i
NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU SECTOR RWANDA
UWAMAHORO Ernestine
MASTER OF ARTS
(Development Studies)
AUGUST, 2014
ii
NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU SECTOR RWANDA
UWAMAHORO Ernestine
11/MSD/G/KA/015
A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Bugema University in Partial
Fulfillment of the Award of Masters Degree of Arts (Development Studies).
AUGUST, 2014
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ACCEPTANCE SHEET
This thesis entitled “NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU
SECTOR RWANDA” prepared and submitted by UWAMAHORO Ernestine in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTERS of ART
(Development Studies) is hereby accepted.
JOVENT OBBO, MA JOSHUA BUSUULWA, MA
Member, Advisory Committee Member, Advisory Committee
_______________________ ________________________
Date Signed Date Signed
KAKULE KISUNZU, PhD
Chairperson, Advisory Committee
__________________________
Date Signed
CHARLES EDAKU, PhD JOHN AMOAH, PhD
Chairperson, External Examining committee Member, Internal Examining committee
____________________________ _________________________
Date Signed Date Signed
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of MASTERS
of ART (Development Studies) Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda
JOSHUA BUSUULWA
Head of Department, Development Studies
____________________________
Date Signed
PAUL KATAMBA, PhD
Dean, School of Graduate Studies
____________________________
Date Signed
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DECLARATION
I, UWAMAHORO Ernestine hereby declare that the work presented in this
Thesis is entirely my original work and has never been presented elsewhere for any
academic qualifications. Where other peoples’ work has been used, referencing has been
done in the references.
Signature …………………………………………...
UWAMAHORO ERNESTINE
Date ………………………………………………...
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my loving my mother Nyirasafari Esperance, for giving
me the wings to fly; to my loving father Rwangano Joel for giving me the reason to fight.
You hold a special place in my heart. It is also dedicated to my brothers and my young
sister for their continuous support and encouragement in my life, God bless you!
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author of this Thesis, Uwamahoro Ernestine was born on 20th
April, 1985 in
Nyabihu District, Western Province, Rwanda. She is the third born of six in the family of
Mr. Rwangano Joel and Mrs. Nyirasafari Esperance.
From 1994-2001, she went to Kabatwa Primary school where she completed for
primary level, in 2002-2004, she joined Ecole de Science et Technique de Busogo/ ESTB
(Class1-3), for her secondary middle Level and later she proceed to College APARPE
(Association de Parent Adventiste Rwankeli Pour la Promotion de l’Education) for her
secondary education from where she completed her O Level education from in
agriculture in the year 2007.
From 2008 to 2011, she continued her studies in Univeriste libre de Kigali
Gisenyi campus where she got a Bachelors degree in Rural Development. There after she
joined a Masters Degree program in 2012, at Bugema University which is to complete in
2014.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank God for enabling me to come this far in my
education, Glory be to Him.
I thank my parents for their continuous support both financially, spiritually and
their care that has made me come this far, may God bless them abundantly. I would also
like to thank my brothers and sisters, Sindikubwabo Marcel, Mbonigaba Beltin, Mukunzi
Elysee, Rukundo Eric Mukashyaka Belyse and my sister in law Twiringiyimana
Laurence,my Nephews Chrispin and Christian, for their financial, spiritual, moral support
and continuous encouragement throughout this course. May God bless you all.
Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the support of my supervisors, Dr Kakule
Kisunzu, Mrs Obbo Jovent and Mr Joshua Busuulwa for their guidance and positive
criticisms that made it possible for me to come up with this document. May god bless you
too. I wish to extend my gratitude to Dr. Katamba Paul, Dean School of Graduate Studies
Bugema University, who contributed substantially to this thesis writing and for being a
good instructor during this period of study.
I remain grateful to all my lecturers for the unlimited practical and theoretical
knowledge they have imparted in me during all my course work. God bless you all.
Finally, I do appreciate the great support rendered to me by my colleagues, Fifi,
Alice, Samuel, Donath, Faustin, Bonheur,Guido, and especially my best friend
Rutayisire James, God bless you for the conducive environment you created for me and
accepting to be my good friends at Bugema University.
UWAMAHORO Ernestine
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ACRONYMS
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
SDU Safe Deliver Unit
VUP Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme
EICV Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages
(Integrated Living Conditions Survey)
SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative
UNICEF United Nations Children Fund
DDP District, Development, Plan Rubavu report
WHO World health organization
WFP Word food production
µ Mean
SD Standard Deviation
MF Microfinance
CFP Community food production
GIS Geographic Information Systems
EDPRS Economic Development Poverty Reduction Strategies
UCC Ubumwe (Union) Community Center
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................. xiv
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................xv
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
Background of the Study ........................................................................................ 1
Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................4
Research Questions ..................................................................................................5
Study Objectives ......................................................................................................6
Specific Objectives of the Study ..............................................................................6
Hypothesis of the Study ...........................................................................................6
Significance of the Study .........................................................................................6
Scope of the Study ...................................................................................................7
Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................8
Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................9
Operational Definitions ..........................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 13
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 13
Health Services Provision ..................................................................................... 15
Education Service Provision ................................................................................. 16
Microfinance Services Provision .......................................................................... 19
Capacity Building Services Provision .................................................................. 21
Sustainable Community Development ................................................................. 23
Level of Access to Credit Service ......................................................................... 24
Level of House Hold Income ................................................................................ 26
Summary of Key Finding and Identified Gaps ..................................................... 29
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PAGE
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 32
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 32
Research Design .................................................................................................... 32
Population of the Study ......................................................................................... 33
Sample Size and Sampling Procedure .................................................................. 33
Methods and Instruments of Data Collection ....................................................... 34
Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 34
Interview Guide .................................................................................................... 35
Validity and Reliability of Instruments ................................................................. 36
Data Collection Procedure .................................................................................... 37
Data Analysis Procedure ....................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER FOUR ..............................................................................................................39
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................39
Demographic Characteristics of Research Participants .........................................39
Non -Governmental Organization Service Provision in Rubavu Sector ...............41
Health Service Provision ....................................................................................... 43
Education Service Provision ................................................................................. 45
Microfinance Services Provision .......................................................................... 46
Capacity building services provision .................................................................... 48
Level of Sustainable Community Development in Rubavu Sector ...................... 50
Level of Access to Health Service ........................................................................ 51
Level of literacy .................................................................................................... 54
Level of access to Microfinance Credit Service ................................................... 56
Level of Household Income .................................................................................. 58
Level of Food Security .......................................................................................... 60
Hypothesis Test Analysis ...................................................................................... 66
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PAGE
CHAPTER FIVE ...............................................................................................................68
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................68
Summary ................................................................................................................68
Conclusion .............................................................................................................71
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 73
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................77
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
Table 1: Showing the proposed study sample of the Population of the Study ................. 34
Table 2: Definition of Scale .............................................................................................. 35
Table 3: Reliability Statistics ............................................................................................ 37
Table 4: Demographic Characteristics .............................................................................. 40
Table 5: Level of Non Governmental Organization Service ............................................ 42
Table 6: Level of Sustainable Community Development ................................................. 51
Table 7: Influence Non Governmental Organization Services on Sustainable Community
Development ..................................................................................................................... 62
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX PAGE
Appendix 1: Questionnaire ............................................................................................... 78
Appendix 2: Table of frequencies ..................................................................................... 82
Appendix 3: Morgan and Krejcie Table ........................................................................... 85
Appendix 4: Data collection Letter ................................................................................... 86
Appendix 5: Acceptance Letter ........................................................................................ 87
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ABSTRACT
UWAMAHORO ERNESTINE, School of Graduate Studies, Bugema University,
August 2014, NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU SECTOR RWANDA
Supervisor: KAKULE I. KISUNZU, PhD.
The study purpose was to find out the influence of Non-Governmental
Organizations service and sustainable community development in Rubavu Sector
Rwanda, in relation to the sustainable community development. Specifically, the
researcher aimed to find out the demographic characteristics of community in Rubavu
sector, examine the influence of Non Governmental organizations service in Rubavu
sector, examine the level of sustainable community development in Rubavu Sector and
establish the influence of Non Governmental organizations service and sustainable
community development. The researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative
research approaches. The study involved 112 respondents. A questionnaire and an
interview guide were used to collect data.
Findings on Non Governmental Organization service provision were high with a
grand mean of 3.52 and a standard deviation of 0.64. Regarding the level of sustainable
community development the findings were moderate with a grand mean of 2.77 and a
Standard Deviation of 0.75. The results showed a significant influence of NGOs service
on sustainable community development in terms of health service provision were (B =
.219, P = .005) in terms of microfinance service provision were (B =.212, P = .024), and
in terms of capacity building (B = 0.320, P = 0.001). Researcher concluded that
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hypothesis was rejected. The study recommended to NGOs to increase their service in
terms of education support.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the study on Non- Governmental Organizations service
and sustainable community development it covers the background of the study, the
statement of the problem, research questions and objectives of the study, hypothesis, and
scope of the study, limitations of the study, significance of the study, theoretical
framework, conceptual framework and operational definitions close the chapter.
Background of the Study
There is an argument that Non -Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are today
seen as possible alternatives to Governmental in addressing the needs of communities,
which are not reached by official development programs. Non-Governmental
Organization is not a new phenomenon .Non -Governmental effort has always been an
important part of our culture and social tradition. The need for organizing people into
accredited associations and their involvement and participation in rural development have
now been fully recognized. In recent years, they have increased in considerable number,
acquired greater importance and significance and put up many new experiments in the
field of rural development by supplementing Governmental efforts as they are close to the
minds and hearts of the rural people (Kathleen & Dowley, 2004).
Globally, the increase in Non-Governmental Organization is one of the most
remarkable features of modern-day international politics. While levels remain the major
protectors and abusers of human rights, NGOs have materialized as central players in the
promotion of human rights around the world. They are increasingly identified as crucial
role-players in community and people centered development (Ezeoha, 2006).
2
There are about 1 million NGOs providing different services all over the world.
Asamoah, (2003) said that NGO’s as facilitators in the field of development act as
providers of basic services to vulnerable individuals and communities in response to
inadequacies in the public delivery of such services. In this vain they invariably
complement the roles of Government and the collective efforts of individuals towards
human development. In an attempt by NGOs to complement the activities of
governments in basic service delivery, they come in the form of charities, foundations,
associations, nonprofit corporations, and Non- Governmental Organizations.
In Africa, specifically Zimbabwe, Non-governmental organizations have played a
major role in pushing for the protection of human rights at the international Level.
Increasingly, the existence of NGOs is proving to be a necessity rather than a luxury in
societies throughout the modern world. In many developing countries, the role of NGOs
has evolved in response to the market gaps left by the Governmental (David, 2005). The
NGOs have frequently been regarded as very important for democracy since they have a
strong support at grassroots Level and their ability to develop and empower poor
communities. This is a well-needed attribute in Zimbabwe as most of the communities are
beyond being poor. The nature of NGOs is that they are enormously vital mechanisms in
rural development as they benefit from the goodwill and reception of the community;
consequently the NGOs have become very crucial players in the field of social
development (Nzimakwe, 2002)
In East Africa especially in Uganda, there is considerable NGO activity especially
in northern Uganda where they are engaged in varying interventions aimed to better a lot
of beneficiaries who are generally considered in the country as deprived.
3
The (USAID 2009), asserts that there are 4,463 registered NGOs in Uganda and
an increasing number is registered every year. NGOs are playing an important role in
supporting women, men and households, and expected that they can meet the welfare.
This role ranges from counseling and support service, awareness raising and advocacy,
legal aid and microfinance. These services are said to help the people to achieve their
ability, skill and knowledge, and take control over their own lives and finally, become
empowered. This is very important in a country like Uganda where the Level does not
make provision for such services (Muir, 2004).
The role of NGOs in increasing sustainable development is particularly emphasized
in Rwanda. In Rwanda, where there are attempts to fight against poverty and increase
sustainable development. The current strategy emphasizes that poverty reduction cannot
be achieved without access to Non -Governmental Organizations services to the poor.
The Governmental places much emphasis on Non- Governmental Organization service as
one of the tools for sustainable community development (EDPRS Rwanda, 2008). It is
believed that they can help to generate job opportunities and self employment to diversify
sources of income, thereby contributing to the improvement of the Rwandan economy
and the sustainable community development and reduction of poverty. The National
policy emphasizes that when the right instruments are used in an appropriate legal
context, NGOs can build the capacity of the poor population to create employment and
generate wealth in a sustainable manner (Rwanda Governance Board, 2007).
The Governmental of Rwanda also aims to create an enabling environment for
sustainable NGOs so that they will be capable of fully playing their role as partners in
delivering development objectives. This is to be achieved through financial, education
4
and health services extended to rural and urban, economically active poor and low
income people. Although NGOs sector is young in Rwanda as it became prominent just
after1994, the sector has been growing very fast in the last decade.
One of the areas benefiting from NGOs support for sustainable development is
Rubavu sector. According to Rubavu sector assessment done in 2005, close to US 100
million was mobilized in NGOs sector and $85 was extended to over 400,000 Rubavu
beneficiaries of NGOs. In the same way, geographical coverage of NGOs is widespread
with more concentration in urban areas and some trading centers. The National NGOs
policy, which came out recently emphasizes that Non- Governmental Organizations
service should be available to all sections of the community, including the poorest of the
poor (Rwanda Governance Board, 2006).
