From the 21st Century BC to the 21st Century AD

Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid

22-24 July 2010

edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina

Winona Lake, Indiana EISENBRAUNS

2013

© 2013 by Eisenbrauns Inc. All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

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The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American Na-tional Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materi-als, ANSI Z39.48–1984. ♾ ™

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies (2010 : Madrid, Spain)From the 21st century B.C. to the 21st century A.D. : proceedings of the

International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies held in Madrid 22–24 July 2010 / edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina.

pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and indexes.ISBN 978-1-57506-296-9 (hardback : alkaline paper)1. Ur (Extinct city)—Civilization—Congresses. 2. Sumerian language—

Texts—Congresses. 3. Babylonia—History—Congresses. 4. Iraq—History—To 634—Congresses. 5. Iraq—Antiquities—Congresses. I. Garfinkle, Steven J. II. Molina, Manuel. III. Title.

DS70.5.U7I56 2010935′.501—dc23 2013040752

We dedicate this volume to Hartmut Waetzoldt with great affection from his friends and colleagues. Hartmut’s skills and energy as an Assyriologist are matched by his devotion to the study of the Third Dynasty of Ur. The numerous authors in this volume have all benefited from his many contributions to our un-derstanding of this period over the last four decades.

vii

Contents Dedication ................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ ix Foreword ................................................................................................................ xxiii

Language and Sources Ur III as a Linguistic Watershed .............................................................................. 3 MIGUEL CIVIL Sumerian Adjectival Passives Using the *im- Prefix: The Old Babylonian Evidence and Some Possible Third Millennium Precursors ............................ 19 J. CALE JOHNSON Hypotactic and Paratactic Complementation in Sumerian ditilla Texts ............. 49 FUMI KARAHASHI On the Location of Irisaĝrig .................................................................................... 59 MANUEL MOLINA The Archive of Iri-Saĝrig / Āl-Šarrākī .................................................................... 89 DAVID I. OWEN

Administration and Ideology Some Considerations on the Management of an Administrative Structure in Ur III Mesopotamia: The Case of mar-sa ............................... 105 SERGIO ALIVERNINI The Tenure of Provincial Governors: Some Observations ................................... 115 LANCE ALLRED Symbols and Bureaucratic Performances in the Ur III Administrative Sphere: An Interpretation Through Data Mining .......................................... 125 ALESSANDRO DI LUDOVICO The Third Dynasty of Ur and the Limits of State Power in Early Mesopotamia ...................................................................................... 153 STEVEN GARFINKLE Networks of Authority and Power in Ur III Times .............................................. 169 PIOTR MICHALOWSKI Prince Etel-pū-Dagān, Son of Šulgi ...................................................................... 207 PALMIRO NOTIZIA The Ur III Administration: Workers, Messengers, and Sons .............................. 221 FRANCO POMPONIO

viii Contents Šulgi Meets Stalin: Comparative Propaganda as a Tool of Mining the Šulgi Hymns for Historical Data .............................................................. 233 LUDĚK VACÍN

Economy and Society The Control of Copper and Bronze Objects in Umma During the Ur III Period ................................................................................. 251 FRANCO D’AGOSTINO AND FRANCESCA GORELLO Le Système Après-Récolte dans l’Hydro-Agriculture Mésopotamienne à la Fin du IIIe Millénaire avant notre Ère ....................... 267 JEAN-PIERRE GRÉGOIRE The Barbers of Iri-Saĝrig ....................................................................................... 301 ALEXANDRA KLEINERMAN Absence from Work in Ur III Umma: Reasons and Terminology ........................ 313 NATALIA KOSLOVA The Manufacture of a Statue of Nanaja: Mesopotamian Jewellery-Making Techniques at the End of the Third Millennium B.C. ................................... 333 PAOLA PAOLETTI Corvée Labor in Ur III Times ................................................................................ 347 PIOTR STEINKELLER Ikalla, Scribe of (Wool) Textiles and Linen .......................................................... 425 LORENZO VERDERAME AND GABRIELLA SPADA The Regular Offerings of Lambs and Kids for Deities and the é-uz-ga During the Reign of Šulgi: A Study of the mu-TÚM and zi-ga/ba-zi Texts from the Animal Center ........................................................................ 445 WU YUHONG AND LI XUEYAN

INDICES Personal Names ............................................................................................... 459 Divine Names ................................................................................................... 463 Toponyms ......................................................................................................... 464 Sumerian Words and Phrases ......................................................................... 467 Texts Quoted .................................................................................................... 470 ED IIIa-b Texts ............................................................................................ 470 Old Akkadian Texts ..................................................................................... 470 Lagaš II and Ur III Texts ............................................................................ 470 Old Babylonian Texts .................................................................................. 489 Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts ......................................................... 490 Law Collections ............................................................................................ 490 Literary Texts .............................................................................................. 490 Incantations and Medical Texts .................................................................. 491 Lexical Texts ................................................................................................ 492 Grammatical Texts ...................................................................................... 492

PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE .............................................................................. 493

ix

Abbreviations

A Tablets in the collections of the Oriental Institute. University of Chicago AAICAB I/1-4 J.-P. Grégoire, Contribution à l’Histoire Sociale, Économique, Politique

et Culturelle du Proche-Orient Ancien. Archives Administratives et Ins-criptions Cunéiformes de l’Ashmolean Museum et de la Bodleian Collec-tion d’Oxford (AAICAB). I. Les Sources 1-4. Paris 1996-2004.

