i NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU SECTOR...

i

NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU SECTOR RWANDA

UWAMAHORO Ernestine

MASTER OF ARTS

(Development Studies)

AUGUST, 2014

ii

NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE


UWAMAHORO Ernestine

11/MSD/G/KA/015

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Bugema University in Partial

Fulfillment of the Award of Masters Degree of Arts (Development Studies).

AUGUST, 2014

iii

ACCEPTANCE SHEET

This thesis entitled “NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU

SECTOR RWANDA” prepared and submitted by UWAMAHORO Ernestine in

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTERS of ART

(Development Studies) is hereby accepted.

JOVENT OBBO, MA JOSHUA BUSUULWA, MA

Member, Advisory Committee Member, Advisory Committee

_______________________ ________________________

Date Signed Date Signed

KAKULE KISUNZU, PhD

Chairperson, Advisory Committee

__________________________

Date Signed

CHARLES EDAKU, PhD JOHN AMOAH, PhD

Chairperson, External Examining committee Member, Internal Examining committee

____________________________ _________________________

Date Signed Date Signed

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of MASTERS

of ART (Development Studies) Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda

JOSHUA BUSUULWA

Head of Department, Development Studies

____________________________

Date Signed

PAUL KATAMBA, PhD

Dean, School of Graduate Studies

____________________________

Date Signed

iv

DECLARATION

I, UWAMAHORO Ernestine hereby declare that the work presented in this

Thesis is entirely my original work and has never been presented elsewhere for any

academic qualifications. Where other peoples’ work has been used, referencing has been

done in the references.

Signature …………………………………………...

UWAMAHORO ERNESTINE

Date ………………………………………………...

v

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my loving my mother Nyirasafari Esperance, for giving

me the wings to fly; to my loving father Rwangano Joel for giving me the reason to fight.

You hold a special place in my heart. It is also dedicated to my brothers and my young

sister for their continuous support and encouragement in my life, God bless you!

vi

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author of this Thesis, Uwamahoro Ernestine was born on 20th

April, 1985 in

Nyabihu District, Western Province, Rwanda. She is the third born of six in the family of

Mr. Rwangano Joel and Mrs. Nyirasafari Esperance.

From 1994-2001, she went to Kabatwa Primary school where she completed for

primary level, in 2002-2004, she joined Ecole de Science et Technique de Busogo/ ESTB

(Class1-3), for her secondary middle Level and later she proceed to College APARPE

(Association de Parent Adventiste Rwankeli Pour la Promotion de l’Education) for her

secondary education from where she completed her O Level education from in

agriculture in the year 2007.

From 2008 to 2011, she continued her studies in Univeriste libre de Kigali

Gisenyi campus where she got a Bachelors degree in Rural Development. There after she

joined a Masters Degree program in 2012, at Bugema University which is to complete in

2014.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to thank God for enabling me to come this far in my

education, Glory be to Him.

I thank my parents for their continuous support both financially, spiritually and

their care that has made me come this far, may God bless them abundantly. I would also

like to thank my brothers and sisters, Sindikubwabo Marcel, Mbonigaba Beltin, Mukunzi

Elysee, Rukundo Eric Mukashyaka Belyse and my sister in law Twiringiyimana

Laurence,my Nephews Chrispin and Christian, for their financial, spiritual, moral support

and continuous encouragement throughout this course. May God bless you all.

Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the support of my supervisors, Dr Kakule

Kisunzu, Mrs Obbo Jovent and Mr Joshua Busuulwa for their guidance and positive

criticisms that made it possible for me to come up with this document. May god bless you

too. I wish to extend my gratitude to Dr. Katamba Paul, Dean School of Graduate Studies

Bugema University, who contributed substantially to this thesis writing and for being a

good instructor during this period of study.

I remain grateful to all my lecturers for the unlimited practical and theoretical

knowledge they have imparted in me during all my course work. God bless you all.

Finally, I do appreciate the great support rendered to me by my colleagues, Fifi,

Alice, Samuel, Donath, Faustin, Bonheur,Guido, and especially my best friend

Rutayisire James, God bless you for the conducive environment you created for me and

accepting to be my good friends at Bugema University.

UWAMAHORO Ernestine

viii

ACRONYMS

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

SDU Safe Deliver Unit

VUP Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme

EICV Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages

(Integrated Living Conditions Survey)

SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative

UNICEF United Nations Children Fund

DDP District, Development, Plan Rubavu report

WHO World health organization

WFP Word food production

µ Mean

SD Standard Deviation

MF Microfinance

CFP Community food production

GIS Geographic Information Systems

EDPRS Economic Development Poverty Reduction Strategies

UCC Ubumwe (Union) Community Center

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................. xiv

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................xv

CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1

Background of the Study ........................................................................................ 1

Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................4

Research Questions ..................................................................................................5

Study Objectives ......................................................................................................6

Specific Objectives of the Study ..............................................................................6

Hypothesis of the Study ...........................................................................................6

Significance of the Study .........................................................................................6

Scope of the Study ...................................................................................................7

Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................8

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................9

Operational Definitions ..........................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 13

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 13

Health Services Provision ..................................................................................... 15

Education Service Provision ................................................................................. 16

Microfinance Services Provision .......................................................................... 19

Capacity Building Services Provision .................................................................. 21

Sustainable Community Development ................................................................. 23

Level of Access to Credit Service ......................................................................... 24

Level of House Hold Income ................................................................................ 26

Summary of Key Finding and Identified Gaps ..................................................... 29

x

PAGE

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 32

METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 32

Research Design .................................................................................................... 32

Population of the Study ......................................................................................... 33

Sample Size and Sampling Procedure .................................................................. 33

Methods and Instruments of Data Collection ....................................................... 34

Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 34

Interview Guide .................................................................................................... 35

Validity and Reliability of Instruments ................................................................. 36

Data Collection Procedure .................................................................................... 37

Data Analysis Procedure ....................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER FOUR ..............................................................................................................39

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................39

Demographic Characteristics of Research Participants .........................................39

Non -Governmental Organization Service Provision in Rubavu Sector ...............41

Health Service Provision ....................................................................................... 43

Education Service Provision ................................................................................. 45

Microfinance Services Provision .......................................................................... 46

Capacity building services provision .................................................................... 48

Level of Sustainable Community Development in Rubavu Sector ...................... 50

Level of Access to Health Service ........................................................................ 51

Level of literacy .................................................................................................... 54

Level of access to Microfinance Credit Service ................................................... 56

Level of Household Income .................................................................................. 58

Level of Food Security .......................................................................................... 60

Hypothesis Test Analysis ...................................................................................... 66

xi

PAGE

CHAPTER FIVE ...............................................................................................................68

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................68

Summary ................................................................................................................68

Conclusion .............................................................................................................71

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 73

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................77

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

Table 1: Showing the proposed study sample of the Population of the Study ................. 34

Table 2: Definition of Scale .............................................................................................. 35

Table 3: Reliability Statistics ............................................................................................ 37

Table 4: Demographic Characteristics .............................................................................. 40

Table 5: Level of Non Governmental Organization Service ............................................ 42

Table 6: Level of Sustainable Community Development ................................................. 51

Table 7: Influence Non Governmental Organization Services on Sustainable Community

Development ..................................................................................................................... 62

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework……………………………………………10

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

Appendix 1: Questionnaire ............................................................................................... 78

Appendix 2: Table of frequencies ..................................................................................... 82

Appendix 3: Morgan and Krejcie Table ........................................................................... 85

Appendix 4: Data collection Letter ................................................................................... 86

Appendix 5: Acceptance Letter ........................................................................................ 87

xv

ABSTRACT

UWAMAHORO ERNESTINE, School of Graduate Studies, Bugema University,

August 2014, NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND SUSTAINABLE


Supervisor: KAKULE I. KISUNZU, PhD.

The study purpose was to find out the influence of Non-Governmental

Organizations service and sustainable community development in Rubavu Sector

Rwanda, in relation to the sustainable community development. Specifically, the

researcher aimed to find out the demographic characteristics of community in Rubavu

sector, examine the influence of Non Governmental organizations service in Rubavu

sector, examine the level of sustainable community development in Rubavu Sector and

establish the influence of Non Governmental organizations service and sustainable

community development. The researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative

research approaches. The study involved 112 respondents. A questionnaire and an

interview guide were used to collect data.

Findings on Non Governmental Organization service provision were high with a

grand mean of 3.52 and a standard deviation of 0.64. Regarding the level of sustainable

community development the findings were moderate with a grand mean of 2.77 and a

Standard Deviation of 0.75. The results showed a significant influence of NGOs service

on sustainable community development in terms of health service provision were (B =

.219, P = .005) in terms of microfinance service provision were (B =.212, P = .024), and

in terms of capacity building (B = 0.320, P = 0.001). Researcher concluded that

xvi

hypothesis was rejected. The study recommended to NGOs to increase their service in

terms of education support.

1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces the study on Non- Governmental Organizations service

and sustainable community development it covers the background of the study, the

statement of the problem, research questions and objectives of the study, hypothesis, and

scope of the study, limitations of the study, significance of the study, theoretical

framework, conceptual framework and operational definitions close the chapter.

Background of the Study

There is an argument that Non -Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are today

seen as possible alternatives to Governmental in addressing the needs of communities,

which are not reached by official development programs. Non-Governmental

Organization is not a new phenomenon .Non -Governmental effort has always been an

important part of our culture and social tradition. The need for organizing people into

accredited associations and their involvement and participation in rural development have

now been fully recognized. In recent years, they have increased in considerable number,

acquired greater importance and significance and put up many new experiments in the

field of rural development by supplementing Governmental efforts as they are close to the

minds and hearts of the rural people (Kathleen & Dowley, 2004).

Globally, the increase in Non-Governmental Organization is one of the most

remarkable features of modern-day international politics. While levels remain the major

protectors and abusers of human rights, NGOs have materialized as central players in the

promotion of human rights around the world. They are increasingly identified as crucial

role-players in community and people centered development (Ezeoha, 2006).

2

There are about 1 million NGOs providing different services all over the world.

Asamoah, (2003) said that NGO’s as facilitators in the field of development act as

providers of basic services to vulnerable individuals and communities in response to

inadequacies in the public delivery of such services. In this vain they invariably

complement the roles of Government and the collective efforts of individuals towards

human development. In an attempt by NGOs to complement the activities of

governments in basic service delivery, they come in the form of charities, foundations,

associations, nonprofit corporations, and Non- Governmental Organizations.

In Africa, specifically Zimbabwe, Non-governmental organizations have played a

major role in pushing for the protection of human rights at the international Level.

Increasingly, the existence of NGOs is proving to be a necessity rather than a luxury in

societies throughout the modern world. In many developing countries, the role of NGOs

has evolved in response to the market gaps left by the Governmental (David, 2005). The

NGOs have frequently been regarded as very important for democracy since they have a

strong support at grassroots Level and their ability to develop and empower poor

communities. This is a well-needed attribute in Zimbabwe as most of the communities are

beyond being poor. The nature of NGOs is that they are enormously vital mechanisms in

rural development as they benefit from the goodwill and reception of the community;

consequently the NGOs have become very crucial players in the field of social

development (Nzimakwe, 2002)

In East Africa especially in Uganda, there is considerable NGO activity especially

in northern Uganda where they are engaged in varying interventions aimed to better a lot

of beneficiaries who are generally considered in the country as deprived.

3

The (USAID 2009), asserts that there are 4,463 registered NGOs in Uganda and

an increasing number is registered every year. NGOs are playing an important role in

supporting women, men and households, and expected that they can meet the welfare.

This role ranges from counseling and support service, awareness raising and advocacy,

legal aid and microfinance. These services are said to help the people to achieve their

ability, skill and knowledge, and take control over their own lives and finally, become

empowered. This is very important in a country like Uganda where the Level does not

make provision for such services (Muir, 2004).

The role of NGOs in increasing sustainable development is particularly emphasized

in Rwanda. In Rwanda, where there are attempts to fight against poverty and increase

sustainable development. The current strategy emphasizes that poverty reduction cannot

be achieved without access to Non -Governmental Organizations services to the poor.

The Governmental places much emphasis on Non- Governmental Organization service as

one of the tools for sustainable community development (EDPRS Rwanda, 2008). It is

believed that they can help to generate job opportunities and self employment to diversify

sources of income, thereby contributing to the improvement of the Rwandan economy

and the sustainable community development and reduction of poverty. The National

policy emphasizes that when the right instruments are used in an appropriate legal

context, NGOs can build the capacity of the poor population to create employment and

generate wealth in a sustainable manner (Rwanda Governance Board, 2007).

The Governmental of Rwanda also aims to create an enabling environment for

sustainable NGOs so that they will be capable of fully playing their role as partners in

delivering development objectives. This is to be achieved through financial, education

4

and health services extended to rural and urban, economically active poor and low

income people. Although NGOs sector is young in Rwanda as it became prominent just

after1994, the sector has been growing very fast in the last decade.

One of the areas benefiting from NGOs support for sustainable development is

Rubavu sector. According to Rubavu sector assessment done in 2005, close to US 100

million was mobilized in NGOs sector and $85 was extended to over 400,000 Rubavu

beneficiaries of NGOs. In the same way, geographical coverage of NGOs is widespread

with more concentration in urban areas and some trading centers. The National NGOs

policy, which came out recently emphasizes that Non- Governmental Organizations

service should be available to all sections of the community, including the poorest of the

poor (Rwanda Governance Board, 2006).

Though beneficiaries have been mobilized in NGOs sector there seemed to be no

significant influence of NGOs service on sustainable community development of Rubavu

sector. However, no systematic effort had been undertaken to evaluate the influence of

Non-Governmental Organization service on sustainable community development in

Rubavu sector. It is from this background that the study needed to be carried out to

evaluate Non-Governmental organizations services and sustainable community

development in Rubavu Sector of Rwanda.

Statement of the Problem

The success of community development depends upon the active participation and

willing cooperation of the people through Non -Governmental Organizations services

which are there for serving peoples in terms of provision of health service, education

5

service, microfinance service and capacity building for a given community. One such

area benefiting from Non-Governmental Organizations services is Rubavu sector.