Though beneficiaries have been mobilized in NGOs sector there seemed to be no
significant influence of NGOs service on sustainable community development of Rubavu
sector. However, no systematic effort had been undertaken to evaluate the influence of
Non-Governmental Organization service on sustainable community development in
Rubavu sector. It is from this background that the study needed to be carried out to
evaluate Non-Governmental organizations services and sustainable community
development in Rubavu Sector of Rwanda.
Statement of the Problem
The success of community development depends upon the active participation and
willing cooperation of the people through Non -Governmental Organizations services
which are there for serving peoples in terms of provision of health service, education
5
service, microfinance service and capacity building for a given community. One such
area benefiting from Non-Governmental Organizations services is Rubavu sector.
However such services are not felt by the people and sustainable development of
the community is not realized the courses of such a problem is not known in Rubavu
sector, the seventy percent though beneficiaries of Non-Governmental Organizations
services of community in Rubavu sector still have problems in terms of health services,
education for children, Micro-finance services and capacity building services, compared
to the other sectors of Rubavu District (DDP Report, 2012).
The researcher therefore attempted to examine the contribution of Non-
Governmental Organizations in Rubavu sector, and to establish the influence of Non-
Governmental organizations’ services on sustainable development in Rubavu sector
Rubavu District, Rwanda as there had been no systematically documented study carried
out to evaluate the contribution of Non Governmental organizations services and
sustainable development in Rubavu sector.
Research Questions
The study attempted to answer the following questions:
1. What are the demographic characteristics of Non-Governmental Organizations
member’s, agencies in terms of sex, age, qualification, and years of service?
2. Is the contribution of Non-Governmental Organization services provision in
Rubavu sector high?
3. Is the Level of sustainable community development of Rubavu sector high?
4. Is there a significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization services on
sustainable community development of NGOs in Rubavu sector?
6
Study Objectives
The general objective of the study was to find out the influence of Non
Governmental Organization services on sustainable community development in Rubavu
Sector.
Specific Objectives of the Study
1. To find the demographic characteristics of respondents in terms of sex, age,
qualification and number of years of service in NGOs.
2. To examine the contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations service
provision in Rubavu sector.
3. To examine the level of sustainable community development of Rubavu sector
4. To establish the influence of Non-Governmental Organization services on
sustainable community development in Rubavu sector.
Hypothesis of the Study
There is no significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization service on
sustainable community development in Rubavu sector.
Significance of the Study
This study addressed the influence of Non-Governmental Organizations services
on sustainable community development. The study will benefit Rubavu sector NGOs’
beneficiaries, academicians/scholars, managers, investors, and the researcher as follows:
Non Governmental organizations: The findings will help Administration
and Management of NGOs to improve their services and increase sensitization of
people on; the importance of promotion of water use, sanitation maintenance and
proper hygiene keeping, having domestic micro income for poverty alleviation.
7
Academicians: The findings and recommendations will help academicians as
they will serve as point of reference for other studies and it will increase the
knowledge about NGOs services provision and community development as well as to
serve future academic researchers.
Community Development Stakeholders: The study findings and recommendations
will be very important tools to the development partners as a base of service delivery,
reference, library use, monitoring, evaluation and advocacy tool.
The Researcher: As a masters degree student it is mandatory to do research and
present a research report in order to fulfill the partial requirement of the award of master’s
degree in development studies of Bugema University.
Scope of the Study
Geographical Scope: The study took place in Rubavu sector in 3 cells where we
find Non Governmental organization serving people in terms of health, education and
capacity building. The cells are Byahi, Buhaza and Gikombe; of Rubavu sector in
western province of Rwanda and the target population was 112 the beneficiaries of
selected NGOs in Rubavu sector.
Content Scope: The study focused on Non Governmental organizations services
and sustainable community development. Time scope of the study coved 5 year 2008 to
2012, because this period contains information from Non Governmental organization
Report of Rubavu sector. The study was carried out in 4 months.
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Theoretical Framework
This study is conceived in the context of “the public goods” theory on how NGOs
serve to satisfy the needs of people. The theory created by Tvedt (1998), who claimed
that NGOs exist to satisfy the residual unsatisfied demand for public goods in society as
the level tends to provide public goods only at the Level that satisfies the average of
population. Where a significant minority wants a kind or a Level of public goods for
which the majority support is lacking, the Governmental cannot help. NGOs step in to
fill the gap. Similarly he observed that a comprehensive strategy for sustainable
community development is simply too demanding for any one Level or area of
Governmental for a single donor to adequately address and hence the NGOs come in civil
society as an important constituent of civil society sector. Smith (2005) added that NGOs
have a social purpose but Governmentals rely on authority to achieve outcomes and
private sector firms rely on market mechanisms to provide incentives for mutually
beneficial exchange. Therefore, some use independent Non- Governmental efforts to
promote their values and aspects of socio-economic development.
In the context of the study public goods is relating to services offered by NGOs
like health service education service, microfinance services and credit service and
capacity building services that the Governmental may not be willing to provide to the
community. They then organize themselves, demanding more social services for a
particular group as NGOs, organizing their own community schools, or local people for a
collective campaign of some sort. In this line, the theory relate to the study as they talk
about NGOs are there to satisfy public good in relation health service, education service,
microfinance service and capacity building as the study will find out the influence of
9
Non-Governmental Organizations services on sustainable community Development in
Rubavu sector of Rwanda.
Conceptual Framework
The study intends to establish the influence of Non Governmental organization
services on sustainable community development in Rubavu sector. The conceptual
framework is based on Non-Governmental Organization service as the independent
variables are follows; health service provision, education service provision, microfinance
service provision and capacity building service provision. All these variables are likely to
affect sustainable community development in terms of Level of access to health service,
Level of literacy, Level of household income, Level of access to credit, and Level of food
security. The indicators constitute the dependent variable as illustrated in Figure 1which
shows the conceptual framework of the study showing the variables under study. It also
shows the probable influence between the independent and dependent variable.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Independent variable Dependant variable
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
Operational Definitions
Non Governmental Organization Services: In the context of the study refer to
services offered by NGOs in order to reduce human suffering and development of poor
countries in term of health services, education services and microfinance saving and
credit lending & capacity building services.
Health Services Provision: Refers to support given by NGOs in terms of paying
health insurance for community and improving hygiene and sanitation practices for
Voluntary
Organization/NGOs
Services
Health services
provision
Education services
provision
Microfinance services
provision
Capacity building
services provision
Sustainable Community
Development
level of Access to health
Level of Literacy
Level of household
income
Level of Access to
credit services
Level of Food
security
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example water for domestic use, using standing water taps, protected wells and training
people in personal hygiene practice. It was measured using a five point Likert Scale;
strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1:
Strongly disagree (very low).
Education Service Provision: This refers to the support given to community in
terms of finance to educate their children and scholastic materials; education trainings
especially in reading and writing to the uneducated adult community. It was measured
using a five-point Likert scale: Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided
(Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).
Micro Finance Services Provision: This refers to services being given to the
community in terms of saving money and receiving loans, training people on how to
improve their business and employing people. It was measured using a five point Likert
scale: Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree
(low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).
Capacity Building Services Provision: This refers to the ways NGOs organize
the training, short courses, workshop and forums and supporting cooperatives to get
finance from MF in order to build the beneficiaries capacity. It was measured using five
point Likert scale; strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2:
Disagree (low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).
Sustainable Community Development: In the context of the study refers to the
indicators of sustainable development which are Level of access to health service,
literacy Level, and access to loan service, Level of household income, food security and
environmental conservation.
12
Level of Access to Health Services: In the context of the study, it refers to
services rendered to beneficiaries in terms of receiving health insurance; hygiene
sanitation practices, for example water for domestic use water tap, protected wells and
training people in personal hygiene practice and access to vaccinations. It was measured
using a five point Likert Scale; strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided
(Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).
Level of literacy: In the context of the study, It refers to ability to read write in
local language and other languages It was measured using a five point Likert Scale;
Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1:
Strongly disagree (very low).
Level of Household Income: This refers to monthly income at household Level.
It was measured using an interval scale: 500,000over 1,000,000rwf (very high) 4:
301,000, to 499,000 Rwf (high) 3: 110,000 Rwf to 300, 000 Rwf (Moderate) 2: 10,000
Rwf to100, 000 Rwf (low) 1: 10.000rwf (very low).
Level of Access to Credit Services: In the context of the study, this refers to
ability to save money from MF, ability to receive credit From MF, ability to get training
from MF and ability to get employment from. It was measured using a five Point Likert
scale; strongly agree (very high) 4Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree
(low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).
Level of Food Security: This refers to community members being able to
produce food for family consumption throughout the year and surplus for sell for
household income even buy from market. It was measured using a five point Likert
Scale: Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree
(low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).
13
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents the literature reviewed regarding Non-Governmental
Organizations services and sustainable community development. The literature is based
on a thematic approach integrating parameters of Non-Governmental Organization
services as independent variable under the following indicators: health services provision,
education services provision, microfinance services provision and capacity building
services provision and sustainable community development as a dependent variable
which is measured by : Level of access to health, Level of literacy, Level of household
income, Level of access of loan services and Level of food security. Thereafter the
emerging gaps in the literature are indicated and a research to fill the identified gaps
suggested.
Non Governmental Organization Services
NGOs are professionally-staffed organizations aiming at contributing to the
reduction of human suffering and to the development of poor countries (Streeten, 2000).
They do this in various ways, for example by funding projects, engaging in service
provision and capacity building, contributing to awareness, and promoting the self-
organization of various groups ,promoting health service and education (Baccaro,2001).
Meanwhile (Desai 2005) , has mentioned that NGOs have an important role to play in
supporting women, men and households, and expected that they can meet the welfare.
These services help the people to achieve their ability, skill and knowledge, and take
control over their own lives and finally become empowered. The literature is on the
importance of NGOs in enhancing women and men’s welfare; it did not study how Non-
14
Governmental Organization services affect sustainable community development which is
the aim of the current study.
Hibbard and Tang (2004) , in their study in Vietnam have noted the importance of
NGOs ’roles in sustainable community development. One of the roles was that NGOs
balance the social, economic and environmental factors in promoting sustainable
development. Another important role of NGO that they discovered was decentralization
of the central Governmental, which helps the local communities to acquire more power in
order to make their own decisions. That, sometimes the local communities lack
specialists to do professional work and resources that are important for the particular
projects. In this situation, NGOs assist local staff with drafting sustainable development
plans that are functional under the umbrella of a central Governmental policy. This study,
however, focused on the requirements of sustainable community development it did not
show how Non-Governmental Organizations services affect sustainable community
development, which is the aim of the current study.
Bridger & Logoff (2002), summarized that NGOs play important function in
promoting sustainable community development. Sustainable community development
emphasizes on a balance environmental concerns and development objectives, while
simultaneously enhancing local social influences. Sustainable communities meet the
economic needs of their residents, enhance and protect the environment promote more
humane local societies. The authors have not included the NGOs’ services and how they
impact positively on sustainable community development.
15
Health Services Provision
The UN report UN (2012) , assessed the status and progress of the management of
water resources in UN Member Levels and reports on the outcomes and impacts of
improved water resources management. Based on the evidence emerging from the report,
there are a number of achievable immediate steps that countries, external support
agencies and other stakeholders can undertake to continue extending sanitation and
drinking water provisioning, while sustaining services already in place. The study
indicated the importance of water as a health concern; it has not mentioned the vital role
of NGOs in providing health services to the community for long term development.
According to Michael (2003), the healthcare waste working group operates and
maintains a database for selecting appropriate technical options for managing healthcare
waste. The database can be accessed on healthcare waste website along with other
information on healthcare waste management. Water Law and Standards is a joint project
of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) .The database of national water legislation is ready for use and is
linked to FAO's existing database of legislation on natural resources, whereas the
database of national water quality standards is under construction.
In addition Johnson (2007) , explained that to promote a common understanding
of technical terms related to health and environment issues, WHO has created an on-line
searchable database containing glossary information with multi-language terminology
equivalence, called the Health and Environment. All the above information was provided
in terms health and environment issues, there was no work or research that collated the
influence of Non-Governmental Organization services on the sustainable community
16
development.
According to Granga, (2001), Health impact assessment, Intersectoral
collaboration, environmental management ,explores options to integrate health risk
assessment and management into strategies and programs for nature conservation, in
particular of wetlands, and for the promotion of biological diversity. The above
information was comprehensive and broad; however, it does not collate the impact of
Non -Governmental Organization services on sustainable community development.
Education Service Provision
According to Obama (2009), in a national address directed to students across the
nation, at a back to school event at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Obama delivered remarks to encourage students to study hard, stay in school and take
responsibility for their own education on the first day of the school year for many
children across America. Despite such pieces of advice given to student Obama did not
mention the relevance of NGOs in terms of education provision as one of the components
of Non Governmental organization services that enhance the beneficiaries’ sustainable
community development, which is the aim of the current research.
According to Oskar (2006) , education as a discipline, is concerned with methods
of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various
non formal and informal means of socialization (for example rural development projects
and education through parent-child contributions). Education can be thought of as the
transmission of the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is
equivalent to what social scientists term socialization or enculturation. Children whether
17
conceived among New Guinea tribes’ people, the Renaissance Florentines, or the middle
classes of Manhattan are born without culture. Education is designed to guide them in
learning a culture, molding their behavior in the ways of adulthood, and directing them
toward their eventual role in society.
