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Urban Ecosystems ISSN 1083-8155 Urban EcosystDOI 10.1007/s11252-014-0370-3

Birds of a neotropical green city: an up-to-date review of the avifauna of the cityof Xalapa with additional unpublishedrecords

Fernando González-García, RobertStraub, José A. Lobato García & IanMacGregor-Fors

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Birds of a neotropical green city: an up-to-date reviewof the avifauna of the city of Xalapa with additionalunpublished records

Fernando González-García & Robert Straub &

José A. Lobato García & Ian MacGregor-Fors

# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Abstract Although urbanization poses severe threats to biodiversity, some wildlifegroups manage to thrive within urban areas. Among wildlife, birds are a highlydiverse, charismatic and well-known group, establishing complex communities inhuman settlements around the world, making them suitable bioindicators. However,it is often difficult to have historical species lists that allow understanding currenturban ecology trends. In this paper, we compile the available bird records, includingunpublished information, for one of the best studied and well vegetated urban areas inMéxico: the city of Xalapa. We gathered records for 329 species, representing ~30 %of the national avifauna in this medium-sized neotropical city. This important aviandiversity in the city of Xalapa is mostly due to its environmental heterogeneity,underlining the relevance of its location, and the nature of its surroundings. Theinformation provided in this paper will not only provide an environmental educationbaseline and represent a starting point for ornithologists, but will represent a referencedocument on the birds that have been recorded within the limits of Xalapa in the lastthree decades.

Keywords Urban ecology . Birds . Diversity . Bird list . New records

Urban EcosystDOI 10.1007/s11252-014-0370-3

F. González-GarcíaRed de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Antigua carretera a Coatepec351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070 Veracruz, Mexico

R. StraubAveoptica, Fraccionamiento Coapexpan, Xalapa 91057 Veracruz, Mexico

J. A. L. GarcíaDiego Leño #17 Col. Centro, Xalapa 91000 Veracruz, Mexico

I. MacGregor-Fors (*)Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Antigua carretera a Coatepec 351, El Haya,Xalapa 91070 Veracruz, Mexicoe-mail: ian.macgregor@inecol.mx

Author's personal copy

Introduction

Urbanization is a process that modifies preexistent systems (e.g., croplands, grazing areas,preserved habitats) with the infrastructure and services needed to satisfy human housing needs(McKinney 2002; MacGregor-Fors 2011). This process is related to four of the most importantcomponents of global change (i.e., land-use change, introduction of exotic species, climatechange, biogeochemical cycle changes; Grimm et al. 2008). Thus, urbanization and urbanprocesses have been identified as one of the most influential human factors threateningbiodiversity (Czech et al. 2000).

In general, urbanization promotes diverse and complex systems, resulting in highly heteroge-neous landscapes. Such environmental heterogeneity is represented in a wide array of conditionsthat can offer habitat for birds, as long as they are able to exploit urban resources and manage tosurvive to urban-related hazards (Emlen 1974; Chace and Walsh 2006; Evans et al. 2009;MacGregor-Fors et al. 2013). In fact, several studies performed in Mexican urban areas showimportant diversity values, regardless of the threats that urbanization pose to them. Among therichest urban land uses, urban green areas such as parks, University campuses, and cemeteries headthe list (González-García 1983; González-García and Cano-Herrera 1993; MacGregor-Fors 2008;Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors 2009; Pablo-López and Díaz-Porras 2011; Maya-Elizararrás2011). However, the number of species within highly-developed urban areas is not as high whencompared to that of green areas, mainly due to factors such as lack of vegetation components,collision with windows, and competition with urban exploiter species (Cupul-Magaña 2003;MacGregor-Fors MacGregor-Fors et al. 2010; MacGregor-Fors and Schondube 2011).

