Zone is located west of the plant. The eastem boundary currently consists of agricultural

area with residential. The area designated for power plant development for all phases is

144.4 hectares (ha) (see Figure 1.3-2). Phase II will occupy about 46 ha. To provide

construction laydown and areas for Phase III, the agricultural and residential areas will be

designated to the power plant. About 1,000 people will be relocated.

1.3.3.2 Fuel Handlin! and Storaae, Fuel Ouality

The fuel for all phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant will be bituminous coal from the Shenfu-

Dongshen mining area. The Shenfu-Dongshen mining area is located in the middle of Inner

Mongolia, south of the Yellow River near Baotou City in the northern part of Shanxi Province.

Available coal reserves for this area is about 1.7 billion tons.

Coal will be transported by rail to the Port of Qinhuangdao in Hebie Province and then shipped to

the Waigaoqiao Plant site in 35,000-ton shallow-draft coal ships. The coal pier constructed for

Phase I can handle docking of two coal ships. The Phase I pier is located 250 meters (m) into the

Yangtze River at a depth of about 10 rn (see Figure 1.3-2). A separate pier is planned for

Phase II and will have a similar design as the Phase I pier. The Phase II coal pier will be located

about 300 m into the Yangtze River at a depth of 10 m. For Phase III, the Phase II coal pier will

be used.

Coal is unloaded using bucket unloaders and transferred by conveyors to coal storage areas. The

Phase I unloading system has a capacity of 2,000 tons per hour (TPH), and the Phase II

conveying system has a capacity of 3,500 TPH. All conveyors are covered, except a small

portion of the pier unloaders and the stacker-reclaimer. For Phases I and II, the pier and

unloading systems will be separate. With Phase III, the conveying system will integrated, i.e.,

coal can be unloaded at either coal pier and provided to each phase's storage areas (see

Figure 1.3-2). For Phase I, there are two stacker-reclaimers which will be the sarne for Phase II.

Phase III may have up to four stacker-reclaimers due to the shorter storage length.

9651118C1-105/28/97

The storage area for Phase I is designed to store 260,000 tons in an area of about 600 square

meters (m2). This is sufficient for about 25 days' fuel usage. Phase II will store about

415,000 tons in an area of about 800 M2 ; the same amount of coal and area is planned for Phase

III. The Phase I storage area is partially covered with a drying shed; similar sheds will be used

for Phases II and III.

Coal is conveyed from the storage area or directly from the coal pier through the conveyor system

to coal crushers where its size is reduced. From the coal crushers, the coal is conveyed to coal

bunkers. See Appendix B, Figures B-2 and B-3, for photographic views of the existing coal

handling areas for Phase I and the areas to be used for Phases II and Im.

Shenfu-Dongshen coal is a low-sulfur (0.43 percent) bituminous coal with a lower heating value

of 22,760 kiloJoules per kilogram (kJ/kg) [9,806 British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb)].

Ultimate and proximate analyses of coal quality are presented in Table 1.3-1.

An evaluation of long-term coal quality related to the Shenfu-Dongshen coal used in Phase I was

conducted by ECEPDI (1997). Over a 14 month period (January 1996 through February 1997),

the average sulfur content of coal was 0.42 percent with a standard deviation of 0.023 percent.

The maximnum sulfur content was 0.457 and the lowest was 0.384. The net heating value over the

same period was 22,930 kJ/kg slightly higher (0.7 percent) than the design value. The ash

content averaged 8.44 percent compared to the design value of 11 percent. The results of this

study demonstrate the ability to meet the design coal quality.

1.3.3.3 Power Block

Phase I - The power block for Phase I will ultimately consist of four 300-MW (nominal)

subcritical units; Units 1 and 2 are in commercial operation, and Units 3 and 4 are still under

construction (as of November 1996). The boilers are constructed domestically using licensed

design technology from Combustion Engineering (CE)-ABB. Coal is delivered from the coal

bunkers to pulverizes. The pulverizes feed tangential burners that are fired at a design rate of

about 130 TPH per boiler and have a annual coal consumption of 845,100 tons per year (TPY)

per unit. The turbine generators are hydrogen cooled operating at 3,000 revolutions per minute

(rpm), 50 hertz (Hz), 20 kilovolts (kV). Design parameters and fuel usage rates for Phase I are

presented in Table 1.3-2.

9651118C1I-115128/97

Phase II - The power block for Phase II will consist of two 1,000-MW (nominal) super-critical

units. The boilers will be of foreign design since this technology is not currently available in

China. The SMEPC operational staff will receive training specific to super-critical unit operation

including the use of a simulator. The operational training, performed by the supplier, will also

include safety training associated with the specific characteristics of the super-critical units.

Coal is delivered from the coal bunkers to pulverizes. The pulverizes feed low-NO, burners that

are fired at a design rate of about 780 TPH per boiler and have a annual coal consumption of

5,083,000 TPY per unit. The turbine generators are hydrogen-cooled operating at 3,000 rpm and

50 Hz. A discussion on the selection of the technology proposed for Phase II is presented in

Section 4.0. Design parameters and fuel usage rates for Phase II are presented in Table 1.3-3.

Phase III - The design for Phase HI is anticipated to be a slide-along version of Phase H with

similar design and capabilities. Heavy equipment for the plant will be transported to the Shanghai

Wharf in the Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone by barge or ship. After unloading, the equipment will

be transported to the site by truck on roads with sufficient structural capability for the integrated

loads. No reinforcement will be necessary.

1.3.3.4 Water Use. SuDPIlV. and Treatment

The Yangtze River is the principal source of cooling and service water for all phases of the

Waigaoqiao Power Plant. The major use of water is for once-through condenser cooling. Phase I

will ultimately use 45.3 cubic meters per second (m3/s) of Yangtze River water for condenser

cooling. Phases H and Im will each utilize 74.2 m3/s for condenser cooling during the summer.

The intake and discharge designs for all phases are similar. Each phase will have dual intake

structures that take water at about 8 m depth and are located about 250 m from the river bank

(see Figure 1.3-2). Intake velocities are about 0.25 to 3 meters per second (m/s). Trash screens

are located at the intake and prior to the plant. Traveling screens are used prior to condenser

cooling. Chlorine at 1 to 3 parts per million (ppm) is used for biological growth control; the

residual free chlorine is kept to 0.1 ppm. Figure B-4 is a photograph of the Phase I intake

structure.

The discharge is located along the shore about 40 m from the river bank (see Figure 1.3-2). The

discharge velocity is 0.5 to 1 m/s The temperature rise resulting from the once-through

9651118C/1-125/28/97

condenser cooling is 8 to 9 degrees Celsius (°C); (AT across the condenser of 8 to 90C).

Figure B-5 is a photograph of the discharge locations for Phases I, II, and In.

Service water is used for the steam cycle, ash sluicing, and other plant uses. Yangtze River water

used for boiler service is treated using clarification-sedimentation, reverse osmosis (RO), and

mixed-bed resin demineralization. City water will be used for all potable water purposes. The

water uses are presented in Table 1.3-4.

1.3.3.5 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal

Wastewater generated for all phases will consist of boiler treatmnent regeneration wastewater (RO

and demineralizer backwash), boiler cleaning, wash water, contact and non-contact rainfall runoff,

excess bottom ash water, and sanitary sewage. The boiler treatment regeneration wastewater is

treated using sedimentation and neutralized within a pH range of 6.5 to 8.5; the PRC discharge

standard is a pH of 6 to 9. Any potential oil-contaminated wastewater is treated in an oil

separator prior to discharge. The oil-water separator will remove oil and grease to below the

PRC standard of 10 mg/L; this wastewater will be recycled. Sewage wastewater is treated using

biological treatment (aeration) and chlorination. The sanitary sewage system will meet a

discharge quality of 30 mglL for BOD5, 35 mg/L for suspended solids, and 30 mg/L for COD.

The PRC standards are 30 mg/L, 70 mg/L and 100 mg/L, for these parameters respectively.

Water used to transport bottom ash will be dewatered in a bin. Occasionally, the boilers will be

cleaned to remove scale and deposits from operation. The wastewater generated from this

operation will be treated using settling, neutralization, and oxidation (with EDTA). This

wastewater will meet PRC standards of 70 mg/L for suspended solids and 100 mg/L for COD.

This wastewater will be recycled. The wastewater for all phases that is discharged will pass

through the once-through discharge system to the Yangtze River. Coal pile runoff is recycled or

treated using sedimentation. The ash yards are designated to retain all rainfall and no discharge is

anticipated. Types and volumes of wastewater are presented in Table 1.3-5. Figure 1.3-3

presents a water balance for Phase II.

1.3.3.6 Bvproducts (Bottom Ash and Fly Ash)

The byproducts from all phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Project primnarily consist of bottom ash

(boiler slag) and fly ash. The amount of byproducts generated by Phases I and II are presented in

Table 1.3-6. Phase III will be similar to Phase II.

9651118C11-135/28/97

The bottom ash is sluiced from the boiler to a dewatering area (see Figure 1.3-2). The bottom

ash for all phases will be stored (or disposed) in an area adjacent to the Yangtze River with an

area of about 1.2 million i 2 . A bottom ash (slag) area has been constructed for Phase I and will

be used for all phases depending on ash reuse. The area is contained by a concrete outer berm

that is constructed to a height of 7 m. Figures B-6 and B-7 present views of the existing bottom

ash storage area. Bottom ash is also used as landfill material for the Phase m coal yard.

Fly ash will be handed pneumatically from the electrostatic precipitators to storage silos

designated for each phase. If ash is stored or disposed of, it is humidified to about 20 percent

moisture and transported via conveyor to a separate ash pier (see Figure 1.3-2) onto 3,000-ton-

capacity ash barges. The barges are transported to the Limin Ash Yard an area is located about

14 man downstream from the plant site (see Figure 1.3-1). Ash will be unloaded using a bucket

crane since the high calcium in the ash prohibits the use of piping (due to plugging). An area of

1.2 million rn2 has been constructed for Phase I and will be used for the other phases depending

on ash reuse. If more area is necessary, additional storage/disposal will be located downstream in

similar configurations. About one barge per day will be transported to the ash yard for Phase II.

The storage/disposal area for the fly ash has been constructed in the littoral area of the Yangtze

River, about 800 m into the river and 1,000 m along the shoreline. The depth at the outer

perimeter is about 1.3 m. A concrete outer berm separates the storage/disposal area from the

river.

Currently, there is no ash stored from Phase I nor facilities to unload ash. All ash is currently

used in the construction industry. The area just north of the ash storage/disposal area is being

used for disposal of Haungpu River sediments which are pumped from river dredging to the

disposal area. When completed, this area will be used by the Pudong New Area Municipality. If

required for Phases II and III, the Phase I ash yard will be extended along the downstream

direction of the Yangtze.

The ash yard will be developed in sections with topsoil covering completed lifts. The Limin ash

yard has a capacity of 5.5 million cubic meters, which is sufficient to store the amount of ash

generated over 3.2 years for Phases I and II. The additional ash areas adjacent to and

downstream of the Limin ash yard have capacities of 14 million m3 and 31.5 million mn3 . These

capacities are sufficient for 5 and 11 years of ash storage, respectively, for Phases I, 11, and IHI.

9651118C/1-14528197

These areas are available to SMEPC but are not being developed since all the fly ash is recycled

for use in the construction industry.

The ash characteristics for the Shenfu-Dongshen coal are presented in Table 1.3-6. A favorable

quality of the coal that will be used for all phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant is the high

calcium content (about 23 percent). This property makes the ash favorable for reuse in the

construction industry. Currently all the ash generated from Phase I Units 1 and 2 is provided at

nominal cost to the construction industry. Some bottom ash has been stored/disposed of in the

bottom ash area, but it is largely open; the Limin Ash Yard has not been used. The fly ash is

delivered to enclosed cement-type trucks by a pneumatic system with pollution control (bag

filters) to minimize emissions.

Figures B-8 through B-13 are photographs of the existing Phase I fly ash disposal area from

different views.

1.3.3.7 Air Emissions, Controls, and Stack Parameters

The air emissions from the combustion of coal for all phases of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant will

be controlled using low-sulfur coal to limit emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO,), electrostatic

precipitators (ESP) to limit emissions of particulate matter (PM), and boiler design and low-NO,

combustors to limit emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOD). The flue gas from each phase will be

discharged through a 240-m stack. The air emissions and stack parameters for Phase I are shown

in Table 1.3-7; for Phase II and Phase III, these data are presented Table 1.3-8.

For Phase I, the appliable SMEPB emission limit is 261 mglNm3 , whereas the design particulate

emission rate is 210 mg/Nm3 . Actual particulate emission rates of 84.78 mg/Nm3 and

57.55 mg/Nm3 for Units 1 and 2, respectively, have been determined. SO2 emissions for Phase I

are limnited to 11.85 tons/hour and are mitigated using low sulfur Shenfu-Dongshen coal. The

Phase I boilers use conventional burners with a NO, emnission rate of 260 ng/J.

Phase II of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant will be designed to meet or be lower than the World

Bank, PRC, and Shanghai emissions guidelines and standards. A comparison is presented below:

9651118C/1-155/30197

Proposed forPollutant Units PRC/Shanghai World Bank Phase II

Particulate mg/Nm3 242 100 100Sulfur Dioxide TPH 12.36 20.8 5.7Nitrogen Oxides ng/J - 260 230

mg/Nm3 650 >450 <400

An additional benefit of using Shenfu-Dongshen coal is the SO2 removal obtained from the high

calcium content. Studies using this coal have been performed on a 300-MW (nominal) unit at the

Wujing Power Plant. S02 removal efficiencies ranged from 8.5 to 17.6 percent and averaged

about 14 percent during the seven tests conducted. The SO2 removal from the high calcium

content is consistent with other studies that inject lime (CaO) directly into the boiler.

With the implementation of Phase II, the Shanghai Municipal Government has implemented a

requirement to install FGD systems for SO2 removal. The use of low-sulfur content Shenfu-

Dongshen coal obviates the need to install FGD systems on Phase 11 units to meet air quality and

emissions standards. Therefore, SMEPC has requested and obtained approval from the Shanghai

Municipality to offset the SO emissions by installing FGD on two 300-MW (nominal) units using

1.8 percent sulfur coal at the Sidongkou Power Plant. This provides a more economical approach

to SO2 removal. In addition, the installation of FGD at Sidongkou will reduce particulate

emissions. The air pollutant emissions for Phases I and II of the Waigaoqiao project are

summarized below. Also included is the emissions reductions expected from the addition of FGD

at Sidongkou Plant 1, Units 1 and 2.

Emissions (tones/year)

Plant-Phase Particulate Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides

Waigaoqiao Phase 1 (4 x 300MW) 5,936 24,708 20,441

Waigaoqiao Phase II 4,382 37,157 26,608

Sidongkou, Plant 1 (I&2) -1.600 -48,000 NA

9651118C/1-165/30/97

it should be noted that actual particulate emissions for Phase I based on actual emission tests are

about 2,000 tons/year, or about 34 percent of the design particulate emissions. Section 4.0

presents more information on this control alternative.

Fugitive dust that may be generated from the coal and ash handling systems will be controlled for

all phases using enclosures, air pollution control devices, and watering. The coal will be

transferred from the pier to the coal storage areas and the units in enclosed conveyors. Transfer

points have air pollution control (cyclones and bagfilters). The high moisture content of the coal

(7 to 14 percent) also mitigates dust formation.

The bottom ash is handled wet with no fugitive emissions, and the fly ash is handled in closed

pneumatic systems with bagfilter systems to control loading of cement tanker trucks. If

transported to the storage/disposal area, the ash will be mixed with water in rotary mixers to

provide a non-dusting material. The existing plant has paved roads, and more are planned with

with each phase.

1.3.3.8 Transmission

As described in Section 1.3.2, a 500-kV system will interconnect Phase II and Phase III with the

SMEPC electric system. Currently, the electric power from Phase I is transmitted through a

230-kV system. The location for the 500-kV system has been under development since 1983 and

confirmed in 1993 by the Shanghai Municipal government. The location was identified by the

Shanghai Municipal Planning Design Institute and considered land use, existing linear facilities

(e.g., roads), resettlement, and public input. Towns, villages, buildings, factories, and other

developed uses are avoided. The siting was coordinated with the Pudang New Area planning

subdivision and other municipal agencies. Once the corridor is identified, construction will be

controlled by the municipal government. The current land use of the line is open land or

agricultural; any small buildings would be removed with resettlement under the Shanghai

Municipal Resettlement Bureau. Available information, including limnited observation. suggested

resettlement, if required, would not be extensive.

The transmission line has not been designed but will likely be of two possible tower designs; the

car-head and the wine-cup configurations. Tower spacing is about 450 m with heights of about

33 to 36 m. The corridor widths are generally from 65 to 70 m for the wine-cup design and 60

9651118C/1-175/30/97

to 65 m for the cat-head design. The towers may have different dimensions depending on the

calculated electromagnetic force (EMF) relative to adjacent land use. The height and width are

designated to meet a 4 kilovolts per meter (kV/m) boundary standard. At power plant exits where

lines are bundled or crossing certain obstacles, a high tower design is used. Heights may be in

excess of 50 m in some cases. A schematic of the these designs is presented in Figure 1.3-4.

9651)18C12/30/96

Table 1.2-1. PRC Environmental Protection Legal Framework-

Laws and RegulationsPRC Environmental Protection Law (December 26, 1989)

PRC Ambient air pollution prevention and mitigation law (September 5, 1989)

PRC Water pollution prevention and mitigation Law (May 11, 1984)

PRC Water Act (January 21, 1988)

PRC Environmental Noise Protection and Mitigation Regulation (September 26, 1989)

Enviromnental Protection Administration Regulation promulgated by the State Environmental ProtectionCommittee, the State Planning Committee and the State Economic Conunittee (Document No. E003,1986)

Thermal Power Plant Construction Preparatory Stage Environmental Protection Regulation promulgatedby the Ministry of Energy (Document No. AB 993, 1989)

Thermal Power Plant Environmental Monitoring Regulation promulgated by the Ministry of WaterConservancy (Document No. SD 299, 1987)

Environmental StandardsPollutant Emission StandardsEmission Standards of Air Pollutants for Coal-Fired Power Plants (GB13223-91)

Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-88) Class 1 standard for newly built projects

Standard of Noise at Boundary of Industrial Enterprises (GB 12348-90) Category II Standard

Ambient Quality StandardsAmbient Air Quality Standard (GB3095) Grade II (See Table 1.2-2)

Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-88) Grade III

Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water (GB3749-85) used for groundwater

Source: KBN, 1996.

9651118C05128/97

Table 1.2-2. PRC Class II Air Quality Standards

Class II Concentration Limits'

Pollutant Once Daily Average Annual Average

S02 0.5 0.15 0.06

N02 0.15 0.10 -

TSP 1.00 0.30 -

PM1O 500 150 0.04

Note: All concentrations expressed in mg/Nm3.

a Human health and welfare.

Sources: SMBEP, 1989; KBN, 1996.

9651118C5/28/97

Table 1.2-3. PRC Water Quality Standards for Yangtze River Near Waigaoqiao

Parameter Class III Class IV

pH (standard units) 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5SO%2 250 250

250 250

Dissolved Iron 0.5 0.5

Mg 0.1 0.5

Cu 1.0 1.0

Zn 1.0 2.0

NO- 20 20

NO- 0.15 1.0

Non-ionic NH3 0.02 0.2

N Kjeldahl 1 2

P 0.1 0.2

Dissolved O2 5 3

COD 15 20

BOD5 4 6

F 1.0 1.5

Se 0.01 0.02

As 0.05 0.1

Hg 0.0001 0.001

Cd 0.005 0.005

Cr 0.05 0.05

Pb 0.05 0.05

CN- 0.2 0.2

Phenol 0.005 0.01

Oil/grease 0.05 0.5

Surfactant 0.2 0.3

Coliform (count) 10000

PCB 0.0025Note: Units are mg/L unless otherwise specified.

Class III and IV waters are designated as being suitable for fishing, swimming,irrigation, and other non-potable uses.

9651118C12/17196

Table 1.2-4. World Bank General Environmental Guidelines for Power Projects

EnvironmentalResource Criteria

AIR 1. SO3-454 MT/day (500 TPD)'Emissions 2. Particulate-100 mg/m3

3. NO,-300 ng/joule (0.3 lb/106 Btu) fossil fuel steam generatorsburning bituminous coal

Ambient Quality 1. SO2-100 gg/m3 annual average500 Aglm3 maximum 24-hour average

2. Particulate-100 1g/rM3 annual geometric mean500 ig/rm3 maximum 24-hour average

3. NO2-100 jzg/m3 annual average

WATER AND Thermal limitations of +3°C for subtropical and tropical waters andLAND 5°C for other waters, with an alternative maximum according to the

equation:

T =OT UTOT- ~~~~3

where:T.S, = Maximnum allowable stream temperature after mixingOT = Optimum temperature for species affected

URLT = Ultimate recipient lethal temperature

Also, general restrictions on affecting aquatic organisms, humanhealth and welfare exist.

NOISE Noise levels (yearly average) required for protection of public healthand welfare recommended in the World Bank EnvironmentalGuidelines (September 1988).

SOCIAL AND Secondary growth effects to the general population shall be addressedCULTURAL and impacts to tribal people shall be mitigated.

OCCUPATIONAL World Bank Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines for PowerPlants, Coal, and Fuel Oil; TLVs by American Conference ofGovernmental Industrial Hygienists.

Note: S02 = Sulfur dioxide. NO, = Nitrogen oxide.MT/day = Metric tons per day. lb/1 6 Btu = Pounds per million British

Ag/m3 = Micrograms per cubic thermal units.meter. NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide.

'Nonpolluted to moderately polluted areas (i.e., 50 to 200 Ag/ni ).

Source: World Bank, 1988.1-21

9651118C05/28/97

Table 1.2-5. World Bank Air Emission Guidelines for Stationary Sources

Pollutants Quality Guideline

Particulates 100 mg/m3--World Bank emissions guideline

Sulfur Background Levels (,ug/m3 ) Criterion I Criterion II MaximumMaximum SO2 Allowable Ground Level

Maximum Emission Increment to AmbientSulfur Dioxide (SO2) Annual Average 24-Hour Interval (TDP) (ug/m3 1-year average)

Unpolluted <50 <200 500 50

Moderately Polluted'

Low 50 200 500 50

High 100 400 100 10

Very Pollutedb >100 >400 100 10

Note: No emission guidelines for NO, currently exist for combustion turbine generators.

For intermediate values between 50 and 100 pg/M3 - linear interpolations should be used.b No projects with sulfur dioxide emissions are recommended in these areas.

Source: World Bank, 1988b.

9651118C12/26/96

Table 1.2-6. World Bank Ambient Air Quality Guidelines

Pollutant Quality Guideline

Particulates (Dust)

Annual geometric mean 100 pg/m3

Maximum 24-hour peak 500 g/rm3

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Inside plant fenceAnnual arithmetic mean 100 g/im3

Maximum 24-hour peak 1,000 pg/im3

Outside plant fenceAnnual arithmetic mean 100 g/rm3

Maximum 24-hour peak 500 pug/m3

Nitrogen Oxides (NOJ)

Annual arithmetic mean (as NO2) 100 g/rm3

Arsenic (As)

Inside plant fence24-hour average 0.006 mg/m3

Outside plant fence24-hour average 0.003 mg/m3

Cadmium (Cd)

Inside plant fence24-hour average 0.006 mg/m3

Lead (Pb)

Inside plant fence24-hour average 0.008 mg/r 3

Source: World Bank, 1988b.

9651118C04/04/97

Table 1.2-7. World Bank Recommended Noise Guidelines

Indoor OutdoorTo To

Hearing Protect Hearing ProtectActivity Loss Against Activity Loss AgainstInter- Considera- Both Inter- Considera- Both

Location Measure ference tion Effectsa ference tion Effects'

Residential Ld, 45 45 55 55With OutsideSpace and FarmResidences Lq(24) 70 70

Residential With Ld. 45 45No Outside Space L,(24) 70

Commercial L,(24) ' 70 70' a 70 70c

InsideTransportation Lq(24) a 70 a

Industrial Leq(24)d a 70 70' a 70 70c

Hospitals Ld. 45 45 55 55

L,(24) 70 70

Educational L,(24) 45 45 55 55

L,(24)d 70 70

RecreationalAreas L,q(24) a 70 70c a 70 70c

Farmlandand GeneralUnpopulated Land Lq(24) a 70 70c

Note: Ld, is the day-night average A-weighted equivalent sound level, with a 10-decibel weighting applied tonighttime levels.

L,q (24) is the equivalent A-weighted sound level over 24 hours.

a Based on lowest level.b Since different types of activities appear to be associated with different levels, identification of a maximum level

for activity interference may be difficult except in those circumstances where speech communication is a criticalactivity.

c Based only on hearing loss.d An L,q(8) of 75 dB may be identified in these situations so long as the exposure over the remaining 16 hours per

day is low enough to result in a negligible contribution to the 24-hour average, i.e., no greater than an L, of 60dB.

Source: EPA, 1974.1-24

96511 18C/13-105/30/97

Table I.3-1. Coal Characteristics for Waigaoqiao Power Project __ __

Actual Phase I MonthlyValues January 1996 -

February 1997Phase 11 Typical Spot Phase I

Parameter Units Design Value (a) Average Range Values (c)Heating Value (LHV-as received) KJ/kg 22,760 22,930 22,290 - 23,480 21,920 - 25,270Volatile Matter (dry basis) % 27.33 27.83 26.77 - 28.67 23.56 - 33.84Fixed Carbon (dry basis) % 57.00 47.87 46.60 - 49.05 41.15 - 56.19Moisture (as received) % 14 15.87 15.18-16.72 10.71 - 17.93Ash (as received) % 11 8.44 7.61-9.92 4.79 - 15.45Carbon % 60.51 -- -- 53.84 - 67.35Hydrogen % 3.62 -- -- 3.17 - 4.09Oxygen % 9.94 -- -- 8.51 - 11.94Nitrogen % 0.7 -- -- 0.43 - 0.85Total Sulfur _ _ __ _ 0.43 0.42 0.384-0.457 0.23- 1.08

Notes: a) Design value for typical Shenfu-Dongshen coal.b) Based on proximate analysis of actual Shenfu-Dongshen coal received from January 1996 through February 1997;

data for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen not included in proximate analysis.c) Ranges based on 24 samples typical of coal received from Shenfu-Dongshen area.

Source: ECEPDI, 1996, SMEPC, 1997.

9651118C/13-237805/28/97

Table 1.3-2. Design Information for Phase I of Waigaoqiao Power Project (4x300 MW)-Data Listed for Each Unit

Parameter Units Measurement

Plant Characteristics (All Data per Boiler)Gross Size MW 300Gross Heat Rate (LHV) kcal/kWh 2,408

kJ/kWh 10,079Heat Input (LHV) Mcal/hr 722,394

MJ/hr 3,023,835Usage full load hrs 6,500

Capacity Factor Percent 74.20%

Coal CharacteristicsLower Heating Value kcal/kg 5,557

kJ/kg 23,260

Sulfur Content- Maximum Percent 0.43%Sulfur Content - Average Percent 0.43%Ash Content Percent 11.00%

Fuel UsageCoal Input tons/hr 130.00

Source: ECEPDI, 1996; KBN, 1996.

9651118C/13-237805/28/97

Table 1.3-3. Design Information for Phase II (2xl,000 MW) and Phase Im (2xl,000 MW) ofWaigaoqiao Power Project-Data Listed for Each Unit

Plant Characteristics (All Data per Boiler)Gross Size MW 1,000Gross Heat Rate (LHV) kcal/kWh 2,126

kJ/kWh 8,899Heat Input (LHV) Mcal/hr 2,126,009

MJ/hr 8,899,160Usage full load hrs 6,500

Capacity Factor Percent 74.20%

Coal CharacteristicsLower Heating Value kcal/kg 5,437

Id/kg 22,760

Sulfur Content- Maximum Percent 0.43%Sulfur Content - Average Percent 0.43%Ash Content Percent 11.00%

Fuel UsageCoal Input tons/hr 391

Note: For the purpose of the impact evaluation, it was assumed that Phases 11 and IIIwould have similar boilers as currently planned.

Source: ECEPDI, 1996; KBN, 1996.

9651118C/13-412/31196

Table 1.3-4. Water Use for Waigaoqiao Power Project

Usage Units Source Phase I Phase It Phase III

Once-Through Condenser Cooling m3/s Yangtze 45.3 74.2 74.2tons/hr Yangtze 163,080 267,120 267,120

Service Water m3/s Yangtze 0.4 0.3 0.3tons/hr Yangtze 1,400 1062 1,062

Potable Water m3/s City 0.56 0.56 0.56tons/day City 2,000 2,000 2,000

Source: ECEPDI, 1996.

9651118C/13-504/02/97

Table 1.3-5. Wastewater Discharge for Waigaoqiao Power Project

Discharge Units Discharge Point Phase I Phase II Phase III

Once-Through m3/s Yangtze 45.3 74.2 74.2

Chemical Treatment m3/s Yangtze 0.020 0.024 0.024(Demineralization Backwash) tons/hr Yangtze 67 87 87

Sewage m3/day Yangtze 900 400 400tons/hr. Yangtze 37.5 16.7 16.7

Flyash Humidifying tons/hr Retained in Ash 15-20 17 17

Bottom Ash tons/hr Recycled 900 900 900

Oil Contaminated Wastewater tons/day Recycled 30 40 40

Boiler Cleaning Wastewater tons/year Recycled 10,000 10,000 10,000

9651118C113-612/26/96

Table 1.3-6. Quantity of Ash and Characteristics for Waigaoqiao Power Project

Bottom Ash (Slag) Fly AshTPH TPY TPH TPY

Phase I a 4.67 30,355 41.81 271,765Phase II b 9.13 59,345 82.15 534,000

Phase II b 9.13 59,345 82.15 534,000

Characteristics (%):Aluminum Oxide (A1203) 13.99Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 11.36Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) 36.71Sulfur Trioxide (S03) 9.30Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 0.71Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 1.28Calcium Oxide (CaO) 22.92Sodium Oxide (Na20) 1.23Potassium Oxide (K20) 0.73

a Based on actual ash in coal; annual based on 6,500 hrs/yr operation.b Based on design coal; annual based on 6,500 hrs/yr operation.

9651118C/13-237805/30/97

Table 1.3-7. Stack and Emissions Data for Phase I (4x300 MW) of Waigaoqiao Power Project-Data Listed for Each Unit

Pollution Control EquipmentESP Particulate Removal Percent 98.10%S02 Removal Percent 15.00%

Stack ParametersHeight m 240Diameter m 4.5Flow Nm^3/hr 1,087,090

m*3/hr 1,603,159Temperature C 129.6Velocity m/sec 28

"Flow Caic. Check" m^3/hr 1,603,153

EmissionsSulfur Dioxide kg/hr 950.31

tons/hr 0.95tons/year 6,177

ParticulateBasis for Emissions mg/Nm^3 210Mass kg/hr 228.29

tons/hr 0.23ESP Rating kg/hr 244.53

tons/hr 0.245mg/Nm^3 152.53

Nitrogen OxidesBasis for Emissions ng/J 260Mass kg/hr 786.20

tons/hr 0.79mg/m^3 490.4

Note: Information presented is for each unit.Source: ECEPDI, 1996; KBN, 1996.

9651118C113-237805/30/97

Table 1.3-8. Stack and Emissions Data for Phase II (2x1,000 MW) and Phase III (2x1,000 MW)Waigaoqiao Power Project-Data Listed for Each Unit

Pollution Control EquipmentESP Particulate Removal Percent 99.30%S02 Removal Percent 15.00%

Stack ParametersHeight m 240Diameter m 7.5Flow Nm'3/hr 3,370,390

m^3/hr 4,962,992Temperature C 129Velocity m/sec 31.21

"Flow Calc. Check" m^3/hr 4,963,732

EmissionsSulfur Dioxide kg/hr 2,858

tons/hr 2.86tons/year 18,578

ParticulateBasis for Emissions mg/Nm^3 100Mass kglhr 337.04

tons/hr 0.34ESP Rating kg/hr 270.96

tons/hr 0.27mg/Nm^3 80.40

Nitrogen OxidesBasis for Emissions ng/J 230Mass kg/hr 2,047

tons/hr 2.05mg/m^3 412.41

Note: Information presented is for each unit.Source: ECEPDI, 1996; KBN, 1996.

1996,12 4 Sha.9 hc6 I 3 1 12 27 96

-. SIDONGKOU POWER, ,-~ hognn

5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

"" ¾~~~~~~~~ ~ ChangxingN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Iln

34km~~~~~~~~~~~~ K" WAIGAOQIAO POWER424? P~~~~LANT SITE

-~~~~~~~ <p ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - SO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Islarid

a t~~~~~~~~imin Ash Yaird/1 - ~~~~~~~~~~~(Fly Ash Dispsal),

1' 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fly Ash Disposal,~~.--- -- ~~25 km ¾ Phases II nan III

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -i1. - I \ $~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)(if required)

- ~ ~~~~~Eilig5-,k iairisit

'/! -- - . I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __- -_ _aiie 5 0-V raism ssoi

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Liire~~~~~s KY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~500-kV Substaijorir

-~~~ 500-ky Substation (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~./2-- ~~~~~Nate: Tranismissioni linie loculionis are

5mkv subsiation ~~~~~~500-kv4iubstallon

Figure 13-1Locations of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant Site, Transmission System,and Sidongkou Power Plant Site

flumn 1 II 0 I H I Li~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

~~ ~~ _ _ ~~~~~ Hr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- ----- _-----'---

I oost-g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-------

I' U ,~~~~~~~~~~ rN T - I.

I ___ *. ~~~ 1A4114 ~~~ I 1 r

gI-~~~ 4 ~~~ ¶ _____I__l~4.4~~~~~~~~~~~a

Figure 1.3-3118340 6000 Water Balance for Phase 11

. g 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~243401

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9651118C/2-105/28/97

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY, PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND SEISMICITY

The plant area and surrounding environs are flat with little or no natural topographic relief. The

site elevation averages about 4.3 meters above mean sea level (m-msl) with a. topography that

grades gently upward from the west and north to the south and east. Much of the littoral land

along the Yangtze River has been filled to levels above the immediate flood plain as a result of

regional development projects that began in 1958.

The physiography of the plant region is the Yangtze alluvial plain along the leading edge of the

Yangtze River Delta. The regional geological structural origin is at the end of the cave-in area of

the northern Jiangsu Province. Alluvial deposits are of ancient age and complex in nature. The

river delta is still actively receiving a large suspended and bed sediment load at a rate of about

500 million tonnes per year.

The power plant site and ash yard are in the frontal fringe of the Yangtze River delta's alluvial

plain. As such, the plant and ash yard areas have built up from river sediments consisting of silts

and clays. In the top 30 m, the soils are described as brownish yellow silty clay, gray sandy silt,

brown mucky silty clay, grey mucky silty clay, and grey clayey silt of the Holocene series.

Deposits from the early Pleistocene series begin at about 30 m in depth to about 90 m and consist

of silts and clays with sands beginning at about 70 m in depth.

The underlying soil requires pile construction with reinforced concrete square pile, prestressed

reinforced concrete pipe pile, and steel pipe pile as acceptable alternatives. For Phase I, steel

piles driven to about 70 m depth were used for the main building and structures.

The plant site is considered to have a low probability and intensity for seismic activity.

Construction on piles would mitigate any probable activity from slight soil liquefaction under the

reported intensity.

9651118C/-205128/97

2.1.2 AIR RESOURCES

2.1.2.1 Climatology

Geographically, China is roughly circular in form and lies east-northeast of the Indian

subcontinent. China extends from 22 to 52 degrees north (°N) latitude and 74 to 134 degrees east

(°E) longitude and is 9,561,000 square kilometers (kn2) [3,692,000 square miles (mi2)] in area.

This vast expanse of land gives full opportunity for continental weather conditions to develop a

cold area of high barometric pressure in the winter as well as low-pressure hot areas in the

summer. The Himalaya Mountains on the southwest border of China blocks the monsoon weather

patterns that India experiences during the summer from reaching westem China. For this reason,

most areas of northern and western China average less than 1,000 millimeters (mm) of rain per

year. The exception to this rule is the coastal area of China which annually has precipitation

values greater than 1000 mm. Rainfall amounts decrease rapidly from the southeast to the

northwest. The reason for this decrease is the movement of the summer monsoons, in which the

interior of China is beyond the reach of the Pacific air mass flow.

In China, the winds are generally from a northerly direction in winter and from the southeast in

summer. The causes of the reversal of the wind system are related to both the large size of the

Asian continent and adjacent oceans, and the very high and extensive Himalayan mountain range

(Tibet Plateau) of the continent. This range is oriented in an east-west direction and forms a

barrier between tropical (monsoonal) and polar air masses.

2.1.2.2 Site Meteorologv

The Waigaoqiao Power Plant site, located on the eastern coast of China at the mouth of the

Yangtze River, lies at approximately 31.20 north latitude and 121.5° east longitude. This area

has a coastal season climate whose weather is moderated by the Yangtze River and East China

Sea. The nearest meteorological station to the plant site is the Gaoqiao Hydrological and

Meteorological Station, located within 10 km of the plant site. From 1975 to 1984, this station

recorded the following annual meteorological data:

Average annual atmospheric pressure 1016.3 hundred Pascals (hPa)

Average annual temperature 15.7 degrees Celsius (°C)

9651118C12-305/28/97

Extreme maximum temperature 38.1 °C

Average hottest month temperature 31.5 0C

Average coldest month temperature 0.40C

Average annual precipitation 1046.9 mm

Maximum 24-hour precipitation 381 nmn

Average annual evaporation 1,455.6 mm

Average annual relative humidity 80 percent

Average annual wind speed 4.0 meters per second (m/s)

Prevailing wind direction, annual SE

Prevailing wind direction, winter NNW

Prevailing wind direction, annual ESE

For this study, 1 year of meteorological data were obtained from the Gaoqiao station and

processed for analysis and use in the air quality dispersion model. The frequencies of hourly

wind directions and wind speeds from January to December 1995 are shown in the windrose

presented in Figure 2.1-1. Wind directions were reported as I of 16 sectors with each sector

covering 22.50. Wind speeds were reported in meters per second and classified into one of six

categories. In this windrose, the length of the bar indicates the frequency of wind direction

sector, and the width of the bar indicates the frequency of a wind speed category. From this

windrose, the annual prevailing wind direction was from the south-southeast, with a high

frequency of winds occurring from the east-northeast clockwise through south-southeast. The

annual average wind speed was about 3 m/s.

