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Industrial Crops and Products 58 (2014) 188–193

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Industrial Crops and Products

jo u r n al homep age: www.elsev ier .com/ locate / indcrop

odulation of pomegranate peel colourant characteristics for textileyeing using high energy radiations

uhammad Ajmala, Shahid Adeelb, Muhammad Azeema, Muhammad Zuberc,asim Akhtard, Naeem Iqbala,∗

Department of Botany, Govt. College University, 38000 Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, Govt. College University, 38000 Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Govt. College University, 38000 Faisalabad, PakistanNuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan

r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 31 January 2014eceived in revised form 26 March 2014ccepted 12 April 2014

eywords:rradiation

ordantingomegranate peelsilk dyeingpectraflash

a b s t r a c t

The present study was concerned with extraction of natural colourants from pomegranate (Punica grana-tum L.) rind powder and characterization of extracted dye under the influence of gamma radiations. Bothdyeing powder and silk fabric were exposed to different absorbed doses (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 kGy) of highenergy radiations using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. Aqueous, alkali and alcohol solubilized extracts wereobtained from un-irradiated and irradiated pomegranate rind powders. Aluminium, copper, chromiumand tannic acid (2–10% each) were employed to improve colour strength of extracted dye. Exposure ofpomegranate peel colourant and silk fabric to gamma radiation greatly improved the extraction and dye-ing process by reducing material to liquor ratio, dyeing time, dyeing temperature and salt concentration.Gamma ray treatments also had strong influence on colour strength and fastness characteristics of silkfabrics dyed with irradiated pomegranate peel. Gamma ray treatment of 40 kGy was the most effectivedose for colourant extraction from pomegranate peel and surface modification of silk fabric. The good

◦

colour strength was obtained by dyeing silk with pomegranate peel fabrics at 50 C for 40 min, keepingdye bath pH at 6.0 with salt concentration of 10 g/L. The result from mordanting experiments indicatedthat 10% of aluminium as pre-mordant and 10% of tannic acid as post-mordant were the best to enhancecolour strength of extracted dye. It was also observed that gamma ray treated pomegranate rind had agood potential to alternate yellow and golden synthetic dyes in textile industry.

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

. Introduction

The revival of interest towards the use of natural colourants inextile is attributed to the increased awareness about environmen-al contamination created by intermediates and chemicals beingsed in synthetic dyeing process (Panidian et al., 2011; Shahidt al., 2013). The natural colourants are considered as non carcino-enic, easily biodegradable and non toxic for human health (Dast al., 2011; Ghoulia et al., 2012). Considering energy saving andnvironmental safety, natural dyes have attracted the attention of

esearchers and industrialists to be used in textiles and other alliedndustries (Khan et al., 2014; Tutak and Benli, 2012). Moreover,lants based natural dyes also exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 41 9201488; fax: +92 41 9201032.E-mail addresses: shahidadeelchemist@gmail.com (S. Adeel),

aeemgc@yahoo.com, naeemiqbaluaf@yahoo.com (N. Iqbal).

ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.026926-6690/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

and anticarcinogenic activities (Kulkarni and Aradhya, 2005; Anwaret al., 2009; Riaz et al., 2002), which make these ideal to be used inthe textile and other related industries.

A lot of techniques are being used to improve dyeing behaviourof natural dyes and modification of fabric either by improvingextraction process or by enhancing dye uptake activity of fab-ric to get good shades and fastness properties. These techniquesmay include, colour isolation on fabrics (Ali et al., 2010), biopol-ishing (Mehmood and Liakopoulou, 2010; Vankar et al., 2007),bioscouring of fabrics (Malik et al., 2005; Niaz et al., 2010), cation-ization (Guesmi et al., 2011), mercerization of fabric (Bhatti et al.,2012a), Chitosan treatment (Dev et al., 2009), enzyme treatment(Kan et al., 2010), ultrasonic treatments (Kamel et al., 2005; Kumaret al., 2007), UV exposures (Adeel et al., 2012; Bhatti et al.,

2012b) and microwave treatments (Sinha et al., 2011; Kale andBhat, 2011). In addition, plasma treatment is also used as a pre-treatment to improve the absorption of natural dyes to textiles(Haji and Shoushtari, 2011; Haji, 2013; Haji et al., 2014). Recent

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tudies have clearly indicated that gamma ray treatment is alsoery effective in improving dye extraction and colour strength andastness properties of natural colourants (Adeel et al., 2009; Batoolt al., 2013; Khan et al., 2014). Gamma ray treatment has beensed in wastewater treatments (Tackacs et al., 2001), dye degrada-ion (Wojnarovits et al., 2010) and surface modification of cottonhrough alkali treatment or combined processes (Foldvary et al.,003; Tackacs et al., 2001). This widespread use in textile is due toigh treatment speed, cheap and energy saving characteristics ofamma radiations (Ferrero and Monica, 2011).

