This article was downloaded by: [Lalita Ledwani]On: 19 July 2012, At: 22:03Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registeredoffice: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Composite InterfacesPublication details, including instructions for authors andsubscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcoi20

Use of dielectric barrier dischargein air for surface modification ofpolyester substrate to confer durablewettability and enhance dye uptakewith natural dye eco-alizarinHemen Dave b , Lalita Ledwani a , Nisha Chandwani b , PurviKikani b , Bhakti Desai b , M.B. Chowdhuri b & S.K. Nema ba Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, 382007,Gujarat, Indiab FCIPT, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, 382007,Gujarat, India

Version of record first published: 19 Jul 2012

To cite this article: Hemen Dave, Lalita Ledwani, Nisha Chandwani, Purvi Kikani, Bhakti Desai, M.B.Chowdhuri & S.K. Nema (2012): Use of dielectric barrier discharge in air for surface modificationof polyester substrate to confer durable wettability and enhance dye uptake with natural dye eco-alizarin, Composite Interfaces, DOI:10.1080/15685543.2012.702594

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685543.2012.702594

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Anysubstantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representationthat the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of anyinstructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primarysources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,

demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly orindirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

Use of dielectric barrier discharge in air for surface modification ofpolyester substrate to confer durable wettability and enhance dye uptake

with natural dye eco-alizarin

Hemen Daveb, Lalita Ledwania*, Nisha Chandwanib, Purvi Kikanib, Bhakti Desaib, M.B.Chowdhurib and S.K. Nemab

aPandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India; bFCIPT, Institute forPlasma Research, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India

(Received 27 February 2012; accepted 11 June 2012)

In the present work, polyester film and fabric were exposed to dielectric barrier dischargein air at atmospheric pressure to increase wettability and dye uptake properties. The surfaceof dielectric barrier discharge treated samples was analyzed using contact angle goniometer,scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The plasma wascharacterized electrically and optically to understand plasma chemistry. Significantimprovement in wettability of polyester substrate and substantial decrease in water contactangle at surface of polyester film after plasma treatment were attributed to the formation ofpolar functional groups and is due to morphological changes. The aging effect was alsostudied on plasma treated polyester surface. Polyester fabric was dyed with natural disper-sive dye eco-alizarin. K/S value has increased significantly from 5.29 for untreated to 9.25for air plasma treated polyester fabric, which clearly indicate an increase in color intensityon plasma exposed polyester fabric as well as an increase in dye uptake in comparison tountreated fabric.

Keywords: air dielectric barrier discharge; polyester wettability; increase in dye uptake;natural dye; eco alizarin

1. Introduction

With the progress in science and technology, polymeric materials are widely used in the automo-tive, aerospace, microelectronics, biomedical, food industries, etc. For industrial uses, manufac-tured polymers have been increasingly used to replace traditional materials in applications suchas super-absorbents, artificial organs, construction materials for space programs, etc. Among thedominant manufactured polymers used, polyester has many excellent bulk properties, such ashigh melting point, good barrier properties, crease resistance, and high tenacity [1]. Polyesterfilms are applied to capacitors, magnetic tape, product packing, and decorative coatings. How-ever, in some cases, polyester film is not suitable to use due to its low surface free energy whichaffects the wettability, printability, biocompatibility, and adhesion [1]. For the applications ofpolyester fibers in sorption related industries, it has to be modified to improve the wettability[2]. In textile industry, polyester fiber is widely used to produce the fabric; however, polyesterexhibits several serious problems in the producing textile products due to nonpolar groups on

*Corresponding author. Email: ledwani_lalita11@yahoo.co.in, lalita.ledwani@spt.pdpu.ac.in

Composite Interfaces2012, 1–11, iFirst Article

ISSN 1568-5543 online� 2012 Taylor & Francishttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685543.2012.702594http://www.tandfonline.com

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

the fiber surface. Firstly, polyester can be dyed only by disperse dyes under high temperature(around 130 °C) and high pressure; this needs lot of energy and special equipment. Secondly,staple yarn of polyester fiber should be sized before weaving in order to improve its strength andreduce the yarn surface friction, at the same time the hairiness should be bonded onto the yarnsurface tightly by sizing. Currently, only polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) shows excellent sizing effecton the polyester yarn, however, to size the staple polyester yarn with green sizing agent is still aproblem. Thirdly, moisture regain of polyester fabric is very low due to its poor hydrophilic andpoor wicking property, thus its antistatic electricity is also poor [2].