The city of Xalapa-Enríquez (referred to as Xalapa or the city of Xalapa hereafter), statecapital of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (referred to as Veracruz hereafter), is a medium-sized city known for its greenness. It is located in central Veracruz (19° 31′–19° 36′ North, 96°55′–96° 59′ West; 1120–1720 m asl). Besides having a volcano in its geographic center(Macuiltépetl), where an ecological park with cloud forest components is located (ParqueEcológico Macuiltépetl: 31 ha), the city has diverse urban green areas that positively influencethe presence of wildlife species in the city, with the largest ones located at its periphery (e.g.,Santuario del Bosque de Niebla: 30 ha, Parque El Haya: 14 ha, Parque Natura: 80 ha, Área deConservación Ecológica Cerro de la Galaxia: 40 ha, Reserva Natural Estatal Lucas Martín:30 ha, Molino de San Roque: 15 ha, Parque Estatal La Martinica: 52 ha, Ciudad Universitaria-UV Lagos/USBI [Unidad de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información]: 35 ha, Zona deProtección Ecológica El Tejar-Garnica: 133 ha). Although Xalapa is not currently a large city(~60 km2), it has undergone important development during the last decades (Benítez Badillo2011; Lemoine 2012). Thus, due to its vegetation cover and elevation gradient, the city ofXalapa comprises a natural laboratory to perform urban ecology studies that could allowunderstanding the urbanization process and its ecological effects in detail (Capitanachi andAmante 1995).

Birds dwelling in Xalapa have received special attention by ecologists and specializedornithologists in the past. In addition to the information gathered in BSc theses, there are threerelated core publications: a field guide (González-García 1983), a chapter of the book“Ecología Urbana Aplicada a la Ciudad de Xalapa” (Applied Urban Ecology of the City ofXalapa) (González-García and Cano-Herrera 1993), and a species list of the Parque EcológicoMacuiltépetl (Ruelas Inzunza and Aguilar Rodríguez 2010). There are also species listsgenerated by the local bird watching club (Club de Observadores de Aves de Xalapa - COAX;www.coaxxalapa.org), which conduct periodical visits to green areas within the city. In thispaper we compile the available records from the last three decades within the city of Xalapaand incorporate 69 new unpublished records, deriving in a up-to-date species list for the city.

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We predicted to gather an important number of bird records within the city of Xalapa for threereasons: (1) its location and context (Ruelas Inzunza and Montejo 1999; Williams-Linera et al.2002), (2) the time-span of our record search, and (3) the interest of ecologists, specializedornithologists, and birdwatchers in Xalapa. This list will not only provide an environmentaleducation tool and represent a starting point for ornithologists, but will represent a referencedocument on the birds that have been recorded within the city limits.

Methods

With the aim of compiling as much information as possible regarding the avifauna of the cityof Xalapa, we used a currently proposed polygon of the city (Lemoine 2012 based onMacGregor-Fors 2010). Based on the latter, we gathered information using two methods: (1)search for published species lists in technical papers (e.g., Rueda-Hernández et al. 2012),theses (e.g., Moreno-Noriega and Sarquiz-Alarcón 2004; García 2006), regional and local fieldguides (González-García 1983, González-García and Terrazas 1983), and open-access data-bases (e.g., aVerAves: www.averaves.org; COAX), and (2) compilation of unpublished recordsof the authors, ornithologist colleagues, and local experienced birdwatchers; which compriserecords for the last three decades. Most bibliographical information was gathered from thefollowing publications: González-García (1983), Ruelas and Tejeda (1991), González-Garcíaand Cano-Herrera (1993), González-García et al. (1998), Straub (2006), Ruelas Inzunza andAguilar Rodríguez (2010). Unpublished information was collected through several fieldtechniques, including intensive search, non-systematic observations, and song recording.Additionally to the list of birds recorded within the limits of the city of Xalapa, we reportthose recorded in a peri-urban park (Parque El Haya) which it is partially included in thecurrent city polygon (Lemoine 2012).

Results

We compiled a total of 329 species recorded within the limits of the city of Xalapa.Families best represented in the city were: Parulidae (45 species), Tyrannidae (35species), Trochilidae (20 species), Accipitridae (16 species), and Turdidae (13 species).Of the total 329 species, nine are endemic to Mexico (i.e., Dendrortyx barbatus,Aratinga holochlora, Doricha eliza, Atthis heloisa, Cyanocorax sanblasianus, Melanotiscaerulescens, Geothlypis nelsoni, Atlapetes albinucha, A. pileatus), seven are quasi-endemic (i.e., Amazona oratrix, Amazilia yucatanensis, Ptiliogonys cinereus,Basileuterus rufifrons, Arremonops rufivirgatus, Icterus graduacauda, Coccothraustesabeillei), and five are semi-endemic (i.e., Lampornis clemenciae, Selasphorusplatycercus, Empidonax occidentalis, Spizella pallida, Icterus bullockii) (Howell andWebb 1995; González-García and Gómez de Silva 2003). According to the MexicanGovernment (SEMARNAT 2010), three species are in risk of extinction (i.e., Dendrortyxbarbatus, Amazona oratrix, Doricha eliza), nine are threatened (i.e., Nomonyxdominicus, Aratinga holochlora, Bolborhynchus lineola, Pionus senilis, Ramphastossulfuratus, Myadestes unicolor, Turdus infuscatus, Geothlypis tolmiei, Setophagachrysoparia), and 25 are considered under special protection, for a total of 37 specieswith conservation issues (Table 1). Contrastingly, the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2013)considers D. barbatus as vulnerable, and D. eliza and Passerina ciris as near-threatened.This list also considers B. lineola, P. senilis, M. unicolor, T. infuscatus, G. tolmiei, and