AAS J.-P. Grégoire, Archives administratives sumériennes. Paris 1970. AbB 7 F. R. Kraus, Briefe aus dem British Museum (CT 52). Altbabylonische

Briefe in Umschrift und Übersetzung 7. Leiden 1977. AbB 12 W. H. van Soldt, Letters in the British Museum. Altbabylonische Briefe

in Umschrift und Übersetzung 12. Leiden 1990. AfO Archiv für Orientforschung. Vienna. Akkadica Akkadica. Bruxelles. Amherst Th. G. Pinches, The Amherst Tablets I. London 1908. Amorites G. Buccellati, The Amorites of the Ur III Period. Naples 1966. AnOr 1 N. Schneider, Die Drehem- und Djoha- Urkunden der Strassburger Uni-

versitäts- und Landesbibliothek. Analecta Orientalia 1. Rome 1931. AnOr 7 N. Schneider, Die Drehem- und Djohatexte im Kloster Montserrat (Barce-

lona) in Autographie und mit systematischen Wörterverzeichnissen. Ana-lecta Orientalia 7. Rome 1932.

AnOr 12 Miscellanea Orientalia dedicata Antonio Deimel annos LXX complenti. Analecta Orientalia 12. Rome 1935.

AnOr 45 G. Pettinato, Texte zur Verwaltung der Landwirtschaft in der Ur-III Zeit. Analecta Orientalia 45. Rome 1969.

AO Tablets in the collections of the Louvre Museum (Antiquités orientales). AOS 32 A. L. Oppenheim, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets of the Wilberforce

Eames Babylonian Collection in the New York Public Library. Tablets of the Time of the Third Dynasty of Ur. American Oriental Series 32. New Haven 1948.

ARET 5 D. O. Edzard, Hymnen, Beschwörungen und Verwandtes (aus dem Ar-chiv L. 2769). Archivi Reali di Ebla. Testi 5. Rome 1984.

ARM 7 J. Bottéro, Textes économiques et administratifs. Archives Royales de Mari 7. Paris 1957.

ARM 26 J.-M. Durand, Archives épistolaires de Mari. Archives Royales de Mari 26. Paris 1988.

ASJ Acta Sumerologica. Hiroshima. ’Atiqot 4 S. J. Levy and P. Artzi, Sumerian and Akkadian Documents from Public

and Private Collections in Israel. ’Atiqot. English Series 4, Jerusalem 1965.

x Abbr

Abbreviations

AUCT 1 M. Sigrist, Neo-Sumerian Account Texts in the Horn Archaeological Museum. Andrews University Cuneiform Texts 1. Berrien Sprigs 1984.

AUCT 2 M. Sigrist, Neo-Sumerian Account Texts in the Horn Archaeological Museum. Andrews University Cuneiform Texts 2. Berrien Sprigs 1988.

AUCT 3 Sigrist, M., Gavin, C.E.S., Stein, D., and Menard, C., Neo-Sumerian Account Texts in the Horn Archaeological Museum. Andrews University Cuneiform Texts 3. Berrien Sprigs 1988.

AuOr Aula Orientalis. Revista de Estudios del Próximo Oriente Antiguo. Saba-dell (Barcelona).

Babyl. Babyloniaca. Études de Philologie Assyro-Babylonienne. Paris. BagM Baghdader Mitteilungen. Berlin/Mainz. BBVO 11 R. L. Zettler, The Ur III Temple of Inanna at Nippur. The Operation and

Organization of Urban Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia in the Late Third Millennium B.C. Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 11. Ber-lin 1992.

BCT 1 P. J. Watson, Catalogue of Cuneiform Tablets in Birmingham City Mu-seum I: Neo-Sumerian Texts from Drehem. Warminster 1986.

BCT 2 P. J. Watson, Neo-Sumerian Texts from Umma and Other Sites. Cata-logue of Cuneiform Tablets in Birmingham City Museum. II. Warmin-ster 1993.

BDTNS M. Molina, Database of Neo-Sumerian Texts. http://bdtns.filol.csic.es. BE 1/2 H. V. Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions chiefly from Nippur. Part

2. The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania 1/2. Philadelphia 1896.

BE 3/1 D. W. Myhrman, Sumerian Administrative Documents Dated in the Reigns of the Second Dynasty of Ur from the Temple Archives of Nippur. The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania 3/1. Phil-adelphia 1910.

Berens Th. G. Pinches, The Babylonian Tablets of the Berens Collection. London 1915.

BIN 10 M. Van De Mieroop, Sumerian Administrative Documents from the Reigns of Išbi-Erra and Šu-ilišu. Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collec-tion of B. J. Nies 10. New Haven/London 1987.

BIN 3 C. E. Keiser, Neo-Sumerian Account Texts from Drehem. Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of B. J. Nies 3. New Haven/London 1971.

BIN 5 G. G. Hackman, Temple Documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur from Umma. Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of B. J. Nies 5. New Haven 1937.

BIN 8 G. G. Hackman, Sumerian and Akkadian administrative texts from predynastic times to the end of the Akkad dynasty. Babylonian Inscrip-tions in the Collection of B. J. Nies 8. New Haven 1958.

BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library. Manchester. BLMJ Tablets in the collections of the Bible Lands Museum. Jerusalem. BM Tablets in the collections of the British Museum. London. BPOA 1 T. Ozaki and M. Sigrist, Ur III Administrative Tablets from the British

Museum. Part One. Biblioteca del Próximo Oriente Antiguo 1. Madrid 2006.

Abbreviations xi

BPOA 2 T. Ozaki and M. Sigrist, Ur III Administrative Tablets from the British

Museum. Part Two. Biblioteca del Próximo Oriente Antiguo 2. Madrid 2006. BPOA 6 M. Sigrist and T. Ozaki, Neo-Sumerian Administrative Tablets from the

Yale Babylonian Collection. Part One. Biblioteca del Próximo Oriente Antiguo 6. Madrid 2009.

BPOA 7 M. Sigrist and T. Ozaki, Neo-Sumerian Administrative Tablets from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Part Two. Biblioteca del Próximo Oriente Antiguo 7. Madrid 2009.

BPOA 10 P. Paoletti, Der König und sein Kreis. Das staatliche Schatzarchiv der III. Dynastie von Ur. Biblioteca del Próximo Oriente Antiguo 10. Madrid 2012.

