Training rebuild pilot project

Kathryn S. March Cornell University Project concept paper

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THE PHYUKHRI RIDGE PILOT REBUILD TRAINING PROJECT

There is an urgent need to rebuild after the earthquakes that devastated all north central

Nepal this spring, causing extensive losses—of life, property, and livelihood.1 This project addresses the need to provide appropriate designs, plans and hands-on training for local construction workers so that the farmers’ homes they are hired to rebuild are earthquake resistant. The site for this pilot project is Phyukhri Ridge, which lies on the boundary between Rasuwa and Nuwakot2 and is home to some of the greatest poverty in central Nepal3, has suffered some of the highest levels of earthquake loss and damage, and has often come last to receive official relief efforts.4

1 See Appendix 1: Earthquake affected districts 2 See Appendix 2: Map of VDCs on Phyukhri Ridge 3 See Appendix 8: Human development by district 4 See Appendix 3: Relative impact of earthquake and distribution of relief

Design

Train

Build

Train local construction workers (masons, carpenters

& iron workers) in earthquake-resistant

techniques in a two-week hands-on training camp,

utilizing & strengthening the capacities of the local

women’s associations..

Rebuild two community structures using two different construction techniques in a two week training camp with local masons, carpenters, iron workers and volunteer labor.

Revise existing architectural plans for earthquake-resistant houses in consultation with villagers to: (a) reflect local use needs, resources & traditions, and (b) compile a construction manual that can be understood by non-formally trained masons, carpenters & iron workers.


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The Rebuild Training Project5 is a single time-bounded project intended to pilot: (1) a participatory, inclusive and locally managed approach for (2) developing and sharing knowledge and skills pertaining to earthquake-resistant

construction, in a process that results in (3) the production and distribution of building designs for earthquake-resistant structures

which reflect local use needs & sustainably available materials, (4) hands-on training in safe earthquake-resistant techniques to local stone masons,

carpenters and iron workers from all over Phyukhri Ridge (5) the reconstruction of two local community structures in the village of Mhanégang and (6) expanded capacity of the women’s community associations on Phyukhri Ridge to

organize and manage collective projects. BACKGROUND

Phyukhri Ridge is a free-standing hill and watershed located on the Rasuwa-Nuwakot District border. It is home to roughly 16,000 people living in six VDCs, two of which—Thulogaon and Dandagaon are in Rasuwa District—and four of which—Manakamana, Fikuri (Phikuri), Kaule and Bhalche—are in Nuwakot. The ethnically Tamang village of Mhanégang, where the rebuild of two community structures is proposed is located in the VDC of Manakamana. 6 All but a few merchants and schoolteachers are primarily subsistence farmers, practicing mixed upland agriculture and animal husbandry. Roughly 2/3rds of the population in the six VDC’s on Phyukhri Ridge is ethnically Tamang, with about 19% high caste Bahun-Chhetris, 4.5% low caste Dalit, 9% Gurung and a few Newar and other households.7

All of these communities were hit very hard by the earthquakes beginning with the 7.8

magnitude quake April 25, 2015, the epicenter of which was about 45km to the west of Phyukhri Ridge, followed by the 7.3 one to the east on May 12, 2015, and the 350 or so aftershocks since. Overwhelmingly, people on the ridge lived in houses with mud-bonded stone foundations and walls (96-97%), and galvanized iron roofs (91%). The shocking reality of Phyukhri Ridge is that virtually everyone who was inside a mud-bonded stone house when the April 25 earthquake hit died because all collapsed. In the village of Mhanégang, for example, 133 of 136 structures collapsed entirely, including the school, the health post, women’s community building, the youth club, and one of the community’s two Buddhist temples (gombo).

5 But in the longer range, rebuilding requires more than buildings, so this Rebuild Training Project is interconnected within a larger Phyukhuri Ridge Reconstruction Program, which will integrate other ongoing efforts on the ridge with other I/NGOs and the Government of Nepal (1) to improve basic services and infrastructure as well as (2) to expand on-farm income-generating possibilities, especially for women and low caste (Dalits). See Appendix 4: Schematic of longer range Reconstruction Program. Information about this larger program, which is still under initial development, is available upon request. 6 See Appendix 5: Google Earth image of VDCs on Phyukhri Ridge 7 See Appendix 6: Caste and ethnic composition of Phyukhri Ridge, and Appendix 7: Caste and ethnic composition by VDC on Phyukhri Ridge.


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This photo shows a community temple (on the right in this photo) in lower Mhanégang: it is completely collapsed, with the roof lying akimbo on top of the rubble. The newer structure housing a large prayer wheel (on left in photo) is only slightly damaged. This temple is one of the community buildings likely to be rebuilt in this project.

Although geology initially dictated which areas were hardest hit, it has become clear that

not everyone has been equally affected: the already more vulnerable suffered the most. First, the earthquakes themselves were most destructive in some of the poorest districts, communities and households.8 Then, subsequent inequities in the delivery of relief meant much of which was captured by better-off districts, communities and households.9 Ethnics especially Tamang, women, and low caste Dalit, in the districts from Gorkha to Ramechap, have borne a disproportionate share of the toll. If the earthquake had struck at night, the death toll would have been nearly universal. As it was, GoN figures identify 206 dead (1.3% of the total population), and locals count 254 (1.6% of the total population), on Phyukhri Ridge; of these, based on the GoN name lists of the deceased, 82% were ethnic Tamang or Gurung, 14% high caste Bahun or Chhetri, and 4% low caste Dalit.10

Even before the earthquake, life was hard on Phyukhri Ridge. Land is limited and limited largely to upland rain fed mixed maize and millet agriculture. Although the region is not burdened by high rates of tenancy or large landlords, there is absolutely not enough land to feed the entire population. Dalits, in particular, are mostly landless. As these land pressures have forced at least 10% of the total population to migrate out in search of work, other pressures have led to the out-migration being 89% male, leaving women disproportionately behind to farm.