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S. chrysoparia of least concern. However, the list considers four species not contemplated bythe Mexican Government: Setophaga cerulea (vulnerable), Contopus cooperi (near-threatened), Vireo bellii (near-threatened), and Vermivora chrysoptera (near-threatened). Re-garding bird migration status, 126 of the total gathered recorded species are residents, 81passage migrants, 57 winter visitors, 39 seasonal visitors, and seven summer residents, whilethe migration status of the remaining 39 species is unknown (numbers do not add 100 %because some species have populations with different migration status; Table 1). From the total329 species, 69 are new unpublished records for the study area, including 16 species for theParque Ecológico Macuiltépetl, whose species list adds up to 258 species (Table 1). Followedby this species rich volcano, Parque Natura has 174 recorded species, FraccionamientoCoapexpan (referred to as Coapexpan hereafter) 184 species, and the Parque El Haya 179species. Of the large amount of species recorded within the city limits, only four are consideredas exotic. The Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) and the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) aremoderately abundant throughout the city, following patchy distributions; while the EurasianCollared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) recentlyinvaded Xalapa.

Discussion

Urban areas are comprised by a mosaic of physical, ecological, and social components thatincrease the challenge of biodiversity conservation and management (Berkowitz et al. 2003).Among wildlife groups, birds have been considered as bioindicators of the effects thaturbanization pose to biodiversity (Savard et al. 2000; MacGregor-Fors et al. 2009). In thisstudy, we show that a medium-sized city (~60 km2) such as Xalapa, with several major greenareas and an important, though patchy, vegetation cover throughout the city, can providehabitat elements that can be used by at least 329 bird species, which are equivalent to ~30 % ofthe national avifauna (Howell and Webb 1995; Arizmendi and Márquez-Valdelamar 2000),~45 % of the state’s avifauna (Montejo and McAndrews 2006; Díaz-Valenzuela et al. in press),and ~63 % of the region’s avifauna (central Veracruz: Ruelas Inzunza and Montejo 1999;Ruelas Inzunza et al. 2005, Ruelas Inzunza 2006).

Although the process of urbanization results in scenarios that are environmentally differentto those from non-urbanized areas, urban green areas can play a crucial role as habitat for animportant number of bird species (MacGregor-Fors et al. 2009). This occurs in Xalapa, wherean important number of species have been recorded due to the complexity and extent of itsurban vegetation (Lemoine 2012). Undoubtedly, the amount of bird records gathered in thisstudy for Xalapa are due to the diverse amount of survey methods in an important time-lapsethroughout the historical city records. Over time, the city has grown importantly, generatingnovel spaces that have represented a disadvantage for some species and advantages for others.Urbanization and its processes in Xalapa benefit well-known exotic urban-exploiter species,and recently other exotic and regionally native species are expanding their ranges into the city.A good example of the latter is the Inca Dove (Columbina inca). It recently entered the city(~2006; pers. obs.); however, it is considered native to the region and seasonal visitor byRuelas Inzunza and Aguilar Rodríguez (2010). Initial observations of Inca Doves within thecity, both of FG-G, were of a small group (three individuals; Argentina 40, Col. Benito Juárez;January 28, 2006) and a perched individual (Felipe Ángeles, Col. Emiliano Zapata; September 6,2006) in southern Xalapa. Currently, Inca Doves are becoming frequent in the city, being recordedin scattered areas throughout Xalapa, mainly in its central and southern sections. It is noteworthythat we have recorded breeding behavior of Inca Doves recently (since February 2012),

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suggesting that they could have or are establishing a population in Xalapa. A similar phenomenonseems to be occurring with the Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti) and the Red-billedPigeon (Patagioenas flavirostris), which are currently frequent in the periphery of the city andsome intra-urban areas (e.g., Cinco Palos, La Trancas, La Pitaya, Coapexpan, Banderilla; RománDíaz, pers. comm.). In contrast, some less generalist species, such as the Brown-backed Solitaire(Myadestes occidentalis) and the Black Thrush (Turdus infuscatus), are recorded rarely in well-vegetated urban green areas. The latest record we know of the Brown-backed Solitaire is of oneindividual singing in a tree-top in remnants of cloud forests of Coapexpan in June 2005 and May2012 (pers. obs.).