However such services are not felt by the people and sustainable development of

the community is not realized the courses of such a problem is not known in Rubavu

sector, the seventy percent though beneficiaries of Non-Governmental Organizations

services of community in Rubavu sector still have problems in terms of health services,

education for children, Micro-finance services and capacity building services, compared

to the other sectors of Rubavu District (DDP Report, 2012).

The researcher therefore attempted to examine the contribution of Non-

Governmental Organizations in Rubavu sector, and to establish the influence of Non-

Governmental organizations’ services on sustainable development in Rubavu sector

Rubavu District, Rwanda as there had been no systematically documented study carried

out to evaluate the contribution of Non Governmental organizations services and

sustainable development in Rubavu sector.

Research Questions

The study attempted to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic characteristics of Non-Governmental Organizations

member’s, agencies in terms of sex, age, qualification, and years of service?

2. Is the contribution of Non-Governmental Organization services provision in

Rubavu sector high?

3. Is the Level of sustainable community development of Rubavu sector high?

4. Is there a significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization services on

sustainable community development of NGOs in Rubavu sector?

6

Study Objectives

The general objective of the study was to find out the influence of Non

Governmental Organization services on sustainable community development in Rubavu

Sector.

Specific Objectives of the Study

1. To find the demographic characteristics of respondents in terms of sex, age,

qualification and number of years of service in NGOs.

2. To examine the contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations service

provision in Rubavu sector.

3. To examine the level of sustainable community development of Rubavu sector

4. To establish the influence of Non-Governmental Organization services on

sustainable community development in Rubavu sector.

Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization service on

sustainable community development in Rubavu sector.

Significance of the Study

This study addressed the influence of Non-Governmental Organizations services

on sustainable community development. The study will benefit Rubavu sector NGOs’

beneficiaries, academicians/scholars, managers, investors, and the researcher as follows:

Non Governmental organizations: The findings will help Administration

and Management of NGOs to improve their services and increase sensitization of

people on; the importance of promotion of water use, sanitation maintenance and

proper hygiene keeping, having domestic micro income for poverty alleviation.

7

Academicians: The findings and recommendations will help academicians as

they will serve as point of reference for other studies and it will increase the

knowledge about NGOs services provision and community development as well as to

serve future academic researchers.

Community Development Stakeholders: The study findings and recommendations

will be very important tools to the development partners as a base of service delivery,

reference, library use, monitoring, evaluation and advocacy tool.

The Researcher: As a masters degree student it is mandatory to do research and

present a research report in order to fulfill the partial requirement of the award of master’s

degree in development studies of Bugema University.

Scope of the Study

Geographical Scope: The study took place in Rubavu sector in 3 cells where we

find Non Governmental organization serving people in terms of health, education and

capacity building. The cells are Byahi, Buhaza and Gikombe; of Rubavu sector in

western province of Rwanda and the target population was 112 the beneficiaries of

selected NGOs in Rubavu sector.

Content Scope: The study focused on Non Governmental organizations services

and sustainable community development. Time scope of the study coved 5 year 2008 to

2012, because this period contains information from Non Governmental organization

Report of Rubavu sector. The study was carried out in 4 months.

8

Theoretical Framework

This study is conceived in the context of “the public goods” theory on how NGOs

serve to satisfy the needs of people. The theory created by Tvedt (1998), who claimed

that NGOs exist to satisfy the residual unsatisfied demand for public goods in society as

the level tends to provide public goods only at the Level that satisfies the average of

population. Where a significant minority wants a kind or a Level of public goods for

which the majority support is lacking, the Governmental cannot help. NGOs step in to

fill the gap. Similarly he observed that a comprehensive strategy for sustainable

community development is simply too demanding for any one Level or area of

Governmental for a single donor to adequately address and hence the NGOs come in civil

society as an important constituent of civil society sector. Smith (2005) added that NGOs

have a social purpose but Governmentals rely on authority to achieve outcomes and

private sector firms rely on market mechanisms to provide incentives for mutually

beneficial exchange. Therefore, some use independent Non- Governmental efforts to

promote their values and aspects of socio-economic development.

In the context of the study public goods is relating to services offered by NGOs

like health service education service, microfinance services and credit service and

capacity building services that the Governmental may not be willing to provide to the

community. They then organize themselves, demanding more social services for a

particular group as NGOs, organizing their own community schools, or local people for a

collective campaign of some sort. In this line, the theory relate to the study as they talk

about NGOs are there to satisfy public good in relation health service, education service,

microfinance service and capacity building as the study will find out the influence of

9

Non-Governmental Organizations services on sustainable community Development in

Rubavu sector of Rwanda.

Conceptual Framework

The study intends to establish the influence of Non Governmental organization

services on sustainable community development in Rubavu sector. The conceptual

framework is based on Non-Governmental Organization service as the independent

variables are follows; health service provision, education service provision, microfinance

service provision and capacity building service provision. All these variables are likely to

affect sustainable community development in terms of Level of access to health service,

Level of literacy, Level of household income, Level of access to credit, and Level of food

security. The indicators constitute the dependent variable as illustrated in Figure 1which

shows the conceptual framework of the study showing the variables under study. It also

shows the probable influence between the independent and dependent variable.

10

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent variable Dependant variable

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Operational Definitions

Non Governmental Organization Services: In the context of the study refer to

services offered by NGOs in order to reduce human suffering and development of poor

countries in term of health services, education services and microfinance saving and

credit lending & capacity building services.

Health Services Provision: Refers to support given by NGOs in terms of paying

health insurance for community and improving hygiene and sanitation practices for

Voluntary

Organization/NGOs

Services

Health services

provision

Education services

provision

Microfinance services

provision

Capacity building

services provision

Sustainable Community

Development

level of Access to health

Level of Literacy

Level of household

income

Level of Access to

credit services

Level of Food

security

11

example water for domestic use, using standing water taps, protected wells and training

people in personal hygiene practice. It was measured using a five point Likert Scale;

strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1:

Strongly disagree (very low).

Education Service Provision: This refers to the support given to community in

terms of finance to educate their children and scholastic materials; education trainings

especially in reading and writing to the uneducated adult community. It was measured

using a five-point Likert scale: Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided

(Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).

Micro Finance Services Provision: This refers to services being given to the

community in terms of saving money and receiving loans, training people on how to

improve their business and employing people. It was measured using a five point Likert

scale: Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree

(low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).

Capacity Building Services Provision: This refers to the ways NGOs organize

the training, short courses, workshop and forums and supporting cooperatives to get

finance from MF in order to build the beneficiaries capacity. It was measured using five

point Likert scale; strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2:

Disagree (low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).

Sustainable Community Development: In the context of the study refers to the

indicators of sustainable development which are Level of access to health service,

literacy Level, and access to loan service, Level of household income, food security and

environmental conservation.

12

Level of Access to Health Services: In the context of the study, it refers to

services rendered to beneficiaries in terms of receiving health insurance; hygiene

sanitation practices, for example water for domestic use water tap, protected wells and

training people in personal hygiene practice and access to vaccinations. It was measured

using a five point Likert Scale; strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided

(Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1: Strongly disagree (very low).

Level of literacy: In the context of the study, It refers to ability to read write in

local language and other languages It was measured using a five point Likert Scale;

Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree (low) 1:

Strongly disagree (very low).

Level of Household Income: This refers to monthly income at household Level.

It was measured using an interval scale: 500,000over 1,000,000rwf (very high) 4:

301,000, to 499,000 Rwf (high) 3: 110,000 Rwf to 300, 000 Rwf (Moderate) 2: 10,000

Rwf to100, 000 Rwf (low) 1: 10.000rwf (very low).

Level of Access to Credit Services: In the context of the study, this refers to

ability to save money from MF, ability to receive credit From MF, ability to get training

from MF and ability to get employment from. It was measured using a five Point Likert

scale; strongly agree (very high) 4Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree


Level of Food Security: This refers to community members being able to

produce food for family consumption throughout the year and surplus for sell for

household income even buy from market. It was measured using a five point Likert

Scale: Strongly agree (very high) 4: Agree (high) 3: Undecided (Moderate) 2: Disagree


13

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents the literature reviewed regarding Non-Governmental

Organizations services and sustainable community development. The literature is based

on a thematic approach integrating parameters of Non-Governmental Organization

services as independent variable under the following indicators: health services provision,

education services provision, microfinance services provision and capacity building

services provision and sustainable community development as a dependent variable

which is measured by : Level of access to health, Level of literacy, Level of household

income, Level of access of loan services and Level of food security. Thereafter the

emerging gaps in the literature are indicated and a research to fill the identified gaps

suggested.

Non Governmental Organization Services

NGOs are professionally-staffed organizations aiming at contributing to the

reduction of human suffering and to the development of poor countries (Streeten, 2000).

They do this in various ways, for example by funding projects, engaging in service

provision and capacity building, contributing to awareness, and promoting the self-

organization of various groups ,promoting health service and education (Baccaro,2001).

Meanwhile (Desai 2005) , has mentioned that NGOs have an important role to play in

supporting women, men and households, and expected that they can meet the welfare.

These services help the people to achieve their ability, skill and knowledge, and take

control over their own lives and finally become empowered. The literature is on the

importance of NGOs in enhancing women and men’s welfare; it did not study how Non-

14

Governmental Organization services affect sustainable community development which is

the aim of the current study.

Hibbard and Tang (2004) , in their study in Vietnam have noted the importance of

NGOs ’roles in sustainable community development. One of the roles was that NGOs

balance the social, economic and environmental factors in promoting sustainable

development. Another important role of NGO that they discovered was decentralization

of the central Governmental, which helps the local communities to acquire more power in

order to make their own decisions. That, sometimes the local communities lack

specialists to do professional work and resources that are important for the particular

projects. In this situation, NGOs assist local staff with drafting sustainable development

plans that are functional under the umbrella of a central Governmental policy. This study,

however, focused on the requirements of sustainable community development it did not

show how Non-Governmental Organizations services affect sustainable community

development, which is the aim of the current study.

Bridger & Logoff (2002), summarized that NGOs play important function in

promoting sustainable community development. Sustainable community development

emphasizes on a balance environmental concerns and development objectives, while

simultaneously enhancing local social influences. Sustainable communities meet the

economic needs of their residents, enhance and protect the environment promote more

humane local societies. The authors have not included the NGOs’ services and how they

impact positively on sustainable community development.

15

Health Services Provision

The UN report UN (2012) , assessed the status and progress of the management of

water resources in UN Member Levels and reports on the outcomes and impacts of

improved water resources management. Based on the evidence emerging from the report,

there are a number of achievable immediate steps that countries, external support

agencies and other stakeholders can undertake to continue extending sanitation and

drinking water provisioning, while sustaining services already in place. The study

indicated the importance of water as a health concern; it has not mentioned the vital role

of NGOs in providing health services to the community for long term development.

According to Michael (2003), the healthcare waste working group operates and

maintains a database for selecting appropriate technical options for managing healthcare

waste. The database can be accessed on healthcare waste website along with other

information on healthcare waste management. Water Law and Standards is a joint project

of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO) .The database of national water legislation is ready for use and is

linked to FAO's existing database of legislation on natural resources, whereas the

database of national water quality standards is under construction.

In addition Johnson (2007) , explained that to promote a common understanding

of technical terms related to health and environment issues, WHO has created an on-line

searchable database containing glossary information with multi-language terminology

equivalence, called the Health and Environment. All the above information was provided

in terms health and environment issues, there was no work or research that collated the

influence of Non-Governmental Organization services on the sustainable community

16

development.

According to Granga, (2001), Health impact assessment, Intersectoral

collaboration, environmental management ,explores options to integrate health risk

assessment and management into strategies and programs for nature conservation, in

particular of wetlands, and for the promotion of biological diversity. The above

information was comprehensive and broad; however, it does not collate the impact of

Non -Governmental Organization services on sustainable community development.

Education Service Provision

According to Obama (2009), in a national address directed to students across the

nation, at a back to school event at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, USA.

Obama delivered remarks to encourage students to study hard, stay in school and take

responsibility for their own education on the first day of the school year for many

children across America. Despite such pieces of advice given to student Obama did not

mention the relevance of NGOs in terms of education provision as one of the components

of Non Governmental organization services that enhance the beneficiaries’ sustainable

community development, which is the aim of the current research.

According to Oskar (2006) , education as a discipline, is concerned with methods

of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various

non formal and informal means of socialization (for example rural development projects

and education through parent-child contributions). Education can be thought of as the

transmission of the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is

equivalent to what social scientists term socialization or enculturation. Children whether

http://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/resources/hia/en/index.html

http://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/resources/intersectcoll/en/index.html



http://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/resources/envmanagement/en/index.html

17

conceived among New Guinea tribes’ people, the Renaissance Florentines, or the middle

classes of Manhattan are born without culture. Education is designed to guide them in

learning a culture, molding their behavior in the ways of adulthood, and directing them

toward their eventual role in society.

Oskar (2006), finally said that in the most primitive cultures, there is often little

formal learning little of what one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers.

Instead, the entire environment and all activities are frequently viewed as school and

classes, and many or all adults act as teachers, as societies grow more complex. However,

he was talking about the quantity of knowledge to be passed on from one generation to

the next becomes more than any one person can know, and, hence, there must evolve

more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission did not talk about the

sponsoring education under Non -Governmental Organizations services that have a great

positive impact on sustainable community development which is the focus of the study.

Bowen (2003), says that providing free and quality education to children reflects

the fact that every child is entitled to fundamental human rights and is to be treated with

dignity. Where children are exposed to poverty, violence, abuse, or exploitation, those

rights demand our urgent protection. Primary education supports children at a critical

time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual growth. More broadly, education

is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means of addressing structural inequality

and disadvantage. Primary education provides children with life skills that will enable

them to prosper later in life. It equips children with the skills to maintain a healthy and

productive existence, to grow into resourceful and socially active adults, and to make

cultural and political contributions to their communities. Education also transmits more

18

abstract qualities such as critical thinking skills, healthy living, resilience, and self-

confidence. However, significance of education have been provided with such aspects,

they have not put down the Non-Governmental Organization services and how they

correlate with sustainable community development which is the focus of current study.