BRM 3 C. E. Keiser, Cuneiform Bullae of the Third Millennium B.C. Babylonian Records in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan 3. New Haven 1914.

BWAth Bulletin Wadsworth Atheneum. Hartford. CBCY 3 M. Sigrist, Neo-Sumerian Archival Texts in the Nies Babylonian Collec-

tion. Catalogue of the Babylonian Collections at Yale 3. Bethesda 2001. CDLB Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin. http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlb.html. CDLI Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. http://cdli.ucla.edu. CDLJ Cuneiform Digital Library Journal. http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj.html. CHANE Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Leiden/Boston/Köln. CHEU G. Contenau, Contribution à l’histoire économique d’Umma. Paris 1915. CM 26 T. M. Sharlach, Provincial Taxation and the Ur III State. Cuneiform

Monographs 26. Leiden 2004. CST T. Fish, Catalogue of Sumerian Tablets in the John Rylands Library.

Manchester 1932. CT 1 L. W. King, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the Brit-

ish Museum. Part I (CT 1). London 1896. CT 3 L. W. King, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the Brit-

ish Museum. Part III (CT 3). London 1898. CT 5 L. W. King, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the Brit-

ish Museum. Part V (CT 5). London 1898. CT 7 L. W. King, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the Brit-

ish Museum. Part VII (CT 7). London 1899. CT 8 Th. G. Pinches, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British

Museum. Part VIII (CT 8). London 1899. CT 9 L. W. King, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the Brit-

ish Museum. Part IX (CT 9). London 1900. CT 10 L. W. King, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the Brit-

ish Museum. Part X (CT 10). London 1900. CT 32 L. W. King, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the Brit-

ish Museum. Part XXXII (CT 32). London 1912. CTNMC Th. Jacobsen, Cuneiform Texts in the National Museum, Copenhagen.

Leiden 1939. CUSAS 3 D. I. Owen and R, Mayr, The Garšana Archives. Cornell University

Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 3. Bethesda 2007.

xii Abbreviations

CUSAS 12 M. Civil, The Lexical Texts in the Schøyen Collection. Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection 5. Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 12. Bethesda 2010.

CUSAS 16 S. Garfinkle, H. Sauren, and M. Van De Mieroop, Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Library. Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 16. Bethesda 2010.

CUSAS 17 A. George (ed.), Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and related Texts in the Schøyen Collection. Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection. Cuneiform texts VI. Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 17. Bethesda 2011.

CUSAS 22 S. J. Garfinkle, Entrepreneurs and Enterprise in Early Mesopotamia. A Study of Three Archives from the Third Dynasty of Ur. Cornell Univer-sity Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 22. Bethesda 2012.

DAS B. Lafont, Documents administatifs sumériens provenant du site de Tello et conservés au Musée du Louvre. Paris 1985.

DoCu EPHE J.-M. Durand, Documents cunéiformes de la IVe section de l’École pra-tique des Hautes Études. Tome I: Catalogue et copies cunéiformes. Ge-nève/Paris 1982.

DP F.-M. Allotte de la Fuÿe, Documents présargoniques. Paris 1908-1920. Essays Gordon 1

H. A. Hoffner (ed.), Orient and Occident: Essays presented to Cyrus H. Gordon on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 22. Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn 1973.

Farmer’s Instructions

M. Civil, The Farmer’s Instructions. A Sumerian Agricultural Manual. Aula Orientalis - Supplementa 5. Sabadell 1994.

Frühe Schrift H. J. Nissen, P. Damerow, and R. K. Englund, Frühe Schrift und Tech-niken der Wirtschaftsverwaltung im alten Vorderen Orient. Berlin 1990.

Fs. Haas T. Richter, D. Prechel, and J. Klinger (eds.), Kulturgeschichten. Altorien-talische Studien für Volkert Haas zum 65. Geburstag. Saarbrücken 2001.

FT H. de Genouillac, Fouilles de Tello. Paris 1934-36. FTUPM H. P. Martin, F. Pomponio, G. Visicato, and A. Westenholz, The Fara

Tablets in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Bethesda 2001.

Gratianus-Stiftung

H.-G. Rösch and G. Straub (eds.), Gratianus-Stiftung Sammlungskata-log 1. Reutlingen 2004.

Hirose T. Gomi, Y. Hirose, and K. Hirose, Neo-Sumerian Account Texts of the Hirose Collection. Potomac 1990.

HLC G. A. Barton, Harverford Library Collection of Cuneiform Texts or Doc-uments from the Temple Archives of Telloh, vols. 1-3. Philadelphia 1905-14.

HSM Tablets in the collections of the Harvard Semitic Museum. Boston. HSS 4 M. I. Hussey, Sumerian Tablets in the Harvard Semitic Museum (II)

from the Time of the Dynasty of Ur. Harvard Semitic Series 4. Cam-bridge MA 1915.

HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual. Cincinnati. Iraq Iraq. British School of Archaeology in Iraq. London. ISET 1 M. Çıg and H. Kızılyay (with an Introduction by S. N. Kramer), Sume-

Abbreviations xiii

rian Literary Tablets and Fragments in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul I = Istanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerinde Bulunan Sumer Edebî Tab-let ve Parçalari I. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlarindan VI/13. Ankara 1969.

ITT 2 H. de Genouillac, Textes de l’Époque d’Agadé et de l’Époque d’Ur. Inven-taire des Tablettes de Tello conservées au Musée Impérial Ottoman 2. Paris 1910.

ITT 3 H. de Genouillac, Textes de l’Époque d’Ur. Inventaire des Tablettes de Tello conservées au Musée Impérial Ottoman 3. Paris 1912.

ITT 5 H. de Genouillac, Époque Présargonique, Époque d’Agadé, Époque d’Ur. Inventaire des Tablettes de Tello conservées au Musée Impérial Otto-man 5. Paris 1921.