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a native of Persia belongingo the family Punicacea is generally cultivated in warm countriesf the world. The rind of pomegranate is composed of tannin andbout 19% of pelletierine (Tiwari et al., 2010). The abundant colour-ng pigment in the Punica granatum L. is granatonine, the alkaloidorm (Goodarzian and Ekrami, 2010). Pomegranate peel is gener-lly considered one of the oldest sources of natural colourants. It hasnti-carcinogenic characteristics and contains antioxidants (Lanskynd Newman, 2006; Kolkarni et al., 2005). The peels are also richource of vitamin C and act as effective moisturizer with a lot ofther medicinal importance (Goodzarine and Ekrami, 2010). Keep-ng in view the beneficial effects of application of gamma radiations,

e have conducted the study with the objective to improve extrac-ion of colourant from pomegranate peels and to enhance the colourtrength of dyed silk fabric through its surface modification usingigh energy radiations.

. Materials and methods

.1. Sample preparation

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels were collected fromocal fresh fruit juice sellers. The pomegranate rinds were washednd dried at room temperature and ground finely up to 20 meshesne powder. Plain woven gummed commercial silk fabric wasbtained from local textile market of Faisalabad. To remove fats,ils and other impurities, the fabric was degummed by boilingsing soap solution as documented by Clark (2011). All the chemi-als used in extraction, dyeing and mordanting were of commercialrades.

.2. Extraction and irradiation process

Silk fabrics and pomegranate rind powder were exposed tobsorbed doses of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 kGy using Cs-137 gammarradiator at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology (NIAB),aisalabad, Pakistan (Batool et al., 2013). Aqueous (heat solubi-ized), alkaline (alkali solubilized) and alcoholic solubilized extracts

ere obtained by boiling irradiated and un-irradiated powderRP/NRP) for different time intervals with varying material liquorM:L) ratios (Prusty et al., 2009). After dyeing, samples were eval-ated for colour strength (%) characteristics at Quality Controlaboratory of Noor Fatima Ltd, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

.3. Optimization of dyeing parameters

The irradiated (RS) and un-irradiated (NRS) silk fabrics werereated with extracts of pomegranate peel to optimize dyeing con-itions. To observe the effects of temperature on dyeing, the silkabrics were dyed at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ◦C for one hour. In anotherxperiment, optimal extracts were employed for 30, 40, 50, 60

nd 70 min to optimize dyeing time using dye baths of differentH values (5–12) (Amoudi and Osmon, 2009). To achieve maxi-um exhaustion of dye onto optimal fabric, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g/L

f Glauber,s salt was employed. Extract concentrations were also

Products 58 (2014) 188–193 189

optimized by employing different materials to liquid ratios(1:30–1:70) (Lee et al., 2008).

2.4. Optimization of mordanting condition

For improving colour strength and fastness properties, 4, 6, 8and 10% of each of aluminium, chrome, copper sulphate and tannicacid were used as pre- and post-mordants at 50 ◦C for 40 min (Aliet al., 2010). After pre- mordanting, fabrics were dyed at optimalconditions using pomegranate peel extract. In post- mordanting,dyed fabrics were used for achieving good tinctorial strength andfastness properties.

2.5. Evaluation of quality characteristics of dyes and fabrics

All the dyed fabrics were subjected to standard ISO methodsto observe the effect of gamma ray treatment in improving colourfastness properties. For the purpose, different methods such as, ISO105 CO3 for washing using rota wash, ISO 105x12 for rubbing usingcrock metre and ISO BO2 for light using fado metre was employed.All the samples were subjected to CIE Lab system using spectra flashspectrophotometer SF 650 with an illuminant of D65 10 observerfor evaluation of colour strength (%) (Kumaresan et al., 2012).

3. Results and discussion

The results of the study clearly indicated that alkali solubilizedextracts obtained from irradiated powder of pomegranate peel (RP)produced more darker and deeper shades on to irradiated fabric(RS). Fig. 1(b) indicates that gamma ray treatment of powder stim-ulated the solubilization of pomegranate in alkaline media. Hence,after irradiation, more colourant was extracted from peel and upondyeing shared more sorption onto treated fabric. While, in aqueousmedia, other impurities got maximum chance to sorb onto fabricowing to insolubility of colourant in water. This caused either fab-ric dyeing unevenness or gives less colour depth (Fig. 1(a)). The lesstinctorial strength of the dye extracted in alcoholic media showedthat some other materials such as, waxes and anthocyanin mightalso be extracted along with the colourant, which upon dyeingshowed less tinctorial strength as shown in Fig. 1(c). Hence, max-imum dye was extracted from gamma ray treated pomegranatepeel, particularly irradiated with 40 kGy of high energy radiations.