Hanushek (2007), indicates that an educated adult population is vital for strong

economic development. It also lays the foundations for greater overall economic

productivity, and the full use of new technologies for development. A system of

compulsory schooling helps fight child labour. Educated and literate adults are more

likely to be informed about sexual risks and better able to protect themselves from

HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. He added that a lack of gender parity

and equality in education is often a critical factor in underdevelopment. However, the

education can contribute in vital strong economic development; it is also paramount in

importance to have established the influence of Non -Governmental Organization

services and sustainable community development which is the concern of the current

study.

According to Rogers (2005), new empirical results show the importance of both

minima land high Level skills, the complementarities of skills and the quality of

economic institutions, and the robustness of the contribution skills and growth. He added

that the international comparisons incorporating expanded data on cognitive skills reveal

much larger skill deficits in developing countries than generally derived from just school

enrollment and attainment. The magnitude of change needed makes it clear that closing

the economic gap with developed countries will require major structural changes in

schooling institutions. However, the role of improved schooling, a central part of most

19

development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of school attainment

has not guaranteed improved economic conditions which are not related to the current

study.

Microfinance Services Provision

According to Mosley (2001), Microenterprise finance has generated enormous

enthusiasm among aid donors and Non-Governmental Organizations as an instrument for

reducing poverty in a manner that is financially self-sustaining. Although something of a

consensus has emerged concerning the principles by which such institutions should be

designed, however, we know little about their impact. For each of the institutions studied,

the impact of lending on the recipient household's income tended to increase, at a

decreasing rate, as the recipient's income and asset position improved, a contribution

which can easily be explained in terms of the greater preference of the poor for

consumption loans, their greater vulnerability to asset sales forced by adverse income

shocks and their limited range of investment opportunities. There are significant outliers

to this general pattern in particular, very poor people who, have been able to achieve

significant loan impact. However, such importance of microenterprise in providing loans

to poor people, there was a lack of influence of Non -Governmental Organization

services on sustainable community development that is the focus of the current study.

According to Wiley &sons (2007), the Bank of Bangladesh has innovated a

mechanism under which credit can be provided to the poorest of the poor on a group

liability basis instead of any collateral. Based on this principle, over the last decade, the

bank has been successfully operating with an unprecedented loan recovery rate. Although

from the point of view of profits, the Grameen Bank is not yet a viable institution,

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X98000217

20

empirical evidence suggests that the bank's credit program has significantly improved the

socio-economic conditions of its borrowers. The Grameen Bank's success story in the

alleviation of poverty in Bangladesh has resulted in widespread attempts of its replication

in many other countries including the United Levels and Canada. The spread of the

Grameen Bank idea around the world has drawn keen attention from researchers, policy

makers and agencies interested in rural development. Despite the observation approved

by Bank of Bangladesh credit can be provided to the poorest of the poor on a group

liability basis instead of any collateral they have not correlated with Non-Governmental

Organization services and their influence on sustainable community development, which

is the focus of the current research.

Zeller (2002) , explains how micro-finance services bring together critical

empirical work done by credit lenders. International Food Policy Research Institute

researchers and others from collaborating institutions , introduced the concept of the

triangle of micro-finance, not only as the organizing framework for the volume but also

as the analytical core of the micro-finance challenge to the governments in alleviating

poverty among the poor. This lies in reaching the poor in substantial numbers, enabling

them to move out of poverty, and creating financial institutions that are sustainable. The

mechanism explains the demand for and access to financial services by the poor.

Outreach and sustainability micro-finance services focus on the problem of helping the

poor at the household Level. The authors however, emphasized on the importance of

micro-finance in poverty alleviation he has not established the influence of micro-finance

services on sustainable community development.

http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=au%3A%22Zeller%2C+M.%22

21

Capacity Building Services Provision

Tang (2009), said that capacity building is a popular term these days too popular

and expansive a term, in fact, to mean much to individuals making specific decisions

about programs and grant strategies. As a result, everyone from practitioners to

foundation CEOs is calling for increased attention to the capacity-building needs of non-

profit organizations. So far, however, the rhetoric is ahead of the work. We try to advance

that work in two ways. First, we define capacity building as the ability of non-profit

organizations to fulfill their missions in an effective manner. We already know that many

nonprofit organizations are small and possess limited resources, particularly when

measured against the challenges and critical issues that they address. Tang (2009), didn’t

study how capacity building can affect sustainable development of a given community he

did not show the influence of capacity building and sustainable community development

our study.

According to Solomon (2007), capacity building as it relates to the overall quality

of life in the communities nonprofit organizations serve. For nearly a century, nonprofit

organizations have fulfilled a variety of functions that help build and maintain civil

society. They offer resources to residents of local communities, including social services,

advocacy, cultural opportunities, monitoring of government and business practices, and

much more. However, capacity building offer resources to residents of local

communities, including social services; they have not studied or conducted the research

that establishes the influence Non -Governmental Organization capacity building

services and sustainable community development which is our current research.

22

They enable individuals to take an active role in their communities and contribute

to the overall well-being of these communities. Non-profit organizations also provide the

basis and infrastructure for forming social networks that support strong communities.

Civil society requires more than linking individuals to institutions; it requires building

contributions among people. In these ways, nonprofit organizations add value to

community life. While the non-profit realm should not be mistaken for all of civil society,

most of the country’s vast charitable endeavor is very much a part of civil society

(O’Connell, 2004).The auteur brings out the fact that the nonprofit organizations

contribute the building contributions among people and linking individuals; he has not

studied or conducted the research that establishes the influence of Non-Governmental

Organization capacity building services on sustainable community development which is

the current research’s concern.

In summary the authors include; Desai(2005); Tang(2004); Bridger and logoff

(2002),UN(2012); Michael(2003);Jonson(2007); Grang(2001); Obama(2002);

Oscar (20060; Bower(2003); Hanushek(2007); Rogers(2005); Wiley and Sons

(2005); Zeller( 2002); Solomon ( 2007) and O’Connell (2004) have talked about Non

Governmental organizations services provision including health service provision,

education support provision ,microfinance service and capacity building service the

literature , however do not clearly bring out how Non-Governmental Organization

services related to sustainable community development were not carried out in Rwanda

especial in Rubavu sector.

23

Sustainable Community Development

Sustainable Development according to the Brundtland Commission (2003)

, is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

the future generations to meet their own needs. In order to meet sustainable community

development in Rwanda, the current strategy emphasizes that poverty reduction cannot be

achieved without access to Non-Governmental Organizations services to the poor. The

Governmental places much emphasis on Non-Governmental Organization service as one

of the tools for sustainable community development (EDPRS Rwanda, 2008).

Hibbard (2004), contended that sustainable community development is process-

oriented, and it requires extensive community participation and relies on network to share

resources, knowledge and expertise. The concept of sustainability in sustainable

development, therefore, implies balancing environmental protection with the generation

of increased opportunities for employment and improved livelihoods. Serageldin (2006),

shows how particularly NGO can promote the organization and empowerment of the

poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-credit, awareness-raising

training for group members, and other social services. Empowerment is the ability of

individuals to gain control socially, politically, economically and psychologically through

(1) access to inform action, knowledge and skills; (2) decision making; and (3) individual

self efficacy, community participation, and perceived control (Baccaro, 2001). The study,

however, shows on how NGOs have helped poor women but he did not show their

influence on sustainable community development which the current study intends to

investigate.

24

Level of Access to Health Services

In Bangladesh, just 21% of injury usually occurring when pregnant women attend

four or more antenatal visits, home delivery woman is in labor too long norm, with 77%

of women overall and 89% of rural or when delivery is obstructed, women opting to give

birth at home, direct and indirect costs, perceived service quality, and cesarean section.

She endures cultural norms are among the many factors that contribute to low demand for

internal injuries that leave her facility-based maternal health care. (Streatield et al., 2011)

According to (Perkins et al 2010), said that providing hospital services, LAMB

runs an integrated community health and development program, a training center, a

school, and numerous other initiatives similarly, community member’s benefiting from

the SDU (Safe Delivery Units) program report have facilitated increased access to

antenatal care and skilled birth attendance in underserved communities and have

strengthened referral linkages for women needing higher Levels of maternity care. He

added that both programs involve an extensive network of community-based staff making

home visits, with links to vehicles that can facilitate transportation for the women who

need it. The paramedics and branch office managers with the community management

committees affiliated with LAMB work to identify and overcome problems, such as the

barriers individuals might face in accessing health care.

Level of Access to Credit Service

A study by McCarty (2001), on Micro-finance and Rural credit in Vietnam

indicates that Vietnam has been transforming itself from a centrally planned to a market

oriented economy since economic reform, was initiated in the late 1980s. Significant

improvements in terms of the economic growth rate, which accelerated, from 4.6% on

25

average in 1980s to 7.6% in 1990s, have been achieved. There is a significant inequality

in the development of rural and urban areas. Recent average national per capita income is

estimated at $300, but for rural areas, accounting for 80% of population, the figure is at

$100, the rural development has been set as one of the prime goals of the Vietnamese

Government’s strategic development plan. The study brings out the importance of

microfinance in rural and urban areas but did not show their influence to sustainable

community development which the current study aims to investigate.

According to Islam (2012), micro-credit has contributions to the improvement

and poverty reduction for millions of the poorest people of Bangladesh. Micro-credit has

a huge impact on the lives of millions of poor people particularly to women. Numerous

scholars and NGOs have been working with micro credit to reach poor people, who are

still not benefited by the conventional financial system. It has been tried to present

evidence of the important and contributions made by micro credit in the eradication of

poverty by increasing the income generating activities, empowerment of poor people to

access development services such as health and education, and reduction in vulnerability.

Micro credit is now being considered as one of the most important and an effective

mechanism for poverty reduction. Micro-credit activities help to improve on people’s

livelihoods, the impact of micro-credit on the poor people of the society focus on poor

people in rural areas. Islam (2012) did not study the influence of Non-Governmental

Organizations service on sustainable development.

According to Birendra Suna (2012), the concept micro-finance covers broad

spectrums from traditional business for which social objectives are only by product, to

traditional social service organizations, for whom reaching the poorest is the prime

http://www.conceptpub.com/servlet/DispInfo?offset=0&searchtype=Author&searchText=Birendra%20Suna

26

objective. Microfinance credit are best poverty alleviation approaches to development

history, women empowerment and money lending are highlights to some critical

questions which were asked that whether the micro-finance mechanism freed the poorest

of the poor from poverty. With the help of micro-finance institutions poverty can be

alleviated. The idea that openness is good for sustainable livelihoods and micro-finance

has become deeply ingrained in development discourse. Demonstrating demonstrates

social capital critical to previous development theories along with India's development

plan and policies. It brings out a clear picture of credit and microfinance that it could be

an alternative financial mechanism for poor people to engage themselves into the poverty

alleviation program. The literature was, however, this was focusing on how micro

finances can alleviate poverty; it did not bring how Non-Governmental Organization

micro-finance services contribute sustainable community development which is our

current focus.

Level of House Hold Income

According to the EICV Rwanda (2006), survey shows that the incidence of

poverty is highest in households whose main source of income is agricultural wage

labour, Households which depend on combining self-employment in agriculture with

agricultural wage labour are not much better off, as 82% of this group live in poverty, the

proportion of individuals aged 15 and above whose main job is agricultural wage labour

doubled from 4% to 8% in 2005. Such a development reflects the acute shortage of land

in many areas and the lack of rural non-farm employment opportunities. Vulnerable

households headed by women, widows and children represent 43% of all households and

are concentrated in rural areas.

27

Christine (2006), said that only 16% of the households live in permanent houses,

and 56% of the households are poor and live in informal settlements. She further points

out that most of the households have little land; an average of less than 2 acres

per household and due to poor household incomes, 97% of the households still

use firewood as fuel.

Level of Food Security

According to the World Health Organization report (2012), it is stipulated that

food production refers to the availability of food and one's access to it. A household is

considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation.

The definition of food security as existing when all people at all times have access to

sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Commonly, the

concept of food security is defined as including both physical and economic access to

food that meets people's dietary needs as well as their food preferences. In many

countries, health problems related to dietary excess are an ever increasing threat to poor

people. Food security is built on three pillars: Food availability: (sufficient quantities of

food available on a consistent basis), Food access: (having sufficient resources to obtain

appropriate foods for a nutritious diet). Food use: appropriate use based on knowledge of

basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation (WHO, 2012).

However, a complex sustainable development issue, linked to health through

malnutrition, but also it did not show influence of food security as an aspect to

sustainable community development.

Kimbro, et al, (2012), said that food security varies significantly by race, class

and education. Research done in USA in 2012 showed that in both kindergarten and third

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation

28

grade, 8% of children were classified as food insecure but only 5% of white children

were food insecure, white 12% and 15% of black and Hispanic children were food

insecure respectively. In third grade, 13% of black and 11% of Hispanic children are food

insecure compared to 5% of white children.

According to Crush (2012), Income is an important factor in food security since

households need to buy in order to secure their food items. It is obvious that town

dwellers have to buy food but researches show that even rural dwellers do buy food, even

some times most of their food items. He argues that rural households buy some or most

of their food with cash from family members who have moved within the country or

across borders to earn income. The main cause of food insecurity in African cities is the

lack of access to food and that means the absence of a regular and reliable income with

which to buy it.

In summary the authors include; Brundtland Commission (2003); (EDPRS

Rwanda, 2008).; Hibbard (2004); Serageldin (2006) (Baccaro, 2001); (Streatield et al.,

2011); McCarty (2001), Islam (2012); Birendra Suna (2012); EICV (2006); (Christine

2006); World Health Organization report (2012); EICV (2006); (Christine 2006); World

Health Organization report (2012); Kimbro, et al, (2012); (Crush, 2012), have talked

about indicators of sustainable development including; Level of access to health service,

Level of literacy, Level of access to credit service Level of household income, Level of

food security. The literature, however, some have correlate to our current study and other

correlate to sustainable community development our current study.