JAC Journal of Ancient Civilizations. Changchun. JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society. Boston. JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies. New Haven/Boston. JEOL Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap “Ex Oriente

Lux”. Leiden. JMEOS Journal of the Manchester Egyptian and Oriental Society. Manchester. JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago. JSOR Journal of the Society of Oriental Research. Chicago/Toronto. KM Tablets in the collections of the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology. Ann

Arbor. Kramer AV B. L. Eichler et al. (eds.), Kramer Anniversary Volume. Cuneiform Stud-

ies in Honor of Samuel Noah Kramer. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25. Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn 1976.

Kyoto Y. Nakahara, The Sumerian Tablets in the Imperial University of Kyoto. Kyoto 1928.

Ledgers D. Snell, Ledgers and Prices. Early Mesopotamian Merchant Accounts. Yale Near Easter Researches 8. New Haven/London 1982.

MAD 4 I. J. Gelb, Sargonic Texts in the Louvre Museum. Materials for the As-syrian Dictionary 4. Chicago 1970.

MCS Manchester Cuneiform Studies. Manchester. MDP 10 V. Scheil, Textes élamites-sémitiques. Quatrième Série. Mémoires de la

Délegation en Perse 10. Paris 1908. MDP 22 V. Scheil, Actes juridiques susiens. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse

22. Paris 1930. Mél. Limet Ö. Tunca and D. Deheselle (eds.), Tablettes et images aux Pays de Sumer

et d’Akkad. Mélanges offerts à Monsieur H. Limet. A.P.H.A. Mémoires 1. Liège 1996.

Mem. Cagni S. Graziani (ed.), Studi sul Vicino Oriente Antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni. Istituto Orientali di Napoli DSA, Series Minor LXI, 4 vols. Naples 2000.

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia. Rivista di Archeologia a cura del Centro Ricerche Archeo-logiche e Scavi di Torino per il Medio Oriente e d’Asia. Turin.

Métal H. Limet, Le travail du métal au pays de Sumer au temps de la IIIe dy-nastie d’Ur. Paris 1960.

xiv Abbreviations

MFM Medelhavsmuseet. Focus on the Mediterranean. Stockholm. MLC Tablets in the collections of the J. Pierpont Morgan Library. Yale Uni-

versity. MS Tablets in the Schøyen Collection. Oslo. MSL 4 B. Landsberger et al., Emesal-Vocabulary; Old Babylonian and Neo-

Babylonian Grammatical Texts; Nachträge zu MSL III. Materialien zum Sumerischen Lexikon 4. Rome 1956.

MSL 5 B. Landsberger, The Series HAR-ra = hubullu: Tablets I-IV. Materialien zum Sumerischen Lexikon 5. Rome 1957.

MSL 6 B. Landsberger, The Series HAR-ra = hubullu: Tablets V-VII. Materia-lien zum Sumerischen Lexikon 6. Rome 1958.

MSL 11 E. Reiner and M. Civil, The Series HAR-ra = hubullu: Tablets XX-XXIV. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 11. Rome 1974.

MSL 12 B. Landsberger (Ed. por E. Reiner and M. Civil), The Series lú = ša: A Reconstruction of Sumerian and Akkadian Lexical Lists. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 12. Rome 1969.

MSL 14 M. Civil, M. W. Green, and W. G. Lambert, Ea A = nâqu, Aa A = nâqu, with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 14. Rome 1979.

MSL 16 I. L. Finkel and M. Civil, The Series SIG7.ALAN = Nabnītu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 16. Rome 1982.

MSL 17 A. Cavigneaux et al., The Series Erim-huš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 17. Rome 1985.

MTBM M. Sigrist, Messenger Texts from the British Museum. Ann Arbor 1990. MVAG Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch(-Ägyptisch)en Gesellschaft. Leipzig. MVN 1 G. Pettinato and H. Waetzoldt. La collezione Schollmeyer. Materiali per

il Vocabolario Neosumerico 1. Rome 1974. MVN 2 H. Sauren, Wirtschaftsurkunden des Musée d’Art et d’Histoire in Genf.

Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 2. Rome 1975. MVN 3 D. Owen, The John Frederick Lewis Collection. Materiali per il Vocabo-

lario Neosumerico 3. Rome 1975. MVN 4 L. Cagni and G. Pettinato, La collezione del Pontificio Istituto Biblico -

La collezione della Collegiata dei SS. Pietro e Orso - Aosta. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 4. Rome 1976.

MVN 5 E. Sollberger, The Pinches Manuscript. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 5. Rome 1978.

MVN 6 G. Pettinato, Testi economici di Lagaš del Museo di Istanbul. Parte I: La. 7001-7600. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 6. Rome 1977.

MVN 7 G. Pettinato and S. A. Picchioni, Testi economici di Lagaš del Museo di Istanbul. Parte II: La. 7601-8200. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosume-rico 7. Rome 1978.

MVN 8 D. Calvot, Textes économiques du Selluš-Dagan du Musée du Louvre et du College de France; G. Pettinato, S. A. Picchioni, and F. Reschid, Testi economici dell’Iraq Museum Baghdad. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neo-sumerico 8. Rome 1979.

MVN 9 D. Snell, The E. A. Hoffman Collection and Other American Collections.

Abbreviations xv

Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 9. Rome 1979. MVN 10 J. P. Grégoire, Inscriptions et archives administratives cunéiformes. Ie

Partie. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 10. Rome 1981. MVN 11 D. Owen, Selected Ur III Texts from the Harvard Semitic Museum. Ma-

teriali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 11. Rome 1982. MVN 12 T. Gomi, Wirtschaftstexte der Ur III - Zeit aus dem British Museum.

Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 12. Rome 1982. MVN 13 M. Sigrist, D. Owen and G. D. Young, The John Frederick Lewis Collec-

tion. Part II. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 13. Rome 1984. MVN 14 F. Yıldız, H. Waetzoldt, and H. Renner, Die Umma-Texte aus den Archä-

ologischen Museen zu Istanbul. Nr. 1-600. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 14. Rome 1988.