Oskar (2006), finally said that in the most primitive cultures, there is often little
formal learning little of what one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers.
Instead, the entire environment and all activities are frequently viewed as school and
classes, and many or all adults act as teachers, as societies grow more complex. However,
he was talking about the quantity of knowledge to be passed on from one generation to
the next becomes more than any one person can know, and, hence, there must evolve
more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission did not talk about the
sponsoring education under Non -Governmental Organizations services that have a great
positive impact on sustainable community development which is the focus of the study.
Bowen (2003), says that providing free and quality education to children reflects
the fact that every child is entitled to fundamental human rights and is to be treated with
dignity. Where children are exposed to poverty, violence, abuse, or exploitation, those
rights demand our urgent protection. Primary education supports children at a critical
time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual growth. More broadly, education
is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means of addressing structural inequality
and disadvantage. Primary education provides children with life skills that will enable
them to prosper later in life. It equips children with the skills to maintain a healthy and
productive existence, to grow into resourceful and socially active adults, and to make
cultural and political contributions to their communities. Education also transmits more
18
abstract qualities such as critical thinking skills, healthy living, resilience, and self-
confidence. However, significance of education have been provided with such aspects,
they have not put down the Non-Governmental Organization services and how they
correlate with sustainable community development which is the focus of current study.
Hanushek (2007), indicates that an educated adult population is vital for strong
economic development. It also lays the foundations for greater overall economic
productivity, and the full use of new technologies for development. A system of
compulsory schooling helps fight child labour. Educated and literate adults are more
likely to be informed about sexual risks and better able to protect themselves from
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. He added that a lack of gender parity
and equality in education is often a critical factor in underdevelopment. However, the
education can contribute in vital strong economic development; it is also paramount in
importance to have established the influence of Non -Governmental Organization
services and sustainable community development which is the concern of the current
study.
According to Rogers (2005), new empirical results show the importance of both
minima land high Level skills, the complementarities of skills and the quality of
economic institutions, and the robustness of the contribution skills and growth. He added
that the international comparisons incorporating expanded data on cognitive skills reveal
much larger skill deficits in developing countries than generally derived from just school
enrollment and attainment. The magnitude of change needed makes it clear that closing
the economic gap with developed countries will require major structural changes in
schooling institutions. However, the role of improved schooling, a central part of most
19
development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of school attainment
has not guaranteed improved economic conditions which are not related to the current
study.
Microfinance Services Provision
According to Mosley (2001), Microenterprise finance has generated enormous
enthusiasm among aid donors and Non-Governmental Organizations as an instrument for
reducing poverty in a manner that is financially self-sustaining. Although something of a
consensus has emerged concerning the principles by which such institutions should be
designed, however, we know little about their impact. For each of the institutions studied,
the impact of lending on the recipient household's income tended to increase, at a
decreasing rate, as the recipient's income and asset position improved, a contribution
which can easily be explained in terms of the greater preference of the poor for
consumption loans, their greater vulnerability to asset sales forced by adverse income
shocks and their limited range of investment opportunities. There are significant outliers
to this general pattern in particular, very poor people who, have been able to achieve
significant loan impact. However, such importance of microenterprise in providing loans
to poor people, there was a lack of influence of Non -Governmental Organization
services on sustainable community development that is the focus of the current study.
According to Wiley &sons (2007), the Bank of Bangladesh has innovated a
mechanism under which credit can be provided to the poorest of the poor on a group
liability basis instead of any collateral. Based on this principle, over the last decade, the
bank has been successfully operating with an unprecedented loan recovery rate. Although
from the point of view of profits, the Grameen Bank is not yet a viable institution,
20
empirical evidence suggests that the bank's credit program has significantly improved the
socio-economic conditions of its borrowers. The Grameen Bank's success story in the
alleviation of poverty in Bangladesh has resulted in widespread attempts of its replication
in many other countries including the United Levels and Canada. The spread of the
Grameen Bank idea around the world has drawn keen attention from researchers, policy
makers and agencies interested in rural development. Despite the observation approved
by Bank of Bangladesh credit can be provided to the poorest of the poor on a group
liability basis instead of any collateral they have not correlated with Non-Governmental
Organization services and their influence on sustainable community development, which
is the focus of the current research.
Zeller (2002) , explains how micro-finance services bring together critical
empirical work done by credit lenders. International Food Policy Research Institute
researchers and others from collaborating institutions , introduced the concept of the
triangle of micro-finance, not only as the organizing framework for the volume but also
as the analytical core of the micro-finance challenge to the governments in alleviating
poverty among the poor. This lies in reaching the poor in substantial numbers, enabling
them to move out of poverty, and creating financial institutions that are sustainable. The
mechanism explains the demand for and access to financial services by the poor.
Outreach and sustainability micro-finance services focus on the problem of helping the
poor at the household Level. The authors however, emphasized on the importance of
micro-finance in poverty alleviation he has not established the influence of micro-finance
services on sustainable community development.
21
Capacity Building Services Provision
Tang (2009), said that capacity building is a popular term these days too popular
and expansive a term, in fact, to mean much to individuals making specific decisions
about programs and grant strategies. As a result, everyone from practitioners to
foundation CEOs is calling for increased attention to the capacity-building needs of non-
profit organizations. So far, however, the rhetoric is ahead of the work. We try to advance
that work in two ways. First, we define capacity building as the ability of non-profit
organizations to fulfill their missions in an effective manner. We already know that many
nonprofit organizations are small and possess limited resources, particularly when
measured against the challenges and critical issues that they address. Tang (2009), didn’t
study how capacity building can affect sustainable development of a given community he
did not show the influence of capacity building and sustainable community development
our study.
According to Solomon (2007), capacity building as it relates to the overall quality
of life in the communities nonprofit organizations serve. For nearly a century, nonprofit
organizations have fulfilled a variety of functions that help build and maintain civil
society. They offer resources to residents of local communities, including social services,
advocacy, cultural opportunities, monitoring of government and business practices, and
much more. However, capacity building offer resources to residents of local
communities, including social services; they have not studied or conducted the research
that establishes the influence Non -Governmental Organization capacity building
services and sustainable community development which is our current research.
22
They enable individuals to take an active role in their communities and contribute
to the overall well-being of these communities. Non-profit organizations also provide the
basis and infrastructure for forming social networks that support strong communities.
Civil society requires more than linking individuals to institutions; it requires building
contributions among people. In these ways, nonprofit organizations add value to
community life. While the non-profit realm should not be mistaken for all of civil society,
most of the country’s vast charitable endeavor is very much a part of civil society
(O’Connell, 2004).The auteur brings out the fact that the nonprofit organizations
contribute the building contributions among people and linking individuals; he has not
studied or conducted the research that establishes the influence of Non-Governmental
Organization capacity building services on sustainable community development which is
the current research’s concern.
In summary the authors include; Desai(2005); Tang(2004); Bridger and logoff
(2002),UN(2012); Michael(2003);Jonson(2007); Grang(2001); Obama(2002);
Oscar (20060; Bower(2003); Hanushek(2007); Rogers(2005); Wiley and Sons
(2005); Zeller( 2002); Solomon ( 2007) and O’Connell (2004) have talked about Non
Governmental organizations services provision including health service provision,
education support provision ,microfinance service and capacity building service the
literature , however do not clearly bring out how Non-Governmental Organization
services related to sustainable community development were not carried out in Rwanda
especial in Rubavu sector.
23
Sustainable Community Development
Sustainable Development according to the Brundtland Commission (2003)
, is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
the future generations to meet their own needs. In order to meet sustainable community
development in Rwanda, the current strategy emphasizes that poverty reduction cannot be
achieved without access to Non-Governmental Organizations services to the poor. The
Governmental places much emphasis on Non-Governmental Organization service as one
of the tools for sustainable community development (EDPRS Rwanda, 2008).
Hibbard (2004), contended that sustainable community development is process-
oriented, and it requires extensive community participation and relies on network to share
resources, knowledge and expertise. The concept of sustainability in sustainable
development, therefore, implies balancing environmental protection with the generation
of increased opportunities for employment and improved livelihoods. Serageldin (2006),
shows how particularly NGO can promote the organization and empowerment of the
poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-credit, awareness-raising
training for group members, and other social services. Empowerment is the ability of
individuals to gain control socially, politically, economically and psychologically through
(1) access to inform action, knowledge and skills; (2) decision making; and (3) individual
self efficacy, community participation, and perceived control (Baccaro, 2001). The study,
however, shows on how NGOs have helped poor women but he did not show their
influence on sustainable community development which the current study intends to
investigate.
24
Level of Access to Health Services
In Bangladesh, just 21% of injury usually occurring when pregnant women attend
four or more antenatal visits, home delivery woman is in labor too long norm, with 77%
of women overall and 89% of rural or when delivery is obstructed, women opting to give
birth at home, direct and indirect costs, perceived service quality, and cesarean section.
She endures cultural norms are among the many factors that contribute to low demand for
internal injuries that leave her facility-based maternal health care. (Streatield et al., 2011)
According to (Perkins et al 2010), said that providing hospital services, LAMB
runs an integrated community health and development program, a training center, a
school, and numerous other initiatives similarly, community member’s benefiting from
the SDU (Safe Delivery Units) program report have facilitated increased access to
antenatal care and skilled birth attendance in underserved communities and have
strengthened referral linkages for women needing higher Levels of maternity care. He
added that both programs involve an extensive network of community-based staff making
home visits, with links to vehicles that can facilitate transportation for the women who
need it. The paramedics and branch office managers with the community management
committees affiliated with LAMB work to identify and overcome problems, such as the
barriers individuals might face in accessing health care.
Level of Access to Credit Service
A study by McCarty (2001), on Micro-finance and Rural credit in Vietnam
indicates that Vietnam has been transforming itself from a centrally planned to a market
oriented economy since economic reform, was initiated in the late 1980s. Significant
improvements in terms of the economic growth rate, which accelerated, from 4.6% on
25
average in 1980s to 7.6% in 1990s, have been achieved. There is a significant inequality
in the development of rural and urban areas. Recent average national per capita income is
estimated at $300, but for rural areas, accounting for 80% of population, the figure is at
$100, the rural development has been set as one of the prime goals of the Vietnamese
Government’s strategic development plan. The study brings out the importance of
microfinance in rural and urban areas but did not show their influence to sustainable
community development which the current study aims to investigate.
According to Islam (2012), micro-credit has contributions to the improvement
and poverty reduction for millions of the poorest people of Bangladesh. Micro-credit has
a huge impact on the lives of millions of poor people particularly to women. Numerous
scholars and NGOs have been working with micro credit to reach poor people, who are
still not benefited by the conventional financial system. It has been tried to present
evidence of the important and contributions made by micro credit in the eradication of
poverty by increasing the income generating activities, empowerment of poor people to
access development services such as health and education, and reduction in vulnerability.
Micro credit is now being considered as one of the most important and an effective
mechanism for poverty reduction. Micro-credit activities help to improve on people’s
livelihoods, the impact of micro-credit on the poor people of the society focus on poor
people in rural areas. Islam (2012) did not study the influence of Non-Governmental
Organizations service on sustainable development.
According to Birendra Suna (2012), the concept micro-finance covers broad
spectrums from traditional business for which social objectives are only by product, to
traditional social service organizations, for whom reaching the poorest is the prime
26
objective. Microfinance credit are best poverty alleviation approaches to development
history, women empowerment and money lending are highlights to some critical
questions which were asked that whether the micro-finance mechanism freed the poorest
of the poor from poverty. With the help of micro-finance institutions poverty can be
alleviated. The idea that openness is good for sustainable livelihoods and micro-finance
has become deeply ingrained in development discourse. Demonstrating demonstrates
social capital critical to previous development theories along with India's development
plan and policies. It brings out a clear picture of credit and microfinance that it could be
an alternative financial mechanism for poor people to engage themselves into the poverty
alleviation program. The literature was, however, this was focusing on how micro
finances can alleviate poverty; it did not bring how Non-Governmental Organization
micro-finance services contribute sustainable community development which is our
current focus.
Level of House Hold Income
According to the EICV Rwanda (2006), survey shows that the incidence of
poverty is highest in households whose main source of income is agricultural wage
labour, Households which depend on combining self-employment in agriculture with
agricultural wage labour are not much better off, as 82% of this group live in poverty, the
proportion of individuals aged 15 and above whose main job is agricultural wage labour
doubled from 4% to 8% in 2005. Such a development reflects the acute shortage of land
in many areas and the lack of rural non-farm employment opportunities. Vulnerable
households headed by women, widows and children represent 43% of all households and
are concentrated in rural areas.
27
Christine (2006), said that only 16% of the households live in permanent houses,
and 56% of the households are poor and live in informal settlements. She further points
out that most of the households have little land; an average of less than 2 acres
per household and due to poor household incomes, 97% of the households still
use firewood as fuel.
Level of Food Security
According to the World Health Organization report (2012), it is stipulated that
food production refers to the availability of food and one's access to it. A household is
considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation.
The definition of food security as existing when all people at all times have access to
sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Commonly, the
concept of food security is defined as including both physical and economic access to
food that meets people's dietary needs as well as their food preferences. In many
countries, health problems related to dietary excess are an ever increasing threat to poor
people. Food security is built on three pillars: Food availability: (sufficient quantities of
food available on a consistent basis), Food access: (having sufficient resources to obtain
appropriate foods for a nutritious diet). Food use: appropriate use based on knowledge of
basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation (WHO, 2012).
