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� Ferropolis by Industrielles Gartenreich inGräfenhainichen (Germany): A rehabilitated open-cut coal mine turned open-air museum, now usedfor concerts and festivals;

� The Red Ribbon of Tanghe River Park byTurenscape in Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province(China): A sinuous 500 m long red bench along arestored river bank that interfaces human andecological activities;

� Tanner Springs Park by Atelier Dreiseitl in PortlandOR (USA): A recovered post-industrial wetland in adensely urbanized area.

Park ’ Fourth Nature

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1. To overcome the nature–culture binary (includingthe local native–exotic debate, (Shackelford et al.2013; Haila 2000);

2. To derive termed focal restoration (Higgs 2003),based on this specific place, not translated frompractices established in the northern hemisphere;

3. To reinvest ecological restoration practices with thequality of meraviglia;

4. To demonstrate how design strategies can work withecological principals in creating ecologicallyregenerative landscapes.

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Ecological Processes