We have also recorded interesting ecological patterns, including elevation and seasonalones, with the city of Xalapa being a part of a complex landscape system. Species followingsuch patterns have been considered as seasonal visitors by Ruelas Inzunza and AguilarRodríguez (2010). For example, House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) and Lesser Gold-finches (Spinus psaltria) are highly conspicuous in summer throughout the city, when theybreed, but are mostly absent in the city for the rest of the year, probably moving to higherelevations. Contrastingly, the Grey Silky-flycatcher (Ptiliogonys cinereus) can be recorded inXalapa from Autumn to Winter, but is mostly absent in Spring and Summer. Other records, asthose of San Blas Jays (Cyanocorax sanblasianus) and Harris’s Hawks (Parabuteounicinctus), are undoubtedly cage-escapes. There are also reintroduced species in the city,such as the Bearded Wood-partridge (Dendrortyx barbatus) and the Plain Chachalaca (Ortalisvetula), which can be sighted in the Parque Ecológico Macuiltépetl (Ruelas Inzunza andAguilar Rodríguez 2010). However, the Plain Chachalaca occurs naturally in peri-urban parksand nearby extra-urban areas (e.g., El Parque Natura, El Haya, El Tejar, Santuario del Bosquede Niebla, Coapexpan), and has also been recorded in the west-central part of the city (L.Herrera, pers. comm.).

Another interesting group that comprises the avifauna of Xalapa are parrots. Thepresence of parrots in the city is relatively recent and was probably triggered by cage-escapes. As some of the parrots that currently dwell in the city are native to the region,one possible explanation is that their establishment was given by cage-escapes, laterattracting other individuals from nearby areas. However, future studies are needed to testthis hypothesis. Fist records of the White-fronted Amazon (Amazona albifrons) go backto December 1995, when FG-F recorded one pair at Juárez fields (currently USBI), and a30 individual flock was sighted in Rébsamen street one year later (December 1996). Atpresent, this species can be frequently sighted in the city, with large flocks (up to 90individuals) overflying and perching in different areas of the city, in particular largeurban green areas (e.g., Parque Natura, Santuario de Bosque de Niebla, Parque el Haya,USBI, Zona Universitaria, Panteón Palo Verde, Las Animas, Los Berros).

The gathered records represent fundamental bird species richness information that sets abaseline for further ornithological research developed in Xalapa. As expected, we gatheredan important number of bird records, representing ~30 % of the Mexican birds in amedium-sized city. In fact, the diversity of birds of Xalapa is similar to that of Curitiba,a larger Brazilian city located in a highly-biodiverse region (374 bird species; Sobania2013). This sets Xalapa as an outstandingly bird-rich city that undoubtedly comprises anatural laboratory to perform urban ecology studies. Thus, it is crucial to continue the studyof this and other wildlife groups using other methods and approaches. Further detailedstudies focused on population dynamics, community ecology, ecological interactions, andother topics related to wildlife ecology are needed to assess the role of urban green areas,and if applicable, modify current urban conservation strategies and suggest new evidence-based ones.

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Tab

le1

Listof

birdsof

theurbanpark

ofthecity

ofXalapa,Veracruz,Mexico

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Dendrocygna

autumnalis

●●

SV

Anasplatyrhynchos

●●

●R

Anasdiscors*

●WR

Aythya

affin

is●

WR

Nom

onyx

dominicus*

●R

A

Ortalisvetula

●●

●●

●R

Dendrortyxbarbatus

●●

Re

PVU

Tachybaptusdominicus*

●●

RPr

Podilymbuspodiceps*

●●

WR

Phalacrocorax

brasilianus

●●

●SV

Anhinga

anhinga

●●

M

Pelecanus

erythrorhynchos

●M

Mycteriaam

ericana

●M

Ardea

herodias

●●

●●

M

Ardea

alba

●●

●R

Egretta

thula

●●

SV

Egretta

caerulea*

●●

SV

Bubulcusibis

●●

●●

●R

Butorides

virescens

●●

●R

Nycticorax

nycticorax

●●

●M

Nyctanassaviolacea*

●M?