However, a complex sustainable development issue, linked to health through
malnutrition, but also it did not show influence of food security as an aspect to
sustainable community development.
Kimbro, et al, (2012), said that food security varies significantly by race, class
and education. Research done in USA in 2012 showed that in both kindergarten and third
28
grade, 8% of children were classified as food insecure but only 5% of white children
were food insecure, white 12% and 15% of black and Hispanic children were food
insecure respectively. In third grade, 13% of black and 11% of Hispanic children are food
insecure compared to 5% of white children.
According to Crush (2012), Income is an important factor in food security since
households need to buy in order to secure their food items. It is obvious that town
dwellers have to buy food but researches show that even rural dwellers do buy food, even
some times most of their food items. He argues that rural households buy some or most
of their food with cash from family members who have moved within the country or
across borders to earn income. The main cause of food insecurity in African cities is the
lack of access to food and that means the absence of a regular and reliable income with
which to buy it.
In summary the authors include; Brundtland Commission (2003); (EDPRS
Rwanda, 2008).; Hibbard (2004); Serageldin (2006) (Baccaro, 2001); (Streatield et al.,
2011); McCarty (2001), Islam (2012); Birendra Suna (2012); EICV (2006); (Christine
2006); World Health Organization report (2012); EICV (2006); (Christine 2006); World
Health Organization report (2012); Kimbro, et al, (2012); (Crush, 2012), have talked
about indicators of sustainable development including; Level of access to health service,
Level of literacy, Level of access to credit service Level of household income, Level of
food security. The literature, however, some have correlate to our current study and other
correlate to sustainable community development our current study.
29
Influence of Non Governmental Organizations Services on Sustainable Community
Development
Baccaro (2001) , shows how particular NGOs can promote the empowerment of
the poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-credit, awareness-
raising, training for group members, and other social services. In the long term, the aim
of NGOs is to promote sustainable community development through activities that
promote capacity building and self reliance. Langran (2002) has put it that NGOs through
capacity building help to bring about sustainable community development. NGOs are
often created in order to expand the capacities of people. Furthermore, they are praised
for promoting community self-reliance and empowerment through supporting
community-based groups and relying on participatory processes. The provision of
microfinance, initiation of community capacity building and self-reliance through
“bottom-up approach” in community development would likely bring about
empowerment to the community (Nikkhah & Redzuan, 2010). The auteur, however, did
not include sustainable community development as result of services provided by Non-
Governmental Organizations.
Summary of Key Finding and Identified Gaps
In summary the authors include; Desai (2005); Tang (2004); Bridger and logoff
(2002), United Nation (2012); Michael 2003); Jonson (2007); Grang (2001); Obama
(2002); Oscar (20060; Bower (2003); Hanushek (2007), Rogers(2005); Wiley and Sons
(2005); Zeller ( 2002); Solomon ( 2007) and O’conell (2004) have differently discussed
about Non-Governmental Organizations services including provision health service
provision, education support provision, microfinance services and capacity building
30
services. The literature, however do not clearly bring out how Non-Governmental
Organization services related to sustainable community development were not carried out
in Rwanda.
Regarding to Level of sustainable community development in summary the
authors include; Brundtland Commission (2003); (EDPRS Rwanda, 2008).; Hibbard
(2004); Serageldin(2006) (Baccaro, 2001); (Streatield et al., 2011); McCarty (2001),
Islam (2012); Birendra Suna (2012); EICV Rwanda (2006); (Christine 2006); World
Health Organization report (2012); (Christine 2006); World Health Organization report
(2012); Kimbro, (2012); (Crush, 2012), have discussed about indicators of sustainable
development including; Level of access to health service, Level of literacy, Level of
access to credit service Level of household income, Level of food security. The literature,
however some have clarified sustainable development and others they did not show a
significant influence Non-Governmental Organizations to sustainable community
development.
Most of the findings, however, are not in the Rwandan setting. The government
places much emphasis on Non-Governmental Organization service as one of the tools for
sustainable community development; it is believed that they can help to generate job
opportunities and self employment to diversify sources of income, thereby contributing to
the improvement of the Rwandan economy and sustainable community development and
reduction of poverty. NGOs can build the capacity of the poor population to create
employment and generate wealth in a sustainable manner (Rwanda Governance Board,
2007). However, the researcher has not yet been able to find a study in this topic
specifically focusing on Non -Governmental Organization industry in Rwanda. It is
31
basing on such gaps that the study attempted to establish the influence of Non-
Governmental Organizations services and sustainable community development of
Rubavu sector.
32
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
This part of the research was covered methods that the research/investigator was
followed to execute her research. It involves the research design, the locale of the study,
population of the study, sample size, sampling procedure, research methods and
instrument, reliability and validity, data collection procedure and data analysis method.
Research Design
Research design as the structure of any scientific work gives direction and
systematizes on the how the study is done; it constituted the collection, measurement and
analysis of data (Kothari, 2004). This study was based on descriptive research design and
correlation research design. This study was based on descriptive research design because
was used; both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative in the case that the
researcher made an inquiry on the problem based on testing a theory composed of Non
Governmental Organization service and sustainable community development as the
variables, measured with numbers and analyzing it with statistical procedures in order to
determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory were true.
The study was also qualitative in understanding the problem based on building a
holistic picture, formed with words reporting detailed views of the respondents by use of
open-ended questions On the other hand, correlation research design helps to determine
whether to what degree of influence exists Non Governmental organization services on
sustainable community development with its variables.
33
Locale of the Study
This study was conducted in Rubavu sector which is located in western province,
Rubavu District of Rwanda, Rubavu sector is bordered by Kivu north of Republic
Democratic of Congo. The study was coved 3voluntary organizations in 3 cells, Byahi,
Buhaza and Gikombe that constitute the administration of Rubavu sector where there is
many NGOs operating in this area. (Rubavu sectors report, 2012).
Population of the Study
According to Rwandan Governance Board report (2012), there are currently 12
Non-Governmental Organizations as registered as NGOS in Rubavu sector. The total
population of NGOs members is 219 people. Since, the researcher was dealed only with
the beneficiaries directly related to NGOs; the population of the study was comprised the
total number of NGOs directly involved in health, food security, education and
microfinance of NGOs in Rubavu sector (Table 1). This is because the primary data
needed in order to carry out the study was based on the following three NGOs as follow
UCC (Health, Education, social welfare), Save the children (helping Students) and
SACCO (Microfinance service), are 3 NGOs involved in the study.
Sample Size and Sampling Procedure
According to Kothari (2004), the proportion of beneficiaries of UCC, Save the
children and SACCO in Rubavu sectors is given by the following formula: ni = n*Nj/N,
where ni = Sample Size of each NGOs, n =Sample size of entire population calculated by
using Morgan Table, Nj= number of beneficiaries in each NGOs and N= total number of
population. Then n = 112, Nj = 81 of UCC, 65 of Save the Children and 73 of SACCO
34
N = 219.
Researcher used purposive sampling method employing with convenient sampling
technique, she distributed structured questionnaire to the beneficiaries who she met at
NGOs Office on the appointments related to different issue like attending meeting,
receiving fund; whenever she met one beneficiaries she would request them for
interview and make an appointment on when and where to meet for the interview, or she
would administer a questionnaire and make an appointment on when and where to make
a call back to pick the filled in questionnaire
Table 1: showing the study sample.
Categories of NGOs Population Sample
size
Sampling techniques
1.UCC,Health, Education, social
welfare
81
42
Purposive (convenient) sampling
2. Save the children-Education 65 33 Purposive (convenient) sampling
3. SACCO, Microfinance service
73 37 Purposive (judgmental) sampling
Total 219 112 Purposive sampling
Methods and Instruments of Data Collection
The main method of data collection used was a questionnaire and, a Key
Informant Interviewing. A self –administered questionnaire, interview schedule and
informal interview guide were the instruments of data collection.
Questionnaire
A questionnaire was the main instrument used during the study to collect data. A
structured questionnaire was used three sections: Section A covered the demographic
characteristics of the respondents; Section B was on services Non-Governmental
35
Organization provides to people in Rubavu and Section C was on the Level of sustainable
development among beneficiaries. The researcher developed close-ended questions on a
5 point Likert Scale which was developed by utilizing the item analysis approach where
a particular item is evaluated on the basis of how well it discriminates those persons
whose total score is high and those whose score is low (Kothari, 2004). The researcher
adopted this type of scale so as to give respondents a wider choice of answers and,
therefore, gathering different views of respondents.
Table 2: Definition of Scale
Description Mean range Interpretation
Strongly Agree 4.20-5.00 Very High
Agree
Undecided
3.40-4.19
2.60-3.39
High
Moderate
Disagree 1.80-2.59 Low
Strongly Disagree 1.00-1.79 Very Low
Interview Guide
In addition to the questionnaire the researcher used an interview guide, which
helped her to get from information from key informants the interview guide was
administered to the 3 representatives of NGOs, at sector Level, Secretary Executive of
the Sector and one official charge of cooperatives. They were chosen because they are the
ones who were anticipated to know on the real information of what was being done by
NGOs.
36
Validity and Reliability of Instruments
Validity
Validity deals with the influence of the data obtained to the nature of the variables
being studied. Validity of Instruments means that the instrument measure what it is meant
to measure. Construct validity of the instrument was established by using expert
judgment. The instrument was submitted for comments to the three supervisors (experts),
whereby, suggestions were accepted and judgments be made on the construct, validity of
the instrument. Validity was scientifically determined by using content validity index
formula (CVI). The instruments were considered valid when the CVI got was above the
hire scored of 0.6. The CVI was computed by using the formula below.
Reliability
Kothari (2004) states that reliability refers to the degree of consistency and
precision or accuracy that a measuring instrument demonstrates To determine the internal
consistency of the instrument, coefficient of reliability was computed using statistical
package for the social scientists (SPSS version 18). ). In determining reliability of the
instrument, the researcher carried out a pretest by issuing 25 questionnaires to Peoples of
Kakili town. The data which was obtained was entered into the Statistical Package for
Social Scientists (SPSS) to determine the reliability of the tool. In accordance with
Cronbach, (1951), Cronbanch’s Alpha Coefficient was used to assess the internal
37
consistency. A reliability test using a Cronbach’s alpha α ≥ 0.7 and above was considered
adequate and since 0.836 is above 0.7 is accepted.
Table 3: Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.836 36
Source of primary data
Data Collection Procedure
An introduction letter was obtained from the graduate school Bugema University
to introduce the researcher to the local leaders in the area of the study, in order for her to
collect data using questionnaires from Rubavu sector Non-Governmental Organizations.
The researcher recruited and trained an assistant who helped her in gathering the data.
Researcher used purposive sampling method employing with convenient sampling
technique, she distributed structured questionnaire to the beneficiaries who she met at
NGOs Office on the appointments related to different issue like attending meeting,
receiving fund, the researcher used an ethical approach whereby and information was
given confidential attention and treated with a lot of anonymity. This was done by
assuring the respondents that the information collected was used only for academic
purpose. The respondents were also assured that their names would not appear in the
questionnaire, as was asked to write that they have understood and what is required of
them.
Data Analysis Procedure
After a successful data collection exercise, the researcher coded, edited, transcribed,
entered and analyzed the data using SPSS program. This program was preferred because
38
it is simple and easy to analyze and interpret the findings. Objective 1, 2 and 3 were
analyzed using descriptive statistics where frequencies, percentages, the mean and
standard deviation were used. Inferential statistics were also obtained to gain a deeper
understanding of the influences of the independent variable or the dependent variable.
Objective 4 was analyzed using Regression analysis to determine the influence of Non-
Governmental Organization service on Sustainable community development of Rubavu
sector. Data analysis was followed with interpretation and discussion. The hypothesis
was tested using regression analysis at (p ≤ 0.05). Level of significance. The results were
interpreted and discussed in line with the research objectives, hypothesis, theoretical
framework and related literature, Conclusion was drawn and recommendations made in
line with the findings.
39
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of the study on Non -Governmental
Organizations service and sustainable community development. The presentation and
discussion is in line with research objectives hypothesis. The specific objectives were: to
find out the demographic characteristics of the respondents, the influence of Non-
Governmental Organizations service in Rubavu sector, to examine the level of
sustainable community development in Rubavu sector and establish the influence of Non-
Governmental Organizations service on sustainable community development in Rubavu
sector. The chapter has subsections on the demographic characteristics of research
participants, Non-Governmental Organizations service provision and level of sustainable
community development.
Demographic Characteristics of Research Participants
The actual research participants included 112 respondents, and in the course of
data collection, the researcher succeeded in collecting all the questionnaires, that is; there
was no questionnaire which represented an error of omission. Descriptive statistics, that
is, frequencies and percentages, were used to analyze data on the demographic profile of
the respondents in terms of gender, age, occupation held, education level, and years of
service with NGOs. The frequencies and percentages were meant to establish the most
frequently occurring responses and the least frequently occurring responses. Table 4
presents the summary of findings.