The monthly average maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures during 1995 are shown in

Table 2.1-1. As shown, the annual average mean temperature is about 16.4 °C with the lowest

monthly average temperature of 4.9°C occurring in January and the highest monthly average

temperature of 28.8°C occurring in August.

2.1.2.3 Ambient Air Oualitv

The City of Shanghai, like all major industrialized urban area, has many anthropogenetic sources

of air pollution. During the past decade, growth has continued with concomitant increases in

9651118C12-405128197

construction, industrialization, and air pollution. The Shanghai Municipal Bureau of

Environmental Protection (SMBEP) has established a network for monitoring the ambient air

quality. The parameters measured by SMBEP that are relevant to the Waigaoqiao Power Project

are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO,), and total suspended particulates (TSP). The

methodology used by SMBEP is consistent with that recommended by EPA for measuring these

pollutants. SO2 and NO,, are measured using continuous monitors meeting EPA specifications.

S02 is measured using a Thermo Electron Company (TECO) Model 43 SQ analyzer, and NQ is

measured using a TECO Model 14BIE NO, analyzer. TSP is measured using gravimetric

procedures consistent with those promulgated by EPA.

Monitoring is performed at numerous stations within the Shanghai Municipality. Air quality

measurements indicate that sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate levels in the urban areas

are generally about a factor of 2 higher than in rural areas. For sulfur dioxide, urban

concentrations averaged 53 sg/m3 , whereas rural concentrations averaged 12 jsg/md (SMBEP,

1996). Citywide concentrations for sulfur dioxide average 32 Ag/m3. For total suspended

particulate matter, urban concentrations averaged nearly 250 ig/M3, whereas rural concentrations

averaged 175 jig/M3. Citywide concentrations for TSP average 237 /Ag/rn3 .

SMBEP has implemented countermeasures to reduce air pollution in Shanghai, including:

1. Relocating or restructuring factories and workshops to reduce air emissions,

2. Utilizing gas and reuse of energy resources,

3. Promoting district heating, and

4. Regulating construction industry practices to reduce dust emissions (e.g., enclosing

buildings during construction).

Urban sulfur dioxide concentrations, as determined from daily averages, have been reduced by

more than 30 percent. Urban TSP concentrations have reduced by more than 15 percent.

SMBEP will continue to implement the countermeasures to improve air quality.

For the Waigaoqiao Power Project, TSP. NO, and SO2 data were obtained for four stations

(Waigaoqiao, Jingqiao, Lujiazui, and Jichang) in the vicinity of the plant and where impacts are

most likely. SO2 data were obtained for two stations (Baoshan and Putuo) where interaction

between the Sidongkou and Waigaoqiao are most important. Figure 2.1-2 shows the locations of

9651118C/2-505/28/97

the six air quality monitoring stations relative to the Waigaoqiao Power Plant. The maximun and

annual average concentrations observed at each station are also shown on Figure 2.1-2.

Table 2.1-2 presents a complete summary of annual data for 1995 for the four stations in vicinity

of the plant.

The monitoring data collected by SMBEP indicate that the ambient air quality standards for TSP

are exceeded at all stations. The maximum daily TSP concentrations measured routinely exceeded

both the World Bank 1988 guidelines and PRC Class II standards for particulates, which are

0.500 nilligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) and 0.300 mglm3, respectively. The maximum daily

concentrations exceed the PRC Class 11 standards by 150 to 190 percent, while the observed TSP

concentrations are near the World Bank guidelines for the four stations in the Pudong New Area.

The annual average (mean) concentrations of TSP exceed the World Bank guidelines by about

240 percent. The data represent particles with an aerodynamic diameter ranging from less than

1 mnicrometer (,am) to about 100 am. For inhalable particulates, the aerodynamic diameter is

represented by particles of 10 pm or less, referred to as PM 10. While the data represent both

PM10 and larger particles, the high concentration of TSP suggest that the SMBEP standard for

PM1O of 0.040 milligram per normal cubic meter (mg/Nm3) may be exceeded. Indeed, the

annual average TSP concentrations at the four stations is projected to be 6 to nearly 8 times the

PM1O standard.

The source of the high TSP concentrations is a result of the construction activities that are

occurring all over the Municipality of Shanghai. Industrial sources, which include power plants,

and other area sources such as transportation contribute to the observed concentrations.

The maximum daily (24-hour) background S02 concentrations in the area where the Waigaoqiao

Power Plant would impact, ranges from 0.064 to 0.219 mg/m3; annual average SO2 concentrations

range from 0.015 to 0.050 mg/m3. These concentrations are below both the World Bank and

PRC Class II ambient air quality standards of 0.500 mg/m3 and 0.150 mg/m3, respectively, for

the maximum 24-hour and annual averaging times.

The SO2 concentrations observed for the Putuo monitoring station located in Central Shanghai and

the Baoshan monitoring station located near the Sidongkou plant suggest quite different results

from each other. While the observed SO2 concentrations for the Putuo and Baoshan monitoring

9651118C/2-605/30/97

stations meet the PRC Class II and World Bank guidelines for both the maximum 24-hour and

annual averaging times, the concentrations at Putuo are generally higher. The annual average at

this station is higher than the other five stations and likely reflects source contributions from area

sources. This station is located in central Shanghai where area sources can significantly

contribute. In contrast, the SO, concentrations observed at the Baoshan monitoring are similar to

those observed in the area north of central Shanghai in the Pudang New Area (i.e., near the

Waigaoqiao area). The predominant easterly winds indicated generally better air quality in the

eastern portion of Shanghai as evidenced by the observations at Jichang.

The observed air quality for NO,, is below the SMBEP and World Bank guidelines with the

exception of several instances where the maximum 24-hour concentration is marginally above the

SMBEP standard of 0. 150 mg/Nm3 . The annual NO,, concentration in the area is below the

SMBEP and the World Bank guidelines.

As used in this report, background concentration represents air concentrations from all air

pollution sources that currently exist. Thus, any new addition could contribute to the observed

concentrations. The data collected at Waigaoqiao, Jingqiao, and Lujiazui are considered to be

most representative of background conditions in the areas where the proposed plant would impact

(i.e., within 7 km of the plant). For the annual average, the average of these stations was

selected as the background concentration used in modeling. The average of the 90th percentile

values was selected as the 24-hour background concentration to provide a conservative estimate of

impacts.

2.1.2.4 Noise

Noise levels at Waigaoqiao Power Plant site was measured by SMEPC and KBN at the interior of

the site and along the plant boundary. The monitoring was conducted to determiine the noise

levels in A-weighted decibels (dBA) which account for the human ear response to noise (see

Section 3.1.2 for more detailed explanation).

The SMEPC monitoring was conducted at over 30 locations within the plant site and 14 locations

along the plant boundaries. The monitoring along the boundaries included both daytime and

nighttime measurements. The KBN monitoring was conducted at interior locations and along the

western, southem, and eastern boundaries.

9651118C/2-705/28/97

The maximum noise levels occurred north of Phase I Units I and 2 for both the SMEPC and

KBN monitoring. Noise levels were at or above 80 dBA. The noise levels along the boundaries

are summarized below:

Boundary SMEPC KBN

Western 45 to 50 dBA 61 to 65 dBA

Southern 48 to 58 dBA 58 to 61 dBA

Eastern 48 to 53 dBA 55 to 56 dBA

Northern 43 to 63 dBA Not measured

At the time of the KBN monitoring, there was a tonal (single frequency) noise measured at

63 hertz of 73 dB which may have contributed to the observed higher levels at the western

boundary than SMEPC monitoring. The noise appeared to originate from the Unit 1 boiler area.

This may be a transient noise source.

The observed noise levels comply with the World Bank guidelines and the Shanghai Class III and

IV noise standards (see Section 3.1.2 for description of the Shanghai noise standards).

2.1.3 WATER RESOURCES

The Yangtze River, also known as the Changjiang River, is the largest river system in China.

The Yangtze Estuary lies along a mesotidal coast with abundant discharge and sediment supply.

The Yangtze River ranks fourth among the world's major rivers with an annual suspended

sediment discharge of 4.72x10s tons, which is an average from 1951 to 1976 (Ren et al., 1983).

The Yangtze River is divided into two branches, the South Branch and the North Branch (refer to

Figure 2.1-3. Most of the runoff flows to the sea through the South Branch. The South Branch

is further divided into the North Passage and the South Passage. The South Passage is again

divided into the North Channel and the South Channel. The Shanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant is

located on the south shore of the South Passage of the Yangtze River.

The annual average discharge of the Yangtze River is about 30,200 m3/sec. The North Branch

carries practically no net flow leaving the South Branch being the predominant branch. The

North Passage carries two-thirds of flow and the South Passage the other third. The annual

9651118C/2-805128/97

runoff of the Yangtze River is 9.25x103 rn3, and 70 percent of it concentrates in the months

between May and October (Wang et al., 1983).

The Huangpu River, also known as the Wusongkuo River, is the last tributary of the Yangtze

River. The Huangpu River lies north of the power plant. Two hydrologic stations are located

along the Yangtze River shore within the vicinity of plant (see Figure 2.1-3). The Gaoqiao

hydrologic station is located 8 kmn downstream of the Huangpu River, just south of the power

plant. The Bailongjiang hydrologic station is located further south of the power plant, 28 kmn

downstream of the Huangpu River.

The tides within the vicinity of the plant are mixed semi-diurnal tides. Listed in Table 2.1-3 are

the tidal elevations recorded at the Gaoqiao hydrologic station along with the tidal spectrum.

The tidal flow is lateral to the shoreline and wind induced. Since the Yangtze River flow is

abundant, the ebb tide duration is apparently longer then the flood tide duration regardless of

season. The ratio between the ebb and flood tide durations is about 1.5. The characteristics of

typical tides are shown below in Table 2.1-4 for the neap, mean, spring, and 97 percent

frequency tides.

During the hottest months, July to September, the mean daily water temperature is 29.6°C.

Table 2.1-5 presents the water temperature of the Yangtze River for the years from 1985 to 1987.

The Yangtze River at Waigaoqiao is designated as Class III and IV waters (see Table 1.2-3),

which is suitable for fishing, swimming, irrigation, and other non-potable uses. Table 2.1-6

presents water quality data for the vicinity of the plant site. Located south of the site is the

Zhyuan sewage discharge port. The port is of a multi-difusion design that is located about

750 meters (m) south and about 1,500 m into the Yangtze River at a depth of about 15 m. After

the sewage port began operation, water quality samples were taken along three sections of the

multi-port difusser at four different depths. Table 2.1-7 present the results of the sampling. The

results indicate that the water quality would meet the Class III and IV standards near the sewage

discharge port.

9651118C12-905/28/97

2.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.2.1 TERRESTRAL RESOURCES

The site for the Phase II expansion of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant including coal pile expansion

is located on land which could now best be described as ruderal (or wasteland as characterized in

PRC). The vegetation cover in these areas is comprised of species of plants which are indicative

of land which has been previously cleared and impacted. All the species of plants in evidence are

weedy and commnonly appear when land has been cleared or tilled for farming. These plants are

very common throughout this area and move easily via wind and water. These weeds are adapted

to take advantage of disturbed conditions. If a bare spot is created and suitable moisture and

temperature conditions exist they sprout quickly. These two areas are primarily covered by the

following dominant plants: Calystegia hederacea, Japanese Bindweed; Phragmites communis,

Common Reed; Pennisetum alopecuroides, Chinese Permisetum; and Solidago species, Goldenrod.

All of these plants are common and characteristic of wastelands, grasslands, roadsides, and

farmlands. No unusual plants or those considered rare by the International Union for

Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources were observed or are in evidence.

A terrestrial area has been created from the littoral zone of the Yangtze River for the Limin Ash

Yard. This large area has been created for storage of fly ash produced by the Waigaoqiao Power

Plant in the event it is not used in construction. This area is adjacent to the Yangtze River and is

separated from the river by a massive berm. No ash has been deposited into this storage area as

yet. Upland, wetland, and open water exist in the ash yard. The shallow open water areas are

being used by local farmers to harvest shrimp that have developed in the open water. The upland

and some of the wetland areas are being grazed by cattle. The wetland vegetation in evidence is

all characteristic of fresh water which indicates that the brackish water at this spot on the Yangtze

River is not seeping past the berm. (Refer to Figures B-16 and B-17 in Appendix B for

photographs of the alternative use.)

The vegetation is all characteristic of weedy, open, previously cleared land. The vegetated

portions of the ash yard are dominated by the following wetland and upland plants: Phragmzites

communis, Common Reed; Leptochloa species, Sprangletop; Cynodon dacrylon, Bermuda Grass;

Pennisetum alopecuroides, Chinese Penniserum; Potentilla supina, Cinqefoil; Solidago species,

Goldenrod; and Turczaninowiafastigiata, an aster. All of these species are weedy and occur

commonly in wastelands, grasslands, farmlands, and roadsides. No unusual plants or those

9651118C12-1005/28/97

considered rare by the Inernational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources are

in evidence.

2.2.2 AQUATIC RESOURCES

The Yangtze River estuary is one of the largest estuarine areas in coastal China. Estuaries are

extraordinarily valuable because of their economic role in nearshore and oceanic fisheries. The

Yangtze River has been heavily degraded in recent decades, chiefly due to contamination from

industrial wastes, ship-borne wastes, untreated municipal sewage, stormwater runoff, and vastly

increased sediment loads due to upstrearn deforestation.

Early life stages of marine fish and crustacea seek low-salinity areas of estuaries to avoid

predators as well as to take advantage of high natural productivity. These areas are one of a

series of habitats critical for maintaining fish populations over broad narine areas, including bays

and nearshore oceanic regions. The estuarine reaches of the lower Yangtze River, given its size,

once supported important crustacean and finfish capture fisheries over an enormous length of the

regional coastline. However, though a wide variety of low salinity habitats serve as nursery

areas, a conmmon requirement is for structural shelter and relatively low current velocities. The

portion of the Yangtze near the Waigaoqiao Plant is highly channelized, with strong tidal

fluctuation, high current velocities, high sediment load, and relatively little structural shelter.

Indeed, the sediment load of the river indicates light penetration of only several centimeters,

which in not conducive for estuary habits with aquatic plants. Although this reach of the Yangtze

may serve as a transport for early life stages of nearshore marine organisms, the area's relative

value as a nursery is low (Shanghai Academy of Sciences, 1996).

Originating with a variety of land-based sources, these local estuaries have undergone severe

degradation in historic times. Quantitative evidence in support of this degradation includes

reduced biodiversity and fisheries landings.

One statistical measure of biodiversity is the Shannon-Weaver Index of Biodiversity. Essentially

comparing dominance of individual species over total expected species, low indices (i.e.,

dominance of a few species) are accepted as indicative of polluted water conditions. According to

the Chinese Academy of Aquaculture (CAA, 1989), diversity indices at all sampling stations fell

between 0.36 and 1.89. Expected indices in severely polluted waters are below 1.0, while 1.0 to

9651118C/2-1105130/97

3.0 indicate moderately polluted waters. In aggregate, the CAA study validates the prevailing

viewpoint that the Yangtze River estuarine complex is severely compromised due to

environmental degradation.

Despite the environmental conditions, the estuary supported a fishery for both finfish (principally

clupeids such as anchovies) and crustaceans, including both marine (Penaeus spp.) and freshwater

(Macrobrachium spp.) forms. However, aggregate catch has declined over a 5-year period from

1982 to 1987 (CCA, 1989), falling from 204 metric tons (m.t.) in 1982 to 9 m.t. in 1987.

Catches have fallen to near-zero in recent years, although it is not known whether continued water

quality degradation or newly imposed fishing restrictions are the cause.

Though 98 genera and 108 species of finfish and crustacea inhabit the lower Yangtze, the

principal commercial species are relatively few. These are listed below.

Common Name Scientific NameCrustacea Prawn Palaemon antrorum

Prawn Palaemon modestusFreshwater Prawn Macrobrachium nipponenisisMitten Crab Eriocheir sinensisBlue Crab Callinectes spp.Chinese White Shrimp Peneaus chinensis

Finfish Phoenix anchovy Anchoa spp.Knife anchovy Anchoa spp.Mojarras Ecinonstomus sinensis

2.3 SOCIAL. CULTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT

2.3.1 LAND USE

The project site is located within the Pudong New Area. Located southwest of the Yangtze

River, east of the Huangpu River, and facing the Shanghai Bund. The Pudong New Area is a

triangular parcel of land with an area of 522 km2 and a population of 1.4 million. The Pudong

new area is considered a focal point to the government of Shanghai and the PRC's development

strategy for the cities along the Yangtze River Basin. As such, the development plan for the area

allocates land for urban, industrial, and comnnercial activities that will establish the Pudong New

Area as the international economic, finance, and trade center of region.

9651118C12-12s5128/97

The Pudong New Area is administered by the Municipality of Shanghai. Although no formal land

use classification system is currently implemented within Shanghai, the Shanghai municipal

government's Planning Bureau has established a development plan for the Pudong New Area

which allocates land for a variety of land uses. Since land availability is at a premium in

Shanghai, this planning exercise ensures that future land use is consistent with the development

goals of the Shanghai municipality. Figure B-14 in Appendix B represents the latest (November

1996) land uses associated with the development plan for the Shanghai municipality, including the

Pudong New Area (printed maps not yet available).

The land allocated the three phases of the Waigaoqiao facility at one time represented a

combination of industrial, agricultural, and residential land uses. SMEPC has been allocated the

land required for the three phases of the Waigaoqiao facility and its ancillary facilities such as the

transmission line. As a result, SMEPC has engaged in a systematic, long-term plan to secure the

area for industrial development.

The majority of the site for Waigaoqiao Phases II and III is currently in use as a staging area for

construction of the facility. Some portions of the site still exist as residential areas surrounded by

small plots of cultivated land. Other industries in the Pudong new area in close proximity to the

project site include an oil refinery and chemical works. While land use immediately adjacent the

proposed site is predominantly industriai and urban, the surrounding areas consist of small

villages connected by two-laned paved roads. Agricultural activities noted in the villages within a

30-lan radius of the project site include crop production (cabbage, mushrooms, peppers, tomatoes,

cilantro, greens, spinach, ginger, onions, rice, green beans, eggplant, etc.) and livestock (cows,

hogs, chickens, ducks, and goats).

There are no systematic laws that specify how a particular parcel of land is categorized for land

use. Approval on the appropriateness of land acquisition for the power station was provided by

the Municipal Planning Bureau of Shanghai. Throughout the project development process,

SMEPC has coordinated the proposed change in land use with the Society Representatives from

local comnmunities. During the public meeting conducted by SMEPC on December 9. 1993, as

well as during interviews with residents closest to the site, the nearby villagers expressed an

eagemess to see the site developed since they were not benefiting from the current land use and

they perceived that the power station would improve the standard of living for the surrounding

9651118C12-1305/28/97

villages. Those residents who were to be relocated as part of Waigaoqiao Phase II expressed

support of the relocation since the area in which the residents would relocate provided better

services, most notably in water and electricity supply and indoor plumbing, and SMEPC indicated

a plan to offer training and job placement to displaced residents. Records of the public meeting is

attached as Appendix C.

The land required for the Waigaoqiao power plant (Phase II and IE), including ash storage,

during the first two phases is approximately 200 hectares. Of this, 22.75 percent is comprised of

farmland, 2.6 percent is residential, and 74.99 percent is an area being held for ash storage

(ECEPDI, 1996). Cement dikes surround the ash storage yard, creating an area relatively

independent of the surrounding tidal area. While this area is currently classified as "wasteland,'

meaning it has already been impacted and is unsuitable for other use, the ponds created by the

construction of the ash storage yard are used informally my some farmers in the area to harvest

prawns and for cow grazing (see Figures B-16 and B-17 in Appendix B). This use is not

currently distrubed since 100 percent of the ash for Phase I at Waigaoqiao is reused, making it

unnecessary for the storage of ash at this previously constructed site. Additional land has been

reserved to expand the ash storage yard for Phases II and llI of the facility; however, given the

current ash utilization rate, this development is not likely in the near future.

2.3.2 SOCIOECONOMICS

As noted previously, the Pudong New Area is being systematically developed to play a key role in

the economic development of the Yangtze River Basin. The area offers excellent potential for

economic growth due the state of its infrastructure, roads, railways, and conmmunications. As

noted in previous sections, the Shanghai Electric Power Grid is considered an important part of

the East China Power Grid and critical to future economic development throughout East China.

2.3.2.1 DemorraRhv

Shanghai is the largest city in China, with an estimated population of more than 20 million. The

current population of the Pudong New Area is 1.4 million. While no new population statistics for

Pudong New Area were available during the field visits, the Municipal Planning Bureau

anticipates and is planning for an influx in population as a result of the rapid development planned

for the area. Most recently, significant numbers of laborers have been moving into the area from

other areas of China to accommodate the labor needs of the rapidly growing construction sector.

9651118C/2-1405/28/97

The power plant site was once a combination of unoccupied land that had already been impacted

by small businesses, industry, and agriculture practices. Currently, residents from Jiang Zhang

Zhai, the nearest village, reside on portions of the land allocated for Phase II at Waigaoqiao.

Approximately 1,000 of these residents will need to be relocated to secure the land for the

subsequent phases of the project. A resettlement plan is being developed by SMEPC in

cooperation with World Bank consultants.

According to ECEPDI, the power plant will employ 2,500 workers at its peak during

construction. The workers will come from the greater Shanghai area. During operation, the

facility will require a work force of about 800 skilled and unskilled labor. Similarly, these

workers will reside in the greater Shanghai area, as well as specifically in the Pudong New Area.

Therefore, there will be no need to construct workers colonies for either the construction or

operational labor force. Nevertheless, some residential capacity already exists for plant workers

on the site.

The aligiunent for the additional 50 km transmission line has been secured by the Department of

Roads and is currently unoccupied. The alignment for the transmission line, which has been

developing for 11 years, follows a major highway for a significant portion of the route. Criteria

for siting the remainder of the route included measures to avoid towns and existing buildings and

collocating with existing linear facilities.

2.3.2.2 Emulovment and Opporeunitv

The greater Shanghai area, including the Pudong New Area, is experienced dynamic commercial

growth and offers the range of economic activities evident in other large metropolises worldwide,

from light manufacturing, retail sales, and exports to large-scale industrial development. The

development plan for the Pudong New Area is key to this continued economic growth.

Of the residents in the vicinity of the Pudong New Area, about 900,000 are employed in non

agricultural activities within greater Shanghai, while the remainder comprised mixed employment

outside the project area (Surveying Institute of Shanghai, 1994).

9651118C/2-1505/28/97

As noted previously, approximately 2,500 workers will be employed at the peak period of

construction and 800 employees will comprise the operational staff during Phase II (SMEPC,

1996) with an estimated total of 800 for Phase EmI.

2.3.2.3 Transportation

While roads throughout the Pudong New Area are continuously being upgraded, a major highway

makes access to the Waigaoqiao site easily accessible. The front of the facility is bordered by the

Yanggao Road. The boundary between the site on the west and the Shanghai New Harbor area is

Gangdian road. Haixu and Yanggao are both expressways that serve as main arteries through the

Pudong New Area. They are connected to the Shanghai city center by the Nanpu and Yangpu

bridges and the Huangpu river tunnel.

During construction, heavy equipment will be off loaded at Waigaoqiao harbor and transported by

truck via Gangdian and Haixu roads. Transporting ash to the ash yard will occur by barge

transport from the dedicated jetty at the project site. Trucks currently unload the ash from the

temporary storage facility and transport it to construction sites throughout Shanghai by road.

Shanghai's major airport, Honqiao Iternational Airport, is located approximately 40 lan from the

site. Additionally, Shanghai is a major hub for rail, bus, and waterway transport. Future

developments planned for Shanghai include connecting the Waigaoqiao New Harbor Area to the

Jianshan railway from the south, an underground rail system to connect the Pudong New Area to

Shanghai city center, and a new international airport to be located near Heqing, 14 lan south of

the site.

2.3.2.4 Facilities and Services

Shanghai offers the range of facilities and services typical of large cities including hospitals,

firefighting capabilities, security (i.e., police) facilities, and a wide range of adult educational

facilities. The development plan for Pudong New Area includes shops, primary schools,

kindergartens, hospitals, banks, postal and telecommunications services, and residential units, the

construction of many of which are either underway or completed. These facilities are considered

essential to support the Pudong New Area as it grows into the economic center for which it is

planned. No schools, hospitals (other than an on-site clinic), or residential units are planned for

9651118C/2-1605/28/97

construction within the proximity of the Waigaoqiao facility, since the area has been reserved for

industrial development.

Moreover, the power plant will maintain its own clinic, firefighting and other emergency

equipment, and plant security.

2.3.3 CULTURAL RESOURCES

Shanghai is considered a popular spot for tourism and boasts all of the hotel, restaurants,

shopping, and other amenities offered by other large cities worldwide. The Pudong New Area is

separated from the Shanghai city center by the Huangpu River. The Bund is a favorite tourist

destination for both Chinese and foreigners since the elevated walkway constructed along the

Huangpu river provides an excellent vantage point from which to view the European styled

architecture reminiscent of Shanghai during the 1920s and 1930s when it was considered the

"Paris of the East" (Pan, Holdsworth, and Hunt, 1995). The impressive architecture of the

Oriental Pearl television tower in the Pudong New Area is clearly visible from the walkway,

adding to the skyline of the area. The Bund, which is being refurbished to its former glory, is

host to numerous structures of historical significance to Shanghai's history.

The site of the Waigaoqiao facility is on a wedge of land in the Pudong New Area that has

experienced significant agricultural, residential, industrial, and other commercial impacts

previously. The Shanghai Municipal Cultural Relic Management Bureau has certified that there

are no archaeological or cultural resources on the site (refer to Appendix D).

9651118C12/24/96

Table 2.1-1 Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperatures, 1995Gaoqiao Hydrological and Meteorological Station

Temperature (deg. C)

Month Maximum Minimum Mean

January 15.3 -0.3 4.9February 14.3 -3.0 5.7March 22.9 2.3 9.9April 29.1 5.9 13.8May 28.7 12.1 19.2June 32.1 18.1 23.1July 36.2 20.7 28.3August 35.4 24.1 28.8September 36.5 19.8 24.9October 25.8 13.1 19.2November 21.0 0.6 11.9December 14.2 -1.2 6.2

Annual 36.5 -3.0 16.4

96S1118(21-204/03/97

'[able 2.1-2. Annual Summary of Air Qlality_DaaJ(daiy avcrage) in 1995 for Pudong Area _ _ __

Jichan j Waig qiao Jj __| | u iazui _ _||_ JingqiaorTSP NOx S02 TSP NOx S02 TSP NOx S02 TSP NOx SO2

Maximum 0.456 0.166 0.064 0.502 0.212 0.219 0,486 0.190 0.154 0.486 0.190 0.154Minimum 0.101 0.000 0.001 O.A11 0.005 0.002 0.128 0.008 0.000 0.108 0.005 0.001Mean 0.241 0.037 0.015 0.266 0.046 0.050 0.257 0.042 0.035 0.257 0.042 0,035Random (calculated) 1.140 0.415 0.160 1.255 0.530 0.548 1.215 0,475 0.385 1.215 0.475 0.385

Ambient Air Quality Standards and GuidelinesSMEB:Maximum Daily 0.300 0.150 0.150 0.300 0.150 0.150 0.300 0.150 0.150 0.300 0.150 0.150Mean 0.040 0.100 0.060 0.040 0.100 0.060 0.040 0.100 0.060 0.040 0.100 0.060Random (I-hour) 1.000 N.A. 0.500 1.000 N.A. 0.500 1.000 N.A. 0.500 1.000 N.A. 0.500

World Bank (1988):Maximum Daily 0.500 N.A. 0.500 0.500 N.A. 0.500 0.500 N.A. 0.500 0.500 N.A. 0.500Geometric Mean 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0,100 0.100 0.100 0,100

World Bank (Proposed):Maximum Daily 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300Mcan 0.080 0.100 0.080 0.080 0.100 0.080 0.080 0.100 0.080 0.080 0.1(_ _0.()80

Notes: Units: mg/m3.°° Mcan SME13 air quality standard for TSP is the standard for PM 10 (inhalable particulates).

Random is maximum hourly and was calculated using a U.S. EPA recommended ration betwcen I-hour and 24-our of 0.4.T he proposed World Bank guideline for PM IO (inhalable particulates) is 0.050 mgfNmA3 - Mean and 0.200 mg/Nm^3 - Maximum Daily.

9651118C12/26/96

Table 2.1-3. Tidal Elevations and Tidal Spectrum at the Gaoqiao Hydrologic Station

Maximnum Yearly Measured Tidal Elevation (Sept. 1, 1981) 5.64 mMinimum Yearly Measured Tidal Elevation (Apr. 5, 1969) -0.43 m0.1% Frequency High Tide 6.53 m1% Frequency High Tide 5.81 m97% Frequency Low Tide -0.17 m99% Frequency Low Tide -0.23 mAverage Yearly High Tide 3.27 mAverage Yearly Low Tide 0.87 mAverage Yearly Tide 2.07 m

Note: Wusong Datum

Source: SMEPB, 1996a

9651118C4/4/97

Table 2.1-4. Tidal Characteristics

Mean Flow Velocity (m3ls) Tidal Elevation (m)

Tidal Type Rise Fall Maximum Minimum Difference

Neap -0.32 0.78 3.06 1.17 1.89

Mean -0.51 0.90 3.19 1.10 2.09

Spring -0.69 1.01 4.00 0.84 3.16

97% -1.07 1.14 4.44 0.27 4.17

Source: East China Institue of Electric Power Design, Ministry of Energy, PRC. 1992.

9651118C413,97

Table 2.1-5. Water Temperature in the Yangtze River from 1985-1987

Temperature (°C) Yearly Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Average 17.6 6.7 6.2 9.2 14.9 21.1 25.1 27.3 28.7 25.5 20.6 16.1 10.3

Maximum 31.0 9.0 8.4 13.9 19.3 25.6 27.4 29.4 31.0 29.4 24.8 20.0 15.6

Minimum 3.7 4.4 3.7 5.3 10.2 17.0 22.2 23.9 25.6 21.4 15.9 11.8 5.7

Source: SMEPB, 1996a.

9651118C4/4/97

Table 2.1-6. Water Quality in the Vicinity of the Plant Site

Concentration'

Parameter July March

pH (standard units) 7 7.5 - 8.3

COD 20 10

Cl- 72 1,700

Suspended Matter 235b < 5

Calcium Ion 31.73 63

Sodium Ion 65.43 1,000

Nitrate Ion 0.36

Sulfate Ion 47.79 271

Si02 10 9

a Concentration in milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated.b This data differs substantially, the suspended matter of Yangtze River water

in the floodwater period may reach up to about 1,000 mg/L.

9651118C414/97

Table 2.1-7. Water Quality Monitoring Results Along the Zhuyuan Sewage Discharge Port in the Yangtze River (March 1994)

Monitoring Valuea

Average ValueParameter Location A Location B Location C (sampling period)

Depth 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 'A B C

pH (standard units) 7.92 7.97 8.06 8.06 I 7.99 8.10 8.13 8.09 8.08 8.10 8.12 8.14 8.00 8.08 8.11

Water temperature 7.4 8.6 8.1 8.0 7.3 7.9 8.2 8.0 7.2 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.8(OC)

DO 10.28 9.65 10.30 10.71 ,10.44 11.85 11.01 11.03 I 10.89 12.00 10.94 10.81 10.24 11.08 11.16

MnOj 2.36 2.14 1.98 1.99 | 2.32 1.61 1.54 1.63 1 .77 1.72 1.54 1.54 . 2.12 1.78 1.64

BOD5 0.84 1.02 0.46 0.57 ' 0.54 0.35 0.40 0.61 0.30 0.37 0.30 0.34 0.72 0.48 0.33

NH3-N 1.06 0.92 0.92 0.84 0.37 0.4 0.86 0.74 0.38 0.6 0.56 0.69 0.94 0.59 0.56

NO-N 0.049 0.043 0.047 0.048 0.036 0.034 0.048 0.049 0.038 0.034 0.060 0.066 0.046 0.042 0.050

NO3-N 1 .04 0.98 1.13 1.03 0.83 0.90 1.16 0.96 0.82 0.74 0.97 1.00 1.04 0.96 0.88

Conductivity 322 355 342 308 378 460 290 328 458 500 290 335 332 364 396(umnos)

Cl1 I 55.6 72.4 70.3 81.4 90.3 155.2 56.3 68.9 I124.6 146.8 52.7 67.6 . 69.9 92.68 97.9

COD 10.30 7.82 5.79 5.62 7.57 6.96 7.49 7.12 . 6.86 7.08 6.02 6.30 . 7.38 7.28 6.568 Concentration in milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated.

12.30.96

NNNW NNE

WNWt XENE

WSW ESE

SSW SSES

SCALE (KNOTS)

1-3 4-6 7-10 11-16 17-21 >21

Figure 2.1-1.Annual Windrose for Gaoqioo Station,January- December 1995 -

1V96 12 4 $Ior9iu 2 1 2 ui n1rig 2.21.96

j , _. )~i, - Chongming Island

9 *...,! 1 Si ONGKOU POWER

J^/ -! PI;NrT SITE ,N..

S.-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9

$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 "5. Q X

1... SANSHAN *.(502: 367; 57) Changxing

Nf Island \ \ .

_ , *g \ < < T > ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P i W ER P LAN T s r SITEAIrl s

/<SS WAI GAOQ IA O \5''TSP: 502; 26i'k

|NO2 212; 46) X

*.-..E/..-7 t tt {(02. 219U SOT \

(502:PUT ,0 .IINGOIAO-SO2: 1,072;160) tTSP- 486; 2S7X

(NO2V 190; 42)LEEN ( \ ( SO2: 154; 35) LEGEND ~ ~ I) ce\

Air monitoring station LUJIAZUI* A,, mOn;^O[In9 StOtI 5 // Y(TSP: 578; 306)

(X; y) Background doici where: I~~~~~~NO2: 364; 72)(x; y) Backrground data where: s ,,-w _ S<={(502: 243; 57) JICHANG N

x = Maximum 24-hour concentration, ug/m3;,TSP 456, 2411)

y = Annual average concentration, ug/m3' (NT2S 166; 37|1 °

_(K, _} \ {Xz !\\b-vV - > (t5 2: 64; 15) k.

Figure 2.1-2Air monitoring stations and background dala

______________ flc.u.~~ ~ ~~~~ _

1996 12 4 Sbh-,gko 2 I ) 12 22 96

--- . - -. y -~---- YellowJiniiang -. Nantong Sea

I Vnllona ,/ t f ) ) .. ,0 \\ ...

0 :f s..x\>as \>t,,

0 Q 0 \ X \. '- Q - .. -

Changshu "

' :' c $ jt Chongming -->2K WUXi \ 0 slond

iQ~ ~~~~~~~, \\ - /A0 ii v4 ;iV-Q;

/02. (6c? X2 i 0 0 0 tty - Kunshan N . lYeGAOQIAO HYDROLOGI(-y

c- p 0 ;;: X Suzhou W_IGAOQWAIAAO POWER PROJECT PLANT TE '|

K_,.S BAKCONGJIANG HYD OGIC STATION ' orth CtiannelTalhtsv: i /Lake '^-1 f -)}~gt; ; 9 v rl Shanghai

(14 DI.a' n,1 f /~~~shaHuangaxn \<, - // >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ri Rvet 1

Figure 2.1-3Waigaoqiao Power Plant Location andHydrologic Monitoring Stations RN

9651118C13-105/29/97

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.1.1 AIR QUALITY

3.1.1.1 Introduction

An air quality impact assessments were performed to predict maximum SO2 PM, and NO,

impacts due to the proposed Waigaoqiao Power Plant expansion plans. These impacts were

predicted in the areas surrounding the power plant for the proposed Phases II and III projects.

The Phase II Project includes the addition of two 1,000-MW coal-fired units and associated

material-handling facilities at the existing power plant site which will consist of four 300-MW

coal-fired units. The Phase m Project also includes the addition of two 1,000-MW coal-fired

power plants and associated material-handling facilities which will result in a total of eight coal-

fired units generating 5,200 MW of electricity at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant. For the SO,

impact analyses, the SO2 emissions from the Shidongkou Power Plant were included, since two of

the 300-MW units at the plant will install an FGD system to control SO2 emissions when Phase II

becomes operational. The installation of FGD on two 300-MW units will offset the SO,

emissions from Waigaoqiao Phase II. A similar strategy is planned for Waigaoqiao Phase Im.

3.1.1.2 Air Modeliin Methodologv

3.1.1.2.1 General Modeling Approach

Because the environmental regulatory agencies have not established procedures or policies for

performing air quality impact assessments, the general modeling approach followed U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) modeling guidelines using EPA-approved air dispersion

models. These models and guidelines were used because they offer validated techniques for

estimating maximum ground-level concentrations and are used extensively for comparing air

quality impacts with air quality standards. highest predicted concentrations from the modeling

analysis are reported. The highest concentrations predicted from the modeling analysis were

compared to World Bank standards.

3.1.1.2.2 Model Selection

The selection of the appropriate air dispersion model is based on its ability to simulate impacts for

the type of air emission sources being evaluated and to account for surrounding areas that can

affect plume dispersion from those sources (e.g., terrain features, land use type). The areas

9651118C/3-205/29/97

around the plant site are generally at or slightly higher than the elevation of the plant site. Based

on EPA modeling guidance, areas lower than stack top elevations are referred to as simple

terrain. Areas with elevations above the stack top elevation are referred to as complex terrain

areas. Because the existing and proposed stack heights are higher than the surrounding terrain,

the area around the plant site is considered to be simple terrain.

Also, for this project, the air dispersion model must be able to address impacts due to fugitive

particulate emissions from coal-handling operations. Because the vents for the coal-handling

activities (e.g., transfer points) are relatively low with respect to associated buildings, the air

dispersion methods should account for the disturbed air flow around the building and estimate

plume dispersion affected by building downwash effects.

Based on these criteria, the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) dispersion model (EPA, 1996) has

been selected to evaluate the potential pollutant emissions from the air emission sources at the

power plants considered in this study. This model, which is available from EPA's Technology

Transfer Network, an electronic bulletin board service, is an Appendix A model in EPA's

Guideline on Air Quality Models (1996). An Appendix A model is a preferred model since it

performs better than others for given applications for a particular study. For this project, the ISC

model is best suited to address air quality impacts since it can assess impacts in simple terrain,

account for building downwash effects, and estimate impacts from fugitive particulate emissions.

The ISC model consists of two sets of computer codes that are used to calculate short- and long-

term ground-level concentrations. The main differences between the two codes are the input

format of the meteorological data and the method of estimating the plume's horizontal dispersion.