Thus, the low hydrophilicity of polyester surfaces affects the wettability, printability, bio-compatibility, and adhesion. For this reason, polyester needs some additional treatment toraise the surface activity, for better wettability and adhesion properties [1,2]. Surface modifi-cation by plasma treatment has opened up new possibilities in relation to wettability andadsorption of polymers. The improvement on the wettability of polymeric materials can beobtained by increase in the surface energy through a chemical or physical activation, whichcan be done by treating a polymeric sample with plasma of gases such as oxygen, hydrogen,methane, or nitrogen [1–3]. Compared with conventional chemical treatments, cold plasmatechniques have the advantages such as being eco-friendly and keeping bulk propertiesunchanged.

Plasma technology has been investigated and used for polymer surface modification byseveral researchers to increase its wettability and biocompatibility and adhesion. A review onatmospheric plasma treatment of textiles using nonpolymerizing gases has been published [4].However, use of plasma technology to increase dye uptake of polyester fabric especially withnatural dyes is an unexplored field of research [5]. Generally, problems in dyeing of polyesterwith natural dyes are related to low exhaustion of dyes and to the poor fastness of dyed fab-rics [5]. In the present work, plasma treatment with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in airwas carried out on polyester substrate, to confer durable wettability and increase dye uptakewith natural dye eco-alizarin. DBD at atmospheric pressure has attracted great interest in tex-tile industry due to its low cost, high processing speed, and simple operating system whichdoes not require costly vacuum equipment. The effect of plasma treatment on wetting behav-ior was characterized using contact angle measurements. The changes in surface morphologyand chemistry were also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

2. Experimental

2.1. Sample information

Experiments were carried out using polyester film and fabric as substrate materials. The poly-ester film used was a commercially available polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (Thick-ness: 125 microns) purchased from local market, while plain woven PET fabric with a fabricdensity of 29 ends/cm and 21 picks/cm supplied from Reliance Industry, Ahmedabad, Indiaand was used as received. Polyester film and fabric were found to have similar chemical char-acteristic (Figure 1) in FTIR spectroscopy analysis.

2.2. Plasma treatment for surface modification

The schematic configuration of experimental setup is represented in Figure 2. The dischargewas produced between the two rectangular wire mesh (grade: 325) electrodes (40� 50 cm)which were placed within a rectangular chamber of Perspex (Acrylic) (70� 70� 30 cm). Both

2 H. Dave et al.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

electrodes were covered with dielectric layer of PET film with thickness of 125 microns andseparated 3mm apart from each other. Plasma was produced in ambient air at atmosphericpressure applying voltage of 7 kV using 10 kV power source operated at 50Hz AC. Polymerswere treated with plasma for different time durations ranging from 1 to 20min. Due to con-tact angle measurement constraint in polyester fabric, polyester film (5� 2 cm) with samechemical properties was used along with fabric substrate. The voltage applied to the elec-trodes was measured using a high voltage probe (Tektronix-P6015A, Shang Hai, P.R.C.),whereas the discharge current was measured with a current transformer (1V/1A) and resultingwaveform was recorded using four channel digital Oscilloscope (Tektronix-TDS2014B, ShangHai, P.R.C).

2.3. Optical emission spectroscopy

The plasma phase was investigated through optical emission spectroscopy. The experimentalapparatus consists of a 0.300m imaging triple grating monochromator (Acton SP2300, Prince-ton Instruments, NJ, USA), coupled with a charge coupled device (CCD) (Pixis-256, PrincetonInstruments, NJ, USA) camera, thermo-electrically cooled to �70 °C. The light from the plasmawas collected from the bulk volume of the discharge with a plane-convex convergent lens and

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of experimental setup.