40
Table 4: Demographic Characteristics of respondents
Items Description Frequency Percent
Sex Male 51 45.5
Female 61 54.5
Age 18-20 7 6.2
21-30 27 24.1
31-35 34 30.4
36 and above 44 39.3
Education Level Primary 16 14.3
Secondary 11 9.8
Certificate 12 10.7
Diploma 11 9.8
Degree 7 6.2
Illiteracy
Non formal ed
31
24
27.6
21.4
Occupation held Student 9 8.0
Farmer 25 22.3
Trader 18 16.1
Public Work 13 11.6
Private workers 10 8.9
Others 37 33.0
Number of years worked with
NGOs
Less than 1 year 39 34.8
1-3years 37 33.0
4-6 years 17 15.2
Over 6 years 19 17.0
N= 112
Respondents Sex: Out of 112 respondents who responded to the questionnaire 61
(54.5%) were female and 51 (45.5%) were male. This means that were females
participated more than males in the study. Hence females’ views were more reflected in
the responses than male views. The predominance of female respondents may be due to
population demographic characteristic in Rubavu Sector. Whereby females seem to be
more than males in every sector, whereby females seem to be more than males in every
sector.
41
Age
Regarding age, results in the Table 4 show that the majority respondents were old
people, 44 ( 39.3%) followed by those who were 31-35 years 34 ( 30.4%), 21-30 years
were 27 (24.1%) and 18-20 , were 7 (6.26%). The findings means that NGOs serve the
older peoples more than youth peoples.
Education Level
Regarding education Level, the findings in Table 4 indicate that 33 (29. 4%)
respondents were illiterate, 22 (19.6%) had attended non formal education and few 7
(6.2%) had a degree. The findings means that the majority respondents were illiterate
with mainly literate people and the responses are dominated by views of illiterate people.
Occupation Held
Regarding occupation held by the respondents, the results in table 4 indicate that
37 (33.0%), have other occupations and very few 9 (8.0%) were student. The findings
means that the majority have other activities differ from, farming trading and public
work.
Number of Years Worked with NGOs
Regarding the number of years worked with NGOs, the results show that 39
(34.8%) respondents had worked with NGOs for Less than 1 year with NGOs and very
few were at 17 (15.2%) have worked 4-6years with NGOs. The findings shows that the
majority of respondent have worked with less than one year means that beneficiaries
were new in NGOs services.
Non -Governmental Organization Service Provision in Rubavu Sector
The second objective of the study was to examine Non- Governmental
Organization service in Rubavu sector. The specific variables investigated under the
42
construct of Non-Governmental Organization service provision included health service
provision, education service provision, Micro-finance service provision and capacity
building service provision. This objective was analyzed using frequencies, percentages
the mean and Standard Deviation. The mean represented the occurrence of a response and
standard deviation represented the extent to which scores deviate from the mean. The
frequencies and percentages presented in appendix2 and the narrative whereas the mean
and standard deviation is presented in table 5 that follows.
Table 5: Contribution of Non Governmental Organization Service
Items x SD. Interpretation
Health service provision
NGOs have enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health insure 3.38 0.59 High
NGOs has helped us to improve hygiene through training 3.50 0.55 High
NGOs have support us to access to clean water 3.65 0.67 High
Aggregate mean 3.51 0.60 High
Education support provision
NGO have helped me to get school fees for my children 3.60 0.76 High
NGO contribute to education training for adult formal
schooling
3.49 0.59 High
NGO have increase my knowledge from short course 3.63 0.67 High
Aggregate mean 3.57 0.67 High
Microfinance saving and credit service provision
NGO have helped me to save money to use 3.59 0.61 High
I have improved my business from Ngo training 3.49 0.55 High
I get employment from NGOs 3.38 0.65 Moderate
NGOs support our cooperative members 3.47 0.63 High
Aggregate mean 3.48 0.61 High
Capacity building support provision
Support given by NGOs as training has helped to create self
employment
3.75 0.68 High
NGOs has helped me to create my own business from
workshop
3.62 0.66 High
I got job from short course provided by NGOs 3.25 0.83 Moderate
I have improved my production from NGOs forums 3.49 0.60 High
Aggregate mean
Grand mean
3.53
3.52
0.69
0.64
High
High
N = 112
Legend 1: Scale: 1.00-1.79 (Very low), 1.80-2.59 (Low), 2.60-3.39
0(Moderate), 3.40-4.19 (high), 4.20-5.00 (Very High
43
Health Service Provision
One of the variables investigated under Non-Governmental Organizations services
provision was health service provision. Specific responses were sought on; whether
NGOs have enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health insurance, whether NGOs have
helped us to improve, hygiene through training and whether NGOs helped us to access
clean water.
Regarding whether NGOs have enabled beneficiaries to pay for health insurance,
findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree, 70 (62.5%) responses
were undecided; 38 (33%) agreed, and 3 (2.7%) strongly agreed. The responses had a
Mean of 3.38 and a Standard Deviation of 0.59.The findings generally means that the
responses agreed that NGOs have a highly enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health
insurance and that there are very minimal variations in the responses.
As to whether NGOs have helped beneficiaries to improve hygiene practices
through training Finding in appendix table 2 show that 59 (52.7%) responses were
undecided,50 (44.6%) responses agreed and 3 (2.7%) strongly agreed. The findings in
table 5 show that the responses had a mean of 3.50 and standard deviation of 0.55. This
means that the responses highly agreed that NGOs have helped beneficiaries to improve
sanitation through training and there were minimal variations in the response.
Regarding whether NGOs have supported beneficiaries access clean water. The
findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 5 (4.5%) disagreed, 36 (32.1%) were
undecided, 64 (56.1%) agreed and 7 (6.2) strongly agreed. According to table 5 the
findings had a Mean of 3.65 and a Standard deviation of 0.67. The finding means that
44
there was a high agreement that NGOs had supported beneficiaries to access to clean
water and that there were minimal variations in the responses.
According to table 5 the responses on health service provision had an aggregate
Mean of 3.5 and a Standard Deviation of 0.60.This means that response highly agreed
that NGOs provide health services to beneficiaries and there are low variations in the
responses.
The findings highly supported Abia (2009), who says that NGOs are
involved in the provision of general health services, including the provision of
Health insurance, provision of drugs and training health workers, and health
education of communities on domestic hygiene, water and sanitation. Often, the
presence of NGOs improves access to health care through construction of NGO
health units and stocking these with drugs he added that Some NGOs have further
enhanced physical access through the construction or repair of roads.
Similarly the findings support Barton (2009); as he said that NGOs have been
central players in improving the health of mothers and children through mobilizing
pregnant women to attend antenatal and postnatal clinics. That they are also providing
immunization and health education services, education on nutrition for mothers and
their children, personal and domestic hygiene, water and sanitation activities and
control of diarrhea diseases through the preparation of oral dehydration salts. He
added that NGOs are involved in various AIDS activities, including preventive education
on HIV transmission, provision of condoms, care of People With AIDS,(treatment,
counseling and home visits) as well as support to AIDS orphans.
45
Education Service Provision
Education service provision was one of the variables investigated under Non-
Governmental Organizations services. Specific responses were sought on; whether NGOs
have helped me to get school fees for my children, whether NGOs contribute to education
training for adult formal schooling, and whether NGOs have increase my knowledge
from short course.
Regarding whether NGOs have helped respondents to get school fees for their
children, findings revealed that 54 (48.2%) responses disagree, 32 (28.6%) responses
were undecided; 25 (22.3%) agreed, and 1 (0.9%) strongly agreed. The responses had a
Mean of 3.60 and a Standard Deviation of 0.76.The findings generally means that the
responses highly disagreed that NGOs have helped respondents to get school fees for
their children and here were very minimal variations in the responses.
As to whether NGOs contributed to education training in reading and writing to
adult peoples, finding in appendix table 2 show that 1(0.9%) responses disagreed, 64
(57.1%) responses were undecided, 46 (41.1%) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed.
The findings in table 5 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.49 and a standard
Deviation of 0.59. This means that the responses highly agreed that NGOs have
contributed to education training in reading and writing to adult peoples and there were
minimal variations in the response.
Regarding whether NGOs have increased respondents knowledge from short
course given to them. The findings in appendix 2 show that 1 (0.9%) responses
disagreed, 64 (56.1%) were undecided, 46 (41.1%) agreed and 1 (0.9) strongly agreed.
According to table 5 the findings had a Mean of 3.63 and a Standard Deviation of 0.67.
46
The finding means that responses highly agreed that NGOs had increased respondents
knowledge from short course given to them and that there were minimal variations in the
responses. According to table 5 the responses on education support provision had an
aggregate Mean of 3.57 and a Standard Deviation of 0.67.This means that response
highly agreed that NGOs had provided education service to beneficiaries and there are
low variations in the responses.
The finding on education provision is in line with Bowen (2003), says that
providing free and quality education to children reflects the fact that every child is
entitled to fundamental human rights and is to be treated with dignity. Primary education
supports children at a critical time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual
growth. More broadly, education is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means
of addressing structural inequality and disadvantage. He added that Primary education
provides children with life skills that will enable them to prosper later in life. Education
also transmits more abstract qualities such as critical thinking skills, healthy living,
resilience, and self-confidence.
Microfinance Services Provision
Micro-finance and credit lending service provision was one of the variables
investigated under Non-Governmental Organizations services. Specific responses were
sought on; whether NGOs have helped me to save money to use, whether Respondents
have improve my business from training, whether respondents get employment from
NGOs and whether NGOs support our cooperative members to get credit from MF.
Regarding whether NGOs have helped respondents to save money to use, findings
revealed that 2 (1.8%) responses disagree, 61 (54.5%) responses were undecided; 47
47
(42.0%) agreed, and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed. The responses had a Mean of 3.48 and a
Standard Deviation of 0.61.The findings generally means that the responses agreed that
NGOs have helped respondents to save money to use and here were minimal variations in
the responses.
As to whether respondents have improved their business from NGOs training,
findings in appendix table 2 show that 3 (2.7%) responses disagreed, 78 (69.6%)
responses were undecided, 29 (25.9%) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed. The
findings in table 5 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.49 and Standard Deviation of
0.55. This means that the responses high agreed that NGO services have improved
business from NGOs training and there were minimal variations in the responses.
Regarding whether respondents got employment from NGO the findings in
appendix 2 show that 16 (14.3%) responses disagreed, 85 (75.9%) were undecided, 5
(4.5%) agreed and 6 (5.4) strongly agreed. According to table 5 the findings had a Mean
of 3.38 and a Standard Deviation of 0.65. The finding means that there high disagreement
responses got employment from NGOs and that there were minimal variations in the
responses.
Regarding whether NGOs have supported cooperative members to get finance
from MF .The findings in appendix 2 show that 5 (4.5%) responses disagreed, 74
(66.1%) were undecided and 33 (29.5%) agreed. According to table 5 the findings had a
Mean of 3.47 and a Standard Deviation of 0.63. The finding means that there was a high
disagreement that NGOs have supported cooperative members to get finance from MF
and that there were minimal variations in the responses.
48
According to table 5 the responses on micro-finance service provision had an
aggregate Mean of 3.48 and a Standard Deviation of 0.61.This means that response
highly agreed that NGOs had provided micro-finance service to its beneficiaries and there
are low variations in the responses
. This implies that the micro-finance are accessible to peoples as Zeller (2002),
explains how microfinance services bring together critical empirical work done by credit
lenders. International Food Policy Research Institute researchers and others from
collaborating institutions, introduced the concept of the triangle of micro-finance, not
only as the organizing framework for the volume but also as the analytical core of the
micro-finance challenge to the governments in alleviating poverty among the poor. He
explains the demand for and access to financial services by the poor outreach and
sustainability micro-finance services focuses on the problem of helping the poor at the
household Level.
Capacity building services provision
Capacity building service was one of the variables investigated under Non-
Governmental Organizations service. Specific responses were sought on; whether support
given by NGOs as training has helped community to create self employment, whether
NGOs have helped respondents to create their own business from workshops, whether
respondents got jobs from short courses provided by NGOs and whether respondents
improved their production from forums.
Regarding whether support given by NGOs as training has helped community to
create self employment, findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree,
58 (51.8%) responses were undecided; 50 (44.6%) agreed, and 3 (2.7%) strongly
49
agreed. The responses had a Mean of 3.75 and a Standard Deviation of 0.68.The findings
generally means that the responses highly agreed that support given by NGOs as
training has helped community to create self employment and here were minimal
variation in the response.
As to whether NGOs have helped respondents to create their own business from
workshop. The findings in appendix table 2 show that 22 (19.6%) responses disagreed,
63 (56.2%) responses were undecided, 29 (25.9%) agreed and 1 (0.9%) were strongly
agreed. The findings in table 5 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.62 and Standard
Deviation of 0.66. This means that the responses highly agreed that NGOs have helped
them to create their own business from workshop and there were minimal variations in
the response.
Regarding as to whether respondents got jobs from short courses provision by
NGOs. The findings in appendix 2 show that the 1 (0.9%) responses strongly disagreed,
29 (25.9%) disagree, 63 (56.2%) were undecided and 19 (17.0) agreed. According to
table 5 the findings had a Mean of 3.25 and a Standard Deviation of 0.83. The finding
means that there was a highly disagreed that respondents got job from short course
provision by NGOs and that there were minimal variations in the responses.