Eudocimus

albus*

*●

●SV

Coragypsatratus

●●

●●

●R

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Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Cathartes

aura

●●

●●

●R/M

/WR

Pandion

halia

etus

●●

●●

●M/W

R

Chondrohierax

uncinatus

●●

M/W

RPr

Elanusleucurus

●●

SR

Ictinia

mississippiensis

●●

●●

MPr

Circuscyaneus

●●

●M

Accipiterstriatus

●●

●●

●M/W

RPr

Accipitercooperii

●●

●●

●M/W

R/R

Pr

Buteogallusanthracinus*

●●

SVPr

Buteo

magnirostris

●●

●●

●R

Buteo

lineatus

●M

Pr

Buteo

platypterus

●●

●●

●M

Pr

Buteo

plagiatus

●●

●SV

Buteo

brachyurus

●●

●●

SV

Buteo

swainsoni

●●

●●

●M

Pr

Buteo

albonotatus

●●

●M

Pr

Buteo

jamaicensis

●●

M

Micrastur

ruficollis

●R

Pr

Micrastur

semitorquatus*

●●

●R

Pr

Caracaracheriway

●●

●●

●R

Falco

sparverius

●●

●●

M/W

R

Falco

columbarius

●●

●●

M

Falco

rufig

ularis

●●

●R

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Falco

peregrinus

●●

WR/M

/RPr

Aramides

cajaneus*

●●

●●

R

Porphyrio

martin

icus*

●R?

Fulicaam

ericana

●WR

Charadriusvociferus*

●●

SV?

Actitismacularius

●WR

Bartram

ialongicauda*

●M

Gallinagodelicata

●M?

Colum

balivia

●●

●R

Patagioenas

flavirostris

●●

●●

●R

Patagioenas

fasciata*

●SV

Streptopelia

decaocto*

●●

R?

Zenaidaasiatica

●●

●M

Zenaidamacroura

●M

Colum

bina

inca

●●

●●

●R

Colum

bina

passerina

●●

R

Colum

bina

talpacoti*

●●

R

Leptotila

verreauxi

●●

●●

●R

Leptotila

plum

beiceps

●●

●R

Myiopsitta

monachus*

●●

R

Aratinga

holochlora*

●●

●SV

?e

A

Aratin

ganana

●●

●SV

Pr

Bolborhynchus

lineola

●●

RA

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Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Pionussenilis

●●

●●

●R

A

Amazonaalbifrons

●●

●●

●R

Amazonaautumnalis

●●

SV

Amazonaoratrix

●?

qP

EN

Amazonaochrocephala

●?

Piaya

cayana

●●

●●

●R

Coccyzusam

ericanus

●●

●●

●WR

Coccyzusminor

●SV

Coccyzuserythropthalmus*

●●

M

Crotophagasulcirostris

●●

●●

R

Tyto

alba

●R

Megascops

trichopsis*

●R

Bubovirginianus*

●SV

?

Glaucidium

brasilianum

●●

●●

●R

Ciccaba

virgata

●●

●●

●R

Chordeilesacutipennis

●●

●SV

Chordeilesminor*

●●

M?

Nyctid

romus

albicollis*

●●

R

Antrostom

uscarolin

ensis

●M?

Antrostom

usvociferus*

●●

●SV

?

Nyctib

iusjamaicensis

●●

●●

R

Cypseloides

niger

●●

M

Streptoprocnerutila*

●●

●SV

?

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Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Streptoprocnezonaris

●●

●●

●R

Chaeturapelagica

●●

●M

Chaeturavauxi

●●

●●

M

Cam

pylopterus

curvipennis

●●

●●

●R

Cam

pylopterus

hemileucurus

●●

●●

R

Anthracothoraxprevostii

●●

●R

Hylocharisleucotis

●●

●R

Amaziliacandida

●●

●R

Amaziliacyanocephala

●●

●●

●R

Amaziliaberyllina

●●

●●

R

Amaziliatzacatl

●●

R

Amaziliayucatanensis

●●

●●

Rq

Lampornisam

ethystinus

●●

●R

Lampornisclem

enciae

●●

Rs

Heliomasterlongirostris

●R

Pr

Eugenes

fulgens

●●

●●

R

Lamprolaimarham

i*●

SV?

