The prehistoric necropolis at Ra's al-Hamra 5 (Muscat - Oman)

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The Prehistoric Graveyardof Ra’s Al H. amra- 5, Muscat,

Sultanate of OmanSandro Salvatoriwith contributions by

Alfredo Coppa and Andrea Cucina

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Contents

Part I :

1981-1985 Excavations Report 00by Sandro Salvatori

Part II :

Inventory of Graves 00by Sandro Salvatori, with anthropological notes by Alfredo Coppa and Andrea Cucina

Part III :

The Anthropological Analysis 00by Alfredo Coppa and Andrea Cucina

Part IV :

Linear Enamel Hypoplasia and Development Stress at the Ra’s al H. amra- 5 Graveyard 00by Andrea Cucina

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Part I

1981-1985 Excavations Reportby Sandro Salvatori

ABSTRACT

The present report concentrates on the prehis-toric cemetery of Ra’s al H. amra- 5 (RH5), in thevicinity of Muscat, the capital of the Sultanate ofOman, so far the most ancient cemetery knownin the country. It was excavated from 1981 to1985 by the Italian Archaeological Mission toOman and Baluchistan of the Oriental Institute atthe University of Naples, in collaboration withthe Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue of Venice.

The RH5 mound is one of numerous prehis-toric sites dotting the north-west of the Qurmpromontory or cape. Its uniqueness is even moreevident today after a series of aerial and land sur-veys which covered practically the whole Gulfand Oceanic coast (Durante and Tosi 1977; Biagi1988).

The RH5 archaeological deposit is shaped likean artificial mound, which occupies the extremesouthern tongue of the cape. The excavation hasrevealed at least seven phases of habitation, relativeto the settlement of communities of fisher-gather-ers which have frequented the site in a time spanincluding the last quarter of the 5th and a largepart of the 4th millennium BC. The graveyarddeveloped in the north-eastern part of thedeposit. It covers an area of about 160 sq m witha density of graves equal to 0.6 per sq m: 121graves have been excavated, totalling no less than215 individuals.The graveyard was in use between3,800 and 3,300 BC.The pits were generally shal-low and oval; the deceased were buried in acrouched position, lying on their side, predomi-

nantly the right one, with arms bent and handsplaced in front of, or under, the head. In somecases the deceased held a Callista sp. shell valve.Mortuary gifts were few in type and more or lesslimited to personal ornaments. Of particularinterest are Graves 59 and 79 where the graveswere covered with a whole sea turtle (Cheloniamydas) carapace.The graves were closed with soiland/or a stony covering, consisting of four distincttypes.

An important aspect of the data gathered con-cerns funeral variability. Numerous double andmultiple burials were found. Not infrequent werethe cases of women being buried with one ormore young children.Another method of dispos-al is secondary burial, which presupposes eitherthe exposure of the corpse or a previous burial.

The deceased was almost exclusively accompa-nied by objects of personal ornament such asnecklaces, bracelets, earrings, bone pins and rarelywith objects of common use such as shell fish-hooks, bone awls, net weights.

A wide ethnographic survey has been providedto place the prehistoric hunting-fishing-gatheringgroups of the Omani coast in the frame of socialevolution of the local communities between the4th and the 3rd millennium BC.

KEYWORDS

(Hunters-fishers-gatherers, shell midden,Neolithic, anthropology, social organisation, Ra’sal H. amra-, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. )

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INTRODUCTION

Since 1985 the archaeology of death has been anincreasingly favoured field of investigation, used toexamine the social structure and organisation ofancient communities. Besides the pessimisticopinions of some (Leach 1977), and the hesitanceand, sometimes, indifference of others, the specif-ic literature investigating such a field of inquiryhas continually grown from those initial, funda-mental works which have laid its basis (Saxe 1970,1971; Binford 1971; Brown 1971). In spite ofuncertainties and partial failures (Ucko 1969;Braun 1981; Hodder 1982a, 1982b) anautonomous archaeological theory seems to beprogressively taking form.

Relatively recent works (Chapman 1977;Tainter 1978; Chapman and Randsborg 1981;Bartel 1982; O’Shea 1984; D’Agostino 1985) havesaved us from having to repeat here the develop-ing stages of archaeological research on the themeof death. However, it is precisely with the recon-struction of the mechanisms which regulate thefunctioning of ancient societies that the presentwork is concerned, even if it does not pretend totake part in theoretical debate, except marginally,and remains therefore a case study, and prelimi-nary for reasons which will become evident in thefollowing discussion.

The present study concentrates on the prehis-toric cemetery of Ra’s al H. amra- 5, in the vicinityof Muscat, the capital of the Sultanate of Oman,so far the most ancient cemetery to be discoveredin the Arabian Peninsula. It was excavated from1981 to 1985 by the Italian ArchaeologicalMission to Oman and Baluchistan of the OrientalInstitute at the University of Naples, in collabora-tion with the Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue ofVenice (IsMEO Activities 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984;Coppa et al.. 1986; Biagi and Salvatori 1986;Salvatori, Santini n.d.; Salvatori 1984, 1996;Santini 1984. 2002).

The RH5 mound is one of numerous prehis-toric sites dotting the north-west of the Qurmpromontory, which forms the indented edge ofthe great tertiary limestone promontory, rising tothe south-eastern edge of the long Batinah plain,with its alluvial deposits of limestone and ophio-

lite (closer to the Hajar mountains) and marineand aeolian sands on the coast; this marks the rad-ical geomorphological change of the northerncoast of Oman at the latitude of the capital,Muscat (Durante and Tosi 1977; Biagi et al. 1984)(Fig. 1). Its uniqueness is even more evident todayafter a series of aerial and land surveys, carried outfrom 1981 onward, which covered practically thewhole coast, from the small offshore islands andthe headland of Ra’s as Suwadi, north of the cap-ital, until Ra’s al Hadd; then south and furtheralong a strip of the oceanic coast until Ra’sMadrakah (IsMEO Activities 1984; Cleuziou andTosi 1986; Biagi 1988, 1994).These surveys showthe coastal sites to be relatively numerous, butaffected by stronger erosive activities than deposi-tional ones. So much so, that none reaches theextent of the deposit of RH5 (IsMEO Activities1983) with the exception of RH6 (Biagi 1987,1999; Maggi 1990).The last mentioned site is sit-uated about 100 m south of RH5, at the edge ofthe residual mangrove thickets at the mouth ofWadi Aday, ecologically marking the southern areaof Qurm (Biagi and Nisbet 1992).

THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

The environment of Ra’s al H. amra- and the terri-tory of Qurm, in an ecological and economicperspective, has already been the object of prelim-inary descriptions by others (Durante and Tosi1977; Biagi et al. 1984; Biagi and Nisbet 1992).Therefore only the most significant features for apalaeo-economic understanding of the area willbe outlined here.‘Three general divisions can be made in themarine environment of Qurm. The first is theecotone zone; flat sandy beaches extending to thewest, and rocky shores varying from vertical cliffsto boulder-and-gravel beaches which are found tothe east of the sites.The second major area is rep-resented by a submerged ridge, an underwatercontinuation of the promontory of Ra’s al-Hamratowards the little island of Fahal, some 5 km to thenorth.This submarine bar causes the upwelling ofwaters from the ocean floor with all its abundanceof fish. The third major division of the aquatic

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environment of Qurm, the channels and estuariesof the tidal creek just south and west of the shellmiddens, inter-fingers with the land. Althoughusually filled with seawater, it also receives theoccasional floods coming down the Wadi Adayfrom the coastal mountains.Tides flow in and outof the channels to submerge or expose the mud-flats covered with dense mangrove thickets’ (Biagiet al. 1984: 47).

Such a situation makes it possible to defineQurm as a relatively highly productive coastalzone (cf. Innan and Nordstrom 1971; Perlman1980), even though it is narrow and limited to a

water frontage of just under 2 km. From an eco-nomic point of view, the thickets of Avicenniamarina (mangrove; Arabic: ‘Qurm’) were largelyexploited by the inhabitants of Ra’s al H. amra- fortheir abundant supply of edible molluscs, such asTerebralia palustris Born and Ostrea sp., specieswhich live in symbiosis with the aerial roots of themangrove thickets. Also abundant in the RH5deposit are some rock species like Ostrea cucullataB. and O. cristagalli L. and sand species such as Arcasp. Other molluscs were gathered, but in muchmore limited quantities (Durante and Tosi 1977:159; De Grossi n.d.). Such comments on the mol-

FIGURE 1. Qurm and the Ra’s al H. amra- calcareous outcrop with the location of the main prehistoric sites.

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luscs present in the midden of RH5 are strictlypreliminary in that the material is still being stud-ied and neither diachronic evaluations of theexploitation of this surely abundant food resourcenor evaluations of its seasonality are yet possible.However the question of how much molluscs andfish respectively contributed to the diet of theinhabitants of RH5 can be resolved on the basis offield observations relative to the formation of theanthropic deposit. On the basis of these it would,doubtless, be more accurate to call the site a fish-midden than a shell-midden. (For analogous situ-ations and reflections on a certain type of shell-midden see Kirch 1978:12).At least for this settle-ment it is undoubtedly more reasonable to thinkthat molluscs made a minor contribution to thediet of its inhabitants, following the general assess-ment of the problem of the contribution of mol-luscs to the diet of fisher-hunter-gatherer com-munities provided by Bailey (1975, 1978; see alsoParmalee and Klippel 1974; Osborn 1977;Yesner1980b; and for a different orientation Perlman1980; Chenorkian 1988).

The marine environment, however, constitutedthe primary food source of the inhabitants of Ra’sal H. amra-. In synthesis, the majority consists ofsmall-sized fish like herrings and sardines.Amongthe larger-sized fishes most prevalent are thosefrom the group of Scombridae (tunas and mack-erels) and Carangidae (jaks and pomponas). In rel-ative minor number are the remains of large fishsuch as Sparidae (porgies) and Lethrinidae (scav-engers) (Biagi et al. 1984: 49; Biagi,Travers 1985;Uerpmann 1989).

The size differences of the fish present in themidden suggest the use of diverse techniques offishing: such as fine-meshed nets for shallow waterfishing with light weights, as well as looser-meshed nets with anchor stones together withsmaller net weights for deeper water fishing(Cleland 1982). Both side-notched net weightsand larger-sized anchor stones are archaeological-ly documented at RH5 and in other sites of theQurm area (Durante and Tosi 1977:148,Table 2).Also archaeologically attested, besides being sug-gested by the size of some fish types, was the useof line and shell (and perhaps bone) fishhookswhich are frequent in every level of the site (Biagi

and Nisbet 1989).Besides fish, there is the presence of carapace

and other skeletal parts of Chelonia mydas in theRH5 deposit (Uerpmann 1989). The green seaturtle is still rather frequent in the Gulf and alongthe oceanic coast of Oman today (Ross andBirwani 1982; Ross 1985). In the 3rd millenniumBC, it was an important food supply in the Gulf.At Umm an Nar this animal was systematicallyhunted for food, and probably also for the eco-nomic value of its carapace (Frifelt 1979: 572;Hoch 1979: 601-7). It contributed to the diet ofthe fisher-gatherers of RH5, not only in terms ofprotein, but above all, in terms of fats which musthave been of extraordinary importance, consider-ing that both fish and molluscs are decisively lack-ing in them (Yesner 1980a,b; the consequences ofthe deficiency of fats in the diet are discussed inSpeth and Spielmann 1983).An indirect contribu-tion to the diet of the RH5 people, even thougharchaeologically impossible to document, musthave been turtle eggs. Finally ‘... it is now clearthat the prehistoric Qurm population raised cat-tle, goat and probably sheep.The contribution ofthese animals to human nutrition was quite low,judging from the scarcity of their bones amongthe faunal remains. Most of those finds come fromthe graveyard of RH5, where they were placed aspart of the funeral ritual. For the wild land ani-mals, one can conclude that their contribution tothe diet was also very low. Few gazelle bones werefound in the excavated area, while bird boneswere virtually absent’ (Biagi et al. 1984: 48). It ispossible that other animals, such as domesticateddogs - a hemimandible of a dog has been recov-ered next to the skull of the individual in Grave 1- were an occasional and minor contribution tothe calorific requirement of the group. Besides,the exploitation of this resource is documentedfor coastal populations in tropical environments(Wing 1978 in Yesner 1980b: 733).

As regards other potential environmentalresources, the plant life in particular, studies havejust begun. A preliminary examination of thepalaeobotanical material suggests extensive utilisa-tion of the thickets of dune vegetation and ‘...soloin subordine l’utilizzazione di piante arboree, tracui principalmente sembra essere rappresentata

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Acacia sp.’ [‘...only a subordinate utilisation ofarboreal plants, among which principally seems tobe represented the Acacia sp.’] (Biagi and Nisbet1989). Present in every level of the settlementwere stones and carbonized fruits of Ziziphus.Alsovery interesting was the discovery of some frag-ments of spikelets of Graminae and a Sorghumbicolor seed (Nisbet 1985).

THE RH5 SITE AND ITS GRAVEYARD

The RH5 archaeological deposit is shaped like anartificial mound, which occupies the extremesouthern tongue of the cape (Pl. 1), overlookingthe sea to the west and large area of mangrovethickets to the south (Fig. 2).The major develop-ment of the midden is along the north-south axis

FIGURE 2. Map of the RH5 site.

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PLATE 1. RH5 site from the Gulf Hotel.

PLATE 2: RH 5 settlement: southern and western trenches.

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PLATE 3. RH 5 settlement and graveyard at the end of the 1984 campaign.

PLATE 4: RH 5 settlement: main excavation area.

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and is about 1.5 m thick at the centre of thedeposit (Pls. 2, 3 and 4). The excavation hasrevealed at least seven phases of habitation, relativeto the settlement of communities of fisher-gather-ers which have frequented the site in a time spanincluding the last quarter of the 5th and a largepart of the 4th millennium BC (Biagi et al. 1984;Biagi and Salvatori 1986; Maggi and Gebel 1990;Biagi, Maggi and Nisbet 1989; Isetti and Biagi1989; Biagi and Nisbet 1992).

The graveyard developed in the north-easternpart of the deposit (Fig. 3). Its easternmost striphas been eroded to bedrock, along the north-south axis, by one of the main drainage channelsof the rainfall (Figs. 4-5).

The necropolis now covers an area of about 160sq m (including the area of erosion it reaches asurface area of about 200 sq m) with a density ofgraves equal to 0.6 per sq m: 121 graves have beenexcavated, totalling no less than 215 individuals

FIGURE 3. Map of the site with the location of the burial ground indicated by the excavation grid.

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FIGURE 4. Scheme of the square names on the graveyard area with the main drawn sections.

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(density = 1.4 per sq m).At least 76 of these werefound in a particular zone - designated as Area 43- situated in the southern part of the necropolis(Santini 2002). It was characterised by intensiveburials, mostly secondary and devoid of apparentdemarcation identifying single graves (Pl. 5).

With an estimated surface area (including theeroded portion as previously stated) of about 200sq m multiplied by the ascertained density, thetotal number of individuals buried can be put at280-300. This calculation can be assumed to berather close to the total number of individuals inthe RH5 cemetery before natural and culturalpost-depositional disturbances reduced it to thepresent sample. Various disturbing elements,including that of water erosion, have surely con-tributed to a diminished number of burials.Specifically, cultural disturbances are those con-cerning, for example, Graves 67 and 214, whichwere almost destroyed by the digging of later pits,and Grave 89, a secondary deposition, which waslargely disturbed by similar cultural post-deposi-tional activities. On the whole, however, in spiteof the high density of burials, which were foundin more than one level, it can be affirmed that dis-turbances of cultural origin have not significantlyaltered the sample surviving disturbances of natu-ral origin. Finally, it should be pointed out that theeffects produced by the activity of white ants (ter-mites) in the RH5 deposit, although generallydamaging (Wood and Johnson 1978; Mcbrearty1990), seem to have increased the growth of thearchaeological deposits by creating traps for theanthropic sediments and limiting the effects ofmechanical erosion.

Almost all the graves have been sketched, pho-tographed and described on two levels - that ofthe covering or of the spot of land indicated by achromatic contrast with the surrounding soil, andthat of the burials.The designs have been drawn atthe scale of 1:10; each tomb has been pho-tographed both in colour and black-and-white,totally and often in detail. Sections have beendrawn of some 10 graves and of the entire ceme-tery area along both the north-south and east-west axes. The removal of the human bones hasgenerally been executed by physical anthropolo-gists (Pl. 6). From the second campaign onward FI

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PLATE 5. Area 43 during the 1984 excavation campaign.

PLATE 6. Physical anthropologists working in Area 43 during the 1984 campaign.

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the fill of each pit was systematically sampled anddivided into classes of faunal material (molluscs,fish, turtles and mammal bones, etc.) which wereweighed separately. The materials thus gatheredwere entrusted to various specialists for analysis.The human osteological materials were provision-ally transferred to Italy - at the Institute ofAnthropology of the University of Rome, ‘LaSapienza’ and, after being studied, shipped back tothe Sultanate of Oman.

CHRONOLOGY

Regarding relative chronology, judging strictlyfrom a stratigraphic point of view, the cemeteryarea came into use after the final stages of PhaseIII of the inhabited area. That is the phase inwhich the settlement extended itself towards thenorth/north-east, integrating that area which wasimmediately afterwards reserved for the commu-nity’s burial ground. The graveyard remained inuse until the end of Phase VII, which constitutedthe last, and most recent evidence of the RH5 set-

tlement. In other words, the oldest phases of thesettlement are documented exclusively in thesouthern portion of the mound, while the north-eastern sector was incorporated into the settle-ment in phase III of the stratigraphic sequenceestablished by P. Biagi (Biagi and Salvatori 1986).The oldest grave pits were dug in the southern-most area of the cemetery, in the strata correspon-ding to Phases I-III of the general sequence. Inthe northern part of the cemetery, on the otherhand, the oldest pits were dug only in the stratacorresponding to Phase III and sometimes cutinto the bedrock. From that time onward, the useof the cemetery area north-east of the mound wascontinuous. The most superficial grave pits (forexample Graves no. 13, 21, 32, 50) were cut intothe highest strata, beginning from layer 0, which isthe topmost layer of the deposit. The time spanbetween these two extremes is now more precise-ly known thanks to a series of C-14 dates(obtained from samples collected from both habi-tation levels in the graveyard area and the gravesthemselves), it has been calculated to fall between3,800 and 3,300 BC (Table 1).The initial date of

TABLE 1

Grave No. Level Lab. No. Date bp Date BC (1) 1σ Date BC 2σ21 (below the body) 1-2 Bln-2737 4740±50 3630-3500 3640-3370

84 2 Bln-3151 4760±50 3640-3500 3650-3490

69 2-3 Bln-3157 4840±60 3700-3620 3770-3500

60 3 Bln-3150A 4850±60 3710-3620 3780-3500

19 (below the bones) 3 Bln-2738 4860±60 3710-3620 3780-3510

215 3 Bln-3156 4920±60 3770-3650 3810-3620

TABLE 2

Locus Lab.Nr. Date bp Date BC 1σ Date BC 2σHOHD 1 fireplace (2) Bln-3153 4700±60 3620-3590 3640-3350

HTFD 2 fireplace (3) Bln-3153A 4770±60 3640-3500 3660-3370

HTFD 2 fireplace (3) Bln-3154 4870±60 3720-3620 3790-3510

HTFC/D fireplace (4) Bln-3152 4900±60 3770-3640 3800-3620

HOFB 3 fireplace (5) Bln-3155 4910±50 3720-3640 3800-3630

NOTES:Dates calibrated with OxCal 3.51 - Stuiver, Long and Kra 1993 2 - Fireplace on the floor cut by grave pits of level 23 - Fireplace on the floor cut by grave pits of level 34 - Fireplace on the floor cut by grave pits of level 35 - Fireplace on the bedrock.

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the necropolis is otherwise confirmed by C-14measurements from charcoal samples from fire-places excavated in the northern area, where theypractically mark the end of its use for settlementpurposes and barely precede the oldest burials inthe same area (Table 2).

THE GRAVEYARD

The information relating to the traits underexamination is summarised in the ‘Burial DataList’ (Table 3) which summarises the contents ofthe individual graves reported below. For this reason the following discussion is limited to a synthetic and discursive description of the excavation data.

KEY TO TABLE 3 (BURIAL DATA LIST *)

1 = Level2 = Position (R: Right side; L: Left side; S: Secondary burial) **3 = Body orientation in degrees of deviation from the North.4 = Face orientation.5 = Age ***6 = Sex (M: Male; F: Female).7 = Covering type.