29

Influence of Non Governmental Organizations Services on Sustainable Community

Development

Baccaro (2001) , shows how particular NGOs can promote the empowerment of

the poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-credit, awareness-

raising, training for group members, and other social services. In the long term, the aim

of NGOs is to promote sustainable community development through activities that

promote capacity building and self reliance. Langran (2002) has put it that NGOs through

capacity building help to bring about sustainable community development. NGOs are

often created in order to expand the capacities of people. Furthermore, they are praised

for promoting community self-reliance and empowerment through supporting

community-based groups and relying on participatory processes. The provision of

microfinance, initiation of community capacity building and self-reliance through

“bottom-up approach” in community development would likely bring about

empowerment to the community (Nikkhah & Redzuan, 2010). The auteur, however, did

not include sustainable community development as result of services provided by Non-

Governmental Organizations.

Summary of Key Finding and Identified Gaps

In summary the authors include; Desai (2005); Tang (2004); Bridger and logoff

(2002), United Nation (2012); Michael 2003); Jonson (2007); Grang (2001); Obama

(2002); Oscar (20060; Bower (2003); Hanushek (2007), Rogers(2005); Wiley and Sons

(2005); Zeller ( 2002); Solomon ( 2007) and O’conell (2004) have differently discussed

about Non-Governmental Organizations services including provision health service

provision, education support provision, microfinance services and capacity building

30

services. The literature, however do not clearly bring out how Non-Governmental

Organization services related to sustainable community development were not carried out

in Rwanda.

Regarding to Level of sustainable community development in summary the

authors include; Brundtland Commission (2003); (EDPRS Rwanda, 2008).; Hibbard

(2004); Serageldin(2006) (Baccaro, 2001); (Streatield et al., 2011); McCarty (2001),

Islam (2012); Birendra Suna (2012); EICV Rwanda (2006); (Christine 2006); World

Health Organization report (2012); (Christine 2006); World Health Organization report

(2012); Kimbro, (2012); (Crush, 2012), have discussed about indicators of sustainable

development including; Level of access to health service, Level of literacy, Level of

access to credit service Level of household income, Level of food security. The literature,

however some have clarified sustainable development and others they did not show a

significant influence Non-Governmental Organizations to sustainable community

development.

Most of the findings, however, are not in the Rwandan setting. The government

places much emphasis on Non-Governmental Organization service as one of the tools for

sustainable community development; it is believed that they can help to generate job

opportunities and self employment to diversify sources of income, thereby contributing to

the improvement of the Rwandan economy and sustainable community development and

reduction of poverty. NGOs can build the capacity of the poor population to create

employment and generate wealth in a sustainable manner (Rwanda Governance Board,

2007). However, the researcher has not yet been able to find a study in this topic

specifically focusing on Non -Governmental Organization industry in Rwanda. It is






31

basing on such gaps that the study attempted to establish the influence of Non-

Governmental Organizations services and sustainable community development of

Rubavu sector.

32

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This part of the research was covered methods that the research/investigator was

followed to execute her research. It involves the research design, the locale of the study,

population of the study, sample size, sampling procedure, research methods and

instrument, reliability and validity, data collection procedure and data analysis method.

Research Design

Research design as the structure of any scientific work gives direction and

systematizes on the how the study is done; it constituted the collection, measurement and

analysis of data (Kothari, 2004). This study was based on descriptive research design and

correlation research design. This study was based on descriptive research design because

was used; both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative in the case that the

researcher made an inquiry on the problem based on testing a theory composed of Non

Governmental Organization service and sustainable community development as the

variables, measured with numbers and analyzing it with statistical procedures in order to

determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory were true.

The study was also qualitative in understanding the problem based on building a

holistic picture, formed with words reporting detailed views of the respondents by use of

open-ended questions On the other hand, correlation research design helps to determine

whether to what degree of influence exists Non Governmental organization services on

sustainable community development with its variables.

http://www.experiment-resources.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html

33

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in Rubavu sector which is located in western province,

Rubavu District of Rwanda, Rubavu sector is bordered by Kivu north of Republic

Democratic of Congo. The study was coved 3voluntary organizations in 3 cells, Byahi,

Buhaza and Gikombe that constitute the administration of Rubavu sector where there is

many NGOs operating in this area. (Rubavu sectors report, 2012).

Population of the Study

According to Rwandan Governance Board report (2012), there are currently 12

Non-Governmental Organizations as registered as NGOS in Rubavu sector. The total

population of NGOs members is 219 people. Since, the researcher was dealed only with

the beneficiaries directly related to NGOs; the population of the study was comprised the

total number of NGOs directly involved in health, food security, education and

microfinance of NGOs in Rubavu sector (Table 1). This is because the primary data

needed in order to carry out the study was based on the following three NGOs as follow

UCC (Health, Education, social welfare), Save the children (helping Students) and

SACCO (Microfinance service), are 3 NGOs involved in the study.

Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

According to Kothari (2004), the proportion of beneficiaries of UCC, Save the

children and SACCO in Rubavu sectors is given by the following formula: ni = n*Nj/N,

where ni = Sample Size of each NGOs, n =Sample size of entire population calculated by

using Morgan Table, Nj= number of beneficiaries in each NGOs and N= total number of

population. Then n = 112, Nj = 81 of UCC, 65 of Save the Children and 73 of SACCO

34

N = 219.

Researcher used purposive sampling method employing with convenient sampling

technique, she distributed structured questionnaire to the beneficiaries who she met at

NGOs Office on the appointments related to different issue like attending meeting,

receiving fund; whenever she met one beneficiaries she would request them for

interview and make an appointment on when and where to meet for the interview, or she

would administer a questionnaire and make an appointment on when and where to make

a call back to pick the filled in questionnaire

Table 1: showing the study sample.

Categories of NGOs Population Sample

size

Sampling techniques

1.UCC,Health, Education, social

welfare

81

42

Purposive (convenient) sampling

2. Save the children-Education 65 33 Purposive (convenient) sampling

3. SACCO, Microfinance service

73 37 Purposive (judgmental) sampling

Total 219 112 Purposive sampling

Methods and Instruments of Data Collection

The main method of data collection used was a questionnaire and, a Key

Informant Interviewing. A self –administered questionnaire, interview schedule and

informal interview guide were the instruments of data collection.

Questionnaire

A questionnaire was the main instrument used during the study to collect data. A

structured questionnaire was used three sections: Section A covered the demographic

characteristics of the respondents; Section B was on services Non-Governmental

35

Organization provides to people in Rubavu and Section C was on the Level of sustainable

development among beneficiaries. The researcher developed close-ended questions on a

5 point Likert Scale which was developed by utilizing the item analysis approach where

a particular item is evaluated on the basis of how well it discriminates those persons

whose total score is high and those whose score is low (Kothari, 2004). The researcher

adopted this type of scale so as to give respondents a wider choice of answers and,

therefore, gathering different views of respondents.

Table 2: Definition of Scale

Description Mean range Interpretation

Strongly Agree 4.20-5.00 Very High

Agree

Undecided

3.40-4.19

2.60-3.39

High

Moderate

Disagree 1.80-2.59 Low

Strongly Disagree 1.00-1.79 Very Low

Interview Guide

In addition to the questionnaire the researcher used an interview guide, which

helped her to get from information from key informants the interview guide was

administered to the 3 representatives of NGOs, at sector Level, Secretary Executive of

the Sector and one official charge of cooperatives. They were chosen because they are the

ones who were anticipated to know on the real information of what was being done by

NGOs.

36

Validity and Reliability of Instruments

Validity

Validity deals with the influence of the data obtained to the nature of the variables

being studied. Validity of Instruments means that the instrument measure what it is meant

to measure. Construct validity of the instrument was established by using expert

judgment. The instrument was submitted for comments to the three supervisors (experts),

whereby, suggestions were accepted and judgments be made on the construct, validity of

the instrument. Validity was scientifically determined by using content validity index

formula (CVI). The instruments were considered valid when the CVI got was above the

hire scored of 0.6. The CVI was computed by using the formula below.

Reliability

Kothari (2004) states that reliability refers to the degree of consistency and

precision or accuracy that a measuring instrument demonstrates To determine the internal

consistency of the instrument, coefficient of reliability was computed using statistical

package for the social scientists (SPSS version 18). ). In determining reliability of the

instrument, the researcher carried out a pretest by issuing 25 questionnaires to Peoples of

Kakili town. The data which was obtained was entered into the Statistical Package for

Social Scientists (SPSS) to determine the reliability of the tool. In accordance with

Cronbach, (1951), Cronbanch’s Alpha Coefficient was used to assess the internal

37

consistency. A reliability test using a Cronbach’s alpha α ≥ 0.7 and above was considered

adequate and since 0.836 is above 0.7 is accepted.

Table 3: Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.836 36

Source of primary data

Data Collection Procedure

An introduction letter was obtained from the graduate school Bugema University

to introduce the researcher to the local leaders in the area of the study, in order for her to

collect data using questionnaires from Rubavu sector Non-Governmental Organizations.

The researcher recruited and trained an assistant who helped her in gathering the data.

Researcher used purposive sampling method employing with convenient sampling

technique, she distributed structured questionnaire to the beneficiaries who she met at

NGOs Office on the appointments related to different issue like attending meeting,

receiving fund, the researcher used an ethical approach whereby and information was

given confidential attention and treated with a lot of anonymity. This was done by

assuring the respondents that the information collected was used only for academic

purpose. The respondents were also assured that their names would not appear in the

questionnaire, as was asked to write that they have understood and what is required of

them.

Data Analysis Procedure

After a successful data collection exercise, the researcher coded, edited, transcribed,

entered and analyzed the data using SPSS program. This program was preferred because

38

it is simple and easy to analyze and interpret the findings. Objective 1, 2 and 3 were

analyzed using descriptive statistics where frequencies, percentages, the mean and

standard deviation were used. Inferential statistics were also obtained to gain a deeper

understanding of the influences of the independent variable or the dependent variable.

Objective 4 was analyzed using Regression analysis to determine the influence of Non-

Governmental Organization service on Sustainable community development of Rubavu

sector. Data analysis was followed with interpretation and discussion. The hypothesis

was tested using regression analysis at (p ≤ 0.05). Level of significance. The results were

interpreted and discussed in line with the research objectives, hypothesis, theoretical

framework and related literature, Conclusion was drawn and recommendations made in

line with the findings.

39

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the study on Non -Governmental

Organizations service and sustainable community development. The presentation and

discussion is in line with research objectives hypothesis. The specific objectives were: to

find out the demographic characteristics of the respondents, the influence of Non-

Governmental Organizations service in Rubavu sector, to examine the level of

sustainable community development in Rubavu sector and establish the influence of Non-

Governmental Organizations service on sustainable community development in Rubavu

sector. The chapter has subsections on the demographic characteristics of research

participants, Non-Governmental Organizations service provision and level of sustainable

community development.

Demographic Characteristics of Research Participants

The actual research participants included 112 respondents, and in the course of

data collection, the researcher succeeded in collecting all the questionnaires, that is; there

was no questionnaire which represented an error of omission. Descriptive statistics, that

is, frequencies and percentages, were used to analyze data on the demographic profile of

the respondents in terms of gender, age, occupation held, education level, and years of

service with NGOs. The frequencies and percentages were meant to establish the most

frequently occurring responses and the least frequently occurring responses. Table 4

presents the summary of findings.

40

Table 4: Demographic Characteristics of respondents

Items Description Frequency Percent

Sex Male 51 45.5

Female 61 54.5

Age 18-20 7 6.2

21-30 27 24.1

31-35 34 30.4

36 and above 44 39.3

Education Level Primary 16 14.3

Secondary 11 9.8

Certificate 12 10.7

Diploma 11 9.8

Degree 7 6.2

Illiteracy

Non formal ed

31

24

27.6

21.4

Occupation held Student 9 8.0

Farmer 25 22.3

Trader 18 16.1

Public Work 13 11.6

Private workers 10 8.9

Others 37 33.0

Number of years worked with

NGOs

Less than 1 year 39 34.8

1-3years 37 33.0

4-6 years 17 15.2

Over 6 years 19 17.0

N= 112

Respondents Sex: Out of 112 respondents who responded to the questionnaire 61

(54.5%) were female and 51 (45.5%) were male. This means that were females

participated more than males in the study. Hence females’ views were more reflected in

the responses than male views. The predominance of female respondents may be due to

population demographic characteristic in Rubavu Sector. Whereby females seem to be

more than males in every sector, whereby females seem to be more than males in every

sector.

41

Age

Regarding age, results in the Table 4 show that the majority respondents were old

people, 44 ( 39.3%) followed by those who were 31-35 years 34 ( 30.4%), 21-30 years

were 27 (24.1%) and 18-20 , were 7 (6.26%). The findings means that NGOs serve the

older peoples more than youth peoples.

Education Level

Regarding education Level, the findings in Table 4 indicate that 33 (29. 4%)

respondents were illiterate, 22 (19.6%) had attended non formal education and few 7

(6.2%) had a degree. The findings means that the majority respondents were illiterate

with mainly literate people and the responses are dominated by views of illiterate people.

Occupation Held

Regarding occupation held by the respondents, the results in table 4 indicate that

37 (33.0%), have other occupations and very few 9 (8.0%) were student. The findings

means that the majority have other activities differ from, farming trading and public

work.

Number of Years Worked with NGOs

Regarding the number of years worked with NGOs, the results show that 39

(34.8%) respondents had worked with NGOs for Less than 1 year with NGOs and very

few were at 17 (15.2%) have worked 4-6years with NGOs. The findings shows that the

majority of respondent have worked with less than one year means that beneficiaries

were new in NGOs services.

Non -Governmental Organization Service Provision in Rubavu Sector

The second objective of the study was to examine Non- Governmental

Organization service in Rubavu sector. The specific variables investigated under the

42

construct of Non-Governmental Organization service provision included health service

provision, education service provision, Micro-finance service provision and capacity

building service provision. This objective was analyzed using frequencies, percentages

the mean and Standard Deviation. The mean represented the occurrence of a response and

standard deviation represented the extent to which scores deviate from the mean. The

frequencies and percentages presented in appendix2 and the narrative whereas the mean

and standard deviation is presented in table 5 that follows.