Moreover, the profitability of traditional agriculture itself has become increasingly

precarious as the costs of labor and other inputs, as well as cash needs for schooling and health

8 See Appendix 8: Human development status by district 9 See Appendix 9: House destruction & relief distribution by district 10 See Appendix 10: Dead on Phyukhri Ridge


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care, all increase, while market prices of local crops do not keep pace and alternative sources of livelihood are scarce. Poverty affects both public health and education: 47% of all households on Phyukhri Ridge have no toilet facilities at all, 31% of all males and 45% of all females over the age of 5 are unable to read or write, and only 4% of either sex has completed the SLC. It is impossible to disaggregate these figures by caste or ethnicity but other studies of inequality in Nepal show systematically lower HDI11 for low caste Dalit and for ethnics, especially Tamang.

Although the communities on Phyukhri Ridge were poor even by Nepal standards, they had

been making progress: building and attending schools, building and using latrines, planting trees, seeking family planning and health care, mobilizing for training and credit in women’s and small farmers’ groups, building roads, beginning to move beyond exclusively subsistence agriculture into a variety of commercial crops. Much of this progress was fueled by remittances—both of money and of ideas. Some 37.4% of the households on the ridge have out-migrated members and some 25% of the national economy comes from outside. These communities were on the verge of graduating out of a purely subsistence economy before the earthquake. Today, thus, presents a unique opportunity not only to rebuild homes, schools and other structures better, but to do so as part of a total program that reduces inequities, enhances community resilience and sustainability, rebuilds infrastructure, and expands local income-generating opportunities, especially for women and Dalits.

Since the earthquake, households have had to decide whether they have any viable future

on Phyukhri Ridge at all. Those households whose homes and lands are in the path of quake- and monsoon-triggered landslides have had to leave the area. 12 Those households who have decided to try to stay are now in temporary shelters and working in their fields, with plans to begin rebuilding as soon as their crops are in. Even with whatever government subsidies, foreign aid and remittances make it into these communities, their cash needs will be greater than ever, heightening the urgency of supplemental income-generating possibilities, especially for women. And, unless there is a rapid, comprehensive and comprehendible effort to get information about earthquake-safer construction techniques into these communities, they will not be able to rebuild better.

Many organizations around the world have developed a number of earthquake-resistant

designs and construction techniques.13 In Nepal, notable efforts include new construction techniques utilizing different materials, especially bamboo, mud/earth, bricks, wood, and stone, each of which would be more (or less) appropriate and sustainable depending upon the local environment. The Department of Urban Planning and Building Construction has long been involved in designing structures and establishing standards. The DUPBC is now a lead partner in the Recovery and Reconstruction Working Group established in July 2015 to oversee 11 HDI: Human Development Index—a crude but complex way of measuring overall well-being through various formulae for compiling and weighing life expectancy, education and income so as to be able to compare different communities. 12 Those whose homes are in active landslide zones—primarily, as far as I know, in Bhalche and Dandagoun—are in need of resettlement, which, although it is a very serious problem, is beyond the scope of this Rebuild Project 13 See Appendix 11: Compilation of earthquake-resistant construction techniques and programs.


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reconstruction and is going to promulgate and mandate designs and standards for that reconstruction. Below is an example of a DUPBC house design.

This design clearly shows considerable sensitivity to vernacular architectural traditions

found in some areas of Nepal and, apparently the DUPBC is planning to generate designs that respect the cultural aesthetics and available construction materials found in various regions and communities. In the designs currently available, however, there are several noteworthy failings:14 • The structural features that make the building earthquake-resistant are not immediately

apparent to non-formally trained construction workers, for example, the “banding” that is one of the most essential features making the building more structurally earthquake-resistant is easily misunderstood by those without an engineering or architectural background as an optional or ornamental feature.

• The spaces are suitable for an urban or suburban lifestyle—with kitchen, bath, living room, dining room and two bedrooms upstairs. The inappropriateness of this design for rural farmers begins with absence of planning for safe grain storage and lack of farm-based work space, and it ends with the absurdity of images of furnishings like tables, chairs, sofas, beds and nightstands, to say nothing of the presumption of indoor plumbing and bottled gas.

• In addition, this design assumes a stereotypically western division of spaces—male and female, public and private, active and sleeping.

14 The DUPBC has been working to generate more of these designs: the amount of work that the Rebuild Training Project has to do to involve both male and female farmers, from different caste and ethnic groups, in adapting them to their particular needs will depend upon how much the final DUPBC portfolio of designs manages to move away from this (sub)urban model into a more rurally appropriate one.


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Clearly, there is an immediate need (1) for designs that are not only earthquake-

resistant but are also appropriate to rural needs and intelligible to local non-formally trained construction workers, (2) for training of those workers in earthquake-resistant construction, and (3) increased capacity for local communities to organize and manage larger reconstruction efforts.