[8 to 22 are items of grave furniture and from 23 to 25 the presence of turtle bones and shell fragments in terms of presence(X) / absence (-)]

8 = Pearl.9 = Beads.10 = Necklace (beads + pendants).11 = Necklace (pendants only).12 = Bracelet of shell plaques.13 = Bracelet made from a string of beads.14 = Earrings.15 = Bone pins.16 = Callista sp. valve.17 = Tonna luteostoma shell.18 = Large shell (used as trumpets ?).19 = Tools (fish-hooks, awls etc.).20 = Spheroid pebbles.21 = Small, ovoid pebbles.22 = Others.23 = Chelonia mydas carapace 24 = Chelonia mydas skull near that of the human.25 = Fragments of Chelonia mydas carapace.

* ?, ?? indicates different levels of confidence.** A complete codification of the position of the deceased has been recorded in the burial schedule in the Graves Inventory, Part II.*** I = Infant 0-1 year); C = Child (1-13 years); SA = Sub Adult (14-20 years);YA = Young Adult (21-24);A = Adult (25-29); MA = Mature Adult(30-35);VMA = Very Mature Adult (35 + x).

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GRAVE Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

1 1 R 23 - YA/A F? 1 - X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 2? R 50 W VMA M 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

3 2 R - - YA M?? 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

4 2 R 57 NW SA F? 2 - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

5 2? S 28 - VMA M 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6a 3? S 333 - VMA F - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6b 3? - - - I ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 3? - - - I ? 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8a 3 S - - YA ? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

8b 3 S - - C ? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

9 3 S?? 311 - A F? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 2 R 48 - C ? 1 - - - X X - - - - - - - - - - - - -

11 3 R NE - YA M?? 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12a 1 R E - YA ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12b 1 - - - I ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

13 1 R 25 - YA F?? 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

14 1 R 53 - MA M?? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15a 1 R NE W SA F 3? - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - -

15b 1 - - - I ? 3? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

17 1 R N SW? YA ? 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

21a 1 R 33 W VMA F 1 - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - X - -

21b 1 L SE - C ? 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

21c 1 - - - I ? 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

22 1? L 54 SE A F 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - -

23 2? R 61 W? A M 3 - - - X - - - - - - X - - - - - - -

24 2? R 75 - VMA F 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

25 SUP 1? R 51 - SA M 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

25 INF 3 S 45 NW YA M 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X -

26a 2 R 45 S SA F? 2 - - - X - X - - - - - - - - - - - -

26b 2 R 45 W I ? 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

26c 3 L 52 SE A M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

26d 3 L 58 SE YA ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

27 3 R 36 - VMA M 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

28 2 R 61 - A M 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

29 3? R 55 - YA ? 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TABLE 3

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12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

X - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - X - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - X - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - X - - - -

- - - - - - X - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X X -

- X - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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GRAVE Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

30 3 - - - MA M?? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

31 2? R 38 W VMA M 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - X X -

32 1 R 36 W? MA F 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

33 2 R 55 W MA M 2 - - X - - - - - X - - - X X? - X - -

34 2? R 35 W VMA M? 3 - - - - - - - - X - - - - X - X - -

35 1? R 42 W YA F? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

36 2 R 21 W VMA M 2 - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - X - -

37 3 R 33 NW MA M 2 X - X - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

38 1 R 57 NW C ? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

39 2? L 90 S? C ? 1? - X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

40 2? - - - C ? 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

41 2 L 53 SE C ? 3 - - - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - -

44a 1 R 23 W I ? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

44b 1 R 23 VMA F 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

45 1 R? E - YA ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

46 1 R 63 NW YA M 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

47 1 R 41 W MA M 3 - X - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - X

48 2 S 35 - MA M 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X - -

49 1 L 62 SE MA F 3 - X - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -

50A 1 R 50 - MA M 3? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

50B 1 R 0 W VMA M 3?? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

51 1 R 33 W? VMA M 3 - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - - - -

52a 1 R 50 W VMA F 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

52b 1 - - - I ? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

53a 1? S 55 SE VMA F? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X -

53b 1? S 55 SE MA M 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X -

54 2 R 52 NW VMA M 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X -

55 1 R 35 W MA M 3 - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -

56 3 L 32 SE C ? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

57A 1? - - - A ? 1? - - - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - -

57B 1? R 32 W? MA M 3? - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - X - -

58 2 R 100 - MA M 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

59A 3 R 50 - SA F? 4 - - - X - - - - X - - - - - - X - -

59B 3 R 27 W? VMA M 2?? - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -

60 3 R 0 W YA F 3 - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - X - -

TABLE 3 (CONTD.)

21

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - X - - X X -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - X - - - X X? - X - -

- - - - X - - - - X - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - X - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

X - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - X - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - X X - -

- - - - X - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - X - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - X X -

- - - - - - - - - - - X X -

- - - - - - - - - - - X X -

- - - - X - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

X - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - X - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - X - - - - - - X - -

- - - - X - - - - - - - - -

- - - - X - - - - - - X - -

22

GRAVE Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

61 3 L 50 SE A M 2 - - - X X - - - - - X - - - X X - -

62 2? R 50 - VMA F? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

63 2 R 64 W VMA M 3 - - - X - - - - - - - - X - - - - X

64 2 S 40 - A M 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

65 2 R 66 W VMA M 3 - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

66 1 R 70 W A F 4 - - - - - - - X - - X X X - X X X -

67 3 R 22 W VMA M 4 - - - - - - - - X - - - - X - X - -

70 1 - - - A M? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

71 2 - 265 SW C M? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

72a 3 L 60 SE VMA M 4 - - - X X - - - - - - - X - - X - -

72b 3 L 60 SE SA F? 4 - - - X X X X - - - - - - - - X - -

72c 3 R 50 NW C ? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

73 2 L 45 SE VMA F 3 - - - X - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

74 3 L 66 SE? I ? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

75 3 S - - I ? 3? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

76 SUP 2 L 35 E C ? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - X X - X - -

76 INF a 3 L 26 SE VMA M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

76 INF b 3 L 36 SE? I ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

77 2 R 60 W MA M 4? - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - X - -

78 2 R 60 W VMA F 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

79 3 R 52 W SA F?? 4 - - - X - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

80 2 L 40 SE SA M 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

81 3? R 30 - VMA F 3? - - X - - - X - - - - - - - - X - -

82 3 R 45 NW VMA F 3 - - - - - - - - - - X - X - - X - -

83 3 R 35 W SA F 4 X - - X X X X X X - - - - - X X - -

84 2 R 60 W C ? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

85 2 R 25 W SA ? 4 - - - X - - X - - - - - - X - X - -

86a 3 R 75 NW VMA M? 4 X - - X X X - - - - X - X - - - - X

86b 3 - - - I ? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

86c 3 - - - I ? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

87 3 L 70 SE SA F? 3 - - - - - - - - - - X - - X - X - -

88 3 L 34 SE VMA M 4 - - - X - - - - - - - - X - - - - X

89 2 S - - SA F - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

90 3?? - - - YA ? 3? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

91 3 R 55 - YA M? 4 - - - - X - - - - - - - X - - X - -

TABLE 3 (CONTD.)

23

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

X - - - - - X - - - X X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - X - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - X - - X X X - X X X -

- - - - X - - - - X - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

X - - - - - - - X - - X - -

X X X - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - X X - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - X - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - X - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - X - X - - X - -

X X X X X - - - - - X X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - X - - - - - - X - X - -

X X - - - - X - X - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - X - - X - X - -

- - - - - - - - X - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

X - - - - - - - X - - X - -

24

GRAVE Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

92 2? R 45 W I ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

93 3 L 76 SE SA F 3? - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

94 2 L 30 SE A F - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -

95 2 R 15 - YA F 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

96 3 R 40 W VMA M 3? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - X

97a 2 R 45 NW VMA M 4 - - - - - - - - - - X - - X - - X X

97b 2 R 40 NW SA M 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - X X

98 1 L? - - SA ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

99 1 S - - A M?? - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

200 1 - - - YA M?? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

201 1 R NE - A F - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - -

202 1 - NE? - C ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

203 1 - - - YA ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

204 1 R? - - YA ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

205 1 R 35 - A F 1?? - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - X -

206 1 - - - YA ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

207 1 - - - VMA F? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

208 1 S 75 - VMA M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

209 1 R 45 - MA M? 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

210 3 R 46 W SA F - - - X - - - X - - - - - - - - X - -

211 1 R 80 NW VMA F 3 - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - X - -

212 3 R 14 - VMA M? 2? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

213 3 L 90 S MA M 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

214 3 R NE - VMA M 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

215 SUP 2 R NE - C ? 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

215 INF 3 R 42 W? VMA M 1? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

216 2 R 38 W C ? 3? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

217 3 R 77 NW SA F 3 - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - X - -

218a 3 L 72 SE SA F 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X X -

218b 3 R 72 NW VMA M 3 - - - X - - - - - - - - - - X X - -

219 2 R 44 NW C ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

220 1 S - - YA M? 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X

221 3 R 55 NW VMA M 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

222 3 L 30 - ? ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TABLE 3 (CONTD.)

25

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - X - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - X

- - - - - - X - - X - - X X

- - - - - - - - - X - - X X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - X - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - X - - - - - X -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - X - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - X - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - X X -

- - - - - - - - - - X X - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

26

The pits were generally shallow and oval; thedeceased were buried in a crouched position,lying on their side, predominantly the right one,with arms bent and hands placed in front of, orunder, the head. In some cases the deceased helda Callista sp. valve (Pl. 7).This bivalve mollusc wasrarely found in the archaeological deposit, whereinstead Terebralia palustris, Ostrea sp. and Arca sp.were prevalent. In cases in which disturbances orpost-depositional movements have not altered theoriginal spatial relationship between the Callistaand the face of the deceased, the mollusc valveswere held in front of the eyes. If the Callista valvewas used as a container for liquids (see McGee1898) we cannot exclude this as the reason why itwas held in the position indicated above. In stillother cases (Graves 37, 86) the deceased held apearl, probably closed within a fist.

Mortuary gifts were few in type and more orless limited to personal ornaments. Almost all thedeceased were accompanied by what might beconsidered a ritual food offering or the remains ofa ritual funeral banquet. It generally consisted ofmolluscs, fish, and marine turtle (Chelonia mydas)— sections of carapace and other skeletal parts.Even whole turtle crania were found sometimeslying on the head of the deceased (for example inGrave 31: Pl. 8). Such a position may have meantthat the turtle held a particular significance in theeschatological thinking of these people. Of partic-ular interest, then, are Graves 59 and 79 where, inall probability, the graves were covered with awhole turtle carapace.The practice of burying thedead together with a marine turtle carapace, asmay also be the case in other RH5 burials, hasbeen recorded among the Seri of the Gulf ofCalifornia (McGee 1898), a semi-nomadic fisher-gatherer-agricultural population, in whosemythology, as well as diet, the marine turtle occu-pies a rather important place, holding directly therole of the mythical creator (Smith 1974). Thedead were also accompanied by a food offeringoften made from ‘turtle-flippers and, if practicable,a chunk of charred plastron - the food substanceespecially associated with long and hard journeys’(McGee 1898: 291).

As has been hypothesised in alternative or inte-grative terms, animal remains present in the RH5

graves could have represented not only theviaticum of the deceased, but also the remains of aritual funeral banquet. In such a case, the Manusof New Guinea can be singled out for their prac-tice of eating the Chelonia mydas only on certainoccasions, funerals in particular (Spring 1981:169). Without any pretensions to exhaustivenesswe would like to recall the role played by sea tur-tles in the diet of the coastal Mayan populationsand their using of turtle shells as a covering forvotive deposits (Lange 1971; McKillop 1984).Ceramic reproductions of sea turtle shells werealso used to cover the deceased in some graves ofMachalilla cultural phase on the island of Salango,Equador (P. Norton pers. comm.). Furthermore,well known in various parts of the world is therelation of this animal with the chthonic and fer-tility spheres (Kiener 1963: 187; During-Caspers1971; Konrad et al. 1981: 174).

Probably to be considered as a link of formalritual with funeral ideology is a pit in which werefound 12 turtle crania. This deposit was founddirectly above Grave 216, but has not been foundto have any relationship with it. Even more rare,but equally well documented in grave fillings, isthe presence of land mammal bones.

Finally, the grave was closed with soil and/or astony covering, consisting of four distinct types.The first simply consists of a soil filling with orwithout one or two large limestone blocks placeddirectly over the corpse of the deceased, almost asif to anchor it to the ground.

1A second type of

covering is made of a well-layered pavement ofwadi stones - medium sized, flat, round peridotitestones, well polished by water action, and proba-bly gathered from the river bed of Wadi Aday (Pl.9).The third type is characterised by massive lime-stone blocks, the same type of stone that makes upthe rocky platform on which the settlement lies(Pl. 10). The fourth type was characterised by acovering of limestone rocks mixed with wadipebbles (Pl. 11). Other traits are here recordedbecause of the frequency with which theyrecurred. In several cases, near the deceased oramong the stones of the covering, was noted thepresence of small oval or spherical pebbles whichseem to be analogous to turtle eggs. Sphericalperidotite pebbles which have undergone a long

27

PLATE 7. Grave 34:A Callista sp. valve on the face of the dead.

PLATE 8. Grave 31: Chelonia mydas skull in front of the human head.

28

PLATE 9. Grave 61:Type 2 stone covering.


29

direct exposure to fire were also found frequentlyin the graves. Perhaps in this case it concernsstones of a fireplace built for a ceremonial occa-sion. This type of stone has never been found inthe several fireplaces excavated in the settlementarea, while the use of fireplace stones placed onthe grave has been reported by ethnographers, e.g.among the Lugbara of Uganda (Hodder 1982a).

Finally, one must remember how often largemarine shells of the Caronia sp., Fasciolaria trapezi-um, Lambis truncata types have been found deposit-ed over the grave coverings; very few of themwere appropriately perforated to be used as trum-pets - like those noted in Mediterranean (Balout1955: 455) and Polynesian contexts. They wereblown expressly on occasions of funeral cere-monies and then generally abandoned on thegrave afterwards (Garanger 1981). Large shells,without the characteristic hole needed to be usedas a trumpet, were also found fairly frequently.Those items share the presence of a couple ofsmall holes, possibly for suspension. This fact is,therefore, linked to a diverse but so far undefined

sphere of significance. However, an example canbe recalled of the Asmat of New Guinea, wherelarge shells of Syrinx aruanos ‘are worn by greathead-hunters on the hips, or sometimes duringfeasts, by their wives.’ (Konrad et al. 1981: 184;Simpelaere 1983: 144).

AREA 43 (Fig. 6)

Area 43 designates a surface area of 56 sq m(quadrants: HSL-HSM-HSN-HSQ-HSR-HSS-HSV-HSW-HSX) situated in the south-westernportion of the graveyard. With the exception ofquadrants HSL-HSQ-HSV, which were dugdown to the level of the graves in December1985, the largest section within this area has beenexcavated down to the graves level by Dr. R.Ciarla during the second excavation campaign(October 1981-January 1982).

In the successive ad interim reports written byDr. Ciarla, precise stratigraphy of the terrain abovethe level of the graves was not drawn up, and only


30

a generic notation on the identification of habita-tion level characterised by the presence of fire-places and post holes (Ciarla n.d.) can be found.In the course of the excavation, the first concen-trations of human bones encountered were enu-merated as individual graves (G.18, 19, and 20);and only later, with progressive digging, did itbecome clear that they belonged to a more gen-eralised dispersion of skeletal remains. Due to aseries of post-depositional disturbances, affecting asituation that already differed from that originallyprevailing in the rest of the cemetery, it was nolonger possible - even if it could have been in thebeginning - to distinguish single graves. At theend of excavations, the image was that of a chaot-ic dispersion of limestone and peridotite blocks(Pl. 12) mixed with a large quantity of humanbones, skeletal remains of turtle, fish, mammal,shells (Pl. 13) and manufactured goods typical of

the mortuary gifts found in the rest of the ceme-tery: necklace beads, laurel-leaf pendants, shellplaques, fish-hooks, stone earrings and shark teethwith perforated roots. The whole area has evi-dently been subjected to intense burning as indi-cated by wide patches of burnt ground, by thepresence of carbonated wood and pockets of ash,as well as by signs of strong and prolonged com-bustion on the human bones themselves and onthe covering stones of the graves.The fact that thebones and stones both have signs of combustionprevalent on the upper surface, signifies that thefire must have started after the post-depositionaldisturbances had already altered the original dis-position of the finds. Such observations regardingthe fires and the dispersion of human bones andrelated items were later confirmed when, in suc-cessive campaigns, a more accurate cleaning of thearea was performed, the intricate entanglement of

FIGURE 6. Area 43. Map of the burial complex at the end of the 1984 campaign.

31

PLATE 12.Area 43: under excavation.

PLATE 13.Area 43: Phicus sp. shells.

32

stones and human bones were put on plan, and,finally, the skeletal remains were removed by theanthropologists of the expedition.

To better appraise this ample sector of thenecropolis it was decided to open also the westernquadrants - HSL, HSQ, HSV - within which anextension of this kind of burial ground was evi-dent.The excavation, in December 1985, revealedboth the western limit of the area, and provided awell defined sequence of deposits overlapping thecemetery area (Figs. 7-8).

The top of the deposit, here as over the entiresite, was characterised by a 2-3 cm thick aeolianpavement, formed by a bed of small pebbles andshells. The removal of this upper layer revealed agrey floor of strongly aeolised soil with traces ofpost-holes, residual concentrations of shells, smallpockets of strongly packed deposits of fish remainsand residual traces of fireplaces, such as pockets ofburnt soil mixed with ashes (layer 0). On thisfloor, intensively affected by erosive agents, a fewlithic tools were lying. The stratum beneath wascharacterised by successive micro-stratigraphiclayers with a high concentration of strongly com-pacted fish bones. Present on the top (interface0/1a) were traces of post-holes (Fig. 9), whileinside this formation a second habitation level canbe identified (interface floor 1a/1b) (Fig. 10) onwhich some lithic tools were collected.Furthermore, in this interface level, Grave 220 wasexcavated and lying in it were remains of its lime-stone block covering.The strata beneath (layer 2)consisted of a deposit of shells of varying thick-ness, covered with a bed of Arca sp.This shell bedcovered the top of a soil deposit characterised byfish bones and carbonatic concentrations with aconsistency looser in the upper half (layer 3a) (Fig.11) than in the lower half (layer 3b).The interface3a/3b was characterised by the presence of post-holes, and for the most part by intrusion of Area43 of the cemetery.Thus it was possible to makeclear that the graveyard episode was covered bylayer 3a while it cut into layer 3b. In this area agroup of secondary burials has been identified,deposited very close to one another, but otherwisedisturbed very little by successive anthropic activ-ity (Pl. 6). South of this group of graves there wasa dispersion of disarticulated human bones resting

on the disconnected limestone block covering ofGrave 221 below.

The excavation of quadrants HSL-HSQ-HSVhas unequivocally proved that the episode namedArea 43 in stratigraphic terms lies between layers3a and 3b, fixing it firmly within the generalsequence established for the settlement area by P.Biagi (Biagi and Nisbet 1989).

On the whole, in the portion of Area 43 includ-ing quadrants HSL-HSQ-HSV, the remains of atleast 21 individuals were identified (IsMEOActivities 1984). In the northern section of the area(HSL-HSQ), in a secondary grave, have been iso-lated the human remains of at least six individualsdeposited side-by-side in such tight proximitythat it is obvious that they were deposited in thispit at the same time.The crania of these individu-als were all oriented along a north-east/south-west axis. The remains of another 15 individualswere found in the exposed southern section of thearea (HSQ-HSV) to be related to the humanremains excavated the previous year in the neigh-bouring quadrants to the east.

The remains, as has been mentioned above, wererather more disturbed than those of the previousgroup in that, having rested on the massive cover-ing of Grave 221, they had conformed to the widedislocations of the covering stones themselves.The effect produced by the described situationwas the adaptation of the bones to the discon-necting level of these remains.They, however, evi-denced the continuity of the episode within thewhole of Area 43, which lacked a controlledstratigraphic reference.

FUNERARY VARIABILITY

An important aspect of the data gathered con-cerns funeral variability; that is, the treatment ofthe corpse and the method of the burial. Themajority were buried in a crouched position, lyingon their sides with the head at a constant north-eastern orientation. While most were lying ontheir right side, a certain number of individualswere on their left. Such preferential difference willbe discussed later.

Numerous double and multiple burials were

33

FIG

UR

E7.

Are

a43

:sec

tion

A-A

’.

FIG

UR

E8.

Are

a43

:sec

tion

C-C

’.

34

FIGURE 9. Area 43: squares HSL-HSQ-HSV plan of level 1a. FIGURE 10. Area 43: squares HSL-HSQ plan of level 1b.

35

found. Not infrequent were the cases of womenbeing buried with one or more young children:Grave 21, in which a woman, a new-born and achild of 2 or 3 were lying together; Grave 15,where a young woman of 15-18 was buried witha new-born.Also among the multiple burials wasGrave 72 in which were found a man, woman andchild of 5-10. Finally, in Grave 218 were deposit-ed a mature man and a very young woman. Otherexamples of double burials with individuals ofopposite sexes buried contemporaneously werealso found.