Doricha

eliza*

●R

eP

NT

Atth

isheloisa*

●R

e

Archilochus

colubris

●●

●●

●WR

Selasphorusplatycercus

●SV

s

Selasphorusrufus

●M

Chlorostilboncanivetii*

●R?

Urban Ecosyst

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Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Trogon

calig

atus*

●●

●●

R

Trogon

mexicanus*

*R

Trogon

colla

ris

●●

●●

RPr

Mom

otus

mom

ota

●●

●●

●R

Megaceryletorquata*

●●

●R

Megacerylealcyon

●●

M/SV

Chloroceryleam

azona*

●SV

?

Chloroceryleam

ericana*

●●

SV?

Aulacorhynchusprasinus

●●

SV?

Pr

Pteroglossustorquatus

●●

SV?

Pr

Ram

phastossulfuratus*

●●

SV?

A

Melanerpesform

icivorus

●●

●●

●R

Melanerpesaurifrons

●●

●●

●R

Sphyrapicusvarius

●●

●●

●WR

Picoidesscalaris*

●●

●●

R

Picoidesfumigatus*

●●

●●

R

Colaptesrubiginosus

●●

●●

●R

Colaptesauratus*

●¿?

Dryocopus

lineatus*

●●

SV?

Tham

nophilu

sdolia

tus*

●●

SV

Sittasomus

griseicapillus*

●●

●R

Xiphorhynchus

flavigaster*

●●

SV?

Lepidocolaptes

affin

is*

●●

●R

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Cam

ptostomaimberbe*

●●

R

Tolmom

yias

sulphurescens*

●●

●●

R

Mitrephanesphaeocercus

●●

●●

R

Contopuscooperi

●●

●●

MNT

Contopuspertinax

●●

●●

SV

Contopussordidulus

●●

●M

Contopusvirens

●●

●●

●WR

Contopuscinereus

●●

●R

Empidonaxflaviventris

●●

●●

WR

Empidonaxvirescens

●●

●WR

Empidonaxtraillii*

●WR

Empidonaxminimus

●●

●●

●WR

Empidonaxoccidentalis

●●

●●

●R

s

Empidonaxflavescens

●●

WR

Empidonaxfulvifrons

●M

Sayornisnigricans

●●

R

Sayornisphoebe

●●

●●

M

Pyrocephalusrubinus*

●R

Myiarchus

tuberculifer

●●

●●

●R

Myiarchus

cinerascens

●M

Myiarchus

crinitu

s●

●●

●M

Myiarchus

tyrannulus

●●

●R

Pita

ngus

sulphuratus

●●

●●

●R

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Megarynchus

pitangua

●●

●●

●R

Myiozetetes

similis

●●

●●

●R

Myiodynastesmaculatus*

●●

SR

Myiodynastesluteiventris

●●

●●

●SR

Legatusleucophaius*

●●

SR

Tyrannus

melancholicus

●●

●●

R

Tyrannus

couchii

●●

●●

SV?

Tyrannus

verticalis

●●

M

Tyrannus

tyrannus

●M

Tyrannus

forficatus

●●

●M

Tityra

semifa

sciata

●●

●●

●R

Pachyramphus

aglaiae

●●

●R

Vireogriseus

●●

●●

●WR

Vireobellii

●M

NT

Vireofla

vifrons

●●

M

Vireoplum

beus

●WR

Vireocassinii

●●

●WR

Vireosolitarius

●●

●●

●WR

Vireogilvus

●●

●●

●M

Vireoleucophrys*

●●

●●

R

Vireophila

delphicus

●●

●M

Vireoolivaceus

●●

M

Vireofla

voviridis

●●

●SR

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Hylophilusdecurtatus*

●●

R

Psilorhinus

morio

●●

●●

●R

Cyanocoraxyncas

●●

●R

Cyanocoraxsanblasianus

●●

?e

Prognesubis

●M

Tachycinetabicolor

●M

Tachycinetaalbilinea

●M

Stelgidopteryx

serripennis

●●

●●

●M/R

Riparia

riparia

●●

●M

Petrochelidon

pyrrhonota

●●

●M

Hirundo

rustica

●●

●●

●M/SR

Baeolophusatricristatus*

●SV

?

Troglodytesaedon

●●

●●

●WR/R

Cistothorus

platensis*

●SV

?