Table 5: Contribution of Non Governmental Organization Service

Items x SD. Interpretation

Health service provision

NGOs have enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health insure 3.38 0.59 High

NGOs has helped us to improve hygiene through training 3.50 0.55 High

NGOs have support us to access to clean water 3.65 0.67 High

Aggregate mean 3.51 0.60 High

Education support provision

NGO have helped me to get school fees for my children 3.60 0.76 High

NGO contribute to education training for adult formal

schooling

3.49 0.59 High

NGO have increase my knowledge from short course 3.63 0.67 High


Microfinance saving and credit service provision

NGO have helped me to save money to use 3.59 0.61 High

I have improved my business from Ngo training 3.49 0.55 High

I get employment from NGOs 3.38 0.65 Moderate

NGOs support our cooperative members 3.47 0.63 High


Capacity building support provision

Support given by NGOs as training has helped to create self

employment

3.75 0.68 High

NGOs has helped me to create my own business from

workshop

3.62 0.66 High

I got job from short course provided by NGOs 3.25 0.83 Moderate

I have improved my production from NGOs forums 3.49 0.60 High

Aggregate mean

Grand mean

3.53

3.52

0.69

0.64

High

High

N = 112

Legend 1: Scale: 1.00-1.79 (Very low), 1.80-2.59 (Low), 2.60-3.39

0(Moderate), 3.40-4.19 (high), 4.20-5.00 (Very High

43

Health Service Provision

One of the variables investigated under Non-Governmental Organizations services

provision was health service provision. Specific responses were sought on; whether

NGOs have enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health insurance, whether NGOs have

helped us to improve, hygiene through training and whether NGOs helped us to access

clean water.

Regarding whether NGOs have enabled beneficiaries to pay for health insurance,

findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree, 70 (62.5%) responses

were undecided; 38 (33%) agreed, and 3 (2.7%) strongly agreed. The responses had a

Mean of 3.38 and a Standard Deviation of 0.59.The findings generally means that the

responses agreed that NGOs have a highly enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health

insurance and that there are very minimal variations in the responses.

As to whether NGOs have helped beneficiaries to improve hygiene practices

through training Finding in appendix table 2 show that 59 (52.7%) responses were

undecided,50 (44.6%) responses agreed and 3 (2.7%) strongly agreed. The findings in

table 5 show that the responses had a mean of 3.50 and standard deviation of 0.55. This

means that the responses highly agreed that NGOs have helped beneficiaries to improve

sanitation through training and there were minimal variations in the response.

Regarding whether NGOs have supported beneficiaries access clean water. The

findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 5 (4.5%) disagreed, 36 (32.1%) were

undecided, 64 (56.1%) agreed and 7 (6.2) strongly agreed. According to table 5 the

findings had a Mean of 3.65 and a Standard deviation of 0.67. The finding means that

44

there was a high agreement that NGOs had supported beneficiaries to access to clean

water and that there were minimal variations in the responses.

According to table 5 the responses on health service provision had an aggregate

Mean of 3.5 and a Standard Deviation of 0.60.This means that response highly agreed

that NGOs provide health services to beneficiaries and there are low variations in the

responses.

The findings highly supported Abia (2009), who says that NGOs are

involved in the provision of general health services, including the provision of

Health insurance, provision of drugs and training health workers, and health

education of communities on domestic hygiene, water and sanitation. Often, the

presence of NGOs improves access to health care through construction of NGO

health units and stocking these with drugs he added that Some NGOs have further

enhanced physical access through the construction or repair of roads.

Similarly the findings support Barton (2009); as he said that NGOs have been

central players in improving the health of mothers and children through mobilizing

pregnant women to attend antenatal and postnatal clinics. That they are also providing

immunization and health education services, education on nutrition for mothers and

their children, personal and domestic hygiene, water and sanitation activities and

control of diarrhea diseases through the preparation of oral dehydration salts. He

added that NGOs are involved in various AIDS activities, including preventive education

on HIV transmission, provision of condoms, care of People With AIDS,(treatment,

counseling and home visits) as well as support to AIDS orphans.

45

Education Service Provision

Education service provision was one of the variables investigated under Non-

Governmental Organizations services. Specific responses were sought on; whether NGOs

have helped me to get school fees for my children, whether NGOs contribute to education

training for adult formal schooling, and whether NGOs have increase my knowledge

from short course.

Regarding whether NGOs have helped respondents to get school fees for their

children, findings revealed that 54 (48.2%) responses disagree, 32 (28.6%) responses

were undecided; 25 (22.3%) agreed, and 1 (0.9%) strongly agreed. The responses had a

Mean of 3.60 and a Standard Deviation of 0.76.The findings generally means that the

responses highly disagreed that NGOs have helped respondents to get school fees for

their children and here were very minimal variations in the responses.

As to whether NGOs contributed to education training in reading and writing to

adult peoples, finding in appendix table 2 show that 1(0.9%) responses disagreed, 64

(57.1%) responses were undecided, 46 (41.1%) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed.

The findings in table 5 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.49 and a standard

Deviation of 0.59. This means that the responses highly agreed that NGOs have

contributed to education training in reading and writing to adult peoples and there were

minimal variations in the response.

Regarding whether NGOs have increased respondents knowledge from short

course given to them. The findings in appendix 2 show that 1 (0.9%) responses

disagreed, 64 (56.1%) were undecided, 46 (41.1%) agreed and 1 (0.9) strongly agreed.

According to table 5 the findings had a Mean of 3.63 and a Standard Deviation of 0.67.

46

The finding means that responses highly agreed that NGOs had increased respondents

knowledge from short course given to them and that there were minimal variations in the

responses. According to table 5 the responses on education support provision had an

aggregate Mean of 3.57 and a Standard Deviation of 0.67.This means that response

highly agreed that NGOs had provided education service to beneficiaries and there are

low variations in the responses.

The finding on education provision is in line with Bowen (2003), says that

providing free and quality education to children reflects the fact that every child is

entitled to fundamental human rights and is to be treated with dignity. Primary education

supports children at a critical time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual

growth. More broadly, education is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means

of addressing structural inequality and disadvantage. He added that Primary education

provides children with life skills that will enable them to prosper later in life. Education

also transmits more abstract qualities such as critical thinking skills, healthy living,

resilience, and self-confidence.

Microfinance Services Provision

Micro-finance and credit lending service provision was one of the variables

investigated under Non-Governmental Organizations services. Specific responses were

sought on; whether NGOs have helped me to save money to use, whether Respondents

have improve my business from training, whether respondents get employment from

NGOs and whether NGOs support our cooperative members to get credit from MF.

Regarding whether NGOs have helped respondents to save money to use, findings

revealed that 2 (1.8%) responses disagree, 61 (54.5%) responses were undecided; 47

47

(42.0%) agreed, and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed. The responses had a Mean of 3.48 and a

Standard Deviation of 0.61.The findings generally means that the responses agreed that

NGOs have helped respondents to save money to use and here were minimal variations in

the responses.

As to whether respondents have improved their business from NGOs training,

findings in appendix table 2 show that 3 (2.7%) responses disagreed, 78 (69.6%)

responses were undecided, 29 (25.9%) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed. The

findings in table 5 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.49 and Standard Deviation of

0.55. This means that the responses high agreed that NGO services have improved

business from NGOs training and there were minimal variations in the responses.

Regarding whether respondents got employment from NGO the findings in

appendix 2 show that 16 (14.3%) responses disagreed, 85 (75.9%) were undecided, 5

(4.5%) agreed and 6 (5.4) strongly agreed. According to table 5 the findings had a Mean

of 3.38 and a Standard Deviation of 0.65. The finding means that there high disagreement

responses got employment from NGOs and that there were minimal variations in the

responses.

Regarding whether NGOs have supported cooperative members to get finance

from MF .The findings in appendix 2 show that 5 (4.5%) responses disagreed, 74

(66.1%) were undecided and 33 (29.5%) agreed. According to table 5 the findings had a

Mean of 3.47 and a Standard Deviation of 0.63. The finding means that there was a high

disagreement that NGOs have supported cooperative members to get finance from MF

and that there were minimal variations in the responses.

48

According to table 5 the responses on micro-finance service provision had an


highly agreed that NGOs had provided micro-finance service to its beneficiaries and there

are low variations in the responses

. This implies that the micro-finance are accessible to peoples as Zeller (2002),

explains how microfinance services bring together critical empirical work done by credit

lenders. International Food Policy Research Institute researchers and others from

collaborating institutions, introduced the concept of the triangle of micro-finance, not

only as the organizing framework for the volume but also as the analytical core of the

micro-finance challenge to the governments in alleviating poverty among the poor. He

explains the demand for and access to financial services by the poor outreach and

sustainability micro-finance services focuses on the problem of helping the poor at the

household Level.

Capacity building services provision

Capacity building service was one of the variables investigated under Non-

Governmental Organizations service. Specific responses were sought on; whether support

given by NGOs as training has helped community to create self employment, whether

NGOs have helped respondents to create their own business from workshops, whether

respondents got jobs from short courses provided by NGOs and whether respondents

improved their production from forums.

Regarding whether support given by NGOs as training has helped community to

create self employment, findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree,

58 (51.8%) responses were undecided; 50 (44.6%) agreed, and 3 (2.7%) strongly

http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=au%3A%22Zeller%2C+M.%22

49

agreed. The responses had a Mean of 3.75 and a Standard Deviation of 0.68.The findings

generally means that the responses highly agreed that support given by NGOs as

training has helped community to create self employment and here were minimal

variation in the response.

As to whether NGOs have helped respondents to create their own business from

workshop. The findings in appendix table 2 show that 22 (19.6%) responses disagreed,

63 (56.2%) responses were undecided, 29 (25.9%) agreed and 1 (0.9%) were strongly

agreed. The findings in table 5 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.62 and Standard

Deviation of 0.66. This means that the responses highly agreed that NGOs have helped

them to create their own business from workshop and there were minimal variations in

the response.

Regarding as to whether respondents got jobs from short courses provision by

NGOs. The findings in appendix 2 show that the 1 (0.9%) responses strongly disagreed,

29 (25.9%) disagree, 63 (56.2%) were undecided and 19 (17.0) agreed. According to

table 5 the findings had a Mean of 3.25 and a Standard Deviation of 0.83. The finding

means that there was a highly disagreed that respondents got job from short course

provision by NGOs and that there were minimal variations in the responses.

Regarding whether respondents have improved their production from NGOs

forums. The findings in appendix 2 show that 1 (0.9%) responses strongly disagreed, 21

(18.8%) disagreed, 61 (54.5%) were undecided and 29 (25.9) agreed. According to table

5 the findings had a Mean of 3.49 and a Standard Deviation of 0.60. The finding means

that there was a high agreement that respondents have improved their production from

NGOs forums and that there were minimal variations in the responses. According to table

50

5 the responses on capacity building had an aggregate Mean of 3.52 and a Standard

Deviation of 0.64.This means that responses highly agreed that NGOs had improved their

capacity building and there are low variations in the responses

This result means that Capacity building service provision in Rubavu Sector as a

source of income though Training were at a high Level. This agrees with Solomon

(2007), who wrote that capacity building as it relates to the overall quality of life in the

communities nonprofit organizations serve, for nearly a century, nonprofit organizations

have fulfilled a variety of functions that help build and maintain civil society. They offer

resources to residents of local communities, including social services, advocacy, cultural

opportunities, monitoring of Governmental and business practices, and much more.

Level of Sustainable Community Development in Rubavu Sector

Objective 3 of the study was to establish the level of sustainable community

Development in Rubavu Sector. This objective was analyzed using the Mean and

Standard Deviation. The mean represent the occurrence of a response and standard

deviation represent the extent to which scores deviate from the mean.

51

Table 6: Level of Sustainable Community Development Items x SD Interpretation

Level of access to health service

I and my family we got health insurance from NGOs 2.95 1.02 Moderate

I and my family we got cleaned water 3.82 0.57 High

I and my family we can make proper hygiene 3.92 0.66 High

Our children get vaccination at a given time 4.29 0.64 High


Level of education

I can read and write from school 2.77 1.11 Moderate

I know reading and writing from adult training 2.40 0.81 Low

I can read and write in mother language 2.90 1.08 Moderate

Aggregate mean 2.69 1.00 Moderate

Level access to credit service

I can save money from microfinance 3.50 0.76 High

I received credit from microfinance 3.03 0.80 Moderate

I got training in order to improve my business 2.78 0.85 Moderate

I am employed by FM 2.18 0.74 Low

Aggregate mean 2.87 0.79 Moderate

Level of household income

I can get less than 15,000Rwf per month 2.31 0.68 Low

I can get 16,000Rwf to100,000 Rwf per month 2.46 0.73 Low

I receive 110,000Rwf to300,000Rwf per month 2.43 0.76 Low

I can get 310,000Rwf to500,000Rwf per month 2.06 0.65 Low

I receive 510,000Rwf to1,000,000Rwf per month 1.75 0.49 Very Low

Aggregate mean 2.20 0.66 Low

Level of food security

I and my family we can afford 3 meals per day 2.54 0.66 Moderate

I and my family we have sufficient food consumption

and for sale

2.33 0.53 Low

I and my family we can produce food for another

season

2.25 0.59 Low

Aggregate mean

Grand Mean

2.37

2.77

0.59

0.75

Low

Moderate

N = 112 Sources: Primary Data

Legend 1: Scale: 1.00-1.79 (Very low),

1.80-2.59 (Low), 2.60-3.39(Moderate), 3.40-4.19

(high), 4.20-5.00 (Very High

Level of Access to Health Service

Level of access to health service was one of the variables investigated under level

of sustainable community development. Specific responses were sought on; whether

respondents and their families we got health insurance from NGOs, whether respondents

and their families we got clean water from NGOs, whether respondents and their families

52

we can make proper hygiene and whether their children got vaccinations during a given

time.

Regarding whether respondents and their families got health insurance from

NGOs, the findings revealed that 2 (1.8%) responses strongly disagree, 48 (42.9%)

responses disagree; 23 (20.5%) were un decided, and 32 (28.6%) agreed and 7 (6.2%)

strongly agreed. The responses had a Mean of 2.95 and a Standard Deviation of 1.02.The

findings generally means that the responses moderately disagreed that respondents and

their families got health insurance from NGOs and a minimal variations in the responses.