Considering the surface modification of silk fabric to gammaray treatments, low absorbed dose did not activate the surfaceto sorb colourant. Similarly, higher than 40 kGy absorbed doses ofgamma rays were not helpful in surface modifications of silk fab-rics to sorb more colourant from pomegranate peel. This behaviourcould be explained by the fact that silk fabrics treated with higherdoses of gamma rays had caused weight loss (Machnowski et al.,2013; Xiong et al., 2011), which upon dyeing showed less tinctorialstrength. Such dyed fabrics during investigations in spectra flashshowed less colour strength as reported by Xue and Jin-Xin (2011).Hence gamma ray treatment through surface modification givesgood colour strength using extracts of irradiated powder.

Dyeing conditions optimization experiments indicated that50 ◦C was the optimal temperature for dyeing of irradiated silk (RS,40 kGy) using alkali solubilized extract of irradiated pomegranaterind powder. Below that temperature, heat could not activate thedye molecule to rush towards the fabric while above that temper-ature; the colourant might had faced the hydrolytic degradation(Ansari and Thakar, 2000). In both cases the strength of actualcolourant (granotanine) weakened and investigations using spectra

flash showed the dull shades. At the 50 ◦C, the colourant signif-icantly sorbed onto the fabric as a single molecule evenly andshowed the darker shades. Upon investigation in spectra flash, highcolour strength was observed (Fig. 2).

190 M. Ajmal et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 58 (2014) 188–193

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ig. 1. Effect of absorbed doses of high energy radiations on the colour strength of sxtracts of irradiated and un-irradiated dye powder.

The data displayed in Fig. 3 showed that dyeing of irradiated silksing alkali solubilized extract of irradiated pomegranate peel pow-er for 40 min gave good colour strength indicating that gamma rayreatment was time effective. Dyeing for long time (60 min) causedreak down of molecules and desorption of colourant, while dye-

ng for short time (30 min) might caused surface sorption (Shenai,

992). Hence at optimal time (40 min) the irradiated silk sorbs max-

mum dye and gives darker shades. It is also proved that gammaays treatment is time effective as it reduces the time of dye-ng.

ig. 2. Effect of dyeing temperature on the colour strength of irradiated silk (40 kGy)sing alkali solubilized extract of irradiated dye powder.

ng heat solubilized (aqueous) (a), alkali solubilized (b) and alcoholic solubilized (c)

The dyeing media pH optimization studies showed that underalkaline conditions, fabric might have gained the negative potentialand repelled the dye towards the solution. While in medium havingpH below 6.0, dye rapidly gathered on to fabric. In dyeing mediawith mild pH (6.0), the dye molecules uniformly sorbed on to thefabric and provided the good colour strength. Moreover, the strong

acidic conditions might favour the absorption of other associatedcomponents like galic acid onto the fabric. Hence, dyeing of silkfabric with pomegranate rind powder at pH 6.0 gave good colourstrength (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3. Effect of dyeing time on the colour strength of irradiated silk (40 kGy) usingalkali solubilized extract of irradiated dye powder.

M. Ajmal et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 58 (2014) 188–193 191

Fa

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colour fastness properties can also be due to photochromic effector phototropic behaviour, dye particle size as well as successfulnucleophilic reaction of dye with modified fabrics before and aftermordanting. When such well interacted dyed fabric is exposed to

Table 1Effect of gamma radiation on colour fastness properties of pre-mordanted silk fabricdyed at optimal conditions.

Mordanting Mordant Wash Dry Wet Light

ig. 4. Effect of dyeing pH on the colour strength of irradiated silk (40 kGy) usinglkali solubilized extract of irradiated dye powder.

Gamma ray treatment of fabric also reduced the amount of pow-er used to make extract. The results indicated that 1:40 was theptimal material liquor ratio to get best colourant extraction, max-mum colour strength and levelled dyeing (Fig. 5). More the liquoroncentration, the more unevenness was observed due to accumu-ation of aggregates on surface modified fabrics.

Data showed that 10 g/L of soluble salt was the optimum amountf electrolyte to get maximum exhaustion and good colour uni-ormity (Fig. 6). Addition of higher amount (greater than 10 g/L)alt caused maximum exhaustion and gathering of dye moleculesn cluster onto surface modified fabrics. This rapid accumulationf aggregates onto surface caused unevenness of dyed silk fab-ics. The non-significant contribution of dye towards silk fabricsn a medium containing less than 10 g/L of salt as observed in theresent study had also been reported by Broadbent (2001). Thusptimum salt concentration for dyeing of silk fabrics with irradiatedomegranate peel was 10 g/L of NaCl.