Another method of disposal is secondary burial,which presupposes either the exposure of thecorpse or a previous burial until the soft parts ofthe body are completely decomposed, in order tocarry out the formal burial of the bones at a latertime. Regarding secondary burials, there has beena distinction made between single, or double, andmultiple burials. Regarding the former (that is,single or double burials), in a society which seemsto prefer primary burials, such a different practicecould have been dictated by disparate factors (i.e.type of death, place of death, status of the individ-ual, etc.). It is objectively quite impossible tounderstand the specific rationale for secondaryburials, if not for such revealing practices as in thecase of Graves 25 Infant. and 48, in which it was

ascertained that the mandible had been intention-ally broken. (On secondary treatment in generalrefer to Huntington and Metcalf 1979; Metcalf1981).

2

For the second group, multiple secondary buri-als, which formally recalls Oceanic situations(Kirch 1979: 61), it is not possible to build up asatisfactory interpretative model. Hypothetically,we could think of epidemic reasons, or moredoubtfully, of massacres during a war or disputewith antagonists, or of a ritual burial following thedeath of a prestigious individual (see the Retokacollective grave: Garanger 1981: 439-42), or of thetemporary presence of an antagonist group duringa period of occupation, at least of the cemetery, ofthe RH5 area.The last hypothesis could be sup-ported by some of the personal ornaments dis-covered in this area referring essentially to a typeof soapstone beads, oval in section, which has notbeen found elsewhere in the cemetery area. Wehave also to mention the presence of necklacesmade up of cylindrical beads carved from the longbones of birds and of segments extracted fromDentalium sp. shell.These last were only rarely andsingularly found in the inventory of grave furni-ture at RH5 graveyard.To be true,Area 43, whichdramatically presents secondary multiple burials,has undergone numerous important post-deposi-tional disturbances of various natures. It was great-ly affected by fire, dispersion and the sliding ofcovering stones and canal erosion which crossedfirst in a west-east and then in a north-west/south-east direction - all of which highlydistort the original pattern of deposition.

MORTUARY GIFTS

The deceased was almost exclusively accompaniedby objects of personal ornament such as necklaces(Fig. 12), bracelets, earrings, bone pins and rarelywith objects of common use such as shell fish-hooks, bone awls, net weights. In the singular caseof Grave 61, a large granite sandstone was foundamong the covering stones and Grave 66, defi-nitely associated to the mortuary gifts, a blankrepresenting one of the very first phases of thefish-hooks’ manufacturing process was discovered.

FIGURE 11. Area 43: square HSL plan of level 3a.

36

It was characteristic in shape - numerous exam-ples in various stages of manufacture have beencollected from the habitation levels. A long tradi-tion of such fish-hook manufacture is attested toby numerous specimens found at the nearby RH6site (Biagi 1985: fig. 7; 1999: fig. 18).Their edgeswere beaten with steep chipping and a wideindenture was made to obtain a fish-hook withelongated point, in the successive working phases,a technique which is in certain respects moresophisticated to that starting from unmodified cir-cular blanks (see the process of manufacture offish-hooks obtained from Pinctada mazatlanicaHanley, practised at the Equadorian coastal settle-ments of the Early Formative Period: Meggers,Evans and Estrada 1965: fig.19). A more similartechnique to that of RH5, starting from a modi-fied heart-shaped blank is well documented fromCalifornian coastal sites (areas of the WillowCreek: Pohorecky 1976: fig.18). Probably analo-gous, judging from the fish-hooks which werealtogether identical to those of RH5, was themanufacture technique used by the inhabitants ofthe Tonga and Anuta islands in the easternSalomons (Kirch 1978).The class of objects usedto produce the large central hole on the blank hasnot yet been identified.This working stage is welldocumented both in the graveyard and in theinhabited areas (Biagi and Travers 1985).The cen-

tral hole on the blank may have been made usingsoapstone or peridotite cylindrical sticks occa-sionally recovered in the inhabitation levels dis-turbed by grave pits. In that case, they could becompared to the class of reamers from Valdivia andMachalilla cultural contexts, Equador (Meggers,Evans and Estrada 1965: fig. 14,Table 20). Finally,among the tools found very rarely depositedamong the mortuary gifts of the graves, wereschist knives with a tapered edge probably usedfor sawing, soft materials in particular.

Returning to the ornamental objects, compos-ite necklaces were found. They were made ofstrings of cylindrical beads, often of soapstone andshell mounted alternately. Shell pendants, usuallylaurel-leaf shaped with incised stroke patternsaround the edges, were spaced at regular intervalsalong the strings (Fig. 12.1, 2). Another type ofshell pendant, less frequently found, is drop-shaped with the surface decorated with a cup-hole pattern, and with the usual incised strokepatterns along the edges (Fig. 12.4).

An even less frequently represented shell pen-dant has a characteristic shark tooth-like shape(Fig. 12.3). Relatively numerous are true shark

FIGURE 12. Different necklace types. (Drawing by Hélene David).

FIGURE 13. Percentage occurrence of sex and age.

FIGURE 14. Percentage occurrence of age classes.

37

PLATE 14. Area 43: arrowhead from a perforated shark tooth stuck in a lumbar vertebra.

PLATE 15.Area 43: the arrowhead trajectory.

38

teeth pierced at the root, which have been foundonly in Area 43 and in Grave 68 Infant. One ofthese was still piercing a human vertebra (Pls. 14-15) in Area 43 making clear that sharkteeth were used as arrowheads.

Other than necklaces, relatively frequent amongthe mortuary gifts were shell plate bracelets, cutfrom the walls of Fasciolaria trapezium.They wererectangular and perforated along the shorter sidesto permit fastening. Many of these bracelets werethen decorated with the usual incised stroke pat-tern along the longer sides.

Also recurring were open-ring soapstone ear-rings which were rarely decorated with a cup-hole pattern and often with holes showing evi-dence of repair. The frequency of repair maydemonstrate either little possibility of replace-ment, or more probably the significance of theobject as a socio-cultural symbol among all theelements of the material culture, especially thosedestined to be personal ornaments.3

Finally, Grave 83 is of special interest, quiteexceptional in this decidedly poor panorama ofthe RH5 graveyard. It is the grave of a youngwoman whose mortuary gifts are not only uniquein their complexity, but also give some indicationof interesting elements of the costume. Thewoman was, in fact, provided with a complete setof jewellery made of long necklaces; a beautifulshell bracelet and a less striking bracelet made ofsoapstone and shell beads, among which wasfound a pearl; two stone earrings; a string of per-forated Nassarius sp. shells, which together withtwo polished bone pins evidently clasped andadorned the hair-do gathered in a bun on thenape.Also near the head of the young woman wasdeposited what may be interpreted as a completemake-up kit. It consisted of a few, small, pinkstone pebbles and of a pair of small blocks of blackhaematite with polished surfaces. On the first, aplatform for rubbing the blocks of haematite wasclearly visible, having left a very evident darkcoating of the residue of the powder extracted.Tocomplete the set, was a bone splinter with point-ed ends for the application of the powder. It wasperhaps used to decorate the young woman’s eyes.

Finally, there was a Callista sp. valve and a spec-imen of Tonna sp. shell. Bipointed bone instru-

ments are not infrequent at RH5. An analogousexample, slightly longer, comes from the area ofGrave 69, even though it is not clearly connectedwith the burial. Others were collected from thehabitation levels (Biagi and Nisbet 1984; 1989). Itis not improbable that they were poly-functionalobjects, although their use as fish-hooks seemsimprobable in that they never present the inci-sions necessary to fasten them. Not excludingsuch a use for this class of objects, other possibleuses may be identified by microscopic analysis. Asignificant example could be furnished from thematerial of the Currorang shelters, in easternAustralia where: ‘Two major groups of bonepoints were found.The larger comprised bipointsand unipoints of split bone ranging in length from13 to 62 mm. Many have a general all-over glosswhich is too diffuse to be the result of use. Severalbipoints had median bands of resin or gum, whichwas also found at the base of some unipoints. Itseems most likely that these were used as tips andbarbs for multi-pronged fishing spears like thosecollected by Banks in 1770’ (White andO’Connel 1982: 145). In the present case, theassociation of the blocks of haematite and thetraces of haematite powder found on the extrem-ities of this object leave little doubt as to its use asa cosmetic tool.

PALAEOBIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE4

A detailed analysis of the human remains can befound in the section of this work prepared by A. Coppa and A. Cucina, while preliminary stud-ies on different aspects of the Ra’s al-Hamra 5population have been published (Grilletto 1982;Macchiarelli 1984, 1985, 1989; Macchiarelli andFrohlic n.d.;Coppa et al. 1990;Coppa,Cucina andMack 1993). The actual sample, however, seemsrepresentative in that the sex-ratio of adults wasapproximately 1:1, the average life-span was 30years, while life expectancy at birth was less than21 years. An examination of the age at death inrelationship to sex demonstrates a distinct similar-ity between the curves of the two sexes for YoungAdults and Adults. The age group 14-18 (SA)shows a peak of mortality for females, possibly

39

reflecting the dangers of giving birth, while ahigher male mortality is well attested for MatureAdult and Very Mature Adult age groups (Table 4 and Fig. 13):

This was expected on the basis of both ethno-graphic and archaeological observations(Constandse-Westermann and Newell 1984: 200).

Also relevant to the following discussion is thelow percentage of the age class ‘0’ (0-12 months)(Fig. 14) and the fact that of the 15 newborns 10were buried in multiple graves and that all but oneindividuals of the female sex (Grave 76 Infant)died during the age of fertility. Finally, individualsbetween the ages of 1 and 6 are strongly under-represented (19 on 35) at least in the sample col-lected up to the 1984 season (IsMEO Activities1983; Coppa et al. 1986).

Similar patterns produced by the graves of chil-dren in the 0-6 age group must probably bejudged as the result of the differential treatment ofthe individuals of that age group, and should even-tually be interpreted in social terms, as an indica-tion of non inheritance of rank (Binford 1971;Wright 1978).

Passing now to the rest of the sample it can beconfirmed with a high level of confidence that thecommunity presents notable morphologic homo-geneity within each sex, reduced general mor-phometric variability and a low percentage of sex-ual dimorphism. These observations are deducedfrom both the skeletal and dental elements. Suchevidence, together with a high frequency ofpathologies with a strong genetic load such asspina bifida (Ferembach 1963; Bennet 1972), tendto delineate the picture of a genetically isolatedpopulation with a low rate of genetic drift andtherefore inbreeding. In line with the above arealso the complete absence of ‘generally commontraits, like metopism, torus palatinus, double men-

tal foramen and third trochanter. Their recurrentabsence can suggest such phenomena as drift andgenetic insulation’ (Coppa et al. 1986: 100).Therewas also a high frequency of olecranic perforationsof the humerus (Cavicchi, Russo and Veronesi1978). Further indications come from the initial,although numerically inadequate, results of thepalaeosierologic analysis (Danubio n.d.; IsMEOActivites 1984).

With our present knowledge, it is not yet possi-ble to construct a dynamic historical perspective(Fix 1979: 219-220) of the phenomena at hand.The question still arises whether the distributionof the genetic data must be read as a consequenceof a ‘bottle neck’ reduction or of the so called‘founder effect’ consequent to the phenomenonof fission (Bodmer and Cavalli-Sforza 1977: 162-168). However, as an initial hypothesis it would bebetter to adapt a series of indices which will laterbe discussed in detail.

ANALYSIS

Generally speaking, the RH5 burial ground canbe defined as a graveyard formally established onthe edge of a settlement with some episodes ofpartial reintegration into the inhabited area. Suchoscillations, however, have never produced a gen-eralised change in the cemetery or the inhabitedareas. Furthermore, no cemetery has been foundassociated with the oldest levels of habitation, andto our present knowledge, it is not possible toaffirm either that the burials of the older periodshould be looked for elsewhere, or that the RH5cemetery represents the beginning of the formal-isation of a graveyard. In light of scarce, but signif-icant, indications provided by C-14 dating, it isplausible to identify the cemetery area of the old-

TABLE 4

SA YA A MA VMA Subtotal

Female 8.9% 5.7% 5.7% 6.3% 10.8% 37.4%

Male 3.8% 6.4% 5.7% 12.6% 18.9% 47.4%

Sex n.d. 3.8% 10.1% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 15.2%

Total 16.5% 22.2% 12.7% 18.9% 29.7% 100.0%

40

est RH5 inhabitation phases with the group ofgraves excavated in the neighbouring RH10 site(IsMEO Activities 1982, 1983).The only C-14 dat-ing coming from a RH10 grave (HV-10004:5230±65 bp) is calculated to be (1σ) 4090-3970BC or (2σ) 4230-3940 BC (Biagi et al. 1984,Table1: 16). If subsequent dating will confirm thosealready in possession, a hypothesis could be availedthat the group of graves in RH 10 was in use dur-ing the first phases of the RH5 settlement. Thegraves in question show little formal differencesfrom those in the RH5 cemetery area. For exam-ple, regarding the grave coverings, in RH10 therewas only the mixed type of peridotite pebbles andlimestone blocks; regarding the position of thedeceased, all were lying on their right side.However, the more remarkable differences residein the quality and in the formal elaboration ofsome elements of the mortuary gifts, such as theshell pendants.The impression is that the objectsare fancier and more elaborated without, howev-er, articulating a substantially different typology(Tosi and Biagi 1984: fig. at p. 115 upper).

The location of the graveyard, at the edge of thesettlement, from a certain point on, itself seems tobe a clear indication that there was a strict linkbetween the community and a micro-environ-ment that was highly productive both in terms ofefficiency (Caldwell 1958) and in terms of con-centrations of ‘immediate return resources’ whichwould have fully satisfied ‘the least effort-leastrisk’ relationship (Perlman 1980;Yesner 1980). Onthe whole, the formal value of this cemetery isthat of fixing a right of access to a particular rangeof resources (Saxe and Gall 1977; Chapman 1981;Goldstein 1981; Glazier 1984).This was probablydue to a general crisis of the subsistence strategiesfrom previous centuries, combined with the iden-tification of a relatively abundant resource supplyconcentrated in a rather restricted area.The con-cepts of ‘ample’ and ‘restricted’ are, obviously,strictly related to the level of extraction technolo-gy (Chapman 1981: 80).This phenomenon bringswith it a notable grade of stable habitation, per-haps only seasonal, but consistent, of a humansocial group constituted at a certain level of com-plexity. In this specific case, there is no positiveevidence that the RH5 fishermen used boats

(Biagi and Nisbet 1986). Fishing, in any case, musthave been limited largely to the zone of the sea immediately overlooking the cape which,as has already been pointed out, provided situa-tions particularly favourable to coastal fishingactivities.

On the other hand, molluscs are also anextremely concentrated resource. The predomi-nance of Terebralia palustris B., Ostrea cucullataB., O. cristagalli L. indicates that the zone ofexploitation was rather restricted: the mangrovethickets and cliff front of the cape. Such condi-tions, even at a relatively low population level,could have produced competition and, therefore,the necessity to control resource areas (Charlesand Buikstra 1983; Brown 1985). A significantindication of geomorphological changes, bothmicro-environmentally and economically rele-vant, could be obtained from a hypothesisadvanced by M. Coltorti (who was responsible forthe geomorphological survey in the Qurm area, aspart of the activities of Italian ArchaeologicalMission), namely, the possibility of sand barsforming rapidly at the mouth of Wadi Aday.Thesesand bars could have helped the Chelonia mydasturtles to land and lay their eggs. It is to beremembered that the presence of turtle bones inthe older settlement of RH6 was definitely scarce(Biagi 1985: 409).

Regarding the size of the RH5 population, it ispossible to avail of the formula of Acsadi andNemeskéri (1970) to calculate the average size ofthe group.Assuming, on the basis of the continu-ity of use of the graveyard, homogeneity of ritual,grave shapes, orientation of those buried, and per-sistence of topography, that the same communitywas responsible for the construction of the ceme-tery, the average number of individuals in thegroup using the RH5 graveyard can be estimatedat 15.5 This number is obviously too small andonly by hypothesising a binary system for the set-tlement or a seasonal pattern — and therefore,one or more localities in which the individuals ofthe group dying at a time of the year when thecommunity was not residing at Ra’s al-Hamrawere buried — can a number of individuals com-patible to the minimum figure noted genericallyfor groups of hunters-gatherers be reached. In

41

fact, according to ethnographic data, the mini-mum numerical constant for a minimum band orlocal group, or else that which has been defined as‘the most permanent and strongly integratedsocial unit in a hunting and gathering society’(Steward 1969 in Wobst 1974: 152) is about 25‘units’ (Hassan 1979: 140; Martin 1972; Bettinger1980).The same results were obtained through acomputer simulation which further demonstratedsuch a number to be ‘.. sufficient to guarantee thesurvival of minimum bands over many genera-tions’ (Wobst 1974: 173). More precisely, a calcu-lation of the probability of survival of the mini-mum bands produces a half-life figure of approx-imately 180 years, on the whole congruent withthe duration established by radiochronologicallyfor our cemetery. A local group of 15 individualswould, by contrast, be too low to permit survivalfor a period of 400 years (Ibidem: 170-173).

As suggested by recent ethnographic studiesconducted on hunter-gatherer communities, thegroup represented by our graveyard probablyreunited in this area with other groups duringsome months of the year, forming a more ampledemographic entity of the type known in the lit-erature as maximum bands or mating networks(Bettinger 1980). Such a hypothesis could be sup-ported by the presence of a constellation of settle-ments, analogous and partially contemporaneousto RH5, in the Qurm area.The problem of sea-sonality is posed here as part of an interpretativehypothesis capable of coping with other anom-alies, but will be confronted at another time.

If the problem of the size of the group is insome way resolvable, at least hypothetically, thesame cannot be said for the territorial dimensionsof the cultural horizon of the RH5 settlement.That which goes under the name of’Ra’salhamrian culture’ is not confined to theQurm promontory (Biagi 1988), it is not yet pos-sible to retrace its true coastal extension duringthe 4th millennium BC.A recently published C14determinations list (Biagi 1994) adds considerablyto our knowledge about Oman coast exploitationpointing to a large presence of fisher-gatherergroups since the 7th millennium BC.A number ofthe recorded shell-middens, according to theradiocarbon chronology published by Biagi, can

be considered contemporary with RH5 site,namely Bandar Jissah 1, Bandar Khayran 7, KhorMilh 1, Dagmar 1,Ash Shab 1, Bi’r Bira 1, KhawrJaramah 12, Ra’s al Jinz 2, Ra’s al Khabbah 1, Ra’sShirab 1, but it seems too early to tray any recon-struction of the distribution pattern of coastal ori-ented communities during the 4th millenniumBC since the cultural data has not been com-pletely published. Moreover, on the base of the listpublished by Biagi (1988), the radiocarbon deter-mined sites represent less than 28% of the morethan 140 sites located along the Sultanate coast-line.The delineation of a system of exchange6 andabove all of the mating network of the RH5 res-ident group can only remain highly hypotheticalas do assumptions of a linear or coastal sites net-work.

The following analysis of the graveyard will pro-ceed from a general level to a more particular one.This first phase will therefore be treated as anorganic whole to illuminate, where possible, somegeneral traits without, however, forgetting that thesample studied is the final product of a process(with the limitations which have been mentioned)and therefore of a historical society that in timecould have undergone important transformations.

First of all, the graves have been marked on aplan (Figs. 15-17) with various symbols accordingto three large stratigraphic subdivisions. In partic-ular, we can observe a gradual northward shift ofthe settlement area during the last cemeteryphase, transporting a section of the cemeterytowards the north (Fig. 17). Such a shift, however,does not seem to have reached such proportionsas would have distinguished it from normal spatialoscillations of settlement areas through time. Oursite is otherwise rather well defined with evidentchronological and cultural continuity.

A feature of absolute stability in the RH5 grave-yard is given by the orientation of the deceased,who always lie along a north-east/south-west axiswith the head posed north-east.Variability is rela-tively low within the 90 degrees of the north-eastern quadrant (Fig. 18).The same rule of ori-entation is also confirmed in the secondary buri-als, thus assuring the absolute rule.

In the majority of cases (i.e. those buried lyingon their right side) the face of the deceased looks

42

FIGURE 15. Period 1 graves.

43


44


45

towards some point between north-west to south-east. In the cases of those buried lying on their leftside, the face invariably looks towards the south-east.The variability of the above mentioned phe-nomenon could have been determined by theintention to orient the deceased’s look towards aprecise point of the horizon. Linking the face ori-entation to the diverse points of the horizon atsunrise and sunset during the course of the year,it can be seen that those buried on their right sidespan an arch too wide to offer precise indication.At least three hypotheses can in fact be proposed:1) That such a large range indicates that the ceme-tery was used throughout the year; 2) that the useof the cemetery could have been of a seasonaltype and in that case the position would haveappeared either A) in the semester of July toDecember; or B) in the semester of January-June.Those buried on their left side invariably looktowards the sunrise from the end of the summer

and the beginning of the winter (between Augustand December). If this last possibility is significant,then it may be integrated with the hypothesis 2Arelative to those buried on their right side.