OBJECTIVES OF THE REBUILD TRAINING PROJECT

The Rebuild Training Project makes information about earthquake-resistant construction available in printed clear plans to people all over Phyukhri Ridge and provides hands-on experience to approximately 50 local non-formally trained construction workers including stone masons, carpenters and iron workers15 in the process of rebuilding two community buildings

As the Nepal Shelter Cluster, co-led by the Department of Urban Development and Building

Construction (DUDBC), the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC) and Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS), advised, the Rebuild Training Project attempts to “support capacity 15 Many of whom are Dalit, or low caste.


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building and resilience through the provision of information, education, and communication (IEC) materials and training on appropriate and safe building standards” (Shelter Cluster Brief, June 2015).16

This one-time pilot project has one core immediate commitment: to improve knowledge

and skills for rebuilding better by developing appropriate building designs and by training locals in a Rebuild Training Project which will reconstruct two buildings in the village of Mhanégang on Phyukhri Ridge. This effort has three foci:

o Developing & disseminating reconstruction designs for houses and other structures that Reflect local farmers’ needs for living, grain storage, farm work spaces,

and animals Respect historical and cultural architectural style Use and re-use as many local and sustainable materials as possible, and Incorporate earthquake-resistant structural techniques

o Providing practical training for construction workers (stone masons, carpenters and iron workers) from throughout Phyukhri Ridge by Creating a manual with designs that make clear to construction workers

who do not have advanced architectural or engineering training exactly what the earthquake-resistant techniques and features are, and

Involving them in a two-week training camp during which they get hands-on experience in those earthquake-resistant construction techniques.

o Working through local women’s community associations to expand their capacity for collective reconstruction efforts by Involving existing women’s associations in all phases of the project, Supporting leadership development in those associations, and Using existing women’s associations, their members and their facilities to

provide logistical and organizational support.

Overall, this Rebuild Training Project is intended to pilot a model for integrated, culturally appropriate and sustainable reconstruction throughout the earthquake-affected regions of Nepal. The situation, needs, skills and resources of Mhanégang and the other communities on Phyukhri Ridge are very similar to most of the communities devastated by the 2015 earthquakes. With forty years of experience working in this region, and with the support of community leaders in the village as well as in Kathmandu and in the GoN, the foundation for collaborative dialogue here is robust enough to ensure that local voices, including those of women and lower castes, will be heard. The approaches for knowledge transfer piloted in this program empower local decision-making, skill-development, capacity-building, and linkage-making throughout.

16 But the Phyukhri Ridge Reconstruction Program goes beyond providing the knowledge and skills to rebuild physically by anticipating the increased cash needs of households and the ongoing importance of developing basic infrastructure and services to support not only physical reconstruction but economic resilience in increased rural livelihood opportunities moving forward.


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EXPECTED OUTCOMES

• Buildings that can withstand future earthquakes and the knowledge to build them • 100 home construction manuals of locally appropriate/sustainable designs, with

instructions about earthquake-resistant techniques that can be understood by local construction workers who have only non-formal training

• Hands-on practical training for 50 locally identified construction workers with experience in stone masonry, carpentry, and/or iron working from caste and ethnic communities all over Phyukhri Ridge in a two-week camp in Mhanégang

• 2 community buildings rebuilt using two different earthquake-resistant techniques in Mhanégang as part of the training of local construction workers

• Expanded capacity of local women’s associations to develop, fund or find funding for, and manage future activities in a participatory, inclusive and sustainable way

APPROACH

The Rebuild Training Project is driven by an ethnographically informed commitment to: (1) sharing and expanding local access to knowledge (2) empowering local actors to make their own decisions (3) including disadvantaged locals, notably women and Dalits, as full participants (4) working closely with local women’s associations to enhance their capacity to

manage and implement activities so that all the facets of the program are replicable and sustainable.

Many of the resources for rebuilding and economic reconstruction are already available in

Nepal. Most are not accessible to households and communities like those on Phyukhri Ridge. A long history of exploitation, extraction, and exclusion left those most devastated by the recent earthquakes cut off from precisely the knowledge and linkages they need not only to build their homes back better but, as well, to move beyond a rudimentary subsistence existence. In this rebuilding process, they are going to continue to have to rely on their own resources very heavily. The strength of their webs of kin-based obligations and of mutual aid associations based both on kin and non-kin community ties will be essential, as will, undoubtedly, increased demands on the remittance economy, so that the next few years in communities like those on Phyukhri Ridge will undoubtedly come to be known as the remittance rebuild. But, as households and communities throughout the earthquake-affected areas struggle to rebuild, this time, a participatory, collaborative, inclusive and locally managed approach to knowledge development and sharing is essential to making sure that, however locals find the financial resources to rebuild, they are not denied the knowledge they need—and that includes knowledge that they helped shape—to do it better.