The data displayed in Fig. 7a showed that 10% of the aluminiumas the best mordant, produced deeper and darker shades when

nteracted with the dye. Previously, it had been reported thatye–fibre interaction was due to presence of phenoxide ion of tan-ins and electron deficient NH3

+ group of silk as well as interactionetween hydrophobic part of dye and silk fabric (Bird, 1982). Upon

nvestigation in spectraflash high colour strength was observedompared with fibre treated with other mordants. This might beue to the chelating ability of aluminium as well as its higher charge

ig. 5. Effect of extract concentration (M:L) on the colour strength of irradiated silk40 kGy)using alkali solubilized extract of irradiated dye powder.

Fig. 6. Effect of salt concentration on the colour strength of irradiated silk (40 kGy)using alkali solubilized extract of irradiated dye powder.

than copper, chromium and tannic acid (Amoudi and Osman, 2009;Haque et al., 2013). The results indicated that the behaviour inpost-mordanting was reversed, where 10% of tannic acid producedbetter effects on colour strength and fastness of the dyed fabric(Fig. 7b). Hence for achieving good colour strength and fastnessproperties, 10% of aluminium as pre-mordant and 10% of tannicacid as post-mordant were optimal conditions.

The rating results of dyed silk fabrics given in Tables 1 and 2showed that gamma ray treatment improved the colour fastnessof the fabric dyed with pomegranate rind powder. This might bedue to the presence of conjugated system and benzene ring in thedye molecules. After mordanting due to metal dye complex, thefirm bonding showed great resistance to detach when exposed toagents such as light, heat and detergents (Naz et al., 2011). Good

conditions concentration(%)

fastness rubbingfastness

rubbingfastness

fastness

Aluminium

Control 2–3 3 3 2–32 3 3 4 44 3–4 3 4 46 4 3 4 48 4 3 4 410 4 3 3–4 4–5

Chrome

Control 2–3 3 3 2–32 3 3 4 44 3 3 4 46 4 3 4 48 4 3 3–4 410 4 3 4 4–5

Copper

Control 2–3 3 3 2–32 4 3 4 44 4 3 4 46 3 3 4 58 4 3 3–4 410 4 3 4 4

Tannicacid

Control 2–3 3 3 2–32 4 3 4 44 4 3 4 46 4 3 4 58 4 3 4 410 4 3 3–4 4–5

192 M. Ajmal et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 58 (2014) 188–193

Fig. 7. Effect of pre-mordanting (a) and post-mordanting (b) on colour strength of Ir

Table 2Effect of gamma radiation on colour fastness properties of post mordanted silk fabricdyed at optimal conditions.

Mordantingagents

Mordantconcentration(%)

Washingfastness

Dryrubbingfastness

Wetrubbingfastness

Lightfastness

Aluminium

Control 2–3 3 3 2–34 4 3 4 46 4 3 4 48 4 3–4 4 410 4 3–4 4 4

Chrome

Control 4 3 4 4–54 4 3 4 46 4 3 4 58 4 3–4 4 410 4 3–4 4 4

Copper

Control 4 3 4 44 4 3 4 46 4 3 4 58 4 3 4 410 4 3 4 4

Tannic

Control 4 3 4 44 4 3 4 46 4 3 4 5

atbf

4

1

2

3

4

acid 8 4 3 4 410 4 3 4 4–5

gencies (heat, light, detergents and rubbing), show more resis-ance to detach. Thus gamma ray treatment of silk fabric followedy mordanting and dyeing at optimal conditions enhanced colourastness properties from poor to good.

. Conclusion

It can be concluded from present research work that,

) Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels are suitable source ofcolourant for textile industry.

) Gamma ray treatment of 40 kGy is an effective dose for improv-ing extraction of natural colourants from pomegranate peel andenhancing silk fabric dye uptake ability by dyeing at 50 ◦C for40 min using dye bath of pH 6.0.

) Aluminium (10%) is the best as compare with copper, chromeand tannic acid for pre mordanting agent to improve colour

strength of pomegranate peel extracts.

) Tannic acid (10%) is the best as compare with copper, chromeand aluminium for post mordanting to improve colour strengthof pomegranate peel extracts.

radiated silk (40 kGy) using alkali solubilized extract of irradiated dye powder.

5) The colour fastness to light, washing and rubbing has beenimproved by dyeing irradiated silk fabrics (40 kGy treated) atoptimal conditions of mordanting.

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