ThislecturecoverstheoriginsoftheUniverse,Sunandourplanet,givingusthefounda7onuponwhichthebiosphereisbased,includingitselements,sourceofenergyandenvironmentalcondi7ons.h=ps://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sites/www.cfa.harvard.edu/files/images/pr/2011-16/1/hires.jpgInteres7ngreadingsh=ps://www.bighistoryproject.com/chapters/1#h=p://www2.glos.ac.uk/gdn/origins/earth/earth.pdf

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h=ps://www.bighistoryproject.com/chapters/1#;h=p://www2.glos.ac.uk/gdn/origins/earth/earth.pdf

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Igrewuphearing‘breadisthestaffoflife’..Butinrealityisitsunlight.Theworldaboutuswouldnotfunc7onaswellasitdoeswithoutthecaptureofsunlightanditsconversiontochemicalenergybyplants.Ea7ngtheSunisaWonderfulbookdescribingtheconnec7onsofsun,energyandlife.Ifyouhave7metoreadforpleasureandcuriositysakeIrecommendthisbookforallbiospherians.

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h=p://www.physicsoRheuniverse.com/cosmological.htmlMankindhasbeencuriousandcraRedcrea7onstoriesformillennia,acrosscultures.Socrea7ontheoriesandmythsarecommonacrossmany,ifnotmost,cultures.Someactuallyhavesomegrainsoftruthinourcurrentscien7ficunderstandingofthebirthoftheUniverse.Earthdiver,SupremeBeingsendsbirdoramphibiantoEarth.Itdivesintotheprimordialseaandbringsupmudtoformland.Worldparent,SkyandEartharejoined;crea7onoccurswhentheyarepulledapartEmergence,mankindspringsfromthewombofMotherEarthButalsonotethatthesemythshavenotwithstoodthetestof7meandhavebeenfalsifiedwithscien7ficinquiry,methods,observa7ons,theoriesandmodels.Asyouwillseethereisabundantscien7ficevidencesuppor7ngtheconceptoftheBigBang.

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Gaia,motherEarth,wasoneoftheoffspringofChaos.GaiaboreUranus(sky).NotethatGaia,motherEarthwaspreOlympianandmotheroftheTitans,whobegattheOlympians.ItisimportanttohavesomesenseofGreekCosmologyastheGaiaTheory,wewilldiscusslaterderiveditsnamefromthisfamilytree.h=p://www.maicar.com/GML/000Images/gim/gaia8838detail.jpg

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h=p://i0.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/original/001/205/102/61a.jpg

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TheUniverseisabout13.8Billion(13.87mes1,000,000,000or13.8109)yearsold.ItstartedwithaBigBang.WedonotorcannotknowthestateoftheUniverseanyfartherbackin7me.AllclocksstartwiththeBigBang.

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Therearethehighlightsinthe7melineoftheevolu7onoftheUniverseh=p://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/10/graphics/Image1.gif

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FirstevidencefortheBigBang,camefromHubble’sobserva7ons;WorkedwiththeMountWilsonTelescope(2.5m)nearPasadenaandlatertheMountPalomar’5mHaletelescope.Priorto1919astronomersthoughttheMilkyWayGalaxywastheUniverse.Hefoundthatthegreaterthedistancebetweenanytwogalaxies,thegreatertheirrela7vespeedofsepara7on,usingredshiRandstandardcandlestars.Informa7onbyredshiRhelpedprovideevidence

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h=p://wps.pearsoned.com.au/wps/media/objects/8331/8531591/_images_/ch8b.jpgThinkofthechangeinpitchasawhistlingtrainapproachesthenpassesyou.Onecanquan7fytheredshiRbylookingattherela7vedifferencesintheelementalabsorp7onlinesoflightemana7ngfromadistantstarvsthoseassociatedwithoursun.Inthecaseabovethesecondabsorp7onbandfromtherightofthemiddlecolorspectrumappearsmoreredwhenobservedonearthasthatstarismovingawayfromus.Accordingtospectroscopy,thecolor,orwavelengthoflight,fromastarshouldhaveaknownandwelldefinedspectragivenitstemperatureandtheelements.ItistheshiRinthespectraofthesewellcharacterizedspectrallinesthathelpusdetectthespeedthestarorgalaxyismoving.Exampleofmarksonaballoonmoveapartastheballooninflates.