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IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The Rebuild Training Project has six sequential steps

1. June-August, 2015: Identification of possible construction techniques and organizations/individuals with expertise in them

a. A notebook will be prepared to organize and compile these techniques according to the materials used in each:

i. Stone ii. Wood/bamboo

iii. Brick iv. Mud/earth v. Other

b. A database will be prepared of organizations, agencies & individuals working on earthquake resistant construction, especially in Nepal/Himalayas

2. October 5-9, 2015: Design meetings between individuals from Mhanégang Village and those experts to develop plans for homes & buildings using each technique

a. Eight focus groups to be conducted on Phyukhri Ridge i. Three focus groups will gather lead farmers from all of the six VDCs

on the ridge to discuss what needs to be changed in the existing designs/plans to meet farmers’ use/space and other needs (participants from two VDCs in each group meeting: Bhalche/Kaule, Thulogaon/Dadagaon, and Fikuri/Manakamana)

ii. Two focus groups will work specifically with the two largest clusters of women’s associations on the ridge--Kaule & Manakamana—to discuss women’s use/space and other concerns.

iii. One focus group will work specifically with Dalit, whose communities are largest in Kaule & Manakamana, to discuss Dalit needs and concerns.

iv. Two focus groups will work specifically with non-formally trained construction workers from the ridge (stone masons, carpenters, & iron workers) to assess what needs to be added to or changed in the current designs and plans to make the earthquake-resistant elements clear and understandable to non-formally trained construction workers.

b. Focus groups will be i. Comprised of approximately 15-20 participants

ii. Co-facilitated by Kathryn S. March (anthropologist), Suryaman Tamang (respected elder on the ridge), a leader selected by the participants of each group, and a recorder

iii. Observed by an architect/engineer who understands the various earthquake-resistant construction techniques


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3. October 11-16, 2015: Refinement of construction manuals with plans, safety specifications, and lists of materials for the selected designs

a. With the assistance of Suryaman Tamang (local elder) and Kathryn S. March, following the findings of the village-based focus groups, a team of architects and engineers will revise designs/plans to incorporate the findings of the village focus groups

b. The revised plans will be compiled and printed in in copies for distribution on Phyukhri Ridge.

4. October 11-16: Identification of stone masons, carpenters and ironworkers from Phyukhri Ridge

a. Snowballing out from the participants in the construction workers’ focus group meetings, 50 local non-formally trained construction workers will be identified and asked to commit to participating in the Rebuild Training the following week

5. October 18-21, 2015: Assembling the construction materials needed to rebuild the two buildings in Mhanégang and transporting them to the Mhanégang construction sites

a. With the help of the Himdung-Thokar Construction Company, the Recovery and Reconstruction Working Group members of the Shelter Cluster, and other groups with experience assembling reconstruction materials, the necessary supplies not available locally to rebuild two community buildings will be purchased,

b. And transported to Mhanégang (Wards 2 & 3) of Manakamana VDC in anticipation of the Rebuild Training.

6. October 22-November 5, 2015: A demonstration rebuild training will bring local construction workers (masons, carpenters & ironworkers) and earthquake-resistant-specializing architects & engineers together, in Mhanégang, along with volunteer labor, to demonstrate the techniques by actually building the selected two community structures in a one-time short-term training camp

a. Participants will be housed in large tents, fed communally, and compensated modestly

b. A community-based team of 5 people will be responsible for cooking, cleaning, and other necessary logistical support

c. Two architect/engineers will supervise technical aspects of the rebuilding d. A locally elected team of leaders will supervise each of the two construction

team, including i. Two stone masons (one in each team)

ii. Two carpenters (one in each team) iii. Two iron workers (one in each team) iv. Two community liaisons (one in each team) to coordinate additional

volunteer labor

These phases build upon work done in Kathmandu and elsewhere in the world to develop earthquake-resistant structures, but are specifically intended to pilot a programmatic means for


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adapting designs to suit local needs and resources and for disseminating this information locally.17 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS Educate the Children (www.etc-nepal.org), which began working on Phyukhri Ridge in the early 1990’s, has agreed to receive funds and will make those funds (about $23K to date) available in Nepal for the Rebuild Training Project. Educate the Children (ETC) has always utilized a strong grassroots approach and has built literacy, numeracy and leadership skills) among the women in the area. The networks among these women across the ridge and the sense of agency that they have developed through participation in ETC’s programs provide a strong basis for the rebuilding training effort. A 2009 independent evaluation conducted in districts where ETC previously worked found that ETC’s “program model is highly effective, cost efficient, and has important elements of sustainability. It obtains community-based results far beyond that of most development programs. There is a significant need in Nepal…for effective and sustainable community development work. The most commonly problematic elements of development programs are the areas in which ETC has demonstrated significant strengths – embedding the program within communities in a lasting and meaningful way….ETC has a skilled and dedicated staff, and a very good reputation within its program communities.” This project will also work collaboratively in accordance with the TOR for the official Recovery and Reconstruction Working Group (of the Shelter Cluster and the Government of Nepal, with World Bank support) established in July 2015 and led by UN Habitat. Other possible implementing partners include:

• Government of Nepal o Department of Urban Planning and Building Construction o Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus

• Bi- and multi-national governmental organizations o UN Habitat o USAID o SNV

• International non-governmental and charitable organizations o Save the Children

17 It is among the greatest tragedies of the 2015 earthquakes that, although much was already known about what could be done to prevent loss of life and property, little was done to share this information locally. National schoolbooks, for example, include detailed instructions about building latrines to improve public health, but the material they include about earthquakes is entirely theoretical, with no practical information that might have informed local construction practices or preparedness. Earthquake readiness appears to have been limited to one-time workshops focusing upon a “Drop, cover and hold on” approach. This is particularly sad since so many of the now damaged and destroyed homes were, in fact, constructed or substantially rebuilt since the great wage out-migration began in the 1990’s. Whether people would have had the resources to build more soundly is perhaps open to debate, but that the government failed to provide information and motivation is not.