On this more general level of observation, itseems opportune to verify the consistency of suchapparently characteristic traits. More than once, infact, it has been pointed out in the literature thatthe side of deposition of the dead is not causal,even though this specific trait can convey differentmessages. In some cases it was linked to genderand clan or group membership, that is to say,linked to the system of social organisation(Hodder 1982a: 165; Ucko 1969: 271-2) or elseconceptions related to where the spirits of thedead reside (White 1967 in Gruber 1971: 71). Inother cases, it is the orientation of the face whichprevails, and is often related to the direction themythic complex of the group give to the hereafter(Hodder 1982a: 165-167; Merbs 1968, 1969;

FIGURE 18. Distribution of dead orientations.

46

Michelson 1919; Ucko 1969; Bowen 1976: 48) orelse to the clan or the totem of the deceased(Johnson 1912 in Gruber 1971: 71; Hodder1982a: 166).

Different grades of integration and dominanceof the two traits can produce various significancefor analogous situations. It seems certain that themodality of the position of the corpse can repre-sent crystallised directional messages towards dif-ferent cultural spheres and perhaps can begrouped under two main labels: A) religious ide-ology and B) social ideology (possibly reflectionof the social system). Allowing this, the position‘right/left side’ can be checked and comparedaccording to the three chrono-stratigraphic cate-gories in which the RH5 graves have been classi-fied (see Burial Data List,Table 5 and Fig. 19).

7

TABLE 5

Level 3 Level 2 Level 1

S 8 16.0% 4 9.8% 5 10.4%

L 15 30.0% 6 14.6% 4 8.3%

R 25 50.0% 29 70.7% 28 58.3%

n.d. 2 4.0% 2 4.9% 11 22.9%

Tot. 50 100.0% 41 100.0% 48 100.0%

S= Secondary burial; L= Left side; R= Right side;n.d.= Position undetermined.

The reported data of Table 5 transformed into ahistogram (Fig. 19) give an even better perspectiveof the situation: while there is neither notablevariation nor tendency - if not that of a relativestability in the secondary burials and in individu-als buried lying on their right side - the curvedelineated by the histogram shows a progressivedecline in the number of individuals buried lyingon their left side.This requires particular attentionand must be explained on several levels. First ofall, a different behaviour from what seems to bewithout a shadow of doubt the norm (i.e. positionon the right side) should be explained. Thehypotheses that are to be formulated must be con-gruent with the phenomenon of regressionshown in the histogram. Above all, the demarca-tion between the right and left side does not runalong the same line according to sex: of the 15

individuals deposited on the left side in the groupfrom level III, six were male, four female and fiveundetermined (two adults, two infants and onechild); of the six in the group of level II, two werefemale, one male and three undetermined (allchildren); of the four on level I, two were femaleand two undetermined (1 adult and one child).

The difference from the norm, which is highlystructured and formally specular, can have variousexplanations:

1) It could indicate a different subgroup(although minor) within a society divided inhalves.

2) It could indicate that the individuals are inte-grated into the group through mating systemsand/or through other mechanisms of aggregation.In the first case we are faced with a progressiveextinction of one of the subgroups hypotheticallyidentified. In the other case one is instead facedwith a progressive isolation of the community, adecline in matrimonial exchange within theproper kin groups, a growth of intersocietal con-flict, or, perhaps a general population fall over theentire area.With our present knowledge, it is notpossible to expand these arguments, or formulatealternative hypothesis. All indications, however,both archaeological and palaeopathological, tendto delineate a society with a genetic drift and verystrong insulation. The context of the phenome-non escapes comprehension. In a recent work(Santini 1984) the RH5 graveyard has been theobject of study in a first attempt at using a multi-variate technique. This has allowed identificationof a distribution ordinately dispersed in spatial

FIGURE 19. Skeletal disposition contra layers.

47

terms, with the absence of significant groupings ofthe following variables examined: type of gravecovering, primary/secondary burial, number ofindividuals per grave, position on right/left side,burial with/without mortuary gifts, sex of theindividuals. The correlation analysis carried outon the variables ‘mortuary gifts/graves typology’failed to yield significant results. However the lastcouple of variables could help to clarify somevariations regarding the composition of the mor-tuary gifts, to be attributed more to chronologicalfactors than to a demarcation of social rank(Ibidem: 81-4).

Using the typology of the grave covering as apossible indication of vertical differentiation with-in the RH5 society may help to partially solve theproblem of social rank. As indicated earlier, theanalysis conducted for this purpose has notrevealed significant aggregations: neither topo-graphic, nor chronological, nor those regardingthe relationship between sex and/or age of thedeceased. However, it does provide some specifi-cations from the point of view of the concept ofenergy expenditure (Tainter 1978: 125; Brown1981). The most obvious indication is betweenType 1 on one hand and the other three on theother hand. Not only is this evident from a formalpoint of view, but by correlating the presence ofmortuary gifts with the typology of the covering(Fig. 20), it can be seen that only 32% of the Type1 burials have mortuary gifts.Type 3 and 4 behavesubstantially in an analogous manner amongthemselves, but are notably distinguished fromType 1 (Type 3: 52.5%;Type 4: 57.9%).Type 2 lieson the opposite side of the line (81.8%). If, there-fore, vertical differentiation are expressed in thesphere of the burial, the energy expenditureparameter related to grave coverings does notseem to be the only way that such differentiationwere conveyed because on this ground Types 3

and 4 seem to be equal. Furthermore, the formaldistinction, result of a precise choice, is clearbetween wadi pebbles and limestone blocks. It is,therefore, probable that such a choice could bedetermined on the symbolic level to convey ver-tical differentiation within the group.The limits ofthe evidence of the system of ranking probably liewithin the function of time, which seems tobehave in a determined manner on the variabilityof the majority of the traits examined. In any case,the distance between the possible levels of stratifi-cation seems little accented and, both in terms ofrichness, and exotic materials and ‘energy expen-diture’, can fit well within the expected limits ofan egalitarian society (Tainter and Cordy 1977;Tainter 1978), in which the representation ofsocial rank was expressed only partially in thatsegment of the funeral ritual which is archaeolog-ically perceivable.

A further example of the operation of the fac-tor of time is furnished by the analysis of thechronological distribution of the different types ofgrave coverings (Table 6 and Fig. 21).

From the data presented here it is evident thatthe more elaborate coverings (Types 2 and 4) pro-

FIGURE 20. Presence of grave furniture according to grave types.

TABLE 6

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 n.d.

Lev.1 8 19.1% 3 7.1% 16 38.1% 3 7.1% 12 28.6%

Lev.2 10 25.0% 5 12.5% 13 32.5% 8 20.0% 4 10.0%

Lev.3 6 12.2% 5 10.2% 13 28.6% 11 30.6% 6 18.4%

48

gressively disappear. An analogous indicationcomes from an examination of the frequency ofgraves with mortuary gifts in the three levels (Fig. 22). Taken as a whole, these indicators aredecisively concordant, and underline continuouscultural change, the nature of which must for nowbe discussed on a highly hypothetical level.

Other data seem, however, to have escaped thetime dimension as a dominant factor.This permitsto detect variations dependent on the social struc-ture to be taken into account by passing throughthe parameters of age and sex.The percentage ofburials without mortuary gifts being almost con-stant in the three levels (Level 1: 67.4%; Level 2:51.3%; Level 3: 60%), a table according to sex andage with the recurrence of mortuary gifts hasbeen provided (Fig. 23) to enlighten differing fac-tors of variation.

8

The graphs presented in Fig. 24, representingthe relative percentage of the presence of mortu-ary gifts according to sex and age, indicate gener-

ally analogous trends, but with significant differ-ences. Generally speaking, a major concentrationof mortuary gifts is evident among VMA and MAfor males and among MA and SA for females,while for males there is a progressive increase inthe relative values to VMA age class. In otherwords, considering the mortuary gifts as indicatorsof prestige, or of wealth, they are concentrated inthe age band which has the highest productive orcontrol capacity.

A very different pattern is that appearing in arecent study of a mesolithic cemetery in northernRussia, (O’Shea and Zvelebil 1984:19) andexplained on the basis of similar behaviour report-ed ethnographically among the Nivkhi ofSakhalin and the lower Amur (Black 1972).

The difference which is evident in our samplebetween males and females can be interpretedalong different shades of meaning.The data con-cerning VMA females are probably biased by rela-tively low levels of wealth or prestige among thewomen of advanced age. The high presence ofmortuary gifts in the subadult female graves,against their absence in the male graves of the cor-responding age class, clearly indicates that thefemales enter rather earlier than the males into thesocial dynamics through the marriage mechanism.Also, very young females would therefore fall, forthe logic of the production of the producer, with-in the social band with highest productive capac-ities. It is, thus, evident that a threshold of age dif-

FIGURE 21. Grave type contra layers.

FIGURE 22. Grave furniture presence according to grave type and layers.

FIGURE 23. Inhumed with grave goods contra layers.

49

ferentiation between males and females corre-sponds with the general principle of control, onthe part of the male adults over the females, thatis, the reproductive capacity of the group(Meillassoux 1975).

As regards specific mortuary gifts, it seems thereare no typically masculine or feminine items, withthe exception of earrings which were found onlyonce in a male graves as against four cases infemale ones. Neither are there objects destined forclasses of specific age. In other words, as Peeblesand Kus (1977) suggested, the mortuary gifts,cross-cutting sex and age, could indicate socialrank (the limits of which have already been men-tioned in discussing the types of grave coverings).However, an articulate social situation could alsobe suggested from some graves of children (e.g.Grave 10) which contain mortuary gifts, whichmust indicate inherited wealth or status.

If it is true, as a recent re-analysis of the problemwould demonstrate (Tainter 1978:121), that theuse of objects with specific significance to indicatestatus is a very minor practice, it is also true thatthe mortuary gifts present in the RH5 gravesshow no anomalies to the whole of the materialculture recovered in the excavation of the settle-ment. The only exception is furnished by pearlswhich were all collected from very distinctivegraves: Grave 83, a burial which in terms of mor-tuary gifts resumes all the elements present in thecemetery; Grave 37, structurally the most com-plex, having been built with a circle of stoneswhich form a circular cyst, on which was a well-laid mosaic of peridotite pebbles; and Grave 86,

another burial with rich personal gifts.Therefore,it seems legitimate to think that, in our case, mor-tuary gifts can be assumed as an indication of thevertical differentiation within the society. Thatsuch differentiation is probably of an unstable typeis demonstrated from the analysis of the frequen-cy of the mortuary gifts for the different agegroups.

Upon a closer examination, strictly topographi-cal and infra-cemeterial, it is perhaps possible toisolate at least 3 concentrations of burials (Fig. 25).One of these, the third, is predominantly consti-tuted from the so called Area 43. As previouslystated, this area is not typical, since its intermedi-ate level of burials shows the presence, on onefloor only, of at least 76 individuals, some in pri-mary and the majority in secondary depositionwith strong evidence of post-depositional distur-bances. Its stratigraphic reality isolates this largegroup of burials in a rather precise moment of thesequence, in an intermediate phase of the forma-tion of Level 3. More exactly, this episode cutsinto level 3b, which constitutes the final episodeof Phase IV and is covered by level 3a which rep-resents the first of two episodes of the succeedingPhase V (IsMEO Activities 1984; Biagi andSalvatori 1986). Such a stratigraphic situationseems to indicate a relatively rapid formation ofthis cemeterial episode which, judging from suchgeneral features as the mortuary gifts, food offer-ing or remains of a funerary feast, the use of Wadistones in grave coverings, orientation of thedeceased, is not so culturally distinct from the restof the cemetery.

The basic problem posed by these obvious con-centrations is to determine if they are significant,or are merely casual results of the bias producedon the sample, in terms of aerial dispersion, by theerosion of a section of the cemetery area com-bined with cultural post-depositional disturbancesand casual choice of the location of the burial atthe time. From a formal point of view, the verifi-cation of such aggregations being significant at thelevel of behaviour of the group would require thatthe following conditions be satisfied:

1) Co-presence, in each group, of individualsbelonging to every age class.

2) Co-presence, in each group, of individuals of

FIGURE 24. Grave furniture according to sex and age.

50

FIGURE 25. Spatial distributions of the three recognizable grave clusters.

51

both sexes corresponding to the sex-ratio of theentire sample.

3) Co-presence, in each group, of burialsappearing on individual stratigraphic levels —keeping in mind that the latter are marked in partartificially, in that the RH5 necropolis is the prod-uct of a continuous process and, if not for com-modity of analysis, almost indivisible.

4) That the social rules supporting ritual behav-iour be maintained unaltered during the wholetime span in which the graveyard remained in use.

As can be verified from Figs. 26-27, conditions1, 2 and 3 are satisfied for the two groups underexamination.

The fourth condition is not, however, verifiable

even though all conditions until now have evi-denced a pronounced tendency to change, per-haps more in economic-demographic than insocio-cultural terms.

Although the evidence is not altogether lackingin ambiguity, it is possible that topographic groupsrepresent horizontal divisions within the RH5community. Their numeric consistency suggestsnothing more than extended family groups, but itis difficult to think that the marriage dialecticsexhausted themselves in such small family units.On the one hand the archaeological evidence,however scarce, proposes co-presence with othergroups in contemporaneous settlements (RH3and RH4) found on the Qurm promontory,

FIGURE 26. Groups 1 and 2: age classes presence according to stratigraphic layers.

FIGURE 27. Groups 1 and 2: sex occurrence according to stratigraphic layers.

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probably endowed with proper cemetery areas(Durante and Tosi 1977). On the other hand, thepalaeobiological evidence denounces a stronggenetic drift, and therefore, an apparent inefficien-cy of the matrimonial system in action.

Still, if the topographic aggregates representsocial entities, the first of the hypotheses formu-lated in the section dedicated to the modality ofthe deceased’s position must be eliminated. Stillstanding however is the hypothesis relating to theintegration of allochtonous elements within thecommunity, integration that showed a strongregression other time, reflecting the ever moreaccentuated insulation of the community. In otherwords, we could face a progressive change of mat-rimonial rules, a process which our sample con-firms only in the last segments.

It is, however, at the ‘mating network’ level thatthe cause of the genetic stress, which is so widelydocumented in our sample, is to be sought. Thediscourse is, therefore, eminently speculative.Recent studies have demonstrated that ‘the dis-tance cost of acquiring mates is three times greaterfor linear or coastal networks than hexagonalones’ (Wobst 1976 in Perlman 1980: 293). Tomaintain an efficient mating network with respectto the reproductive system, a fairly high popula-tion density (1-2 people per square kilometre)would be necessary. Such a density is not support-ed by the results of the coastal survey.The maxi-mum concentration of people from theRa’salhamrian culture has been identified in theQurm area. Even here it is improbable to think interms of even periodic concentrations of a popu-lation of around 500 persons, a number which,according to the calculations of Washburn andLancaster (1968: 303; see also Hassan 1979: 140)represents the minimum limit for the system tofunction without trauma. It is true that reducedestimates were produced by Maccluer and Dyke(1978) and by Wobst (1978). Nevertheless, asWobst (1975) demonstrated, the endogamouspopulations of small sizes (100-200 individuals)would need an elevated fertility rate to maintain astable population. A similar opinion has been putforth by Constandse-Westermann and Newell(1984). In our sample, on the contrary, the fertili-ty rate seems to be rather low (R. Macchiarelli,

pers. comm.). This is a hypothesis formulated onthe basis of observations conducted on the poste-rior side of the pubic symphysis and at the level ofthe preauricular groove on the hip bones availableat RH5 according to the methodology suggestedby H. Hullrich (1975).

Starting from optimum theoretical situationsand assuming that, as indicated earlier, the admis-sion of allochtonous elements declined steadilyover time, one can formulate the hypothesis that ageneralised demographic crisis eroded the numer-ical consistency of the maximum band, reducedthe density of the settlement network and pro-duced a decrease of matrimonial exchange to thepoint that it took place almost exclusively withinthe limits of the local group, and thereforeinduced the phenomenon of genetic driftobserved.

SEASONALITY

Unfortunately, with the data actually at hand, it isnot yet possible to formulate a solution to theproblem of seasonality, either for the RH5 settle-ment or for the use of the graveyard.The solutionto this argument is, however, of such importancethat the available evidence has to be summarised.As previously indicated, the evaluation of the sizeof the local group on the basis of the number ofgraves and their chronological span furnishes val-ues decisively too low to permit the survival ofthe group itself within about a 400 year time span.

A seasonal pattern of settlement could allowthat some members of the group were buried inanother locality, frequented more or less systemat-ically during the rest of the year.This would makeit possible, at least theoretically, to calculate thesize of the group differently, figuring it within therange of about 25-30 (twice the previous esti-mate) which would enter into a size categorycompatible with both ethnographic and archaeo-logical evidence (Hassan 1979: 140).Another ele-ment in favour of a seasonal frequentation of thesite is the face orientation of the deceased, assum-ing that the hypothesis advanced as 2a is the cor-rect one.Thus, aware of the danger of applying acontext so chronologically distant from actual

53

behaviour, which could have resulted from recentinfluence, the data produced by Ross and Birwani(1982) on the nesting period of Chelonia mydas inthe Arabian Peninsula can be taken into consider-ation.The authors cited have established that themain breeding season of C. mydas is from Augustto December, a period which precisely correlatesto hypothesis 2a.With all due caution, data relat-ed to the habits of the large green turtle, so cru-cial to the diet and funeral ideology of the RH5community, can then be integrated into a hypoth-esis on the seasonality of the site according to H.-P. Uerpmann’s work (in: Biagi et al. 1984) on therelative exploitation of the ‘niche packing’ situa-tion of Qurm. In this regard Uerpmann concludesthat: ‘among several possible explanations for thisstrategy, two seem at present more plausible: onemight be that food availability was not the limit-ing factor of population density in the area. If thelife-span and fertility were kept low by diseaseslike malaria and thalassaemia, the most accessibleniches of the biotype would have been extensive-ly exploited.The other, maybe, more likely expla-nation, is that the shell middens only representpart of the economic life of its inhabitants. If thecoastal sites were only seasonal settlements, theexploitation of terrestrial resources would havebeen concentrated at inland camp sites frequentedduring other parts of the year’ (p.48).Typical ele-ments of the so called Ra’salhamrian culture werefound by Uerpmann himself in 1983 (Uerpmannand Uerpmann 2003: 27) in a site called WadiWatayah, along the Wadi Aday axis, which was theprincipal natural link between the coastal area ofQurm and the hinterland through the mountains.That it has continuously been used since prehis-toric times is well documented by numerousexamples of rock art (Clarke 1975). Negative evi-dence against a stable occupation of the site yearround may also be cited: the absence of structuresfor stocking food and of grind-stones, the onlyexception having been found among the coveringstones of Grave 61.

None of what has been reported could be con-sidered decisive in the resolution of the problemof seasonality. However, we expect more definitivesolutions to evolve soon from the systematicstudy, through the various available modern tech-

niques, of the molluscs recovered from the differ-ent levels of the settlement (Shackleton 1973;Koike 1979; Killingley 1981; Monks 1981).

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis conducted so far on the available datafurnishes sufficient elements to trace a generalpicture, however provisional, of the RH5 society.Until now we have critically referred to this com-munity as a ‘group of fisher-gatherers’, but thisterm spans a rather ample social variability(Perlman 1980;Yesner 1980b;Testart 1981, 1982;Barnard 1983). Any label would be ambiguous,limiting and in certain respects misleading(Shennan 1975; Rothschild 1979; Constandse-Westermann and Newell 1984: 141) when used totransfer an ethnographic reality to an archaeolog-ical one.Therefore, the RH5 community has herebeen defined as a group of fisher-gatherers with-in whose economy (perceivable through thearchaeological filter only in a very restricted way)is the presence, at an extremely low rate, of hunt-ing, raising of animals, if not also of agriculture.This definition is not meant to express anythingbut what was already observed on the ground ofthe exploitation of only one of several Qurm set-tlements. Strictly archaeologically speaking, bymeans of such definition, we could compare theRH5 group to the communities studied byParsons (1970) on the Peruvian Coast.

Another, hardly minor, problem, always in refer-ence to terminology, is the use of the concept of‘egalitarian society’ to translate into the socialsphere some of the results of data analysis. Here,too, the definition could be off the tract ifassumed in its most restricted sense, in that thecorrelation of ‘fisher-gatherers’ = ‘egalitarian soci-ety’ is by no means automatic (Perlman 1980;O’Shea 1981a; Brown 1981; Testart 1982;Woodburn 1982). The problem of inequality inthis type of society is still far from resolved and,depending on the scale of observation, it takesvarious forms and contents (Bender 1978).Therefore, it is not inopportune to recall that theproducer mechanisms of social inequality are notonly researched in the sphere of production,

54

reproduction and stockage of goods in relation tothe availability of resources. Other variablesimplied by the system of information processingare as responsible as these in terms of discrimina-tion down to levels of the smallest scale (Johnson1982).