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h=p://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys301/lectures/spec_lines/rainbow_spec_label.pngAbsorp7onlinesfromanelementwillappearifthereareatomsoftheelementpresenttheatomsareinalow-densitygastheatomsspendmostoftheir7meinapar7cularlow-energylevelthegasliesbetweenusandasourceofcon7unouslight(ofallwavelengths)h=p://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys301/lectures/spec_lines/spec_lines.html

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h=p://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys301/lectures/spec_lines/comp_vega_sun.pngMathema7callyspeakingvrad/c=(λshiR–λrest)/λrestExample:IfobserveHαspectralline(normallyat656.285nm)fromthestarVegaat656.255nm,thenVegaismovingat:vrad/c=-4.5710-5or13.7km/sawayfromush=ps://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/shadia/lectures/habbal_astro110-01_spring2009_lecture15.pdf

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PenziasandWilson,workingatBellLabsnearPrinceton,theywereannoyedwiththebackgroundnoisetheywereseeingwiththeirgiantradiotelescope.Itwasmicrowaveradia7onwitha3Ksignal.Everywheretheypointeditexisted.Theytriedtofindallsortsofar7factsthatmayexplainitlikebirdpooponthesystem,etc.Intheenditwasreal,theyhadproofofthebigbangandwontheNobelPrizeforthiseffort.Thisisagoodexampleoftheserendipityofscienceandtheabilitytoseesomethingwhenothersdon’torcan’t.AndexampleofConsilience.Beingabletoseethedistanceconnec7onsbetweenobserva7onsandnewtheories.Itispartofthemo7va7onofthisclass,onwhythescopeofthetopicissobroad.Iwantyoutoseeconnec7onsandwhereyoufitintheworld,today,andinyourfuture.WhoknowswhatYOUmayDiscover.Morerecentworkontheaccelera7ngexpansionoftheUniversebySaulPerlmu=erandcolleaguesne=edCal,yetanotherNobelPrize.

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TodaywiththeCosmicBackgroundexplorer(COBE)h=p://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/scien7stscanmapthecosmicradia7onoftheUniverseingreaterdetail.DonotetheCosmohaslotsofgranularity.Butingeneralitstemperatureisabout3K

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WhatisthefateofourUniverse?h=p://www.physicsoRheuniverse.com/cosmological.htmlMorerecentworkontheaccelera7ngexpansionoftheUniversebySaulPerlmu=erandcolleaguesne=edCal,yetanotherNobelPrize.Personally,Iliketheideaofmul7verses..ButI’llletthephysiciststelluswhattheyknow

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Knowingourposi7onwithintheUniverse,ourgalaxyandoursolarsystemareimportantforgivingusperspec7ve.Wearenotthe‘centeroftheUniverse’,somethingyourMommayhavetoldyouorremindedyouabout,too.

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h=p://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uEXrXiclwxY/UdfEzQdXDII/AAAAAAAAPxc/6sU_rgtZmd4/s1600/se1.jpg

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Theuniverseisfullofstarsofdifferentsizesandluminosity.ThebrightestaretheHo=estandwiththeMostMass.NotallSun’sarehospitableforlife,asweknowit.Somearetoobright,otherstoodim.AccordingtoWein’sdisplacementLawthecolorofanemiungobjectshiRstoshorterwavelengthsasthesurfacetemperaturegetsho=erandho=er.Idoubtlifecouldevolvenearabluishplanetbecauseitwouldemitlotsofultravioletenergythatwouldbreakbonds.Aplanettooredmaynotemitphotonswithenoughenergytodrivephotochemicalreac7ons.h=p://www.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/ar7cle/Main-Sequence-Life7mesh=p://migall.fastmail.fm.user.fm/astronomy/stars_and_nebulae/stars_detail/Main_sequence.gif

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Theluminosityofotherstars,rela7vetooursun,scalewiththera7ooftheirmass,rela7vetooursun,tothe3.5power

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Starsfollowmainsequenceun7lallthehydrogenfuelisconsumed.Fatescanbewhitedwarfs,RedGiantsandeventuallyBlackHolesorsupernovah=p://www2.glos.ac.uk/gdn/origins/images/hrannot.gif

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h=p://www.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/ar7cle/Main-Sequence-Life7mesIthinkwedon’thavetoworryaboutthesunex7nguishinginourlife7me.