http://www.etc-nepal.org/


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o Foundation for a Just Society o Shikshya Foundation o American Jewish World Services

• Professional associations o Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies o Society of Nepalese Architects o National Society for Earthquake Technology

MONITORING AND EVALUATION The Rebuild Training Project incorporates strategies for evaluating results chains (DFID) to assess its progress. At selected phases of the project, the success of the previous phase will be monitored and the results of that evaluation incorporated into the subsequent phase, as follows: Phase 1 (Compilation of existing resources on construction techniques and designs): The

compiled notebook will be evaluated by lead agencies and organizations in Kathmandu in a series of meetings.

Phase 2 (Design meetings in villages): The recorder for the focus group meetings will meet briefly with participants (after experts and other observers have been asked to leave) to survey the participants, using a set of open-ended questions designed in advance, about:

• What they learned from the meeting, • What else they would like to communicate to the experts, • What they hope will come from the meeting, and • What they were satisfied or dissatisfied with about the meeting.

Phase 3 (Refinement of designs/plans & printing of construction manuals): Before the refined designs/plans are sent to the printer, there will be one additional expert consultation charged with evaluating them. The consultation will consist of:

• 5 non-formally trained construction workers • Two engineer/architects

The consultation will be facilitated by: • Kathryn S. March (anthropologist) • Suryaman Tamang (local elder)

The consultation will be observed by: • Bahadur Singh Lama-Tamang (CA Member from Phukhri Ridge, Nuwakot)

The consultation will be charged to evaluate the appropriateness of the refined designs with respect to:

• Local availability & sustainability of materials • Earthquake resistance • Meeting the use/space needs identified in village focus groups—farmers’,

women’s, and Dalits’


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• Intelligibility of the designs to non-formally trained construction workers Phases 4 & 5: included in evaluation of Phase 6 (below) Phase 6: Evaluation of the Rebuild Training Project will occur in three fora:

• End-of-Build survey and informal gathering: o the various team leaders from the project will meet with the

anthropologist and local elder to develop a series of questions to be asked of the participants in the specific team of each, including questions that assess: how well their team members understood the earthquake-

resistant construction elements in the designs how important team members think it is to use the techniques

they have learned in rebuilding how realistic their team members think it will be to expect

homeowners to use such techniques in rebuilding o these questions will be posed in a team meeting and in individual

interviews by the team leaders and answers recorded anonymously o these questions will be further discussed in the context of an end-of-build

gathering of all the participants (to be followed by a social event and concluding feast)

• Exit surveys (by Kathryn March & Suryaman Tamang) of: o Team leaders o Lead farmers, women’s association leaders & Dalit community leaders o Collaborating architect/engineers

• Exit consultations with representatives of participating governmental, international and non-governmental organizations (by Kathryn March & Suryaman Tamang)

BUDGET FOR THE REBUILD TRAINING PROJECT Amounts are approximate (DETAILS UPON REQUEST) $9,525 Design consultations, architectural/engineering drafting of plans, & production of

construction manuals $38,000 Non-local construction materials & transport $17,250 Rebuild Training Camp Organizations interested in partnering with this project should contact Kathryn March (Anthropology, Cornell University) at [email protected] or Lisa Lyons (Director, ETC) at [email protected]. Individual donations to this project are also welcome. Donations made through Educate the Children at http://www.etc-nepal.org/Rebuild_Mhanegang.php are tax deductible and MUST specify that the donation is intended for the Rebuild Training Project in Mhanégang.

mailto:[email protected]


http://www.etc-nepal.org/Rebuild_Mhanegang.php


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APPPENDICES

Appendix 1: Earthquake-affected districts (from GoN National Planning Commission)


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Appendix 2: Map of VDCs on Phyukhri Ridge


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Appendix 3: Relative impact of the earthquakes & distribution of relief (Source: GoN & ICIMOD)

District

Deaths as a % of district population

Injuries as a % of district population

Private houses totally or partially destroyed as a % of households in district

Kg of rice distributed per capita in district

Tents distributed per fully or partially destroyed house in district

Tarps distributed per fully or partially destroyed house in district

Rasuwa 1.524% 1.78% 97.0% 134.2 0.023 2.12 Sindhupalchok 1.227% 0.55% 99.9% 110.9 0.000 1.49 Nuwakot 0.400% 0.38% 104.9% 11.3 0.004 0.43 Dhading 0.202% 0.36% 114.3% 40.9 0.000 0.69 Gorkha 0.166% 0.35% 47.4% 44.1 0.003 2.82 Bhaktapur 0.109% 0.69% 40.7% 4.7 0.005 0.70 Dolakha 0.095% 0.35% 113.8% 61.0 0.028 2.35 Kabhrepalanchok 0.083% 0.31% 91.2% 18.7 0.000 0.83 Kathmandu 0.070% 0.46% 20.1% 2.7 0.055 0.56 Lalitpur 0.038% 0.65% 23.2% 3.1 0.003 1.21 Ramechhap 0.021% 0.07% 90.9% 20.8 0.027 1.22 Okhaldunga 0.014% 0.04% 40.4% 4.1 0.024 2.69 Makwanpur 0.008% 0.05% 40.4% 2.1 0.000 0.66 Sindhuli 0.005% 0.08% 49.0% 6.5 0.004 1.13

Project area is on the border between the districts of Rasuwa and Nuwakot (highlighted in yellow).