Regarding whether respondents have improved their production from NGOs
forums. The findings in appendix 2 show that 1 (0.9%) responses strongly disagreed, 21
(18.8%) disagreed, 61 (54.5%) were undecided and 29 (25.9) agreed. According to table
5 the findings had a Mean of 3.49 and a Standard Deviation of 0.60. The finding means
that there was a high agreement that respondents have improved their production from
NGOs forums and that there were minimal variations in the responses. According to table
50
5 the responses on capacity building had an aggregate Mean of 3.52 and a Standard
Deviation of 0.64.This means that responses highly agreed that NGOs had improved their
capacity building and there are low variations in the responses
This result means that Capacity building service provision in Rubavu Sector as a
source of income though Training were at a high Level. This agrees with Solomon
(2007), who wrote that capacity building as it relates to the overall quality of life in the
communities nonprofit organizations serve, for nearly a century, nonprofit organizations
have fulfilled a variety of functions that help build and maintain civil society. They offer
resources to residents of local communities, including social services, advocacy, cultural
opportunities, monitoring of Governmental and business practices, and much more.
Level of Sustainable Community Development in Rubavu Sector
Objective 3 of the study was to establish the level of sustainable community
Development in Rubavu Sector. This objective was analyzed using the Mean and
Standard Deviation. The mean represent the occurrence of a response and standard
deviation represent the extent to which scores deviate from the mean.
51
Table 6: Level of Sustainable Community Development Items x SD Interpretation
Level of access to health service
I and my family we got health insurance from NGOs 2.95 1.02 Moderate
I and my family we got cleaned water 3.82 0.57 High
I and my family we can make proper hygiene 3.92 0.66 High
Our children get vaccination at a given time 4.29 0.64 High
Aggregate mean 3.74 0.72 High
Level of education
I can read and write from school 2.77 1.11 Moderate
I know reading and writing from adult training 2.40 0.81 Low
I can read and write in mother language 2.90 1.08 Moderate
Aggregate mean 2.69 1.00 Moderate
Level access to credit service
I can save money from microfinance 3.50 0.76 High
I received credit from microfinance 3.03 0.80 Moderate
I got training in order to improve my business 2.78 0.85 Moderate
I am employed by FM 2.18 0.74 Low
Aggregate mean 2.87 0.79 Moderate
Level of household income
I can get less than 15,000Rwf per month 2.31 0.68 Low
I can get 16,000Rwf to100,000 Rwf per month 2.46 0.73 Low
I receive 110,000Rwf to300,000Rwf per month 2.43 0.76 Low
I can get 310,000Rwf to500,000Rwf per month 2.06 0.65 Low
I receive 510,000Rwf to1,000,000Rwf per month 1.75 0.49 Very Low
Aggregate mean 2.20 0.66 Low
Level of food security
I and my family we can afford 3 meals per day 2.54 0.66 Moderate
I and my family we have sufficient food consumption
and for sale
2.33 0.53 Low
I and my family we can produce food for another
season
2.25 0.59 Low
Aggregate mean
Grand Mean
2.37
2.77
0.59
0.75
Low
Moderate
N = 112 Sources: Primary Data
Legend 1: Scale: 1.00-1.79 (Very low),
1.80-2.59 (Low), 2.60-3.39(Moderate), 3.40-4.19
(high), 4.20-5.00 (Very High
Level of Access to Health Service
Level of access to health service was one of the variables investigated under level
of sustainable community development. Specific responses were sought on; whether
respondents and their families we got health insurance from NGOs, whether respondents
and their families we got clean water from NGOs, whether respondents and their families
52
we can make proper hygiene and whether their children got vaccinations during a given
time.
Regarding whether respondents and their families got health insurance from
NGOs, the findings revealed that 2 (1.8%) responses strongly disagree, 48 (42.9%)
responses disagree; 23 (20.5%) were un decided, and 32 (28.6%) agreed and 7 (6.2%)
strongly agreed. The responses had a Mean of 2.95 and a Standard Deviation of 1.02.The
findings generally means that the responses moderately disagreed that respondents and
their families got health insurance from NGOs and a minimal variations in the responses.
As to whether respondents and their families got clean water from NGOs. The
findings in appendix table 2 show that 2 (1.8%) responses strongly disagreed, 24
(21.4%) responses were undecided, 78 (69.6%) were agreed and 8 (7.1%) were strongly
agreed. The findings in table 6 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.82 and Standard
Deviation of 0.57. This means that the responses highly agreed that respondents and their
families got clean water from NGOs and there were minimal variations in the response.
Regarding whether respondents and their families can make proper hygiene. The
findings in appendix 2 show that 2 (1.8%) were disagreed, 23 (20.5%) were undecided,
69 (61.6%) agreed and 18 (16.1) strongly agreed. According to table 6the findings had a
Mean of 3.92 and a Standard Deviation of 0.66. The finding means that there was a high
agreement that respondents and their families can make proper hygiene and that there
was minimal variations in the responses.
Regarding whether respondents children got vaccinations during a given time.
The findings in appendix 2 show that 1(0.9%) responses strongly disagreed, 1 (0.9%)
disagreed, 2 (1.8%) were undecided and 69 (61.6) agreed and 39 (34.8) strongly agreed.
53
According to table 6 the findings had a Mean of 4.29 and a Standard Deviation of 0.64.
The finding means that there was a highly agreement that respondents children got
vaccinations during a given time and that there were minimal variations in the responses.
According to table 6 the responses on access to health service had an aggregate
mean of 3.74 and a standard deviation of 0.72.This means that response highly agreed
that health service were accessible to beneficiaries of Rubavu sector and there are low
variations in the responses.
The findings highly agree with Streatield (2011) who, said that in Bangladesh,
just 21% of injury usually occurring when pregnant women attend four or more antenatal
visits, Home delivery woman is in labor too long norm, with 77% of women overall and
89% of rural or when delivery is obstructed, women opting to give birth at home, Direct
and indirect costs, perceived service quality, and cesarean section. She endures cultural
norms are among the many factors that contribute to low demand for internal injuries that
leave her facility-based maternal health care.
Similarly the findings support Perkins et al (2010), Said that providing hospital
services, LAMB runs an integrated community health and development program, a
training center, a school, and numerous other initiatives similarly, community member’s
benefiting from the SDU (Safe Delivery Units) program report have facilitated increased
access to antenatal care and skilled birth attendance in underserved communities and
have strengthened referral linkages for women needing higher Levels of maternity care.
He added that both programs involve an extensive network of community-based staff
making home visits, with links to vehicles that can facilitate transportation for the women
who need it. The paramedics and branch office managers with the community
54
management committees affiliated with LAMB work to identify and overcome problems,
such as the barriers individuals might face in accessing health care.
Level of literacy
The results on Level of literacy one of the variables investigated under Level of
sustainable community development. Specific responses sought on; whether respondents
can read and write from school, whether respondents knows reading and writing from
adult training and whether respondent can read and write in mother language.
Regarding whether respondent can read and write from school, the findings
revealed that the responses 5 (4.5%) strongly disagree, 54 (48.2%) responses Disagreed;
1 (0.9%) undecided, 34 (30. %) agreed and 18 (16.1%) strongly agreed. The findings on
table 6 had a Mean of 2.77and a Standard Deviation of 1.11. The findings generally mean
that the responses disagreed that respondents can read and write from school and that
there are a minimal variation of in the response.
As to whether respondents knows reading and writing from adult training, the
findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree, 87 (77.7%) responses
disagree; 2 (1.8%) were un decided, and 22 (19.6%) agreed. The responses had a Mean
of 2.40 and a Standard Deviation of 0.81.The findings generally means that the responses
disagreed with respondents know reading and writing from adult training and minimal
variations in the responses.
Regarding whether respondents can read and write in mother language. The
findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 5 (4.5%) strongly disagreed, 87 (77.7%)
disagreed, 2 (1.8%) were undecided 48 (42.9) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed.
According to table 6 the findings had a mean of 2.90 and a standard deviation of 1.08.
55
The finding means that there was a highly disagreed with I can read and write in mother
language and that there were maximum variations in the responses. According to table 6
the responses on Level of literacy had an aggregate mean of 2.69 and a standard deviation
of 1.00.This means that response were undecided that on Level of literacy are at
moderate level in Rubavu sector and there are low variations in the responses.
As UNESCO (2006) defines literacy as the "ability to identify, understand,
interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials
associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in
enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and
potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society." Literacy
thus refers to the ability to read for knowledge and write coherently and think critically
about the written word.
Similarly the findings supports Umebau (2008) Level of Literacy is indeed an
essential right, it ensures full participation in development and is a powerful tool for
national socio-economic growth with regard to key priorities and challenges such
as poverty elimination, HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation, behavioral change
regarding gender equality, as well as good Governmental for democratic societies.
Still, the priority given to literacy programs in educational policies is disturbing
low and overlooks large sections of society, namely youth, adults, and marginalized
groups. He added that MDGs goals, in practice African levels have concentrated
their efforts towards achieving universal primary education and the former adult
education, and literacy in particular.
56
Level of access to Microfinance Credit Service
The result on Level of access to credit service one of the variables investigated
under Level of sustainable community development. Specific responses sought out on;
whether respondent can save money from microfinance, whether respondents received
credit from microfinance, whether respondents got training in order to improve their
business and whether respondent are employed by microfinance.
Regarding whether respondents can save money from microfinance 13 (11.6%)
disagree, 19 (17.0%) responses undecided; 57 (50.9%) agreed and 23 (20. %)
strongly agreed. The response had a Mean of 3.50 and a Standard Deviation of
0.76.The finding generally means that the response agreed respondents can save
money from micro-finance and that there were minimal variation of responses.
As to whether respondent received credit from micro-finance. The findings in
appendix 2 show that the responses 3 (2.7%) strongly disagreed, 25 (22.3%) disagree, 50
(44.6%) were undecided and 34 (30.1) agreed.
According to table 6the findings had a mean of 3.03 and a standard deviation of
0.80. The finding means that there was undecided that respondents receive credit from
micro-finance and that there were minimal variations in the responses.
Regarding whether respondents got training in order to improve their business.
The findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 1 (0.9%) strongly disagreed, 52
(46.4%) disagreed, 30 (26.8%) undecided and 29 (25.9) agreed. The responses had a
Mean of 2.78 and Standard Deviation of 0.85. The findings generally mean that the
responses disagreed that respondents got training in order to improve their business and
that there were a minimal variations of response.
57
Regarding whether respondents were employed by microfinance. The findings in
appendix 2 show that the responses 7 (6.2%) strongly disagreed, 90 (80.4%)
disagreed, 6 (5.4%) undecided, 6 (5.4%) were agreed and 3 (2.7%) strongly agree.
According to table 6the findings had a Mean of 2.18 and a Standard Deviation of
0.74.The finding means that there was a highly disagreed that respondents employed
by microfinance and that there were minimal variations in the responses.
According to table 6 the responses on Level of access to credit service had an
aggregate Mean of 2.87 and a Standard Deviation of 0.79.This means that response
moderate Level of access to credit service and there are low variations in the
responses.
The findings agree with Robinson (2009), who show in a study of 16 different
MFIs from all over the world shows that having access to microfinance services has
led to an enhancement in the quality of life of clients, an increase in their self-
confidence, and has helped them to diversify their livelihood security strategies
and thereby increase their income. Microfinance interventions have also been shown
to have a positive impact on the education of clients’ children.
Similarly the findings supports in Viet Nam, UNICEF (2005) said that provides
loan funds for programs administered by NGOs. These programs combine credit with
access to basic social services and information, using tools such as the basic health
manual, Facts for Life, and opportunities such as the national literacy campaign. The
results are positive: In one program, 97% of daughters of borrowers attend school
compared with 73% of daughters of non-borrowers. Dramatic improvements in
household food security were also observed, with only 12% of borrowers reporting food
58
shortages of three months or more compared with 73% of non-borrower households.
Communities identified having water closer to the home as a major need that they would
like to see fulfilled through access to credit (UNICEF,2005)
Level of Household Income
With regard to Level of household income one of the variables investigated under
Level of sustainable community development. Specific responses sought on; whether
respondents can get less than 15,000 Rwf, whether respondents can get16, 000 Rwf
to100,000 Rwf, whether respondents receive 110,000 Rwf to300,000 Rwf , whether
respondents can get 310,000 Rwf and whether respondents receive 510,000 Rwf
to1,000,000Rwf per month.
Regarding whether respondents can get less than 15,000Rwf 3 (2.7%) strongly
disagree, 82(73.2%) responses disagree; 16 (14.3%) disagree and 11 (9.8 %) were
agreed. The responses had a mean of 2.31 and standard deviation of 0.68. The finding
generally means that the responses disagreed that respondents can get less than
15,000Rwf and that there are very minimal variations in the responses.
As to whether I can get16, 000Rwf to100, and 000Rwf. The findings in appendix
2 show that the responses 76 (67.9%) disagreed, 20 (17.9%) disagree undecided, and 16
(14.3) agreed. According to table 6the findings had a mean of 2.46 and a standard
deviation of 0.73. The finding means that there was undecided that I can get16, 000 Rwf
to100, 000 Rwf and that there were minimal variations in the responses.
Regarding whether respondents receive 110,000 Rwf to 300, 000 Rwf. The
findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 82 (73.2%) disagreed, 12 (10.7%) were
undecided, and 18 (16.1) agreed. The responses had a Mean of 2.43 and Standard
59
Deviation of 0.76. The findings generally mean that the responses disagreed that
respondents receive 110,000 Rwf to300, 000 Rwf and that there were a minimal
variations of response.