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h=p://www2.glos.ac.uk/gdn/origins/earth/ch2_4.htm

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WeareaplanetintheSun’ssolarsystem.ItistheenergyfromthisStarthatiscentraltothefunc7oningofLifeonEarthandyoubeingabletolistentothislectureandlearn!!!WeeatSunlight.Thisisathemeyouwillhearrepeatedlyinthiscourse.Thelifecyclesofstarsingeneralarealsoresponsiblefortheelementsuponwhichlifeisbased.

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h=p://www.wonderwhizkids.com/wwkimages/Know_Why/earth_forma7on.jpgEarthformedfollowingthegravita7onalcollapseofthegascloudthatformedthesun,dustandgasesthenaccretetoformplanets.Astheirmassgrowstheyaccumulatemoreplane7smals.Ageofearthbasedon207Pb/206Pbda7ngKas7ngandCatlingDOI:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170049

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WhydoesthemoonhavecratersandtherearefewonEarth?TheEarthis‘Alive’!Ac7onsoflife,water,weather,weatheringandcon7nentaldriRalleraseevidenceofearlycratersfromthegreatbombardmentperiod.MoonbringsstabilitytotheEarthobliquity.Withoutit,causingittochangefrom0to85degreeson7mescalesofmillionsofyears,raisinghavoconclimateandlifeLookatcratersontheMoonasevidenceoftheBombardments.Whyarecraterss7llseenontheMoonandnotonEarth?

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Thesescien7stswerekeyforproposinganddevelopingHeliocentrictheory(Copernicus,Galileo)andtheLawsofPlanetaryMo7on(Kepler),overthrowingtheGeocentricviewoftheChurchandSociety.DevelopmentsoftelescopesbyGalileohelpedprovideevidencefortheideasofCopernicus.EarthisattheCenteroftheUniverse,Plato,Aristotle,PtolmyHeldun7lthelate1500sandearly1600sSupersededbytheScien7ficworkofCopernicus,Kepler,GalileoandEvidenceofaHeliocentricsolarsystem

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h=ps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg/750px-Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg.png

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TheEarthisformedoutofdebrisaroundthesolarprotoplanetarydisk.Thereisnolife.Temperaturesareextremelyhot,withfrequentvolcanicac7vityandhellishenvironments.Theatmosphereisnebular.Possibleearlyoceansorbodiesofliquidwater.Themoonisformedaroundthis7me,probablyduetoaprotoplanet'scollisionintoEarth.,,,wikipediah=p://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/archean_hadean.phpEarth4.56Allègre,C.J.,G.Manhès,andC.Göpel.1995.TheageoftheEarth.GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa59:1445-1456.Moon4.51billionyearsBarboni,M.,P.Boehnke,B.Keller,I.E.Kohl,B.Schoene,E.D.Young,andK.D.McKeegan.2017.Earlyforma7onoftheMoon4.51billionyearsago.ScienceAdvances3.Kas7ngandCatlinPresenceofamooncouldaffecttheirsubsequentclimateevolu7on

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SeeCanfieldOxygenh=ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygenStromatolitesacalcareousmoundbuiltupoflayersoflime-secre7ngcyanobacteriaandtrappedsediment,foundinPrecambrianrocksastheearliestknownfossils,ands7llbeingformedinlagoonsinAustralasiaWalter,M.R.,R.Buick,andJ.S.R.Dunlop.1980.Stromatolites3,400-3,500MyroldfromtheNorthPolearea,WesternAustralia.Nature284:443-445.stromatolites3,400–3,500-MyroldfromthePilbaraBlockofWesternAustralia.h=p://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/archean_hadean.phpKas7ngarguesthatearlymethaneammoniaatmosphereisunlikely.HearguesforaCO2,N2atmosphere,weaklyreducingReviewbyKas7ngandCatlin..Themostimportantpartofthecarboncycleintermsoflong-termclimate

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ItisimportanttorecognizethatlifeonEarth,dependentupontheSun,evolvedasthebrightnessofthesunincrease.Soitwasnothunkydoryliketoday,severalbillionyearsago.Wehavetoconsiderthechangeinsolarlumina7onandthepossibleclimateofourplanetwhenthinkingaboutthetrajectoryfortheevolu7onoflife.