MVN 15 D. Owen, Neo-Sumerian Texts from American Collections. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 15. Rome 1991.

MVN 16 H. Waetzoldt and F. Yıldız, Die Umma-Texte aus den Archäologischen Museen zu Istanbul. Band II (Nr. 601-1600). Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 16. Rome 1994.

MVN 17 G. Pettinato, Testi economici Neo-Sumerici del British Museum (BM 12230 - BM 12390). Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 17. Rome 1993.

MVN 18 M. Molina, Tablillas administrativas neosumerias de la Abadía de Montserrat (Barcelona). Copias Cuneiformes. Materiali per il Vocabola-rio Neosumerico 18. Rome 1993.

MVN 19 P. Mander, Testi economici Neo-Sumerici del British Museum (BM 12600-12750). Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 19. Rome 1995.

MVN 20 F. D’Agostino, Testi amministrativi della III Dinastia di Ur dal Museo Statale Ermitage. San Pietroburgo - Russia. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 20. Rome 1997.

MVN 21 N. Koslova, Neusumerische Verwaltungstexte aus Umma aus der Samm-lung der Ermitage zu St. Petersburg - Rußland. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 21. Rome 2000.

MVN 22 M. Molina, Testi ammnistrativi neosumerici del British Museum. BM 13601 - 14300. Materiali per il Vocabolario Neosumerico 22. Rome 2003.

NABU Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires. Paris. Nasha, Diss. S. B. Nelson, Nasha: A study of administrative texts of the Third Dyn-

asty of Ur. Ph. D. Diss. University of Minnesota 1972. NATN D. I. Owen, Neo-Sumerian Archival Texts Primarily from Nippur in the

University Museum, the Oriental Institute and the Iraq Museum. Winona Lake 1982.

NBC Tablets in the Nies Babylonian Collection. Yale University. Nebraska N. W. Forde, Nebraska Cuneiform Texts of the Sumerian Ur Dynasty.

Lawrence 1967. NFT G. Cros, Nouvelles fouilles de Tello, publiées avec le concours de Léon

Heuzey, Fçois Thureau-Dangin. Paris 1910-1914. Nik. 1 M. V. Nikolskij, Dokumenty chozjajstevnnoj otcetnosti drevnejšej epochi

chaldei iz sobranija N. P. Lichaceva. Drevnosti Vostocnyja 3/II. St. Pe-

xvi Abbreviations

tersburg 1908. Nik. 2 M. V. Nikolskij, Dokumenty chozjajstvennoj otcetnosti drevnejšej epochi

Chaldei iz sobranija N. P. Lichaceva, Č. II: Epoch dinastii Agade i epocha dinastii Ura. Drevnosti Vostocnya 5. Moscow 1915.

Nisaba 3/2 M. E. Milone, G. Spada and M. Capitani, Umma Messenger Texts in the British Museum, Part Two (UMTBM 2). Girsu Messenger Texts in the British Museum. Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 3. Messina 2003.

Nisaba 5 F. D’Agostino, F. Pomponio, and R. Laurito, Neo-Sumerian Texts from Ur in the British Museum. Epigraphical and Archaeological Catalogue of an Unpublished Corpus of Texts and Fragments. Nisaba. Studi Assi-riologici Messinesi 5. Messina 2004.

Nisaba 6 F. N. H. al-Rawi and F. D’Agostino, Neo-Sumerian Administrative Texts from Umma kept in the British Museum. Part One (NATU I). Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 6. Messina 2005.

Nisaba 8 J. Politi and L. Verderame, The Drehem Texts in the British Museum (DTBM). Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 8. Messina 2005.

Nisaba 9 M. Molina and M. Such, Neo-Sumerian Administrative Texts in the Brit-ish Museum. BM 107926-108315. Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 9. Messina 2005.

Nisaba 11 F. N. H. al-Rawi and L. Verderame, Documenti amministrativi neo-sumerici da Umma conservati al British Museum (NATU II). Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 11. Messina 2006.

Nisaba 15/2 D. I. Owen, Cuneiform Texts Primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-Šarrākī and the History of the Ur III Period. 2. Catalogue and Texts. Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 15/2. Messina 2013.

Nisaba 22 P. Notizia, I testi dei messaggeri da Girsu-Lagaš della Terza Dinastia di Ur. Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 22. Messina 2009.

Nisaba 23 F. N. H. al-Rawi and L. Verderame, Neo-Sumerian Administrative Texts from Umma kept in the British Museum. Part Three (NATU III). Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 23. Messina 2009.

Nisaba 24 F. N. H. al-Rawi, F. D’Agostino, and J. Taylor, Neo-Sumerian Adminis-trative Texts from Umma kept in the British Museum. Part Four (NATU IV). Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi 24. Messina 2009.

NRVN 1 M. Çıg and H. Kızılyay, Neusumerische Rechts- und Verwaltungsurkun-den aus Nippur I. Yeni Sumer Cagina ait Nippur Hukukî ve Idarî Bel-geleri I. Ankara 1965.

NSGU A. Falkenstein, Die neusumerischen Gerichtsurkunden 1-3. Munich 1956-57.

NYPL H. Sauren, Les tablettes cunéiformes de l’époque d’Ur des collections de la New York Public Library. Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain 19. Leuven 1978.

OBTR R. Lau, Old Babylonian Temple Records. Columbia University Oriental Studies 3. New York 1966.

OIP 115 M. Hilgert, Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Insti-tute. 1: Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Šulgi. Ori-ental Institute Publications 115. Chicago 1998.

OIP 121 M. Hilgert, Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Insti-

Abbreviations xvii

tute. 2: Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Amar-Suena. Oriental Institute Publications 121. Chicago 2003.

OLP Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica. Leuven. Ontario 1 M. Sigrist, Neo-Sumerian Texts from the Royal Ontario Museum. I. The

Administration at Drehem. Bethesda 1995. Ontario 2 M. Sigrist, Neo-Sumerian Texts from the Royal Ontario Museum. II.