As to whether respondents can get 310,000 Rwf. The findings in appendix 2
show that the responses 12 (10.7%) strongly disagreed, 89 (79.5%) disagreed, 3 (52.7s
%) disagree, and 8 (7.1%). According to table 6th
findings had a Mean of 2.06 and a
Standard Deviation of 0.65. The finding means that there was a highly disagreed that
whether respondents can get 310,000 Rwf and that there were minimal variations in the
responses.
Regarding whether respondents receive 510,000 Rwf to1, 000, 000 Rwf. The
findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 30 (26.8%) strongly disagreed, 81
(72.3%) disagreed, and 1 (0.9%) agreed. According to table 6th
findings had a Mean of
1.75 and a Standard Deviation of 0.49. The finding means that there was disagreement
that whether Respondents receive 510,000 Rwf to1, 000,000 Rwf and that there were
minimal variations in the responses.
According to table 6 the responses on Level of household incomes had an
aggregate Mean of 2.20 and a Standard Deviation of 0.66.This means that response
highly disagreement that respondents receive 510,000 Rwf to 1, 000,000 Rwf and there
are low variations in the responses.
The findings highly agree with EICV (2006), survey shows that the incidence of
poverty is highest in households whose main source of income is agricultural wage labor,
Households which depend on combining self-employment in agriculture with agricultural
wage labor are not much better off, as 82% of this group live in poverty, the proportion of
60
individuals aged 15 and above whose main job is agricultural wage labor doubled from
4% to 8% in 2005. Such a development reflects the acute shortage of land in many areas
and the lack of rural non-farm employment opportunities. Vulnerable households headed
by women, widows and children represent 43% of all households and are concentrated in
rural areas.
Similarly the findings supports Christine (2006) said that only 16% of the
households live in permanent houses, and 56% of the households are poor and live in
informal settlements. She further points out that most of the households have little
land; an average of less than 2 acres per household and due to poor household
incomes, 97% of the households still use firewood as fuel.
Level of Food Security
The study results on Level of food security one of the variables investigated under
Level of sustainable community development. Specific responses were sought on;
whether respondents and their families can afford 3 meals per day, whether respondents
and their families have sufficient food consumption and sale and whether I and my family
we can produce food for another season.
Regarding whether respondents and their families can afford 3 meals per day 62
(55.4%) disagree, 40 (35.7%) responses were undecided and 10 (8.9%) agreed.
According to table 6 the responses whether respondents and their families can afford 3
meals per day had Mean of 2.25 and a Standard Deviation of 0.66. The finding generally
means that the response disagreed that respondents and their families can afford 3 meals
per day and that there were on low variations in the responses.
61
As to whether respondents and their families have sufficient food consumption
and sale, the findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree, 75 (67.0%)
responses disagree; 34 (30.4%) were undecided, and 2 (1.8%) agreed. The responses had
a Mean of 2.37 and a Standard Deviation of 0.53.The findings generally means that the
responses disagreed that respondents and their families have sufficient food consumption
and a minimal variations in the responses.
Regarding whether respondents and their families can produce food for another
season. The findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 8 (7.1%) strongly disagreed,
69 (61.6%) disagreed, 34 (30.4%) disagree 1 (0.9) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed.
According to table 6 the findings had a Mean of 2.77 and a Standard Deviation of 0.59.
The finding means that there was a highly disagreed that respondents and their families
can produce food for another season and that there was maximum variations in the
responses.
According to table 6 the responses on Level of food security an aggregate Mean
of 2.77 and a Standard Deviation of 1.75.This means that response disagreed that
respondent and their family can produce food for another season and there are low
variations in the responses
The findings agree with Kimbro, et al (2012), who said that food security varies
significantly by race, class and education. Research done in USA in 2012 showed that in
both kindergarten and third grade, 8% of children were classified as food insecure but
only 5% of white children were food insecure, white 12% and 15% of black and Hispanic
children were food insecure respectively. In third grade, 13% of black and 11% of
Hispanic children are food insecure compared to 5% of white children.
62
Similarly the findings supports Crush (2012), Income is an important factor in
food security since households need to buy in order to secure their food items. It is
obvious that town dwellers have to buy food but researches show that even rural dwellers
do buy food, even some times most of their food items. He argues that rural households
buy some or most of their food with cash from family members who have moved within
the country or across borders to earn income. The main cause of food insecurity in
African cities is the lack of access to food and that means the absence of a regular and
reliable income with which to buy it.
Influence of Non-Organization Services and Sustainable Community Development
The fourth and last objective of the study was to establish the influence of Non-
Governmental Organization services on sustainable community development in Rubavu
sector. This objective was analyzed by using Regression analysis with p value of 0.05
Level of significance. The findings are summarized in the following Table
Table 7: Influence of Non Governmental Organization Services on Sustainable
Community Development
Items Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) .505 .161 .002
Health service provision .117 .041 .219 .005
Education service provision .076 .039 .164 .051
Microfinance service
provision
.111 .049 .212 .024
Capacity building .162 .048 .320 .001
The finding In table 7 indicated that there is a significant influence of health
service provision on sustainable community development were (B = 0.219, P = 0 .005)
the appendix 2 data showed that 78 (69.6%) of respondents have agreed they have access
63
to health service in fact it implies that health service provision has contributed on
sustainable community development in Rubavu sector community. The interviewees have
agreed by saying that NGOs would increase the number of community in terms of paying
health insurance where poor community doesn’t have capacity of paying health insurance
for the family members as it is for example a family of 10 person getting 30,000 Rwf for
paying health insurance it is hard for them, these insurance helps them to get medical care
for hall year as it is their basic needs.
According to Perkins et al (2010), said that LAMB runs an integrated community
health and development program, a training center, a school, and numerous other
initiatives similarly, community member’s benefiting from the SDU (Safe Delivery
Units) program report have facilitated increased access to antenatal care and skilled birth
attendance in underserved communities and have strengthened referral linkages for
women needing higher Levels of maternity care. He added that both programs involve an
extensive network of community-based staff making home visits, with links to vehicles
that can facilitate transportation for the women who need it. The paramedics and branch
office managers with the community management
According to the findings in Table7, indicated that there is no influence of
education support provision service ( B = .164, P = 051 ) on sustainable community
development as the appendix 2 indicate that majority of respondent 83 ( 74.1%) agreed
that they didn’t know write and reading in mother language and implies that education
service provision have no influence on Level of literacy to Rubavu community, as the
interviewees have argued by saying that NGOs would improve their service in terms of
increasing the number of adult training and paying school fees and school materials for
64
more children where many adult people doesn’t know reading and writing and many
young people’s left their school early even if there is 12 years education many people’s
missing school materials.
The finding agree with Bowen (2003), says that providing free and quality education
to children reflects the fact that every child is entitled to fundamental human rights and is
to be treated with dignity. Where children are exposed to poverty, violence, abuse, or
exploitation, those rights demand our urgent protection. Primary education supports
children at a critical time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual growth.
More broadly, education is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means of
addressing structural inequality and disadvantage.
The finding in Table 7 indicated that there is a significant influence of
microfinance service provision (B = 0. 212, P = 0.024) and Level of access to credit
service, as the appendix 2 were 50 ( 44.6%) data indicate that people have access to
microfinance service. As the interviewees have agreed by saying that microfinance
should improve their service in terms of number of workers because they take long to
receive money and increase working hours if it is possible they can work in weekend and
also increasing mobilization to the community, some respondent said that peoples doesn’t
know the important of credit .
The findings agree with Joy (2007) , uses a panel household survey from
Bangladesh and observes that access to microfinance contributes to poverty reduction,
especially for female participants, and to the overall poverty reduction at the
village Level, using data from three programs in rural Bangladesh, that borrowing
from group-lending schemes increased consumption of poor households.
65
Similarly the findings supports Morduchs ( 2006), has argued that There are
also other studies that seem to support to some extent the relevance of
microfinance in poverty reduction. He added that microfinance had positive impact on
poverty reduction. Even in the best of circumstances, credit from microfinance programs
helps fund self employment activities that most often supplement income for borrowers
rather than drive fundamental shifts in employment patterns. It (micro-finance) rarely
generates new jobs for others and success has been especially limited in regions with
highly seasonal income patterns and low population densities
The finding in table 7 revealed that there is a influence of capacity building (B =
0320, P = 0.001) sustainable community development as indicate in appendix 2 shows
that 89 (79.2%) of respondent was agreed that they can’t access to 310.000 Rwf to 500,
000 Rwf implies that they have a moderate household income.
As the interviewees have argued by saying that NGOs should improve their service in
terms of mobilization where people have suffer from food insecurity many people argued
that they take one meal per day, so NGOs should improve their service in terms of
mobilization and helping the community to get selected seeds.
The findings agree with VUP (2O11), on household Surveys conducted For
Human Poverty, the Female-headed households are much poorer than male-headed
households: 50.8% for female and 29.4% for male. This mirrors the extreme income
poverty findings but the gender differential is much stronger in human poverty terms fall
has been concentrated in male-headed households from 37.9% in 2006/7 to 33.1% in
2009. Female-headed households report a higher baseline Level of extreme income
poverty and a much smaller decrease from 42.6% in 2006/7 to 40.8% in 2009 For Social
66
Poverty the surveys show that the number of households in the bottom two Ubudehe
categories has decreased from 34.7% in 2007 to 28.3% in 2009 across the 90 sectors
(VUP, 2011).
Similarly the findings supports Crush (2012), Income is an important factor in
food security since households need to buy in order to secure their food items. It is
obvious that town dwellers have to buy food but researches show that even rural dwellers
do buy food, even some times most of their food items. He argues that rural households
buy some or most of their food with cash from family members who have moved within
the country or across borders to earn income. The main cause of food insecurity in
African cities is the lack of access to food and that means the absence of a regular and
reliable income with which to buy it.
Hypothesis Test Analysis
For hypothesis testing, the findings from Table 7 proved that the p – value (0.051)
were greater than (p ≥ 0.05) accepted. The Null Hypothesis which leveled that there is no
significant influence of Non -Governmental Organization service on sustainable
developments in Rubavu sector was accepted in terms of education service provision
except in respect of health service provision, Microfinance service provision and
Capacity building ( 0.005, 0.024 and 0.001) which are less than (p ≥ 0.05)Level of
significance. In fact the failure of NGOs may due to different reasons ( Nikkhah and
Redzuan (2010) Cited by Jalil (2011) said that NGOs can promote the organization and
“empowerment” of the poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-
credit, awareness-raising, training for group members, and other social services but it
can’t succeed in all those programs.
67
Furthermore, they are praised for promoting community self-reliance and
empowerment through supporting community-based groups and relying on participatory
processes. The provision of microfinance, initiation of community capacity building and
self reliance through “bottom-up approach” in community development would likely
bring about empowerment to the community and finally sustainable community
development (Nikkhah and Redzuan, 2010).
68
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter focuses on the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the
study. The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of Non-Governmental
Organization service on sustainable community development in Rwanda especially in
Rubavu Sector.
Summary
The specific objectives were: To find the demographic characteristics of
respondents in terms of sex, age, qualification and number of years of service in NGOs,
to examine the contribution of Non-Governmental Organization service provision in
Rubavu Sector, to examine the Level of sustainable community development of Rubavu
Sector, to establish influence of Non-Governmental Organization services and sustainable
community development in Rubavu sector. The researcher was analyzed data by
descriptive and correlation design by using both quantitative and qualitative research
approaches in conducting the research study. The Null Hypothesis of the study was; there
is no significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization service provision and
sustainable community development the sample of 112 was used and all of them were
beneficiaries of NGOs in Rubavu sector.
In terms of characteristics of the respondents. In terms of gender the results
indicate that majority were female 61 (54.5%). Regarding the age of the respondents,
majority were older peoples 44 ( 39.3% ) , Regarding to education Level, the findings
show that most respondents 33 ( 29,4%) were illiteracy and few 7 ( 6.2%) were student
69
Regarding to occupation held by the respondents, the result was that majority of
respondent have other activities differ from farming, trader ,private workers and public
workers were 37 (33.0%) , regarding to the number of years worked with NGOs, the
results show that most of the despondence have worked with NGOs for Less than 1 year
were 39 (34.8%) .
The contribution of Non-Governmental Organization service in Rubavu sector.
Regarding Health service provision, the results revealed an aggregate Mean and Standard
Deviation of ( x = 3.51; SD = 0.60 ) which is High Mean and Standard Deviation
according to the legend or scale used in the study, when it comes to education service
provision, the results show a High Mean and Standard Deviation of ( x = 3.57; SD =
0.67 ). Means that education service provision given to the community in Rubavu sector.
In respect to microfinance and credit lending service provision, the findings indicated
aggregate mean and standard deviation of ( x = 3.48; SD = 0.61) which is a High. It
implies that microfinance helps the community improve their life condition. In regard
capacity building service, the results revealed a moderate Mean and Standard Deviation
of ( x = 3.53; SD = 0.69) which is a high Mean and Standard Deviation according to the
legend or scale used in the study. As (Desai 2005), has mentioned that NGOs have an
important role to play in supporting women, men and households, and expected that they
can meet the welfare. These services help the people to achieve their ability, skill and
knowledge, and take control over their own lives and finally become empowered.