The first model code, the ISC short-term (ISCST3) model, Version 96113, is an extended version

of the single-source (CRSTER) model (EPA. 1977). The ISCST3 model is designed to calculate

hourly concentrations based on hourly meteorological parameters (i.e., wind direction. wind

speed, atmospheric stability, ambient temperature, and mixing heights). The hourly

concentrations are processed into non-overlapping, short-term, and longer averaging periods (e.g..

monthly, annual). The second model code within the ISC model is the ISC long-term (ISCLT)

model. The ISCLT model uses joint frequencies of wind direction, wind speed. and atmospheric

stability to calculate seasonal andJor annual average ground-level concentrations.

9651118C/3-305/29/97

For this study, the ISCST3 was used to predict maximum ground-level impacts from stack and

fugitive emission sources (i.e., point and area sources) at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant and stack

emission sources at the Sidongkou Power Plant for all averaging periods to address compliance

with ambient air quality standards.

3.1.1.2.3 Model Options

The EPA regulatory default options were used with the ISCST3 model. These include:

1. Final plume rise at all receptor locations,

2. Stack-tip downwash,

3. Buoyancy-induced dispersion,

4. Default wind speed profile coefficients,

5. Default vertical potential temperature gradients, and

6. Calm wind processing.

Because the Waigaoqiao Power Plant is located along the Yangtze River, the majority of the land

use within 3 km of plant site is considered rural. As a result, rural dispersion parameters and

those options that have a rural designation (e.g., wind speed profile coefficients, vertical potential

temperature gradients) were selected for use in the ISCST3 model.

3.1.1.2.4 Source and Emission Data

The SO2, PM, and NOa emission data for Phases I, II, and III of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant

were provided to KBN from data supplied by the East China Electric Power Design Institute

(ECEPDI). Model runs were performed for SO, and PM emissions for Phase II and Phase III.

The stack, operating, and emission data used in the modeling analysis for the coal-fired units at

the Waigaoqiao Power Plant are presented in Table 3.1-1. The stack, operating, and PM

emission data for material handling operations are presented in Table 3.1-2. Detailed descriptions

of these operations and development of PM emission rates are presented in Appendix E.

The stack, operating, and SO, emission data used in the modeling analysis for the coal-fired units

at the Shidongkou Power Plant are presented in Table 3.1-3.

9651118C/3-405/29/97

3.1.1.2.5 Building Downwash Effects

In 1985, EPA promulgated final stack height regulations, including a good engineering practice

(GEP) stack height definition. GEP stack height is defined as the highest of:

1. 65 m; or

2. A height established by applying the formula:

Hg = Hb + 1.5 Lt

Where Hg = GEP stack height,

Hb = height of structure or nearby structure, and

Lb = lesser dimension (height or width) of nearby structure(s), or

3. A height demonstrated by a fluid model or field study.

Any physical stack with a height less than GEP stack height must be evaluated for potential

building downwash effects.

Based on the building dimensions associated with the buildings and structures at the power plant,

the stacks for coal-fired units for Phases I through III are at or exceed the height at which

building downwash effects would occur. The power plant stack heights are 240 m which are

more than 2.5 times the height of the tallest structure. As a result, the structures will not cause

plume downwash from the proposed stacks. Therefore, the effects of building downwash for the

coal-fired units were not considered in the modeling analysis.

For the material handling operations at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, the operations, such as

transfer points, are enclosed and have cyclones to capture the PM which are emitted through a

vent near or at the top of the structure. Since the vent is considered to be a point source, the

release height was assumed to be the structure height. As a result, building downwash effects

were considered for these sources since the vent heights were less than 2.5 times the height of the

structure. The associated building heights and widths for these sources which were used in

building downwash estimations are presented in Table 3.1-2.

3.1.1.2.6 Meteorological Data

Meteorological data needed to perform the complex terrain modeling analysis using the ISCST3

model consist of the following five meteorological parameters:

9651118C/3-505129/97

1. Wind direction-determines the transport directions toward which the plume will

travel and potentially affect receptors downwind of the plant,

2. Wind speed-deternines the amount of dilution of plume concentration and height to

which the plume will rise,

3. Temperature-affects the height to which the plume will rise and also is used in

estimating afternoon mixing heights,

4. Atmospheric stability-determines the extent of plume spread or dispersion in the

vertical and horizontal directions, and

5. Mixing height-determines the maximum vertical extent or volume of air in which the

plume can disperse.

These parameters can be measured directly or inferred from other measured parameters. In

general, surface observations collected at meteorological stations include wind direction, wind

speed, temperature, cloud cover, and cloud ceiling. The wind speed, cloud cover, and cloud

ceiling values are used in the EPA meteorological preprocessor program, RAMMET, to

determine atmospheric stability using the Turner stability scheme (1964). Based on the maximum

aftemoon surface temperature, morning and afternoon mixing heights can be calculated with

radiosonde data (generally collected in the early morning and late afternoon) using the Holzworth

approach (1972). Hourly mixing heights can be derived from the morning and afternoon mixing

heights using the interpolation method developed by EPA (Holzworth, 1972).

The hourly surface and mixing heights are used to develop a sequential series of hourly

meteorological data (i.e., wind direction, wind speed, temperature, stability, and mixing heights).

If the observed hourly wind directions are classified into sectors (such as 10 or 22.5 degrees). the

wind directions can be randomized within each sector using the RAMMET program to account

for the expected variability in air flow.

For this study, maximum impacts from the ISCST3 model were obtained using two separate

meteorological data sets. The first data set consisted of using hourly meteorological data for 1995

from the Gaoqiao hydrological and meteorological station. A comparison of ISCST3 model

requirements to the parameters available from the Gaoqiao station is presented in Table 3.1-4.

Because the meteorological program was based on processing data from the National Weather

Ser-vice (NWS) stations in the United States in specific formats, the RAMMET program was

9651118C/3-605/29/97

modified to process the data as collected, convert parameters into proper units, and assign values

reported at the Gaoqiao station to those that correspond to the values used in RAMMET.

As shown in Table 3.1-4, most of the meteorological data were available at the Gaoqiao station;

however, not all data were available for every hour. As an example, the wind direction and wind

speed data are reported for every hour while the temperature and cloud data are reported at six

hour intervals or four observations per day. Although the temperature and cloud data were not

available for every hour, an interpolation scheme was used to obtain values for the internediate

hours when data were not available. Because these parameters generally do not vary significantly

from hour to hour, values for the intermediate hours were estimated based on a linear relationship

between the values for reported time intervals. For example, if the recorded temperatures for

hours 1 and 7 were 20 and 23 OC, respectively, the values estimated for the intermediate hours of

2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were 20.5, 21.0, 21.5, 22.0, and 22.5 °C, respectively.

Since upper air data were not readily available in a format suitable for direct input to the

RAMMET program, procedures developed by the EPA were used based on wind speed collected

at the Gaoqiao station. Hourly mnixing heights were calculated as follows:

Z4 = (0.3 x uW ) / f

where Z,4, = mixing height, mn

= surface frictional wind speed, mls

= 0.1 x wind speed measured at 1O m

f = Coriolis force = 2 x (7.29 x 10-) x sin (station latitude, degrees)

= 2 x (7.29 x l0-5) x sin (31.24 degrees)

= 7.56 x 10'

Therefore, the hourly Z4 was estimated to be 396.8 x measured wind speed at the Gaoqiao

station.

The second meteorological data consisted of using 5 years of hourly meteorological data from a

weather station in the United States to ensure that the maximum concentrations predicted with the

Gaoqiao station data were reasonable. Meteorological data from Miami, Florida, were selected

since the wind patterns from this station were similar to those from Gaoqiao and a complete set of

hourly surface and mixing height data were available. Although ambient temperatures are higher

9651118C/3-805/29/97

predicted. For example, if the maximum concentration was predicted along the 90-degree radial

at a distance of 700 m, the refined receptor grid would consist of receptors at the following

locations:

Direction (degrees) Distance (m)

82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92 600, 700, 800, 900 per direction

94, 96, 98

For SO2, screening analysis concentrations were also predicted at 648 receptors located in a radial

grid centered on the Shidongkou plant. These receptors were located at distances of 500; 1,000;

2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 10,000; 12,000; 14,000; 16,000; 18,000; 20,000;

22,000 and 24,000 m along 36 radials, with each radial spaced at 10-degree intervals. Refined

analyses were not performed for this receptor grid.

3.1.1.3 Air Modelinz Results

Maximum SO, PM10, and NO, impacts are provided for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant for

Phases II and HI. The maximum impacts for Phase II include pollutant emissions from the coal-

fired units for Phase 1 (3 x 400 MW) and the coal-fired units for Phase 11 (2 x 1,000 MW). The

maximum impacts for Phase III includes the emission sources for Phases I and II and the coal-

fired units for Phase m (2 x 1,000 MW). Since inhalable particulate matter is most important

from a human health perspective, inhalable particulates, or particles with an aerodynamic diameter

of 10 microns or less, were modeled. For PM10 impacts, the impacts due to PM10 emissions

from the material-handling operations for all three phases are included.

For SQ2 impacts, the S02 emissions from the coal-fired units at the Sidongkou Power Plant were

modeled with the emissions at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant to determine the effects of the

emissions offset plan.

3.1.1.3.1 Project Only

The maximum SO-, PM10, and NO, impacts predicted for the project only are presented in

Table 3.1-5. The maximum impacts were predicted with the screening grid receptors using

I year of meteorological data from the Gaoqiao meteorological station and 5 years of

meteorological data from Miami. The results show that the maximum impacts for both

9651118C/3-905/29197

meteorological datasets are very similar. The concentrations predicted using the Miami

meteorological data are higher than those predicted using Gaoqiao meteorological data which may

be due to both the precision of the data (i.e., the number of wind directions reported) and

frequency of wind direction. For the 24-hour maximum impacts, Miami meteorological data

predicted on the average 18 percent higher than Gaoqiao, but some predictions were within

5 percent. For the annual average impacts, the Miami data predicted about 55 percent higher,

with the closest prediction being about 2 percent different. The impacts of the plants, without

background concentrations from other sources, are less than the Shanghai Ambient Air Quality

Standards (AAQS) and the World Bank guidelines. As a result, concentrations predicted with the

Gaoqiao data are appropriate in estimating air quality concentrations around the Waigaoqiao

Power Plant.

3.1.1.3.2 Total Air Quality Impacts

The maximum total air quality SO2, PM1O, and NO, impacts predicted for comparison to the

Shanghai ambient air quality standards and World Bank ambient air quality guidelines are

presented in Tables 3.1-6 and 3.1-7. Total air quality impacts were estimated by adding the

maximum concentrations predicted from the modeled sources to a non-modeled background

concentration. The non-modeled background concentration is assumed to be concentrations from

emission sources that were not explicitly modeled. The background concentrations were

developed from air quality monitoring data (see Section 2.1.2.3) and were based on annual

average concentrations. Since PM10 air quality data were not available, the PM10 background

concentrations were assumed to be 60 percent of TSP concentrations.

As shown, the maximum impacts predicted around the Waigaoqiao plant are given in Table 3.1-6

while those around the Sidongkou plant are given in Table 3.1-7. These results were predicted

using refined receptor grids that were based on the maximum concentrations predicted with the

screening grid receptors. Again, impacts were predicted using 1 year of meteorological data from

the Gaoqiao meteorological station and 5 years of meteorological data from Miami. These results

are similar to the results for the proposed project only.

The maximum predicted impacts in the area around the Waigaoqiao power plant when background

concentrations are added are presented in Table 3.1-6. For SO,, the annual average impacts are

less than the Shanghai AAQS, but the 24-hour impacts are predicted to be higher than the AAQS

9651118C/3-1005/29/97

primarily due to the addition of background air quality. The background air quality for the 24-

hour averaging time represents the 90th percentile and produces a conservative estimate of

impacts. However, it is unknown what other sources would contribute, and the 90th percentile

provides an appropriate maximum estimate of impacts. The SO2 impacts are predicted to be less

than the currently applicable World Bank guidelines as well as the proposed guidelines (see

Table 1.2-9).

The maximum impacts for inhalable particulates are predicted to be above the Shanghai AAQS;

the impacts would also be above the currently applicable and the proposed World Bank

guidelines. The high particulate load of the Shanghai area is the primary cause of the predicted

exceedances. The maximum impacts due to the plant are a result of material handling activities

and would occur close to the plant, not in the residential areas.

The maximum annual impacts of NO2 are less than the Shanghai AAQS and the World Bank

guidelines. Although 24-hour impacts are predicted to be greater than the Shanghai AAQS,

modeling of 24-hour impacts of NO2 is problematic, since the conversion of NO emitted from the

power plant (i.e., about 90 percent of the emission) to NO2 requires photochemical reactions with

atmospheric ozone. Information on ozone was not available to adjust the modeled results;

however, the impacts of the plant relative to the total concentrations is low and not considered

significant.

Spatial distributions of the maximum total air quality 24-hour and annual average SO2

concentrations predicted for the Phase II Project are shown in Figures 3.1-2 and 3.1-3,

respectively. Similarly, spatial distributions of the maximum total air quality 24-hour and annual

average SO2 concentrations predicted for the Phase III Project are shown in Figures 3.14 and

3.1-5, respectively.

The maximum predicted SO2 impacts in the area around the Sidongkou Power Plant when

background concentrations are added are presented in Table 3.1-7. The annual average impacts

are less than the Shanghai AAQS, but the 24-hour impacts are predicted to be higher than the

AAQS primarily due to background SO, concentrations. It should be noted that both the annual

and 24-hour impacts decrease from Phase I to Phase III. The reason for this is the installation of

another FGD system on Stack No. 2 of Plant 1.

9651118C/3-1105129197

3.1.1.3.3 SO,, Impacts With and Without Sidongkou Plant's FGD System

For the Phase II Project, Unit No. 1 at the Sidongkou Power Plant will be equipped with an FGD

system to reduce SO, emissions from Stack No. 1. This reduction in SO emissions is expected to

result in an overall reduction in maximum 24-hour concentrations around the power plant. The

change in mnaximum 24-hour and annual average SO2 concentrations predicted for Stack No. 1 by

adding the FGD system are shown in Figures 3.1-6 and 3.1-7, respectively. Overall, there is a

net reduction in maximum SO2 concentrations in most areas around the power plant site.

Similarly, if the emission units for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant for Phase II are included, there is

a decrease or marginal increase in mnaximum 24-hour and annual average concentrations (see

Figures 3.1-6 and 3.1-7, respectively).

The installation of FGD on Sidongkou Plant 1, Stack No. 1, results in a substantial decrease in

both annual and 24-hour concentrations. Indeed, the decrease in 24-hour concentrations in the

Sidongkou area is almost double the increase in the Waigaoqiao area. The maximum annual

decreases with the installation of the FGD system are slightly less than the maximum impacts with

Phase II of the Waigaoqiao. In the Central Shanghai area, both the annual and 24-hour maximum

concentrations due to Sidongkou and Waigaoqiao are estimated to decrease. The 24-hour

maximum would decrease by about 60 percent while the annual average would decrease by about

20 percent.

3.1.2 NOISE

Noise resulting from human activities can impact the health and welfare of both workers and the

general public. The level of impact is related to the magnitude of noise, which is referred to as

sound pressure level (SPL) with units in decibels (dB). Decibels are calculated as a logarithmic

function of SPL in air to a reference effective pressure, which is considered the hearing threshold,

SPL 20 logl0 (Pe/Po)

where: Pe = measured effective pressure of sound wave in micropascals (,uPa), and

Po = reference effective pressure of 20 AsPa.

To account for the effect of how the human ear perceives sound pressure, sound pressure level is

adjusted for frequency. This is referred to as A-weighting (dBA). which adjusts measurements

9651118C/3-1205/29/97

for the approximated response of the human ear to low-frequency SPLs [i.e., below 1,000 hertz

(Hz)] and high-frequency SPLs (i.e., above 1,000 Hz). This section addresses the potential noise

impacts of the project to the surrounding area.

3.1.2.1 Regulations and Criteria

World Bank Guidelines

The World Bank has developed noise guidelines related to annual average sound levels that are

designed to protect public and welfare. These levels are applicable to indoor and outdoor areas

and certain types of land use. The World Bank guidelines correspond to sound levels

recommended by USEPA. These recommendations are discussed in the following section.

Shanthai Municipalitv Noise Standards

The Municipality of Shanghai has adopted noise standards based on the land use of the area. The

area adjacent land use includes Class [I and Class IV Industrial and Highway, respectively. The

Class III Industrial noise standards are 65 dBA for daytime and 55 dBA for nighttirne; the Class

iV Highway noise standards are 70 dBA for daytime and 55 dBA for nighttime.

U.S. Environmental Protection Azencv (USEPA)

USEPA (1974) has developed indoor and outdoor noise criteria for various land uses as a guide

for protecting public health and welfare (see Table 1.2-5). These criteria relate to short-term and

day-night average SPLs. The L, is the equivalent constant SPL that would be equal in sound

energy to the varying SPL over the same time period. The Ld,, is the 24-hour average SPL

calculated for two daily tine periods, i.e., day and night, but has 10 dBA added to nighttime

SPL. The equation for Ldfl is:

Ldi = 10 log 1/24 [15 x 10(Lf10) + 9 X lo(Ln1010/o

where: Ld = daytime L.q for the period 0700 to 2200 hours, and

Ln = nighttirne Lq for the period 2200 to 0700 hours.

For residential areas, EPA recommends an outdoor Ld, of 55 dBA.

9651118C13-1305/29/97

3.1.2.2 Existing and Pronosed Noise Sources

The noise levels and sound power levels associated with the proposed power plants were

calculated using equipment-specific octave band data developed from Edison Electric Institute

(EEI) Electric Power Plant Enviromnental Noise Guide (2nd edition, 1984). The sound power

levels and octave band data for the existing Phase I plant (4 x 300 MW) and Phases II and III

(each 2 x 1,000 MW) configurations are presented in Table 3.1-8. The sound power levels were

adjusted to account for attenuation of plant buildings, equipment enclosures, and the actual

observed noise levels for Phase I with two units operating.

3.1.2.3 Noise Impact MethodoloEr

The impact evaluation of the project was performed using the NOISECALC computer program

(NYDPS, 1986). NOISECALC was developed by the New York State Department of Public

Service and modified by KBN to assist with noise calculations for major power projects. Noise

sources are entered as octave band SPLs. Coordinates, either rectangular or polar, can be

specified by the user.

All noise sources are assumed to be point sources; line sources can be simulated by several point

sources. Sound propagation is calculated by accounting for hemispherical spreading and three

other user-identified attenuation options: atmospheric attenuation, path-specific attenuation and

barrier attenuation. Atmospheric attenuation is calculated using the data specified by the

American National Standard Institute's (ANSI's) method for the calculation of the absorption of

sound by the atmosphere (ANSI, 1978). Path-specific attenuation can be specified to account for

the effects of vegetation, foliage and wind shadow. Directional source characteristics and

reflection can be simulated using path-specific attenuation. Attenuation due to barriers can be

specified by giving the coordinates of the barrier. Barrier attenuation is calculated by assuming

an infinitely long barrier perpendicular to the source-receptor path. Total and A-weighted SPLs

are calculated. Background noise levels can be incorporated into the program and are used to

calculate overall SPLs.

NOISECALC was perforned to predict the maximum noise levels produced by the proposed and

existing noise sources with and without background noise levels. Only atmospheric attenuation

was assumed. The noise impact was determined in a radial pattern around the existing and

proposed facilities.

9651118C/3-1405/29/97

3.1.2.4 Impact Analysis Results

Figures 3.1-8 . 3.1-9 and 3.1-10 present isopleths of SPLs (given in dBA) that are predicted for

Phase I, Phases I and II, and Phases I, II and III power plant project, respectively. The noise

prediction for Phase I for the western and southern plant boundaries correspond closely to the

data provided by SMEPC and that measured by KBN. The maximum internal plant noise levels

measured by SMEPC and KBN are above 80 dBA north of the boiler and are predicted to be

above 80 dBA in the same general location. The measured noise levels at the western and

southern boundaries were 61-65 dBA and 55-63 dBA, respectively. Predicted vales for Phase I

are 60 dBA and 65 dBA, for the western and southern boundaries respectively. The predicted

noise levels at the southern boundary is about 3 to 5 dBA higher than observed; the predicted

noise levels do not at this time account for the noise barrier provided by the turbine building.

For Phase II, the predicted noise levels are within the World Bank guidelines for industrial land

use areas. While the Shanghai Class HI and Class IV noise standards will be met for daytime

conditions, the nighttime levels of 55 dBA may be exceeded. However, the prediction in this

area is likely high by about 3 to 5 dBA. Moreover, the adjacent land uses are industrial with no

residential development. and these noise levels drop off sharply with distance from the power

plant and the nearest residential areas are more than 1 km away. Indeed, the highway noise was

measured to range from 75 to 85 dBA during the KBN monitoring.

For Phase III, the predicted noise levels are within the World Bank guidelines and Shanghai Class

III daytime standards for industrial land use areas at the southern boundary but may be higher at

the eastern boundary. However, the eastern boundary contains the Zhuyuan sewage discharge

pipeline and other industrial uses. Inpacts to conmmercial and residential areas will not occur.

The Shanghai Class III and Class IV nighttimne noise standards of 55 dBA may be exceeded at

both the eastern and southern boundaries. Again, the prediction in this area is likely high by

about 3 to 5 dBA. Moreover, the adjacent land uses are industrial with no residential

development and these noise levels drop off sharply with distance from the power plant and the

nearest residential areas are more than 1 lan away.

Based on these results, no significant impact to public health and welfare from noise levels is

predicted.

9651118C/3-1505/29/97

3.1.3 WATER RESOURCES

3.1.3.1 Thermal Discharges

The potential impacts to surface waters (i.e., the Yangtze River) from the Waigaoqiao Power

Plant thermal discharges have been analyzed by several researchers. Most notable of these

previous studies are a physical model simulation of the river the several discharges (East China

Power Design Academy, 1992) and a numnerical, computer model simulation (ECEPDI, 1996).

The findings of these research projects can be summarized as follows:

1. Thermal discharges from the power plant exhibit dynamic attachment to the Yangtze

River's south bank. The thernal plume may extend up to about 500 m laterally into

the river under lower river velocity conditions (i.e., <0.5 m/s) and typically extend

< 250 m laterally into the river under higher velocity conditions (i.e., > 0.75 mrs);

2. Given a lateral separation of the intake and discharge structures of 220 m, the thermal

discharge plume typically exhibits a nominal recirculation. As seen in Table 3.1-9,

the recirculation induced temperature rise at the cooling water intakes can be as high

as 0.90C but is typically <0.5 0C;

3. The high river velocity profiles (created by both the large freshwater input and

average tidal range of about 2 m) create effective longitudinal mixing and dispersion

conditions. For example, the 3°C temperature rise isotherm inscribes an maximum

area of 0.72 km2 under maximum power plant load and mninimum tide conditions.

Using a nominal plume width of 300 m, the resulting mixing zone length is about

2,600 m. A summary of the thermal plume areas for differing isotherms is presented

in Table 3.1-10; and

4. The Zhuyuan sewage discharge port closest location to the power plant is 1-km

downstream and 1.3-km offshore (from the Phase III intake structure). The lateral

distance from the Yangtze River's south bank results in a maximum temperature rise

at the sewage discharge structure of <0.2 0C on the flood tide only. During ebb tide,

there is not interaction between the power plant intake and discharge structures and

the sewage treatment port.

The previous studies on the power plant's thermal discharges provide a reasonable definition of

the thernal discharge plume under a variety of developmental stages (i.e., Phase 1, II, and III are

considered separately and in combination) and tidal conditions (i.e., spring, neap, average and

extreme tide conditions). The assessment of the potential surface water impacts from the power

9651118C13-16os/s2997

plant conducted included the following activities to confirm and supplement the previous research

efforts:

I. A peer review of the physical and numerical modeling studies of the power plant's

discharges;

2. Analytical computer model runs of the plant's thermal discharges were conducted on a

near field basis and compared to both the previously conducted physical and numerical

model results;

3. Analytical computer model runs of the potential interactions between the several

power plant cooling water intake and discharge structures and the Zhuyuan sewage

outfall were conducted and compared to the previously conducted physical and

numerical model results; and

4. A qualitative assessment of the Three Gorges dam (under construction about 1,000 km

upstream of the site) was conducted.

The following discussions address the above assessment tasks.

Phvsical Model Peer Review - The East China Power Design Academy constructed a physical

model to simulate Yangtze River hydrodynamic characteristics and predict thermal plume

movement. The physical model covered the 4.5-km river reach with a 3.0-km partial width (i.e.,

a portion of Yangtze River reach located south of Changxing Island). The model's length scale

was 150:1 and the depth scale was about 100:1. Spot verification of the reported dimensionless

and similitude analyses yielded no discrepancies.

The physical model was calibrated and verified to independent, measured Yangtze River tide data

sets (i.e., one tidal data set was used for the calibration and a separate data set was used for the

verification). The tide data sets included both elevation and velocity data. Visual examination of

the calibration and verification plots show that the tide elevation predictions differ from the

measured values by <0.1 m (over a total tidal ranges of 1.9 m and 3.2 m for the neap and spring

tides, respectively). Visual examination of the calibration and verification plots show that the tide

velocity predictions differ from the measured values by <0.2 m/s (over a range of tidal velocities

of -0.32 mn's to 1. 14 m/s for the neap and spring tides, respectively). Given the tightness of fit

between measured and modeled tide elevations and velocities, the physical model can be described

as both valid and robust.

9651118C/3-17OS/29/97

The physical model predictions noted one variance from rigorous modeling protocol. That is, for

the Phase III condition (i.e., maximum plant intake and discharge flow rates) some 'mass" was

lost from the model domain during the spring flood tide conditions. The ECPDA, 1992, report

did not quantify the potential impact of this loss of mass on overall modeling. The potential

impact of this loss of mass to the overall modeling results was evaluated using CORMIX (a

USEPA supported analytical mixing zone model) and transverse mixing algorithms presented in

Fischer et al., 1979. See Appendix F for a description of the models. The results of the loss of

mass evaluation are as follows:

1. Discharge plume centerline temperature (flood tide) is predicted by CORMIX is

0.45°C at a location 1,800 m downstream of the Phase III discharge point (i.e., where

the plume centerline intersects the model's upstream boundary). The CORMIX model

run is presented in Appendix F;

2. Discharge plume centerline temperatures beyond the model domain (i.e., upstream

distances > 1,800 m) decrease very slowly - for example, at 5,000 m upstream, the

centerline temperature rise is 0.43°C;

3. Given the plume's rapid mixing to near steady-state conditions, the heat "lost" from

the model represents less than 5 percent of the thermal load. Further, when the tide

folds (i.e., changes from flood to ebb) the water temperature at any given location

will be dominated by the near field mixing of the several discharges with only a minor

component of the temperature rise attributable to far field transport; and

4. Therefore, the loss of mass from the physical model domain during Phase III

simulations is insignificant to the model's overall predictive results.

Numerical Model Peer Review - The ECEPDI (1996) report presents a 2-dimensional, finite

element model that was used to simulate Yangtze River hydrodynamic characteristics and predict

thermal plume movement. The model assumed psuedo-3-dimensional capabilities by introduction

of a boundary layer at approximately 4 m deep. The numerical model covered the 22.4-krn river

reach with a 6.5-km width (i.e., the Yangtze River reach located south of Changxing Island).

The ECEPDI (1996) report does not present model calibration and/or verification data. However,

numerical model results are similar to the physical model results.

9651118C/3-1805/30/97

Analvtical Model Runs - The CORMX and Fischer et al. (1979) analytical mixing models were

used to spot check several of the key river temperature predictions. Comparisons of the analytical

mixing models to the physical/numerical models are discussed below:

1. As noted previously, the 3°C temperature rise isotherm inscribes an maximum area of

0.72 km2 under maximum power plant load and minimum tide conditions. Using a

nominal plume width of 300 m, the resulting mixing zone length is about 2,600 m.

Table 3.1-11 presents a mixing zone run using maximum discharge conditions and

minimal tide conditions. As seen in the table, the 3°C contour line extends nearly

2,500 m downstream and the transverse mixing intrusion width is between 300 and

350 m from the south bank. This analytical model run generally confirms the

physical/numerical model results;

2. The temperature rise at the cooling water intakes is shown in Table 3.1-9 has a

maximum of about 1°C but is generally less than 0.5°C and in many cases in the

0.10C to 0.20C range. Table 3.1-11 presents the worst-case discharge conditions

(i.e., maximum discharge with minimum river velocity). As seen in the table, the

predicted water temperature increase at a river bank distance of 200 m is about 1 °C

and at a distance of 250 m is about 0.60 C. These values agree well with the physical

and numerical model's predicted values with the intake structures located 220 m

offshore from the discharge; and

3. Tables 3.1-12 and 3.1-13 present analytical mixing zone model runs for less extreme

scenarios (i.e., river flow velocities are normal and discharge volumnes are at either

maximum or reduced). As seen in these tables, the river temperature rise in the

vicinity of the intakes (i.e., about 220 m from shore) are in the 0.1°C to 0.2°C

range. These values agree reasonably well with the physical and numerical model

predictions.

The analytical model runs are in general agreement with the mixing zone lengths, widths and

temperatures as predicted by the numerical and physical models.

Thermal Plume - The thermal impacts determined by ECPDA, ECEPDI and using CORMIX

were determined to be in good agreement. The maximum extent of the thermal plumes

exceeding 3°C isotherm with maximum power plant load is 19 hectares for Phase I, 33 hectares

for Phase I and Phase II and 72 hectares for all phases. Under average flood tide conditions, the

9651118C/3-1905/30/97

maximum extent for all phase is about 7.5 hectares. This area is relatively small compared to the

area adjacent to the power plant extending to the coal and ash wharfs and the areal extent of the

Yangtze river directly adjacent to the plant. The area directly adjacent to the plant with plant

structures is about 54 hectares. In contrast, the areal extent of the Yangtze adjacent to the plant is

about 900 hectares.

3.1.3.2 Low-Volume Wastewater

The low-volume wastewater includes regeneration wastes, sewage, oil-contaminated water, boiler

cleaning water, and bottom ash sluice water. The oil contaminated water, boiler cleaning water,

and bottom ash sluice water will be recycled after treatment. The regeneration and sewage

wastewater will be treated to meet the PRC discharge standards (see Section 1.3.3.5) and

discharged with the once-through cooling water to the Yangtze River. The dilution and water

quality of these wastewater will have insignificant impacts to the environment.

3.1.3.3 Ash Yards

The construction and operation of the ash yards are not expected to impact the water quality of

the Yangtze River. The ash yards have been constructed to be hydraulically isolated from the

river through the construction of concrete berms surrounding the area. The bottom areas are

naturally lined with sediment consisting of clays that prevent a hydraulic connection and any

migration of runoff. This separation was observed at the Limin Ash Yard. If ash is disposed of

in the ash yards, the pozzolanic properties of the high-calcium ash would provide a low-

permeability barrier for any leachate to occur. Moreover, the high-calcium content would provide

a high-alkaline environment that would create a condition that would not be favorable to the

mobilization of metals. After completion of each landfill cell or lift, topsoil will be placed over

the compacted ash to minimize water transmission through the ash and provide permanent natural

cover for the ash.

The water quality impacts resulting from the ash yards (i.e., the bottom ash yard adjacent to the

plant and the Limin ash yard) are minimized by the following:

1. The ash has high calcium (>20 percent) and low sulfite (< 10 percent) contents that

the resulting nature of any leachate formed from the ash will mitigate the mobilization

of trace metals in ash (see Table 1.3-6).

9651118C/3-2005/30/97

2. The ash has possolan properties that when miixed with water and compacted would

form a semi-impermeable barrier mitigating leachate formation. If any leachate is

formed, it would have to be formed under neutral to slightly alkaline conditions that

would mitigate metal mobilization.

3. The type of construction of the ash yards and using the fine sediments as fill has

resulted in the ash yards being hydraulically isolated from direct contact with the

Yangtze River. Inspection of the ash yards found no evidence of tidal fluctuation.

The species found in the ash yards also suggest the major contribution of water is

from rainwater and not infiltration from the Yangtze River or groundwater.

4. If leachate is formed in the ash yards, the hydraulic gradient is toward the Yangtze

River. The river flow are so large and toward the sea that any leachate would be

quickly diluted and any impacts are considered insignificant.

3.1.3.4 River Stratification

Several issues related to the plant's discharges can manifest only if the Yangtze River is stratified

(e.g., interactions between the various intake and discharge structures, increased size of the

thermal plume, etc.). The Yangtze River estuary is classified as "mixed", that is, a portion of the

time it is completely mixed and a portion of the time it exhibits some stratification. Estuary

stratification can be determined by its Richardson number (Fischer et al., 1979). The Richardson

number is defined as follows:

Ri = [(Ap/p)gQ]I(WU3)

where: R, = Richardson Number (dimensionless)p = density (glm3)g = gravity (mis2)Q = freshwater flow (m3/s)W = channel Width (m)U = rms tidal velocity (mn/s)

For small R, values (i.e., <0.08), a well mixed estuary can be expected. For large g values

(i.e., >0.8), a strongly stratified estuary can be expected. Transition from a well-mixed to a

strongly stratified estuary occurs in the range 0.08 < R, < 0.8.

For the Yangtze River near the power plant site, the Ri values fluctuate as follows:

9651118C'3-2105/29/97

Mean Tidal VelocityTide (m/s) R, StratificationNeap 0.55 0.47 TransitionalMean 0.71 0.22 Transitional

Spring 0.99 0.08 Well Mixed

97% 1.11 0.06 Well Mixed

As seen in the above calculations, the Yangtze River estuary exhibits transitional stratification

(i.e., weak stratification) for the neap and mean tides but is well mixed with the spring and

extreme high tides. As such, treatment of the estuary as a 2-dimensional system is valid under

most normal tide conditions. Further, since the relationship is more sensitive to the river's width

and flow velocity rather than freshwater inflow, modifications to the river's hydrologic cycle due

to construction of the Three Gorges Dam will not significantly affect the mixing characteristics of

the estuary near the power plant site.

3.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The impact of constructing Phase II and Phase III of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant is expected to

be minimal on the ecology, since the area has been impacted previously, and no significant

habitats exist. The major potential impact for the bottom ash area is the removal of the

introduced agricultural and wetland area created from the Yangtze River. This habitat provides

locally useful grazing area and shrimp harvesting for local farmers. Use of the area for bottom

ash disposal would prohibit these alternative uses.

Potential impacts during plant operation are primnarily due to the thermal discharge. The results

indicate that a delta T of +3.0°C will occur over an area of approximately 72 ha during peak

operation and minimum flow conditions. During the summer temperature maxima of 29.4 to

31.0°C (July-September), the resulting mnaximum temperature within this zone will be 34°C.

Using the T,,, method, this indicates an exceedance of allowable temperatures will occur within

this area. For example:

T,l, =OT + (URLT-OT)/3

where: OT= ideal temperature for reproduction and growth,URLT = ultimate recipient lethal temperature, and

T,.x = maximum allowable temperature.

9651118C/3-2205130/97

The OT for most aquatic organisms of temperate and tropical zones falls within 28 to 29°C, with

lethal deaths around 38°C. During summner months, a conservatively calculated T,n value within

the 72-ha area would be:

31°C (i.e., ambient); plus

Temperature rise of 3°C

38°C (i.e. URLT) less 28°C (i.e., OT) = 10°C

T=,, = 100C/3 + OT = 31.33°C

An exceedance of T. of 34 - 31.33 = 2.67°C will occasionally occur during the summer

months under minimum tide conditions and maximum power production for all phases. Since the

area is used only in a transit corridor by motile estuarine species and hence does not represent a

nursery zone of long-term residence for early life stages (Shanghai Academy of Sciences, 1997),

there should be relatively little impact on estuarine productivity as a function of transitory high

temperatures, and hence low impact on the local artesenal fishery productivity. Moreover, the

areal extent of the maximum thermal plume is small compared to the river area. In any event a

temperature elevation of 3°C is not great if other water quality parameters do not vary at the

same time). Furthermore, and as stated above, tidal and current velocities are such that exposure

will be transitory, no benthic conmmunities (i.e. sessile) of significance exist in the area , so

overall impact should be minimal.

The potential for impingment was evaluated based on an inspection of the traveling screens and

discussions with Phase I plant personnel. Very few aquatic species are impinged o the intake

screens over the course of the early stages of operation of Phase 1. Indeed, more anthropogenetic

generated debris are collected (plastic bags, paper, etc.). Taken together the nature of the river

near Waigaoqiao and the observation from Phase I operation, indicate that impingment impacts

will be minimal.

The free chlorine residual chlorine is kept to 0.1 ppm or less which would mitigate impacts. The

World Bank guideline is 0.2 ppm.

The impacts of converting the littoral zone of the Yangtze River for ash yards is considered

minimal. In the area designated for ash disposal is sirmilar to that near the plant site and is

characterized as highly channelized with strong currents and little structural habitat. These

9651118C/3-2305/29/97

attributes, along with the lack of any nursery areas in the area, provide an area which will not be

significantly impacted by the alternate use. Indeed, the artificial habitat created by the

construction of Lirnin Ash Yard for Phase I is used for agricultural purposes (refer to

Section 2.2.1).

3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL

3.3.1 CHANGES TO LAND USE

There are no formal land zoning requirements for Shanghai municipality. Land allocation and the

associated planning is the responsibility of the Shanghai Municipal Planning Bureau. Shanghai

municipal government, with support from Beijing, has engaged in an ambitious development plan

to assist greater Shanghai to accommodate the economic and social pressures that have

accompanied rapid development. The Pudong New Area has been designated as a critical part of

the development plan.

The allocation of the site for power development does not violate local or provincial land use or

zoning procedures. Although portions of the site were once used for agricultural production (see

Table 3.3-1 for estimates of crop loss), the relatively small area required for the power plant was

not considered to adversely affect agricultural production as a whole throughout the region or

within the larger area under agricultural production further form the facility.

As noted previously, during public meetings at which villagers were briefed on development of

the power plant and associated impacts, villagers viewed the change in land use as positive and

anticipate the station to have a positive impact on their quality of life.

3.3.2 RESETTLEMENT

The project will require the acquisition of approximately 74 ha of land, located in the vicinity of

Yancang and Zhuyuamn Villages in Gaodong Town, Pudong. As a result of the project,

274 households, 13 township enterprises, 4 state-owned enterprises, and 6 public structures will

need to be relocated. Table 3.3-2 shows a summary of land acquisition for the project.

Tables 3.3-3 and 3.3-4 show the number of structures and number of persons potentially affected

by the project.