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Kas7ngandCatlinCO2dissolvesinrainwatertoformcarbonicacid(H2CO3),whichisaweakacid,butwhenitactsoverlong7mescales,itisstrongenoughtodissolvesilicaterocks.Forillustra7vepurposes,weusethesimplestsilicatemineral,wollastonite(CaSiO3),torepresentallsilicaterocks.Theproductsofsilicateweathering,includingcalcium(Ca2C)andbicarbonate(HCO¡3)ionsanddissolvedsilica(SiO2),aretransportedbystreamsandriverstotheocean.There,organisms,suchasforaminifera,usetheproductstomakeshellsofcalciumcarbonate(CaCO3).Limestoneisthecommonlypreservedformofcalciumcarbonate.Otherorganismssuchasdiatomsandradiolariansmakeshellsoutofsilicacarbonatesedimentsarecarrieddowntodepthswherethetemperaturesandpressuresaremuchgreater.Underthesecondi7ons,carbonatemineralsrecombinewithSiO2(whichbythis7meisthemineralquartz)toreformsilicateminerals,releasingCO2intheprocess.Thisreac7onistermedcarbonatemetamorphism.TheCO2releasedfromcarbonatemetamorphismmakesitswaybacktothesurfaceandre-enterstheatmospherebywayofvolcanism,therebycomple7ngthecarbonate-silicatecycle.This

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h=p://www.snowballearth.org/slides/Ch13-2.gifTheearlyproduc7onofoxygenbycyanobacteria,asviewedbythedevelopmentofstromatolites,wasrapidlyremovedfromtheatmosphereasthisO2reactedwithironontheearth’scrust.Ironoxideswereformedasnotedbythebandedironforma7onRapidriseinO2over2Gacouldhavereactedwithmethaneandreducedthegreenhouseeffectoftheatmosphere,allowingtheearthtoundergocooling,withposi7vealbedofeedbacks.

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h=ps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg/1024px-Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpgStromolitesacalcareousmoundbuiltupoflayersoflime-secre7ngcyanobacteriaandtrappedsediment,foundinPrecambrianrocksastheearliestknownfossils,ands7llbeingformedinlagoonsinAustralasiaWalter,M.R.,R.Buick,andJ.S.R.Dunlop.1980.Stromatolites3,400-3,500MyroldfromtheNorthPolearea,WesternAustralia.Nature284:443-445.stromatolites3,400–3,500-MyroldfromthePilbaraBlockofWesternAustralia.Cyanobacteria,photosynthe7c,3.5billionyearsagoPhotosynthe7clichen

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Falkowski,2011Photosynthe7cResearchTheinferenceofozoneandthe7mingofthisso-called‘‘greatoxida7onevent’’(GOE)at2.4Gacomesprimarilyfromanalysesofsulfurisotopesintherockrecord…upun7l2.4Ga,theisotopicfrac7ona7onsinthegeologicrecordaremassindependent.SO2hasaUVabsorp7oncrosssec7on,peakingat*200nm.Breakingofbondsbyhighenergyphotonsdoesnotleadtomassdependentisotopicfrac7ona7on.Hence,oneinterpreta7onofthemassindependentfrac7ona7onisthatshortwaveUVradia7onreachedtheEarth’ssurfacepriorto*2.4Ga,butsubsequentlythatradia7onwasquenched.StratosphericozoneabsorbsshortwaveUVradia7ononthecontemporaryEarth,andthesourceofozoneisO2.Hence,thelossofthemassindependentisotopicfrac7ona7onofsulfurat2.4Gasuggestsachangeintheoxida7onstateofEarth’satmosphere...theconcentra7onofoxygenthataroseduringtheGOEisextremelypoorlyconstrained.Forma7onofstratosphericozoneisnotlimitedbyO2aboveca.0.1%ofthepresentatmosphericlevel.Inasimplegeochemicalsense,netproduc7onofoxygenonEarthimpliestheburialandsequestra7onofreductant.Thereducedequivalentsareprimarilyintheformoforganicma=er.Organicma=erintheoceanisdepletedin13Cby*20%rela7vetothe(arbitrarilychosen)standard,carbonfromfossil(ex7nct)marine

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h=p://image.slidesharecdn.com/prehistoryearlylife2-110114143819-phpapp01/95/prehistory-1-geologic-7meline-notes-on-the-geologic-life-history-of-earth-from-precambrian-to-the-present-cenozoic-era-10-638.jpg

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h=p://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6132/577/F2.large.jpg.Supergiants,dwarfsorbinaryormul7plestarstendnottobecandidatesforplanetswithlife.Planetstooclosetostarswillbehotanddry,thosetoofarwillbegasplanets.

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Howmanypossible?

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Whatistherangeofanswers?