Cam

pylorhynchus

zonatus

●●

●●

●R

Pheugopediusmaculipectus

●●

●●

●R

Henicorhina

leucophrys*

●●

●●

●R

Polioptila

caerulea

●●

●●

●WR

Regulus

calendula

●●

●●

●M?

Sialia

sialis

●●

●M

Sialia

mexicana

●M

Myadestes

occidentalis

●●

●SV

Pr

Myadestes

unicolor

●●

SVA

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Catharusaurantiirostris

●●

●●

●R

Catharusminimus

●M

Catharusustulatus

●●

●●

WR

Catharusgutta

tus

●●

●M

Hylocichlamustelin

a●

●●

●●

M/W

R

Turdus

infuscatus

●SV

A

Turdus

grayi

●●

●●

●R

Turdus

assimilis

●●

●SV

Turdus

migratorius

●●

●SV

Dum

etella

carolin

ensis

●●

●●

●WR

Mimus

polyglottos

●SV

Melanotiscaerulescens

●●

●●

●R

e

Bom

bycilla

cedrorum

●●

●●

M

Ptiliogonyscinereus

●●

●SV

q

Peucedram

ustaeniatus

●SV

Seiurusaurocapilla

●●

●●

WR

Helmith

eros

verm

ivorum

●●

●●

WR

Parkesiamotacilla

●●

●●

WR

Parkesianoveboracensis

●●

●WR

Verm

ivorachrysoptera

●●

MNT

Verm

ivoracyanoptera

●●

●M

Mniotiltavaria

●●

●●

●WR

Protonotariacitrea

●●

●●

M

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Limnothlypissw

ainsonii

●●

MPr

Oreothlypissuperciliosa

●●

●R

Oreothlypisperegrina

●●

●●

WR

Oreothlypiscelata

●●

●●

●WR

Oreothlypisruficapilla

●●

●●

●WR

Geothlypispolio

cephala

●●

●R

Geothlypistolmiei

●●

●●

●WR

A

Geothlypisphila

delphia

●●

WR

Geothlypisform

osa

●M

Geothlypistrichas

●●

●●

WR

Geothlypisnelsoni

●●

●R

e

Setophagacitrina

●●

●M

Setophagaruticilla

●●

●●

WR

Setophagacerulea

●M

VU

Setophagaam

ericana

●●

●●

WR

Setophagapitia

yumi

●●

●●

R

Setophagamagnolia

●●

●●

WR

Setophagafusca

●●

●M

Setophagapetechia

●●

●●

●WR

Setophagapensylvanica

●●

●●

●M

Setophagastriata*

●●

M

Setophagacaerulescens

●M

Setophagacoronata

●●

●M

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Setophagadominica

●●

●●

WR

Setophagatownsendi

●●

●●

●M/W

R

Setophagaoccidentalis

●●

M

Setophagachrysoparia

●●

●M

AEN

Setophagavirens

●●

●●

●WR

Basileuterus

lachrymosus*

●●

R?

Basileuterus

rufifrons

●●

●●

●R

q

Basileuterus

belli

●●

R

Basileuterus

culicivorus

●●

●●

●R

Cardellina

canadensis

●●

●●

M

Cardellina

pusilla

●●

●●

●WR

Myioborus

pictus

●R

Myioborus

miniatus

●●

●●

●R

Icteriavirens

●●

●●

●M/W

R

Coereba

flaveola*

●●

●R?

Eucom

etispenicilla

ta●

SVPr

Lanioaurantius

●SV

Pr

Thraupisepiscopus

●●

●●

SV

Thraupisabbas

●●

●●

●R

Cyanerpes

cyaneus

●●

●SV

Salta

torcoerulescens

●●

●R

Salta

toratriceps

●●

●●

R

Volatinia

jacarina

●●

●R

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Sporophila

torqueola

●●

●●

R

Tiarisolivaceus

●●

●SV

Diglossabaritula

●●

●SV

Arrem

onbrunneinucha

●●

●●

R

Arrem

onopsrufivirgatus

●●

Rq

Atla

petesalbinucha

●●

●R

e

Atla

petespileatus

●SV

e

Aimophila

rufescens

●●

●●

●R

Aimophila

ruficeps

●R

Spizella

passerina*

●●

SV?

Spizella

pallida

●SV

?s

Ammodramus

savannarum

*●

WR

Melospiza

melodia

●SV

?