Allowing this, that which emerges from our datais the picture of a small group of fisher-gatherers,marginally integrated with other, similar, groups,which seems to be confronted with demographicproblems and with a relative scarcity of resources.In other words, a collection of extended families(topographic regroupments of the graveyard),which seasonally frequented the RH5 site, a sitein which a formally organised cemetery wasestablished as a clear sign of direct right to a rangeof locally concentrated resources.

Having scarce dialectical exchange with othersin marriage terms, the group manifested a strongendogamic tendency (i.e. genetically supportedpathologies) and a substantially egalitarian socialstructure (non inheritability of status; under-rep-resentation of infant and children graves) eventhough there seems to be codified a tenuous andunstable social hierarchy shown by the presence ofmortuary gifts which cross through the divisionbetween the sexes; by discrimination of the sub-adults in relation to mortuary gifts along thedivision between the sexes, corresponding to anacquisition of status thanks to the social mecha-nism of matrimony; by some graves of childrenwith mortuary gifts; and by direct correlationbetween the presence of mortuary gifts and thedegree of elaboration of the types of grave coverings.

Other pertinent facts on the social sphere whichemerge from the RH5 graveyard indicate proba-ble use of particular techniques of demographiccontrol, which was probably secondary in respectto other types of biological and/or environmentallimitations. Grave 21 (a woman, a new born and achild of 2-3), Grave 72 (two adults, one male andthe other female with a child of 7-9) and Grave76 Infant (a male and a new or prematurely abort-ed infant) seem to document the practice ofinfanticide. Ethnographically this practice is welldocumented among hunter-gatherer groups(Divale 1972; Hayden 1972:209; Divale and

Harris 1976; Chapman 1980; Constandse-Westermann and Newell 1984: 197 and AppendixC).

Another social control mechanism is traceablefrom Graves 26 c-d, 53, 72, 218 where a male anda female were buried together.The recurrence ofthis type of double burial in the RH5 cemeterybrings to mind a form of ritual suicide, a practicetending to consolidate the control the males hadover the women as the reproductive element ofthe group.

Finally to be pointed out is the lack of crania fora certain number of burials (Graves 3, 5, 25 sup.,27, 28, 95, 205, 209, 212, 222) which cannot beattributed to the practice, otherwise ethnographi-cally and archaeologically well noted (see forexample Allen 1977: 445), of the use of parts ofthe deceased’s skeleton for ceremonial purposes.For the majority of these burials, the absence ofthe cranium is definitely attributable to post-depostional disturbances of various nature. Thecrania of the individuals from Graves 5, 27 and 28were lacking because these lay along the line ofmaximum erosion on the eastern edge of thedeposit. The section across Graves 69 and 212showed that the second one had been disturbedby a pit excavated into the zone of the cranium,ample portions of which were later recovered onthe external edge of the same pit once the exca-vation was completed. The total absence of thelong bones of the arms of the same individual canbe attributed to a similar cause.

More ambiguous is the case of Grave 59 A. Herethe skull of a young woman was reburied with aproper rite accompanied by two shell valves(Callista sp.) on either side. It was not possible toestablish whether the cranium had originally beentaken away accidentally or intentionally for cere-monial purposes.

In general, as expected (O’Shea 1981b), evi-dence for the horizontal divisions of society israther scarce, while vertical differentiation is moresignificant, even if somewhat ambiguous. Moreconclusive results are inhibited by a basic distur-bance merging on the diachronic axis whichcould be due to a process of socio-cultural trans-formation as suggested by some evidence previ-ously discussed.

55

Entering, albeit unwillingly, into the ‘minefield’of definitions (often artificial and contrived whendividing the historical continuum), the RH5human group has here been labelled as an egali-tarian community with an endogamous kinshipstructure, keeping in mind that the Gulf coastalcommunities before their integration in the larg-er geopolitical system of the Middle East in the3rd millennium BC, are still in absolute darkness.These prehistoric fisher-gatherers need to bestudied in a local context, rather than in anabstract typological context which would reflectthe ethnographic more than the archaeologicalevidence. On the other hand, with our presentknowledge, there are not enough elements todelineate a picture of the regional context, with-out which the characterisation of regularities and,therefore, inferences on the more general socio-cultural systems in an historical perspective (Klejn1979) would be unthinkable. If an integratedvision in space (i.e. synchronic congruent data onthe coastal cultures of the Indian Ocean and theGulf) and time (i.e. precise diachronic perceptionof the variation) is lacking, little room remains toattempt to answer the numerous questions whichthe study of the RH5 necropolis leaves open atthe level of the socio-cultural interpretation of theobservable portion of the prehistoric coastal pop-ulation.

This analysis represents, therefore, only a firstlevel of approximations of the knowledge of theprehistoric populations of the northern Omancoast. Here enters a rather wide-ranged problemrecently raised by Tosi (1983), in a historical per-spective: the problem of the contribution of theso-called marginal, non-farming economies to thebuild-up of the vast system of economic integra-tion already in action since the 4th millenniumBC in the Near East.

Returning to a minimal field of observation, theimpression is that of facing a community whichseems to have reached a certain dynamic equilib-rium in relation to its problem of subsistence, butotherwise - and perhaps specifically for this reason- had consistently found obstacles to its propersurvival.

The genetic drift, reflecting a social behaviourwhich indicates very strong isolation, does not

actually find a satisfactory environmental and eco-nomic explanation. The solution could perhapscome from a better knowledge of the regionalsystem of resource exploitation. In other words, itmust be clarified whether such insulation and theprevalence of mating rules which lead beyond thethreshold compatible with biological functioningare: 1) something restricted to the RH5 commu-nity - which nevertheless occupies an extremelyfavourable ecological niche compared with its sizeand its extractive technology — or else, 2) the signof the generalised crisis of an economic modelnow in competition with a range of highly con-centrated resources with newly emerging eco-nomic forms, and, therefore, with antagonisticgroups, whose presence will have characterisedthe area during the next millennium (Potts 1978;Cleuziou 1984).

NOTES

1. In some cases there may have been a deliberate or mechan-ical removal of the covering stones, demonstrated by reliableexamples of mass reduction in covering caused by post-deposi-tional events of various nature.

Nevertheless, circumstances have been observed in some welldocumented cases where blocks of stone were placed directlyon the body of the deceased and then covered with soil andwhat appears to be the residue of a funeral feast or food offer-ing.The high number of such occurrences has led us to classifythem under a rubric of specific types together with those gravesthat have no stone block, either on or in the soil filling. It hasbeen decided to group together those graves which in all evi-dence have scarce or absolutely no large lithic masses. It is pos-sible that some graves, judging from the evidence formed by theexcavation, have been included within one type when it belongsinstead to another, for example where the covering has beencompletely taken away in the past, leaving no identifiable traces.Still, the number of similar cases are not thought to be substan-tially significant to merit further consideration for the gravecovering typology provided.

2. The secondary burials, single or double, documenting suchcustoms, deserve more ample description, in that they presentmore than one element of interest.Above all, in these burials thenorth-east/south-west orientation is rigorously respected. Thiswas indicated by the axis of the long bones and the deliberateplacement of the crania to the north-east. Not all the bones ofthe individual were present in the secondary graves. That is,without doubt, related to the modality of burial and the succes-sive, retarded recovery of the bones. For example the Grave 68Infant. seems to be identifiable as a pit of decantation of somecorpses of individuals destined to be buried in a secondarygrave. In this pit lay in apparent disorder skeletal remains refer-

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able to at least four individuals.The majority of the bones hadbeen taken away and in all probability reburied in secondarygraves. If this use of the Grave 68 pit is true, then the incom-pleteness of the skeleton in secondary burials can easily beexplained.This would also help explain the systematic absenceof personal ornaments with secondary burials which probably,as in the case of Grave 68, remained confused and dispersed inthe soil of the first deposition and were doubtless difficult torecover.

It does not seem, however, that the recovery of bones has fol-lowed a preferential system, other than the obvious preoccupa-tion to have generically represented all the bones at a macro-scopic level -i.e. the long bones and other large bones togetherwith the cranium to be posited on the usual position on the axisdescribed from the long bones. There were no episodes ofintentional fragmentation found, other than that of themandible; a fact that in its recurrence and its isolation leaves atransparent precise significance. Remember the apt example ofGrave 25 Infant, where the mandible was not only broken intwo parts - the right half found up-side-down under the left half- but also the right condyle had been intentionally broken andinserted into the femural acetabolus which was found about 30cm from the same mandible.

3. Fragments of similar stone objects are frequent among thefindings of the RH5 deposit. In the beginning they werethought to be parts of composite fish-hooks; an interpretationre-enforced by the recurrence of perforations passing throughthe larger extremity of these objects and the progressive taper-ing towards the other extremity.The few examples still in onepiece, not presenting perforations, were not compared to theperforated fragments and were provisionally interpreted as nar-inghera, although it was preferred to call them open-rings, anappropriate formal definition that had the advantage of not initself expressing the function of the object. The excavation ofGrave 51 resolved at once the problem of the perforated frag-ments and of the open-rings.At the sides of the cranium of thedeceased, an individual 25-35 years old and of the male sex,were a pair of soapstone ‘open-rings’ still in place at the level ofthe mastoids.This demonstrated without the shadow of a doubtthat they were earrings. Both had old breaks and had beenrestored by means of holes passing along the edges of the frac-ture to permit the attachment.This was successively confirmedby other findings (G. 72b, 81, 83, 85 and 210), rendering clearboth the use of such objects and the particularity of fragmentsprovided with holes passing along the fractured edge.

4. A detailed and systematic treatment of the skeletal materialcan be found in the section of this work (Part III) prepared byA. Coppa and A. Cucina. Here we wish to stress that thanks tothe constant presence on the field of anthropologists A. Coppa,M.A. Danubio and R. Macchiarelli, in spite of the sometimesrather poor conservation of the human bones, observations andregistrations of an enormous mass of information, that other-wise would have been difficult to recuperate, have been permit-ted.

5. As has been stated earlier, the graveyard is limited to a sur-face area of about 200 sq m with a density of burials, in termsof individuals, of 1.4 per sq m On this basis it can reasonably beestimated that the total number of individuals buried must havereached the order of 280-300 units, including the 30-40 indi-

viduals that are thought to have been in the eastern portion ofthe graveyard, which was affected by a strong hydro dynamicerosional process. Judging from this data, and by utilising a mod-ified form of the formula of Acsadi and Nemeskeri, the follow-ing values can be obtained.Assuming use within a 400 year timespan, indicated by numerous radiocarbon datings otherwise list-ed, and evaluating life expectancy at birth to 21 (IsMEOActivities 1983): P(average population) =15 individuals. In theformula cited, P=K + (De/t): ‘P’ represents the size of the aver-age population; ‘D’ the total number of the deceased; ‘e’ lifeexpectancy at birth;‘t’ the period of the use of the cemetery;‘k’a correcting factor equal to 10% of t.That is, if the correctionfactor is constantly maintained at 10% of t, the formula, at thelimits of the series, would furnish for every augment of t valuesof P always more or less analogous. In fact, on the table present-ed by Acsadi and Nemeskeri on page 67, a simple calculationdemonstrates that they have used a value of k oscillatingbetween 0.1-200% of t without explaining how they got suchvalues. To avoid this difficulty the calculations of the presentstudy have been determined by using a modified version of theformula: P =(K+De) /t.

The authors’ mistake was also noticed by others (Donat andUllrich 1971) as recently pointed out by P. Sellier (1989:33).

6. We are referring to regional and inter-regional parametersof the cultural process in the perspective expressed by Wobst(1978). Presently we are moving in a geocultural vacuum con-cerning the coastal populations of Oman and, more generally,the Arabian Peninsula during the 4th millennium BC. Only oneother shell-midden has been tested along the Oman Coast(Phillips,Wilkinson 1979) and another, RH6, is in the course ofexcavation on the part of the Italian Archaeological Mission toOman. Both date to the preceding 5th millennium BC.The dat-ing of the burials excavated by the French ArchaeologicalMission to Qatar (Midant-Reynes 1981, 1982) could, however,be a millennium older than RH5 (Midant-Reynes 1985) how-ever, we have to remember that a sort of ‘relay’ system ofexchange was responsible, just in that time, for the transfer of animportant cultigen, the Sorghum bicolor, from the Horn of Africato the Arabian Gulf (Cleuziou and Costantini 1980;Tosi 1986),and that this grain was also found at RH5 (Nisbet 1985; Biagiand Nisbet 1992). Domesticated animals, of which precise testi-mony has been found in the graveyard (Biagi et al. 1984), wereprobably exploited through an inter-exchange system with thepopulation of the hinterland. We have no other material ele-ments which denounce direct or indirect contact with otherregions of the Gulf, with maybe the exception of a few sherdsof black-burnished ware of a type known at Tepe Yahya, on theother side of the Gulf, coming from a pit at the surface of thesite, chronologically referable to the end of the 4th millennium,a period otherwise not documented at the RH5 site.

7. The graves in Area 43 and Graves 18, 19, and 20, which referto the same area, have been excluded from this calculation.

8. We have also included within the category of mortuary giftsthe Callista valve which, not being present except in 12.4% ofthe graves, must be considered as a cultural element of a dis-criminating character.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Italian Archaeological Mission to the Sultanate of Oman,directed by Professor Maurizio Tosi, was supported from 1980to 1985 by the Oriental Institute of the University of Naples,affiliated with the Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue of Venice;the Italian Institute for the Middle and Far East (IsMEO); theNational Centre of Research (CNR) and the Institute ofClassical Studies of the Faculty of Literature at the University ofVenice. The mission was financed by the Ministry of ForeignAffairs, DGRC-Office I, and through the research funds of theMinistry of Public Instruction (quota 40%).An important con-tribution in the initial phase of the research (1981-82) wasgranted by the C. Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon.

Together with the director of the Mission and the writer, thefollowing people have participated in the field research from1981 to 1985: P. Biagi, M. Cattani, R. Ciarla, E. Isetti, R. Maggi,O. Nalesini,Th. Urban, G. Santini, I.Tiscornia (archaeologists);A. Coppa, M.E. Danubio, R. Grilletto, R. Macchiarelli (anthro-pologists); J. De Grossi (malacologist); R. Nisbet (palaeob-otanist); G. De Marco, C. Marinucci (geobotanists); M. Coltorti(geologist); M. Lanzinger (pedologist); M. Micheli (restorer);V.La Bianca (site surveyor).

I would like to thank the Ministry of National Heritage andCulture of the Sultanate of Oman for its precious supportthroughout this project. In particular, the late Minister, HisHighness Sayyid Faisal bin Ali Al Said took a special interest inthis work, directing his staff to co-operate with the team inevery way possible. Their help, especially by the Director ofAntiquities, Dr. Ali bin Ahmed Ash Shanfari, and by the

Archaeological Counsellor of the Ministry Dr. Paolo Costa, wascontinually offered and promptly given.The list of the people tobe thanked is really rather long and to be followed by anacknowledgement of numerous debts contracted by the Missionin the course of the five campaigns of excavation; we are limit-ed here to record, for all, Major W. Foxton who has, with hisenergy and disposition, resolved many problems, small and large,that came forth during the course of work, facilitating in anentirely efficient way the life of the Mission.

I wish to thank the present Minister of Heritage and Culture,His Highness Sayyid Haitham bin Tariq Al Said, for encouraging me to offer the results of this work for publicationin The Journal of Oman Studies; also to Mrs Biyuba bint Ali AsSabri, Director of Excavations and Archaeological Research,for her role in ensuring the material was presented for publica-tion.

I wish, furthermore to collectively thank all the members ofthe Italian Archaeological Mission to the Sultanate of Oman forthe contribution which they provided under various titles andin various ways and occasions during the course of these years.We are particularly indebted to M.Tosi, N. Cuomo di Caprio,R. Macchiarelli, A. Coppa, and M. Ruta Serafini who havepatiently read drafts of this work and with their comments, crit-icisms and suggestions have contributed largely to amelioratethe text, the shortcomings of which remain my personal respon-sibility.

Finally I would like to thank, in particular, G. Santini who wasconstantly at my side during the excavation of the RH5 grave-yard, and among other duties was responsible for the care of thegraphic documentation.

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Part II

Inventory of Gravesby Sandro Salvatori,

with anthropological notes by Alfredo Coppa and Andrea Cucina

ABSTRACT

A complete inventory is given of the excavatedgraves, with excavation notes, the grave goods cat-alogue and a full anthropological description ofthe human bones.

KEYWORDS

Grave type, covering type, grave goods, skeletalposition

SKELETAL POSITIONS

The skeletal positions are noted according to thesystem proposed by Maetzke et al. 1977, which isprovided in the following outline (Fig. 28):

A) Skull position

0 - Missing.1 - On the occipital bone.2 - On the occipital bone with the mandible

touching the thorax.3 - On the left temporal bone.4 - On the right temporal bone.5 - Other positions (Unnatural)

B) Postcranial positions

x - On the back.y - On the right side.z - On the left side.p - Other.r - Secondary burial.

C) Position of the limbs

A Arms extended along the trunk.B Arms bent, placed on the pelvis.C Arms placed on the waist.D Arms placed on the thorax.

X:a Legs straight, parallel.b Legs straight, diverging.c Legs bent, diverging.d Legs bent, parallel, on the right side.e Legs bent, parallel, on the left side.

YZ:H Arms straight.I Arms slightly bent.K Arms bent, with hands near face.L Arms strongly bent, with the hand

touching the skull.

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h Legs straight.i Legs slightly bent (less than 90 degrees).k Legs bent (about 90 degrees).l Legs strongly bent (more than 90 degrees).m Legs contracted.

EXPLANATIONS/GLOSSARY?= uncertain; ??= very uncertainAll measures are in cm when not differently specified.∅ means diameterth=thickness, H=height, L=length, w=width

INVENTORY of GRAVES (Fig. 29):

GRAVE 1 (Fig. 30)

LOCUS : HOGB/C - HOLA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : F?

Age : 20-25Orientation : NE-SWFace Orientation : WPosition : 4.Y.Ll.Ll. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : 1Level : 1

COMMENTS: The grave was excavated by R. Ciarla during the first campaign.We have onlythe drawing and the photographs which reveal that the deceased was accompanied by mortuarygifts: three cylindrical beads made of a green-to-black soapstone (Inv. DA 7292, 7293,7294). A dog hemimandible was found on thefloor of the grave.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary; the skull is completely

FIGURE 28. Outline of analytic distribution of dead position according to Maetzke et al. 1977.

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FIGURE 29. General plan of the RH5 graveyard.

62

FIGURE 30. Plan of Grave 1

FIGURE 31. Plan of G. 2.

63

absent; the postcranial skeleton is barely represented.Sex : F? Sex has been determined based upon thefrailty of bone fragments.Age : 21-27 years.Right ulna is eurolenic (91.40).

GRAVE GOODS: Inv. DA 7292, 7293, 7294:three green-to-black soapstone beads.

GRAVE 2 (Fig. 31)

LOCUS : HOMC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 41-47Orientation : E-WFace orientation : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Im. (Crouching, on

the right side) Covering type : 1Level : 2?

COMMENTS: The grave was distinguished bychromatic contrast on the surface, an irregularreddish brown spot on the surrounding grey soil.Two limestone blocks were emerging on thesouth-west edge of the grave, one of which resteddirectly on the hip/foot portion of the skeletalremains.The filling was stratified in three distinctlevels from top to bottom as follows: a) reddishcoloured soil with fish bones and fragments ofturtle carapace and shells; b) layer of shells, mostlyOstrea sp., and small-to-medium sized pebbles(often still encased in a concentration of shells),and a minimum quantity of fish bones; c) (aboveand around the skeletal remains) a thin layer ofclear brown soil interrupted towards the westernedge of the pit by a lens of loose grey soil mixedwith finely mixed shell and gravel. On the lefthand of the deceased lay a large plastron fragmentof Chelonia mydas.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Few parts of the neuro-cranium, face and mandible are left.The postcra-nial skeleton is barely represented.Sex : M (M = 0.97, calculated on 13 traits).

Age : 41-47 years.The left femur shows a strong crest (124.3).The

left fibula’s midshaft index is 77.9.

GRAVE 3 (Fig. 32)

LOCUS : HOMANo. of individuals : 1Sex : M??Age : > 20Orientation : E-W ??F.or. : -Position : 0.Y.0m.0m.