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Appendix 4: Schematic of larger Phyukhri Ridge Reconstruction Program

The earthquake is, in many ways, simply the final blow to the increasingly unviable subsistence livelihood that upland mixed agro-pastoralism represents in the mid-hills of Nepal. “Rebuilding” cannot be a simple reinstatement of the previous way of living: that way of living could not support its population on the available land with existing livelihoods; what is needed is a more fulsome “reconstruction” and transformation of rural livelihoods.

RECONSTRUCT REBUILD

CONTINUE EXPANDING LINKAGES TO LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES Promote tree crops like coffee, avocado, olive and fruits Develop goat & water buffalo dairying & cheese-making Preserve & market textile & handicraft products

CONTINUE EXPANDING LINKAGES TO INFRASTRUCTURAL SUPPORT & SERVICES Reconstruction loans & grants Schools & teacher training Health & latrines Bio-gas Roads Water systems

REBUILD STRUCTURES BETTER: the Rebuild Training Project

Appropriate design Locally sourced &

sustainable materials Meeting farmers' space &

use needs Respect cultural heritage Reduce gender & income

disparities Are earthquake resistant

Practical training Design manuals that can

be understood by those with non-formal construction training

Involve non-formally trained local stone masons, carpenters and iron workers in the actual reconstruction of two buildings

REBUILD

LIVELIHOODS

SUPPORT


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Appendix 5: Google Earth image of VDCs on Phyukhri Ridge


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Appendix 6: Caste and ethnic composition of Phyukhri Ridge overall

Based on the Nepal national census, 2011.

Appendix 7: Caste and ethnic composition of the six VDCs on Phyukhri Ridge

Based on the Nepal national census, 2011.

Chhetri2%Bahun

17%

Dalit5%

Tamang66%

Gurung9% Newar

0%Ghale

1%

Caste/ethnicity on Phyukhri Ridge

Chhetri Bahun Dalit Tamang Gurung Newar Ghale Other

Bhalche 0 0 88 3385 0 0 0 15Fikuri 111 1445 98 1198 0 0 0 21Kaule 154 93 239 2477 0 0 0 30Manakamana 84 664 218 1726 418 28 166 2Dandagaun 18 360 0 1570 223 0 0 15Thulogaun 37 122 89 313 785 0 0 10

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

POPU

LATI

ON

Caste/ethnicity of by VDC on Phyukhri Ridge


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Appendix 8: Human development status by district (from UNDP)


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Appendix 9: House destruction and relief distribution by district (from GoN Disaster Risk Reduction Portal)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

House destruction & relief distributionGoN Source: Disaster Risk Reduction Portal (July 7, 2015) & Nepal Census 2011

Qls of rice distributed per 100 fully or partially destroyed houses in district

# of private houses totally or partially destroyed per 100 houses in district

# of tents & tarps distributed per 100 fully or partially destroyed houses in district


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Appendix 10: Dead on Phyukhri Ridge

Based on GoN name lists of deceased in the six VDCs on Phyukhri Ridge

14%

4%

82%

0%

Dead on Phyukhri Ridge

High caste

Dalit

Ethnic

Newar


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Appendix 11: Compilation of earthquake-resistant techniques and programs

Organization Technique or Materials

Website Contact address Phone number

Manuals Available

Proyects in Nepal

Abari Bamboo and

Adobe http://www.abari.org/

http://www.abari.org/about-us/

Address: Dhobidhara Marg 314, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal

+977 984-1515733

NO YES

ActionAid Shelter http://www.actionaid.org/nepal

[email protected]

GPO Box 6257, Apsara Marga, Lazimpat, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel: 01-4002177, 4002172 Fax: 01- 4002118

NO YES

Architects Foundation

Community-Led

Reconstruction Program

https://www.architectsfoundation.org/architects-foundation-all-hands-volunteers-launch-two-year-3-million-clinton-global-initiative-commitment-to-action-to-help-rebuild-nepal/

[email protected]

Architecture Sans Frontiers ASF-Nepal

Network of partners

http://www.asfint.org/ASF-Members/engineers-without-borders-nepal

[email protected]

ASF Nepal Sekretariat: Plats: Sanepa, Lalitpur

N/A NO YES

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) National Society for Earthquake Technology - Nepal (NSET) ProVention Consortium

Retrofitting

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=2653 http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/asia/npl/?x=17&y=10

Full document (in Nepali)

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/contact/

N/A YES YES

http://www.abari.org/



http://www.actionaid.org/nepal

http://www.actionaid.org/nepal





















http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=2653













24

Auroville Earth Institute (India)

Earth and Bamboo

Traning and Courses

http://www.earth-auroville.com/index.php

[email protected]

Auroville Earth Institute Auroshilpam, Auroville 605 101 - T.N. India

Tel.: +91 (0) 413 - 262 3330 / 262 3064 Fax: +91 (0) 413 - 262 2886

NO NO

Build Simple INC

Earthbags Plaster and

finishes Straw Clay Materials Recycled Materials Soil Tests

http://buildsimple.org/ http://buildsimple.org/resources/EB%20Options%20for%20Nepal.pdf