9651118C/3-2405/29/97

In January 1997, a Resettlement Action Plan for Shanghai Waigaoqiao Thermal Power Project

was drafted in strict accordance with the World Bank's Operational Directive (OD) 4.30 on

Involuntary Resettlement and the relevant laws and regulations of PRC and Shanghai. An

overview of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is provided in Section 5.4.

Villagers are generally favorable toward moving to the newly constructed housing units since they

offer the advantages of indoor plumbing, contained sewage disposal, and a steady electricity

source. In addition, the PRC and Shanghai governments require that all displaced persons be

placed in gainfully employed positions and trained for these positions if necessary. SMEPC has

committed to carrying out this requirement for all displaced persons.

No resettlement will be required for the construction of the additional 500-kV transmission line.

3.3.3 DEMOGRAPHIC/EMPLOYMENT/ECONOMIC IMPACTS

During construction, the labor force will increase to 2,500 workers. During construction,

technically skilled workers and laborers will be hired from the Shanghai and its vicinity.

Similarly, during operation, workers at the facility will come from greater Shanghai and will not

inhabit the site on a permanent basis. Local villages already possess an infrastructure to

accommodate increased demand of induced or secondary development. Moreover, PRC laws and

regulations regarding land ownership and inhibition make the likelihood of significant induced

development and hence significant spontaneous development unlikely.

The project will entail moving an agricultural population to an urban area, with concomitant

changes in lifestyle. Improvements to the lives of potentially affected persons (PAPs) will be

observed in terms of residential conditions, education, cultural and entertaimnent facilities. etc.

More importantly. the PAPs can enjoy such welfare systems as medical care and old-age service.

which are much more developed in urban areas than in agricultural areas.

The expansion of the Waigaoqiao Power Project is expected to have a positive impact on local

economnics through increased employment during construction, increased economic activity

associated with an increase in support services to the facility and its workers, and improved

electricity access for the Pudong New Area and greater Shanghai.

9651118C/3-2505/29197

3.3.4 TRANSPORTATION IlPACTS

ECEPDI (1996) conducted a study of the potential risks of increased shipping of coal to the

Waigaoqiao plant. Coal will be transported from Qinhuangdao Port in Hebei Province to the site

on 35,000 ton shallow-draft coal ships. Currently, the traffic in the Yangtze River for ships

above 10,000 tons is 34 ships/day; for ships below 10,000 tons is 137 ships/day. In the year

2001, ship traffic in the Yangtze is expected to be 56 ships/day for 10,000 tons and above

capacity ships and 231 ships/day for ships with capacities below 10,000 tons. For Phase I, II and

m the average annual ship traffic is 0.26, 0.4 and 0.4 ships/day. Phase I and II will have 0.66

ships/day while all phases will have 1.04 ships/day. While the Yangtze is almost 5 kilometers

across, large ships must enter the harbor with the tides. During the in-coming tide large ships

enter the harbor while on the out-going tide ships leave. Historical records suggest that ship

accidents occur during this tidal cycle. An analysis by ECEPDI indicate a current accident

occurrence of 5.12 per 10,000 transports and a projected accident occurrence is 5.32 per 10,000

transports. While a 3.9 percent increase in accident occurrence may be associated with the

Waigaoqiao plant, the overall predicted rate of 5.32 per 10,000 transports is low compared to

similar harbor.

The expansion of Pudong New Area and in greater Shanghai has resulted in a network of road,

waterway, and rail transport adequate for the previously discussed transportation needs of the

facility. As a result, no significant adverse impacts associated with transport of supplies or

personnel to Waigaoqiao either during construction or operation are anticipated.

3.3.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES

As noted previously, the project site is not considered protected since no resources of cultural or

archaeological significance are known to exist in the project vicinity.

3.3.6 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

No adverse impacts to indigenous or tribal populations will occur as a result of the facility since

none currently exist in the project area. As noted previously, the villages surrounding the power

plant vicinity are inhabited exclusively by families who, in most cases, have inhabited the area for

generations.

9651118C/3-2605/29/97

3.3.7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

3.3.7.1 Power Plant Safety and Health Background

Efficiency and safety in electrical power plants can be greatly increased by careful planning of the

design, location and layout of the facility. Injuries, illnesses, fires and possible explosions can be

prevented if appropriate measures are taken in the early stages of design. Factors typically

considered are nature of processes involved, design of the primary structures, and the type of

system equipment to be used.

The generation of electrical power involves the burning of coal, which produces steam. The

steam is then used to drive turbines to produce electricity. Although process hazards involved in

the production of the electricity exist, numerous support functions subject workers to hazards

which result in the majority of industrial accidents.

Occupational Safety and Health Issues

The safety and health issues found in a coal-fired power plants are grouped into two categories.

These categories are process related and those incidental to the generation of electricity.

Process Hazards

The principle hazards of boiler furnaces and their associated fuel supplies, pipes, ducts, and fans

are fires and explosions.

Variations in the size distribution of raw coal may cause erratic or uncontrolled feeding of coal

into pulverizers. Coal may contain debris such as metal, wood, or rock which may cause coal

feeding interruptions or become a source of ignition. Since coal can form an explosive mixture

when airborne, an explosive mixture will likely develop if a momentary flameout occurs.

Pulverizers themselves are potential sources for fires and explosions. Fires may occur from

spontaneous combustion or the feeding of burning coal directly into the pulverizer. Airborne coal

dust will explode if the mixture exceeds 12.7 grams per cubic meter (glm3). A special hazard is

the presence of methane gas that may be released from recently pulverized coal and may

accurnulate in confmed spaces.

9651118C/3-2705/29/97

Hydrogen will likely be used as a cooling agent for the steam turbines. Hydrogen is extremely

explosive and appropriate precautions must be implemented.

Gaseous chlorine, which is extremely hazardous, is used as an cooling water biocide. For

Phase I, chlorine in 1-ton cylinders is used in an inclosed building with an automated mixing

system and an chlorine gas control discharge system in the event of a leak.

Installation and maintenance of safety devices to prevent over pressurization of boiler tubing is

critical for the protection of employees and equipment.

Electrical power generation and transmission poses a hazard to workers. High voltage may be

encountered at the turbine generators, transmission substations and associated wiring.

Incidental Safety and Health Hazards

Hazards incidental to the process but occurring as a result of process operations include;

1. Exposure to boiler feedwater chemical,

2. Heat stress,

3. Exposure to hot steam lines and equipment, and

4. Handling and disposal of ash.

Additional safety and health hazards to be considered as part of the operation of an electrical

power plant include the following;

1. Working surfaces (such as floors, platforns, ladders, stairs, etc.),

2. Emergency exit placement and maintenance,

3. High noise exposure,

4. Chemical exposure (including incidental use materials for maintenance, etc.),

5. Handling of flammable and combustible materials,

6. Exposures to hazards of working in confined spaces (boilers, vessels, sewers, etc.),

7. Control of hazardous energy (accidental startup of systems and equipment).

8. Fire prevention and protection.

9. Materials handling and storage.

10. Machine and equipment mechanical guarding,

9651118C'3-28OS/29/97

11. Biohazards. and

12. Ergonomic design and operation of workstations.

3.3.7.2 ReouJatorv Framework

In the case of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, occupational safety and health standards are

promulgated by PRC and implemented by the SMEPC to assure worker protection. Occupational

health and safety is covered by both municipal and national law in the PRC. The development of

specific standards is a sectoral obligation. These standards are described in the Safety Manual for

the Operation of Electric Power Plants and are grouped in the following classifications.

1. Airborne dust and toxic particulate protection,

2. Protection against poisons,

3. Protection against occupational illnesses, and

4. Protection against radioisotopes.

The majority of the available standards are directed towards female workers in the workplace.

The standards published by PRC are focused primarily on the identification and control of hazards

which can cause occupational illness. Of particular note is the special emphasis on the female

workforce.

3.3.7.3 Waigaopiao Project

A safety manual has been developed and training implemented by the management of the

Waigaoqiao Plant. The Phase I project as well as future phases will include design features for

the protection of workers. Typical hazards expeCted to be encountered, such as fire, dust and

poison exposures, moving equipment and other safety hazards are addressed.

A series of occupational hazard descriptions are included in the training and commitments by

SMEPC management have been made to adhere to sector work safety policy recommendations.

Specific reference is made to the following:

l. Fire prevention, including the incorporation of fire access lanes, alarms, and reduction

of flammable gas into the project design.

2. Prevention of poisoning, dust inhalation, and chemical injury, including the

incorporation of measures to ventilate adequately, and install chemical leak alarms.

9651118C/3-29OS/29197

3. Prevention of electric shock by following the Electric Technical Design Code for

Machinery during installation.

4. Prevention of mechanical injury by shielding moving parts, especially rotating

machinery and conveyor belts, by assuring adequate lighting, and implementing

hardhat rules for workers in hazardous areas.

5. Prevention of thermal stress by providing air-conditioning, space heating or adequate

ventilation in buildings.

6. Prevention of noise injuries by following noise limit standards for specific equipment,

providing insulating covers for noisy machinery such as steam turbines, crushers,

providing mufflers on high-volume air exhausts, and equipping the doors and walls of

work areas with sound-insulating material. Noise limits for new sources according to

the PRC guidelines range from 85 dBA for an 8-hour exposure, to 94 dBA for a

l-hour exposure.

7. Preventing mnicrowave radiation by observing the PRC Worker Safety standards,

which call for microwave exposure not to exceed a daily aggregate dose of

400 microwaves per square centimeter (mw/CM2), or an average hourly exposure of

50 mw/cm-.

8. Providing safety education classroom facilities, as well as clinics staffed with medical

personnel.

3.3.7.4 Recommendations

The following items are needed to improve the facility safety and health reliability.

1. Continued implementation of site specific safe work practices,

2. Continued implementation of a worksite analysis system, and

3. Continued imnplementation of site specific safety and health training program.

3.4 TRANSMISSION LINE

As part of the Waigaoqiao project, a 500-kV transmission line about 50 km in length will be

constructed (refer to Figure 1.3-1). This section presents an overview of potential impacts of

constructing and operating the transmission line. The corridor for the 500-kV transmission line

has been planned and designed by the Shanghai municipality for more than a decade. Thus, the

potential for impacts has been reduced. SMEPC operated a half-load 500-kV system, with which

9651118C/3 -3005/29/97

this proposed project will interconnect. Figure B-15 in Appendix B presents a typical 500-kV

corridor.

3.4.1 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS

The corridor for the 500-kV transmission line project has been designated as a transmission line

right-of-way (ROW) throughout its length. To the extent SMEPC is able to locate the proposed

transmission line within the designated ROWs, the use of adjacent undisturbed areas will be

minimized during all phases of construction, including ROW clearing, road and pad construction,

and line construction. By utilizing designated ROWs to the greatest extent practicable, the

limitation of all construction activities will also result in a minimization of potential impacts on

hiuman populations, water bodies, archaeological and historic sites, vegetation, and wildlife.

3.4.1.1 Ri!ht-of-Wav Clearin2

Limited additional clearing will be necessary in areas where the designated ROW width is

sufficient for placement of the proposed transmission line. Where necessary, rotary mowers will

be used to clear the ROW of all vegetation to ground level; all srumps will be removed or ground

to 6 inches below ground level. In scrub habitat, clearing will be limited, extending from the

transmission line centerline to the outer conductors and in areas around structure sites. The

remainder of the ROW in scrub habitat will not be cleared except for the removal of trees

exceeding 5 m in height. These trees will be hand cut at the ground line and stumps left in place.

This will create a more open canopy favorable to the development of sun-tolerant species such as

exist in a scrub habitat.

In the event additional clearing in wet areas is needed, restrictive clearing will be employed.

Restrictive clearing will be done by hand, usually with chain saws, or with low-ground-pressure

shear or rotary machines to reduce soil compaction and damage to vegetation. These methods

may be used alone or in combination, as may be necessary for specific sites. Restrictive clearing

will include the removal of vegetation from areas extending from the transmission line centerline

to the outer conductors and in work areas around structure sites. Also, in areas where SMEPC

may need to create access to particular structure sites via access roads rather than a continuous

access road, a path approximately 7 to 8 m wide will be cleared to reach the site from an existing

access road. Removable construction matting may be used in these areas to support equipment.

9651118C/3-3105/29/97

3.4.1.2 Road and Pad Construction

Access roads are required to provide efficient and safe ingress and egress to the transmission line

structures for construction and maintenance. Because designated ROWs will be used for the

proposed transmission line, only very limited new access road and pad construction should be

required. Existing roads will be used for the majority of construction and maintenance activities

associated with the proposed transmission line. Access roads will be constructed only in areas

where ingress and egress to the structures would otherwise be unavailable. Where construction of

roads is required in upland areas, soil from both sides of the road surface may be used for fill.

Bulldozers and/or motor graders will be used. In cases where hauled fill is required, the fill will

be spread, compacted, and shaped to the design width and elevation. In wet areas, removable

construction matting or low-ground-pressure equipment will be utilized in place of fill where

practicable; however, fill may be necessary in some isolated wet areas. These methods may be

used alone or in combination as conditions (i.e., soft ground, deep muck, etc.) warrant.

3.4.1.3 Line Construction

Line construction activities will include the placement of foundations, assembly and erection of

structures, and installation of conductors. In those situations where concrete foundations are used

for steel structures, a hole will be excavated using an augering machine. The base section will be

set in place, and concrete or rock backfill will be hauled to the site and placed in the foundation.

Where necessary, steel caisson foundations may be used for steel structures. When used, they

will be vibrated into place with a vibratory hammer suspended from a crane.

These structures will be erected using cranes and support vehicles. Insulators and roller blocks

will be installed following completion of the structures. Standard wire-pulling equipment will be

used to install the conductors and overhead ground wires. Various other pieces of equipment may

be used to perform construction activities.

3.4.1.4 Erosion

Construction activities will be planned to minimnize disturbance to natural ground cover. The use

of construction matting and low-ground-pressure equipment will reduce disturbance to wet areas,

thus minimizing the potential for erosion. Turbidity screens and other erosion control devices

including temporary culverts and/or hay bales may be used. As part of the transmission line

9651118C/3-3205/29/97

construction process, disturbed areas will be restored by a variety of methods including soil

grading.

3.4.1.5 Impacts on Water Bodies and Uses

Impacts from transmission line construction on water bodies are expected to be minimal because

the corridor follows designated transmission line ROWs and little, if any, new access road

construction will be needed. The major water body crossed by the corridor is the Huangpu

River. A tall tower design will be used to elevate lines sufficiently to allow shipping access.

Consequently, no effects on navigation are expected from the new transmission line. Because

areas of new construction will be limited, water quality impacts, if any, are expected to be

minimal and will be managed using appropriate sediment and erosion control practices during

construction. These practices may include the use of turbidity screens, hay bales, and other

standard construction practices.

Culverts will be installed as needed under roads to maintain flow and prevent ponding. The need

for fill will be minimized by using existing roads for access for most of the corridor areas. In

areas where new access roads may be needed, finger roads to structure pads will be constructed to

provide access from existing roads wherever practicable.

Disturbance to existing vegetation on channel banks of streams will be avoided wherever

practicable. In the unlikely event that land clearing is needed, impacts will be reduced by leaving

the root mat of trees in place to minimize erosional impacts to water quality.

All water bodies crossed by the corridor will be spanned by the transmission line without the

placement of supporting structures within the water bodies. No bridge construction is anticipated

for new access roads.

3.4.1.6 Changes to Vegetation, Wildlife, and Aquatic Life

Vegetation-The corridor has been selected to follow designated ROWs through areas that are

primarily urbanized and disturbed. Care will be taken in construction through sensitive habitats

so the minimal clearing that may be required for access roads and strucrures will not significantly

impact vegetation. No populations of endangered plants are expected to be adversely affected by

the proposed transmission line.

9651118C/3 -3305/29/97

Wildlife-Since the proposed project will not significantly alter existing habitat, it will have only a

minimal impact on wildlife populations. In those small areas where clearing is required, animals

will be temporarily displaced, although it is possible that a few individuals of less mobile species

may be lost. Increased human presence during the construction period could cause animals to

temporarily avoid the immediate area. This avoidance will lessen the animals' exposure to

construction equipment and activities.

Aguatic Life-Aquatic life will not be adversely impacted by construction of the proposed

transmission line. All existing surface water flows will be maintained and water quality will be

protected by the use of erosion control devices during construction. Minimal clearing in wet

areas will result from construction activities associated with the proposed transmission line. No

structures for the proposed transmission line will be placed in open water.

3.4.1.7 Imnact on Human PoDulations

Use of construction equipment may result in temporary noise impacts to residences and businesses

located along the ROW. These impacts will be brief and intermittently spaced due to the nature

of transmission line construction and equipment use. All construction activities will be scheduled

to minimize disturbance.

Clearing and road construction are expected to be minimal because the corridor follows

designated transmission line ROWs. Where the proposed transmission line follows existing public

roads, the construction contractor will follow requirements for traffic control.

In general, because of the temporary nature of the construction process and the relatively short

duration of each phase of construction at any given location, impacts experienced by the human

populations residing or working adjacent to the transmission line will be minor.

The 500-kV ROW has been in the planning phase for more than a decade, with designation made

to avoid resettlement. The municipality of Shanghai has controlled the land use in this area and

no resettlement will be required.

9651118C/3-3405/29/97

3.4.2 OPERATIONAL EFFECTS

3.4.2.1 Maintenance

Maintenance activities for the 500-kV transmission line will consist of preventative and corrective

measures. Although transmission lines normally require minimal maintenance, SMEPC will

conduct annual inspections to ensure the safe operation of the line. During these annual

inspections, both ROW clearing and access will be inspected. Transmission line conductors,

insulators, etc., will also be inspected.

Maintenance of the ROW will be consistent with the ROW clearing described previously. Using

the same restrictive clearing practices will allow ROW maintenance to be performed while

encouraging the growth of low-growing woody and herbaceous vegetation to the greatest extent

practicable. Care will be taken not to cause unnecessary damage to vegetation. Any vegetation

that may be cut during clearing of the ROW may alternatively be girdled or selectively treated

with herbicides during line maintenance. Girdled or treated vegetation will be allowed to remain

standing to provide habitat and food sources for wildlife; this vegetation would be camouflaged by

the remaining living vegetation.

3.4.2.2 Multiple Uses

Multiple uses within a transmnission line ROW typically can include agricultural operations (e.g.,

grazing, rice, and row crops), controlled landscaping and other activities that do not interfere with

SMEPC use of the ROW for the operation and maintenance of the proposed transmission line. In

areas where the new transmission line will be located either within or immediately adjacent to an

existing transmission line ROW, multiple uses consistent with those currently allowed will

generally be acceptable.

3.4.2.3 Electric and Magnetic Field Effects

Like all electric power lines, the 500-kV transmission line will produce electric and magnetic

fields. The electric field strength is dependent upon the voltage impressed on the transmission

line conductors. The magnetic field strength is a function of the amount of current flowing in the

transmission line. The voltage on a transmission line is held relatively constant (usually within

5 percent), but the current in the conductors varies depending upon the power needs of the

customers ultimately served by a line. Because of these characteristics, the electric field near

9651118C/3-3505/29/97

transmission lines is relatively constant over time, but the magnetic field fluctuates depending on

load requirements.

The major cause of variation in electric field strength at various locations along the transmission

line ROW is fluctuation in the height of the conductors above the ground. The conductors are

securely attached to the support structures at the end of each span but sag somewhat between

structures. Consequently, they are usually closest to the ground midway between the structures.

This point halfway between the structures is called midspan. Increases in conductor temperature

resulting from high current in the conductors and from extreme weather conditions result in

temporary elongation of the conductors and additional sag at midspan. The extent to which the

conductors sag is carefully designed to insure that adequate safety clearance is maintained between

the conductors and ground for all extremes of electrical load and weather conditions. Since the

extreme conditions of electrical load and weather conditions are very infrequent, the actual

midspan height of the transmission line conductors is usually considerably higher than their design

minimum rnmidspan clearance. At points other than midspan, the conductors are even higher,

reaching their greatest height above ground at the structures. Directly beneath the transmission

line, the electric field strength is strongly influenced by the conductor height. The electric field is

greatest at the point where the conductors are closest to ground. Consequently, the maximum

electric field occurs at midspan when load and weather conditions cause the transmission line

conductors to sag to their minimum height above ground. At all other times and at all other

locations along the span, the conductors are higher above ground and the electric field is less than

the maximum value. At locations other than those directly beneath the conductors, such as at the

edge of the ROW or beyond, the electric field is less dependent on conductor height and will

increase or decrease only slightly with changing conductor height depending on location, line

design, and other factors.

Magnetic field strength varies depending on load current and on conductor height. The highest

magnetic field occurs at midspan when the current in the transmission line is at its maximum

value and load and existing weather conditions cause the conductors to sag to their minimum

height above the ground. At all other times and at all other locations, the magnetic field will be

considerably less than the maximum. As with electric fields. magnetic fields directly beneath the

transmission line are most strongly dependent on conductor height. At other locations such as at

9651118C/3-3605/30/97

the edge of the ROW and beyond, increased conductor height leads to lower magnetic fields, but

the effect is slight.

The electric and magnetic fields of transmission lines operated in the PRC are required to meet a

maximum electric field at the edge of the transmission line ROW of 4 kilovolts per meter (kV/m).

Typical electric field intensities and magnetic field levels near 500-kV transmission lines in the

U.S. are as follows (National lnstitute of Environmental Health/Department of Energy, 1995):

Distance from Electric Field Magnetic FieldTransmission Line (m) (kV/m) [milliGauss (mG)]

0.0 7.0 86.7

15 3.0 29.4

30 1.0 12.6

61 0.3 3.2

91 0.1 1.4

While EMF standards have been set for several states in the U.S., the specific standard varies.

For electric fields, the standards at the edge of the ROW range from I to 3 kV/m while for

magnetic fields the standards range from 150 to 250 mG. The International Commission on Non-

Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have established guidelines for the general public. The

ICNIRP ROW guideline for continuous exposure is 5 kV/m for electric fields and 1.000 mG for

magnetic fields. Up to 10 kV/m and 10,000 mG are the ICNIRP guidelines for short-term

exposure (i.e., several hours) for the general public. For occupational exposures over an 8 hour

period, the guidelines provide a recommendation of 10 kV and 5,000 mG.

Electric and magnetic field levels vary with the tower design and height of the transmission line

conductors along the span between structures. The design of the line is being conducted by

ECEPDI and will meet the PRC electric field requirement.

9651118GC3-3705/29/97

3.4.2.4 Corona Effects

The electric field at the surface of transmission line conductors can, under some conditions, result

in localized ionization of the air near the conductors. This phenomenon is called corona. As

explained in the following paragraphs, corona activity at the surface of transmission line

conductors produces low levels of acoustic and radio frequency electric energy which, under some

conditions, can result in audible noise and radio or television interference.

Audible Noise-The primary cause of audible noise on high-voltage transmission lines is corona

resulting from water droplets on the conductors. As a result, rainy weather conditions produce

the highest noise level. The background noise of the falling rain tends to mask the transmission

line noise to some extent. Gap-type discharges on hardware or scintillations on insulators with an

accumulation of salt deposits or certain other foreign particles can also lead to audible noise in

some situations.

During fair weather conditions when the conductors are dry, the audible noise levels produced by

the 500-kV transmission line will be less than normal outdoor ambient noise levels.

Transmission line audible noise will increase when rain, very dense fog, or particulates deposit on

the transmission line conductors. During these conditions, the noise can be elevated and

measured over background noise. However, for rainfall, the sound of falling rain tends to mask

or muffle the intermittent increase in transmission line noise which may occur.

Radio and Television Interference-Electrical noise in the radio frequency range can be produced

by corona on transmission line conductors or by gap discharges on transmission line hardware.

Corona noise is most significant in the lower frequencies such as those used for amplitude

modulation (AM) radio broadcasting. Noise from gap discharges, on the other hand, extends to

very high frequencies and can be a source of interference with television broadcast reception.

Since the 500-kV transmission line will be constructed with state-of-the-art hardware, gap

discharges are not anticipated to occur. Should a gap discharge develop on a damaged. defective,

or improperly installed piece of hardware and lead to interference, the hardware causing the gap

discharge will be located and repaired or replaced.

9651118C/3-3805/2/917

Communications systems using frequency modulation (FM), such as FM radio broadcast or

business and public service communications, are not affected by transmission line noise. Systems

using amplitude modulation, such as AM radio and the video (picture) portion of television

broadcasts, can be affected if the broadcast signal strength is weak or the noise level is high, or

During rainy weather, naturally occurring radio interference from atmospheric electricity (static)

increases significantly causing interference with all but the stronger local AM radio stations,

thereby masking any interference from transmission lines. Consequently, interference from

transmission line corona during rain is not a significant concern.

The proposed transmission line will not interfere with cable television, satellite television, or

telephone reception.

9651118C04/02/97

Table 3.1-1. Stack, Operating, and Emission Data for the Coal-Fired Units at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant. Phases 1, II, and III

Parameter Phase I Phase II Phase III

No. Units 4 2 2Power Generation

Per Unit 300 MW 1,000 MW 1.000 MWTotal 1,200 MW 2,000 MW 2.000 MW

Stack DataNo. Stacks 2 1 1Relative location (a)

x coordinate 812.0 m 1,370.5 m 1562.2 my coordinate -83.4 m -396.5 m -545.8 m

Height 240 m 240 m 240Diameter 4.50 m 7.5 m 7.5 m

Operating Data (b)Exit gas temperature 265.3 deg. F 264.2 deg. F 264.2 deg. F

402.8 K 402.2 K 402.2 KExit gas velocity 91.86 ft/s 102.40 ft/s 102.40 ft/s

28.00 m/s 31.21 m/s 31.21 rn/s

Emission Data (c)S02 1,085.48 g/s 1,572.24 gls 1,572.24 gls

3.907 tonnes/hr 5.659 tonnes/hr 5.659 tonneslhr

Particulate Matter 253.7 g/s 187.24 gls 187.24 gfs0.92 tonneslhr 0.68 tonnes/hr 0.68 tonneslhr

N02 873.60 g/s 1.137 g/s 1.137 g/s3.16 tonnes/hr 4.1 tonnes/hr 4.1 tonnes/hr

(a) Relative location with respect to center point at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant.(b) Data shown for each Boiler (i.e., Unit); common stack used for each phase.(c) Emission data for all units associated with each phase.

9651118C04/03197

Table 3.1-2. Stack, Operating, and PMIO Emission Data for Material-Handling Operations at Waigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases I, 11, and m

Emission StructurePMIO Emission Rate Source Location Release Emission Length.

Material-Handling Source X Y Height (a) Source Width (c)Operations Identification (lb/hr) (g/s) (m) (m) (m) Type (b) (rn)

Phase 1Bucket Unloader P101 0.039 0.0049 100 1400 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P102 0.039 0.0049 -50 1400 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P103 0.039 0.0049 40 980 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P104 0.039 0.0049 SO 560 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P105 0.039 0.0049 SO 460 10 Point 10Stacker Reclaim P106 0.12 0.015 250 560 30 Point 10Stacker Reclaim P107 0.12 0.015 250 460 30 Point 10Coal Pile - Active P108 0.056 0.0070 250 500 30 Area 24.5Transfer Tower P109 0.020 0.0025 430 560 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PllO 0.020 0.0025 430 460 10 Point 10TransferTower Pill 0.020 0.0025 520 560 10 Point 10Crusher P112 0.048 0.0060 520 440 20 Point 10Transfer Belts - 4 P113 0.020 0.0025 520 260 5 Point laFlyash/Silos P114 4.OE-07 5.04E-08 1150 860 10 Point 10Bulldozers CoalPI 2.34 0.29 250 500 10 Area 24.5

Phase nBucket Unloader PIIOI 0.069 0.0086 750 1460 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P1102 0.069 0.0086 610 1450 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P1103 0.069 0.0086 630 880 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P1104 0.069 0.0086 630 710 10 Point 10Transfer ToweT PUGS 0.069 0.0(16 630 610 10 PoinSt 10Stacker Reclaim P106 0.21 0.026 900 710 30 Point 10Stacker Reclaim P107 0.21 0.026 900 610 30 Point 10Coal Pile - Active PIIO8 0.074 0.0094 900 660 30 Area 28.3Transfer Tower P1109 0.029 0.0037 1180 710 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PlI1O 0.029 0.0037 1180 610 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P1lll 0.029 0.0037 1200 710 10 Point 10Crusher Pl1l2 0.072 0.0091 12D0 610 20 Point 10Transfer Belts P1113 0.029 0.0037 1200 300 5 Point 10FlyashiSilos P1114 7.96E-07 9.90E-08 1210 860 10 Point 10Bulldozers CoalPil 4.09 0.52 900 660 10 Area 28.3

Phse Mn

Bucket Unloader P1OI 0.069 0.0086 750 1460 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PM02 0.069 0.0086 610 1450 10 Point 10Transfer Tower Pf03 0.069 0.0086 630 880 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PM04 0.069 0.0086 630 710 10 Poim 10Transfer Tower PM05 0.069 0.0086 630 610 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PM06 0.069 0.0086 60 610 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P1I07 0.069 0.0086 60 850 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PM08 0.029 0.0037 100 1000 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P109 0.029 0.0037 100 900 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P11IO 0.029 0.0037 80 800 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PM11 0.029 0.0037 80 700 10 Point 10Stacker Reclaim PIII-12 0.088 0.011 300 1000 30 Point 10Stacker Reclaim PM-13 0.088 0.011 300 900 30 Point 10Stacker Reclaim P111-14 0.088 0.011 300 800 30 Point 10Stacker Reclaim P1-15 0.088 0.011 300 700 30 Point 10Transfer Tower Pm-16 0.029 0.0037 500 1000 10 Point 10Transfer Tower Pm-17 0.029 0.0037 500 900 10 Point 10Transfer Tower Pm-18 0.029 0.0037 430 800 10 Point 10Transfer Tower P1-19 0.029 0.0037 430 700 10 Point 10Transfer Tower PE11-20 0.029 0.0037 500 800 10 Point 10Transfer Tower Plll-21 0.029 0.0037 1450 800 10 Point 10Crusher Pm-22 0.072 0.0091 1450 630 20 Point 10Transfer Belts P1-23 0.029 0.0037 1450 300 5 Point 10Flyash/Silos Pm-24 7.86E-07 9.90E-08 300 800 10 Point 10Coal Pile - Active P1-25 0.074 0.0094 1160 940 30 Area 28.3Bulldozers CoalPM 4.09 0.52 1160 940 10 Area 28.3

(a) For poiM sources, release height was assumed to account for initial and final plume rise, since low velocity assumed for exit velocities.(b) Point sources were modeled with vent diameter of 0.5 m, exit velocity of 0.1 mls, and exit temperature of 17 deg. C or 290 K.(c) For point sources, value represents structure length and width; for area source. value represents side of area source.

9651118C04/04/97

Table 3.1-3. Stack, Operating, and Emission Data for the Coal-fired Units at the Sidongkou Power Plant

Parameter Plant I Plant I Plant 2

Stack No. 1 2 1, 2No. Boilers per stack 2 2 1

Stack DataNo. Stacks I 1 2Relative location (a)

x coordinate -17,690m -17,690m -17,690 my coordinate 13,230 m 13,230 m 13,230 m

Height 240 m 240 m 240Diameter 6.50 m 6.5 m 6.5 m

Operating Data (b)Without FGD

Exit gas temperature 266.0 deg. F 266.0 deg. F 246.9 deg. F403.2 K 403.2 K 392.6 K

Exit gas velocity 46.92 ft/s 46.92 ft/s 43.64 ft/s14.3 mls 14.3 m/s 13.3 m/s

With FGDExit gas temperature 130.0 deg. F 130.0 deg. F NA

327.6 K 327.6 K NAExit gas velocity 47.24 ft/s 47.24 ft/s NA

14.4 m/s 14.4 m/s NA

S02 Emission Data (c)

Unscrubbed 2,222.64 g/s 2,222.64 g/s 883.50 g/s8.00 tonnes/hr 8.00 tonnes/hr 3.18 tonneslhr

Scrubbed 222.26 gls 222.26 gls NA0.80 tonnes/hr 0.80 tonnes/hr NA

(a) Relative location with respect to center point at the Waigaqiao Power Plant.(b) Data shown for Plant 1, Stack Nos. I and 2, are for each boiler; these plants have common stacks and the actual

velocity would be double that shown.(c) Emission data shown for plant.

9651118C4/3/97

Table 3.1-4. Comparison of Air Dispersion Model and Meteorological Preprocessor InputRequirements :o Parameters Available from Meteorological Station at Gaoqiao

Gaoqiao ISCST3 Model andParameter Meteorological Station Preprocessor Requirements

Frequency of Observations Wind data- every hour; Every hourTemperature, cloud data-every 6 hours

Wind DirectionReported Units Nearest 22.5 degrees Nearest degree; if reported

for sector width (generallyreported in 10 degreeintervals; can berandomized to single degreeover sector width forreported direction

Wind SpeedReported Units Meters per second Meters per second

TemperatureReported Units °C Units converted to K

Stability' Based onCloud Cover

Reported Units Code of 1 to 11 Convert to code of 1 to 10for stability determination

Cloud HeightReported Units Low and total clouds (no units) Actual height in feet

(assumed)

Wind Speed See above See above

Mixing HeightReported Units Not available Hourly mixing heights

based on interpolatedvalues using calculatedafternoon mixing height

' Not measured directly but inferred using Turner (1964) method and specified parameters.

9651118C04/04/97

Table 3.1-5. Maximum Predicted S02, PM, and N02 Conceintrationis for the Waigaoqiao Power Plani, Phases 1, 11, and IIl- Screening Analysis

Phases I and 11 Phases 1, It, and IllReceptor Orid Averaging

Pollutant Plant(s) Modeled Location Time Gaoqiao (a) Miami (b) Gaoqiao (a) Miami (b)

S02 Waigaoqiao Plant Only Waigaoqiao area 24-Hlour 66.0 63.9 92.5 91.5Annual 3.4 4.3 4.7 6.0

Sidongkou Area 24-Hlour 12.3 17.3 17.1 27.1Annual 0.5 2 0.7 2.9

Sidongkou Plant Only Waigaoqiao Area 24-Hour 16.2 23.2 8.5 10.7Annual 0.6 13 0.3 0.6

Waigaoqiao Plant andSidongkou Plant Waigaoqiao area 24-hlour 66.0 68.8 92.5 93.1

Annual 5.0 5.1 5.3 6.4

Sidongkou area 24-llour 138.6 177.3 74.5 93.2Annual 8.5 10.4 4.8 7.0

Downtown Shanghai area 24-Hour 16.1 23.7 20.7 19.8Annual 1.1 2.3 0.8 2.0

PM Waigaoqiao PlantCoal-Fired Units andMaterial-HiandlingOperations Waigaoqiao area 24-llour 92.1 69.4 113.9 84.8

Annual 10.2 5.8 12.9 8.3

Coal-lFired Units Only 24-Hour 14.0 14.4 15.6 16.0Annual 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0

Material-Handling Operations Only 24-Hour 92.1 69.4 113.9 84.6Annual 10.1 5.8 12.9 8.3

N02 Waigaoqiao Plantl only Waigaoqiao area 24-hlour 50.5 50.3 69.7 69.8Annual 2.6 3.3 3.6 4.5

(a) Based oni 1995 meteorological data from Gaoqiao llydrological and Meteorological Station.(h) Based on 1987 to 1991 meteorological data from National Weather Service Slation, Miami, Florida.

9651118C05/29/97

'I'ahle 3.1-6. Comparison of Maximum Predicted S02. PM. and N02 Concentrations for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases 1, 11, and 111,to Ambient Air Quality Standards and Guidelines- Refined Analysis Around Waigaoqiao Plant

Phases I and 11 Phases 1. 11, and IllMaximum Coitcentrationlm3) Maximum Concentration (ugmn3) Shanghai World

Ambient Air BankMeteorological Averagitig Modeled Ambietit Total Modeled Ambient Total Standards Guidelintes

Pollutant Data (a) 'ime Sources Background (b) Impact Sources Background (b) Impact (ug/m3) (ug/m3)_ ___ ._ . _ _- __ ) (B) .(At+ )3_A(C) (D) (C + D)

S02 Gaoqiao 24-Hour 70.6 95 165.6 97.6 95 192.6 150 SooAttual 5.0 so 55.0 5.3 50 55.3 60 1(t)

Mianmi 24-Hour 81.6 95 176.6 109.3 95 204.3 150 51N)Annual 5.1 50 55.1 6.4 50 56.4 60 100

PM/TSP GanOliao 24-Hour 92.1 343 435.1 113.9 343 456.9 300 500Annual 10.2 283 293.2 12.9 283 295.9 I(0

Miami 24-llotur 69.4 343 412.4 84.3 343 427.3 300 500Annual 5.8 283 288.8 8.3 283 291.3 l0

PMIO Gaoqiao 24-Hour 92.1 206 298.1 113.9 206 319.9 150 NAAnntal 10.2 170 180.2 12.9 170 182.9 40 NA

Miami 24-Jlour 69.4 206 275.4 84.8 2(06 290.8 150 NAAnnual 5.8 170 175.8 8.3 170 178.3 40 NA

N02 Gaoqiao 24-1lour 53.9 10l 154.9 73.4 101 174.4 100 NAAnnual 2.6 53 55.6 3.6 53 56.6 100

Miami 24-Hour 53.8 101 154.8 81.0 101 182.0 100 NAAniual 3.3 53 54.0 4.5 53 57.5 100

(a) Based ott 1995 meteorological data from Gaoqiao Hlydrological and Mcteorological Statiotm.Based otn 1987 to 1991 mieteorological data from National Weather Service Statiotn, Mianti, Florida.

(b) Based otn attbient air quality monitoring data from the Pudottg area using data front 3 of thie 4 tttonitors which had the hIighest mneasured values. These stations wereWaigaoqiao. Jitmgqiao. and Lujizui. Annual backgroumid concentratiotl was based nit annual average cottcentratiott fronit 3 stations. Thte 24-hour backgroundconcetitrationi was based on tile average of tIle 90tlh percentile cotcenitration front tile 3 statiomms. The PMI0 backgrounid concentrations were assumed to be 60 percentof the measured TSP concentrations.

(c) Inbtalable particulates are particles with an aerodynantic dianteter of 10 microns or less; PM 10 is 0.6 of TSP.