Figure 1. FTIR spectra of untreated polyester fabric and film.

Composite Interfaces 3

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

focused through an optical fiber onto the entrance slit of the monochromator, keeping the slitaperture fixed at 0.5mm. The spectra were acquired in the wavelength range of 300–1000 nmwith an exposure time of 50 s. The spectral resolution of this system is 0.25 nm.

2.4. Water contact angle measurement

Due to the small fiber dimensions and less density of polyester fabric, these measurementswere made on PET film, which provided the chemical characteristics of PET fabric. Contactangles were obtained using a video contact angle optima (AST PRODUCT.INC) goniometer.The values of the static contact angles reported are the average of three measured values.Contact angle measurements were done for polyester samples exposed to plasma for differenttime durations ranging from 1 to 20min.

2.5. Scanning electron microscopy

Morphological changes of polyester sheet and PET fabric were investigated by using SEM(LEO s440i). The samples were coated with a thin layer of Au using a 208HR high resolu-tion sputter coater.

2.6. FTIR spectroscopy

FTIR spectra of the untreated and plasma treated polyester fabric were recorded by ATR–FTIR (Nicolet 6700, Thermo Scientific, MA, USA) at resolution of 4 cm�1.

2.7. Dyeing of polyester fabric with natural dye

Dyeing of plasma treated polyester fabric was carried out using natural dye eco-alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone), which was obtained from root of the Indian madder plant (Rubiacordifolia). This natural dispersive dye having parent structure of anthraquinone is sparinglysoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol. Polyester fabric treated for 15min with atmo-spheric air dielectric barrier discharge was immersed in a dye bath composed of the naturaldye (20% aqueous, methanolic); using the liquor to fabric ratio (1:20). The dye bath tempera-ture was gradually raised (about 1 °C/min) up to 100 °C and was kept at this temperature for60min. The dye bath temperature was then allowed to cool to about 60 °C, and then the dyedfabric samples were squeezed, rinsed thoroughly with cold water and air dried.

Color intensities of dyed fabrics were measured and compared by using a UV visible-nearinfra red (VIS-NIR) reflective spectrophotometer (SF 500 Spectraflesh Data Color), over therange of 300–800 nm. After the reflection factor (R) was obtained, the relative color strength(K/S value) was established according to the following Kubelka–Munk equation, where Kand S stand for the absorption and scattering coefficient, respectively [5].

K=S ¼ ð1� RÞ22R

ð1Þ

The durability of dyed polyester fabrics was evaluated in terms of fastness toward washingand lighting, according to the standard methods IS: 3361 – 1984 (ISO – II) and IS: 2454 –1984 recommended by The Bureau of Indian Standards New Delhi, the national standardbody of India.

4 H. Dave et al.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

3. Results

3.1. Electrical characterization

The discharge can be characterized by measurement of the voltage applied to electrode andresultant discharge current. Figure 3 shows the current–voltage waveforms of DBD operatingat applied voltage of 7 kV. As seen from figure, the applied voltage is sinusoidal, whereas thedischarge current consists of numerous short peaks, which are an indication of large numberof short-lived micro-discharges through which power dissipation occurs in most atmosphericpressure DBDs. The average power W of the discharge was calculated according to Equation(2) using the measurements of the current and voltage over one cycle (T= the period of dis-charge) [6]. Where I(t) is the current flowing though discharge, while V(t) is the applied volt-age. The value of average discharge power was 75W for discharge generated at appliedvoltage of 7 kV.