Administrative Texts Mainly from Umma. Bethesda 2004. Orient Orient. Report of the Society of Near Eastern Studies in Japan. Tokyo. OrNS Orientalia Nova Series. Rome. OrSP Orientalia Series Prior. Rome. OrSP 47-49 N. Schneider, Die Geschäftsurkunden aus Drehem und Djoha in den

Staatlichen Museen (VAT) zu Berlin. Orientalia Series Prior 47-49. Rome 1930.

PAS B. Alster, Proverbs of Ancient Sumer. The World’s Earliest Proverb Col-lections, 2 vols. Bethesda 1997.

PBS I/1 D. Myhrmann, Babylonian Hymns and Prayers. Publications of the Babylonian Section I/1. Philadelphia 1911.

PBS 13 L. Legrain, Historical Fragments. Publications of the Babylonian Sec-tion 13. Philadelphia 1922.

PDT 1 M. Çıg, H. Kızılyay, and H. Salonen, Die Puzriš-Dagan-Texte der Istan-buler Archäologischen Museen. Teil I: Nrr. 1-725. Helsinki 1954.

PDT 2 F. Yıldız and T. Gomi, Die Puzriš-Dagan-Texte der Istanbuler Archäolo-gischen Museen. Teil II: Nr. 726-1379. Freiburger Altorientalische Stu-dien 16. Stuttgart 1988.

PPAC 4 T. Ozaki and M. Sigrist, Tablets in Jerusalem: Sainte-Anne and Saint-Étienne. Periodic Publications on Ancient Civilizations 4 = Supplement to Journal of Ancient Civilizations 2. Changchun 2010.

Priests and Officials

K. Watanabe (ed.), Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East. Papers of the Second Colloquium on the Ancient Near East: The City and its Life, held at the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan (Mitaka, To-kyo. March 22-24, 1996). Heidelberg 1999.

Prima dell’alfabeto

M. Fales, Prima dell’alfabeto. La storia della scrittura attraverso testi cuneiformi inediti. Venezia 1989.

Princeton 1 M. Sigrist, Tablettes du Princeton Theological Seminary. Époque d’Ur III. Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 10. Phil-adelphia 1990.

Princeton 2 M. Sigrist, Tablets from the Princeton Theological Seminary. Ur III Pe-riod. Part 2. Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 18. Philadelphia 2008.

RA Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie Orientale. Paris. RB Revue Biblique. Paris. RBC Tablets in the Rosen Babylonian Collection. Yale University. RIAA L. Speleers, Recueil des Inscriptions de l’Asie antérieure des Musées

royaux d’art et d’histoire à Bruxelles. Bruxelles 1925. RIME 1 D. R. Frayne, Presargonic Period (2700-2350 BC). The Royal Inscrip-

tions of Mesopotamia. Early Periods 1. Toronto/Buffalo/London 2008.

xviii Abbreviations

RIME 2 D. R. Frayne, Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Early Periods 2. Toronto/Buffalo/London 1993.

RIME 3/2 D. R. Frayne, Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Early Periods 3/2. Toronto/Buffalo/London 1997.

RO Rocznik Orientalistyczny. Warsaw. Rochester M. Sigrist, Documents from Tablet Collections in Rochester - New York.

Bethesda 1991. RSO Rivista degli Studi Orientali. Rome. SA Ch. F. Jean, Šumer et Akkad. Contribution à l’Histoire de la Civilisation

dans la Basse-Mésopotamie. Paris 1923. SACT 1 S. T. Kang, Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive. Sume-

rian and Akkadian Cuneiform Texts in the Collection of the World Herit-age Museum of the University of Illinois. I. Urbana/Chicago/London 1972.

SACT 2 S. T. Kang, Sumerian Economic Texts from the Umma Archive. Sume-rian and Akkadian Cuneiform Texts in the Collection of the World Herit-age Museum of the University of Illinois. II. Urbana/Chicago/London 1973.

Sale Documents

P. Steinkeller, Sale Documents of the Ur-III Period. Freiburger Altorientalische Studien 17. Stuttgart 1989.

Santag 6 N. Koslova, Ur III- Texte der St. Petersburger Ermitage. Santag 6. Wies-baden 2000.

SAT 1 M. Sigrist, Texts from the British Museum. Sumerian Archival Texts 1. Bethesda 1993.

SAT 2 M. Sigrist, Texts from the Yale Babylonian Collections. I. Sumerian Ar-chival Texts 2. Bethesda 2000.

SAT 3 M. Sigrist, Texts from the Yale Babylonian Collections. II. Sumerian Archival Texts 3. Bethesda 2000.

SET T. B. Jones and J. W. Snyder, Sumerian Economic Texts from the Third Ur Dynasty. Minneapolis 1961.

SF A. Deimel, Schultexte aus Fara. Die Inschriften von Fara 2. Leipzig 1923.

Sigrist and Ozaki, S/O

Tablets in the Green Collection, Oklahoma City (M. Sigrist and T. Ozaki, forthcoming).

SmithCS C. Gordon, Smith College Tablets; 110 Cuneiform Texts Selected from the College Collection. Smith College Studies in History 38. Northampton MA 1952.

SNAT T. Gomi and S. Sato, Selected Neo-Sumerian Administrative Texts from the British Museum. Chuo-Gakuin University 1990.

STA E. Chiera, Selected Temple Accounts from Telloh, Yokha and Drehem. Cuneiform Tablets in the Library of Princeton University. Philadelphia 1922.

StOr 9/1 A. Holma and A Salonen, Some Cuneiform Tablets from the Time of the Third Ur Dynasty (Holma Collection Nos. 11-39). Studia Orientalia 9/1. Helsinki 1940.

Abbreviations xix

STU C. L. Bedale, Sumerian Tablets from Umma in the John Rylands Li-brary - Manchester. Manchester 1915.