9651118C04/03/97

Table 3.1-7. Com)parison of Maximum Predicted S02 Concentrations for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, Phases 1, 11, and IlI,to Ambient Air Quality Standards and Guidelines- Refined Analysis Around Sidongkou Plant

Phases I and 11 Phases 1, 11, and 111Maximum Concenitrationi (UR/m3) Maxinmumn Concentration (ug/m3)l Shanigiai World(

Ambient Air BankMeteorological Averaging Modeled Ambient Total Modeled Ambient Total Standards Guidelines

Pollutant Data (a) Time Sources Background (b) Impact Sources Background (b) Impact (ug/m3) (ug/n3)(A) (B) (A + B) (C) (D) (C + D)

S02 Gaoqiao 24-Hour 175.2 95 270.2 79.0 95 174.0 150 500Annual 8.5 50 58.5 4.8 50 54.8 60 100

Miami 24-Hiour 194.9 95 289.9 97.2 95 192.2 150 500Annual 10.4 50 60.4 7.0 50 57.0 60 100

(a) Based on 1995 meteorological data from Gaoqiao Hydrological and Meteorological Station.Based on 1987 to 1991 meteorological data from National Weather Service Station, Miami, Florida.

(b) Based on ambient air quality monitoring data.

SIINGSRC2.WK4 04/)3/97

Page I of 3Table 3.1-8. Summary of Source Input Data for ihe Noise impact Analysis of the Shanghai Power Pr2j ct _ __ _ __-

ModeledSource Location (a) Source Source

X Y Height Sound Power Level (dB) for Octave Band Frequency (Hz) (h) Soulid Power LevelSource (m) (m) (in) 31 63 125 250 500 I K 2K 4 K 8 K 16K (dl) (dl3A)

Phase1Sources:

Clam Shell Loader -675 l(00 10.0 111.5 110.5 105.5 99.5 98.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 94.5 0.0 115.1 103.8

BoilerNo.1 -250 -125 20.0 111.5 110.5 105.5 99.5 98.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 94.5 0.0 115.1 103.8

Boiler No.2 -150 -125 20.0 111.5 110.5 105.5 99.5 98.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 94.5 0.0 115.1 103.8

BoilerNo.3 -75 -125 20.0 111.5 110.5 105.5 99.5 98.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 94.5 0.0 115.1 103.8

BoilerNo.4 25 -125 20.0 111.5 110.5 105.5 99.5 98.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 94.5 0.0 115.1 103.8

Turbine Generator No.1 -250 -250 10.0 103.8 102.8 100.8 95.8 91.8 87.8 86.8 84.8 72.8 0.0 107.9 95.1

Turbine Generator No.2 -150 -250 10.0 103.8 102.8 100.8 95.8 91.8 87.8 86.8 84.8 72.8 0.0 107.9 95.1

Turbine Generator No.3 75 -250 10.0 103.8 102.8 100.8 95.8 91.8 87.8 86.8 84.8 72.8 0.0 107.9 95.1

Turbine Generator No.4 25 -250 10.0 103.8 102.8 100.8 95.8 91.8 87.8 86.8 84.8 72.8 0.0 107.9 95.1

Transformers (4 modeled as I point) -113 -275 3.0 88.6 94.6 96.6 91.6 91.6 85.6 80.6 75.6 68.6 0.0 100.6 92

Coal Pulverizer -263 -60 10.0 0 0 103 104 99 99 93 0 0 0.0 108 102.6

Coal Stacker/Reclaimer No.1 -550 63 10.0 110 III 107 104 lOS 101 97 96 87 0.0 115 106

Coal Stacker/Reclaimer No.2 -550 -38 10.0 110 III 107 104 105 101 97 96 87 0.0 It5 1(06

Induced Draft FanNo. I -250 -88 3.0 115 116 117 118 118 118 116 112 III 0.0 125.8 122.7

InducedDraftFanNo.2 -250 -88 3.0 115 116 117 118 118 118 116 112 III 0.0 125.8 122.7

Induced Draft Fan No.3 -250 -88 3.0 115 116 117 118 118 118 116 112 III 0.0 125.8 122.7

Induced DraftFanNo. 4 -250 -88 3.0 115 116 117 118 118 118 116 112 III 0.0 125.8 122.7

(a) Source location denotes X and Y coordinates with respect to a grid center point location approximately125 meters northeast of the Plmase I boilers stack.

(h) Sound Power Levels have beeni adjusted to accousit for attenuation due tI equipmsent enclosures.Estiinates are based on actual site measurements of Phase I equipment.

SIINGSRC2.WK4 04/03/97

of 3Table 3.1-8. Sumnmary of Source Input Data for the Noise Ipact Ans of te Sanghai Power Project

X Y Heiglit Sound Power Level (dB) for Octave Band_erquency (b) Sound Power LevelSource (in) (in) (m) 31 63 125 250 500 1 K 2K 4 K 8 K 16K (dB3) (dA)

PhiaI1Soiurves;

Boiler No.1 450 -163 20.0 119.3 118.3 113.3 107.3 106.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 102.3 0.0 122.9 111.6

Boiler No.2 575 -163 20.0 119.3 118.3 113.3 107.3 106.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 102.3 0.0 122.9 111.6

Coal StackerlReclaimer No.1 75 213 10.0 110 III 107 104 105 101 97 96 87 0.0 115 106

Coal Stacker/Reclaimer No.2 75 113 10.0 110 III 107 104 IOS 101 97 96 87 0.0 115 106

Coal Pulverizer 250 113 10.0 0 0 103 104 99 99 93 0 0 0.0 108 102.6

wInduced Draft Fan No. I 425 -13 3.0 117.3 118.3 119.3 120.3 120.3 120.3 118.3 114.3 113.3 0.0 128.1 125

Induced Draft Fan No. 2 475 -13 3.0 117.3 118.3 119.3 120.3 120.3 120.3 118.3 114.3 113.3 0.0 128.1 125

Induced Draft Fan No.3 556 -13 3.0 117.3 118.3 119.3 120.3 120.3 120.3 118.3 114.3 113.3 0.0 128.1 125

Transformers (6 modeled as I point) 538 -275 3.0 91 97 99 94 94 88 83 78 71 0.0 103 94.4

TurbineGeneratorNo.l 450 -163 10.0 III 117 115 110 106 102 101 93 87 0.0 120.5 108.9

Turbine Generator No.2 575 -163 10.0 III 117 115 110 106 102 101 93 87 0.0 120.5 108.9

(a) Source location denotes X and Y coordiniates witli respect to a grid center point localioni approximately125 meters nortiheast of the Pliase I boilers stack.

(b) Sound Power Levels have heent adjusted to account for attenuation due to equipment enclosures.Estimales are based on actual site measurements of Phase I equipmenit.

SIINGSRC2.WK4 04/03/97

of 3Table 3.1-8. Summary of Source InputDaa for the Noise Impact Anaysis of the Shang!ai Power Project

-y lieigitl ,___ _Sound Power Level (dB) lbr OcWave Band Frequency (Hz) (b) _Sound llower LevelSource (m) (m) (mi) 31 63 125 250 500 1K 2K 1 K 8 K 16K (dlB) (dBlA)

PhascJU Sources.

Boiler No.1 700 -163 20.0 119.3 118.3 113.3 107.3 106.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 102.3 0.0 122.9 111.6

Boiler No 2 815 -163 20.0 119.3 118.3 113.3 107.3 106.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 102.3 0.0 122.9 111.6

Coal Stacker/Reclaimer No.1 -450 535 10.0 110 III 107 104 105 101 97 96 87 0.0 115 106

Coal Stacker/Reclaimer No.2 -450 387 10.0 110 III 107 104 105 101 97 96 87 0.0 115 106

Coal Slacker/Reclaimer No.3 -550 287 10.0 110 III 107 104 105 101 97 96 87 0.0 115 106

; Coal Stacker/Reclainer No.4 -550 206 10.0 110 III 107 104 105 101 97 96 87 0.0 115 10600

Coal Pulverizer 638 125 10.0 0 0 103 104 99 99 93 0 0 0.0 108 102.6

Transformers (6 modeled as I point) 763 -275 3.0 91 97 99 94 94 88 83 78 71 0.0 103 94.4

'I'urbine Generator No.1 700 -163 10.0 III 117 115 110 106 102 101 93 87 0.0 120.5 108.9

TurbiieGenieratorNo.2 813 -163 10.0 I11 117 115 110 106 102 101 93 87 0.0 120.5 108.9

(a) Source location denotes X and Y coordiniates with respect to a grid center point locationi approximately125 meters northeast of the Phase I boilers stack.

(b) Sound Power Levels have beei adjusted to account for attenuation due to equipment enclosures.Estimates are based on actual site measureiments of Phase I equipment.

9651118C5/29/97

Table 3.1-9. Summary of Temperature Rise at Intake Subject to Different Phases.Temperature Rise at Intake Temperature Rise at Intake

Ebb Tide Flood TideInstalled Sewage ° C ° CCapacity Discharge Tide C -

Phase (MW) (m3/s) Type I II III I 11 III1+11+111 4*300 Neap 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.6

+ Spring 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.44*600 97% <0. 1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4

1+11+111 4*300 25 Neap 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.7+C + Spring 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3

4*600 97% <0. 1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5

1+11+111 4*300 50 Neap 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.8+C + Spring 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4

4*600 97% <0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4

1 1200 Neap 0.1 0.51+11 2400 Neap 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.71+11+111 3600 Neap 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.9

Source: East China Instirue of Electric Power Design Academy, Ministry of Energy, PRC.

9651118C5129/97

Table 3.1-10. Envelope Area of Temperature Diffusion Near Surface in the Course of the TidesPhase Tide Type Envelope Area of Temperature Diffusion near Surface

0.5°C I 0 C 2 0 C 3 0 C 4 0 CI Neap >1.27 1.11 0.36 0.19 0.09

Spring >0.86 0.35 0.21 0.11 0.07

97% 0.53 0.26 0.18 0.06 0.06

I +11 Neap >1.89 >1.44 0.63 0.33 0.21

1 + 11 Neap >2.81 >2.09 1.15 0.72 0.38

Spring >2.18 >1.78 0.84 0.42 0.13m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0.1297% 1.95 1.27 0.70 0.38

Source: East China Institue of Electric Power Design Academy, Ministry of Energy, PRC.

9651118C12117,96

Table 3.1-11. Slack Flood Tide, Phase 111 Maximum Discharge Port Analysis

Basic Data:

River Width W 500 metersLocation of POD with respect to the bank yO 20 metersRiver depth d 10.00 metersRiver cross sectional area A 5,000 m'

Average river flow Qo 1,000 m3/s

Discharge flow rale Qe 136 m31s

Combined average river flow rate Q 1,136 m3/sChannel bottom slope S 0.0004 m/mAverage river velocity U 0.23 m/sRiver average shear velocity u 0.20 rn/s

Transverse mixing coefficient Et 1.19 m2/secTotal distance downstream modeled x 2,500 metersAmbient concentration Cb 28.0 deg-C

Discharge concentration Ce 37.0 deg-C

Distance Distance from BankDownstream(meters) 0 50 100 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

50 37.0 32.1 28.0 28.0 2S.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0125 38.2 33.1 28.5 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0250 35.8 33.2 29.5 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

375 34.5 32.9 30.1 28.5 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0500 33.7 32.6 30.4 28.8 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

625 33.2 32.3 30.5 29.0 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0750 32.7 32.1 30.6 29.2 28.4 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

875 32.4 31.9 30.6 29.4 28.5 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01000 32.1 31.7 30.6 29.5 28.7 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01125 31.9 31.5 30.6 29.5 28.8 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

1250 31.7 31.4 30.6 29.6 28.8 28A 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

1375 31.5 31.2 30.5 29.7 28.9 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0

1500 31.4 31.1 30.5 29.7 29.0 28.5 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.01625 31.3 31.0 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.5 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0

1750 31.1 30.9 30.4 29.7 29.1 28.6 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.01875 31.0 30.9 30.4 29.7 29.1 28.6 28.3 28.1 28.1 28.0 28.0

2000 30.9 30.8 303 29.7 29.2 28.7 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.02125 30.9 30.7 30.3 29.7 29.2 28.7 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0

2250 30.8 30.6 30.3 29.7 29.2 28.8 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0

2375 30.7 30.6 30.2 29.7 29.2 28.8 28.5 28.2 28.1 28.1 28.0

2500 30.6 30.5 30.2 29.7 29.2 28.8 28.5 28.3 28.1 28.1 28.0

9651118C12117/96

Table 3.1-12. Average Flood Tide, Phase m Discharge Port Analysis

Basic Data:

River Width W 500 metersLocation of POD with respect to the bank yO 20 metersRiver depth d 10.00 metersRiver cross sectional area A 5,000 m

Average river flow Qo 2,500 m3/s

Discharge flow rate Qe 92 m3ts

Combined average river flow rate Q 2,592 m3 /sChannel bottom slope S 0.0004 mfmAverage river velocity U 0.52 mIsRiver average shear velocity us 0.20 rn/sTransverse mixing coefficient Et 1.19 m2rsecTotal distance downstream modeled x 2,500 metersAmbient concentration Cb 28.0 deg-CDischarge concentration Ce 37.0 deg-C

Distance Distace from BankDownstream(meters) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

50 31.5 28.6 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0125 31.8 29.3 28.0 2S.0 2S.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0250 31.2 29.5 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0375 30.7 29.6 28.3 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 2S.0 28.0 28.0 28.0500 30.4 29.6 28.4 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0625 302 29.5 28.5 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 2S.0 28.0 28.0750 30.1 29.5 28.6 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0875 29.9 29.4 28.6 2S.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

1000 29.8 29.4 28.7 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01125 29.7 29A 28.7 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01250 29.6 29.3. 28.7 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01375 29.6 29.3 28.7 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01500 29.5 29.3 28.8 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01625 29.4 29.2 28.8 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01750 29.4 29.2 28.8 28.4 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01875 29.3 29.2 28.8 28.4 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02000 29.3 29.1 28.8 28A 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02125 29.3 29.1 28.8 28A 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02250 29.2 29.1 28.8 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02375 29.2 29.1 28.8 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02500 29.2 29.1 28.8 28.5 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

9651118C12117196

Table 3.1-13. Average Flood Tide, Phase RI Maximum Discharge Port Analysis

Basic Data:

River Width W 500 metersLocation of POD with respect to the bank yO 20 metersRiver depth d 10.00 metersRiver cross sectional area A 5,000 m2

Average river flow Qo 2,500 m3 /S

Discharge flow rame Qe 136 m3/s

Combined average iver flow rate Q 2,636 m3JsChannel bottom slope S 0.0004 ntimAverage river velocity U 0.53 n/SRiver average Shear velocity us 0.20 rn/sTransverse mixing coefficient Et 1.19 m2/secTotal distanCe downstream modeled x 2,500 metersAmbient concentration Cb 28.0 deg-CDischarge conCentration Ce 37.0 deg-C

Distance Distance from BankDownstream(meters) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 SOO

50 33.1 28.8 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0125 33.5 29.8 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0250 32.6 30.2 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0375 32.0 30.3 28.4 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0500 31.6 30.3 28.6 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0625 31.3 30.2 28.7 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0750 .31.0 302 28.8 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.O 28.0 28.0 28.0875 30.8 30.1 28.9 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

1000 30.6 30.0 29.0 28.3 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01125 30.5 30.0 29.0 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01250 30.4 29.9 29.0 28.4 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 2S.0 28.0 28.01375 303 29.9 29.1 28.4 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01500 30.2 29.8 29.1 28.5 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01625 30.1 29.8 29.1 28.5 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01750 30.0 29.7 29.1 28.5 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.01875 30.0 29.7 29.1 28.6 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02000 29.9 29.7 29.1 28.6 28.2 28.I 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02125 29.9 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.O 28.02250 29.8 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02375 29.8 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.02500 29.7 29.5 29.1 28.7 28.3 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0

9651118C5/29/97

Table 3.3-1 Estimate of Crop Loss Due to Land Use Change

Quantity Lost

Type of Crop mu Yield

Corn 536.865 343332 kg

Wheat 536.865 161060 kg

Vegetable 119.075 357225 RMB

Fish Pond 20 200000 RMB

Other 3.5 3150 RMB

Source: Resettlement Action Plan, 1997.

96511 18C5/30/97

Table 3.3-2 Sumtmary of l,and Acquisition for Waigaoqiao Thermal Power Project

Land Acquired for Plant Site Land Acquired forTotal - Resettlement SitesLand Total Arable Non-Arable (all arable)

Team Village Acquired NumberCounty (mu) PAP mu person mu person mu person person

Team I of YC Village 16 12 12.6 12 3.4 - - -

Team 3 of YC Village 50 86 41.95 65 6.05 23 2 3 -

Team 4 of YC Village 150.75 344 110.465 151 26.535 130 26.535 18 95

Tearm 5 of YC Village 161.2 491 94.4 40 37.6 125 37.6 39 345

'p Team I of ZY Village 43.991 56 24.391 44 10.61 - 10.61 12 -LA

Beach Bath Square 69.021 91 - - 69.021 - - - 91

Sea and River Spots 19.96 40 - - 9.98 - 9.98 13 27

Direction Stalion 4.18 8 - - 2.09 - 2.09 3 5

Air Army Base 6.28 4 - - 3.14 - 3.14 4 -

SWPP Land 542 - - - 542 - - - -

Total 1555.352 1933 600.836 548 821.396 869 202.925 178 694Note: Total land acquired equals the total land acquired for plant site and for resettlement sites.

PAP = Potentially Affected Persons; excluding the overlapping amounts

9651118C414,97

Table 3.3-3 Summary of Affected Structures

Area of Land Affected (m 2 )

Number of

Households Buildings Brick/ Brick/ Simple Auxilliary TotalType Affected Wood Concrete Structure Structure Land

Private Houses 274 35387.6 4549.8 29 673 40639.4

Public 6 968 - - - 968Buildings

Enterprises 17 1427.13 4720.96 1199 - 2146.3 9493.39

9651118C4/3/97

Table 3.3-4 Summary of Affected Population

Number ofNumber of Potentially Affected

Type Households Persons

Total Affected 1933

Affected by Agricultural Land Acquisition - 726

Affected by Removing Housing 274 869

Affected by Enterprise Relocation - 694

12.3096

NNNW NNE

WNW /\XENE

WSW \/ ESE

SSW SSES

SCALE (KNOTS)

1-3 4-6 7-10 11-16 17-21 >21

Figure 3.1-1Annuol Windrose for Miami International Airport,1987-1991

1?22496

\ ~ \ 4 ^i/,

\> 14 /'EChongming ksland

ft1 ; ; ,,a,. V

S NGKOU POWER .. /

* / st ,, > OWER PIAN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T SITE \

___/~ _

.... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. _/ .

/ O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~WER PLANT SITE

Nt: All concentrations in ug/m3.05L BcCckground_concnlrauions not included. (//N

Figure 3.1-2Maximum predicted 24-hiour S02 concentralions for Phase 1I

1996 12 4 -h,, 3 1 J 1221 96

25~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I2

Choneming tjd

'~- ~ \ >3.S-\-<vf-<2.S -z/> ---- S

L / 5 \<~-~ C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

(z . ¾L. ,/2 F<g-

LBockground concentrations not included. A y\_yW\---~~. .

Figure 3.1-3Predicled annual average SO2 concentrations for Phase 11

. . _ -~~~LW- --- :.,_

,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 .. -*5\g 0

IYY 1 2 4 h.9- 112 23rc 96

> 1 \ :?oDf -ta,$) t? t 20 -1 '

A~~~~~~~~ Chongming Island

[\_'>\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S GKOU\ t\ POWERG x

* I-~~~~~~~~~~~p. T

ft-ry;-v K Y / 2 °

F-. 30

/ A-,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

t i All concentrolions in ug/M3 . 0

Background concentrions not included.

Figure 3.1-4Maxim'um predicted 24-hour SO2 concentrations for Phase III

1996 I2 4 3,y$J 5 12 23 96

. \ \._ //. ,

\ //i f( er / \\)>o _Chongming Island

A SI ONGKOUP E \p I TSITE 1C

L.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

Note: All concentrations in u)/m3. 'i At Background concentrations n ot included._____________ ) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~km

Figure 3.1-5Predicted annual average S02 concentrations for Phase III

IVyc, 12 A-o 9i*- j I 2 30 Y6

\ \ A.ia 7vi.( \ Chongming Island

Notes:t 1. All) coctain in u(l 'M.

2 Brckground concentrations not included 5

3 .Concenr)ation decrease due to Sidongkou \.=Power Plant FGD system (blue)._ - \

4. Concenircclion increase due to\\ AWaligaoqioo Power Ploni Phase 11 iblock)., \J,->v--->

Figure 3.1-6Predicted m-oxlinum 24- hour S02 concentrrations with Sidongkou Power Plani's FGD system RI

-Jo~~ -N.. .. . . . .~~

9v 1' 4 3 J I4 12 21 96

V3 \ \ f t ; \ \ >>r__1°Chongming Island.1.0~~~~~~~~~~~1

-2.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-'

., \ s /;,''7 1 _ ( pu ) 0% \ t ,;

>''1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '-'---'' x-

%0- . 0

bo~~~~~~~~~~~~

Noles: 1. All concentralions in ug/m3.

2. Background concentrations not included. -3. Concentration decreose due to Sidongkou \ ,

Power Plant FGD system (blue).4. Concentration increase due to A

Waigaoqiao Power Plant Phase 11 (block). \ - . -.--,--,--

Figure 3.1-7

Predicled annual average SO2 concentrations with Sidongkou Power Plant's FGD system

_.__ _ ._ .. __ jL _n

Fig.,e 3.1B v ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Waigaoqiao Potter Project

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~Noise Iopleths lin JBA)I------- ~~~~~~~~~~~Phase I

____ ____ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~., -ci P- _-__ I1

_ _ _ _ _ _- -. q

,, -QK~~......... -----

- --------- ~r7ci

I I jil I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lll Q

'7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,

______ ______ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fiqvr. 3,1.9N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iWisgaoqioo Poose, Project

Noise Isopleihi (in dBA)

_ _ _ -5---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-------

I-t Isl! n

-fl 7 b4 &____

W-PKLP j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I t- 5.dT cI,t?~07z~~~~~~

J. ______

II ~~~Woi9ooqioo Power Project.. .. Noise Isopleths (in dBA)

Phase$ 1, 11, and III

_____ -q U,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C. rS .. "I T.4n

A_, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~en r.n.m .r,t_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ i4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..4 ~7

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -- l--------_-

____ ____ ____ C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M = U11 = :___

J,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,r

J.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~16

9651118C/4-1413/97

4.0 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

4.1 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

As described in Section 1.3.1, the present installed capacity of the SEPG is 8,294 MW.

Predicted power load in the Shanghai Municipality is expected to reach 13,750 MW within

8 years, or about 60 percent greater than can be served by current installed capacity. Without an

aggressive campaign of construction, energy shortfalls and load-shedding will occur in Shanghai

within the next 10 years. The "no-project alternative" could worsen this expected shortage and

result in significant social and economic impacts.

Shanghai is comected to the East China Power Grid via a double-circuit 500-kV transmnission

system. The additional thermal power production planned within the East China and Mid-China

Power Pool grids that could be transferred to Shanghai is not sufficient to meet growing demands.

The consumption of power throughout China has increased steadily at a rate of approximately

20 percent per annum since the late 1950s and is expected to continue at double-digit rates over

the next decade. Transfer from other provinces would fall far short of meeting Shanghai's

projected needs.

While demand-side energy conservation would produce benefits, it would be insufficient to keep

up with the projected growth. SMEPC has an active energy conservation plan that entails

adaptation of new, higher efficiency transmission technologies, improved management of

distribution, and adaptation of more energy-efficient heavy equipment in the industrial sector.

Although significant, the savings do not obviate the need for new power plant construction.

SMEPC does not consider postponing the retirement of older units to be feasible. The power

plants scheduled for decommissioning are small units that if kept operational or repowered would

not be sufficient to keep up with demand. Rehabilitation of these units would not offset the

requirement for construction of significant new capacity to meet growth in demand.

4.2 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS

The alternative designs for the proposed project were considered around the infrastructure existing

a the Waigaoqiao Power Plant site. With deep-water access of coal and sufficient land area

designated for coal-fired steam generating capacity, the focus of alternative designs was on the

9651118C14-24/3/97

specific design of the steam cycle. The evaluation considered domestic subcritical designs to

supercritical imported designs. Subcritical designs operate at main steam conditions of 166 bar

(2,400 psig) throttle pressure and 538°C (1,000°F) throttle and reheat temperatures. Supercritical

designs operate at main steam conditions of 241 bar (3,500 psig) throttle pressure and 538°C

(1,0000F) throttle and reheat temperatures.

The advantage of supercritical unit design is the improvement in steam cycle efficiency. Current

domestic subcritical designs in the range of 300 to 600 MW have heat rates reported in the range

of 8,075 to 8,005 kJ/kWh (LHV basis) while imported supercritical designs have heat rates

ranging from 7,648 to 7,630 kJ/kWh (LHV basis). The improved in overall efficiency for

supercritical designs from subcritical designs ranges from 4.5 to 5.5 percent. The increased

thermal efficiency is attributed to improved steam cycle efficiency while operating at higher main

steam cycle conditions and decreased auxiliary demands.

The increased efficiency of supercritical designs reduced specific coal consumption and reduces

power cost. The capital cost for subcritical designs are about $950/kW while supercritical designs

range from $970/kW for 600-MW units to $875/kW for 1,000-MW units; 900-MW supercritical

units have a capital investment of $885/kW. The operational costs for larger (900- to 1,000-MW)

supercritical units are reduced based on lower coal consumption and lower auxiliary power needs

from subcritical and smaller (600-MW) supercritical units. The larger supercritical units have an

estimated net power cost of $0.375 to 0.372/kWh in contrast to 600-MW supercritical units

which have an estimated cost of $0.0394/kWh. The estimated net power cost for 600-MW

subcritical units is $0.0396/kWh. The larger supercritical units have a 5.4 to 6 percent lower net

power cost than subcritical units. Clearly, the large, 900- to 1,000-MW supercritical designs

have economic advantages for the Waigaoqiao Phase II Power Project.

Large 900- to 1,000-MW supercritical design technology has been demonstrated in terms of

experience, availability and reliability. In the 900- to 1,000-MW range, there are at least

25 supercritical units operating worldwide supplied by the major United States boiler

manufacturers (i.e., Foster Wheeler, Babcock & Wilcox, and ABB-Combustion Engineering).

Unit availability for supercritical designs is reported to be similar to subcritical designs. Average

availability and forced outage rates for supercritical designs for 71 units are 76.15 percent and

18.17 percent, respectively; in contrast to subcritical designs of 76.83 percent and 18.71 percent,

9651118C/4-34/3/97

respectively. The larger 900- to 1,000-MW designs also have favorable operational history.

Equivalent availability for units from 400- to 900-MW classes, ranges from 81.7 percent to

85 percent, respectively, while forced outage rates range from 4.9 to 4.8 percent, respectively.

Supercritical units of 900 to 1,000 MW have been selected for Waigaoqiao Phase II based on

engineering and economic factors. From an environmental standpoint, the proposed designs will

have generally lower environmental effects as the other designs considered. The increased

efficiency results in lower air emissions per kWh generated relative to other designs. The plant

space needs are also reduced.

4.3 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

The major water uses for the proposed power project will be condenser cooling, service uses

(e.g., boiler makeup and industrial use) and potable uses. Due to the location along the Yangtze

River, the condenser cooling will be a once-through system. The volume of flow in the Yangtze

River at Waigaoqiao is of sufficient to accommodate once-through cooling without significant

effects (see Section 3.1.3) and close-cycle cooling alternatives such as cooling towers are not

necessary. Currently, all large power plants along the Yangtze use once-through cooling.

Service water will also be obtained from the Yangtze River. Other alternatives for service water,

such as groundwater, are unnecessary due to the abundance of high quality water from the

Yangtze. The service water will be pretreated using chemical clarification and settling and

reverse osmosis. Boiler feedwater will be demineralized. The water treatment has been designed

to reduce water use and wastewater discharges via recycling of some process wastewater streams

(e.g., water used in the ash handling system is recycled).

4.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISCHARGE

The wastewater treatment and discharge system has been designed for the Waigaoqiao Phase II

power project to minimize impacts. The treatment system will handle all water treatment wastes

through neutralization and sedimentation. Potentially oily wastes generated in equipment washing

operations will go through oil water separators. Water used for bottom ash will be recycled.

9651118C/444/3/97

4.5 ALTERNATIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

4.5.1 ALTERNATE PM EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

4.5.1.1 PM Emission Control Technologies

Combustion of fossil fuels causes emissions of PM, which comprise the non-combustible portion

of the fuel referred to as ash and uncombusted or partially combusted fuel. A portion of this PM,

usually less than 10 percent, is collected in the boiler and its components (economizer and air

preheater). The majority of the PM, greater than 90 percent, is fly ash and is entrained by the

flue gases leaving the boiler. The majority of this fly ash is then collected by the flue gas PM

removal system.

Certain trace metals can also be volatilized in the combustion process. These trace metals either

remain in the gas phase or condense to form small particulate matter. The fraction which

condenses is dependent upon the specific trace metal and the flue gas temperature prior to

emission out the stack. Some trace metals condense onto other particulate matter in the gas

stream and may be collected in the particulate control system. The amount of condensation

depends upon the volatilization properties of the trace metals and the temperature prior to the

particulate control device.

Several different types of PM control devices have been employed at power plants. These include

multicyclones, wet scrubbers, gravel bed filters, ESPs, and fabric filters. ESPs and fabric filters

are the most effective PM control devices currently being successfully applied to fossil-fuel-fired

power plants. PM removal efficiencies of these devices are 90 percent or greater. Both devices

are also highly effective in controlling PMIO emissions. Other technologies, such as mechanical

collectors and wet scrubbers, have not demonstrated equivalent levels of control.

4.5.1.2 Electrostatic Precipitators

In an ESP, a high-voltage electric field is produced to impart an electric charge to the solid

particles in the flue gas stream. The particles are then removed by attraction to oppositely

charged collectors. ESP performance is highly dependent on the electrical characteristics or

resistivity of the PM to be collected.

ESP performance is dependent on a number of factors which influence the resistivity of the PM.

These factors include the PM composition, flue gas characteristics, particle size distribution, and

9651118C/4-54/3/97

PM loading. Since these parameters can vary during normal operation, ESP performance can also

be expected to fluctuate during normal operations. A maintenance program is important to

optimize ESP performance.

4.5.1.3 Fabric Filters

In a fabric filter, PM is removed from the flue gas as it passes through a filter media such as a

nylon, fiberglass, or composition fabric; hence the term "fabric filter." The filters are normally

arranged as a number of "bags", through which the flue gas is directed. Particulate collection

occurs through several mechanisms, including gravitational settling, direct impaction, inertial

impaction, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction. The PM collected on the bags forms a filter

cake, which further improves PM collection efficiency.

As the filter cake continues to build up, the pressure drop through the bags increases. When the

pressure drop reaches a predefined level, the bag is taken offline for cleaning. Various methods

are used to clean the bags in the fabric filter. The three general types of cleaning are shaker

cleaning, pulse-jet cleaning, and reverse-air cleaning. All three types of cleaning methods can

achieve the same low emission rates.

The shaker cleaning is accomplished by taking the bags off-line, shaking the bags of the fabric

filter, and then deflating the bag by inducing a vacuum. The PM collected on the bags is

dislodged and then falls into the collection hoppers at the bottom of the fabric filter.

In the pulse-jet method of cleaning, cleaning is accomplished off-line by directing a short burst of

compressed air inside the filter bags. This burst produces a shock wave which travels down the

length of the bag, dislodging the accumulated dust cake. The collected PM then falls into the

hoppers located below the bags.

In reverse air fabric filters, the PM is collected on the inside of the filter bags. Cleaning is

accomplished by introducing a reverse flow of air through the bags. This causes the bag to

collapse, thereby dislodging the filter cake. The dislodged PM falls into the collection hoppers

for disposal.

9651118C/4-64/3/97

4.5.1.4 Proposed PM Control

Emissions of PM from each Phase II unit will be controlled through the use of ESPs. ESP

technology has been demonstrated using Shenfu-Dongshen coal in several SMEPC power plants.

The ESP for the project will be downstream of the air preheaters. The ESP will have a design

control efficiency of 99.3 percent. Typical ESP design parameters are presented below:

* Gas velocity of 3 to 5 ft/sec,

* Flue gas retention time of 5.5 to 7.5 second,

* Specific collection area of 240 to 300 ft211,000 acfm,

* Collecting electrode plate spacing of 12 to 14 inches, and

* Total number of gas passages of 260 to 270.

4.5.2 ALTERNATIVE SO, EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

4.5.2.1 Alternatives For Waigaogiao Phase II

Phase I of the Waigaoqiao was proposed and approved by the municipality of Shanghai to utilize

low-sulfur coal from the Shenfu-Dongshen region of China. While this coal has a sulfur content

of 0.43 percent, the coal also has a high calcium content which in combination reduces emissions

of SO,. When the Waigaoqiao Phase H Power Project was proposed for municipal approval,

regulations of the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Environmental Protection (SMBEP) had been

adopted to require the installation of the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) on all new power plants.

Phase H of the Waigaoqiao Power Project will also use coal from the Shenfu-Dongshen region.

While FGD systems can remove up to 95 percent of SO2 emnissions, the capital costs for use on

plants using low-sulfur is less economical than those applied to higher sulfur fuel systems. FGD

systems used with low-sulfur fuels (i.e., less than 1 percent) generally operate at reduced

efficiencies (e.g., 70 percent) and achieve low emissions rates. In contrast, the same emissions

rates can be achieved in higher sulfur fuel systems with increased efficiency (e.g., 90 percent).

For example, the same emission rate of a 70 percent removal FGD system used when firing a

0.5 percent sulfur coal can be achieved in a 90 percent removal in a FGD system using

1.5 percent sulfur coal. Since FGD systems are generally designed based on volume flow of the

combustion gases that would be treated, the capital costs is fixed. Recognizing the economics of

installing FGD on a plant using higher sulfur fuel, SMEPC obtained approval from the SMBEP to

meet the intent of the FGD requirement by retrofitting FGD on two unit of the Sidongkou Power

Plant. The approval by SMBEP had three components:

9651118C/4-74/3/97

1. Phase 11 shall utilize low sulfur coal with a sulfur content of 0.43 percent,

2. The total SO2 emissions offset by Phase II shall be based 0.43 percent sulfur and used

to calculate emissions transfer to the Sidongkou Power Plant 1, and

3. An environmental assessment shall be conducted to determine the effects of emission

trading.

The Sidongkou Power Complex consists of two plants: a 4 by 300 MW plant referred as Plant 1

and a 2 by 600 MW plant referred to as Plant 2. Plant I discharges through 2 stacks, one stack

per 2 units. Plant 1 uses a coal with a sulfur content of 1.8 percent. Units I and 2 of Plant I

have a SO, emission of 8 tons/hr with annual emissions estimated at about 53,000 tons. The

Waigaoqiao Phase U Project will emit about 37,000 tons/year based on 6,500 hourslyear

operation at full load. With FGD installed on Plant 1, up to 48,000 tons of S02 would be

removed. Therefore, installation of FGD on Sidongkou Plant 1 Units 1 and 2 would offset the

S02 emissions from Waigaoqiao Phase 11 Project. The type of FGD system installed on

Sidongkou Plant 1, Units 1 and 2 is discussed in the following subsections.

4.5.2.2 Alternative FGD Systems

Flue Gas Desulfurization

Sulfur compounds are produced in boilers firing fossil fuels by the combustion process in which

complete oxidation of the fuel-bound sulfur occurs, forming primarily SO2, with smaller quantities

of sulfur trioxide (SO3). The amount of SQ emissions is directly proportional to the sulfur and

sulfate content in the fuel. Reducing SO2 emissions by boiler modification is not feasible because

combustion processes do not affect S02 emissions. Generally, complete oxidation of sulfur in fuel

is readily achieved before complete combustion of carbon, the most abundant element in fossil

fuel. For pulverized-coal-fired utility boilers, SO2 emission reduction is typically accomplished

by treating the post-combustion flue gas with a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process.

Standard FGD processes for pulverized-coal-fired boilers are back-end equipment of either the wet

or dry type; these are often referred to as wet and dry scrubbing, respectively. Since the early

1970s, FGD has been used extensively in the United States to control SO2 emissions from coal-

fired power plants. Currently in the United States, there are 148 units, with a capacity of

68,957 MW, that have operating FGD systems. Accumulated experience with FGD systems is

about 1,800 years; experience with individual unit ranges from 3 to 24 years. These systems use

9651118C/4-84/3/97

a wide range of coals with sulfur contents ranging from 0.3 percent to over 5 percent. Design

SO, removal efficiencies range from 25 to 99 percent, with an average of about 84 percent.

Associated design SO, emission rates average 0.56 lb/MMBtu. The majority of FGD experience

is with wet systems. More recently, dry scrubber systems, which have both enviromnental and

economic advantages, have been installed. Currently, there about 20 units (about 7,300 MW)

with operating spray dry type FGD systems.

The following discussion of each potential FGD type includes a description of the technology and

the potential SO2 emissions reduction level.

Wet Scrubbin! Systems

Wet scrubbing is a gaseous and liquid phase reaction process in which the S02 gas is transferred

to the scrubbing liquid under saturated conditions. The wet scrubbing process usually involves a

liquid waste stream and slurry as by-products. Therefore, a wastewater treatment and disposal

system is generally associated with a wet scrubbing system.

Wet scrubbing systems include three different types which are classified by the reagents used in

the scrubbing process. The type of reagent influences the scrubber design, the quantity and type

of wastes produced, and the type of disposal system required. Either sodium-based, calcium-

based, or dual-alkali-based chemicals are used; these systems are referred to as sodium-based, wet

lime/limestone scrubbers, or dual-alkali. Packed towers are used for the sodium-based scrubbing

system, whereas spray towers are commnonly used for the lime/limestone scrubbing system.

The sodium scrubbing systems use either a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or a sodium carbonate

(Na2CO3) wet scrubbing solution to absorb SO2 from the flue gas. Because of the high reactivity

of the sodium alkali sorbent compared to the lime or limestone sorbents, these systems are

characterized by a low liquid-to-gas ratio. The SO2 gas reacts with the hydroxide or carbonate to

form sulfite (e.g., Na2SO3) initially, then sulfate (Na2SO4) with further oxidation. Both sodium

sulfite and sulfate are highly soluble; therefore, the final scrubber effluent is a mixture of sodium

alkaline salt liquor that requires special disposal. Although these sodium-based systems are

capable of achieving greater than 90 percent SO2 reduction, they have not been used commercially

on large utility boilers and therefore are considered unproven.