The objective 3 of the study was to examine the Level of Sustainable Community
Development in Rubavu Sector. With regard to Level of access to health service, the
results indicated a high Level of access to health service were ( x = 3.74; SD = 0.72)
70
meaning that the NGOs put their health service in improving health of community, The
results on Level of education on sustainable community development a moderate mean
and standard deviation of ( x = 2.69; SD = 1.00) implying that Level of literacy were
moderate, In general, there is a moderate Level of access to microfinance credit of NGOs
with grand means of ( x = 2.87; SD =79 ) This means that microfinance are not
performing as well because they have all moderate means and a high mean would
represent a good performance of microfinance, With regard to Level of household
income the results indicated a low Level of household income in Rubavu sector were ( x
= 2.20; SD = 0.66 )
In respect influence of Non -Governmental Organization service and sustainable
community development in terms of Level of access to health service, the findings
indicated that there is a significant influence ( B = 0.219, P = 0.005 ) health service
provision and sustainable community development.
According to Hibbard and Tang (2004), in their study in Vietnam have noted the
importance of NGOs ’roles in sustainable community development. One of the roles was
that NGOs balance the social, economic and environmental factors in promoting
sustainable development.
In terms of education service provision and Level of literacy the results show that
there is no influence ( B = 0.164, P = 0.51 ) of education service provision and
sustainable community development, Findings relating to Micro-finance service
provision indicate that there is significance influence (B = 0.212, P = .02 ) of
microfinance service provision and sustainable community development, Concerning
capacity building and household income (B = 0.320, P = 0.001) there is a significant
71
influence capacity building and sustainable community development. As Baccaro
(2001), shows how particular NGOs can promote the empowerment of the poor,
particularly poor women, through a combination of microcredit, awareness-raising,
training for group members, and other social services. In the long term, the aim of NGOs
is to promote sustainable community development through activities that promote
capacity building and self reliance
Conclusion
The majority of respondents were female, most of respondent were older and very
few were student, the most respondents were illiteracy followed by peoples who attends
non formal education that many of respondent have other activities differ from farming,
NGOs service provision such as health service provision, education support provision,
Microfinance saving and credit provision and capacity building service provision was
high. Level access to health service was high; Level of education was moderate, Level of
access to credit service was moderate, Level of house income was low, In respect of food
security was low. The study findings indicated that Non-Governmental Organization
service has no significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization service on
sustainable community development in terms of Level of literacy, Level of household
income and food security.
72
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study and suggestions from the respondents including
the interviewees the following recommendations are made:
Regarding education service provision on sustainable community development.
NGOs should improve education support in terms of increasing the number of supporting
student to get school fees and increase the number of adult attends formal education
Regarding to the contribution of NGOs in terms of capacity building to
sustainable community development , peoples should put in practice what they have leant
from NGOs forums and work shop in order to improve their household, community also
should get confidence in their daily activity.
Finally, NGOs should improve their service in terms of increasing sensitization of
community on how to improve productivity and giving to the farmers improved seeds,
encourage community to create their owner employment. Farmers also should apply
goods techniques for improve their production.
73
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Appendix 1: Questionnaire
Dear respondent,
I am UWAMAHORO ERNESTINE, am carrying a study on Non Governmental
Organizations services and sustainable community Development of Rubavu sector of
Rwanda. It is my sincere request that you provide me with information relevant for this
study. The study will enable me to complete the requirement of a Master of Arts Degree
of Development Studies of Bugema University. All information provided will be for
academic purposes and will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you for
accepting and sparing you time to fill in this questionnaire.
Instructions: Please tick [٧] the most appropriate answer
SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1. Sex
A) Male [ ] B) Female [ ]
2. Age
A) 18-20 [ ] B) 21-30 [ ] C) 31-35 [ ] D) 36 and over
3. Education Level
A) Primary [ ] B) Secondary [ ] C) Certificate [ ] D) Diploma [ ]
E) Degree [ ]
H) Other [ ] (Please specify)…………………..
79
4. Occupation held
A) A student [ ] B) farmer [ ] C) trader [ ] D) Puplic Workers, [ ] E)
Private workers [ ] F) other [ ]
5. Number of years worked with NGOs
A) Less than 1 year [ ] B)1-3 years [ ] C) 4- 6years
D) Over 6 years [ ]
SECTION B: NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES
Please, tick [] only what is most appropriate to you.
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
Health Service provision 1 2 3 4 5
1 NGO have enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health
insurance
2 NGO have help us to improve hygiene practices through
training of community groups on proper hygiene practices
3 NGO have support us to access to clean water for domestic
use using standing water tap and protected wells
Education support provision 1 2 3 4 5
1 NGOs have helped me to get school fees and school materials
for my children
2 NGO contributed to the education trainings especially in
reading and writing to adult people who missed formal
schooling
3 NGOs have increase my knowledge from short course given
to me
Mi-crofinance service provision 1 2 3 4 4
1 NGOs have help to save money for to use
2 I haves improve my business from NGOs training
3 I get employment from NGO
80
4 NGOs is support our cooperative members to get finance
through MF and credit lending
Capacity building 1 2 3 4 5
1 Support given by NGOs as training has helped community to
create self employment
2 NGOs has helped me to create my owner business from
work shop
3 I got job from short course provision by NGOs
4 I improve my production from NGOs forums
SECTION C: SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Level of access to health service 1 2 3 4 5
1 I and my family we got health insurance from NGOs
2 I and my family we got clean water
3 I and my family we can make proper hygiene
4 Our children get vaccinations during a given time
Level of Literacy 1 2 3 4 4
1 I Can read and write from school
2 I know leading and writing from adult training
4 I can’t read and write in mother language
Level of access to credit service 1 2 3 4 5
1 I can save money from microfinance
2 I receive credit from microfinance
3 I got training in order to improve my business
4 I am employed by microfinance
Level of household income 1 2 3 4 5
1 I can get less than 15,000Rwf per month
2 I can get 16,000 Rwf to 100,000Rwf per month
3 I receive 110,000 Rwf to 300,000Rwf per month
4 I can get 310,000rf to 500,000Rwf per month
5 I receive 510,000Rwf to 1,000,000Rwf per month
Food Security 1 2 3 4 5
1 I and my family we can afford 3 meals per day
2 I and my family we have sufficient food consumption and for
sale
3 I and my family we can produce food for another season
81
SECTION D: INTERVIEW GUIDE
A. Respondent profile
a. Position : NGO Manager [ ], NGO secretary [ ], NGO Beneficiaries [ ]
b. Gender : Male [ ], Female [ ]
c. Marital status : single [ ], Married [ ]
B. General Questions
1. Do you have the information about the Non-Governmental organization service in
Rubavu Sector?
2. If yes, how is it delivering the services to its beneficiaries?
3. Services given to beneficiaries are they sufficient and fruitful?
4. What are the common activities performed by the Non- Governmental
organizations?
5. Are they beneficial compared to the other Non- Governmental organization in
Rubavu sector?
6 .Is there any advantages got by the Non- Governmental organizations Beneficiaries?
7. Are Non- Governmental organizations contributing on sustainable development of
Rubavu community?
8. What are the problems facing by Non- Governmental organization in Rubavu
sector?
9. What do you suggest to Non- Governmental organization service can do in order to
improve service given to their beneficiaries on sustainable development?
Thank you for your coop
82
Appendix 2: Table of frequencies
Items Description Frequency
Percent
NGOs have enabled its beneficiaries to
pay for health insurance
Strongly disagree 1 .9
Undecided 70 62.5
Agree 38 33.9
Strongly agree 3 2.7
NGOs has helped us to improve
hygiene through training
Undecided 59 52.7
Agree 50 44.6
Strongly agree 3 2.7
NGOs have support us to access to
clean water
Disagree 5 4.5
Undecided 36 32.1
Agree 64 57.1
Strongly agree 7 6.2
NGOs have helped me to get school
fees for my children
Disagree 54 48.2
Un decided 32 28.6
Agree 25 22.3
Strongly agree 1 .9
NGOs contribute to education training
for adult formal schooling
Disagree 1 .9
Undecided 64 57.1
Agree 45 40.2
Strongly agree 2 1.8
NGOs have increase my knowledge
from short course
Disagree 1 .9
Undecided 64 57.1
Agree 46 41.1
Strongly agree 1 .9
NGOs have increase my knowledge
from short course
Disagree 1 .9
Undecided 64 57.1
Agree 46 41.1
Strongly agree 1 .9
NGOs have helped me to save money
to use
Disagree 2 1.8
Undecided 61 54.5
Agree 47 42.0
Strongly agree 2 1.8
I have improve my business from Ngo
training
Disagree 3 2.7
Undecided 78 69.6
Agree 29 25.9
Strongly agree 2 1.8
I get employment from NGO Disagree 16 14.3
Undecided 85 75.9
Agree 5 4.5
Strongly agree 6 5.4
NGOs support our cooperative
members
Disagree 5 4.5
Undecided 74 66.1
Agree 33 29.5
Support given by NGOs as training has
helped com to create self employment
Strongly disagree 1 .9
Undecided 58 51.8
Agree 50 44.6
83
Strongly agree 3 2.7
NGOs has helped me to create my
owner business from workshop
Disagree 22 19.6
Un decided 63 56.2
Agree 26 23.2
Strongly agree 1 .9
I got job from short course provision
by NGOs
Strongly disagree 1 .9
Disagree 29 25.9
Undecided 63 56.2
Agree 19 17.0
I have improved my production from
NGOs forums
Strongly disagree 1 .9
Disagree 21 18.8
Undecided 61 54.5
Agree 29 25.9
I and my family we got health
insurance from NGOs
Strongly Disagree
2 1.8
Disagree 48 42.9
Undecided 23 20.5
Agree 32 28.6
Strongly agree 7 6.2
I and my family we got cleaned water Disagree 2 1.8
Undecided 24 21.4
Agree 78 69.6
Strongly agree 8 7.1
I and my family we can make proper
hygiene
Disagree 2 1.8
Undecided 23 20.5
Agree 69 61.6
Strongly agree 18 16.1
Our children get vaccination at a given
time
Strongly disagree
1 .9
Disagree 1 .9
Undecided 2 1.8
Agree 69 61.6
Strongly agree 39 34.8
I can read and write from school Strongly disagree
5 4.5
Disagree 54 48.2
Undecided 1 .9
Agree 34 30.4
I know reading and writing from adult
training
Strongly disagree 1 .9
Disagree 87 77.7
Undecided 2 1.8
Agree 22 19.6
I can read and write in mother
language
Strongly disagree 5 4.5
Disagree 55 49.1
Undecided 2 1.8
Agree 48 42.9
Strongly agree 2 1.8
I can save money from microfinance Disagree 13 11.6
Undecided 19 17.0
84
Agree 57 50.9
Strongly agree 23 20.5
I received credit from microfinance Strongly disagree 3 2.7
Disagree 25 22.3
Undecided 50 44.6
Agree 34 30.4
I got training in order to improve my
business
Strongly disagree 1 .9
Disagree 52 46.4
Undecided 30 26.8
Agree 29 25.9
I can get less than 15,000Rwf per month Strongly disagree 3 2.7
Disagree 82 73.2
Undecided 16 14.3
Agree 11 9.8
I can get 16,000Rwf to100,000 Rwf per
month
Disagree 76 67.9
Undecided 20 17.9
Agree 16 14.3
I receive 110,000Rwf to300,000Rwf per
month
Disagree 82 73.2
Undecided 12 10.7
Agree 18 16.1
I can get 310,000Rwf to500,000Rwf per
month
Strongly disagree 12 10.7
Disagree 89 79.5
Undecided 3 2.7
Agree 8 7.1
I receive 510,000Rwf to1,000,000Rwf per
month
Strongly disagree 30 26.8
Disagree 81 72.3
Agree 1 .9
I and my family we can afford 3 meals per
day
Disagree 62 55.4
Undecided 40 35.7
Agree 10 8.9
Total 112 100.0
I and my family we have sufficient food
consumption and for sale
Strongly disagree 1 .9
Disagree 75 67.0
Undecided 34 30.4
Agree 2 1.8
I and my family we can produce food for
another season
Strongly disagree 8 7.1
Disagree 69 61.6
Undecided 34 30.4
Agree 1 .9
I am employed by FM
Strongly disagree 7 6.2
Disagree 90 80.4
Undecided 6 5.4
Agree 6 5.4
Strongly agree 3 2.7
85
Appendix 3: Morgan and Krejcie Table
TABLE FOR DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE FROM A GIVEN POPULATION
N S N S N S N S N S
10 10 100 80 280 162 800 260 2800 338
15 14 110 86 290 165 850 265 3000 341
20 19 120 92 300 169 900 269 3500 246
25 24 130 97 320 175 950 274 4000 351
30 28 140 103 340 181 100
0
278 4500 351
35 32 150 108 360 186 110
0
285 5000 357
40 36 160 113 380 181 120
0
291 6000 361
45 40 180 118 400 196 130
0
297 7000 364
50 44 190 123 420 201 140
0
302 8000 367
55 48 200 127 440 205 150
0
306 9000 368
60 52 210 132 460 210 160
0
310 10000 373
65 56 220 136 480 214 170
0
313 15000 375
70 59 230 140 500 217 180
0
317 20000 377
75 63 240 144 550 225 190
0
320 30000 379
80 66 250 148 600 234 200
0
322 40000 380
85 70 260 152 650 242 220
0
327 50000 381
90 73 270 155 700 248 240
0
331 75000 382
95 76 270 159 750 256 260
0
335 10000
0
384
Note: “N” is population size
“S” is sample size.
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