W ¼ 1

T

Z tþT

t

IðtÞV ðtÞdt ð2Þ

3.2. Optical characterization

Emission spectra for dielectric barrier discharge in air at atmospheric pressure have beenacquired in the wavelength range of 300–900 nm. The main emission lines identified are inthe wavelength region of 300–360 nm. As expected with atmospheric air nonequilibrium dis-charges, N2 peaks were dominant in the emission spectra (Figure 4) where the bands ofmolecular N2 namely the second positive systems (C3IIU→B3IIg, 1–0, 0–0, 0–1, and 0–2)were observed at 315.56 nm [7], 336.87 nm, 353.34 nm, and 357.36 nm [8]. The population ofthe upper state N2(C

3IIU) is caused by many excitation and quenching processes such as elec-tron impact excitation from the molecular ground state (X1Σg

+) and first metastable state(A3Σu

+), associative excitation, pooling reactions, transfer of energy between collisional part-ners, and Penning excitation [7]. Emission of OH, near 314 nm was also observed in airplasma occasionally which is due to dissociation of water vapor present in air (typical humid-ity was 40%±8% during the experimental period) [9]. But emission of atomic oxygen(5So–

5P at 777 nm and 3So–3P at 845 nm), however, was not detected. This can be explained

by generation of ozone as DBD is one of the economic ways of production of ozone [10,11].

Figure 3. Current–voltage waveforms for DBD discharge at applied voltage of 7 kV.

Composite Interfaces 5

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

Ozone is produced in DBD by well-studied three body reaction of atomic oxygen with O2 orN2 molecules [10,11]. The high energy electrons in plasma dissociate the oxygen moleculesinto atoms and these collide with an oxygen molecule and a third particle which is nitrogenor oxygen in this case of air discharge to produce ozone [11]. This third particle takes part inenergy absorption process, but does not react chemically [10].

eþ O2 ! Oþ Oþ e ð3Þ

Oþ O2 þ O2=N2 ! O3 þ O2=N2 ð4Þ

Thus, during this process quenching of O (3P) and O (5P) takes place from N2 and O2

[12]. The value of the quenching coefficient of O (3P) by oxygen molecules is7.5� 10�10 cm3s�1 and the value for nitrogen molecules is 4.2� 10�10 cm3s�1, giving arate on the order of 109 s�1 [12]. The rates for the radiative processes 5So–

5P and3So–

3P, however, are 3.69� 107 s�1 and 3.22� 107s�1, respectively [12]. This indicatesthe quenching during ozone generation is two orders of magnitude faster than radiation[12], and thus no atomic oxygen is observed in emission spectrum.

3.3. Water contact angle measurement

Improvement in hydrophilicity was observed in polyester film after plasma treatment(Figure 5). Figure 6 illustrates changes in water contact angle with plasma treatmenttime. As seen in Figure 6, an apparent decrease in water contact angle took place withtreatment time up to 15min, which suggest that a strong increase in wettability of thePET surface induced by DBD. Water contact angle was reduced from 87° for untreatedto 33° for 15min air plasma treated polyester films. It may be due to the formation ofpolar groups such as CO, COO, OH, etc. When the treatment time increase above15min the measured static contact angle reach a saturation state, suggesting that no fur-ther physical and chemical change induced by the plasma. Aging effect was also studiedby monitoring the change in contact angle with storage time for sample stored in ambi-ent air for two weeks. The value of contact angle was seen to increase rapidly over aperiod of 24 h and then, the change very slowly to reach the stable value of 37°–45°.

Figure 4. Emission spectrum of DBD air plasma at atmospheric pressure.

6 H. Dave et al.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

3.4. FTIR spectroscopy

FTIR–ATR spectroscopy analysis is a valuable method for characterization of polymer sur-face. Figure 7 illustrates FTIR spectra of untreated and 15min DBD treated polyester fabric.It is clear from the FTIR spectra that there was no change in overall structure of the polymer,but change in intensity has been observed. The main characteristic absorption peaks of poly-esters recorded are the C=O bond at 1710 cm�1, vibration of aromatic ring at 1406, 1015,and 872 cm�1, bending vibration of –CH2 groups at 1340 and 1177 cm�1, stretching vibrationof C–O bonds at 1234 and 969 cm�1, stretching vibration of C–O bonds due to amorphousand crystalline structure, respectively, at 1126 and 1082 cm�1 [13]. The chain scission byplasma treatment reflected in the FTIR spectra by decrease in absorption bond correspondingto the carbonyl ester group at 1710 cm�1 and increase in intensity of terminal C–H bond at1363 cm�1 [13,14]. Increase in absorption intensity at 1556 and 1577 cm�1 is assigned toasymmetrical stretching vibration of COO� and coupling interaction between the two equiva-lent carbon bonds of carboxylate anion, while increased absorbance signal at2500–3600 cm�1 assigned to stretching vibration of O–H [15,16]. The appearance of increasein intensity of these bands suggests oxygen containing polar groups like COO�, OH intro-duce onto the PET macromolecular backbone. Amorphization of the crystalline fraction of thepolymer and scission of the main chain at para position of disubstituted benzene rings wereassigned to increase intensity of bands at 1472 and 1454 cm�1, respectively [17]. The