[email protected]

Build Simple Inc. 12 Juniper Road, Placitas, NM, 87043

N/A YES YES

Building Research Institute Nepal

Retrofitting http://www.buildingresearch.com.np

[email protected]@buildingresearch.com.np

Office LocationDallu Chautara, Lakhatirtha Marg-308 , Kathmandu, NepalPostal Address Building Research Institute (P) Ltd. GPO Box : 12242, Kathmandu, Nepal

Contact Nos.4276150 9860829900 9818481050

YES (by request)

YES

Department of Urban Development & Building Construction Division, Ministry of Urban Development (शहर� �बकास तथा भवन �नमार्ण �बभाग)

earthquake-resistant

construction guidelines and building cods

http://www.dudbc.gov.np/

[email protected]

Babar Mahal, Kathmandu

977-1-4262969/4262535

YES YES

Disaster Preparedness Network Nepal (DPNet Nepal)

Information http://www.dpnet.org.np

[email protected]

DPNet-Nepal Secretariat C/O NRCS, Red Cross Road, Kalimati PO BOx 12294, Kathmandu Nepal

Phone: 977-01-6226613, 4672165 Fax: 977-1-4672165

NO YES

Earthbag Building

Earthbags http://www.earthbagbuilding.com

[email protected]

N/A N/A

YES (payment)

NO






http://buildsimple.org/







http://www.buildingresearch.com.np/

http://www.buildingresearch.com.np/







http://www.dpnet.org.np/

http://www.dpnet.org.np/



http://www.earthbagbuilding.com/

http://www.earthbagbuilding.com/




25

Earthbag House Plans Earthbags

https://earthbagplans.wordpress.com/

[email protected] [email protected]

N/A N/A YES NO

Edge of Seven Earthbag

http://edgeofseven.org/AboutUs.html http://edgeofseven.org/ProjectCompleted.html


Edge of Seven 1031 33rd Street Denver, CO 80205

Sarah Andrews 617 . 921 . 2092 Executive Director

NO YES

First Steps Himalaya

Earthbags http://www.firststepshimalaya.org/

[email protected]

First Steps Himalaya 18 Saddleback Rd Nelson 7071 NEW ZEALAND

N/A NO YES

Habitat for Humanity

Bamboo Stone and

Brick House Sun Dried

Bricks

http://habitatnepal.org/

[email protected]

973/5 Dhumbahari Marg, Ward # 4, Kathmandu, Nepal P.O.Box : 24037, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone : +977-1-443-2801 / 442-2133 / 442-7417 Fax : +977-1-443-7367

NO YES

Himalayan Bamboo

Bamboo http://himalayanbamboo.com/

[email protected]

Hetauda Industrial District in Hetuada, Makwanpur, Nepal. Corporate Office: 2nd Floor - NEEK Building, Jaycess Marg, Thapathali, Kathmandu

Tel: 01-4100575Fax: 01-4253612

NOSome illustrations avaliable in the website

YES

Himalayan Climate Initiative

Steel metal pipes

http://himalayanclimate.org/Resilienthomes

[email protected]

GPO Box: 12123House No. 692, Subarna Marga, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal

+977 1 4428976 '+977 1 4442568

NO YES



http://edgeofseven.org/AboutUs.html





http://www.firststepshimalaya.org/

http://www.firststepshimalaya.org/







http://himalayanbamboo.com/

http://himalayanbamboo.com/








26

Himalayan Spirit Academy

Gabion http://rgek32.wix.com/newschoolfornepal#!/c1ghi

http://rgek32.wix.com/newschoolfornepal#!contact/c1z0x

For Dolakha Himalayan Spirit Academy Japhe- 6 Japhekalapani Area post office 45505 Dolakha Nepal

+977-981-395-77-51 +977-984-144-23-81 +977-981-815-42-60

NO YES

Inspiration Green Plastic Bottles

http://www.inspirationgreen.com/plastic-bottle-homes.html

https://www.facebook.com/InspirationGreen

N/A N/A

NO Some illustrations avaliable in the website

NO

Institutes of Architecture & Disaster Planning, Institute of Engineering (see below), TU

all

http://tribhuvan-university.edu.np/institutes/institute-of-engineering/

Chand S. Rana (Head, Institute of Architecture)

Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal

many plans? yes

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction

Gabion www.iiirr.ucalgary.ca/files/iiirr/85.pdf

Brennan H, Howe C, Mattar-Neri R, Potangaroa RProf. Janaka [email protected]

Canada Research Chair in Project Management SystemsDirector and ProfessorCentre for Project Management ExcellenceSchulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryENF 232, University Dr. NWCalgary AB Canada T2N 1N4

Tel: 403-220-6892Fax: 403-282-7026

NOSome illustrations avaliable in the document

NO

http://rgek32.wix.com/newschoolfornepal%23!/c1ghi



http://rgek32.wix.com/newschoolfornepal%23!contact/c1z0x














http://www.iiirr.ucalgary.ca/files/iiirr/85.pdf

http://www.iiirr.ucalgary.ca/files/iiirr/85.pdf


27

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR)

Bamboo http://www.inbar.int/#

[email protected]