As to whether respondents and their families got clean water from NGOs. The

findings in appendix table 2 show that 2 (1.8%) responses strongly disagreed, 24

(21.4%) responses were undecided, 78 (69.6%) were agreed and 8 (7.1%) were strongly

agreed. The findings in table 6 show that the responses had a Mean of 3.82 and Standard

Deviation of 0.57. This means that the responses highly agreed that respondents and their

families got clean water from NGOs and there were minimal variations in the response.

Regarding whether respondents and their families can make proper hygiene. The

findings in appendix 2 show that 2 (1.8%) were disagreed, 23 (20.5%) were undecided,

69 (61.6%) agreed and 18 (16.1) strongly agreed. According to table 6the findings had a

Mean of 3.92 and a Standard Deviation of 0.66. The finding means that there was a high

agreement that respondents and their families can make proper hygiene and that there

was minimal variations in the responses.

Regarding whether respondents children got vaccinations during a given time.

The findings in appendix 2 show that 1(0.9%) responses strongly disagreed, 1 (0.9%)

disagreed, 2 (1.8%) were undecided and 69 (61.6) agreed and 39 (34.8) strongly agreed.

53


The finding means that there was a highly agreement that respondents children got

vaccinations during a given time and that there were minimal variations in the responses.

According to table 6 the responses on access to health service had an aggregate

mean of 3.74 and a standard deviation of 0.72.This means that response highly agreed

that health service were accessible to beneficiaries of Rubavu sector and there are low

variations in the responses.

The findings highly agree with Streatield (2011) who, said that in Bangladesh,

just 21% of injury usually occurring when pregnant women attend four or more antenatal

visits, Home delivery woman is in labor too long norm, with 77% of women overall and

89% of rural or when delivery is obstructed, women opting to give birth at home, Direct

and indirect costs, perceived service quality, and cesarean section. She endures cultural

norms are among the many factors that contribute to low demand for internal injuries that

leave her facility-based maternal health care.

Similarly the findings support Perkins et al (2010), Said that providing hospital

services, LAMB runs an integrated community health and development program, a

training center, a school, and numerous other initiatives similarly, community member’s

benefiting from the SDU (Safe Delivery Units) program report have facilitated increased

access to antenatal care and skilled birth attendance in underserved communities and

have strengthened referral linkages for women needing higher Levels of maternity care.

He added that both programs involve an extensive network of community-based staff

making home visits, with links to vehicles that can facilitate transportation for the women

who need it. The paramedics and branch office managers with the community

54

management committees affiliated with LAMB work to identify and overcome problems,

such as the barriers individuals might face in accessing health care.

Level of literacy

The results on Level of literacy one of the variables investigated under Level of

sustainable community development. Specific responses sought on; whether respondents

can read and write from school, whether respondents knows reading and writing from

adult training and whether respondent can read and write in mother language.

Regarding whether respondent can read and write from school, the findings

revealed that the responses 5 (4.5%) strongly disagree, 54 (48.2%) responses Disagreed;

1 (0.9%) undecided, 34 (30. %) agreed and 18 (16.1%) strongly agreed. The findings on

table 6 had a Mean of 2.77and a Standard Deviation of 1.11. The findings generally mean

that the responses disagreed that respondents can read and write from school and that

there are a minimal variation of in the response.

As to whether respondents knows reading and writing from adult training, the

findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree, 87 (77.7%) responses

disagree; 2 (1.8%) were un decided, and 22 (19.6%) agreed. The responses had a Mean

of 2.40 and a Standard Deviation of 0.81.The findings generally means that the responses

disagreed with respondents know reading and writing from adult training and minimal

variations in the responses.

Regarding whether respondents can read and write in mother language. The

findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 5 (4.5%) strongly disagreed, 87 (77.7%)

disagreed, 2 (1.8%) were undecided 48 (42.9) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed.

According to table 6 the findings had a mean of 2.90 and a standard deviation of 1.08.

55

The finding means that there was a highly disagreed with I can read and write in mother

language and that there were maximum variations in the responses. According to table 6

the responses on Level of literacy had an aggregate mean of 2.69 and a standard deviation

of 1.00.This means that response were undecided that on Level of literacy are at

moderate level in Rubavu sector and there are low variations in the responses.

As UNESCO (2006) defines literacy as the "ability to identify, understand,

interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials

associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in

enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and

potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society." Literacy

thus refers to the ability to read for knowledge and write coherently and think critically

about the written word.

Similarly the findings supports Umebau (2008) Level of Literacy is indeed an

essential right, it ensures full participation in development and is a powerful tool for

national socio-economic growth with regard to key priorities and challenges such

as poverty elimination, HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation, behavioral change

regarding gender equality, as well as good Governmental for democratic societies.

Still, the priority given to literacy programs in educational policies is disturbing

low and overlooks large sections of society, namely youth, adults, and marginalized

groups. He added that MDGs goals, in practice African levels have concentrated

their efforts towards achieving universal primary education and the former adult

education, and literacy in particular.

56

Level of access to Microfinance Credit Service

The result on Level of access to credit service one of the variables investigated

under Level of sustainable community development. Specific responses sought out on;

whether respondent can save money from microfinance, whether respondents received

credit from microfinance, whether respondents got training in order to improve their

business and whether respondent are employed by microfinance.

Regarding whether respondents can save money from microfinance 13 (11.6%)

disagree, 19 (17.0%) responses undecided; 57 (50.9%) agreed and 23 (20. %)

strongly agreed. The response had a Mean of 3.50 and a Standard Deviation of

0.76.The finding generally means that the response agreed respondents can save

money from micro-finance and that there were minimal variation of responses.

As to whether respondent received credit from micro-finance. The findings in

appendix 2 show that the responses 3 (2.7%) strongly disagreed, 25 (22.3%) disagree, 50

(44.6%) were undecided and 34 (30.1) agreed.

According to table 6the findings had a mean of 3.03 and a standard deviation of

0.80. The finding means that there was undecided that respondents receive credit from

micro-finance and that there were minimal variations in the responses.

Regarding whether respondents got training in order to improve their business.

The findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 1 (0.9%) strongly disagreed, 52

(46.4%) disagreed, 30 (26.8%) undecided and 29 (25.9) agreed. The responses had a

Mean of 2.78 and Standard Deviation of 0.85. The findings generally mean that the

responses disagreed that respondents got training in order to improve their business and

that there were a minimal variations of response.

57

Regarding whether respondents were employed by microfinance. The findings in

appendix 2 show that the responses 7 (6.2%) strongly disagreed, 90 (80.4%)

disagreed, 6 (5.4%) undecided, 6 (5.4%) were agreed and 3 (2.7%) strongly agree.

According to table 6the findings had a Mean of 2.18 and a Standard Deviation of

0.74.The finding means that there was a highly disagreed that respondents employed

by microfinance and that there were minimal variations in the responses.

According to table 6 the responses on Level of access to credit service had an


moderate Level of access to credit service and there are low variations in the

responses.

The findings agree with Robinson (2009), who show in a study of 16 different

MFIs from all over the world shows that having access to microfinance services has

led to an enhancement in the quality of life of clients, an increase in their self-

confidence, and has helped them to diversify their livelihood security strategies

and thereby increase their income. Microfinance interventions have also been shown

to have a positive impact on the education of clients’ children.

Similarly the findings supports in Viet Nam, UNICEF (2005) said that provides

loan funds for programs administered by NGOs. These programs combine credit with

access to basic social services and information, using tools such as the basic health

manual, Facts for Life, and opportunities such as the national literacy campaign. The

results are positive: In one program, 97% of daughters of borrowers attend school

compared with 73% of daughters of non-borrowers. Dramatic improvements in

household food security were also observed, with only 12% of borrowers reporting food

58

shortages of three months or more compared with 73% of non-borrower households.

Communities identified having water closer to the home as a major need that they would

like to see fulfilled through access to credit (UNICEF,2005)

Level of Household Income

With regard to Level of household income one of the variables investigated under

Level of sustainable community development. Specific responses sought on; whether

respondents can get less than 15,000 Rwf, whether respondents can get16, 000 Rwf

to100,000 Rwf, whether respondents receive 110,000 Rwf to300,000 Rwf , whether

respondents can get 310,000 Rwf and whether respondents receive 510,000 Rwf

to1,000,000Rwf per month.

Regarding whether respondents can get less than 15,000Rwf 3 (2.7%) strongly

disagree, 82(73.2%) responses disagree; 16 (14.3%) disagree and 11 (9.8 %) were

agreed. The responses had a mean of 2.31 and standard deviation of 0.68. The finding

generally means that the responses disagreed that respondents can get less than

15,000Rwf and that there are very minimal variations in the responses.

As to whether I can get16, 000Rwf to100, and 000Rwf. The findings in appendix

2 show that the responses 76 (67.9%) disagreed, 20 (17.9%) disagree undecided, and 16

(14.3) agreed. According to table 6the findings had a mean of 2.46 and a standard

deviation of 0.73. The finding means that there was undecided that I can get16, 000 Rwf

to100, 000 Rwf and that there were minimal variations in the responses.

Regarding whether respondents receive 110,000 Rwf to 300, 000 Rwf. The

findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 82 (73.2%) disagreed, 12 (10.7%) were

undecided, and 18 (16.1) agreed. The responses had a Mean of 2.43 and Standard

59

Deviation of 0.76. The findings generally mean that the responses disagreed that

respondents receive 110,000 Rwf to300, 000 Rwf and that there were a minimal

variations of response.

As to whether respondents can get 310,000 Rwf. The findings in appendix 2

show that the responses 12 (10.7%) strongly disagreed, 89 (79.5%) disagreed, 3 (52.7s

%) disagree, and 8 (7.1%). According to table 6th

findings had a Mean of 2.06 and a

Standard Deviation of 0.65. The finding means that there was a highly disagreed that

whether respondents can get 310,000 Rwf and that there were minimal variations in the

responses.

Regarding whether respondents receive 510,000 Rwf to1, 000, 000 Rwf. The

findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 30 (26.8%) strongly disagreed, 81

(72.3%) disagreed, and 1 (0.9%) agreed. According to table 6th

findings had a Mean of

1.75 and a Standard Deviation of 0.49. The finding means that there was disagreement

that whether Respondents receive 510,000 Rwf to1, 000,000 Rwf and that there were

minimal variations in the responses.

According to table 6 the responses on Level of household incomes had an


highly disagreement that respondents receive 510,000 Rwf to 1, 000,000 Rwf and there

are low variations in the responses.

The findings highly agree with EICV (2006), survey shows that the incidence of

poverty is highest in households whose main source of income is agricultural wage labor,

Households which depend on combining self-employment in agriculture with agricultural

wage labor are not much better off, as 82% of this group live in poverty, the proportion of

60

individuals aged 15 and above whose main job is agricultural wage labor doubled from

4% to 8% in 2005. Such a development reflects the acute shortage of land in many areas

and the lack of rural non-farm employment opportunities. Vulnerable households headed

by women, widows and children represent 43% of all households and are concentrated in

rural areas.

Similarly the findings supports Christine (2006) said that only 16% of the

households live in permanent houses, and 56% of the households are poor and live in

informal settlements. She further points out that most of the households have little

land; an average of less than 2 acres per household and due to poor household

incomes, 97% of the households still use firewood as fuel.

Level of Food Security

The study results on Level of food security one of the variables investigated under

Level of sustainable community development. Specific responses were sought on;

whether respondents and their families can afford 3 meals per day, whether respondents

and their families have sufficient food consumption and sale and whether I and my family

we can produce food for another season.

Regarding whether respondents and their families can afford 3 meals per day 62

(55.4%) disagree, 40 (35.7%) responses were undecided and 10 (8.9%) agreed.

According to table 6 the responses whether respondents and their families can afford 3

meals per day had Mean of 2.25 and a Standard Deviation of 0.66. The finding generally

means that the response disagreed that respondents and their families can afford 3 meals

per day and that there were on low variations in the responses.

61

As to whether respondents and their families have sufficient food consumption

and sale, the findings revealed that one response 1 (0.9%) strongly disagree, 75 (67.0%)

responses disagree; 34 (30.4%) were undecided, and 2 (1.8%) agreed. The responses had

a Mean of 2.37 and a Standard Deviation of 0.53.The findings generally means that the

responses disagreed that respondents and their families have sufficient food consumption

and a minimal variations in the responses.

Regarding whether respondents and their families can produce food for another

season. The findings in appendix 2 show that the responses 8 (7.1%) strongly disagreed,

69 (61.6%) disagreed, 34 (30.4%) disagree 1 (0.9) agreed and 2 (1.8%) strongly agreed.


The finding means that there was a highly disagreed that respondents and their families

can produce food for another season and that there was maximum variations in the

responses.

According to table 6 the responses on Level of food security an aggregate Mean

of 2.77 and a Standard Deviation of 1.75.This means that response disagreed that

respondent and their family can produce food for another season and there are low

variations in the responses

The findings agree with Kimbro, et al (2012), who said that food security varies

significantly by race, class and education. Research done in USA in 2012 showed that in

both kindergarten and third grade, 8% of children were classified as food insecure but

only 5% of white children were food insecure, white 12% and 15% of black and Hispanic

children were food insecure respectively. In third grade, 13% of black and 11% of

Hispanic children are food insecure compared to 5% of white children.

62

Similarly the findings supports Crush (2012), Income is an important factor in

food security since households need to buy in order to secure their food items. It is

obvious that town dwellers have to buy food but researches show that even rural dwellers

do buy food, even some times most of their food items. He argues that rural households

buy some or most of their food with cash from family members who have moved within

the country or across borders to earn income. The main cause of food insecurity in

African cities is the lack of access to food and that means the absence of a regular and

reliable income with which to buy it.

Influence of Non-Organization Services and Sustainable Community Development

The fourth and last objective of the study was to establish the influence of Non-

Governmental Organization services on sustainable community development in Rubavu

sector. This objective was analyzed by using Regression analysis with p value of 0.05

Level of significance. The findings are summarized in the following Table

Table 7: Influence of Non Governmental Organization Services on Sustainable

Community Development

Items Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) .505 .161 .002

Health service provision .117 .041 .219 .005

Education service provision .076 .039 .164 .051

Microfinance service

provision

.111 .049 .212 .024

Capacity building .162 .048 .320 .001

The finding In table 7 indicated that there is a significant influence of health

service provision on sustainable community development were (B = 0.219, P = 0 .005)

the appendix 2 data showed that 78 (69.6%) of respondents have agreed they have access

63

to health service in fact it implies that health service provision has contributed on

sustainable community development in Rubavu sector community. The interviewees have

agreed by saying that NGOs would increase the number of community in terms of paying

health insurance where poor community doesn’t have capacity of paying health insurance

for the family members as it is for example a family of 10 person getting 30,000 Rwf for

paying health insurance it is hard for them, these insurance helps them to get medical care

for hall year as it is their basic needs.

