The Use of Coconut Water in Hypophysation of Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) in Niger Delta Region

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirectAgriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 00 (2015)

000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

“The 7th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture forFood, Energy and Industry in Regional and Global Context,

ICSAFEI2015”

The Use of Coconut Water in Hypophysation ofCatfish (Clarias Gariepinus) in Niger Delta

Region

O.F Nwachia,b* and E.B Yuzinea

aDepartment of Aquaculture,Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiabDepartment of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, P.M.B 1. Asaba Campus, Nigeria

Abstract

The ability to hatch, survive and the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus injectedwith hormone brand name (Ovaprim) a generic drug consisting of salmongonadotropin releasing hormone and coconut water at hypophysation wasexamined. Male and female broodstock of Clarias gariepinus were selected. Thefemale was injected at the rate of 0.5ml/kg with the followings; (coconutwater 25% - hormone 75%), (coconut water 50% -hormone 50%), (coconut water75% -Hormone 25%), Hormone (100%) and Coconut water (100%) labelled treatmentA,B,C.D and E After 10 hours (latency) the egg were stripped and fertilized.Fries produce were raised for 10 weeks analysis of variance (ANOVA) was usedto record the changes in weight and length of fish. Treatments (A) has afinal weight in grams of 1.2260, (B) has a final weight of 1.2260,(C) has afinal weight of 2.0520 and (D) has a final weight of 1.3860; treatments (A)has a final length of 6.0200, (B) has a final length in of 5.9908, (C) has afinal length of 6.0500 and (D) has a final length of 6.1900cm; While (E)produced eggs that did not hatch after fertilization. It was observed thattreatment (C) has the highest change in weight of 1.87g while treatment (D)has the highest changes in length at 5.36cm. The cost analysis of coconutwater used was $2.7 x 10-3 for 500ml translating to one ml per $5.4 x 10-8

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/22107843

2 O.F Nwachi and E.B Yuzien/ Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 00 (2015) 000–000

while hormone cost $27 for 10ml which also translate to $2.7 per 1ml. Thisresult is an indication that Coconut water mixed with Ovaprime could be usedto induce fish that will produce viable eggs with the ability to improvegrowth within the first 10 weeks of rearing and reduce the financial costimplication incurred in using only hormone in hypophysation.

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Pear-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ICSAEI2015

Keywords: Coconut; Clarias gariepinus ;Latency and hormone

*Corresponding Author: +601136855900 Email:[email protected]

1. Introduction

The production of marketable fish begins with the stocking of fry orjuveniles into a rearing environment that assures optimum and rapid growth toallow harvest in the shortest possible time ((Mahmoud et al, 2015) the fishfarmer has to obtain adequate number of fish seed to meet his productiongoals. These fish can come from wild capture and hatcheries However, there islittle or no guarantee that adequate numbers can be captured or sourced fromthe existing hatcheries and stocked in the time corresponding to optimumproduction conditions (Coward & Bromage, 2000), the fish culturist naturallyturns to other means of obtaining stock; simulation of the conditionsnecessary fish reproduction.

The culturist can spawn the fish in captivity. Successful spawning isonly the beginning; however, the eggs must hatch, and reared successfully tofry stage. These stages - spawning, hatching, and early rearing are like asteeple chase which the culturist must adopt The process includes; physco-chemical quality of water such as available dissolved oxygen monitoring, feedof the proper nutritive composition and particle size, ability to resist todiseases, and so on. ( Boyd & Lichtkpper, 2002 and Nwachi, 2013).