(Crouching,on the right side)

Covering type : 1??-4??Level : 2

COMMENTS:This grave was identified by chro-matic contrast in the soil. Residue of the coveringconsisted of a limestone boulder and peridotitepebbles, one placed at the position of the kneeand the other at the position of the lumbar verte-brae. The filling consisted of very compact fishbones still anatomically connected,with fragmentsof turtle carapace layer in its upper section, andshells mixed with small pebbles in the lower one.Lying on the northern slope of the pit, the scapu-la and other bones of a terrestrial mammal (prob-ably of Oryx, Uerpmann, pers. communication)were found. Only the lower portion of the post-cranial skeleton was found (the lower part of thevertebral column, hip and legs). The grave wasclearly affected by post-depositional disturbanceson its northern portion.


64

Near the hip, at the edge of the pit, was found aside-notched net-weight probably unrelated tothe grave furniture.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmented. Only a fewfragments of the cranial and postcranial skeletonare present.Sex : M?? (sex determined according to therobustness of the postcranial bones).Age : > 20 years.

GRAVE 4 (Fig. 33A; Pl. 16)

LOCUS: HOND No. of Individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 12-15Orientation : E-WF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Il.Ll.

(Crouching, on the right side)

Covering type : 2Level : 3

COMMENTS: The covering consisted of anincomplete bed of peridotite pebbles.Corresponding to the level of the legs, there wasa thick, very compacted layer of grey soil with amixture of numerous fish bones, turtle bonesincluding both carapace fragments and cranialbones, small pebbles and a large amount of charcoal.

FIGURE 33. Plan of G. 4 (A) and G. 5 (B).

PLATE 16. G. 4: partially preserved wadi pebble covering.

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The grave was found quite near the eastern lineof maximum erosion and the upper part of the pitwas strongly affected by surface water (i.e. hydro-dynamic in next and in Part I) action. Post-depo-sitional disturbances of the same nature also mar-ginally affected the cranial zone, causing disper-sion of some of the beads of the necklace worn bythe deceased. The deceased lay directly on thebedrock.

The mortuary gifts included a long necklacemade of 146 cylindrical-to-annular beads of shell(28) and soapstone (118); as well as five laurel-leaf-shaped and three shark-tooth-shaped shell pen-dants with incised edge decorations on the innervalve face and with suspension holes at one end(Inv: DA 6653, 7303, 7290).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Only few fragments ofthe cranial and postcranial skeleton are present:The mandible lacks the vertical branches.Sex : F (-1.00, calculated on ten traits).Age : 12-15 years.

GRAVE GOODS: 1. Inv. DA 7303, 7290: 146cylindrical-to-annular beads of shell (28) andsoapstone (118).

Chlorite beads:∅ 0.65, H 0.35; ∅ 0.50, H 0.40; ∅ 0.58, H 0.42;∅ 0.70, H 0.68; ∅ 0.68, H 0.80; ∅ 0.62, H 0.76;∅ 0.60, H 0.72; ∅ 0.63, H 0.81; ∅ 0.63, H 0.81;∅ 0.60, H 0.77; ∅ 0.60, H 0.57; ∅ 0.77, H 0.52;∅ 0.49, H 0.47; ∅ 0.65, H 0.40; ∅ 0.63, H 0.38;∅ 0.60, H 0.39; ∅ 0.66, H 0.43; ∅ 0.54, H 0.36;∅ 0.51, H 0.39; ∅ 0.55, H 0.24; ∅ 0.50, H 0.23;∅ 0.66, H 0.63; ∅ 0.69, H 0.59; ∅ 0.68, H 0.49;∅ 0.70, H 0.50; ∅ 0.51, H 0.40; ∅ 0.72, H 0.50;∅ 0.64, H 0.53; ∅ 0.65, H 0.57; ∅ 0.60, H 0.77;∅ 0.60, H 0.64; ∅ 0.65, H 0.48; ∅ 0.54, H 0.58;∅ 0.64, H 0.42; ∅ 0.54, H 0.27; ∅ 0.77, H 0.57;∅ 0.50, H 0.70; ∅ 0.58, H 0.65; ∅ 0.58, H 0.99;∅ 0.64, H 0.83; ∅ 0.47, H 0.84; ∅ 0.53, H 0.79;∅ 0.60, H 0.80; ∅ 0.50, H 0.70; ∅ 0.48, H 0.65;∅ 0.57, H 0.60; ∅ 0.50, H 0.66; ∅ 0.70, H 0.70;∅ 0.42, H 0.70; ∅ 0.62, H 0.68; ∅ 0.76, H 0.72;∅ 0.45, H 0.55; ∅ 0.64, H 0.56; ∅ 0.70, H 0.59;

∅ 0.75, H 0.50; ∅ 0.75, H 0.55; ∅ 0.63, H 0.55;∅ 0.72, H 0.55; ∅ 0.70, H 0.49; ∅ 0.60, H 0.50;∅ 0.55, H 0.50; ∅ 0.72, H 0.46; ∅ 0.70, H 0.42;∅ 0.72, H 0.46; ∅ 0.65, H 0.44; ∅ 0.50, H 0.53;∅ 0.68, H 0.50; ∅ 0.69, H 0.42; ∅ 0.54, H 0.49;∅ 0.60, H 0.48; ∅ 0.64, H 0.46; ∅ 0.59, H 0.45;∅ 0.56, H 0.44; ∅ 0.60, H 0.42; ∅ 0.59, H 0.30;∅ 0.73, H 0.31; ∅ 0.62, H 0.45; ∅ 0.62, H 0.36;∅ 0.49, H 0.35; ∅ 0.73, H 0.32; ∅ 0.51, H 0.49;∅ 0.55, H 0.29; ∅ 0.52, H 0.25; ∅ 0.53, H 0.27;∅ 0.50, H 0.30; ∅ 0.53, H 0.36; ∅ 0.52, H 0.25;∅ 0.49, H 0.29; ∅ 0.55, H 0.24; ∅ 0.58, H 0.29;∅ 0.51, H 0.21; ∅ 0.50, H 0.25; ∅ 0.59, H 0.23;∅ 0.48, H 0.29; ∅ 0.50, H 0.21; ∅ 0.50, H 0.27;∅ 0.50, H 0.21; ∅ 0.50, H 0.22; ∅ 0.51, H 0.22;∅ 0.48, H 0.27; ∅ 0.47, H 0.20; ∅ 0.49, H 0.42;∅ 0.49, H 0.27; ∅ 0.69, H 0.60; ∅ 0.85, H 0.55;∅ 0.70, H 0.65; ∅ 0.73, H 0.55; ∅ 0.70, H 0.50;∅ 0.68, H 0.38; ∅ 0.64, H 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H 0.35;∅ 0.58, H 0.37; ∅ 1.00, H 0.30; ∅ 0.85, H 0.30;∅ 0.96, H 0.26; ∅ 0.70, H 0.29; ∅ 0.82, H 0.20;∅ 0.84, H 0.22.

Shell beads:∅ 0.85, H 0.20; ∅ 0.80, H 0.15; ∅ 0.64, H 0.54;∅ 0.74, H 0.12; ∅ 0.78, H 0.16; ∅ 0.70, H 0.18;

FIGURE 34. G. 4 funerary goods.

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∅ 0.78, H 0.14; ∅ 0.79, H 0.14; ∅ 0.80, H 0.15;∅ 0.77, H 0.49; ∅ 0.72, H 0.50; ∅ 0.62, H 0.59;∅ 0.70, H 0.30; ∅ 0.60, H 0.10; ∅ 0.60, H 0.20;∅ 0.77, H 0.25; ∅ 0.54, H 0.22; ∅ 0.51, H 0.22;∅ 0.73, H 0.20; ∅ 0.80, H 0.22; ∅ 0.75, H 0.20;∅ 0.90, H 0.22; ∅ 0.77, H 0.15; ∅ 0.80, H 0.50;∅ 0.66, H 0.15; ∅ 0.67, H 0.11; ∅ 0.62, H 0.10;∅ 0.92, H 0.11;

2. Inv. DA 6653:Laurel-leaf-shaped pendants: (Fig. 34)1. L. (4.3),* w 1.4, th 0.26; 2. L. (4.5), w 1.4, th(0.22); 3. L. (4.2), w 1.42, th (0.15); 4. L. (5.05), w1.4, th 0.2; 5. (5.2), w 1.4, th 0.2Shark-tooth shaped pendants:6. L. 2.5, w 2.0, th 0.18; 7. L. 2.8, w 2.0, th 0.2; 8.L. 2.8, w 2.05, th 0.2

* When measures are in parentheses, the object isfragmentary.

GRAVE 5 (Fig. 32B)

LOCUS : HOND/ANo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 34-43Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : 1Level : 2?

COMMENTS:This grave was found in the west-ern portion of the deposit immediately under-neath the surface, touching the bedrock. It wasaffected by hydrodynamic erosion which had car-ried away and dispersed part of the skeleton.Traces of the pit were not recognised, neither wasit possible to identify the temporal relationshipbetween this and the adjacent Grave 4.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skullconsists of only few fragments of maxilla andmandible. Few fragments of the postcranium arepresent.

Sex : M (M = 1.20, calculated on five traits).Age : 34-43 years.

The right femur is iperplatymeric(68).The righttibia is platycnemic (58.3) for the diaphysealindex; the right fibula’s midshaft index is 77.7.

GRAVE 6 (Fig. 35)

LOCUS : HOSC/DNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) F b) ?Age : a) 44-52 b) 0-6 monthsOrientation : NN-SSF.or. : -Position : 0.R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : ?Level : 3?

COMMENTS: This grave was also found in theeastern portion of the graveyard, which was mostaffected by hydrodynamic disturbance. Thehuman remains were lying directly on thebedrock.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:6A: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.Few fragments come from the neurocranium andmandible; loose fragments are from the limbsbones.


67

Sex : F (M = -0.91, calculated on six traits).Age : 44-52 years.6B: State of preservation: fragmentary.The skull isrepresented by three fragments from the parietalbones; the postcranial skeleton is largely missing.Sex : ?Age : 0 years.

GRAVE 7 (Fig. 36)

LOCUS : HOSCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 6-18 months.Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : 1?Level : 3?

COMMENTS: In the grave area (the limits ofwhose pit were not identified) were found twocylindrical soapstone beads (Inv. DA 7217: ø 0.75,H. 0.5; ø 0.50, H. 0.25), but their association withthe burial is doubtful.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. The skull is missing. Thepostcranial skeleton is represented by a portion ofthe left ileum plus a few fragments from the limbbones.Sex : ? Age : 0 years.

GRAVE 8 (Fig. 37)

LOCUS : HOXBNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) ?

b) ?Age : a) > 20

b) 6-10Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : 0.R. (?)

(Secondary burial ?)Covering type : 4Level : 3

COMMENTS:The covering of limestone blockswas incomplete, in that it lacked the middle sec-tion.This grave was also found in the eastern sec-tor of the deposit, strongly disturbed by erosion.The digging of the pit partially reached thebedrock, producing a depression in it.The skele-ton was highly fragmented and incomplete andthe position of the surviving bones was altered.On the same level, where the deceased lay, somefragments of the carapace and mandible of amarine turtle were also found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:8A: State of preservation: very bad. The skull ismissing.The postcranial skeleton is represented byfew fragments only.Sex : ?Age : > 20 years.



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GRAVE 9 (Fig. 38)

LOCUS : HOXA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : F?Age : > 20Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : - (Secondary burial?)Covering type : -Level : 3

COMMENTS:This grave is also part of the dis-turbed series along the eastern edge of the grave-yard area. Few bones were preserved. Only thevertebral column was still articulated. Thedeceased lay directly on the bedrock.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Only a fewfragments of the skull and the postcranium arepresent.Sex : F (M = -1.25, calculated on three traits).Age : > 20 years.

GRAVE 10 (Fig. 39)

LOCUS : XOXDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?

Age : 10-15Orientation : NE-SWF. or : -Position : 0.Y.Lm.Im.

(Crouching, on the right side).


COMMENTS: This grave was also found in theeastern part of the deposit, damaged by the ero-sion which had carried away the skull of thedeceased.The human bones rested on a thin verycompact stratum of grey soil lying directly on thebedrock.The pit (the original level of the cut hav-ing been preserved in the western portion), wasfilled with a brown soil which was rather poor infaunal remains. The deceased wore a shell platebracelet (Inv. DA 6651) on his right wrist. Under

FIGURE 38. Plan of G. 9. FIGURE 39. Plan of G. 10.

FIGURE 40. G. 10 grave goods.

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the left humerus, probably originally worn aroundthe neck, was found a large plate of shell with aperforated hole at each end (Inv. DA 6685).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is representedby few fragments, the postcranium is incomplete.Sex : ?Age : 10-15 years.

GRAVE GOODS: Inv. DA 6651: Bracelet com-posed of 2 rectangular shell plates cut from walls ofFasciolaria trapezium, perforated at angles and withincised edge decoration (Fig. 40).1. L. 5.5, w 2.5, th 0.5; 2. L. 5.6, w. 2.5, th. 0.45Inv. DA 6685: Large, laurel-leaf shaped shell pen-dant with undecorated surfaces and one suspen-sion hole at each end. Fragmentary apex and wornon one side. Species of mollusc unidentified.L. (7.0), w 3.45, th 0.15

GRAVE 11 (Fig. 41)

LOCUS : HTDA/BNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M??Age : > 20Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.0m.0m. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: This grave is among those mostdamaged by surface erosion and is also found inthe eastern portion of the deposit. Only scarceskeletal remains, including fragments of long legbones, were found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Loose fragments from thepostcranial bones are present.Sex : M?? (Sex has been determined by the mor-phology of long bones).Age : > 20 years.

GRAVE 12 (Fig. 42)

LOCUS : HOPBNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) ?

b) ?Age : a) > 20

b) 0-6 months.Orientation : E-W ?F.or. : -Position : - (Crouching, on the right

side?)Covering type : -Level : 1

COMMENTS: Superficial grave containing theskeletal remains of an infant in a fill of pebbles andshells.FIGURE 41. Plan of G. 11.


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ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:12A: State of preservation: very bad. The skull ismissing; the postcranial is represented by few frag-ments of the long bones.Sex : ?Age : > 20 years

12B: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.The skull is represented by two fragments, the post-cranium by portions of the proximal diaphyses.Sex : ?Age : 0 years.

GRAVE 13 (Fig. 43)

LOCUS : HNJB-HOFC-HNOA-HOKD

No. of individuals : 1Sex : F??Age : 20-25Orientation: NNE-SSWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.0l.0l. (Crouching, on

the right side).Covering type : 1?Level : 1

COMMENTS:The pit was shallow and superfi-cial.The covering, emerging to the surface of thesite, consisted of two limestone boulders, one rest-

ing at the height of, and touching the chest of, thedeceased and the larger one along the westernedge of the pit. Only the chest and part of thelong leg bones survived post-depositional distur-bances.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull is missing, and the postcranium is barely repre-sented.Sex : F?? Ischiatic tuberosity is zero. Sex has beendetermined based on the frailty of skeletal seg-ments and the small size of the femur head.Age : 20-25 years.

GRAVE 14 (Fig. 44)

LOCUS : HOKA/B/C/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M??Age : 23-43Orientation : NE-SWPosition : 0.Y.Lm.0m. (Crouching,

on the right side)Covering type : 3Level : 1

COMMENTS: There was a massive limestoneboulder covering the pit.The cranial zone and theupper part of the chest were characterised by thepresence of a layer of extremely compacted greysoil. The area of the skull was very disturbed.Modest quantities of fish bones and molluscs were found between the deceased and the covering.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull iscompletely absent, the postcranial skeleton con-sists of few fragments only.Sex : M?? Ischiatic tuberosity is robust (+2).Age : 23-43 years.

GRAVE 15 (Figs. 45-46)

LOCUS : HOGD-HOFA/BNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) F


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b) ?Age : a) 15-18

b) 0Orientation : a) NE-SW

b) -F.or. : a) W

b) -

Position : a) 4.Y.Kl.Lm.(Crouching, on the right side)b) -

Covering type : 3?Level 1

COMMENTS: The pit was covered by a bed ofshells and surrounded by limestone blocks. Thestone covering had likely been reduced by post-depositional disturbances.To the south, among thecovering stones, was deposited a large and com-plete shell of Tonna sp. The bottom of the pitseemed to have been prepared with a bed of shells(Ostrea sp.) and small pebbles. The remains of afoetus lay touching the left foot of the individual.On the surface a fragment of a soft stone earringwas found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:15A: State of preservation: fragmentary. Few parts



72

of the neurocranium and the splancnocranium areleft, as well as for the postcranium.Sex : F (M = -0.55, calculated on nine traits).Age : 15-18 years.

15B: State of preservation: fragmentary. Few frag-ments represent the skull, the skeleton is repre-sented by the upper and lower limbs, by the iliacbones and by the scapulas.Sex : ?Age : 0 years.

GRAVE 16Erroneous numbering.

GRAVE 17 (Fig. 47)

LOCUS : HJKA/BNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : > 20Orientation : N-SF.or. : SW?Position : 4.Y.00.00. (Crouching, on

the right side).Covering type : 1Level : 1

COMMENTS: This was a superficial grave in amatrix of gravel. The preservation of skeletalremains was very poor.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: Bad state ofpreservation: only few fragments from the post-cranium are present.Sex : ? Age : > 20

FIGURE 46. Section of G. 15.


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Graves 18-20 were identified before it becameevident that the skeletal remains belonged to alarge area of burials, mostly secondary, named Area43. These remains will be described, therefore,under the area mentioned.

GRAVE 21 (Fig. 48)

LOCUS : HOFDNo. of individuals : 3Sex : a) F ;

b) ? ;c) ?

Age : a) 39-45;b) 2-3;c) 0-6 months

Orientation : a) NNE-SSW;b) SSW-NNE;c) -

F.Or. : a) W b) - c) -

Position : a) 4.Y.Ll.Lm.(Crouching, on the right side) b) - (Crouching, on the leftside?)c) -


COMMENTS: This was a superficial grave, andthe top of the pit filling has been removed bypost-depositional disturbances. In the residualparts of the pit filling, around and above the bonesof the adult, were gathered numerous fragments ofturtle carapace and a large fragment of plastron ofC. mydas which covered the remains of individualC whose face was resting on the left humerus ofindividual a). A valve of Callista sp. was stronglyclasped between the fingers of the left hand andbrought to the face of the latter individual. In thedeposit was also found a cylindrical bead made ofgreen-black soapstone (Inv. DA 7225: H. 0.4,ø 0.55). Individual b) lay, probably drawn up onhis left side, against the adult, but in the oppositedirection.

The individual A lay on a fireplace of limestonepebbles from which was taken a charcoal samplefor radiocarbon determination (Bln-2737:4740±50 bp cal. 1s 3630-3500 BC).The pit of thegrave cut into the southern edge of Grave 44.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:21A: State of preservation: fragmentary. Fragmentsfrom the neurocranium and splancnocranium arepresent. The postcranium is represented by somefragments.Sex : F (M = -0.67, calculated on 17 traits).Age : 39-45 years.

The left humerus has the head index equalling99.40;The diaphyseal index of the left radium is65.30; the left ulna is eurolenic (91.40).The rightfibula’s midshaft index is 57.9.

21B: State of preservation: fragmentary.The skullis very fragmentary, the postcranial skeleton is represented by the right femur, the distal third of the right humerus and by part of the left scapula.Sex : ? Age : 2-3 years.

21C: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.Two fragments constitute the skull, while com-plete and fragmented limb bones represent thepostcranium.Sex : ?Age : 0 years.FIGURE 48. Plan of G. 21.

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GRAVE GOODS: Inv. DA 7225: green-blackcylindrical bead.

GRAVE 22 (Fig. 49)

LOCUS : HORA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 20-30Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Ll.Lm.

(Crouching,on the left side).

Covering type : 2Level : 1?

COMMENTS: A peridotite pebble covering,

placed in two complete and still intact layers (Fig.48a-b), was sealed by a layer of soil with a highcontent of fish bones and shells. On the coveringwas laid an ovoid pebble. Between the coveringand the human remains there was a layer of soilwhich also contained fish bones. Numerous bonesof a land mammal (gazelle? Gazella sp.) werefound resting on the deceased, in the zone of theright femur, hip and last rib bone.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary The skull iscompletely absent.Sex : F (M = -1.38, calculated on five traits).Age : 20-30 years.

The left ulna is eurolenic (83.30). The femoralright head index is 101.


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GRAVE 23 (Fig. 50)

LOCUS : HONC-HOSDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : 23-30Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : W?Position : 4.Y.Kl.Km.



COMMENTS:There was a limestone boulder onthe grave, the weight of which has displaced theskull of the deceased slightly to the east. At thelevel of the covering was placed a large Caronia sp.shell with a broad perforation in the spiral zone.The filling had a modest presence of fish bonesand shells.The deceased lay on a layer of denselycompacted grey soil, which covered the bedrockalmost everywhere.

Around the neck was worn a necklace of sevenlaurel-leaf-shaped pendants, decorated on theedges. In the centre of the necklace there was acylindrical soapstone bead and a cylindrical bonebead, probably from a long bone of an unidentifi-able bird (Inv. DA 6666 and 7229).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Only few


FIGURE 51. G. 23: grave goods.