According to Perkins et al (2010), said that LAMB runs an integrated community

health and development program, a training center, a school, and numerous other

initiatives similarly, community member’s benefiting from the SDU (Safe Delivery

Units) program report have facilitated increased access to antenatal care and skilled birth

attendance in underserved communities and have strengthened referral linkages for

women needing higher Levels of maternity care. He added that both programs involve an

extensive network of community-based staff making home visits, with links to vehicles

that can facilitate transportation for the women who need it. The paramedics and branch

office managers with the community management

According to the findings in Table7, indicated that there is no influence of

education support provision service ( B = .164, P = 051 ) on sustainable community

development as the appendix 2 indicate that majority of respondent 83 ( 74.1%) agreed

that they didn’t know write and reading in mother language and implies that education

service provision have no influence on Level of literacy to Rubavu community, as the

interviewees have argued by saying that NGOs would improve their service in terms of

increasing the number of adult training and paying school fees and school materials for

64

more children where many adult people doesn’t know reading and writing and many

young people’s left their school early even if there is 12 years education many people’s

missing school materials.

The finding agree with Bowen (2003), says that providing free and quality education

to children reflects the fact that every child is entitled to fundamental human rights and is

to be treated with dignity. Where children are exposed to poverty, violence, abuse, or

exploitation, those rights demand our urgent protection. Primary education supports

children at a critical time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual growth.

More broadly, education is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means of

addressing structural inequality and disadvantage.

The finding in Table 7 indicated that there is a significant influence of

microfinance service provision (B = 0. 212, P = 0.024) and Level of access to credit

service, as the appendix 2 were 50 ( 44.6%) data indicate that people have access to

microfinance service. As the interviewees have agreed by saying that microfinance

should improve their service in terms of number of workers because they take long to

receive money and increase working hours if it is possible they can work in weekend and

also increasing mobilization to the community, some respondent said that peoples doesn’t

know the important of credit .

The findings agree with Joy (2007) , uses a panel household survey from

Bangladesh and observes that access to microfinance contributes to poverty reduction,

especially for female participants, and to the overall poverty reduction at the

village Level, using data from three programs in rural Bangladesh, that borrowing

from group-lending schemes increased consumption of poor households.

65

Similarly the findings supports Morduchs ( 2006), has argued that There are

also other studies that seem to support to some extent the relevance of

microfinance in poverty reduction. He added that microfinance had positive impact on

poverty reduction. Even in the best of circumstances, credit from microfinance programs

helps fund self employment activities that most often supplement income for borrowers

rather than drive fundamental shifts in employment patterns. It (micro-finance) rarely

generates new jobs for others and success has been especially limited in regions with

highly seasonal income patterns and low population densities

The finding in table 7 revealed that there is a influence of capacity building (B =

0320, P = 0.001) sustainable community development as indicate in appendix 2 shows

that 89 (79.2%) of respondent was agreed that they can’t access to 310.000 Rwf to 500,

000 Rwf implies that they have a moderate household income.

As the interviewees have argued by saying that NGOs should improve their service in

terms of mobilization where people have suffer from food insecurity many people argued

that they take one meal per day, so NGOs should improve their service in terms of

mobilization and helping the community to get selected seeds.

The findings agree with VUP (2O11), on household Surveys conducted For

Human Poverty, the Female-headed households are much poorer than male-headed

households: 50.8% for female and 29.4% for male. This mirrors the extreme income

poverty findings but the gender differential is much stronger in human poverty terms fall

has been concentrated in male-headed households from 37.9% in 2006/7 to 33.1% in

2009. Female-headed households report a higher baseline Level of extreme income

poverty and a much smaller decrease from 42.6% in 2006/7 to 40.8% in 2009 For Social

66

Poverty the surveys show that the number of households in the bottom two Ubudehe

categories has decreased from 34.7% in 2007 to 28.3% in 2009 across the 90 sectors

(VUP, 2011).

Similarly the findings supports Crush (2012), Income is an important factor in

food security since households need to buy in order to secure their food items. It is

obvious that town dwellers have to buy food but researches show that even rural dwellers

do buy food, even some times most of their food items. He argues that rural households

buy some or most of their food with cash from family members who have moved within

the country or across borders to earn income. The main cause of food insecurity in

African cities is the lack of access to food and that means the absence of a regular and

reliable income with which to buy it.

Hypothesis Test Analysis

For hypothesis testing, the findings from Table 7 proved that the p – value (0.051)

were greater than (p ≥ 0.05) accepted. The Null Hypothesis which leveled that there is no

significant influence of Non -Governmental Organization service on sustainable

developments in Rubavu sector was accepted in terms of education service provision

except in respect of health service provision, Microfinance service provision and

Capacity building ( 0.005, 0.024 and 0.001) which are less than (p ≥ 0.05)Level of

significance. In fact the failure of NGOs may due to different reasons ( Nikkhah and

Redzuan (2010) Cited by Jalil (2011) said that NGOs can promote the organization and

“empowerment” of the poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-

credit, awareness-raising, training for group members, and other social services but it

can’t succeed in all those programs.

67

Furthermore, they are praised for promoting community self-reliance and

empowerment through supporting community-based groups and relying on participatory

processes. The provision of microfinance, initiation of community capacity building and

self reliance through “bottom-up approach” in community development would likely

bring about empowerment to the community and finally sustainable community

development (Nikkhah and Redzuan, 2010).

68

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter focuses on the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the

study. The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of Non-Governmental

Organization service on sustainable community development in Rwanda especially in

Rubavu Sector.

Summary

The specific objectives were: To find the demographic characteristics of

respondents in terms of sex, age, qualification and number of years of service in NGOs,

to examine the contribution of Non-Governmental Organization service provision in

Rubavu Sector, to examine the Level of sustainable community development of Rubavu

Sector, to establish influence of Non-Governmental Organization services and sustainable

community development in Rubavu sector. The researcher was analyzed data by

descriptive and correlation design by using both quantitative and qualitative research

approaches in conducting the research study. The Null Hypothesis of the study was; there

is no significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization service provision and

sustainable community development the sample of 112 was used and all of them were

beneficiaries of NGOs in Rubavu sector.

In terms of characteristics of the respondents. In terms of gender the results

indicate that majority were female 61 (54.5%). Regarding the age of the respondents,

majority were older peoples 44 ( 39.3% ) , Regarding to education Level, the findings

show that most respondents 33 ( 29,4%) were illiteracy and few 7 ( 6.2%) were student

69

Regarding to occupation held by the respondents, the result was that majority of

respondent have other activities differ from farming, trader ,private workers and public

workers were 37 (33.0%) , regarding to the number of years worked with NGOs, the

results show that most of the despondence have worked with NGOs for Less than 1 year

were 39 (34.8%) .

The contribution of Non-Governmental Organization service in Rubavu sector.

Regarding Health service provision, the results revealed an aggregate Mean and Standard

Deviation of ( x = 3.51; SD = 0.60 ) which is High Mean and Standard Deviation

according to the legend or scale used in the study, when it comes to education service

provision, the results show a High Mean and Standard Deviation of ( x = 3.57; SD =

0.67 ). Means that education service provision given to the community in Rubavu sector.

In respect to microfinance and credit lending service provision, the findings indicated

aggregate mean and standard deviation of ( x = 3.48; SD = 0.61) which is a High. It

implies that microfinance helps the community improve their life condition. In regard

capacity building service, the results revealed a moderate Mean and Standard Deviation

of ( x = 3.53; SD = 0.69) which is a high Mean and Standard Deviation according to the

legend or scale used in the study. As (Desai 2005), has mentioned that NGOs have an

important role to play in supporting women, men and households, and expected that they

can meet the welfare. These services help the people to achieve their ability, skill and

knowledge, and take control over their own lives and finally become empowered.

The objective 3 of the study was to examine the Level of Sustainable Community

Development in Rubavu Sector. With regard to Level of access to health service, the

results indicated a high Level of access to health service were ( x = 3.74; SD = 0.72)

70

meaning that the NGOs put their health service in improving health of community, The

results on Level of education on sustainable community development a moderate mean

and standard deviation of ( x = 2.69; SD = 1.00) implying that Level of literacy were

moderate, In general, there is a moderate Level of access to microfinance credit of NGOs

with grand means of ( x = 2.87; SD =79 ) This means that microfinance are not

performing as well because they have all moderate means and a high mean would

represent a good performance of microfinance, With regard to Level of household

income the results indicated a low Level of household income in Rubavu sector were ( x

= 2.20; SD = 0.66 )

In respect influence of Non -Governmental Organization service and sustainable

community development in terms of Level of access to health service, the findings

indicated that there is a significant influence ( B = 0.219, P = 0.005 ) health service

provision and sustainable community development.

According to Hibbard and Tang (2004), in their study in Vietnam have noted the

importance of NGOs ’roles in sustainable community development. One of the roles was

that NGOs balance the social, economic and environmental factors in promoting

sustainable development.

In terms of education service provision and Level of literacy the results show that

there is no influence ( B = 0.164, P = 0.51 ) of education service provision and

sustainable community development, Findings relating to Micro-finance service

provision indicate that there is significance influence (B = 0.212, P = .02 ) of

microfinance service provision and sustainable community development, Concerning

capacity building and household income (B = 0.320, P = 0.001) there is a significant

71

influence capacity building and sustainable community development. As Baccaro

(2001), shows how particular NGOs can promote the empowerment of the poor,

particularly poor women, through a combination of microcredit, awareness-raising,

training for group members, and other social services. In the long term, the aim of NGOs

is to promote sustainable community development through activities that promote

capacity building and self reliance

Conclusion

The majority of respondents were female, most of respondent were older and very

few were student, the most respondents were illiteracy followed by peoples who attends

non formal education that many of respondent have other activities differ from farming,

NGOs service provision such as health service provision, education support provision,

Microfinance saving and credit provision and capacity building service provision was

high. Level access to health service was high; Level of education was moderate, Level of

access to credit service was moderate, Level of house income was low, In respect of food

security was low. The study findings indicated that Non-Governmental Organization

service has no significant influence of Non-Governmental Organization service on

sustainable community development in terms of Level of literacy, Level of household

income and food security.

72

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study and suggestions from the respondents including

the interviewees the following recommendations are made:

Regarding education service provision on sustainable community development.

NGOs should improve education support in terms of increasing the number of supporting

student to get school fees and increase the number of adult attends formal education

Regarding to the contribution of NGOs in terms of capacity building to

sustainable community development , peoples should put in practice what they have leant

from NGOs forums and work shop in order to improve their household, community also

should get confidence in their daily activity.

Finally, NGOs should improve their service in terms of increasing sensitization of

community on how to improve productivity and giving to the farmers improved seeds,

encourage community to create their owner employment. Farmers also should apply

goods techniques for improve their production.

73

REFERENCES

Abel Ezeoha (2006): “Can NGOs Aid Good Governance and Sustainable Development in

Africa? Some Theoretical Insights”, Journal of Sustainable Development in

Africa, Vol.8, No.3

Abia Brenda, (2011) “social entrepreneurial competences, social capital and

performance in selected NGO’s and CBO’s of lira and Tororo

Districts”Makerere University.

Anand, V.K. (2001), “Avenue for Sustainable Empowerment of Rural Women”, Social

Welfare, Vol.48, No.4, July

Asamoah, Y. (2003) NGOs, Social Development and Sustainability, Foreign Aid Rating.

Baccaro, L. (2001) Civil Society, NGOs, and Decent Work Policies: Sorting out the

Issues.

Barton T. and Wamai, G. (2009); A Situation Analysis of Women, Adolescents and

Children in Uganda. UNICEF and NCC-Uganda. Bielefeld, Wolfgang H. 2009.

Nonprofit Response to Resource Environment Change. Ph.D.

Boris, Elizabeth T, (2006). “The Nonprofit Sector in the 2005.” In Philanthropy and the

Nonprofit

Brundtland Commission (2003) Our Common Future. New York: Oxford University

Press.

Bryman, A. (2005): Social Research Methods. Oxford, Oxford University Pres

Buturo, J (2002): The two faces of civil society: NGOs and politics in Africa. Kumari

Press

Crush.J, (2012), Migration must be on food security agenda, Cape-Town University

Christine. F. Katabarwa, (2009) Community based savings micro finance and household

income poverty eradication in Uganda: Makerere University.

DDP Rubavu, (2012) District, Development, Plan Rubavu report .

Davids I (2005). The strategic role of development NGOs. In Davids I, Theron F

Desai, V. az(2005). NGOs, Gender Mainstreaming and development Urban Poor

Communities in Mumbai, Gender and Development.

74

EDPRS Rwanda, (2008).Economic Development Plan, Rwanda Stratagies for poverty

reduction.

EICV Rwanda, (2006), Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages

(Integrated Living Conditions Survey) Report.

Hibbard, M. and Tang.C, (2004) Sustainable Community Development: A Social

Approach from Vietnam. Community Development.

Hunushek,(2007) Social Gains from Female and male Education: A Cross-National

Study," Economic Development and Cultural Change 44.1 (October 2007): 105-

128.

James Bowen (2003) Non Governmental Organizations and Development. Rout ledge

Perspectives on Development. Pp. 1-113

John Wiley &sons (1999) The Grameen grameen means rural Sector, edited by Charles

T. Clotfelter and Thomas Ehrlich. Bloomington: Indiana

Joy M. Kiiru,(2007) The impact of microfinance on rural poor households’ income and

vulnerability to poverty: case study of Makueni district, Kenya

Kathleen M. Dowley and Brian.D, (2002). Silver, "Social Capital, Ethnicity and Support

for Democracy in the Post-Communist Levels", Europe-Asia Studies, 54, No. 4

Kothari, C. (2004). Quantitative Techniques, 2nd ed. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House

Pvt. Ltd.