Production of table fish of economic value requires good biologicalprocesses; selective breeding hybridisation and bio-security (Hulata, 2001).The process of fish production involves (i) care of the brood stock; (ii)spawning and egg hatching, and (iii) seed nursing. Each of these three stepsis closely connected with one another. A well maintained brood stock willresult in a better response to hypophysation and a higher survival rate offish seed from nursery ponds. Costs of production can be considered as a partof overall production costs of fish seed. The economics of reducing cost isbased on finding alternatives that would give same results without reducingor compromising quality and ethical issues. (Janick, 2008 and World Bank,2006)

Coconut water is known to benefit man in various ways unconfirmedreport show that it can be used to control weight gain, act as remedy for

A. Zainol/ Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 00 (2015) 000–000 3

hangover, help in increasing digestion and even used to foster electrolyte.The coconut tree is regarded as the tree of life because of the many uses.(Vigliar et al, 2006). This work will examine the effect of partial and fullreplacing of hormone (Ovaprim) with coconut water during hypophysation ofClarias gariepinus

2. Material and method

2.1. Hatching procedure Broodstock of Clarias gariepinus (African Sharptooth catfish ) consisting

of four male of age 12 months and average weight of 2kg respectively andten female of age 15 month and average weight of 1.5kg was selected basedon the characteristics as reported by (Olele, and Tighiri, 2013,Bartley etal, 2000 and Beardmore et al, 2001) for the male and female fish. Thequantity and mixture ratio of administered hormone is as shown in table 1.

The mixture (coconut water and hormone), the pure hormone (Ovaprim) andthe pure Coconut water were administered as a decisive dose.

Table 1: Showing Combination of hormone and coconut water administered intramuscularly.

_______________________________________________________________________


Female E 100%

-

2.2. Fertilization and incubationAfter a latency period of 10 hours and when on slight touch of the

females abdomen eggs freely oozed-out the female brood stock were strippedinto a dry stainless bowl, the four male broodstock was sacrificed, the miltsac was removed and washed with saline solution to remove the blood stain andmake a solution. The stripped egg was fertilized with the milt the fertilizedegg was mechanically shaken for two minutes. The fertilized eggs wereincubated in triplicate in a 200 litres receptacle. The incubated eggscompletely hatched out at 30 hours, cleaning and removal of unhatched eggswas done immediately after hatching. The percentage of hatchability is thepercentage of egg which actually hatches out as living young this wasdetermined using the under listed principles,

% Hatchability = Number of egg hatch out ×100 Number of fertile eggs

(Lawson, and Aguda, 2010) Mean weight gain%= Final mean weight ×100 Initial mean weight

(Pangni et al., 2008)

Brood stock Coconut water Ova prime

Female A 25%

75%

Female B 50%

50%

Female C 75%

25%

Female D -

100%


Mean length gain%= Final mean length ×100 Initial mean length

(Pangni et al., 2008)Survival rate % = Total fish number harvested ×100 Total fish number stocked(Pangni et al., 2008)

2.3. Fry rearing and experimental set up

This work was carried out at the Department of Fisheries andAquaculture Delta State University Abraka wet laboratory.

The hatchlings whose yolk sac were completely absorbed and visiblydeveloped after three days of hatching, start to search for food and areknown as “swim up fries” they were counted, weighed and stocked in 200 litrescapacity receptacles in triplicates. The fries were fed three times daily, ondays 1-14 with capsulated Artemia, on days 14-21 fries were fed withcommercial feed (coppens) with size (0.3mm-0.5mm) for 21-28 days, size (0.5mm-0.8mm) for 28-42 days, size (0.8mm-1.2mm) for 42-56, size (1.2mm-1.5mm)for 56-70 and finally size (2mm).All the fries in the various receptacle weregiven the same feed treatment subsequently weight and length measurement weretaken weekly as well as survival rate in each receptacle .

2.4 Statistical Analysis

One way ANOVA was used to compare the mean growth rate at p<0.05 significant level and 95% confidence interval.