76

fragments of the cranial and postcranial skeletonare present.Sex: M? (M = -0.44, calculated on four traits). (sexhas been determined also based upon the wholerobustness of the bone fragments and because ofthe large femoral head).Age : 23-30 yearsRight ulna is eurolenic (86.60).

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6666Necklace composed of seven well worn laurel-leafshaped pendants with incised edge decoration andsuspension hole at one end. Shell (Fig. 51).1. L. (4.0), w 1.25, th 0.12; 2. L. (4.6), w 1.30, th0.13; 3. L. (4.2), w 1.22, th 0.14; 4. L. (3.35), w1.29, th 0.22; 5. L. (4.0), w 1.28, th 0.15; 6. L.(3.12), w 1.31, th 0.13; 7. L. (3.20), w 1.20, th 0.12

Inv. DA 72291. Cylindrical soapstone bead.L. 0.6, ø 0.82. Cylindrical bone bead.L. 1.8, ∅ 0.72

GRAVE 24 (Fig. 52)

LOCUS : HORC-HOWDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 34-42Orientation : E-WF.or. : -Position : 4.Y.0l.0m. (Crouching,

on the right side).Covering type : 1Level : 2?

COMMENTS: This was a superficial grave thathas been rather disturbed, particularly in the east-ern portion. A limestone block lay along thenorth-east edge. The filling, a unique stratum ofsoil which was only a few centimetres thick, con-sisted mostly of fish bones, turtle carapace frag-ments and a single large crustacean carapace.

The skeleton was found partially disturbed: theskull and cervical vertebrae were separated andthe arm bones were completely missing.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Fragments of the cranialand postcranial skeleton are present.Sex: F (M = -1.31, calculated on six traits).Age: 34-42 years.

The left femur is iperplatymeric (71.6). Theright tibia is mesocnemic (65.4).The right fibula’smidshaft index is 57.1.

GRAVE 25 Sup. (Fig. 53; Pl.17)

LOCUS : HOBA/BNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 16-19Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.Il.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The ground on the grave wascharacterised by a floor of small pebbles whichsealed a layer of soil saturated with fish bones andfragments of C. mydas carapace and cranial bones.A limestone block was placed directly on the


77

human remains, between the distal epiphysis ofthe left humerus and the proximal one of theradius and ulna of the same arm.The skeleton was

in good condition and complete except for theskull, of which only the mandible remained.

The deceased lay on a thin layer of brown soilcoating a pavement of peridotite pebbles whichformed the covering of Grave 25 inf. One long,single-edged cutting tool made of schist-likestone (L. 6.8; w. 4.5; th. 0.63) was found in the fill;hence its association with the buried remains isuncertain.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Only the left verticalbranch of the mandible represents the skull.Fragmented and whole segments represent thepostcranium.Sex: M (M = 0.60, calculated on seven traits).Age: 16-19 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1656.5 mm (based on the length of the left radiusand fibula). Stature calculated according toPearson 165.6 cm (based on the left radiuslength). Stature calculated according to Trotterand Gleser 167 cm (based on the length of theleft radius and fibula). Stature calculated according

FIGURE 53. Plan of G. 25 Sup.

PLATE 17. G. 25 Sup.

78

to Olivier 166.4 cm (based on the length of theleft fibula). Stature media: 16616 mm.

The index of robustness of the radius, calculatedon the maximum length, is 15 for the left one, and15.10 for the right one; the same, calculated onthe physiological length is 15.70 and 15.8,respectively for the left and right bones.The dia-physeal index of the right radius is 78.30. Thefemur’s head index is 104.8 and 104 respectivelyfor the left and right bones. The fibula has a midshaft index of 64.1 for the left and 64.8 for theright.

GRAVE 25 Inf. (Fig. 54)

LOCUS : HOBA/BNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 20-26Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : NWPosition : 5.R. (Secondary burial).Covering type : 2Level : 3

COMMENTS:The covering was a carefully lay-ered mosaic of peridotite pebbles, among which

were rare examples of spherical pebbles the size ofan egg. Between the covering and the skeletalremains a thin soil layer containing shells (210 g),and turtle (210 g) and fish (20 g) bones was exca-vated.

Near the skull of the deceased, together withthe spherical pebbles, a number of C. mydas cra-nial bones were found anatomically disconnected.The grave presented an example of secondaryburial, with the intentional fracture of themandible (broken, with the right half foundupside-down under the left) and with the rightcondyle found inserted in the hip at about 30 cm.from the mandible itself.The skeleton was lackingthe right leg and both hands.The skeletal remains,however, were deposited according to the mainorientation rule, with long bones arranged alonga NE/SW axis making a guide for the rest. Theskull was accurately placed at the north-easternextremity of the axis determined by the longbones.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull has well pre-served parts, the postcranium is fragmentary.Sex: M (M = 1.33, calculated on 16 traits).Age: 20-26 years.

FIGURE 54. Plan of G. 25 Inf.

79

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1666 mm. (based on the length of the rightfemur). Stature calculated according to Pearson165 cm (based on the length of the right femur).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser167 cm. (based on the length of the right femur).Average stature is 1662 mm.

The nasal index is ipercamerrine (58). The leftulna is eurolenic (83.10).

GRAVE 26 (Fig. 55)

LOCUS : HSJB-HTFC-HSOA-HTKD

No. of individuals : 4Sex : a) F?

b)? c) M d) ?

Age : a) 12-15 b) 0

c) 24-30 d) 19-25

Orientation : a) NNE-SSW b) “ ”c) “ ”d) “ ”

F.or. : a) S b) W c) SE d) SE

Position: a) 2.X.Bd.Bd. (Supine withlegs towards the right)

b) 4.Y.Im.Im. (Crouching,on the right side)

c) 3.Z.Ik.Ik. (Crouching,on the left side)

d) 3.Z.Lm.Kl. (Crouching,on the left side)

Covering type : 2 (a,b) ? (c,d)Level : 2 (a,b) 3 (c,d)


80

COMMENTS: There are three different graves,an upper one with individuals a), a middle onewith individual b) and c), and a third one withindividual d).The individual a) was separated fromindividuals b-c) by a thin layer of soil full of shells,and, to a lesser extent, fish bones and fragments ofturtle carapace. The bones of individual d) weretouching, without soil between them. The indi-vidual d) lay on a layer of grey compact soil whichcovered the bedrock. Therefore, b-c) and d) arehere attributed to the older graveyard level (3rd)while a) belongs to the intermediate one (2nd).The peridotite pebble covering is obviouslyattributed to the more recent burial while thematerial contained in the soil separating the twoindividuals of the upper level from the lower areattributed to the older grave (shells: 1220 g; fishbones: 60 g; turtle bones: 40 g).

Only individual a) had mortuary gifts: a neckla-

ce of 16 laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withedge incised decoration and a bracelet worn onthe left wrist made of eight Engina mendicaria andone dentalium shell beads (Inv. DA 6612).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:26A: State of preservation: fragmentary. Someparts represent the skull; the postcranium is almostcompletely absent.Sex: F? (M = -1.29, calculated on ten traits).Age: 12-15 years.

26B: State of preservation: fragmentary.Very fewfragments from the skull, whole and fragmentedlong bones from the postcranium.Sex: ? Age: 0 years.

26C: State of preservation: fragmentary. Few frag-


81

ments of the neurocranium, part of the maxillarybone and a portion of the mandible represent theskull; the postcranium is fragmentarySex: M (M = 0.88, calculated on 13 traits).Age: 24-30 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1572 mm (based on the length of the right fibula). Stature calculated according to Trotter andGleser 160 cm (based on the length of the rightfibula). Stature calculated according to Olivier 159cm (based on the length of the right fibula).Average stature is 1587.3 mm.

The right humerus head index is 90.70. Theright ulna is eurolenic (92).

26D: State of preservation: fragmentary. Few frag-ments of the skull and of the postcranium arepresent.Sex: ? (M = -1.50, calculated on nine traits).Age: 19-25 years.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6612: (Fig. 56; Pl. 18)1) Necklace composed of 16 laurel-leaf shapedpendants with incised edge decoration on theouter valve face, perforated at one end. Shell.Fragmentary at the ends and on the back face.1.L. 5.8, w 1.7, th 0.3; 2. L. 5.9, w 1.75, th 0.35; 3.L. (4.3), w 1.22, th 0.2; 4. L. (4.3), w 1.2, th 0.15;5. L. (3.75), w 1.22, th 0.15; 6. L. (4.65), w 1.6, th0.22; 7. L. (4.0), w 1.10, th (0.10); 8. L. (5.29), w

1.61, th 0.24; 9. L. (3.5), w 1.2, th 0.1; 10. L. (4.52),w 1.22, th 0.1; 11. L. (5.3), w 1.5, th 0.2; 12. L.(6.0), w 1.8, th 0.28; 13. L. (4.0), w 1.15, th 0.2;14. L. (5.2), w 1.72, th 0.25; 15. L. (4.3), w 1.45, th0.25; 16. L. (1.9), w 1.2, th 0.102) bracelet composed of eight perforated Enginamendicaria and one segment of Dentalium sp. shell.

GRAVE 27 (Fig. 57)

LOCUS : HODDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 38-56Orientation : NNE-SSWF.or. : -Position : 4.Y.Lm.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The covering consisted of twolimestone blocks, one on the hip zone, the otheron the inhumed skull.The weight of the latter wasresponsible for the rotation of the cervical verte-brae and for the breaking of the cranium and theleft clavicle.The pit filling (remembering that theburial was found along the eastern edge of thehill) was deposited on one level only, of modestthickness, and it contained fragments of fish bonesand shells. Particular concentrations of carapaceand cranial bone fragments of C. mydas and of ter-restrial mammal bones (sheep and goats) were

PLATE 18. G. 26: necklace of laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants.


82

found.The skeletal remains lay a few centimetresabove the bedrock and have been disturbed byboth erosion and the cutting of the neighbouringpit, Grave 28.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. There are some por-tions of the skull, while the rest of the skeleton isfragmentary.Sex: M (M = 1.33, calculated on five traits).Age: 38-56 years.

The right femur is eurimeric (92.8). The rightfibula midshaft’s index is 76,4. The right tibia ismesocnemic (66.2).

GRAVE 28 (Fig. 58)

LOCUS : HJWB-HJXC-HOCA-HODD

No. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 19-28Orientation : NE-SWF.or: : -Position : 0.X.Af.Af. (Supine, with

legs towards right).Covering type : 1Level : 2

COMMENTS:This grave was found in the east-ern sector of the mound.The pit filling consists oftwo levels, the upper one had a prevalence of

shells, and the lower one of fish bones and frag-mented turtle carapace.The human remains lay afew centimetres above the bedrock.The pit of thisgrave was partially cut into Grave 27 and rested onthe area of Grave 96.

From the filling came a peridotite side-notchednet weight (L. 5.0, w 3.2, th 2.1; weight 33 g) whose attribution as a grave good is highlyuncertain.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Only a portion of themandible represents the skull. Fragments of thepelvic bones and of the limbs represent the post-cranium.Sex: M (M = 0.92, calculated on five traits).Age: 19-28 yearsThe right femur head’s index is 99.6.

GRAVE 29 (Fig. 59)

LOCUS : HJSCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : > 20Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.0m.0m. (Crouching, on

the right side ?)Covering type : 1 ?Level : 3 ?



83

COMMENTS:This grave, located in the easternportion of the mound, had almost totally beenwashed away by the superficial flow of water. Ofthe covering only one limestone boulderremained at the foot of the individual. The legbones (in bad condition), traces of the vertebralcolumn and a few fragments of the rib bones werethe only human remains surviving.The soil, in thearea of the burial, underwent notable alterationnot only from prolonged water erosion, but alsofrom a fire which has left traces of combustion onthe human bones as well.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation. Few loose fragments of the skeletonare present.Sex: ? Age: > 20 years.

GRAVE 30

LOCUS : HSTA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M??Age : 20-40Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -


ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Only fewfragments of the cranial and postcranial skeletonare present.Sex: M?? (sex has been determined based uponthe widening of the greater ischiatic notch and onthe morphology of the long bones.Age: 20-40 years.

GRAVE 31 (Fig. 60)

LOCUS : HOAB-HOBC-HOFA-HOGDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 38-54Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Lm. (Crouching, on

the right side).Covering type : 1Level : 2 ?

COMMENTS:The pit was only marked by chro-matic variation in the soil. The filling was com-


84

posed of one layer only, of reddish brown soilmixed with shells, pebbles, fish bones, carapacefragments and other skeletal remains of C. mydas.A limestone boulder, completely buried, filled thepit and was placed on the skeleton, riding on theleg bones and thorax.

A complete sea-turtle skull was lying on the leftparietal of the deceased, which was supported bytwo spherical peridotite pebbles.A third sphericalpebble was found at the height of the posteriorextremities. A second complete turtle skull,crushed, was lying on the thorax of the individual.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Parts of the skull andfragments of the postcranium are left.Sex: M (M = 0.71, calculated on seven traits).Age: 38-54 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1716 mm (based on the length of the right ulna).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser175 cm (based on the length of the right ulna).

Stature calculated according to Olivier 174.1cm. (based on the length of the right ulna). Staturemedia: 1735.6 mm.

The diaphyseal index of the left humerus is plat-ibrachic (67.40), the one of the left radius is 94.20,the ulnas are 98.20 and 86.50 respectively for the

left and the right. The left ulna is also eurolenic(91.80) while the right one is ipereurolenic(103.4).The right fibula midshaft index is 90.2.

GRAVE 32 (Fig. 61)

LOCUS : HNOBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 23-39Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : W ?Position : 4.Y.Hm.Lm. (Crouching,

on the right side).Covering type : 1Level : 1

COMMENTS:The grave was identified both bya sharp chromatic contrast between the soil of thepit and that of the surrounding area, and by twosemi-buried limestone blocks of the covering.Thepit was shallow and the filling had an upper soillayer replete with shells and a lower one rich infish bone remains. The two limestone blocks ofthe covering were placed directly on the skeleton,one on the knees, the other on the thorax andpartially on the deceased’s skull.The weight of thelatter caused the lowering and side shifting of the


85

left scapula and clavicle and the rotation of thecervical vertebrae.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Fragments represent theskull, the postcranium is represented by fragmentsand whole segments.Sex: F (M = -0.82, calculated on five traits).Age: 23-39 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1630 mm (based on the length of the left radius).Stature calculated according to Pearson 159.4cm.(based on the length of the left radius). Staturecalculated according to Trotter and Gleser 166 cm(based on the length of the left radius). Averagestature is 1628 mm.

The index of robustness of the radius, calculatedon the maximum length is 15.40 and 15.20,respectively for the left and right; the one calcu-lated on the physiological length is 16.10 and16.00 respectively for the left and right; the dia-physeal index of the left radius is 70.90 and for the

right radius is 70.60.The left ulna is iperurolenic(105.60).

GRAVE 33 (Fig. 62; Pl. 19)

LOCUS : HOLA/B- HOMDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 30-39Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Lm.

(Crouching,on the right side).


COMMENTS: The covering was provided by amosaic of peridotite pebbles, topped by a thicklayer of shells, fish bones, fragments of carapaceand other skeletal remains of C. mydas.Among the

FIGURE 62. Plan of G. 33

86

covering stones were two spherical pebblesstrongly exposed to fire. Another four sphericalpebbles were found under the covering, alignedalong the skull-femur axis of the deceased.

The deceased grasped in his right hand andbrought to his face a Callista sp. valve.Around theneck, but shifted behind the nape, was worn anecklace composed of 115 cylindrical green-to-black soapstone (64) and shell (51) beads, arrangedin an AABAABAA.... scheme, with four drop-shaped shell pendants decorated with three paral-lel lines of cup holes on the principal face andwith parallel strokes along the edges. This gravewas located above Grave 83.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is representedby some portions, the postcranial skeleton bymany fragments.Sex: M (M = 0.84, calculated on 12 traits).Age: 30-39 years.

The left femur presents a mean crest (117.9), theright one’s head index is 99.00. The fibula mid-

shaft indices are 71.8 and 64 respectively for theleft and right.

GRAVE GOODS: Inv. DA 6654, 6670 (beads);6661 (pendants).

Necklace composed of 115 cylindrical-to-annular beads of soapstone (64) and shell (51) andfour drop-shaped shell pendants with incised edgestroke pattern and with the inner face decoratedwith three vertical parallel lines of cup-holes.Pendants:1. L. 5.21, w 78, th 0.25; 2. L. 6.33, w 2.87, th 0.30;3. L. 5.99, w 3.06, th 0.23; 4. L. 6.01, w 2.85,th 0.30

Chlorite beads:∅ 0.67, H 0.55; ∅ 0.56, H 0.49; ∅ 0.58, H 0.52;∅ 0.58, H 0.56; ∅ 0.62, H 0.63; ∅ 0.59, H 0.57;∅ 0.53, H 0.49; ∅ 0.67, H 0.50; ∅ 0.58, H 0.45;∅ 0.50, H 0.23; ∅ 0.65, H 0.57; ∅ 0.60, H 0.51;∅ 0.67, H 0.48; ∅ 0.60, H 0.49; ∅ 0.61, H 0.57;∅ 0.51, H 0.15; ∅ 0.59, H 0.53; ∅ 0.59, H 0.49;∅ 0.49, H 0.29; ∅ 0.47, H 0.31; ∅ 0.63, H 0.52;

PLATE 19. G. 33: spheroids and Chelonia mydas skull in front of the dead skull.

87

∅ 0.65, H 0.44; ∅ 0.57, H 0.39; ∅ 0.58, H 0.38;∅ 0.54, H 0.34; ∅ 0.60, H 0.57; ∅ 0.69, H 0.53;∅ 0.85, H 0.54; ∅ 0.46, H 0.25; ∅ 0.63, H 0.46;∅ 0.53, H 0.63; ∅ 0.66, H 0.51; ∅ 0.56, H 0.51;∅ 0.54, H 0.57; ∅ 0.53, H 0.52; ∅ 0.55, H 0.50;∅ 0.56, H 0.57; ∅ 0.52, H 0.47; ∅ 0.57, H 0.37;∅ 0.55, H 0.48; ∅ 0.51, H 0.54; ∅ 0.56, H 0.62;∅ 0.50, H 0.69; ∅ 0.60, H 0.86; ∅ 0.52, H 0.68;∅ 0.54, H 0.60; ∅ 0.50, H 0.61; ∅ 0.45, H 0.79;∅ 0.54, H 0.53; ∅ 0.55, H 0.33; ∅ 0.43, H 0.67;∅ 0.58, H 0.46; ∅ 0.55, H 0.54; ∅ 0.57, H 0.43;∅ 0.53, H 0.56; ∅ 0.55, H 0.53; ∅ 0.55, H 0.59;∅ 0.53, H 0.52; ∅ 0.57, H 0.59; ∅ 0.54, H 0.64;∅ 0.56, H 0.52; ∅ 0.59, H 0.51; ∅ 0.57, H 0.57;∅ 0.58, H 0.44;

Shell beads:∅ 0.55, H 0.20; ∅ 0.55, H 0.20; ∅ 0.50, H 0.25;∅ 0.54, H 0.23; ∅ 0.55, H 0.21; ∅ 0.57, H 0.18;∅ 0.57, H 0.17; ∅ 0.57, H 0.26; ∅ 0.58, H 0.12;∅ 0.56, H 0.19; ∅ 0.55, H 0.22; ∅ 0.52, H 0.25;∅ 0.55, H 0.20; ∅ 0.55, H 0.18; ∅ 0.59, H 0.20;∅ 0.55, H 0.27; ∅ 0.69, H 0.20; ∅ 0.50, H 0.20;∅ 0.53, H 0.22; ∅ 0.58, H 0.23; ∅ 0.56, H 0.24;∅ 0.56, H 0.21; ∅ 0.57, H 0.31; ∅ 0.56, H 0.25;∅ 0.85, H 0.18; ∅ 0.72, H 0.25; ∅ 0.63, H 0.52;∅ 0.62, H 0.61; ∅ 0.63, H 0.18; ∅ 0.52, H 0.41;

∅ 0.55, H 0.12; ∅ 0.46, H 0.20; ∅ 0.80, H 0.23;∅ 0.55, H 0.40; ∅ 0.63, H 0.65; ∅ 0.66, H 0.50;∅ 0.74, H 0.17; ∅ 0.67, H 0.21; ∅ 0.67, H 0.22;∅ 0.87, H 0.23; ∅ 0.70, H 0.22; ∅ 0.67, H 0.69;∅ 0.77, H 0.15; ∅ 0.89, H 0.17; ∅ 0.59, H 0.35;∅ 0.80, H 0.15; ∅ 0.69, H 0.21; ∅ 0.81, H 0.21;∅ 0.86, H 0.26; ∅ 0.60, H 0.41; ∅ 0.66, H 0.61

GRAVE 34 (Fig. 63)

LOCUS : HOGC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : 35-43Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Ll. (Crouching, on

the right side).Covering type : 3Level : 2?