INBAR, South Asia Regional Office, 41, Second Floor, Zamrudpur Community Centre, Kailash Colony Extn., New Delhi-110 048, Zamrudpur Community Centre, India

Telephone: +91-11-4101 5489/90 & 4101 5492 Fax: +91-11-2923 5115

NO YES

Mr. Gyanendra R. Sthapit Habitech Center, Asian Institute of Technology AIT

Interlocking Brick

http://www.habitech-international.com/index_en.php

[email protected]

Pathumthani-12120, Thailand

Tel: (66-2) 524 5621

NO NO

National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET)

Education/ Traning

Difussion Materials

http://www.nset.org.np/

[email protected]

Sainbu V.D.C. Ward No. 4, Bhainsepati Residential Area, Lalitpur

Tel: (977-1) 5591000 Fax: (977-1) 5592692

YES YES

Natural Buildings

Earthbags Wood/Pallets

http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/?s=Nepal

•Owen Geiger: [email protected] •Kelly Hart: [email protected] •Zana Hart: [email protected]

N/A N/A YES YES

Nepal Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM)

Information http://www.ncdm.org.np

[email protected]

Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepalopposite the UN BuildingG.P.O. Box 4058

Telephone 1: 977-1-5010098Telephone 2: 977-1-5528493

NO YES

Nepal Earthquake Clearinghouse

Mud brick wall retrofit

http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2015-04-25-nepal/2015/05/05/mesh-over-mud-brick-wall-retrofit-strategy-for-nepal/


N/A N/A

YES (by request)

YES

Nepal Rebuilds clearinghouse www.nepalrebuilds.org

[email protected]

Kathmandu, Nepal

http://www.inbar.int/

http://www.inbar.int/















http://www.ncdm.org.np/

http://www.ncdm.org.np/












http://www.nepalrebuilds.org/

http://www.nepalrebuilds.org/




28

One Stop Portal

Information Sharing Shelter

Construction Desing

http://www.onestopportal.org/rebuild-nepal.html

http://www.onestopportal.org/collaborate.html

https://www.facebook.com/onestopearthquakenepal?ref=hl

N/A YES YES

Project EK

Transitional metal shelter Temporary

Learning Centers

(bamboo schools)

http://projectek.info/ http://projectek.info/tlc/what-is-a-tlc/

[email protected]

https://www.facebook.com/pages/Project-EK/671057903022621

+977 9741415892 +977 9741311206

YES (video and estimatied budget)

YES

Samarpan Foundation

Plastic Bottles

https://samarpanfoundation.org/projects/83/rebuild-nepal-eco-construction-programme

[email protected]

63 Jor Bagh New Delhi 110003

N/A NO YES

SHIGERU BAN ARCHITECTS

rubble bricks

http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/works/2015_nepal_earthquake-3/index.html http://www.designboom.com/architecture/shigeru-ban-disaster-relief-nepal-project-07-21-2015/

[email protected]

America Office Shigeru Ban Architects America 330 W 38th St. Ste. 811, New York, NY, 10018 Tel : +1 212 925 2211 Fax: +1 212 925 2249 Email: [email protected] http://www.dma-ny.com/

Disaster Relief Project Tel : +81-(0)3-3324-6760 Fax: +81-(0)3-3324-6789

NO (some drawings/sketches)

YES

Smart Shelter Foundation

Rubble or mountain

stones

www.smartshelterfoundation.org

[email protected]

https://www.facebook.com/smartshelterfoundation

N/A

YES (free by request)

YES

Society of Nepalese Architects

http://sona.org.np/ Kishor Thapa

Churchill Complex, Top Floor, Sundhara, K.M.C., Kathmandu Nepal

yes (see www.nepalrebuilds.org)

The Small World School in Nepal

Earthbags http://thesmallworld.org/earthbag-school-in-nepal/


G.P. O. box 7602, Deep Jyoti Marga House No. 34, Dhumbarai-4, Kathmandu, Nepal

Telephone: 4423572

NO YES










http://projectek.info/















http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/works/2015_nepal_earthquake-3/index.html













http://www.smartshelterfoundation.org/

http://www.smartshelterfoundation.org/







http://sona.org.np/

http://thesmallworld.org/earthbag-school-in-nepal/




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Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering

Retrofitting / Shelters

http://ioe.edu.np/?page_id=1063


Phulchowk, Lalitpur

Pulchowk Campus Administration 977-01-5543078

NO YES

UN Habitat shelter, housing

http://un.org.np/un-habitat

[email protected]

Phulchowk, Lalitpur

977-01-5542816









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Appendix 12: Educational attainment on Phyukhri Ridge (based on GoN Census 2011)

Educational attainment Population >5 yrs cannot read or write passed SLC VDC male female male female male female Nuwakot Bhalche 1446 1705 620 903 9 3 Fikuri 1274 1380 309 581 63 55 Kaule 1260 1521 403 683 72 58 Manakamana 1405 1678 394 699 82 93 Rasuwa Dandagaun 940 1056 264 470 59 45 Thulogaun 582 660 167 258 24 40 Total on Phyukhri Ridge 6907 8000 2157 3594 309 294 Percentages on Phyukhri Ridge

46% 54% 31% 45% 4% 4%

% of males who cannot read or write

% of females who cannot read or write

% of males who passed the SLC

% of females who passed the SLC

Training rebuild pilot project

Documents

Transcript of Training rebuild pilot project