3. Results and Discussion

The research examines the use of coconut water in combination withhormone as ripening hormone in the hypophysation of Clarias gariepinus costimplication was also examined. Treatment (E) coconut water (100%) has noeffect on the brood fish table 1: hatchability rate is a factor of thepercentage of the total egg hatch-out (Bosworth, and Waldbieser, 2014 andLegendre et al, 2000) Treatment (C) has the highest hatchability rate of 90%while treatments A, B and D has 60, 65 and 75%. The highest change in lengthwas recorded by treatment (C) in Fig 2 while treatment (D) has the highestchange in weight indicated in Fig 1.The Survival rate in table 2 shows thattreatments A, B, C and D were 70, 70, 85 and 80% respectively the closenessof this important factor reveal that there is not much difference in terms of


the ability of the fries produced to reach marketable size an opinion sharedby Abdelhamid et al., (2010) and (Bui et al., 2010) The cost analysis intable 3 revealed a drastically reduced cost of production to the culturist,the reduction in the use of hormone will help in reducing consumers apathy tofood produced with synthetic products Coconut being an organic product withmany health benefits combining this plant with synthetic products mightreduce the assumed harmful effect (NOT PROVEN) by the consumer to the use ofhormone (synthetic products) in the hypophysation of C.gariepinus. Researcherslike Arantes et al.(2011), Zohar & Mylonas, (2001) used pituitary fromdonor fish of same strain to induce maturation of eggs in fishes withrelative good results. The use of pituitary gland of carp fish was reportedby Ênio et al, ( 2014) the results from all this work shows a good level ofsuccess but the singular fact that unlike coconuts all this products are notreadily available to the needy farmer that wants to reduce cost and producefish with little or no addition of generic substances makes coconut a choiceto critically examined for proper integration.

Fig 1. Mean of the initial and final weight of the fries of Clariasgariepinus, injected with coconut water and hormone.


Fig 2. Mean of the initial and final length of the fry of Clarias gariepinus

injected with coconut water and hormone.

Table 2: Showing the initial and final mean of weight and length and the

survival rate of the fries of Clarias gariepinus ;Coconut water - Hormone

(A) (25% - 75%)

Coconut water - Hormone(B) (50%-50%)

Coconut water - Hormone(C) (75% - 25%)

Hormone (D) (100%)

Initial weightFinal weightChanges inWeightInitial lengthFinal lengthChanges inlength

Hatchabilityrate

0.1834±0.00221.2260± 0.0491.0430.8322± 0.00266.0200± 0.0525.19

60%

70%

0.1834± 0.00231.2260± 0.06331.0430.8305 ± 0.00255.9900± 0.8235.16

65%

70%

0.1827± 0.00202.0520± 1.001.2040.8312 ± 0.00276.1900± 0.9835.36

90%

85%

0.1821±0.000221.3860 ±0.7561.870.8301 ±0.00296.0500±0.0505.22


Survival rate75%

80%

Table 3: Showing the cost analysis of coconut water (Cocoprime) and hormone (Ovaprime) used.

Coconut water (cocoprim) Hormone(Ovaprime)500ml = $0.0027

10ml = $27

1ml = $0.00000054 1ml = $2.7

4. ConclusionThe results from this research gave an indication that mixing Coconut

water with synthetic hormone could by the way forward in the quest to reducethe use of synthetic product in Aquaculture and in products that would beconsumed. This report however is not conclusive on the ability of Coconutwater to initiate and affect the growth of C.gariepinus.

AcknowledgementThis is to acknowledge Miss Uforma and Mr Irabor Arnold who helped in data

collection during the course of the research and the Department of Fisheriesand Aquaculture. Delta State University Abraka. Asaba campus Nigeria.

References

Abdelhamid, A. M., Adwan, I. ., Mehrim1, I. ., & Abdelhamid. A.F.B. (2010). IMPROVING THE SURVIVAL RATE OF AFRICAN CATFISH , Clarias gariepinus. J. Animal and Poultry Production, Mansoura Univ, 1(9), 409–414.