9651118C/494/3/97

The wet scrubbing system that is most widely used for a large-scale S02 removal such as the

proposed project is the calcium-based wet FGD system. It is estimated that approximately

82 percent of the coal-fired capacity in the United States is equipped with this FGD technology.

Depending on whether lime or limestone is used, the S02 reacts with the hydrates or carbonates to

form calcium sulfite (i.e., CaSQ3*'½2 H,O) initially, then sulfate (i.e., CaSQ4o2H2O) with further

oxidation. The calcium sulfite or sulfate slurry is insoluble, therefore requiring settling ponds,

separation equipment, and a wastewater treatment facility in order to properly handle the solid by-

product disposal.

The most frequently utilized wet FGD technology is the wet limestone system. The preferred

version of the technology is the spray tower. In this system, a slurry of atomized limnestone is

sprayed into a tall, vertical absorber tower through a series of nozzles. The flue gas enters

usually at the bottom of the tower, passes vertically up through the spray droplets, and exits the

vessel at the top.

The slurry is recirculated through the absorber system. This recirculation increases the scrubbing

utilization of the carbonate reagent. The scrubbing reaction produces calcium sulfite as the by-

product. Many systems oxidize the sulfite into calcium sulfate, which is easier to dewater. A

bleed stream is taken off from the recycled slurry stream to avoid buildup inside the spray tower.

By-products and unreacted reagents in the bleed stream are dewatered using a variety of

equipment including thickeners, centrifuges, and vacuum filters. Dewatering can reduce the water

content in the filtered by-product to as low as 10 to 15 percent by weight. Often, however, the

typical dewatered by-product is 40 to 50 percent by weight.

Several wet scrubbing systems utilize lime rather than limestone as the alkali reagent. Quick lime

(calcium oxide) is slaked with water to form hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide). The slurry of

calcium hydroxide and water is then sprayed into the spray tower. This alternative of using lime

instead of limestone is less attractive economically because the cost of either quick lime or

hydrated lime is much higher than the cost of limestone pebbles. While a limestone system

requires more initial capital costs for auxiliary equipment (i.e., limestone pulverizer, conveyor

and slaker system, etc.), the lower operating cost of the reagent provides a substantial annual

savings. This is especially beneficial for a facility using medium- and high-sulfur coals, where

considerably more reagent chemicals are needed.

96S1118C/4-104/3/97

In conventional wet limestone FGD systems, several additives have been used to enhance SO2

removal efficiencies. The majority of additives have been used to bring the performance of the

FGD system up to the original performance requirements. Both organic and inorganic additives.

The organic additives include various mixtures of organic acids that include glutaric acid and

succinic acid. Magnesium, added as magnesium-lime has been successfully used to enhance

performance. With the advancement of wet FGD designs, efficiencies of 95 percent can be

achieved by refinements in design including critical elements of absorbers, materials and control

systems. Additives can still play a role but their use is primarily focused on emergency condition

operation, corrosion inhibition, scaling and by-product handling.

Technically, wet scrubbing processes are capable of reducing SO2 emissions with a removal

efficiency of 70 to 95 percent using the wet lime/limestone scrubber system. Theoretically, a

higher efficiency may be achievable by adding adipic acid to the scrubbing liquid because the

reactions between the lime and limnestone with SO2 are more favorable at lower pH levels. The

process control for the wet FGD technology has not advanced precisely enough to confidently

state that performance at one location can be duplicated at another. Margins of allowances must

be applied to the best performances achieved at other plants.

Dry Scrubbing

In a dry FGD process, the flue gas entering the scrubber contacts an atomized slurry of either wet

lime or wet sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) sorbent. The exact mechanisms for the absorption of

gaseous SO2 and the formation of alkaline salts are complex. Overall, the SQ gas reacts with

lime or sodium sorbent to form initially either calcium sulfite (CaSO3*'½H20) or sodium sulfite

(Na,SO3). Upon further oxidation or SQO absorption enhanced by the drying process, the sulfite

salts transform into calcium sulfate (CaSO4*2H2O) or sodium sulfate solids. A typical dry

scrubber will use lime as the reagent because it is more readily available than sodium carbonate

and the sodium based reactions produce a soluble by-product that requires special handling.

Lime slurry is injected into the dry scrubber chamber through either rotary atomizers or

pressurized fluid nozzles. Rotary atomizers use centrifugal energy to atomize the slurry. The

slurry is fed to the center of a rapidly rotating disk or wheel where it flows outward to the edge

of the disk. The slurry is atomized as it leaves the surface of the rapidly rotating disk.

9651118C4-114/3/97

Fluid nozzles use kinetic energy to atomize the slurry. High-velocity air or steam is injected into

a slurry stream, breaking the slurry into droplets, which are ejected at near sonic velocities into

the spray drying chamber. Slurry droplets of comparable size can be obtained with both fluid

nozzles and rotary atomizers, minimizing differences in performance due to atomizer type. The

nozzle location relative to the flow, however, can be different depending on the particular design.

The moisture in the lime slurry evaporates and cools the flue gas, and the wet lime absorbs SO2 in

the flue gas and reacts to form pseudo liquid-solid phase salts that are then dried into insoluble

crystals by the thermal effect of the flue gas. The dry scrubber chamber is designed to provide

sufficient contact and residence time to complete this reaction process. The prolonged residence

time in the chamber is typically designed for 10 to 15 seconds. Sufficient contact between the

flue gas and the slurry solution is maintained in the absorber vessel, allowing the absorbing

reactions and the drying process to be completed.

The particulate exiting the dry scrubber contains fly ash, dried calcium salts and dried unreacted

lime. The moisture content of the dried calcium salt leaving the absorber is about 2 to 3 percent,

eventually decreasing to about 1 percent downstream. The simultaneous evaporation and reaction

in the spray drying process increases the moisture and particulate content of the flue gas and

reduces the flue gas temperature.

In the dry scrubber, the amount of water used is optimized to produce an exit stream with "dry"

particulates and gases with no liquid discharge from the scrubber. The flue gas temperature

exiting the dry scrubber is typically 18 to 30°F above adiabatic saturation. The "dry" reaction

products and coal fly ash are both removed from the flue gas by a particulate collection device

located downstream of the scrubber. This differs from the wet scrubber system, wherein the

slurry leaving that system must be dewatered at great cost and the gas is cooled to adiabatic

saturation temperature. Moreover, in the wet process, the particulate control devise is located

upstream of the scrubber.

Key design and operating parameters that can significantly affect dry scrubber performance are

reagent-to-sulfur stoichiometric ratio, slurry droplet size, inlet water content, residence time, and

scrubber outlet temperature. An excess amount of lime above the theoretical requirement is

generally fed to the dry scrubber to compensate for mass transfer limitations and incomplete

9651118C/4-124/3/97

mixing. Droplet size affects scrubber performance. Smaller droplet size increases the surface

area for reaction between lime and acid gases and increases the rate of water evaporation. A

longer residence time results in higher chemical reactivities, and the reagent-SO2 reaction occurs

more readily when the lime is wet. The scrubber outlet temperature is controlled by the amount

of water in the slurry. Typically, effective utilization of lime and effective sulfur dioxide removal

occur at temperatures close to adiabatic saturation, but the flue gas temperature must be kept high

enough to ensure that the slurry and reaction products are adequately dried prior to the particulate

collection process.

The dry scrubber is located upstream of the particulate control device, which is either an

electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or a fabric filter (baghouse) system. The baghouse is generally

preferred over the ESP because it provides additional SO2 and acid gas removal. When a

baghouse is used, a layer of porous filter cake is formed on the surface of the filter bags. This

filter cake contains unspent reagent which provides a site for additional flue gas desulfurization

since all flue gases also pass through the filter bags.

Higher removal efficiencies of greater than 90 percent can be achieved by maintaining an optimal

ratio of reagent and SO2 gas and using a fabric filter for particulate removal. Discussions with

dry scrubber FGD vendors indicate that a 93 percent control efficiency is an optimal design for a

dry lime scrubber FGD system in conjunction with a baghouse for low to medium sulfur coal

applications (i.e., up to 1.5 percent sulfur).

Conclusions for FGD System for Sidongkou

The preferred alternative S02 removal for the Sidongkou Plant 1, Units 1 and 2 is the wet

limnestone system. This control technology has been demonstrated extensively and is adaptable for

retrofits. A wet FGD system would utilize readily available limestone and could be installed

downstream of the ESP. The wet limestone FGD system also produces commercial grade gypsurn

which can be used in cement and gypsum board industries. Indeed, the construction industry in

Shanghai is quite large allowing opportunities for gypsum recycling. Removal efficiencies of wet

limestone FGD systems can exceed 95 percent and achieve the offsets required for Waigaoqiao

Phase II. Dry FGD systems are better suited on new units using low sulfur coal and both SO,

and PM removal is accomplished. An economic analysis of wet limestone and dry FGD

conducted by SMEPC for a 300 MW unit. The results indicated that the wet limestone FGD

9651118C/4-134/3/97

system is more economical than a dry FGD system. The annual operating cost was estimated to

be 19.32 million yuan for the wet limestone system and 28.42 million yuan for the dry FGD

system. On a net power generation basis (yuan/kWh), the wet limestone FGD system is

30 percent lower than a dry FGD system.

4.5.3 ALTERNATIVE NO, CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

Emissions of NO,, are produced by the high temperature reactions of molecular nitrogen and

oxygen in the combustion air and by fuel bound nitrogen with oxygen. The former is referred to

as thermal NO, while the latter is referred to as fuel bound NO,,. The relative amount of each

depends upon the combustion conditions and the arnount of nitrogen in the fuel. Formation of

thermal NO,, depends upon the combustion temperature and becomes rapid above 1,400 C

(2,550 OF). The equations developed by Zeldovich are recognized as the reactions that form

thermal NO,,:

N 2 +O -. NO + N

N+ 0 2 - NO + O

N + OH - NO + H

The important parameters in thermal NO,, formation are combustion temperatures, gas residence

time, and stoichiometric ratio of fuel and air. Fuel bound NO,,, although usually small compared

to thermal NO,, is more rapidly formed by the nitrogen in the fuel which reacts with combustion

air. Another mechanism for NO,, formation is the reaction of molecular nitrogen with free

hydrogen radicals. This mechanism is known as "prompt NO,," and occurs within the combustion

zone with the following major reactions:

N, + CH - HCN + N

N+0 2 - NO+H

The contribution of prompt NO,, to overall NO, levels is relatively small. The primary way to

reduce NO, emissions is through either control of the combustion process or by NO, removal

through catalytic or non-catalytic reactions.

9651118C/4-144/3/97

4.5.3.1 Combustion Control Technologies

Description of Source (Pulverized-coal-fired Boiler)

Pulverized coal has been burned successfully for many years in large boilers using wall- and

corner-fired burning equipment. Pulverized-coal-fired boiler technology simply aimed at mixing

the coal and combustion air quickly to ensure ignition stability and rapid burnout, as well as

ensuring maximum thermal efficiency. This generally created high flame temperatures in the

boiler and the formation of thermal NO1. The boiler configuration, size, bumers, and operating

practices affected NO, emissions. Conventional pulverized-coal boilers generally use more than

one pulverizer in their basic design. Each pulverizer grinds the coal pellets into small-sized

particles which are then mixed with incoming combustion air and fed to a single burner or a

system of multiple burners. The arrangement of these burners inside the boilers results in three

basic design configurations of commercially available pulverized-coal boilers: wall firing, corner

firing, and down firing. The use of a particular design will vary depending upon the type and

quality of coal.

The wall firing design is used by several burner/boiler manufacturers including Foster-Wheeler,

Babcock & Wilcox, and Riley Stoker. This design configuration uses an array of swirl-stabilized

burners arranged as either front-wall (on a single wall) firing or opposed-wall firing. The corner

(or tangential) firing design is used mainly by ASEA Brown Boveri (ABB)-Combustion

Engineering. Tangential firing bumers are arranged in vertical distribution in the corners of the

furnace. At each vertical level, the burners are directed to form a rotating fireball inside the

furnace. The down firing design is used by both Foster Wheeler (arch-fired units) and Riley

Stoker (Turbo furnace). In this design configuration, burners are arranged on the venturi throat

and fired vertically down (arch-firing) or at an angle (Turbo furnace) into the furnace.

Circular burners typically are used in all early wall firing boilers. The circular burner was

designed to achieve maximum flame stability and carbon burnout in a minimum combustion

volume. Such a design concept was aimed at reducing the boiler cost which is directly

proportional to the size of the boiler; however, the NO1 emission level is relatively high due to

elevated flame temperatures. The high flamne temperatures are produced from the swirling flame

containing at least 20 percent excess air. Non-swirling burners are used in corner-fired and

down-fired designs. These designs produce lower NO, emission levels primarily due to the flame

9651118C'4-154/3/97

stability enhanced by impingement of the adjacent hot flame, a substoichiometric J-shaped flarne,

and a fuel-rich combustion zone, respectively.

Regardless of the design configurations, burner/boiler manufacturers have found that NO,

emission levels are directly related to the total heat release per unit surface area in the furnace.

These boilers were designed with high heat release per surface area that produced high NO,

emissions.

Development of Combustion Controls

In the early 1970s, NO, emission reductions focused on combustion controls. Such boilers

accounted for a large portion of the total NO, emissions from all major stationary sources.

Burner/boiler manufacturers have developed techniques capable of achieving a factor of three to

four times reduction in NO, emissions compared to pre-NSPS designs. Initially, the primary

design objective for the boiler manufacturers was to lower heat release rate per unit area

(HRRJUA) and thus lower NO, emissions. Both Foster Wheeler and Babcock & Wilcox have

successfully applied this concept into their boiler designs. For example, current boiler designs

lirnited HRRJUA to below 1.75 million British thermal units per hour per square foot

(MMBtu/hr/ft2) compared to a 2.0 MMBtu/hr/ftW for an eafly typical boiler design. By reducing

0.25 MMBtu/hr/ft2, an NO, reduction of between 10 and 30 percent could be achieved. Lower

HRRIUA was also accomplished by operational modifications, such as low excess air, biased

firing, and burners-out-of-service.

Further development of low NO, burners in combination with boiler designs further reduced the

NO. emission levels from pulverized-coal boilers. Some design concepts have been based on an

EPA-sponsored research program performed on a Riley Stoker's distributed mixing burner

(DMB). In this burner, combustion is staged to include two burner zones; a primary burner zone

with a stoichiometry of 70 percent of theoretical air, and a secondary burner zone with a

stoichiometry of 120 percent of theoretical air. In addition to the combustion air staging process,

the DMB design includes a pulverized coal fuel injector along the flame axis, and a secondary air

swirl controller to promote an internal recirculation zone inside the flame.

9651118C/4-16413197

4.5.3.2 Post-combustion Technologies

NO, emissions can be reduced by promoting the reactions of NQ in the flue gas with specific

reducing agents (i.e., ammonia or urea). These post-combustion treatments of flue gas have been

adopted by European and Japanese utilities in response to NO, control regulations stricter than

those in the United States. For the proposed pulverized-coal boiler, the selective reduction of

NO, methods include the non-catalytic and catalytic processes.

The SNCR process reduces NO, emissions through a reaction of ammonia or urea at high

temperatures (> 1,500 F). For the reaction to take place in utility boilers, ammonia or urea is

injected directly into the boiler, usually in the superheated section. No catalyst is required for the

NO, reduction reaction to occur. Commercially available SNCR processes are either the

NOXOUT process or the Thermal DeNO,.

The SCR process reduces NO, emissions through a reaction between ammonia and NQ that

occurs on the surface of a catalyst located in a 600 to 7500F temperature range portion of the

boiler. This temperature range is achieved between the economizer and air preheater sections of

the boiler. Overseas experiences of SCR on coal-fired boilers include the high-dust, low-dust,

and post-SO2 removal applications. There are several SCR vendors in the United States;

however, most applications have been focused primarily on gas turbines.

In view of coal-fired application, SCR has numerous applications in Japan and European

countries, whereas SNCR's experience on coal-fired boilers is limited to cyclone boilers in

Germany. Between the two technologies, SCR offers potentially higher NO, reduction at a higher

cost than SNCR. There are uncertainties for applying either SNCR or SCR on pulverized-coal-

fired boilers using domestic coals. There is a general lack of operating experience when firing

domestic coals, which are distinct from either Japanese or European fuels.

Selective Catalytic Reduction

The NO, abatement technology for stationary combustion sources that is currently receiving

considerable attention is the SCR process using ammonia injection. The selective reaction of

ammonia with NO in the presence of a catalyst and excess oxygen was discovered by Engelhard

Corporation in 1957. However, the SCR NO, reduction technology was developed in Japan and

used there on a conmnercial basis for the first time. In an SCR process, either anhydrous or

9651118C/4-1 74/3/97

aqueous ammonia is injected into the flue gas upstream of catalysts. The catalysts are arranged in

modules set up into single or multiple stages. For pulverized-coal-fired boilers, the catalyst bed

can be arranged into either a high-dust or low-dust system or a post-flue gas desulfurization

system. The selective reduction reactions occur at temperatures between 600 and 900°F on the

surface of the SCR catalysts to produce molecular nitrogen gas and water.

SCR catalysts consist of two types: base metal oxides and zeolite. In an SCR system using a

base metal oxides catalyst, either vanadium or titanium is embedded into a ceramic matrix

structure; the zeolite catalysts are ceramic molecular sieves extruded into modules of honeycomb

shape. All-ceramic zeolite catalysts are durable and less susceptible to catalyst masking or

poisoning than the base metal/ceramic catalyst systems. Catalysts exhibit advantages and

disadvantages in terms of exhaust gas temperatures, ammonia/NO, ratio, and exhaust gas oxygen

concentrations for optimum control. A common disadvantage for all catalyst systems is the

narrow window of temperature between 600 and 900°F within which the NO, reduction process

takes place. Operating outside this temperature range results in catastrophic harm to the catalyst

system. Chemical poisoning occurs at lower temperature conditions, while thermal degradation

occurs at higher temperatures plus NO, can be produced at higher temperatures. Reactivity can

only be restored through catalyst replacement.

SCR is theoretically capable of achieving 80 percent NO, reduction from a 0.5 lb/MMBtu level

and can achieve an emission level of 0.17 lb/MMBtu when NO, levels from the boiler are at

about 0.3 lb/MMBtu. SCR is potentially applicable to reduce NO1 emissions from the proposed

pulverized-coal-fired boiler.

4.5.3.3 Conclusions

Based on the estimated NO, emission rate for uncontrolled pulverized-coal-fired boilers using

USEPA Publication AP-42, the NO, emissions rate would exceed the World Bank emission

guideline of 230 ng/Joule by 83.3 percent. The predicted ground level NO, concentrations

support the use of NO, controls. The use of 'low NO," burners in the boilers would achieve

World Bank emnission guidelines as determined by USEPA [New Source Performnance Standards

(NSPS) Part 60 Subpart Da]. The need for post-combustion control technologies does not appear

warranted based on the impacts of NO, and low level of NO, emission that can be achieved with

low-NO, combustion.

9651118CI4-184/3/97

4.6 ASH DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES

4.6.1 ASH HANDLING SYSTEMS

Ash handling may be handled in either dry (pneumatic) or wet (hydraulic) management systems.

The proposed project will utilize dry handling for flyash and wet handling for bottom ash.

Alternatively, flyash may be handled with a wet system. Wet flyash management is advantageous

in that it is less expensive on a capital cost basis. However, the system creates additional waste

liquid streams which require disposal and renders reuse of the ash byproduct difficult. On this

basis, dry management of flyash has been adopted by the Waigaoqiao Phase H Power Project.

The current practice for Phase I is to recycle the ash for use in the cement industry. Fly ash is

transported from the fly ash storage silos into closed cement trucks. Bottom ash is used as

aggregate in construction. This practice is anticipated to continue for Phase H. The pozzolan

properties of the ash make it suitable for continued use in construction.

4.6.2 ASH DISPOSAL SITES

The areas designated for ash disposal have been selected to mitigate impacts. For Phase I,

however these areas have not been used (with the exception of small amounts of bottom ash).

The bottom ash is stored adjacent to the site in a berrned area and if used will be used for a

portion of the Phase III coal pile. The Limin Ash Yard has been designated in a portion of the

Yangtze River with low bottom area and will be used as part of southem boundary for Hangpu

River dredge spoil disposal. While the area is not used for fly ash disposal, it serve as an

alternative wetland habitat that has agricultural uses. Freshwater shrimp (prawn) fishing was

observed in the area and cows were grazing. The isolation from the currents and tides in the

Yangtze River has allowed the development of this wetland habitat which will continued to be

used for agriculture until needed. SMEPC should continue to market the reuse of fly ash to

obviate the need to use the ash yard.

4.6.3 ASH YARD STABILIZATION

If used, the fly ash should be compacted in Limin Ash Yard to reduce infiltration of water.

When compacted, the pozzolan properties of the ash should establish a low permeability barrier

for leachate formation. The low pH for the ash, due to high calcium content, would mitigate the

mobilization of metals.

9651118C/S-15/29/97

5.0 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION AND MONITORING

A comprehensive mitigation and monitoring plan has been developed by SMEPC in conjunction

with other Shanghai municipal agencies to mitigate the environmental impact of the project.

Table 5.0-1 presents a summary of the mitigation plan.

5.1 MITIGATION OF AIR IMPACTS

The proposed development of Phase II of the Waigaoqiao Power Plant includes mitigation in the

form of emissions controls and emissions offsets. For particulate matter (PM) emissions from the

plant, a high-efficiency electrostatic precipitator (ESP) will be installed to reduce PM emissions to

100 mg/Nm3 , the currently applicable World Bank guideline for particulate emissions. This

emission rate is more than 2 times lower than that established for Phase I of 261 mg/Nm3. The

Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Environmental Protection has accepted the emissions rate of

100 mg/Nm3 (see Appendix G).

Particulate matter emissions from the coal and ash handling and storage activities will be

controlled through the use of covered conveyors, watering, and air pollution control equipment.

Continued implementation of the dust control program conducted for Phase I should minimize

emissions from general traffic. Bottom ash is slurried with recycled water eliminating dusting

conditions. Fly ash disposed on in an ash yard will be humidified to about 20 percent moisture

reducing the potential for fugitive particulate emissions.

The SO, emissions will be mitigated through the use of low-sulfur coal from Shengfu-Dongshen

mine district. The SO, emissions for Phase II are estimated to be 136.8 TPD, which is lower

than the currently applicable World Bank emissions guideline of 500 TPD and the proposed

World Bank guideline of 300 TPD (for 2,000 MW). The SMBEP requirement for installation of

FGD will be achieved by the installation of wet limestone FGD on two 300-MW units of

Sidongkou Power Plant 1. This plant uses coal with a sulfur content of 1.8 percent and provides

a more economical basis for the installation of FGD. The emissions reduction from Sidongkou

Plant Units 1 and 2 is expected to be about 48,000 tons over current levels. In contrast, the SO,

emissions from Waigaoqiao Phase II will be about 37,000 tons. Therefore, a net reduction of SO,

will result with the proposed strategy.

9651118C/5-25/29/97

The air quality impacts also imnprove significantly. Table 5.1-1 presents the SOn air quality

impacts associated with the installation of FGD at the areas on maximum impact and in Central

Shanghai. The maximum increase in SO2 concentrations due to Phase II in the Waigaoqiao area

is 3 and 37 percent of the annual and 24-hour background concentrations. In contrast, the

predicted reductions in the vicinity of the Sidongkou plant with the installation of FGD is about

8 percent and 72 percent, respectively for the annual and 24-hour averaging times. In Central

Shanghai, while some increase will occur due to the Phase II addition to Waigaoqiao, there is an

overall net reduction of about 67 percent for the annual and 40 percent for the 24-hour average.

An added benefit of adding the FGD system to Sidongkou Plant 1, Units 1 and 2, is the

reduction in particulate emissions. A state-of-the-art limestone FGD system with a properly

designed demister can remove virtually all particles above 1 micron. A reduction of 80 percent

for coal generated particulate matter is a conservative estimate of modem FGD systems. For the

Units 1 and 2, a reduction of about 1,600 tonnes per year of particulate can be expected. This

reduction offsets the emissions from Waigaoqiao by about 36 percent.

An additional effect of the addition of FGD on Sidongkou is the reduction in plume rise and

increase in relative impacts due to lowering the exit as temperature. However, the mass flow of

the stack gas is also increased resulting in additional plume momenturn. The overall effect is a

increase in ground-level concentrations by about 60 percent for the same emissions rate. For

particulate and sulfur dioxide, the controls more than offset this effect. For NO., impacts are

sufficiently low for the annual average periods and the NO, contribution to NO2 or ozone levels

are time related, that any increase in the maximum concentrations would not effect air qualitv.

Emissions of NO, will be mitigated through the use of "pollution prevention" technology.

Low-NO, burners capable of reducing NO, emissions to 230 ng/J will be used. This technology,

incorporated into modern boiler designs, reduces the formation of NO, by staging the combustion

process, thus preventing the pollution from occurring.

5.2 MITIGATION OF IMPACTS TO WATER RESOURCES

5.2.1 WATER USE

The Yangtze River will be used for condenser cooling. The plant's location relative to the

Yangtze River's discharge to the East China Sea makes the use of water for cooling and industrial

9651118C/5-35/29197

purposes almost ideal. The average annual freshwater river flow is seaward at a rate of

30,200 m 3 /s, and maximum plant withdrawal rate is 136 ni ls (i.e., 0.45 percent), all of which is

returned to the river. There are few water users downstream of the plant. The use of Yangtze

River water would not affect potable water availability for the Shanghai Municipality, which

comes from the Huangpu River. The use of once-through cooling reduces the evaporation

compared to other cooling methods (e.g., cooling towers). The evaporation resulting from the

once-through system is also reduced by the relative swift flow and rapid mixing of the discharge

in the Yangtze River. The are no significant ecological resources (e.g., fish breeding areas) in

the area of thermal discharge where impacts could occur, and the thermal mixing zone is

comparatively small.

The industrial water needs for Phase II are reduced by the selection of the treatment system. The

combination of sedimentation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange is matched to the water quality

of the Yangtze River. Treated wastewater is also used for ash humidification, which reduces raw

water needs. The recycling of water used for bottom ash also reduces water needs.

Potable water is supplied by the Shanghai Municipality for sanitary and consumptive employee

needs and is not used for industrial uses. The projected water uses for Phase I matches raw water

quality to intended use for water. The abundant Yangtze River water is of lower quality and is

used for cooling and industrial use, and the higher quality Shanghai city water is for potable uses

5.2.2 WATER DISCHARGE

The discharge of cooling and treated wastewater will be to the Yangtze River. The wastewater

from process water treatment will be treated using neutralization and sedimentation; oil-separation

will be employed for water that has the potential for oil contamination (e.g., plant washwater).

All wastewater will be treated to meet the PRC discharge standards. The cooling water will be

treated with chlorine for biological control in a manner that minimizes chlorine residue. Treated

wastewater will be discharged with the cooling water at dilutions of greater than 1,000 to 1. The

mixing zone for the cooling discharge is relatively small compared to the river volume.

Other low-volume waste waters such as the oil contaminated water, boiler cleaning wastewater

and bottom ash sluice water will be recycled after treatment.

9651118C5-45/29,97

Rain water in the ash yards will be diverted to the settling basins (e.g., the bottom ash storage

yard and Limin Ash Yard) of sufficient capacity to obviate the need for discharge. Non-contact

rainfall runoff will go to settling ponds prior to discharge.

5.3 MITIGATION FOR ASH DISPOSAL

The mitigation currently applied for ash generated by the Waigaoqiao Power Project is reuse in

the construction industry. The high calcium content of the ash makes it suitable as aggregate and

as an additive in cement and concrete. Indeed, all ash from the current two-unit operation of

Phase I is reused in the construction industries. This mitigation is expected to continue and is

appropriate for Phase nI on the project. To assure the reuse of ash, SMEPC should develop a

management plan for ash reuse and have dedicated staff to implement the reuse plan. Where

possible, alternate uses should be developed (e.g., as a road base aggregate) for potential future

plans. The econoraics favor reuse which avoids disposal costs such as land acquisition, ash yard

construction, handling, and transportation.

If ash disposal is required, the pozzolan properties of the ash may be useful in developing the ash

disposal areas for future reuse. For bottom ash, this may as an extension of the Phase III coal

storage yard; for fly ash, it mnay be commercial or light industrial development. SMEPC should

work closely with the Pudang New Area District to incorporate alternative uses for the ash yard if

developed in the future. Construction of any alternatives should be evaluated against costs. As

each disposal area (i.e., bottom ash and fly ash) is developed, it should also be managed to allow

future mining of ash based on future construction needs.

5.4 RESETTLEMENT

To mitigate impacts associated with resettlement, a Resettlement Action Plan for Shanghai

Waigaoqiao Thermal Power Project (RAP) was drafted in accordance with the World Bank's

Operational Directive (OD) 4.30 on Involuntary Resettlement and the relevant laws and

regulations of PRC and Shanghai. The three principal PRC and Shanghai regulations which

affect the RAP include the following:

I. The State Land Law (passed by the 16th session of the sixth congress in June 1986

and revised the 5th session of the seventh National Congress in December 1988),

Implementation Regulations of Land Law.

9651118C/5-55/29/97

2. Regulations of Shanghai on Using Land for Construction (issued from the No. I I

Order by the Shanghai Municipal Govermnent on January 19, 1972).

3. Implementation Regulations of Shanghai on Management of Housing resettlement

(issued from the No. 38 Order by Shanghai Municipal Government).

These regulations require that individuals must be compensated for loss of land, standing crops,

and resettlement. Formulas for compensation are provided in the provisions under the State Land

Law. Individuals being displaced by the project must be provided jobs and living subsidies must

be arranged for individuals unable to work.

In accordance with World Bank OD 4.30, the RAP includes the following:

Plan ContentOrganizational responsibilitiesCommunity Participation and Integration with Host PopulationSocioeconomic SurveyLegal frameworkValuation and Compensation for lost AssetsLand Tenure, Acquisition, and TransferAccess to Training, Employment, CreditShelter, Infrastructure, and Social Services, andImplementation Schedule, Monitoring, and Evaluation

The RAP will be carried out by the Land Planning Bureau of Pudong New Area and Land

Administration of Gaodong Town. A Resettlement Coordinating Group (PRT) composed of

representatives from all institutions and departments involved will be responsible for the

management, coordination, and monitoring of the RAP. Potentially affected persons have

participated throughout the planning phases of the project and will be actively involved in

implementation of the RAP.

Key characteristics and features of the RAP include the following:

1. The plan has been developed in a manner that ensures smooth resettlement and

rehabilitation of enterprises and residents that are affected by the project.

2. The plan will be implemented in stages that coincide with the various stages of project

implementation. This ensures that property appraisals and registration account books

are kept as timely as possible.

9651118C/5-65/29/97

3. Individual's income levels and standard of living will be reassessed one year after

completion of the project to ensure that the goals established in the RAP are achieved.

4. Affected properties will be compensated based on replacement costs of the property.

Where affected persons are provided replacement properties, the value of the

replacement assets will be equal to or greater than that of the affected assets.

5. Affected enterprises will be relocated to a location in close proximity to the residential

units of their employees and compensated at replacement cost. Staff and workers will

receive compensation equivalent to full salary during relocation of their enterprises.

6. Other affected persons will be provided with jobs in nonagricultural sectors. Eligible

elderly will be afforded old-age pension and specially compensated.

7. The costs to be incurred on land acquisition and resettlement are included in the

overall budget for the project. The total cost of land acquisition and resettlement is

estimated to be 403303740 RMB at 1996 prices.

8. Workers have a number of employment options under the resettlement plan in

nonagricultural work through township enterprises, state owned enterprises, or new

enterprises. Workers may also create specialized enterprises depending on their

individual skills and training.

9. Detailed measures and institutional responsibilities are assigned to ensure that rural

laborers and vulnerable groups are provided with gainful employment.

The project has taken all the necessary steps to ensure that persons potentially affected by the

project receive adequate support to relocate their households and maintain or improve their

earning potential. SMEPC and Shanghai authorities are committed to ensure that there is no

decline in standard of living as a result of the resettlement effort. In fact, if implemented

properly, the RAP should ensure that potentially affected persons receive improvement in their

quality of living.

5.5 MONITORING AND TRAINING PROGRAMS

SMEPC has incorporated a comprehensive monitoring program for Phase I of the Waigaoqiao

Power Project which will continue for Phases II and III. The program includes elements to

measure the air, water, ash, and occupational conditions. Initially, monitoring should be

conducted to determine conformance with manufacturers' guarantees provided for the equipment.

The methods for determining contract conformance should be specified prior to their use and be

9651118C/5-75/29/97

based on methodologies recognized as valid and appropriate to measure environmental emissions

and discharges. The monitoring programs recommended for Phases II and m are discussed in the

following paragraphs and summnarized in Table 5.5-1 and Table 5.5-2.

The SMEPC monitoring program includes comprehensive monitoring of both construction and

operational periods. During construction, environmental monitoring of dust emissions, runoff and

solid wastes will be performed. Any construction water discharge will be monitored for pH, total

suspended solids and other parameters depending upon the activities. Noise will be monitored

both on-site and in the surrounding community. Prior to formal commissioning of the Phase II

components, the project construction team will prepare an Acceptance Report on the Completion

of Environrental Protection Installations. The report must detail the environmental designs and

the operational characteristics of each regulated discharge. This report will be submitted to

Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Environmental Protection (SMBEP). SMBEP is responsible for

the review and approval of the environmental protection systems and the determining final

conformance with discharge limnitations. The SMBEP will evaluate all environmental discharges

including air ernissions from each unit, water discharges, noise levels and fugitive dust. Both on-

site and off-site compliance will be determined.

5.5.1 AIR MONITORING

Air monitoring will be conducted for both emissions and ambient air quality. Emission

monitoring will consist of continuous emission monitoring (CEM) and integrated stack

monitoring. CEM systems will be installed for sulfur dioxide, opacity, and nitrogen oxides. The

sulfur dioxide monitoring will determine the effectiveness of S02 reduction through the use of

coal with high calcium content ash and provide a basis to demonstrate conformance with the

SMBEP requirement for offsets from Sidongkou Plant 1, Units 1 and 2. CEM systems will be

installed on the Sidongkou units to manage and optimize the efficiency of the FGD system and

allow comparisons of the SO, emissions offset plan. Such data would also assist in the

implementation of a similar strategy for Phase III (i.e., installation of an FGD system on

Sidongkou Plant 1 Units 3 and 4). Stack monitoring will be conducted for particulate matter.

Stack monitoring will be conducted of the emission discharges from the coal and ash handling

systems.

9651118C/5-85/30/97

The ambient air monitoring system operated by SMBEP would continue to determine overall air

quality in the vicinity of the plant. SMEPC would augment this network with 2 additional

monitoring stations measuring particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. Locations

of maximum impacts identified in Section 3.1 should be considered as potential monitoring

locations. The monitoring methods would include continuous SO2 and NO, measurements and

integrated PM measurements. Meteorological monitoring and ambient air monitoring stations

would be located at one monitoring station which would allow determination of source attribution

in needed in the future. The overall SMBEP ambient monitoring network and the available

meteorological data are generally adequate for determining regional air quality.

5.5.2 WATER QUALITY MONITORING

Phase I of Waigaoqiao Power Plant has a water quality monitoring program to determine quality

of raw water, service water, and wastewater discharged to the environment. Monitoring of

relevant parameters is conducted on a routine basis at a laboratory located at the plant. Raw

water from the Yangtze River is monitored on a daily basis to determine treatment requirements.

The cooling water discharge is monitored for temperature and residual chlorine as well as periodic

chermical parameters. Wastewater is monitored routinely to determine treatment needs (e.g.,

neutralization requirements) and conformance with effluent criteria. The coal and ash storage

areas are sampled periodically to determine the quality of standing water within the storage areas

and the water quality in adjacent water bodies (i.e., the Yangtze River alongside of ash yards).

Monitoring will continue for Phases II and III.

As described in Section 3.1.3.1 (Thermal Discharges) and Section 3.2 (Ecological Environment),

the thernal discharge will exceed the World Bank guideline of 3°C. While impacts are expected

to be minimal, a monitoring program will be developed to assess the ecological impacts. The

program will be developed in conjunction with SMBEP based on input from professionals

knowledgeable of the ecosystem (e.g., Shanghai Academy of Sciences). A thermal monitoring

program protocol should be developed prior to construction of Phase II and implemented to assess

ecological impacts of the thermal plumes before and after Phase 11. The significance of any

ecological impacts should be the basis of mitigating thermal plumes during Phase III development.

9651118C/5-95/30/97

5.5.3 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MONITORING

SMEPC has a program of training and monitoring for occupational exposures. This program

includes periodic safety training and the use of personnel protection equipment in areas that

warrant safety and exposure precautions. The primary personnel protection measures include

mandatory use of hard hats in all plant equipment areas, hearing protection in areas where noise

could exceed 80 dBA, and dust masks in material handling areas (coal and ash handling and

storage). Periodic noise monitoring in the vicinity of plant equipment and surrounding areas (i.e.,

more than 15 sampling stations) is performed for Phase I to determine noise exposure levels; such

monitoring will continue for Phases n and m.

5.5.4 RESETTLEIENT

5.5.4.1 Trainin_ Associated ith Resettlement

Persons potentially affected by the project will be employed by non-agriculture enterprises and

receive labor training in specific areas required of their new jobs. Training institutes to be

utilized for this purpose include:

I. The Training School sponsored by the labor administration of Shanghai;

2. The Prefecture Employment Training Center of the district;

3. The Village and Township Training Center; and

4. The Factory Training Center.

The training duration will range from 1 to 3 months, varying in accordance with the nature of the

job. The training centers of the Pudong New Area mainly include:

1. Labor Management Center Training Institute of Pudong New Area;

2. The First Training Institute of Pudong New Area; and

3. The Second Training Institute of Pudong New Area.

5.5.4.2 Monitoring and SuDervision Associated with Resettlement

Implementation of land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation activities will be monitored

regularly to ensure that they are conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Resettlement

Action Plan. Monitoring activities will be two-fold: internal monitoring and independent

monitoring-

9651118C/5-105/30/97

Intemnal Monitoring and Supervision

Internal monitoring of the complete resettlement organization shall be undertaken by the CPD and

the PRT to ensure that all the responsible units follow the schedule and comply with the principles

of the RAP.

Indicators associated with resettlement to be monitored during the project include the following:

1. Payment of Compensation to the PAPs/units.

2. Allotmnent of house plots. The number of residents allotted with houses at the

scheduled time and the distance between the old and new houses shall be recorded. In

order to compare the conditions of the old and new houses, the houses to be removed

shall be photographed, and those photographs will be kept in the file records of the

project.