Studies Hilprecht

Hilprecht Anniversary Volume: Studies in Assyriology and Archaeology dedicated to Hermann V. Hilprecht upon the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of his Doctorate and his Fiftieth Birthday (July 28) by his Colleagues, Friends and Admirers. Leipzig/London/Paris/Chicago 1909.

Studies Hruška

L. Vacín (ed.), U4 du11-ga-ni sá mu-ni-ib-du11. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Blahoslav Hruška. Dresden 2011.

Studies Leichty

A. K. Guinan, et al. (eds.), If a Man Builds a Joyful House: Assyriologi-cal Studies in Honor of Erle Verdun Leichty. Cuneiform Monographs 31. Leiden 2006.

Studies Owen A. Kleinerman and J. M. Sasson (eds.), ‘Why Should Someone Who Knows Something Conceal It?’ Cuneiform Studies in Honor of David I. Owen on His 70th Birthday. Bethesda 2010.

Studies Sigrist

P. Michalowski (ed.), On the Third Dynasty of Ur. Studies in Honor of Marcel Sigrist. Journal of Cuneiform Studies - Supplementary Series 1. Boston 2008.

SumRecDreh. W. N. Nesbit, Sumerian Records from Drehem. New York 1914. SumTemDocs. E. Margolis, Sumerian Temple Documents. New York 1915. Syracuse M. Sigrist, Textes économiques néo-sumeriens de l’Université de Syra-

cuse. Paris 1983. TAD S. H. Langdon, Tablets from the Archives of Drehem, with a Complete

Account of the Origin of the Sumerian Calendar, translation, commen-tary and 23 plates. Paris 1911.

TCCBI 2-2 F. Pomponio, M. Stol, and A. Westenholz (eds.), Le tavolette cuneiformi delle collezioni della Banca d’Italia. II. Tavolette cuneiformi di varia provenienza delle collezioni della Banca d’Italia. Rome 2006.

TCL 1 F. Thureau-Dangin, Lettres et contrats de l’époque de la première dynas-tie babylonienne. Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre 1. Paris 1910.

TCL 2 H. de Genouillac, Tablettes de Drehem, Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre 2, Paris 1911.

TCL 5 H. de Genouillac, Textes économiques d’Oumma de l’époque d’Our. Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre 5. Paris 1922.

TCS G. Boson, Tavolette Cuneiformi Sumere degli Archivi di Drehem e di Djoha, dell’Ultima Dinastia di Ur. Milan 1936.

TCS 1 E. Sollberger, The Business and Administrative Correspondence under the Kings of Ur. Texts from Cuneiform Sources 1. Locust Valley 1966.

TCTI 1 B. Lafont and F. Yıldız, Tablettes cunéiformes de Tello au Musée d’Istanbul datant de l’époque de la IIIe Dynastie d’Ur. I (ITT II/1, 2617-1038). Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Institut te Istanbul 65. Leiden 1989.

TCTI 2 B. Lafont and F. Yıldız, Tablettes cunéiformes de Tello au Musée d’Istanbul. Datant de l’époque de la IIIe Dynastie d’Ur. II (ITT II/1, 2544-2819, 3158-4342, 4708-4713). Uitgaven van het Nederlands Histo-risch-Archaeologisch Institut te Istanbul 77. Leiden 1996.

TÉL M. Lambert, Tablettes économiques de Lagash (époque de la IIIe dynastie d’Ur) copiées en 1900 au Musée Impérial Ottoman par Charles

xx Abbreviations

Virolleaud. Cahiers de la Société Asiatique 19. Paris 1968. TIM 6 F. Rashid, Administrative texts from the Ur III Dynasty. Texts in the

Iraq Museum 6. Baghdad 1971. TJAMC E. Szlechter, Tablettes juridiques et administratives de la IIIe Dynastie

d’Ur et de la Ier Dynastie de Babylone, conservées au Musée de l’Université de Manchester et à Cambridge, au Musée Fitzwilliam, à l’Institut d’Études Orientales et à l’Institut d’Egyptologie. Paris 1963.

TLB 3 W. W. Hallo, Sumerian Archival Texts. Tabulae Cuneiformes a F. M. Th. de Liagre Böhl Collectae, Leidae Conservatae 3. Leiden 1963.

TMH 6 J. J. A. van Dijk and M. J. Geller, Ur III Incantations from the Frau Professor Hilprecht-Collection, Jena. Texte und Materialien der Frau Professor Hilprecht-Sammlung vorderasiatischer Altertümer im Eigen-tum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena 6. Wiesbaden 2003.

TMH NF 1-2 A. Pohl, Rechts- und Verwaltungsurkunden der III. Dynastie von Ur. Texte und Materialien der Frau Professor Hilprecht Collection of Baby-lonian Antiquities im Eigentum der Universität Iena, Neue Folge 1-2. Leipzig 1937.

Torino 1 A. Archi and F. Pomponio, Testi cuneiformi neo-sumerici da Drehem. N. 0001-0412. Catalogo del Museo Egizio di Torino 7. Milan 1990.

Torino 2 A. Archi, F. Pomponio, and G. Bergamini, Testi Cuneiformi Neo-Sumerici da Umma. NN. 0413-0723. Catalogo del Museo Egizio di Torino 8. Turin 1995.

Trouvaille H. de Genouillac, La Trouvaille de Dréhem. Paris 1911. TRU L. Legrain, Le Temps des Rois d’Ur. Paris 1912. TSDU H. Limet, Textes Sumeriens de la III Dynastie d’Ur. Gembloux 1973. TUT G. Reisner, Tempelurkunden aus Telloh. Berlin 1901. UCP 9/2 H. F. Lutz, Sumerian Temple Records of the Late Ur Dynasty. University

of California Publications in Semitic Philology 9/2, 1-2. Berkeley 1928. UDT J. B. Nies, Ur Dynasty Tablets. Texts Chiefly from Tello and Drehem

Written during the Reigns of Dungi, Bur-Sin, Gimil-Sin and Ibi-Sin. Leipzig 1920.