Figure 5. Decrease in contact angle after treatment air plasma at atmospheric pressure (a) untreated (b)air plasma treated.

Figure 6. Change in water contact angle on air plasma treated polyester film at different exposuretimes.

Composite Interfaces 7

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

conformational composition can be obtained from bands at 1340 cm�1 (trans-crystalline) and1370 cm�1 (gauche- amporphous) [13]. The intensity of gauche band increased relative totrans band after plasma treatment. The fraction of trans conformer (T) of fabric can be calcu-lated, taking in account the intensities of the two bands using following equation [13]. Thefraction of trans conformer T (%) decrease from 21.77 for untreated to 19.74 after 15minplasma treatment indication amorphization of fabric due to plasma treatment.

T ¼ A1340

A1340 þ 6:6� A1370ð5Þ

3.5. Scanning electron microscopy

SEM micrographs of the untreated and plasma treated polyester surface show significantchanges in surface morphology (Figures 8 and 9). Figure 8 shows the SEM images ofuntreated, plasma treated polyester films. They clearly demonstrate that the untreated polyes-ter film surface was relatively smooth, while after plasma treatment surface morphology offilm was considerably changed showing formation of micro-pit. Such changes were resultedby etching reactions, in which some degradation reaction occurred due to the bombardmentof the exited species and electrons as well as the oxidative reaction [15]. SEM images ofplasma treated fabric indicated surface of untreated fiber were smooth with only trace ofimpurities, while after plasma treatment some lamellar structures appeared on fiber surface.The observed variations in features may be due to differences in physical properties and crys-tallinity. Possible effects that explain the observed morphology was the occurrence of someamorphization of crystalline domains of PET provoked by the plasma polyester interaction.Partially crystalline polymers, as polyester, are built up as a two-phase structure, being com-posed of layer-like crystallites which are separated by disordered regions. The impingingplasma species can transfer enough energy to the polymer matrix to enable the destruction ofcrystalline domains, which might relax in a disordered amorphous form, causing volume dif-ferences at surface [16].

Figure 7. FTIR spectrum of untreated and plasma treated polyester fabric.

8 H. Dave et al.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

3.6. Dye uptake with natural dyes

K/S value was increased significantly from 5.29 to 9.25 for air treated polyester fabric dyedin eco-alizarin dye (Table 1).Wash and light fastness improved from fair to good. This hasclearly indicated an increase in color intensity on plasma exposed polyester fabric as well asan increase in the dye uptake as compared with the untreated fabric.

4. Discussion

Recently, the attention for natural dyes, which are friendlier to the environment as comparedto synthetic dyes, increased. Natural dyes can exhibit better biodegradability and generallyhave a higher compatibility with the environment. The potential use of natural dyes in textilecoloration as anti-UV and anti-microbial has been investigated [5]. However, natural dyestend to be hydrophilic and have limited substantivity for hydrophobic substrates, like polyes-ter which is crystalline linear aromatic polymer with a small number of amorphous regionsavailable for sorption and diffusion and can only be dyed practically with hydrophobic dis-perse dyes [18]. In this study, significant increase in dye uptake with natural dispersive dye

Figure 8. SEM pictures of (a) untreated and (b) 15min air treated polyester sheet.