Kimbro,Rachel T., et al., (2012),Individual, family and Neighborhood characteristics and

children’s food insecurity. Journal of Applied Research on children.

Langran (2002) Impact of Non Governmental organizations on Social economic

development.

Maphunye K J (2002). Participatory development in South Africa: A development

management Perspective. Pretoria: van Schaik.

Morduch (2006) cited by Joy M. Kiiru,(2007) The impact of microfinance on rural poor

households’ income and vulnerability to poverty.

Mosley, (2001). Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a

Field Experiment in Kenya. Cambridge, MA: NBER

Muir. A, (2004). Evaluating the Impact of NGOs in Rural Poverty Alleviation: Zimbabwe

Country Study, ODI Working Paper, 52, ODI.

75

Narayan (2004) Voices of the Poor: Poverty and development program.University of

New England.

Nikkhah and Redzuan,( 2010)cited by Jalil Zakaria(2011) An Evaluation NGO-Led

Development Interventions and their Sustainable Management in the Savelugu-

Nantong DistrictKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.

Nzimakwe (2002) Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and participatory

development in basic education in Malawi. Current Issues in Comparative

Education, Vol. 6(2). Pp.

National Bureau of Statistics (2007). Women and men in Nigeria Volume 1. Federal

Government of Nigeria, Abuja, September.

O’Connell, Brian.( 2004). Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy.

Obama's speech, (Sep 8, 2009) on importance of education - UPI.com www.upi.com

Oskar Anweiler &Robert F (2006) Education and Girl-Child Empowerment: the Case of

Yunyoo District in Northern Guinea, University of Troms.

Paul Mosley (2001) Microenterprise finances: Is there a conflict growth and poverty

alleviation?

Perkins, M., Brazier, E., Themmen, E,( 2010). Out-of-pocket costs for facility-based

maternity care in three African countries. Health Policy and Planning289–300

Putnam, Robert D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy.

Princeton,

Robinson (2009). ). Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence

from a Field Experiment in Kenya. Cambridge, MA: NBER.

Rogers,(2005) educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other

investment available in the developing world" see "The Most Influential

Investment," Scientific American August 2009.

Rubavu sectors , (2012). Sector Program plan report.

Rwanda Governance Board (2006) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Ministry of

Finance and Economic, Planning, Kigali.

Rwanda Governance Board (2007) National Microfinance policy document, Ministry of

Finance and Economic planning, Kigali.

Serageldin,( 2006) A Review of Use of the Competence Concept in the Short essay

Jan 7, 2006 on the Importance of education.

WORK%20FOMAT/Obama's%20speech,%20(Sep%208,%202009)�on�importance%20of%20education�-%20UPI.com

../../james/Desktop/www.upi.com

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X98000217

WORK%20FOMAT/Short%20essay%20Jan%207,%202006�on%20the�Importance%20of%20education



76

Streeten, P. (2000) Non-governmental Organizations and Development. Annals of the

American Academy of Political and Social Science. 554:193-210.

Streatield, P. K., Arifeen, S. E., Al-Sabir, A., and Jamil, K(. 2011). Bangladesh Maternal

Mortality and Health Care Survey 2010 Dhaka NIPORT Report

Tvedt, T. (1998): NGOs’ Role at the End of History: Norwagian Policy and the New

Paradigm.

Umebau EE (2008). Rural Development and Management, noun course Guide, National

Open University of Nigeria, Abuja.

United Nations (1987). “Our Common Future”, Report of the World Commission on

Environment and Development

University Press. United Nation,(2012) Improving Service Delivery and Protecting

Public Health organized by: who IWA Drinking Water Safety Award Scheme

report at the /WHO Water Safety Conference in Kigali Rwanda.

UNICEF, (2005) an Evaluation of Credit Mechanisms and Impact of Microfinance in

Viet Nam, March 2005.

UNESCO, (2006). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2006: Literacy for Life. Paris:

UNESCO.

VUP Rwanda, (2011) Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme, Rwanda Annual Report.

Wiley&Sons, (2007) Operations Evaluation Department, Grameen Bank. Effect of

Microfinance On Poor Rural Households and the Status of Women Bangladesh.

77

APPENDICES

78

Appendix 1: Questionnaire

Dear respondent,

I am UWAMAHORO ERNESTINE, am carrying a study on Non Governmental

Organizations services and sustainable community Development of Rubavu sector of

Rwanda. It is my sincere request that you provide me with information relevant for this

study. The study will enable me to complete the requirement of a Master of Arts Degree

of Development Studies of Bugema University. All information provided will be for

academic purposes and will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you for

accepting and sparing you time to fill in this questionnaire.

Instructions: Please tick [٧] the most appropriate answer

SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1. Sex

A) Male [ ] B) Female [ ]

2. Age

A) 18-20 [ ] B) 21-30 [ ] C) 31-35 [ ] D) 36 and over

3. Education Level

A) Primary [ ] B) Secondary [ ] C) Certificate [ ] D) Diploma [ ]

E) Degree [ ]

H) Other [ ] (Please specify)…………………..

79

4. Occupation held

A) A student [ ] B) farmer [ ] C) trader [ ] D) Puplic Workers, [ ] E)

Private workers [ ] F) other [ ]

5. Number of years worked with NGOs

A) Less than 1 year [ ] B)1-3 years [ ] C) 4- 6years

D) Over 6 years [ ]

SECTION B: NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES

Please, tick [] only what is most appropriate to you.

1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree

Health Service provision 1 2 3 4 5

1 NGO have enabled its beneficiaries to pay for health

insurance

2 NGO have help us to improve hygiene practices through

training of community groups on proper hygiene practices

3 NGO have support us to access to clean water for domestic

use using standing water tap and protected wells

Education support provision 1 2 3 4 5

1 NGOs have helped me to get school fees and school materials

for my children

2 NGO contributed to the education trainings especially in

reading and writing to adult people who missed formal

schooling

3 NGOs have increase my knowledge from short course given

to me

Mi-crofinance service provision 1 2 3 4 4

1 NGOs have help to save money for to use

2 I haves improve my business from NGOs training

3 I get employment from NGO

80

4 NGOs is support our cooperative members to get finance

through MF and credit lending

Capacity building 1 2 3 4 5

1 Support given by NGOs as training has helped community to

create self employment

2 NGOs has helped me to create my owner business from

work shop

3 I got job from short course provision by NGOs

4 I improve my production from NGOs forums

SECTION C: SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Level of access to health service 1 2 3 4 5

1 I and my family we got health insurance from NGOs

2 I and my family we got clean water

3 I and my family we can make proper hygiene

4 Our children get vaccinations during a given time

Level of Literacy 1 2 3 4 4

1 I Can read and write from school

2 I know leading and writing from adult training

4 I can’t read and write in mother language

Level of access to credit service 1 2 3 4 5

1 I can save money from microfinance

2 I receive credit from microfinance

3 I got training in order to improve my business

4 I am employed by microfinance

Level of household income 1 2 3 4 5

1 I can get less than 15,000Rwf per month

2 I can get 16,000 Rwf to 100,000Rwf per month

3 I receive 110,000 Rwf to 300,000Rwf per month

4 I can get 310,000rf to 500,000Rwf per month

5 I receive 510,000Rwf to 1,000,000Rwf per month

Food Security 1 2 3 4 5

1 I and my family we can afford 3 meals per day

2 I and my family we have sufficient food consumption and for

sale

3 I and my family we can produce food for another season

81

SECTION D: INTERVIEW GUIDE

A. Respondent profile

a. Position : NGO Manager [ ], NGO secretary [ ], NGO Beneficiaries [ ]

b. Gender : Male [ ], Female [ ]

c. Marital status : single [ ], Married [ ]

B. General Questions

1. Do you have the information about the Non-Governmental organization service in

Rubavu Sector?

2. If yes, how is it delivering the services to its beneficiaries?

3. Services given to beneficiaries are they sufficient and fruitful?

4. What are the common activities performed by the Non- Governmental

organizations?

5. Are they beneficial compared to the other Non- Governmental organization in

Rubavu sector?

6 .Is there any advantages got by the Non- Governmental organizations Beneficiaries?

7. Are Non- Governmental organizations contributing on sustainable development of

Rubavu community?

8. What are the problems facing by Non- Governmental organization in Rubavu

sector?

9. What do you suggest to Non- Governmental organization service can do in order to

improve service given to their beneficiaries on sustainable development?

Thank you for your coop

82

Appendix 2: Table of frequencies

Items Description Frequency

Percent

NGOs have enabled its beneficiaries to

pay for health insurance

Strongly disagree 1 .9

Undecided 70 62.5

Agree 38 33.9

Strongly agree 3 2.7

NGOs has helped us to improve

hygiene through training

Undecided 59 52.7

Agree 50 44.6


NGOs have support us to access to

clean water

Disagree 5 4.5

Undecided 36 32.1

Agree 64 57.1


NGOs have helped me to get school

fees for my children

Disagree 54 48.2

Un decided 32 28.6

Agree 25 22.3

Strongly agree 1 .9

NGOs contribute to education training

for adult formal schooling

Disagree 1 .9

Undecided 64 57.1

Agree 45 40.2


NGOs have increase my knowledge

from short course

Disagree 1 .9

Undecided 64 57.1

Agree 46 41.1

Strongly agree 1 .9

NGOs have increase my knowledge

from short course

Disagree 1 .9

Undecided 64 57.1

Agree 46 41.1

Strongly agree 1 .9

NGOs have helped me to save money

to use

Disagree 2 1.8

Undecided 61 54.5

Agree 47 42.0


I have improve my business from Ngo

training

Disagree 3 2.7

Undecided 78 69.6

Agree 29 25.9


I get employment from NGO Disagree 16 14.3

Undecided 85 75.9

Agree 5 4.5


NGOs support our cooperative

members

Disagree 5 4.5

Undecided 74 66.1

Agree 33 29.5

Support given by NGOs as training has

helped com to create self employment


Undecided 58 51.8

Agree 50 44.6

83


NGOs has helped me to create my

owner business from workshop

Disagree 22 19.6

Un decided 63 56.2

Agree 26 23.2

Strongly agree 1 .9

I got job from short course provision

by NGOs


Disagree 29 25.9

Undecided 63 56.2

Agree 19 17.0

I have improved my production from

NGOs forums


Disagree 21 18.8

Undecided 61 54.5

Agree 29 25.9

I and my family we got health

insurance from NGOs

Strongly Disagree

2 1.8

Disagree 48 42.9

Undecided 23 20.5

Agree 32 28.6


I and my family we got cleaned water Disagree 2 1.8

Undecided 24 21.4

Agree 78 69.6


I and my family we can make proper

hygiene

Disagree 2 1.8

Undecided 23 20.5

Agree 69 61.6


Our children get vaccination at a given

time

Strongly disagree

1 .9

Disagree 1 .9

Undecided 2 1.8

Agree 69 61.6


I can read and write from school Strongly disagree

5 4.5

Disagree 54 48.2

Undecided 1 .9

Agree 34 30.4

I know reading and writing from adult

training


Disagree 87 77.7

Undecided 2 1.8

Agree 22 19.6

I can read and write in mother

language

Strongly disagree 5 4.5

Disagree 55 49.1

Undecided 2 1.8

Agree 48 42.9


I can save money from microfinance Disagree 13 11.6

Undecided 19 17.0

84

Agree 57 50.9


I received credit from microfinance Strongly disagree 3 2.7

Disagree 25 22.3

Undecided 50 44.6

Agree 34 30.4

I got training in order to improve my

business


Disagree 52 46.4

Undecided 30 26.8

Agree 29 25.9

I can get less than 15,000Rwf per month Strongly disagree 3 2.7

Disagree 82 73.2

Undecided 16 14.3

Agree 11 9.8

I can get 16,000Rwf to100,000 Rwf per

month

Disagree 76 67.9

Undecided 20 17.9

Agree 16 14.3

I receive 110,000Rwf to300,000Rwf per

month

Disagree 82 73.2

Undecided 12 10.7

Agree 18 16.1

I can get 310,000Rwf to500,000Rwf per

month


Disagree 89 79.5

Undecided 3 2.7

Agree 8 7.1

I receive 510,000Rwf to1,000,000Rwf per

month


Disagree 81 72.3

Agree 1 .9

I and my family we can afford 3 meals per

day

Disagree 62 55.4

Undecided 40 35.7

Agree 10 8.9

Total 112 100.0

I and my family we have sufficient food

consumption and for sale


Disagree 75 67.0

Undecided 34 30.4

Agree 2 1.8

I and my family we can produce food for

another season


Disagree 69 61.6

Undecided 34 30.4

Agree 1 .9

I am employed by FM


Disagree 90 80.4

Undecided 6 5.4

Agree 6 5.4


85

Appendix 3: Morgan and Krejcie Table

TABLE FOR DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE FROM A GIVEN POPULATION

N S N S N S N S N S

10 10 100 80 280 162 800 260 2800 338

15 14 110 86 290 165 850 265 3000 341

20 19 120 92 300 169 900 269 3500 246

25 24 130 97 320 175 950 274 4000 351

30 28 140 103 340 181 100

0

278 4500 351

35 32 150 108 360 186 110

0

285 5000 357

40 36 160 113 380 181 120

0

291 6000 361

45 40 180 118 400 196 130

0

297 7000 364

50 44 190 123 420 201 140

0

302 8000 367

55 48 200 127 440 205 150

0

306 9000 368

60 52 210 132 460 210 160

0

310 10000 373

65 56 220 136 480 214 170

0

313 15000 375

70 59 230 140 500 217 180

0

317 20000 377

75 63 240 144 550 225 190

0

320 30000 379

80 66 250 148 600 234 200

0

322 40000 380

85 70 260 152 650 242 220

0

327 50000 381

90 73 270 155 700 248 240

0

331 75000 382

95 76 270 159 750 256 260

0

335 10000

0

384

Note: “N” is population size

“S” is sample size.

86

Appendix 4: Data collection Letter

87

Appendix 5: Acceptance Letter

i NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU SECTOR...

Documents

Transcript of i NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN RUBAVU SECTOR...