UDU G. Contenau, Umma sous la Dynastie d’Ur. Paris 1916. UET 3 L. Legrain, Business Documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur Excava-

tions Texts 3. London 1937. UET 6/2 C. J. Gadd and S. N. Kramer, Literary and Religious Texts. Second Part.

Ur Excavation Texts 6/2. Pennsylvania/London 1966. Umma G. Contenau, Umma sous la Dynastie d’Ur. Paris 1916. UTI 3 F. Yıldız and T. Gomi, Die Umma-Texte aus den Archäologischen Mu-

seen zu Istanbul. Band III (Nr. 1601-2300). Bethesda 1993. UTI 4 T. Gomi and F. Yıldız, Die Umma-Texte aus den Archäologischen Mu-

seen zu Istanbul. Band IV (Nr. 2301-3000). Bethesda 1997. UTI 5 F. Yıldız and T. Ozaki, Die Umma-Texte aus den Archäologischen Mu-

seen zu Istanbul. Band V (Nr. 3001-3500). Bethesda 2000. UTI 6 F. Yıldız and T. Ozaki, Die Umma-Texte aus den Archäologischen Mu-

seen zu Istanbul. Band VI (Nr. 3501-3834). Bethesda 2001. Van Kampen Tablets in the Van Kampen Collection, Scriptorium, Center for Biblical

Abbreviations xxi

Antiquities. Orlando. VS 10 H. Zimmern, Sumerische Kultlieder aus altbabylonischer Zeit. II. Vor-

derasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin 10. Leipzig 1913.

VS 14 W. Förtsch, Altbabylonische Wirtschaftstexte aus der Zeit Lugalunda’s und Urukagina’s. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin 14. Leipzig 1916.

WMAH H. Sauren, Wirtschaftsurkunden aus der Zeit der III. Dynastie von Ur im Besitz des Musée d’Art et d’Histoire in Genf. I: Umschrift und Überset-zung, Indizes. Naples 1969.

WO Die Welt des Orients. Göttingen. YBC Tablets in the Yale Babylonian Collection. Yale University. YOS 4 C. E. Keiser, Selected Temple Documents of the Ur Dynasty. Yale Orien-

tal Series 4. New Haven 1919. YOS 15 A. Goetze (edited by B. R. Foster), Cuneiform Texts from Various Collec-

tions. Yale Oriental Series 15. New Haven/London 2009. YOS 18 D. Snell and C. Lager, Economic Texts from Sumer. Yale Oriental Series

18. New Haven/London 1991. ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. Berlin.

xxiii

Foreword Workshops devoted to the Ur III period have been a feature of the Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale roughly every other year beginning in London in 2003. In 2009 we asked the community of Neo-Sumerian scholars to convene the following year in Madrid before the Rencontre in Barcelona so that we could have a longer and more specialized meeting. The results exceeded our expectations. The meeting had more than 50 participants and included eight topical sessions and 27 papers. The program of the conference can be found at the end of this volume. This volume collects the proceedings of this three-day conference held in Ma-drid in July 2010, and it highlights the vitality of the study of late third millen-nium BC Mesopotamia. The 21 contributions included here cover a broad range of topics offering new texts, new interpretations, and new understandings of the lan-guage, culture, and history of the Ur III period (2112 – 2004 BC). The present and future of Neo-Sumerian studies are important not only to the field of Assyriology but also to wider inquiries into the ancient world. The extant archives offer insight into some of the earliest cities and one of the earliest kingdoms in the historical record. The era of the Third Dynasty of Ur is also probably the best-attested cen-tury in antiquity. This imposes a responsibility on our small community to make this material accessible to a broad and interdisciplinary audience in the humani-ties and related fields. We believe this volume is a solid step in this direction. The Ur III textual corpus has been the subject of intensive analysis for about a century. In this volume, once settled questions are reopened and new questions are framed concerning topics as broad as authority, geography, and labor. Many of the contributors not only sum up the results of their current research, but they also chart a course for future work for themselves and their colleagues. Though most of the contributions are offered in English, the authors represent an international gathering of specialists on the Neo-Sumerian period. As editors we encouraged presenters to bring their papers to press and to take into account the lively discussion that took place in Madrid. We gave authors a great deal of latitude in terms of the length of their published contributions. We sought to establish consistency in many areas while honoring the conventions adopted by each author. We respected author preferences in transliterations and onomastics. At the same time, we tried to establish some uniformity in the pres-entation of commonly known place names, such as Šuruppak (vs. Šurubag), as well as divine and royal names, such as Ur-Namma (vs. Ur-Nammu), but we have de-ferred to individual authors if they maintained a clear preference for a less com-mon usage.

* * *

xxiv Foreword As organizers of the conference and editors of this volume we thank the Span-ish Ministerio de Ciencia y Innovación, Western Washington University, and the CSIC for their generous financial and technical support without which we could not have undertaken the meeting. The Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CSIC) provided additional financial support, a warm welcome and a gracious venue for the conference. We thank Barbara Böck and Ignacio Márquez Rowe, members of the organizing committee, for their enthusiastic help. We also grate-fully acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Ricardo Dorado, Enrique Jiménez, and David Pacual. The members of the scientific committee for the conference in Madrid deserve our special appreciation: Natalia Koslova, Bertrand Lafont, David I. Owen, and Walther Sallaberger. The kind cooperation of the organizers of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale allowed us to coordinate the dates of this meeting with those of the Rencontre in Barcelona. We are grateful to all of the participants and attendees for making it such a lively meeting. We thank the con-tributors to this volume for their insights, their research, and their patience. Fi-nally, we thank Jim Eisenbraun and Eisenbrauns Inc. for producing such a hand-some volume.

Steven Garfinkle Manuel Molina Bellingham, WA Madrid

September 5, 2013