Melospiza

lincolnii

●●

●●

WR

Chlorospingus

flavopectus

●●

●●

●R

Piranga

flava*

●●

SV?

Piranga

rubra

●●

●●

●M/W

R

Piranga

olivacea

●M

Piranga

ludoviciana

●●

●●

●M

Piranga

bidentata

●●

●SV

Piranga

leucoptera

●●

●●

●SV

Habia

rubica*

●●

SV?

Habia

fuscicauda

●●

●●

R

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Caryothraustespolio

gaster*

●SV

?

Cardinalis

cardinalis

●SV

/M

Pheucticus

ludovicianus

●●

●●

●M

Cyanocompsaparellina*

●●

●●

●R

Passerina

caerulea*

●●

WR

Passerina

cyanea

●●

●M

Passerina

ciris

●●

●●

WR

PrNT

Spizaam

ericana*

●●

M

Agelaiusphoeniceus*

●●

SV?

Dives

dives

●●

●●

●R

Quiscalus

mexicanus

●●

●●

●R

Molothrus

aeneus

●●

●●

●R

Icterusprosthem

elas

●SV

Icterusspurius

●●

●M

Icterusbullo

ckii

●●

WR

s

Icterusgularis*

●●

R

Icterusgraduacauda

●●

●●

Rq

Icterusgalbula

●●

●●

●WR

Amblycercusholosericeus

●●

R

Psarocoliu

swagleri

●●

RPr

Psarocoliu

smontezuma

●●

●●

RPr

Euphoniaaffin

is●

●●

●R

Euphoniahirundinacea

●●

●●

●R

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(contin

ued)

Scientificname

Cerro

Macuiltépetl

Parque

Natura

Parque

ElHaya

Coapexpan

Other

greenareas

Seasonality

Endem

ism

Conservationstatus

Mexican

government

IUCN

Euphoniaelegantissima

●●

●●

●R

Chlorophoniaoccipitalis*

●R?

Haemorhous

mexicanus

●●

●SV

Spinus

notatus

●●

SV

Spinus

psaltria

●●

●●

SV

Coccothraustesabeillei*

●●

●SV

?q

Passerdomesticus

●●

●R

Nom

enclatureisbasedon

thechecklistof

theAmerican

Ornith

ologists’Union

(AOU

1998)up

toits

lastsupplement(Chesser

etal.2012).Other

greenareas:Tejar-Garnica,U

SBI

(Unidadde

ServiciosBiblio

tecarios),ZonaUniversitaria,Cam

puspara

laCultura

ylasArtes

yelDeporte,L

agodelDique,P

arqueJuárez,P

arqueLos

Berros,ParquelosTecajetes,

Parque

Ma.Enriqueta,N

ormalVeracruzana,M

useo

deAntropología,Fraccionam

ientoLas

Animas,L

omas

Las

Margaritas,Predio

laJoyita.A

dditionalrecords=*.Seasonality:R

=resident,M

=migrant,WR=winterresident,SR

=summer

resident,SV

=seasonalvisitor.Endem

ism:e=endemic,q=quasiendem

ic,s=semiendmic.Conservationcategories:

Mexican

Governm

ent(SE

MARNAT2010;abbreviations

aspublished):P

=endangered,A

=threatened,Pr=

specialprotection;IU

CN(2013):E

N=endangered,V

U=vulnerable,L

C=leastconcern,

NT=near

threatened

Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy

Acknowledgments We are thankful to Ernesto Ruelas Inzunza and Diego Santiago Alarcón for their usefulcomments. We are also grateful to the following colleagues and friends that provided bird records: Román DíazValenzuela, Eric Gulson, Phil Brewster, Leonel Herrera Alsina, Eduardo Martínez Leyva, Alan Monroy, LarryScacchetii, René Valdés, Amy McAndrews, Rick Wright, Doriam del Carmen Reyes Mendoza, AlbertoGonzález Romero, and Alberto González Gallina. This study was partially funded, and is result of the Proyectosde Investigación de Alto Valor Estratégico para la Sociedad formentados por la Dirección General del Instituto deEcología, A. C.: “Diagnóstico del Estado de la Biodiversidad en Áreas Verdes Urbanas y Periurbanas de Xalapa:Bases para la Conservación y la Educación Ambiental” and “Patrones ecológicos y percepción social de ladiversidad biológica que habita en la ciudad de Xalapa: Un enfoque multidisciplinario”.

References

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Urban Ecosyst

Author's personal copy