Figure 9. SEM pictures of (a) untreated and (b) 15min air treated polyester fabric.

Composite Interfaces 9

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

eco-alizarin was observed after 15min air DBD plasma treatment. Results of water contactangle measurement performed on polyester film and FT-IR analysis of plasma treated fabricindicate increase in hydrophilicity after plasma treatment by incorporation of polar groups onpolyester surface. Optical characterizations of plasma indicate presence of upper state molecu-lar nitrogen along with ozone in discharge region. Ozone with other plasma species can oxi-dize polyester leading to incorporation of such polar groups [19,20]. Polyester oxidationoccurs after plasma breaking of the ester bonds. These chain scissions create radicals at thepolyester surface which react with radicals present in the plasma gas to create hydroxyl, car-bonyl, and carboxyl groups. Moreover, impinging plasma species like upper state molecularnitrogen can modify the polymer surface morphology by destruction of crystalline domains.Results of surface characterization of plasma treated polyester film and fabric using SEM andFT-IR spectroscopy clearly supports this. As wettability, adhesion, dyeability, etc. stronglydepend upon the surface properties, thus improvement in dyeability after plasma treatment isconsidered.

Since ester fibers and disperse dyes do not typically contain any ionic groups, dye fiberattraction clearly originates in hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole interaction, hydrophobic effects,and dispersion forces [18]. Studies have demonstrated that all the polar groups in a disperse dyemolecule can contribute to its substantivity for an ester fiber, in addition, provided the dye mole-cule is planar and can lie flat against the cyclic nuclei in the ester polymer segments, all polarsubstituents on the fringes of the rings in the dye have the potential to contribute to the overallstrength of the dye–fiber multiple bonding [18]. Thus, increase in hydrophylicity and incorpora-tion of polar groups by oxidation of polymer surface and amorphization by plasma treatmentincrease dye uptake of polyester fabric with natural dispersive dye like eco-alizarin even at lowtemperature and atmospheric pressure dyeing condition reported in this paper.

5. Conclusion

The effect of atmospheric pressure air DBD plasma on polyester surface was studied. The resultsclearly indicate that wettability and dye uptake properties of polyester significantly increasedafter exposure to air dielectric barrier discharge. ATR–FTIR and water contact angle analysisreveals the increase in wettability and dye uptake was due to incorporation of oxygen containingfunctional groups on the surface, and morphological changes as observed in SEM analysis.Spectroscopic measurement and fastness results confirmed increase in the dye uptake propertiesand color intensity on plasma exposed polyester fabric. It can be concluded that the DBD treat-ment alters the surface properties of polyester in environment friendly manner and improves thedye uptake with natural dye eco-alizarin. The research herein has demonstrated that plasma treat-ment may opened up a new possibility for introduction of natural dispersive dyes into moderndyeing procedure toward increase in sustainability by affording at least partial replacement ofsynthetic dyes and the technical aspects of dyeing.

Table 1. Result of polyester dyeing with natural dye.

Natural dye

K/S value

Wash fastness⁄ Light fastness⁄

IS: 3361 – 1984 (ISO – II) IS: 2454 – 1984⁄1:Very poor, 2:Fair, 3:Good, 4:V.Good, and 5:Excellent

Untreated Plasma treated Untreated Plasma treated Untreated Plasma treated

Eco alizarin 5.29 9.25 2 3 2 3

10 H. Dave et al.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2

AcknowledgmentAuthors are thankful to Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for financialsupport to carry out this work.

References[1] Wang C, Zhang G, Wang X, He X. Surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by

magnet enhanced dielectric barrier discharge air plasma. Surface & Coatings Technology.2011;205:4993–9.

[2] Xu W, Liu X. Surface modification of polyester fabric by corona discharge irradiation. EuropeanPolymer Journal. 2003;39:199–202.

[3] Costa THC, Feitor MC, Alves Jr. C, Freire PB, de Bezerra CM. Effects of gas composition duringplasma modification of polyester fabrics. Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2006;173:40–3.