3. Provision of employment to eligible surplus labor within 3 months after land

acquisition. The PAP may select enterprise and will be paid a transitional subsidy

during the job stoppage period.

4. Rehabilitation of infrastructure and public buildings.

5. Payment of old-age pension to the eligible PAPs.

6. Payment of subsidy for the PAPs seeking jobs by themselves.

7. Allotment of sites for enterprises' resettlement 6 months before construction; payment

of compensation to the affected enterprises for the internal infrastructures and other

facilities, for the loss of salary of the workers of the enterprises to be relocated, and

for the production stoppage due to the project.

Information will be collected from the township/prefecture government and the labor

administrations once every 2 months and compiled in tables. On the basis of such information

collection, a database of monitored data and information will be set up at the CPD and updated

every 2 months. The data collection will be supported by the township/prefecture government.

The internal monitoring report will be prepared every 2 months according to the data and

information obtained from the survey tables. The report will be submitted to the leaders of the

CPD and Local Acquisition Business Affairs Service (LABAS) of Pudong New Area. The

internal monitoring report also will be submitted to the Shanghai Electricity Company and the

World Bank once every 4 months beginning in April 1997.

9651118C/S-115/30/97

Independent Monitoring

In order to ensure the effective implementation of the resettlement program, the CPD has

appointed the Economic, Legal and Social Consultancy Center of the Shanghai Academy of Social

Sciences (hereinafter referred to as "the Center") as the independent monitor and appraiser of the

land acquisition, resettlement, and rehabilitation component of the project.

The Center, established in 1980, offers a wide range of experts and scholars, including research

fellows, professors, senior economists, senior accountants, Certified Public Accountants, lawyers,

engineers, and others. The Center was examined and approved by the World Bank and is

considered one of the few domestic consulting institutions authorized to provide technical

assistance to World Bank projects.

A more detailed discussion on the methodology, participants, and indicators associated with

monitoring the effectiveness of the resettlement program is included in the RAP.

5.6 RISK MANAGEMENT

The operation of a power plant, like the Waigaoqiao Phase II Project has risks to the environment

associated with potential hazards. For power plants, these may include oil spills, chlorine leaks,

fires and chemical spills. Inspection of the Phase I operation indicated a dedicated infrastructure

for handling such occurrences. This includes a fire protection systems, chlorine isolation,

detection and venting system, oil spill precautions and cleanup equipment and containment for

chemical spills. For Phase II similar systems are anticipated although not yet designed. A risk

management plan is recommended for Phase II. Elements of the plan should include management

system, process safety information, process hazard analysis, offsite consequence analysis,

operational practices, training, incident investigation, emergency planning and response and

inernal compliance audits.

96S1118C4/3/97

Table 5.0-1 Mitigation Plan: Sununary of Issues/Mitigating Measures (Page I of 2)

Issue/Pollutant Mitigating Measure Responsibility

Flue-Dust emissions Use high efficiency (99.3 per cent) electrostatic precipitator Plant maintenance departmenit(ESP) to satisfy exit dust concentration limit of 100 mg/Nm3

Flue-Sulfur dioxide (SO2) * Use low sulfur coal (0.43 per cent). Fuel supply departmentemissions * High chimney (240 m).

* Reserve space for future FGD installation if necessary.* Install FGD at Shi Dong Kou (600 MW) to provide net

zero increase in SO2 for Shanghai Municipality("Bubble Concept")

Flue-Nitrogen oxides (NO1) Low NO, burner Plant maintenance departmentemissions

Noise * Silencer on boiler exhaust Environmental management unit* Maximum noise levels specified on bid documents

Ash leachate Ash surface rendered impermeable with rolling devices Plant maintenance departmentwill operate rolling devices at/orbetter than design levels

Effluent discharge to Yangtze River Sanitary wastewater: biotreatment Operations departmentIndustrial wastewater: physical/chemical treatment

Flyashi and slag disposal Fjyash will be moistened (20% water) transported by belt Operations departmentconveyor to barges, then by barge to the disposal yard whereit is further slurried, and pumped into the yard.

Slag will be ground, slurried and pumped to slag yard

Ash yard dust * Reclaim completed area with topsoillvegetation Operations department* Plant trees surrounding ash yard* Roll ash surface to render impermieable

9651118C4/4/97

Table 5.0-1 Mitigation Plan: Summary of Issues/Mitigating Measures (Page 2 of 2)

Issue/Pollutant Mitigating Measure Responsibility

Coal yard dust Water spray Coal yard workshop

Fuel storage: Wastewater treatment Coal: Coal conveyor workshop* Oil (oily water discharge) * Oil-water separator Oil: Boiler workshop* Coal (coal pile runoff) * Settling pondGroundwater contamination Impervious base for oil tanks

Dust: Coal conveyor area * Conveyors covered Coal yard workshop* Cyclone/baghouses at transfer points

Sediment: Water treatment plant Disposal at slag yard Operations department

Fire: Fuel storage Plant/storage area design and layout Firefighting managementdepartment

Toxic release: Chlorine storage Safety alarm/air evacuation/scrubber system Chemical workshop

Toxic release: Acid/alkali storage * Storage tank design/layout Chemical workshop* Corrosion resistant materials for tank construction* Alarm system* Eyewash system* Chemically resistant clothing for workers

Coal dust emissions: Coal jetty Water spray Chemical workshop

Noise Plant layout/design ECEPDI

Transmission line: Health Effects Transmission tower design ECEPDI

Source: SMEPC, 1996.

9651118C04/02/97

Table 5.1-1. S02 Air Quality Impacts Associated with the Installation of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)at Sidongkou Plant 1 Units I and 2 and Waigaoqiao Phase II using Low Sulfur Fuel

Maximum Impact Central Shanghai

Averaging Percent of Percent ofPlant and Scenario Modeled Time ug/m^3 Background ug/m'3 Background

Waigaoqiao Phase II Annual 1.5 3.00% 0.077 0.13%24-hour 35.1 36.95% 4.322 2.12%

Sidongkou Plant 1 Annual 4.8 9.60% 0.451 0.74%Units 1 and 2 without FGD 24-hour 89.2 93.89% 8.748 4.29%

Sidongkou Plant I Annual 0.85 1.70% 0.070 0.11%Units 1 and 2 with FGD 24-hour 20.5 21.58% 0.932 0.46%

Sidongkou Plant 1 Amnual -3.95 -7.90% -0.381 -0.62%Units 1 and 2 net reduction 24-hour -68.7 -72.32% -7.816 -3.83%

Reduction with FGD at Annual -82.29% -67.41%Sidongkou 24-hour -77.02% -39.94%

Background Air QualityWaiqaoqiao/Sidongkou Annual 50

24-hour 95Central Shanghai Annual 61.2

24-hour 204

9651118C05/30/97

Tabie 5.5-1. Environimncal aikd Trailiig Programils for Waigaoqiao Powcr Plant Project

Einvirteii\\tietat EttyiUotmtatial MDIpitoiintg ExsasResource Type Locationi Frequcncy Parameters Method Responsibility

Emilissionis CEM Stack Cotilnuous Opacity, S02 aind NOx Flue Gas Monitoring and EnivironntentalAutomiatic Ilnrunments Malnageittetl Unit

Air Quality Amilbienti Downiwind anid towin ContinuouslDaily 502; NOx; TSP Automatic Intruments; lli-Vol Power PlantIn-Plaill Ash yard-Up/Dowitwiiid 2 days/iontilt TSP Ili-Vol Environunental

Coal Yard 4 days/month TSP Ili-Vol MonitoritigCoal Convcyor-Tratssfer points 2 days/tmonth TSP Hi-Vol Section (PPEMS)

Meteorology Metereorological At I attsbieit inottitoritig statiolt Continuous Wind speed/direction Continuous instruments PPEMSTower Temperature/Huinidity

Pressure/Solar Radiation

Water litiake Iilegrated Cooling water Intake Daily TDS, TSS, pil. cations Standard Wet Chemistry and Operations Dept.anions Automated Methods

Water Disclarge hIitegrated Coolitig water discharge Daily Temperature. Cl Tenip. Probe; Cl analyzer Operations Dept.

Ilnegrated Cooliisg water discharge Seasonal Ecological TOD TDB

Iliegrated Water treatment diseharge Once/10 days pil. SS, oil/grease, COD pH meter. turbidity metter, PPEMSSewage Discharge BOD hexarne extract, COD/BOD Analyzer

linegrated Oily wastes-Oil Water Separator 2 tiites/Mottilt Oil & Grease Hlexane extract PPEMSOultlet

5tnIitcgrated Coal Jetty Once/Month Oil & Grease Hexane extract PPEMS

Ilnegraied Builer Cleatailg After treatiutueil pH pH mileter PPEMS

Yatigtze River litiegrated 2 locations upstream and down- Once/Month pH. SS. oil/grease. COD pH meter, turbidity metier. PPEMSstream of effluent discharge BOD hexatne extract. COD/BOD Analyzer

Nuise Ittiegrated Plant equipment: niain power Four tiies/Mouitih A-Weigihted decibels(dBA) Portable precisioti noise meter: PPEMSsysteiiis anid auxiliary buildings I miieter fronit equipittertt

Initegrated Outside Platit Boundary-sensitive Four tines/Month dBA Pottable precision noise meter PPEMSreceptors

Elecnronsagnetic iltegrated Major population areas in the Once/Year Kilovolls/nseter (kV/m) Electric Field Monitor PPEMSradiation viciuity of tramisittissioi Iiine

Occupatintial Orientation Plant Classroom At employinent or Exposure and Safety Classroom PPEMSTrainilg assignmeen to plant

Follow-up Plait Classroom Seciti-aimnual Exposure and Safety Classroom PPEMS

Operation Super-critical tufit Sinsulator/Conttol Rooms Initial/operation Safety Classroom/Control Roons Vendoroperatioii

Soure:SMTBDEPC 19 9el6. iiedSource: SMEPC, 1996.

9651118C4/4/97

Table 5.5-2. Labor Safety and Health Monitoring

Item Monitored Area Location Device Frequency Responsibility

Fire Tank leaks Oil storage * Observation Fire Daily Operations staffDetection

* Alarm system Automatic

Toxic gas release Chlorine tanks leaks Chlorine storage * Observation Daily Environmentalarea Alarm system Management Unit

* Vent gas scrubber 3-4 times/year Operations staff

Fire/ Explosion Hydrogen gas Hydrogen generator * Hydrogen Continuous Enviromnentalventilation system plant detectors Management Unit

* Firefighting 3-4 times/yearsystem drill/check

Toxic release Acid/Alkali system Hazardous chemical * Observation Daily Operations staffstorage * Water wash 3-4 times/year Environmental

Management Unit

Source: SMEPC, 1996.

9651118C/REF5/30/97

REFERENCES

Chinese Academy of Aquaculture, East Sea Institute of Aquaculture. 1989. A Feasibility Studyof the Project of Shanghai Gaoqia Power Plant: Environmental Impact Assessment onWater Bodies.

Department of Energy, PRC, and East China Electric Power Design Institute and The ChineseAcademy of Aquiculture. 1989. East Sea Institute of Aquiculture. A Feasibility Study onthe Project of Ahanghai Gaoqiao Power Plant, Environmental Impact Assessment on WaterBodies. Shanghai, China. Translated by: Binhe Gu and Ge Sun.

East China Electric Power Design Institute Academy, Ministry of Energy, PRC. 1992. BeijingResearch Institute for Hydrology. Chinese Academy of Hydraulic and Electric PowerSciences. Engineering Designs for Water Discharge and Intake. A Study on the Impact ofThermal Discharge of the Shanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant. Translated by Liyong Li andGe Sun.

East China Electric Power Design Institute. 1997. Coal Supply and Coal Analysis Report forPhase II Project of Waigaoqiao Power Plant.

Lucas, G. and H. Synge. 1978. The IUCN Plant Red Data Book. Threatened Plants Committeeof the Survival Service Conmnission of the International Union for Conservation of Natureand Natural Resources. Gresham Press, Surrey, England.

Pan, Holdsworth, and Hunt. 1995. The Odyssey Illustrated Guide to Shanghai, 3rd Edition.The Guidebook Company Lirmited. Hong Kong.

Ren M, Zhang R, and Yang J. 1983. Sedimentation on the Tidal Mud Flat of China: withSpecial Reference to Wanggang Area, Jiangsu Province. In: Proceedings of InternationalSymposium on Sedimentation on the Continental Shelf with Special Reference to the EastChina Sea. China Ocean Press, Beijing, China.

Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Bureau (SMEPB) and East China Electric Power DesignInstitute. 1996a. Environrnental Impact Assessment Report for Phase II Project ofShanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant.

Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company (SMEPB) and East China Electric Power DesignInstitute. 1996b. Feasibility Study Report for Phase II Project of Shanghai WaigaoqiaoPower Plant.

Shanghai Academy of Sciences. 1996. Personnel Conmmunication.

Wang K, Su J, and Ding L. 1983. Hydrologic Features of the Changjiang Estuary. In:Proceedings of International Symposium on Sedimentation on the Continental Shelf withSpecial Reference to the East China Sea. China Ocean Press, Beijing, China.

Zhirong, Wang (Chief Ed.). 1990. Farrmland Weeds in China. Agricultural Publishing House.

APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF CONTACTS -ENVIRONENTAL ASSESSMENT

WAIGAOQIAO PHASE II POWER PROJECT

9651118CIAPPA-112126/96

APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF CONTACTS - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTWAIGAOQIAO PHASE II POWER PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc. (KBN), a Golder Associates Company, assembled a

field team consisting of Mr. Kennard Kosky and Mrs. Jeanne Maltby to conduct a field visit to

Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China from October 24, 1996 through November 3, 1996. Mr.

Shaun Xie, a local Golder Associates employee opening an office in Shanghai, participated in

most of the visits and meetings. The purpose of the field visit was to obtain background

information related to the environmental assessment (EA) being conducted by KBN for the

Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company's (SMEPC) Waigaoqiao Phase II Power Project.

The EA will be subrnitted to the World Bank as part of a loan program. The EA being conducted

by KBN will utilize much of the analyses performed by the East China Electric Power Design

Institute (ECEPDI). The ECEPDI conducted an environmental assessment for submittal internally

to the Central Government of PRC.

SMEPC REPRESENTATIVES

The major participants from SMEPC included:

1. Mr. Huang Xim (SMEPC) - responsible for the EA management and planning of the

Waigaoqiao Phase II Project.

2. Mr. Wang Ji-en (ECEPDI) - engineer responsible for the internal EA.

3. Ms. Ma Qiong Yun (SMEPC) - engineer at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant working on

environmental matters.

4. Ms. Ye Xin Fu (SMEPC) - engineer assigned to Waigaoqiao Phase II Project responsible

for environmental matters.

5. Mr. Yuan Guo (ECEPDI) - manager of the environmental protection departrnent under

which the internal EA was conducted.

SITE VISITS

A site visit of the Waigaoqiao Phase I Power Plant and the areas designated for Phase II

development were conducted. This included documentation of existing facilities and obtaining

information on the environmental performance of the Phase I project. Currently, 2 units of the

9651118C/APPA-212/26/96

4x300-MW Phase I Project are operating. Since the Phase II project will relocate about 1,000

persons at a village near the site, a walk-over of the village and an interview of local residents

was made. A noise survey was also conducted.

Two site visits to the ash disposal area for Phase I/II were conducted. The Phase I ash area has

been constructed but is currently not used, since all ash is used for the construction industry. The

visits were performed to conduct a noise survey, performn a walk-over qualitative ecological

survey and conduct an interview with local residents.

A visit to the Sidongkou Power Plant was made to inspect the area where the flue gas

desulfurization (FGD) system will be installed. An interview with the plant manager about the

FGD system was conducted.

A partial wind-shield survey was conducted of the 500-kV transmission line that will be

constructed for Phase II. In addition, an inspection of the type of corridors and structures used

for 500-KV transmission lines was conducted.

MEETINGS WITH GOVERN1ENTAL REPRESENTATTVES

Meetings were conducted with various governmental organizations to obtain informnation for the

EA (other than those with SMEPC and ECEPDI). These included:

Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Environtmental Protection (SMBEP);

Mr. Zhao Bing Kui, Deputy Director

Shanghai Municipal Planning Design Institute;

Mr. Chen Ke Sheng, Vice Director

Shanghai Meteorological Center;

Mr. Xu Suo Zhao, Deputy Director

Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences;

Mr. Shuyu, Director, and

Mr. Yin Haowen, Vice Director

9651118CMAPPA-312/26/96

INFORMATION GATHERED

The following list contains the information obtain during the field visit.

1. Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Bureau andeast China Electric Design Institute, April 1996, Shanghai

2. Feasibility Study Report for Phase II Project of Shanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant (Revisededition), Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Bureau and east China Electric DesignInstitute, May 1996, Shanghai

3. Handbook of Regulations on Environmental Protection in China, Beijing MunicipalEnvironmental Protection Bureau, English Translation by Resources for the Future (Dr. LuRuilan), February 1992, resources for the Future, Washington, DC.

4. CaO Study Results, ECEPDI, (in Chinese)

5. Results of Effluent Discharge Study, ECEPDI, (in Chinese)

6. Results of Aquatic/Benthic Study, ECEPDI, (in Chinese)

7. Transmission Line Design Configuration, hand drawn during meeting with ECEPDI,October 29, 1996

8. Air Quality Monitoring Data, ECEPDI, EXCEL Tables

9. Background Noise Measurements and Monitoring Locations, ECEPDI, 2 pages

10. Conceptual Design Report, ECEPDI, 1996 (In Chinese)

11. Shanghai Municipal Environmental Requirements, Standing Committee of the TenthPeoples representative committee, December 8, 1994, Published January 21, 1995,Shanghai

12. Map of Shanghai Pudong New Area

13. TOCs of training manuals for plant managers, inspectors, operators, Waigaoqiao PowerPlant

14. Emnissions Data for Sidongkou and Zabei Power Plants, ECEPDI

15. Map of Greater Shanghai (1:120,000)

16. Phase II Drawings F1072CY-S-...A. Piping and Trench Layout (06)B. Flow Diagram of Circulating Water System (04)C. Section 1-1 (Cross Section of Intake Structure) (11)D. Intake/discharge Tunnel Layout (10)E. Plot Plan Scheme 1 (03)

9651118CIAPPA-412126196

17. Waigaoqiao Water Analyses, SMEPC

18. Coal Pier Schematic, ECEPDI

19. Wujing Sulfur Removal Report, SMEPC, 10/96

20. FGD Consent Memo, SMEPB, 1996

21. Water Quality Discharge Monitoring Results, Waigaoqiao, East China Power Bureau,10/5/96

22. One-time Coal Analysis, East China Power Bureau, 4/8/96

23. Noise Monitoring Results (Occupational), 8/19/96

24. A Study for Waigaoqiao Power Plant Phase II Project, Connecting to Power System,ECEPDI, 9/96, Shanghai

25. Map: The Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai Urban Planningand Design Institute, 10/91

26. Engineering Drawing, Waigaoqiao Phase I, T0201-02

27. Phase I Ash StorageA. Engineering Drawing, G02-03B. Engineering Drawing, G02-02

28. Shanghai Environmental Bulletin, SMEPB, 1995

APPENDIX B

AREA PHOTOGRAPHS

I.:,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ac I under I -

1 ,,l < .... rl 1,.. Iwm 1 )vZ1n 1 z-A 1 - .

Iremic View of Worgaoq.oo Power PIa,,l Sitese Iunder COn$tfk,CtiOn WeSI 90 e.S1 ViCW)

'996 '2 4 Sh-ngho.-W.q.ooq,oo ghoo 2 C.9.

X _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ..... .. =__

B-2 Waigaoqiao Power Project Plant Site:Phase IlIl Coal Pile Area (middle); Phase I Coal Pile and Handling Area (foreground)

(northwest view from Phase I, Unit 1)

-'='%~

B3 Waigaoqiao Power Project Plant Site:

Yangtze River and Bottom Ash Disposal Area (background)Phase II Coal Pile and Handling Area (middle foreground)

(northeast view from Phase I, Unit 1)

.- _ __~

1996&'2 4XSnongho.-Woigoo- Ohoo ohol

B4 Waigaoqiao Power Project: Phase I Cooling Water Intake Structure(south view from Phase I coal pier)

- -& ~ ., - _-

.~~~ :.4-

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..

B-5 Waigaoqiao Power Project: Phase I Power Plant, Units 1 4 (right to left)(west view from Phase I coal pier)

996-12 4-Snongno.WoigooqQoo pnoCo

-~ ~ ~ .--. .). .,07.~~~~~~~~~I

- -:---.*~-a -

B-6 Waigaoqiao Power Project: Bottom Ash (Slag) Disposal Area(east view from eastern boundary)

i,_- "ws IQ E

B-7 Waigaoqiao Power Project: Bottom Ash Disposal Area

(Phase I Coal Unloader in Background)(north view from eastern boundoary)

... .. .

19902 4

Srongnowgooq, 0 o pPo1

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Phase I Fly Ash Disposal Area(west view from northwest boundary of Phase I fly ash di'sposal area)

- _E5 - _ - - _r~hiR

'996-12 A Shongho.-Wogoooo ,O 3C-9-

.__ f~~ ~~~ __..- ,_

_ -,-- ,_%-,_ _

B-10 Waigaoqiao Power Project, Phase I Fly Ash Disposal Area:

Inside Bermed Area(west view from northern boundary)

*= ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Isd Bermed Arec

(sout t . -: _

. . .. . - .. '

;saa _ ~~~~~~~~~~-A~S- 4;..s

s . ,, s r *,- - -s . - I' o .

K~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r .., _ _ ., - .

B-li Waigaoqiao Power Project, Phase I Fly Ash Disposal Area:

Inside Bermed Area(southwest view from northern boundary)

1990.:2 4Shonqno-wo,ooqoo ono''

Northern Boundary with Yangtze River(northwest view)

.~~~~~3

Downstream of Yangtze River(south view from northeastern boundary)

i990- 2 d Shangho,W\io,9 0 0 9 ,o pho'o 2 39

- 0 30 9

B-14 1996 Shanghai Municipal Planning Map, 1:25,000 scale

-A,~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~-

B . . - H

B-15 Typical 500-kv Transmission Tower, Cat Head Design

1996 12 4 Shong-o Wo goo-qo -o o

_-_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W

Freshwater Shrimp (Prawn) Fishing Inside Area(view from northern berm)

B-17 Waigaoqiao Power Project, Phase I Fly Ash Disposal Area:Cattle Grazing Inside Bermed Area(northeast view from western berm)

LEGEND FOR 1996 SHANGHAI LAND USE PLAN (PHOTOGRAPH)(SCALE 1: 25,000)

Ci~.olor Land Use

Brown IndustrialYellow ResidentialWhite AgriculturalGreen Greenland (Open land)Blue Public Use

I I I 4

APPENDIX C

PUBLIC MEETING MINUTES

Public Meeting for Phase II Projectof

Shanghai Waigaoqioa Power.Plant

Agenda

L.Timeanddateofthe meeting: 10:00 - 11:30 AM December9,1996

2. Place for the meeting: Multi - Function Hall of Shanghai Waigaoqiao PowerPlant

3. Person in charge of the meeting: ReaNaimong ( Deputy director of Planning Department,SMEPB)

4. Activities:1) 9: 00 am Visitto the powerplant

2) 10:00 Meeting starteda. Opening remarks (by Jing Congqian, diector of Waigaoqiao Power Plant)

b. * Brief introduction of Phase 11 Project of Waigoqiao Power Plant (by Che Shengang,Planning Department, SMEB) on:

Fuel and tnsportation, plant site planning, heavy parts transportation, plant capacity, coalconsumption, water consumption, network situation.

$ Brief introduction of the procedure for project review and approval (by Che Shengang,Planning Department, SMEPB) including domestic procedure and World Bank procedure.

See Attachment I

*Brief introduction of project land utiizEidon (by Kong Hailin -fom Shanghai CitYPlanning Administration and Zheng Minqig from Shanghai Municipal Real Estate Bureau)including: land uilizaton plan for the plant site, ash yard and the procedure for approval; theutilization plan of plant site and ash yard bank line and the procedmre for approval

See Attachment II & III (procedure for approval)

* Brief introduction on environmental impact assessment [by environment protectionengineer Wang Ji of East China Electric Power Design Institute (ECEPDI)):

Quantity of ash and clinker disposal, the dirction of discharged water, quantity of stackflue gas emission, mann influenced region and procedure of impact

* Brief introduction of various environment protection measures (by environmentprotection engineer Wang Ji of ECEPD1):

The consideration of installing FGD in Shi Dongkou Power Plan$ The control measuresagainst flue gas, waste water, ash and clinker, noise.

c. Other participants speak at the meeting (see Minutes of Meeting)

13/12 '96 11:53 e0086 21 63291440 SMEPB J002

Minutes of the Public Meetingfor Phase II Project of

Shanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant

December 9, 1996 Multi-fuction Hall of Waigaoqiao Power Plant

Person in charge of the meetingRen Nianrong ( Deputy Director of the Planning Department, SMEPB)

1. Jiang Congqiao (Director of Waigaoqiao Power Plant) Opening rematks

2. Che Shengang (Person in charge of power sources, Planning Department, SMEPB) -Brief

introduction of project and procedure of project review and approval.

3. Kong Hailin (Engineer from the Constuction AdminListative Department of Shnngbtai CityPlanning Administration)- Introduction of land utilization plan and the prcedure of itsapprovaL

4. Zheng Minqiang ( in charge of the Construction Land Utilization Department of ShangaiMunicipal Real Estate Bureau) - Introduction of the procedure of land utilizaton approval

5. Wang Ji (Engineer from the Environment Protecton Departnent of ECEPD1) - Introductionof various enviromnent protection control measures and environmental impact assessment

6. Other participants speak at the meeting:(1) Shen Chensheng (Vice country head of Gaodong Town)

We visit the power plant before noon aad we know that the Phase II Project is going tobe constructed, the villagers pay close attention to it Ihe Phase I Project of the Power Plant iswell managed, and its afforestation is excellent The technology of the Phase II Project is moreadvanced, and we believe that it will be better. A lage amount of pre-stage work is expected tobe done before the construction of the Phase II Project. Based on the cooperative experienceduring Phase I Project, we shall again posiively coordinate with the Power Plant for constructionof Phase II Project The villagers understand the cument deficiency of electric power in Shnnghai.We shall support the Project and participate in protectng the benefit of the villagers.

(2) Fang Guoyong (Gaodong Industrial Company)Inl order to give a steady growth of the local economy, an annual increase of 4000 KVA

is necessary, corresponding to an investment of 60 million RMB- The foreign trade commoditiesare incmasing in our country, new enterprises are to be constructed, so there will be everincreasing in the demand of electricity. In summer, due to the limitation of the power supply, theproduction of foreign trade commodities is affected, so we expect early construction and earlycommission of Phase II Project, which would obviously benefit us. We shall carry out the workwhich should be done well for the sake of the power plant construction and spare no effort to thecoordination by taking the interests of the whole into account

(3) Hualig 7hfil (member of Village Commitee of Yan Cang Town)The development of enterprises needs power, the improvement of living standard also

Attachment IProcedure for the Review and Approval

for Phase II Project ofShangbai Waigaoqiao Power Plant

1. Domestic Procedure

A Project Proposal should be submitted by the construction unit - Shanghai Municipal

Electric Power Bureau (SMEPB) to Shanghai Municipal Planing Commission (SMPC) and East

China Electric Power Adminisaion (ECEPA). Having been reviewed by ECEPA and SMPC, it

is reported to the Ministry of Electic Power (MOEP). After initial review of MOEP, it is further

reported to the State Planning Commission (SPC) for approvaL After approvaI of SPC, SMEPB

should submit the Feasibility Study Report of the Project according to the above procedure.

When the Feasibility Study Report has been finally approved by SPC,. SMEPB, as a

construction unit, should submit a Project Commencement Report to MOEP, and MOEP, after

review, should submit it to SPC. After approval of SPC, the. constuction of the Project may

formaly start

2. World Bank Procedure

When-the Project has been placed in the list using World Bank loan by Chinese Government,

the Bank will carry out pre-appraisal for the Project When the Pre-appraisal Report is agreed by

the Bank after internal examination, formal appraisal of the Project will be carzied out. When the

formal appraisal has been adopted, the Ministy of Finance wi cairy out negotiaton on Loan

Agreement with the Bank. When the Loan Agreement has been signed, it should be fily

approved by the Executive Board of Directors of the Bank

Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Bureau(SMEPB)

4-'OO! BdWS 0'ttgCg9 TZ 9900 SS:TT 96. ZT/CI

Attachment laProcedure for the Review and Approval

of Planned Land Utiliztion forShanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant

1. It has been agreed that the land for construction of Phase II Project of Waigaoqiao Power

Plant is to be extended eastward from the existng plant site. The actual area of land needed will

be apprised and decided according to actual requiremnt after approval of General Layout.

scheme.

2. Procedure for Application

1) After approval of the Project Proposal, an application for Site Selection of the Constuction

Project should be submitted to SMIPB.

2) After approval of the Feasibility Study Report and General Layout scheme, an application

for License of Constmction Lamd Ulization Plan should be submitted to SMPB.

3) After review of working drawings, an application for License of Construction Project Plan

should be submitted to SWB.

Shanghai City Planning Administration

(SI 0B)

Soo it cidaws Ott'6M9 Tr 9900Os 9SVTT 96. ZT/RT

Attachment mProcedure for the Review and Approval

of Land Utilization forShanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant

1. On the land utilization for Phase II Project of Waigaoqiao Power Plant, positive support andenthusiastic service will be afforded by SMREB to assist in coordinafing any contradictionsduring land requisition. After the planned site selection has been decided and approved, SMREBwill pay close attention in review and approval of the land required.

2. After approval of the planned site selection, the construction unit should submit to SMREBan application for land utilization with atached Feasibility Study Report or other docmnentsapproved according to the State construction procedure together with License for ConstructionGround Utlization Plan.

3. After reviewing the application and relevant matials submitted SMREB will consult withrelated district and county govermment where the plant site is located regarding any comments onproject land utilization. After agreement, the actual area of land needed will be surveyed anddetermined.

4. When the required materials for land utlization are complete, a document for approving landutilization will be conducted by SMREB. After resettlement and compensation ( an agreementregarding whole responsibilty for the cost of land requisition should be signed) a document forthe Approval of Construction Land will then be issued.

Shanghai Municipal Real Estate Bureau(SMREB)

9OO0J Bd3S Olt16Z*9 IZ 9800~ LS:TT 96. ZT/£T

List of Invited persons for Public Meeting

No. Nnme Unit Post/Occupation No. Name Unit Post/Occupation No. Name Unit PostlOccuI N.R.Ren Dept. of Planning, Deputy Director 16 Zh.F.Huang Yancang Village Branch Secrctary 31 M.Q.Huang Yancang village village

SMEPC Committee No.7 team2 Sh.G.Che Dept. of Planning, Enginecr 17 Y.H.Xu Yancang Village Hoader 32 G.H.Lu Yanicang village village

SMEPC Committee No.7 team3 J.M.Shen Dept. of Planning, Senior Engineer 18 G.P.Xu Yancang village teacher 33 D.Y.Xu Yancang village village

SMEPC School No.7 team4 C.Q.1iang W.G.Q.Power Plant Director 19 M.H.Huang Yancang village teacher 34 R.Q.Liu Yancang village village

School No.7 team5 Ch.Q.LI W.O.Q.Power Plant Deputy Director 20 J.C.Llu Entity In Manager 35 W.M.Ji Yancang village village

Yancang village No.7 team6 M.P.Yu W.G.Q.Power Plant Engineer 21 Y.ZhI.Lu Yancang village villager 36 S.N.Ch Yancang village l4cadei

No.5 team No.1 team7 D.Wang W.O.Q.Power Plant Engineer 22 a.Q.Xu Yancang village villager 37 Y.Zh.Zhang Yancang village villagc

No.5 team No.6 toamS H.L.Kong No. I District planning Engineer 23 H.H.Sun Yancang village villager9 Dept, SCPA . No.5 team9 M.Q.Zheng SMHLAB Engineer 24 C.P.Lu Yancang village villager

v) No.5 team10 J.Wang ECEPDI Eiivironmental 25 F.X.Zhang Yancang Village Accountant

Engineer Committee11 Ch.Sh.Sheng Ciaodong Town Vice Mayor 26 G.B.Tang Yancang village villager

Government No.6 team. 12 G.R.Wu Oaodong Town Header of Office 27 X.F.Xu Yancang village villagerC.' Government No.6 teamCD 13 M.Fcng Gaodong Industry Co. Vice Manager 28 X.M.Huang Yancang village villager

No.6 team14 M.D.Lu Gaodong Land Manager 29 J.P.Zhang Yancang village Electrician

ao Planning Institute0 15 Sh.L.Zhong Gaodong Labor Manager 30 J..l-luang Yancang village villager

Service Institute No.7 team

SMEPC: Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company W.G.Q.Power Plant: Waigaoqiao Power PlantECEPDI: East China Electric Power Design Institute SMHLAB: Shanghai Municipal Housing and Land Administration BureauSCPA: Shanghai City Planning Administration

(~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Brief Introduction of Second Phase Project ofShanghai Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant

l. Forew,ord

The Shaghai Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant is located in the

Pu Dong New Area at the south bank of Yangzi River mouth,

7.5km in the west of Wu Song Mouth of Huang Pu River. The

west neighbour of the Plant is Wai Gao Qiao New Harbour

lkm to the east of the Plant is Shanghai Sewage

Confluence Zhu Yuan Discharge Outlet. South of the plant

is Hai Xu road (outer loop of Shanghai). By the south

side of Hai Xu road is Wai Gao Qiao Bonded Zone. The

Plant is 20km from the city center. See Attachment I.

According to Shanghai Planning Department and Shanghai

Dock Board, the plant area including bank line is from

east to west 1.8km long, from north to south 0.8km wide,

the area occupied is 144 hectares. The total capacity of

Wai. Gao Qiao Power Plant will be 4,800MW. In the first

phase project four 300MW units will be installed, and

will occupy -47 hectares. In the remaining area, four

900MW grade units can be installed.

- The earlier stage work for extension of two 900MW

grade coal-fired generating units in the second. phase of

Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant was started in 1992.

On December 17, 1995. Ministry of Electric- Power

submitted the Project Proposal for the second phase

project to State Planning Commission, endeavouring to

utilize the loan from international financinginstitutions for construction of two 1,000MW units. State

Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance have agreedin principle to list the project into the World Bank FY

97 Loan Schedule. According to the electric powerdevelopment plan- for the year .2000 and reasonable

constuction period is strived to be started in early 1998,the. first unit is expected to be put in commission in the

year 2003.During the overall planning of the first, second and

third Project of Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant, it has beenconsidered that after completion of the first phase

project, the costruction of the second phase project will

be started successively.

goo0 5JS OFtI6-Z9 IZ 9a00: 96. ZT/J

2.Electric Power System

The Shanghai electric power network is an important

part of East China power system including systems of

three provices and one municipality. It is one of the

main load center of East China electric power network. By

the end of year 1995, in Shanghai electric power network

coal-fired power generation units of a total capacity of

6,828.5MW were running in 13 power plants (among which 8

plants are governed by Shanghai Municipal Electric Power

Bureau) located along the south bank of Yangzi River

mouth, north coast of Hang Zhou Bay and along the bank

line of Huang Pu River. Since the implementantion of

reformation and bpening policy, followed the development

of industrial and agricultural roduction, the power

supply load in Shanghai electric power network is

increasing year by year. In. 1995, the peak load of the

nerwork reached 6,916MW 14% Higher than 1994.

According to the power load forecast, in the year

2000, the peak load of Shanghai will reach 11,600MW.

Considerring 20% spare capacity, even if the second phase

of Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant were counted in electric

power balance, the hanghai network around the. year 2000

would still lack power. So speeding up the construction

of Wai Gao Qiao second phase project is very important

for relaxing the electric power supply in Shanghai.

Now, Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant first phase project is

under construction. The units are connected to the system

with 220kv voltage transmission lines. Tatally 10

circuits of outgoing lines are designed, among wihch 7

cirrcuits will be constructed earlier.

The second phase units will be connected to the system

with 500kv transmission lines. The Yang Yang-Yang Gao

500kv line in planning is situated only lkm from the

plant site. So it is considered that this line will be

broken at and looped into the plant site in order to

promote the completion of 500kv ring network in shanghai.

From the power plant to Yang Hang there are two circuits,

to Yang Gao also two circuits.

3. General Plan Layout (See Attachment II)

3.1 Constuction Site

The constuction area for Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant

second phase project will be located at the extension end

600 2 eWS OttT6ZV9 TZ 9S00. 0o:ZT 9f ZT/VT

of the first phase project and will occupy 45 hectares.

Now this site is the area used by the- construction unit

and partly farmland.

3.2 Bank line. Navigation. Wharh and Coal Transportation

The front of plant site is close to Yangzi River deep

water, the distance from the -lOm deep water line to the

bank is about 400m. The -lOn deep waterway is already

navigable, the water region condition is good. It is a

good deep water wharf construction zone. The power plant

has already got 1.8km bank line. Three coal unloading

wharfs for 35,000t sea ships, one ash wharf 35,000t sea

ships and three water inlets and three discharge outlets

for the eight unitts can be arranged in this 1.8km bank

line. For the first phase project, one coal unloadinng

wharf for 35,000t sea ships for unloading 5,400,000t of

coal per year, one ash disposal wharf, one water inlet

and discharge outlet have been constructed. The second

phase project will construct one coal unloading wharf for

35,000t sea ships, one more water inlet and discharge

outlet and expand the ash wharf. It is entirely feasible.

The coal unloadinng capacity then will attain 10,800,GOOt,

enough to 8,000,000 to 9,OO0,OOOt of coal per year for

3,OOOMW installed unitts.

The coal for Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant phase II project

is transported by railway from Shen-Fu coal mining area

to Qing Huang Dao Harbour. than by sea shipping via yellow

sea, East China Sea and passes though the new navigation

couse of Chang Jiang Kou to power plant wharf.

3.3 Principler of Genmeal Plan Layout

The priciples considered in the general plan layout

are: the plant site occupied area approved by the

Municipal Planning Department is within 1,800m of bank

line; integrated planning of the second and third phase

coal yard and coal transfer yard; integrated planing of

the second and third phase water intake and discharge

outlet,integrated planning of the second and third phase

coal unloading wharf, ash disposal wharf and coal trasfer

wharf; to reserve the position for oil transfer storage

tank and oil wharf during planning. The location of

production management and living service facilities for

the power plant has aleady been planned unitarily at thesouth-west corner of the plant site, originally the front

OoOIO! SJ OttT6ZID9 TZ 9O Tnl:zr R- _________

area of the plant in first phase project.