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OurneweyestotheStars.Launched25yearsago.Inearlyyearsitwasnearsited.Spacewalkerswereabletocorrectitsvision.ThistelescopeisnamedinhonorofHubbleandisrevolu7onizinghowweseethedistantuniverse.ItisinorbitabovetheEarth’satmospheretoavoidtheeffectsofcloudsanddistor7onbytheatmosphere,whichplaguesEarthboundtelescopes,eventhoseonhighdesertmountainslikeinChile.h=p://hubblesite.org/

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SomeReallybeau7fulimagesbeingproducedbytheHubbleSpaceTelescopeh=p://cdn.theatlan7c.com/sta7c/infocus/hubble120112/s_h03_hs201013.jpgOtherkeyfindings,gammarayburstsassociatedwithblackholes;discoveryofdeepfieldgalaxiesoftheearlyuniverse,neverseenfromEarth.h=p://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/hubble_discoveries/breakthroughs/assets/cosmo_large/HUDF.png

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Keyperiods,BigBang,Infla7on,opaqueuniverseofplasma(ionizedgas)(t<300,000years);HandHeformasuniversecools(4000k),firstlightemi=ed;starsandgalaxiesform;heavierelementsformh=p://hetdex.org/images/dark_energy/expand_universe_capsule_history.jpg

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Wetendtoliveinurbanenvironmentswithlotsoflightpollu7onandhavelostanapprecia7onforstarsinthenightsky.GrowingupinthecountryItookitforgrantedun7lIbroughtabunchoffriendsdownfromUCDavisfortheweekendandtheyremarked‘lookatallthestars’.Morerecentlyweliketospend7mealongtheCAcoast,wherethereisnolightpollu7onacrossthewesternskyandevenwithmynearsightednessIamamazedatthebrightstarsandhowwecanseetheMilkyWayonclearnights.AndontripstoNewZealandandAustraliaIhavebeenluckytoseesuchnotableconstella7onsasthesoutherncross.h=p://en.es-sta7c.us/upl/2015/09/Riding-the-roof-of-the-world-Jeff-Dai-e1441307245700.jpg

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h=p://www.com.uri.edu/COM455/images/carl_sagan_billions.jpgTheuniverseisvastinsize,spaceandnumbers.Oursenseofthenightsky.ThelateCarlSaganhasoRenbeensa7rizedforhiscomments‘billionsandbillions’.Butithasmadethepointthattheuniverseisvastandfullofmany,manystarsandgalaxies.Rememberatsuchfardistancesmanyofthestarsweseearereallygalaxieswiththeirownvastcollec7onofstars.

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TryandlookatthenightskyonaclearnightthissemesterandsearchfortheMilkyWay..

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Evenwithinourgalaxyweareontheouteredge.

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h=p://www.museumofflight.org/files/HRDiagram.jpg

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h=p://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/cygx1_ill.jpgTheyarefindingblackholesatthecenterofmanygalaxies

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Explosionsofsupernovaehelppopulatespacewithnewmaterialfornewstars…

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h=p://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/onion.gif

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h=p://www.ar7naid.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Oxygen-Nucleosynthesis.png

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h=ps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg/2000px-Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg.png

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Forcontextthereare1023moleculespermoles,sotheremustbeabout1057molesofma=erintheUniverse.HowdidthisMa=erForm?h=p://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_mul7media/images/2012/02/all-sky_image_of_molecular_gas_seen_by_planck/10006278-2-eng-GB/All-sky_image_of_molecular_gas_seen_by_Planck_fullwidth.jpg

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h=p://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/10/scien7sts-may-have-found-earliest-evidence-life-earthInthestudy,BellandhercolleaguesexaminedzirconsfromtheJackHillsinWesternAustralia,asitethathasyieldedmoreHadeansamplesthananywhereelseonEarth,searchingforinclusionsofcarbonmineralslikediamondsandgraphite.Themerepresenceofthesemineralsdoesnotprovebiologyexistedwhenthezirconsformed,butitdoesprovidetheopportunitytolookforchemicalsignsoflife.Theteameventuallyfoundsmallbitsofpoten7allyundisturbedgraphiteinone4.1billion-year-oldcrystal.Thegraphitehasalowra7oofheavytolightcarbonatoms—calledisotopes—consistentwiththeisotopicsignatureoforganicma=er.“OnEarthtoday,ifyouwerelookingatthiscarbon,youwouldsayitwasbiogenic,”Bellsays.“Ofcourse,that’smorecontroversialfortheHadean.”h=p://news.na7onalgeographic.com/2017/03/oldest-life-earth-iron-fossils-canada-vents-science/

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