[4] Kale KH, Desai AN. Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of textiles using non-polymerisinggases. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2011;36:289–99.

[5] Shahidi S, Ghoranneviss M. Investigation on dye ability and antibacterial activity of nanolayerplatinum coated polyester fabric using DC magnetron sputtering. Progress in Organic Coatings.2011;70:300–3.

[6] Morent R, Geyter ND, Leys C, Gengembre L, Payen E. Study of the ageing behaviour of polymerfilms treated with a dielectric barrier discharge in air, helium and argon at medium pressure. Sur-face & Coatings Technology. 2007;201:7847–54.

[7] Naveed MA, Qayyum A, Ali Shujaat, Zakaullah M. Effects of helium gas mixing on the produc-tion of active species in nitrogen plasma. Physics Letters A. 2006;359:499–503.

[8] Ragni L, Berardinelli A, Vannini L, Montanari C, Sirri F, Guerzoni ME, Guarnieri A. Non-thermalatmospheric gas plasma device for surface decontamination of shell eggs. Journal of Food Engi-neering. 2010;100:125–32.

[9] Ge H, Zhang L, Yan L, Mi D, Zhu Y, Parameter optimization of excited OH radical in multi-needle to plate negative DC corona discharge. Journal of Electrostatics. 2011;69:529–32.

[10] Fang Z, Qiu Y, Sun Y, Wang H, Edmund K. Experimental study on discharge characteristics andozone generation of dielectric barrier discharge in a cylinder–cylinder reactor and a wire–cylinderreactor. Journal of Electrostatics. 2008;66:421–6.

[11] Wang C, Zhang G, Wang X, He X. The effect of air plasma on barrier dielectric surface in dielec-tric barrier discharge. Applied Surface Science. 2010;257:1698–702.

[12] Mahoney J, Zhu W, Johnson VS, Becker KH, Lopez JL. Electrical and optical emission measure-ments of a capillary dielectric barrier discharge. The European Physical Journal D. 2010;60:441–7.

[13] Drobota M, Aflori M, Barboiu V. Protein immobilization on poly(ethylene terephthalate) filmsmodified by plasma and chemical treatments. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures.2010;5:35–42.

[14] Jaššo M, Krump H, Hudec I, St’ahel’ P, Kováčik D, Šíra M. Coating of PET cords at atmosphericpressure plasma discharge in the presence of butadiene/nitrogen gas mixtures. Surface & CoatingsTechnology. 2006;201:57–62.

[15] Sun J, Yao L, Gao Z, Peng S, Wang C, Qiu Y. Surface modification of PET films by atmosphericpressure plasma-induced acrylic acid inverse emulsion graft polymerization. Surface & CoatingsTechnology. 2010;204:4101–6.

[16] Parvinzadeh M, Ebrahimi I. Atmospheric air-plasma treatment of polyester fiber to improve theperformance of nanoemulsion silicone. Applied Surface Science. 2011;257:4062–8.

[17] Singh NL, Qureshi A, Shah N, Rakshit AK, Mukherjee S, Tripathi A, Avasthi DK. Surface modifi-cation of polyethylene terephthalate by plasma treatment. Radiation Measurements. 2005;40:746–9.

[18] Drivas I, Blackburn RS, Rayner CM. Natural anthraquinonoid colorants as platform chemicals inthe synthesis of sustainable disperse dyes for polyesters. Dyes and Pigments. 2011;88:7–17.

[19] Lee MS, Lee M, Wakida T, Saito M, Yamashiro T, Nishi K, Inoue G, Ishida S. Ozone-gas treat-ment of cationic dyeable polyester and poly(butylene terephthalate) fibers. Journal of Applied Poly-mer Science. 2007;104:2423–9.

[20] Lee M, Lee MS, Wakida T, Tokuyama T, Inoue G, Ishida S, Itazu T, Miyaji Y. Chemical modifica-tion of nylon 6 and polyester fabrics by ozone-gas treatment. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.2006;100:1344–8.

Composite Interfaces 11

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lal

ita L

edw

ani]

at 2

2:03

19

July

201

2