The general plan layout shown in Attachment II, the

distance between the second phase main power block is

240m. The auxilliary production structures of the second

and third project will be arranged here. The second phase

500kv distribution equipment will be GIS, arranged at the

east side of grid control building. The desulphurizing

area is reserved at the north side of the chimney.

The second phase coal yard is arranged in an area

between the main power block and river bank, the third

phase coal yard will be located in the slag filled area

and the original coal transfer yard, but the transer yard

function is still reserved.

It is cosidered in the second phase to construct the

third berth of the coal unloading wharf, in the third

phase project the second berth will be extended. The

first phase ash disposal wharf will be utilized for the

second phase. The coal transfer wharf will be kept.

The reserved position for oil transfer storage tank

and oil transfer wharf will be considered at the

extension end of the third phase.

3.4 Coal Bandling System and Layout

The first phase project of Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant

needs 3,000,000t of coal every year. Our government has

arranged Shen fu-Dong Sheng low sulphur excellent power

coal for the plant. The two 900MW grade coal- fired units

constructed in the second phase project will need

4,800,000t of coal. We have already reported and

requested our government to arrange also Shen Fu-Dong

Sheng excellent power coal.

Coal is transported by .35,000t sea ships directly to

the power plant coal wharf. The power plant coal yard

storage capacity is designed to be 450,000t, enough to

supply coal for 25 days operation of two 900MW grade

units. To esure safe operation of the power plant, a dry

coal shed will be set up, its storage capacity is enough

for four days, operation of the two 900MW grade unitts.

3.5 Ash Disposal and Ash Tazd

The ash yard of Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant is located at

Yangzi River beach, 14km down stream the plant site. It

is planned to dike 10km of the beach above 0 meter deep

line to form an ash yard. Now the ash yard of the first

TTOI11 HdSIlS OtI6ZC9 IZ 90ggb. Zo:Zl 96. Zi,v

phase four 300MW units have been construction. This ash

yard may be extended to down stream according to actual

operating condition and constructed in phases. If it is

needed to further expand the ash storage capacity.

Ash disposal is considered according-to the following

principles: d_y ash discharged in dry state; coarse and

fine ash discharged separately; ash and slag discharged

separately. After being wetted from ash wharf the ash is

transported by ships to ash *yard, and arranged for

comprehensive utilization and transported by land.

3.6 Water Source Conditioni

The Wai Gao Qiao Power Plant is located at Yangzi

River outlet mouth to the sea, the quantity of water is

abundant, enough to supply the power plant as once

through circulating cooling water. Mathematical

simulating calculation and physical simulating tests of

the temperature field around the intake and dischargehave been carried out. The answers are the water intake

and discharge outlet temperature are well below the

control standard. The living tap water 3,500m3/day is

supplied by local water company and it will be enough for

the first and second phase living water. Other water is

taken from Yangzi River and treated before use. But in

winter due to the back flow of sea water into Yangzi

River, the sodium ion is too high, reverse osmosis device

should be considered in water treatmet system.

4.Construction Schedule

The construction of the second phase project of Wai

Gao Qiao Power Plant is planned to started in 1998, the

first unit and the second unit are planned to be

commissioned in 2003 and 2004 respectively. Now, the.

project proposal has been already submitted to State

Planning Commission, waiting for . retification. The

Feasibility Study Report has been reviewed and approvedby the. Electric Power Planning and Design Institute of

Electric Power.

J2ZO10 UdAS O0'f16Z£9 TZ 99OO8 fO:ZT 96. ZT/£1

Phase II Water Pollution

Table: Summary of Wastewater Control

Pollutant Wastewater Amiount Discharge Pollutant Control discharge Chinese ReceivinigSource Phase I Phase II Phase III Mode Quality Standartd Body

.____ _ • Y(ltOOMW) (1800MWY) (1800MW) (____ (mg/1)Sanitary 900m3/day 400 mi/day 400 Vday Frequent BODS, Bio-treatrnent 30 30 Yangtze RiverSewage SS, 35 70

CODor 30 100Cooling water 45.3 m3/s 74.2 m3/s 74.2 tVs Continuous Temp. None <+1aC area Yangize River

+I .C(2)Acid/ALkali 67OM 87t/h 871/h Continuous pH Neutralkation 6.5-8.5 6--9 Yangize RiverWastewater

Oil containing 3Wday 40ttday 40t/day Frequent oil oil-water 10 Recyclewastewater separator

o . Ash lSt1h 17tth 17V/h Continuous SS, settlement, 70 Not dischargehumidifying pH Neutralization 6-9

water ._

Boiler 10,00Ot/yenr 10,00Wyear 10,000t/year not regular Fe, settlement, - Recyclecleaning SS, Neutnlization 70water CODcr oxidization 100

ao .(EDTA________ ______________ recycle)

Rain water _ not regular .___ noneWastewater 900V/h 900tlh 900t/hi Frequent SS settling pond 70 Recyolefrom 6lag recyole the

C Environmental Monitoring ProgramTable C-1: Summary of Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring

Monitoring Pollutants to be Sampling locadon/ Monitoring Responsibilitydesignation monitored instrumentation to be frequency

used _ _ _ _

Stack (source) Dust4SO.,NOx Flue gas monioring Automaic/ Environmentalsystem Continuous Minagement Unit

Ambient air Dust,SO,NOx Downwind and Town Automatic/Continuo Power Plantquali. us(SOz,NOx) Environmental Monitofig

. Dailv-FVol Station

Meteorological Wrmd direction and Ambient air quaty Continuous Power PlantStation velocitY,tkperature, monitoring station Environmental Monitorig

huniditypressurm, (only one) Stationsunshine imadator

Ash Yard Dust Up/Downwind Two days/month Power Plant.iVol sampler Emironmental Monitorig

station.Coal Yard Dust Connecting Point Four days/month Power Plant

Coal Yard to Coal HiVol sanpler Environmental Monitorig____________ ________________ Conveyor StationGoal Conveyor Dust Two Poinist near Two days/month Power Plant

.ransfer locations HiVol sampler Environmental MonitDrig.____________ .___________ Station

Table C-2:Summary of Water Pollution Monitoring

Monitoring PoUutants to be Sampling instrumentation to Monitoring Responsbilitydesignation monitored location be used frequency

Effluent pH, SS, oil/grease Discbw pH meter, hexane onc/ten days PowerPlantDischage COD,BOD, into Yangtzc cxftwck Tmbidity. Environmental

River metezCOD & BOD Mong Stalion. ~~~~analvyz .

Yangtze River pIi, SS, oil/grease Two points, pH mcte, hexane anmcmonth Power PlamtCOD,BOD, upst & extact Turbidity Environmental

down- meter,COD & BOD Monitorig Stationstream of analyereffluen

Fuel Storage CO&grease Ouliet of Hexanc extract . Twice I Power PlaCoa-water . month Environmental

. ___________ separator Monitoig StationCoal Jetty oil&grease Effluent Hexane extract Power Plant

discharge. EavimnmenalI_ _ _ s_ Monitig_Station

/4 .t10 t SS 08~~~~~~~IT16Z£9 TZ 9S00~ 0:21 9B6. ZT/CT

Table C-3: Monitoring of Noise and Electromagnetic Radiation

Monitoring Monitoring Points Instrumentation Mlonitoring ResponsibilityLocation . frequency . _i

Equipment in Points selected 1 meter from Portable precsio Four times/ Power PlantMain Power and tubine generator, pverizer, acoustimeter- month Envurnmentaluxffiary Buildings other lare ut unt Monitoiig onOutside Power Noise sitiveas Porible precision Four times/ Power Plant

Plant acousfimter month Enviromental.__ _ _ _ _ .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ M onitorig Station

Eransmission Line Major populaton centers Electric field monitors oncefyear Power PlantEnviromental

Mnit Station

tTo i cR 6S OtT6ZC9 TZ g9S00 90 :ZT 96. ZT/ET

C- Emissions

Wal Gao.QlaoWorld bank Chinese Phase I Phase IIguidelines Standards (1200MW) (1800MXvf)

Suifer dioxide 500 TPDk1) 12.36t/h* 3.907t/h 5.659i/hNitrogen 3OOng/Jl) 650mg/m3 488 ngmg 327.4mg/rn3

oxides__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TSP lOOmg/Nm 3 242 TEm2 210 mg/Nm3 90.3mg/Nm3

(1) Tons per dayal (2) Nanograms per Joule

*:The standard for 3000 MW.

C"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/

B. Mtigation Plan-Summary of IssuesItigating Meaures

Issue/Pollutant Miigating Measure ResponsibilityFlue-Dust Use high efficiency (99.3%) ESP to Plant maintenance departmentemissions satisfy exit dust concentration limit of will maintain ESP oprafion at/or

100 mg/Nm3 better than design levelsFlue-Sulfur dioide Use of low sulfur coal (0.43%),high Fuel supply department

emissions chimney (240m) and reserved space toinstall FGD if necessary in the future.The FGD will install at Shidongk-ou

Power PlantFlue-Nitrogen Low NOx bumer Plant maintenance department

oxides emissions will maintain burner oprationat/or better than design levels

Noise Silencer on boiler exhaust Maximum Environmental management unitnoise level specifications on bid

documents __.__Ash Leachate The wet ash (moisture content 20%) Plant maintenance department

will be solid by rolling devices will maintain roiling devicesopration atlor better than design

.________ ________ ____ ___ ___ ____ _lev els

Effluent discharge Sanitary wasrewater biotreatment Operations departmentto Yangtze RZiver Industrial wastewater:

physical/chemical treatmentAsh and slag Slag will be slurried with water and Operations department

disposal pumped to slag yard.Ash will humidified 20% and conveyed

via belt conveyer to the ash yard.Ash yard dust * Reclaim completed area with Plant general manager

topsoil/vegetation* Forest greenbelt surrounding ash Plant general manager

yard* Rolling ash Operations and maintenance

departments

'7±TO[n BdaXs MUM6~ TZ 9800,Z 90:ZT 96. ZT/CT

Issue/Pollutant Mitigating Measure ResponsibilityCoal yard dust Water spray Coal yard workshopFuel storage Water treatment (oil-water separation Coal conweyor workshop (coal)

(oil/coal) oily water and coal sediment)discharge,

groundwater Impervious base for oil tanks Boiler workshop (oil)contamination

Coal eonveyor dust Cyclone/baghouses Coal yard :workshopWater supply Sediment will pumped to slag yard Operations department

sediment disposal ._.Fuel storage-fire Plantlstorage failitw design and layout Firefighting management

departmentChlorine storage- Safety alarm, air evacuatioon/scrubber Chemical workshop

leaks systemAcid/alkali storage- * Storage tank design/layout chemical

leaks * Corrosion resistant materials for tankconstruction

* Alarm system* Eyewash system* protecfive clotiing

Coal jetty dust Water spray Coal conveyor workshopemissions

Power plant noise layout ECEPDITransmission line- Transmission tower design ECEPDI

health effects .

S~~~~~~~~~~~~~M MT02 gSoz 60FF1ZT96 ZT/

Attachment I

0 Locatlon of Wa8 Gao Qlao Power Plant

Cn9minq Yai Caoqio NMw )arbour

NVi Caioqiao Powe# 1 nt PMs ci

corpity . PonitPhaseapr s S Xcnere Sewage Contu{ e,,

'0~~~~~~~~~~,

n ' YongpBipu Dridg\

Center Area of Shanghai , -. -/

\ ~~~* ( ( i ' ; ;'" 'N Plu 4n xfNew Area,, *., .. '

Nonpu Bridge1 _ _ __ _ _ _@ . . XanpU Pr;d9e7j t ~~~~~~~~~~scale \

M -.. SITE PLAN

a.,~~~~~~~~~. ,....... . ........ ...... ... ..... ... ............... ..

APPENDIX D

CERTIFICATION FROMSHANGHAI MUNICIPAL CULTURAL RELIC MANAGEMENT BUREAU

- ARTIFACTS

tE~~~~~~~~A

ii)Iv~ ~ I

N~ S tfl-

LA5 .A 3 A0 A,,S4 t1t iF w < {X?- B rI-'

APPENDIX E

FUGITIVE DUST EMISSION METHODOLOGY

9651118C/APPE-I12/27196

FUGITIVE PM EMISSION METHODOLOGY

Material-Handling Operations

The material-handling operations include facilities for handling coal and byproducts (bottom and

fly ash) at the Waigaoqiao Power Plant complex. The coal-handling systems for these plants

involve rail delivery, unloading facilities, stockout and reclaim facilities, and active and inactive

storage. Byproduct-handling systems include collection and transfer facilities, silos, and

transportation and storage facilities. Each activity was evaluated to determine fugitive PM/PM10

emissions using the techniques included in this methodology. Materials handled wet (i.e., bottom

ash) do not have fugitive emissions and are not evaluated further.

Fugitive PM Emissions

Fugitive particulate matter (PM) will be emitted from the coal-handling and byproduct-handling

operations. The main fugitive dust sources will include the following:

1. Coal unloading,

2. Stockout and reclaim facilities (including conveyors),

3. Coal crushing facilities, and

4. Coal storage facilities (active and inactive storage, silos).

Uncontrolled emission factors for the various material-handling operations were estimnated in

accordance with current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) techniques as presented in

AP-42 (EPA, 1994), fugitive dust background document (EPA, 1992), or equipment design

information. Control efficiencies provided by the equipment manufacturer were applied to the

uncontrolled emission factors to develop controlled emission factors.

The fugitive PM/PMIO emissions from the material-handling facilities are controlled using various

techniques which may include enclosures, water sprays, ventilation, and bag filters (or other

devices). These techniques were evaluated at each plant and a control efficiency developed from

information available from SMEPC, emission factors, or engineering judgment.

Batch Drop Operations

Batch drop operations include dropping materials onto a receiving surface, such as a truck

dumping material on a storage pile, or loading out from the pile to a truck using a front-end

9651118CIAPPE-212/27196

loader. The total suspended particulate matter [PM(TSP)] and PM10 emission factors for batch

drop operations are defined in Section 13.2 of AP-42 by the equation:

E = k(O.0032) (U/5) 3 (lb/ton)(M/2)'L4

where: E = emission factor (lb/ton),

k = particle size multiplier,

U = mean wind speed (mph), and

M = material moisture content (percent).

This equation is summarized in Table E-1, and the basic assumptions needed to estimate emissions

are presented in Table E-2. The particle size multiplier, k, was based on the recommended

multipliers of 1.0 and 0.36 in developing the TSP and PM1O emission estimates, respectively.

For exposed operations, the wind speed was estimated from meteorological data available from

the meteorological station at Gaoqiao. For batch drop operations that are enclosed with emissions

vented through a filter device (provided a design flow rate has not been given), an effective wind

speed was developed by assuming that the air flow discharge velocity through the filter is equal to

the formula wind speed. For example, based on typical air flow rates for bag filters, the effective

wind speeds can vary from 11 to 12 mph.

Moisture contents for materials will be required for each batch drop process.

Vehicular Trafric Movement

Vehicular traffic movement is due to truck traffic that is transporting the materials to and from the

plant site. Truck traffic also includes front-end loaders which reclaim materials from storage piles

and maintain storage piles. The emission factors for vehicular traffic on paved and unpaved roads

was derived from Section 13.2 in AP-42. The emission factor for paved roads is:

E = k (sL/2)0-65 (W/3)' 5 (lb/vehicle mile traveled)

where: E = emission factor (lb/vehicle mile traveled),

sL = silt loading (g/m2), and

W = mean vehicle weight (ton).

9651118CIAPPE-312127196

A silt loading rate of 7.2 g/m2 was used. This factor is based on total dust loading and was

developed by KBN from actual dust-loading measurements at a coal-fired power plant. The

amount of silt (i.e., particles with a size less than 75 micrometers) was evaluated.

The emission factor for unpaved roads is:

E = k(5.9)(s/12)(S/30)(W/3)01 (w/4)-5[(365-p)/3651(lb/vehicle mile traveled)

where: E = emaission factor (lb/vehicle mile traveled),

s = silt content of surface material (percent),

S = mean vehicle speed (mph),

W = mean vehicle weight (ton),

w = mean number of wheels, and

p = number of days with at least 0.01 inch of precipitation per

These equations are summarized in Table E-3, and the basic assumptions needed to estimate

emissions are presented in Table E-4. For paved roads, the particle size multiplier, k, was based

on the recommended multipliers of 0.082 and 0.016 in developing the TSP and PM1O emission

estimates, respectively. For unpaved roads, k was based on the recommended multipliers of 1.0

and 0.36 in developing the TSP and PM1O emission estimates, respectively. The silt loading rate

was based on representative silt loading rates for this type of facility.

To maximize the 24-hour emissions, precipitation was assumed to be zero. For annual average

ermissions, the number of days with at least 0.01 inch of precipitation per year was obtained from

data collected at the meteorological station at Gaoqiao.

Coal Crushing and Grinding Process

The emnission factor for the coal-crushing process was taken from Section 8.23.2, Table 8.23-1 in

AP42. If the coal has a high moisture content (defmition of high moisture is coal with a

moisture content of 4 percent or more by weight), the PM(TSP) and PM,0 emission factors for

high-moisture coal of 0.02 and 0.009 lb/ton, respectively, were assumed. Otherwise, the

emission factor for low-moisture coal was used. The dust collection equipment used to control

fugitive dust emissions would be the basis of the controlled emission factors.

9651118CIAPPE-412/27196

Storage Piles

For emissions from wind erosion of active (frequently disturbed) storage piles, the emission factor

from continuously active piles, derived from Section 2.3.1.3.3 in EPA's fugitive dust background

document, is:

E = k(1.7)(s1l.5)[(365-p)1365](f/15) (lb/day/acre)

where: E = emission factor (lb/day/acre),

s = silt content of material (percent),

p = number of days with at least 0.01 inch of precipitation per

year, and

f = percent of time that unobstructed wind speed exceeds 12 mph

at the mean pile height.

This equation is summarized in Table E-5, and the basic assumptions needed to estimate ermission

are presented in Table E-6. The particle size multiplier, k, was based on the reconmnended

multipliers of 1.0 and 0.50 in developing the TSP and PMIO emission estimates, respectively.

Again, the silt content was based on a representative silt content for power generation sources.

To maximize the 24-hour ernissions, precipitation was assumed to be zero and the frequency of

the wind speed greater than 12 mph was assumed to be 50 percent or 12 hours in a day (which

occurs approximately 10 percent of the time). For annual average emissions, the number of days

with at least 0.01 inch of precipitation per year and the anmual frequency of wind speeds greater

than 12 mph was obtained from data collected at the meteorological station at Gaoqiao.

Initially, emissions from inactive storage piles was evaluated using the same methodology as that

used to evaluate active storage piles. These emissions was evaluated based on the activities being

performed at each plant.

Other Operations and Considerations

If there is no batch drop associated with the transfer of material (e.g., with the fly ash removal

operation) or a dust collector is the only identified source for an operation, the controlled

emission rate was based on the air flow rate for the dust collector/bag filter and the design PM

emission rate [expressed as the number of grains per actual cubic foot per minute (gr/acfm)].

9651118C/APPE-512127/96

Control efficiencies were applied to any operation that includes a dust suppressant measure (e.g.,

watering).

Because the anticipated hours of material handling may occur over a limited tirne period (e.g., up

to 12 hours in a day), the number of hours during which emissions from these sources may occur

was identified and used to develop emission totals.

9651118C/APPE12/23196

Table E-1. Particulate Matter (Total Suspended Particulate/PM10) Emnission Factors for BatchDrop Operations

PM Type Equation and Parameters

TSP/PM10(TJ/5) 1.3

PM (lb/ton) = k (0.0032) 14(M2)1 -

where: k for TSP = 1.00k for PM1O = 0.36

U = mean wind speed (mph)M = material moisture content (%)

Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, Section 13.2 (EPA, 1994). Tobe published in July, 1994.

9651118C/APPE12/23196

Table E-2. Basic Assumptions Used in Estimating Fugitive Particulate Matter Emissions fromBatch Drop Operations

Parameter Symbol Value

General Site Data

Mean wind speed, mph U From Meteorological Station atGaoqiao

Drop Operations

Number/ID Number NA Identification

Description NA Type

Location NA From plant site plan

Material Information/ Operation

Moisture Content (%) M

Hourly Daily AnnualT pPHe (TPDl (TPY)

-Throughput/mnaterial NA

9651118C/APPE12/23/96

Table E-3. Particulate Matter Emission Factors for Paved Industrial Roads and Unpaved Rural Roads

Road Type PM Type Equation and Parameters

Paved TSPIPM10 PM (IbNVMT) = k (sL/2)0 '6 (W/3)'5

Unpaved TSP/PM10 PM (IbNVMT) = k (5.9) (s/12) (S/30) (W/3)°-' (w/4)°5 [(365-p)/365]

where: k(paved road) for TSP = 0.082

PMIO = 0.016

k(unpaved road) for TSP = 1.0

PM10 = 0.36

p = number of precipitation days (0.01 inch or more)

S = mean vehicle speed, mph

s = surface material silt content, percent

sL = road surface silt loading, gfm2

VMT = vehicle miles traveled

W = average vehicle weight, tons

w mean number of wheels

Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, Section 13.2 (EPA, 1994). To be

published in July, 1994.

9651118CIAPPE12/23/96

Table E-4. Basic Assumptions Used in Estimating Fugitive Particulate Matter Emissions From TruckTraffic

General Site Data

Silt Loading, g/m2 sL

Silt Content, % s From site or AP-42

Number of Days With p From Meteorological Station at GaoqiaoPrecipitation 20.01 inch

Truck Infornation

Number of Trucks, daily one way NA Fly Ash

Mean Number of Wheels w Each Truck

Truck Height, ft NA Each Truck

Unloaded Loaded Average

Weight of Truck, ton W Fly Ash

Mean Vehicle Speed, mph S Fly Ash

Paved Unpaved

Travel Distance per Truck, ft NA Fly Ash(roundtrips/vehicle)

Road Information

Road Width NA Each Road

Number of Lanes n Each Road

Silt loading (sL) refers to mass of silt-size material (S75 micrometers in diameter) per unit area of travelsurface.

9651118C/APPE1223196

Table E-5. Particulate Matter (Total Suspended Particulate/PMI0) Emission Factors for ActiveStorage Piles

PM Type Equation and Parameters

TSP/PM1O PM (lb/day/acre) = k (1.7) (s/1.5) [(365-p)/365] (f/15)

where: k for TSP = 1.0

k for PM1O = 0.50

p = number of precipitation days (0.01 inch or more)

s = surface material silt content, percent

f = time (percent) that unobstructed wind speed exceeds

12 mph at pile height

Source: Fugitive Dust Background Document, Section 2.3.1.3.3 (EPA, 1992).

19651118C/APPE12/23196

Table E-6. Basic Assumptions Used in Estimating Fugitive Particulate Matter EmissionsFrom Active Storage Piles

General Site Data

Silt Content, % s From site or AP-42

Time Wind Speed > 12 mph, % f From Meteorological Station at Gaoqiao

Number of Days With Precipitation p From Meteorological Station at Gaoqiao20.01 inch

Storage Pile Information

Number/ID Number NA Identification

Description NA Type

Location NA From plant site plan

Size, acres NA

APPENDIX F

THERMAL MODELING

'ORMIX SESSION REPORT::XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxYxYxXXXXX

CORMIX: CORNELL MIXING ZONE EXPERT SYSTEMCORMIX v.3.00 July 1994

ITE NAME/LABEL: Shanghai Power PlantORIGINAL design case: Phase III Mass Loss - Max Flood VelORIGINAL file name: P3MAXFL1Start of main session: 12/16/96--20:01:07

ESIGN ITERATION number: 2NEW DESIGN CASE: Phase III Max Loss - Max Flood VelNEW FILE NAME: P3MAXFL3sing subsystem CORMIX1: Submerged Single Port DischargesStart of iteration session: 12/16/96--21:46:33

* *********************************t************************ *****.********* ***

UMMARY OF INPUT DATA:

MBIENT PARAMETERS:Cross-section - = boundedWidth BS = 500 mChannel regularity ICHREG = 1Ambient flowrate QA = 5350 m^3/sAverage depth HA = 10 mDepth at discharge HD = 7.1 mAmbient velocity UA = 1.07 m/sDarcy-Weisbach friction factor F = 0.0583

Calculated from Manning's n = 0.04Wind velocity UW = 2 m/szratification Type STRCND USurface temperature = 28 degCBottom temperature = 28 degCCalculated FRESH-WATER DENSITY values:Surface density RHOAS = 996.2337 kg/m^3Bottom density RHOAB = 996.2337 kg/m^3

ISCHARGE PARAMETERS: Submerged Single Port DischargeNearest bank = rightDistance to bank DISTB = 20 mPort diameter DO = 4.3 mPort cross-sectional area AO = 14.5215 m^r2Discharge velocity UO = 2.89 m/sDischarge flowrate QO = 42 m^3/sDischarge port height HO = 2.3 mVertical discharge angle THETA = 90 degHorizontal discharge angle SIGMA = 0.0 degDischarge temperature (freshwater) = 37 degC

Corresponding density RHOO = 993.3250 kg/m^3Density difference DRHO = 2.9086 kg/m^3Buoyant acceleration GPO = .0286 m/s^2Discharge concentration Co = 9 degCSurface heat exchange coeff. KS = 0.000005 m/sCoefficient of decay KD = 0/s

SCHARGE/ENVIRONMENT LENGTH SCALES:LQ = 3.81 m Lm = 10.30 m Lb = 0.98 mLM = 33.36 m Lm' = 99999.0 m Lb' = 99999.0 m

N-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS:Port densimetric Froude number FRO = 8.24

velocity ratio R =2.70

IIXING ZONE / TOXIC DILUTION ZONE / AREA OF INTEREST PARAMETERS:Toxic discharge = noWater quality standard specified = noRegulatory mixing zone = yesRegulatory mixing zone specification = distanceRegulatory mixing zone value- 1800 m (m^2 if area)Region of interest -5000.00 m

IYDRODYNAMIC CLASSIFICATION:

IFLOW CLASS = V4-------- - ------

This flow configuration applies to a layer corresponding to the full waterdepth at the discharge site.Applicable layer depth = water depth =7.1 m

IIXING ZONE EVALUATION (hydrodynami.c and regulatory summary):

* Y-Z Coordinate system:Origin is located at the bottom below the port center:

20 m from the right bank/shore.Number of display steps NSTEP = 10 per module.

'EAR-FIELD REGION (NFR) CONDITIONS ote: The NFR is the zone of strong initial mixing. It has no regulatoryimplication. However, this information may be useful for the dischargedesigner because the mixing in the NFR is usually sensitive to thedischarge design conditions.Pollutant concentration at edge of NFR= 6.4286 degCDilution at edge of NFR 1.4NFR Location: X= 7.08 m

(centerline coordinates) y =.00 mZ ~~7.10Om

NFR plume dimensions: half-width = 3.86 mthickness = 7.10 m

:ioyancy assessment:The effluent density is less than the surrounding ambient waterdensity at the discharge level.Therefore, the effluent is POSITIVELY BUOYANT and will tend to rise towardsthe surface.

aar-field instability behavior:The discharge flow will experience instabilities with full vertical mixingin the near-field.There may be benthic impact of high pollutant concentrations.

~R-FIELD MIXING SUMMARY:Plume is vertically fully mixed WITHIN NEAR-FIELD (or a fraction thereof),but RE-STRATIFIES LATER.Plume becomes vertically fully mixed again at 847.20 m downstream.

~ ~****************TOXIC DILUTION ZONE SUMMARY )TDZ was specified for this simulation.

* * ** ***** * ** **REGULATORY MIXING ZONE SUMMVARY *** ******

ie plume conditions at the boundary of the specified RMZ are as follows:Pollutant concentration .456893 degCCorresponding dilution -19.6

Plume location: X= 1800.00 m

(centerline coordinates) y = -20.00 mz = 7.10 m

Plume dimensions: half-width = 103.23 mthickness = 7.10 m

******************** FINAL DESIGN ADVICE AND COMMENTS **********************2EMINDER: The user must take note that HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING by any knowntechnique is NOT AN EXACT SCIENCE.

.xtensive comparison with field and laboratory data has shown that theCORMIX predictions on dilutions and concentrations (with associatedplume geometries) are reliable for the majority of cases and are accurateto within about +-50% (standard deviation).

,s a further safeguard, CORMIX will not give predictions whenever it judgesthe design configuration as highly complex and uncertain for prediction.

)ESIGN CASE: Phase III Max Loss - Max Flood Vel'ILE NAME: P3MAXFL3ubsystem CORMIX1: Submerged Single Port Discharges:ND OF SESSION/ITERATION: 12/16/96--21:49:14

: _ _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~XSXXxxx

"ORMIX1 PREDICTION FILE:

CORNELL MIXING ZONE EXPERT SYSTEM,ubsystem CORMIX1: Subsystem version:Submerged Single Port Discharges CORMIX v.3.00 July 1994

_ASE DESCRIPTIONSite name/label: Shanghai^Power^PlantDesign case: Phase-III-Max-Loss^--Max^Flood-VelFILE NAME: cormix\sim\P3MAXFL3.cxlTime of Fortran run: 12/16/96--21:46:56

SNVIRONMENT PARAMETERS (metric units)Bounded sectionBS = 500.00 AS = 5000.00 QA = 5350.00 ICHREG= 1HA = 10.00 HD = 7.10UA = 1.070 F = .058 USTAR = .9135E-01UW = 2.000 UWSTAR= .2198E-02Uniform density environmentSTRCND= U RHOAM = 996.2338

)ISCHARGE PARAMETERS (metric units)BANK RIGHT DISTB = 20.00DO = 4.300 AO = 14.522 HO = 2.30THETA = 90.00 SIGMA = .00U0 = 2.892 QO = 42.000 = .4200E+02RHOO = 993.3251 DRHOO = .2909E+01 GPO = .2863E-01Co = .9000E+01 CUNITS= degCIPOLL = 3 KS = .5000E-05 KD = .0OO0E+OO

LUX VARIABLES (metric units)QO = .4200E+02 MO = .1215E+03 JO = .1203E+01 SIGNJO= 1.0Associated length scales (meters)LQ = 3.81 LM = 33.37 Lm = 10.30 Lb = .98

Lmp = 99999.00 Lbp = 99999.00

ON-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERSFRO 8.24 R = 2.70

LOW CLASSIFICATION1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 Flow class (CORMIX1) = V4 11 Applicable layer depth HS = 7.10 1

IXING ZONE / TOXIC DILUTION / REGION OF INTEREST PARAMETERS20 = .9000E+01 CUNITS= degCqTOX = 0ŽSTD 0REGMZ = 1ZEGSPC= 1 XREG = 1800.00 WREG = .00 AREG = .00(INT = 5000.00 XMAX = 5000.00

-Y-Z COORDINATE SYSTEM:ORIGIN is located at the bottom and below the center of the port:

20.00 m from the RIGHT bank/shore.X-axis points downstream, Y-axis points to left, Z-axis points upward.

,TEP = 10 display intervals per module

OTE on dilution/concentration values for this HEATED DISCHARGE (IPOLL=3):S = hydrodynamic dilutions, include buoyancy (heat) loss effects, but

provided plume has surface contactC = corresponding temperature values (always in "degC"!),

include heat loss, if any

EGIN MOD101: DISCHARGE MODULE

x y z S C B.00 .00 2.30 1.0 .900E+01 2.15

ND OF MOD101: DISCHARGE MODULE

EGIN CORJET (MOD110): JET/PLUME NEAR-FIELD MIXING REGION

Jet/plume transition motion in weak crossflow.

Zone of flow establishment: THETAE= 49.33 SIGMAE= .00LE = .00 XE = .00 YE = .00 ZE = 2.30

Profile definitions:B = Gaussian 1/e (37%) half-width, normal to trajectoryS = hydrodynamic centerline dilutionC = centerline concentration (includes reaction effects, if any)

X Y Z S C B-. 01 .00 2.28 1.0 .900E+01 1.46

-umulative travel time = -1. sec

*D OF CORJET (MOD110): JET/PLUME NEAR-FIELD MIXING REGION

3GIN MOD133: LAYER BOUNDARY IMPINGEMENT/FULL VERTICAL MIXING

3rofile definitions:BV = layer depth (vertically mixed)BH = top-hat half-width, in horizontal plane normal to trajectoryZU = upper plume boundary (Z-coordinate)ZL = lower plume boundary (Z-coordinate)S = hydrodynamic average (bulk) dilutionC = average (bulk) concentration (includes reaction effects, if any)

Control volume inflow:X Y Z S C B-. 01 .00 2.28 1.0 .900E+01 1.46

Control volume outflow:X Y Z S C BV BH ZU ZL7.09 .00 3.55 1.4 .643E+01 7.10 3.87 7.10 .00

umulative travel time = 6. sec

D OF MOD133: LAYER BOUNDARY IMPINGEMENT/FULL VERTICAL MIXING------------------------------------------------------------- __------------

End of NEAR-FIELD REGION (NFR) **GIN----------------------BUOYANT---------A---BIENT-------SPREADING------__-

GIN MOD141: BUOYANT AMBIENT SPREADING

Profile definitions:BV = top-hat thickness, measured verticallyBH = top-hat half-width, measured horizontally in Y-directionZU = upper plume boundary (Z-coordinate)ZL = lower plume boundary (Z-coordinate)S = hydrodynamic average (bulk) dilutionC = average (bulk) concentration (includes reaction effects, if any)

Plume Stage . (not bank attached):X Y Z S C BV BH ZU ZL7.09 .00 7.10 1.4 .643E+01 7.10 3.87 7.10 .00

18.12 .00 7.10 1.6 .567E+01 4.94 6.30 7.10 2.1629.15 .00 7.10 1.7 .526E+01 4.03 8.32 7.10 3.0740.18 .00 7.10 1.8 .497E+01 3.51 10.12 7.10 3.5951.21 .00 7.10 1.9 .474E+01 3.17 11.77 7.10 3.9362.25 .00 7.10 2.0 .453E+01 2.93 13.31 7.10 4.1773.28 .00 7.10 2.1 .435E+01 2.75 14.77 7.10 4.3584.31 .00 7.10 2.2 .417E+01 2.62 16.16 7.10 4.4895.34 .00 7.10 2.2 .401E+01 2.52 17.48 7.10 4.58

106.38 .00 7.10 2.3 .384E+01 2.45 18.77 7.10 4.65117.41 .00 7.10 2.4 .369E+01 2.40 20.00 7.10 4.70

Cumulative travel time = 109. sec

Plume is ATTACHED to RIGHT bank/shore.Plume width is now determined from RIGHT bank/shore.

Plume Stage 2 (bank attached):X Y Z S C BV BH ZU ZL

117.41 -20.00 7.10 2.4 .369E+01 2.40 40.00 7.10 4.70190.39 -20.00 7.10 3.1 .292E+01 2.54 47.68 7.10 4.56263.37 -20.00 7.10 3.9 .229E+01 2.81 54.78 7.10 4.29336.35 -20.00 7.10 5.0 .181E+01 3.17 61.44 7.10 3.93409.33 -20.00 7.10 6.2 .144E+01 3.61 67.76 7.10 3.49482.31 -20.00 7.10 7.7 .116E+01 4.12 73.80 7.10 2.98555.29 -20.00 7.10 9.5 .946E+00 4.69 79.60 7.10 2.41628.27 -20.00 7.10 11.5 .780E+00 5.31 85.20 7.10 1.79701.25 -20.00 7.10 13.8 .651E+00 5.99 90.62 7.10 1.11774.23 -20.00 7.10 16.4 .548E+00 6.72 95.89 7.10 .38847.21 -20.00 7.10 19.3 .467E+00 7.10 101.02 7.10 .00

:umulative travel time = 791. sec

TD OF MOD141: BUOYANT AMBIENT SPREADING

)ue to the attachment or proximity of the plume to the bottom, the bottomcoordinate for the FAR-FIELD differs from the ambient depth, ZFB = 0 m.

n a subsequent analysis set "depth at discharge" equal to "ambient depth".

GIN MOD161: PASSIVE AMBIENT MIXING IN UNIFORM AMBIENT

Vertical diffusivity (initial value) = .130E+00 m^2/sHorizontal diffusivity (initial value) = .162E+00 m^2/s

'he passive diffusion plume is VERTICALLY FULLY MIXED at beginning of region.

rofile definitions:BV = Gaussian s.d.*sqrt(pi/2) (46%) thickness, measured vertically

= or equal to layer depth, if fully mixedBH = Gaussian s.d.*sqrt(pi/2) (46%) half-width,

measured horizontally in Y-direction

ZU = upper plume boundary (Z-coordinate)ZL = lower plume boundary (Z-coordinate)S = hydrodynamic centerline dilutionC = centerline concentration (includes reaction effects, if any)

Plume Stage 2 (bank attached):X Y Z S C BV BH ZU ZL

847.21 -20.00 7.10 19.3 .467E+00 7.10 101.02 7.10 .001262.49 -20.00 7.10 19.5 .462E+00 7.10 101.99 7.10 .001677.77 -20.00 7.10 19.6 .458E+00 7.10 102.96 7.10 .00

** REGULATORY MIXING ZONE BOUNDARY **In this prediction interval the plume distance meets or exceeds

the regulatory value = 1800.00 m.This is the extent of the REGULATORY MIXING ZONE.

2093.04 -20.00 7.10 19.8 .454E+00 7.10 103.91 7.10 .002508.32 -20.00 7.10 20.0 .450E+00 7.10 104.86 7.10 .002923.60 -20.00 7.10 20.2 .446E+00 7.10 105.80 7.10 .003338.88 -20.00 7.10 20.4 .442E+00 7.10 106.73 7.10 .003754.16 -20.00 7.10 20.5 .438E+00 7.10 107.65 7.10 .004169.44 -20.00 7.10 20.7 .434E+00 7.10 108.57 7.10 .004584.72 -20.00 7.10 20.9 .431E+00 7.10 109.47 7.10 .005000.00 -20.00 7.10 21.1 .427E+00 7.10 110.37 7.10 .00

-umulative travel time = 4672. sec

,imulation limit based on maximum specified distance = 5000.00 m.This is the REGION OF INTEREST limitation.

,1D OF MOD161: PASSIVE AMBIENT MIXING IN UNIFORM AMBIENT

DRMIX1: Submerged Single Port Discharges End of Prediction File

APPENDIX G

CERTIFICATION FROMSHANGHAI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU- DUST CONCENTRATION/DISCHARGE = 100 mg/Nm3

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