Arantes, F. P., Santos, H. B., Rizzo, E., Sato, Y., & Bazzoli, N. (2011). Influence of water temperature on induced reproduction by hypophysation, sex steroids concentrations and finaloocyte maturation of the “curimatã-pacu” Prochilodus argenteus (Pisces: Prochilodontidae). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 172(3), 400–408. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.007

Bartley, D. M., Rana, K., & Immink, a. J. (2000). The use of inter-specific hybrids in aquaculture and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 10(3), 325–337. doi:10.1023/A:1016691725361

Beardmore, J. a., Mair, G. C., & Lewis, R. I. (2001). Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia: Applications, problems, and prospects. Aquaculture, 197, 283–301. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00590-7

Bosworth, B and Waldbieser, G. (2014). General and specific combining ability of male blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and female channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) for growth and carcass yield of their F1 hybrid progeny. Aquaculture, 420-421, 147–153. doi:doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.10.026

Boyd, C. E., & Lichtkpper. F. (2002). Water quality management in pond culture. Research and. InResearch andDevelopment series (22nd ed.).

Bui, T. M., Phan, L. T., Ingram, B. a., Nguyen, T. T. T., Gooley, G. J., Nguyen, H. V., … De Silva, S. S. (2010). Seed production practices of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. Aquaculture, 306(1-4), 92–100. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.016

Coward, K., & Bromage, N. R. (2000). Reproductive physiology of female tilapia broodstock. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 10, 1–25. doi:10.1023/A:1008942318272

Eltholth, M., Fornace, Kimberly, D. G., Rushton, J., & Häsler, B. (2015). Characterisation of production, marketing and consumption patterns of farmed tilapia in the Nile Delta of Egypt. Elsevier Food Policy, 51, 131–143.

Ênio, J., Souza, X., Pedro, D., Jr, S., Abreu, J. S. De, Fátima, E. De, … Povh, A. (2014). Ovopel and Carp Pituitary Extract as Spawning Inducers in Males of the Amazon Catfish Leiarius marmoratus ( Gill , 1970 ), 57(December), 882–886.

Janick, A. and P. R. . (2008). The Encyclopedia of fruit and nuts. Wallingford U.K.: CAB international.

Lawson, E.O and Aguda, A. . (2010). Growth patterns. Diet compositionand Reproduction in the Tenpounder, Elops lacerta from Olge lagoon. lagos Nigeria. Biol .J. N. Am, 1(5), 974–984. doi:10.525i/abjna 2010,1.5.974.984

Legendre, M., Slembrouck, j Subagja, J and Kristanto, A. H. (2000). Ovulation rate, latency period and ova viability after GnRH- or hCG-induced breeding in the Asian catfish Pangasiushypophthalmus(Siluriformes, Pangasiidae). Aquatic Living Resources, Volume, 13(3), 145–151.

Nwachi, O. F. (2013). An overview of the Importance of Probiotics in Aquaculture. Journal of Fisheriesand Aquatic Science. ISSN1816-4927Academic Journals Inc., USA, 8(1), 30–32. doi:10.3923/jfas.2013.3032


Olele, N.F and Tighiri, O. . (2013). Optimization Of Triploidy Induction And Growth Performance Of Clarias Anguillarias ( African Catfish ) Using Cold Olele Nkeonyeasua Florence Tighiri Onome Harrison Procurement and Selection of Broodstock Administration of Ovaprim Procurement of Milt Strip, 1(1), 33–40.

Pangni K, A. B. C. and K. N. J. (2008). Effect of stocking density on growth and survival of theAfrican catfish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Claroteidae (Lacépède 1803) larvae in circulartanks. Volume 20, 20.

Zohar, Y., & Mylonas, C. C. (2001). Endocrine manipulations of spawning in cultured fish: From hormones to genes. Aquaculture, 197(1-4), 99–136. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00584-1

The Use of Coconut Water in Hypophysation of Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) in Niger Delta Region

Documents

Transcript of The Use of Coconut Water in Hypophysation of Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) in Niger Delta Region