COMMENTS: Sealed partially, by Grave 1 andsealing, in turn, Grave 61.The covering was par-tially of limestone blocks, some of which resteddirectly on the hip and leg bones of the deceased,while two lay immediately west of the skull.Thepit was shallow and the filling had a significantquantity of fish bones and carapace fragments and


88

other skeletal remains of C. mydas turtle.The deceased held a Callista sp. valve in his left

hand which was brought up to the face. Oval-shaped pebbles were found in direct contact withthe human bones.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Fragments of the neu-rocranium, maxilla and mandible represent theskull, while the rest of the skeleton is fragmentary.Sex: M? (M = 0.21, calculated on 11 traits). Sexhas been determined also taking into account thehighly robust long bones.Age: 35-43 years.The skull is dolicocranic (106.80).

GRAVE 35 (Fig. 64)

LOCUS : HOLB-HOQANo. of individuals : 1Sex : F?Age : 20-26Orientation : NE-SWF:or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Il.Ll. (Crouching, on

the right side)


COMMENTS: The covering was a mixture ofperidotite pebbles and limestone blocks. Betweenit and the human remains there was a layer of soilchaotically mixed with fish bones, shells and smallpebbles. Near the knees of the deceased, slightlydisplaced, were a green-to-black soapstone cylin-drical bead and a fragment of a light soft-stonering.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Few fragments of thecranial and postcranial skeleton.Sex: F? (M = -0.20, calculated on ten traits).Age: 20-26 years.

The diaphyseal index of the left radius is 85.90,the ulna’s one is 90.50 for the left and 108.20 forthe right. Both ulnas are eurolenic (85.70 e 90respectively left and right ). The right femur isiperplatymeric (74.1); the left femur’s head indexis 135.8. The left fibula’s midshaft index is 82.1.The left tibia is euricnemic (89.6) for the diaphy-seal index, while it is mesocnemic (67) for thecnemic index.


89

GRAVE 36 (Fig. 65)

LOCUS : HOCB/C-HOHA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 39-45Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Lm. (Crouching,


COMMENTS: Grave is covered by a layer ofperidotite pebbles under which was found a layerof soil mixed with shells, fish bones and carapaceand skeletal remains of C. mydas turtle.

The right hand of the deceased held to hismouth (inside his mouth) a cuttlefish bone, whilehis left clutched a Callista sp. valve to his face.

The hip of the deceased lay directly on thestones surrounding Grave 37.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Few fragments repre-sent the skull, while the postcranial skeleton isrepresented mostly by the epiphyses of the upperand lower limbs.Sex: M (M = 0.81, calculated on 14 traits).

Age: 39-45 years.The right humerus’s diaphyseal index is plati-

brachic (67.70), the left radius is 72.50, while theulnas are 110.70 and 106.80 respectively left andright. Both ulnas are eurolenic (85.90 and 82.40respectively left and right).The left femur’s crest ismild (103.7), and its platimeric index is (72.80),while its head index is 94.6.The index of the leftfibula’s midshaft is 73.4.The left tibia is mesocne-mic (69.2).

GRAVE 37 (Fig. 66)

LOCUS : HOHA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 28-37Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Ll. (Crouching,


COMMENTS: The grave was initially identifiedby the chromatic contrast of the grey soil sur-rounding the reddish brown soil of the filling.Under a 20-25 cm thick layer of soil mixed withfish bones, shells, small pebbles, fragments of cara-


90

pace, and bones of sea-turtle, land mammal bones,among which were found some herbivore teethand a goat horn, there was a carefully laid cover-ing of peridotite pebbles.A less consistent layer ofsoil, with the same type of fauna, was foundbetween the covering and the human bones.Thepit walls were otherwise lined by a circle of stone(predominantly limestone) blocks.

The mortuary gifts were composed of a neck-lace of six laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants with astroke pattern edge decoration (Inv. DA 6665).The right hand clutched a perforated pearl (Inv.DA 6677).

On the same level as the human bones, beforethe face of the deceased, there was a fragment ofa green-to-black soapstone earring (Inv. DA6667), while in the terrain immediately under thevertebral column was found a drop-shaped shellpendant (Inv. DA 6630) decorated with cup holesand a series of incised strokes along the edges.Neither of the last two objects can be consideredas elements of the grave furniture.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is representedby some fragments; the postcranial skeleton is rep-resented by fragments of the limbs, pelvis, and thewhole sacrum.Sex: M (M = 1.07, calculated on 14 traits).Age: 28-37.

The robustness index of the left ulna has beencalculated on the physiological length which is15.60, the same one has a diaphyseal index of89.30.The left femur is platimeric (84,4), and itshead index is 100.4.

GRAVE GOODS: (Fig. 67)

Inv. DA 6665: Necklace composed of 6 laurel-leafshaped pendants with incised edge decoration ofstroke patterns and suspension hole at one end.She up-holes on the inner valve surface. Shell.L. 3.74, w 3.1, th 0.25Inv. DA 6667: Part of one end of a large soapstone



91

earring with a keeled-convex section.L. 3.2, w 0.91, th. 1.1

GRAVE 38 (Fig. 68)

LOCUS : HOLC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 8-12Orientation : E-WF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Ll.Ll. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The covering was composed oflimestone blocks laid on a layer of small limestonepebbles, spread on a thin layer of soil mixed withfish bones and shells. On the hip of the deceasedwas laid a vertebra of a large sea-mammal. Thelegs of the deceased were evidently damaged dur-ing the first excavation campaign.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Few fragments represent the cranial and postcranialskeleton.

Sex: ? Age: 8-12 years.

GRAVE 39 (Fig. 69)

LOCUS : HSOANo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 1-3Orientation : E-WF.or. : S?Position : 3.Z.00.00. (Crouching, on

the left side).Covering type : 1?Level : 2?

COMMENTS: The burial was exposed duringthe second campaign by R. Ciarla, but it wasexamined and removed only during the followingseason.On that occasion the general disposition ofthe human bones was verified, the side of the dep-osition was determined and it was realisedthrough the examination of the pit walls that thepit had been cut into a layer of shells.

On the floor of the grave six cylindrical-to-annular beads of soapstone (one) and shell (five)and four Engina mendicaria shells with perforatedwalls were found.


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ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull iscompletely missing, the postcranial skeleton con-sists of few fragments only.Sex: ? Age: 1-3 years.

GRAVE GOODS: Not inventoried: six cylindri-cal-to-annular beads of soapstone (one) and shell(five) and four Engina mendicaria shells with perfo-rated walls.

GRAVE 40

LOCUS : HTKCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 1-3Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : 1?Level : 2?

COMMENTS: This burial was greatly disturbedby the cutting of a trench to explore the habitation levels. The bones of the deceased were removed from the section as it collapsed and therefore the documentation relative to the pit and the position of the deceased areabsent.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull iscompletely missing. The postcranium is represented by few fragments from the limbs andpelvis.Sex: ? Age: 1-3 years.



93

GRAVE 41 (Fig. 70)

LOCUS : HSOCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 3-6Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Hm.Hm.

(Crouching, on the left side).


COMMENTS:There was a covering of limestoneblocks, lacking only in the area corresponding tothe deceased’s skull. The filling was substantiallyclean, with an occasional presence of shells andother faunal remains. The deceased wore on theright wrist a bracelet made of six cylindrical beadsof green-to-black soapstone (four) and shell(two).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is completelymissing. The postcranium is represented by fewfragments.Sex: ?Age: 3-6 years.

GRAVE GOODS: Not inventoried: braceletmade of six cylindrical beads of green-to-blacksoapstone (four) and shell (two).

GRAVE 42

LOCUS : HSOC

COMMENTS:This is not a real grave, but a pitfilled with a few human bones, some of whichwere strongly calcinated, together with shells andfragments of a turtle carapace.

The human bones belonged to at least to threeindividuals:

Sex: a)? Age: a) 4-6b)? b) >20c)? c) 0-3 months

which are probably attributable to the mass of cal-cinated human bones from the close Grave 68sup. or from Area 43.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:42A: state of preservation: very bad.Very few smallfragments from both the cranial and postcranialskeleton.Sex: ?Age: 4-6 years.

AREA 43 (Fig. 6)

LOCUS:

HSL-HSM-HSN-HSQ-HSR-HSS-HSV-HSW-HSX

As has been amply stressed in other sections of thiswork, this area was presented as a vast zone of dis-persion of burnt human bones in an apparentlysecondary context. It is not yet possible to give thetotal number of the individuals there buried, butthey are probably more than 76. Recorded hereand listed in the following table are only partialand inconclusive data currently available on thesex and age of the 76 recognised individuals.Thisincludes the individuals from Graves 18, 19, 20 and42 which were mistakenly numbered separately.

94

Individual number Sex Age in years

A - 12-151 F? 30-402 - -3 - 6-104 M? 16-205 F? 20-406 - 10-157 F 23-488 - -9 - 9-1411 - 6-1212 M 20-x13 - -14 - 20-x15 - 4-716 - 20-x17 - 20-x18 - 12-1819 - 9-1420 M? 20-4021 F 20-4022 F? 30-5023 M? 16-2024 M 20-4025 F? 20-x26 M? 30-5027 F?? 20-4028 M?? 15-1829 M? 40-6030 - 20-x31 - 6-1232 - 10-2033 F? 20-x34 M 35-4535 M 35-4536 M >5037 F 30-5038 F? 20-4039 F 20-4040 F 30-4541 M 20-x42 - 15-30

Individual number Sex Age in years

43 F >5044 F 20-4045 F 20-3546 F 20-x47 - 8-1048 - -49 - -50 - -51 - -52 - -53 - 2-454 - 3-555 - 7-956 - 7-957 - 4-6HSM-HSS - 5-7HSS M -HSS F -HSS1 F -HSM M -x-y - 3-5Grave 19 M?? 20-26Grave 20 ? 3-7Grave 42 A ? 4-6Grave 42 B ? > 20Grave 42 C ? 6-12 monthsGrave 68 A M 25-31Grave 68 B M 26-35Grave 68 C M 26-35Grave 68 D F 16-19Grave 68 E F 19-25Grave 68 F ? 4-8Grave 68 G ? 5-9Grave 68 H ? 2-4Grave 68 INF A M? 28-38Grave 68 INF B F?? 22-30Grave 68 INF C F?? 23-31Grave 68 INF D ? 1-2Grave 69 SUP M 32-41Grave 69 INF M 22-32

95

As previously mentioned, among the humanbones and the equally disarticulated elements ofthe lithic covering were collected numerous arte-facts and materials classifiable as mortuary gifts,even though it remains impossible to attributethem to specific individuals, except for rare cases,and even then with uncertainty. We are limited,therefore, to the following objects listed accordingto their distribution defined on the basis of thesite grid.


HSLA1. Inv. DA 7263: Four cylindrical soapstone

beads.∅ 0.73, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.88, H. 0.52;∅ 0.80, H. 0.52; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.62;

2. (not inventoried):Valve of Callista sp. shell.3. (not inventoried): Single-edged cutting tool.

Brown schist stone. L. 6.3, w 4.8, th. 0.8

FIGURE 71. Area 43: selected items collected in the area.

96

HSLB1. (not inventoried): Single-edged cutting tool.

Grey schist stone. L. 8.7, w 4.7, th 0.8

HSMB1. Inv. DA 7249:

a) Two cylindrical soapstone beads and twoperforated Engina mendicaria shells.1) ∅ 0.70, H. 0.60; 2) ∅ 0.75, H. 0.5b) One very fragmentary laurel-leaf shapedshell pendant with incised edge decoration.Not measurable.

2. Inv. DA 7250: Segment of a leech-shaped ear-ring with two repair holes at each end.Soapstone. Biconvex section. L. 1.8, w 1.08,th 0.35

3. Inv. DA 7265:Two large unmodified Phicus sp.shells. L. 11.5.

HSMD1. Inv. DA 7254:Two Dentalium sp. segments and

two perforated Engina mendicaria shells.Dentalium sp.: L. 1.1; L. 1.6

HSNA1. Inv. DA 7306.6: Cylindrical chlorite bead. H.

0.30, ∅ 0.65, ∅ hole 0.302. Inv. DA 7307: Seven cylindrical chorite beads

(two fragmentary); one Dentalium sp. segmentand one annular shell bead.Chlorite: H. 0.60, ∅ 0.90, ∅ hole 0.40;H. 0.48, ∅ 0.62, ∅ hole 0.30; H. 0.40, ∅ 0.50,∅ hole ∅ 0.30; H. 0.50, ∅ 0.80, hole 0.40Shell:H. 0.25, ∅ 1.05, ∅ hole 0.25Dentalium sp. : L. 1.0.

HSNB1. Inv. DA 6671: Fragment of a very large fish-

hook (medial section). Shell. Heavily burnt. L.4.0 , th (1.15)

HSNL1. Inv. DA 7256: Cylindrical chlorite bead;

∅ 0.65, H. 0.5

HSQA1. (not inventoried): Fragment of a stone earring

(medial section). Soapstone. Keeled-convex

section. L. 1.9, w 0.7, th 0.42. (not inventoried): Stone hammer of irregular

shape, and square section. Peridotite. L. 8.4, w2.7, th 2.7

HSQB1. Inv. DA 7218: Awl made from a bone splinter.

L. 8.2, w 1.1, th 0.42. Inv. DA 7219: Three cylindrical beads.

Soapstone.∅ 0.75, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.59; ∅ 0.75,H. 0.42

3. Inv. DA 7255: Three undecorated laurel-leafshaped pendants with suspension hole at oneend. Shell. 1. L. (3.8), w. 1.8, th 0.2; 2. L. (4.1),w 1.8, th. 0.2; 3. L. (2.0), w. 1.9, th. 0.2

4. Inv. DA 7260: String of seven cylindrical beadsof soapstone (five) and shell (two), and oneDentalium sp. segment.Dentalium sp. :L. 1.25Shell: ∅ 0.65, H. 0.4Chlorite: ∅ 0.80, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.60;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.85,H. 0.50

5. Inv. DA 7261: Three Dentalium sp. segments.Average length 2.0.

6. Inv. DA 7278:Valve of Callista sp. shell.

HSQC1. Inv. DA 7257: One point polished tool. Bone.

L. 7.7, max. w. 1.2.2. (not inventoried): Segment of leech-shaped

earring with a circular section. Soapstone.L. 1.8, w 0.5, th 0.6

3. (not inventoried): Stone hammer of irregularshape and rectangular section. Peridotite. L.8.0, w. 3.0, th 2.7/1.5

HSQD1. Inv. DA 7258: Leech-shaped earring. With a

keeled-convex section. Soapstone. L. 1.8,w 0.45, th 0.35.

HSRA1. Inv. DA 6691: String of 38 cylindrical-to-ovoid

beads of soapstone (25), Dentalium sp. (seven),and bird bone (six). Heavily burnt.Beads:

97

Bone:L. 1.9, ∅ 0.42; L. 2.35, ∅ 0.40; L. 2.0,∅ 0.50; L. 2.10, ∅ 0.42; L. 2.4, ∅ 0.50; L. 2.00,∅ 0.65Dentalium sp.: L. 2.0; L. 1.5; L. 1.7; L. 1.1; L. 0.5;L. 0.8; L. 0.6

Chlorite:1) Ovoid: ∅ 1.30 x 1.10, H. 0.62; ∅ hole 0.5;

∅ 1.20 x 0.92, H. 0.70, ∅ hole 0.5; ∅ 1.20 x1.10, H. 0.55, ∅ hole 0.45; ∅ 1.15 x 1.00, H.0.60, ∅ hole 0.4; ∅ 1.10 x 0.80, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.45; ∅ 1.20 x 1.04, H. 0.30, ∅ hole 0.5;∅ 1.00 x 0.80, H. 0.40, ∅ hole 0.4; ∅ 0.90 x0.78, H. 0.45, ∅ hole 0.4; ∅ 0.90 x 0.80,H. 0.48, ∅ hole 0.4

2) Annular with triangular vertical section andeccentric hole:∅ 1.90, H. 0.40, ∅ hole 0.35; ∅ 1.85, H. 0.30,∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 1.00, H. 0.30, ∅ hole 0.30;∅ 1.00, H. 0.40, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.30,∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.85, H. 0.30, ∅ hole 0.30;∅ 0.70, H. 0.35, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.40,∅ hole 0.30

3) Cylindrical:∅ 1.00, H. 0.45, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.45, ∅ hole 0.31;∅ 0.80, H. 0.51, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.31; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.60, ∅ hole 0.20;∅ 0.80, H. 0.60, ∅ hole 0.502. Inv. DA 7238: String of 55 cylindrical-to-ovoidal beads of soapstone (50) and shell (five).Heavily burnt.Shell: ∅ 0.75, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.80,H. 0.30; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.15Chlorite:Ovoid: ∅ 1. 0 x 1.10, H. 0.60, ∅ hole 0.48;∅ 1.20 x 0.90, H. 0.65, ∅ hole 0.41; ∅ 1.20 x1.10, H. 0.59, ∅ hole 0.50; ∅ 0.90 x 0.75,H. 0.40, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.85 x 0.70, H. 0.45,∅ hole 0.32; ∅ 1.30 x 1.15 H. 0.70, ∅ hole0.40; ∅ 0.90 x 0.70, H. 0.45 ∅ hole 0.40;∅ 0.90 x 0.70 H. 0.48, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 1.00 x0.80, H. 0.45, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.90 x 0.80, H.0.35, ∅ hole 0.31; ∅ 1.00 x 0.80, H. 0.60,∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 1.30 x 1.20, H. 0.50, ∅ hole0.50; ∅ 1.20 x 0.90, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.40;∅ 1.20 x 1.00, H. 0.30, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 1.35 x1.25, H. 0.45, ∅ hole 0.50; ∅ 1.40 x 1.30, H.

0.90, ∅ hole 0.602) Annular vith triangular vertical section andeccentric hole:∅ 0.90, H. 0.45, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.95, H. 0.40,∅ hole 0.28; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.31, ∅ hole 0.25;∅ 0.85; H. 0.40; ∅ hole 0.35; ∅ 0.70; H. 0.45;∅ hole 0.303) Cylindrical: ∅ 0.75, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.40;∅ 0.75, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.35;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.41,∅ hole 0.25; ∅ 0.62, H. 0.51, ∅ hole 0.30;∅ 0.58; H. 0.50; ∅ hole 0.25; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.40,∅ hole 0.27; ∅ 0.70H. 0.27 ∅ hole 0.30;∅ 0.70, H. 0.30, ∅ hole 0.35; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.30,∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.45, ∅ hole 0.25;∅ 0.70, H. 0.45; ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.38; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.40;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.85, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 1.00; H. 0.50; ∅ hole 0.50;∅ 0.90, H. 0.60, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 1.00, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.30;∅ 1.00, H. 0.40, ∅ hole 0.35; ∅ 1.00, H. 0.60,∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 1.00, H. 0.61, ∅ hole 0.40;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.45,∅ hole 0.32; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.20, ∅ hole 0.30

3. Inv. DA 7239: String of 17 perforated smallshells (species unidentified) and one Enginamendicaria bead. Heavily burnt.

4. Inv. DA 7240: String of 12 cylindrical beads.Bird bone. Heavily burnt.L. 2.4, ∅ 0.40; L. 1.9, ∅ 0.50; L. 1.8, ∅ 0.40; L.2.0, ∅ 0.30; L. 2.2, ∅ 0.40; L. 1.9, ∅ 0.55; L. 1.9,∅ 0.50; L. 2.2, ∅ 0.35; L. 2.3, ∅ 0.40; L. 0.8,∅ 0.45; L. 0.9, ∅ 0.45; L. 0.7, ∅ 0.45

5. Inv. DA 7241: String of 12 cylindrical beadsmade from segments of Dentalium sp.L. 1.5; L. 2.1; L. 1.9; L. 1.5; L. 1.7; L. 1.7; L. 2.0;L. 2.0; L. 1.8; L. 1.4; L. 1.0; L. 0.9

6. Inv. DA 7242:a) Small laurel-leaf shaped pendant with sus-pension hole at one end. L. (2.7), w 0.7, th 0.22 b) Fragmentary shark-tooth perforated withtwo holes across the root section. L. 2.3, w(1.4).

7. Inv. DA 7247: String of eight cylindrical-to-ovoidal beads. Soapstone. Heavily burnt.Ovoid: 1.2 x 0.8, H. 0.6, ∅ hole 0.4

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Cylindrical: ∅ 1.00, H. 0.55, ∅ hole 0.30;∅ 0.90, H. 0.40, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.50,∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.40, ∅ hole 0.40;∅ 0.65, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.35,∅ hole 0.40; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.30, ∅ hole 0.30.

HSRB1. Inv. DA 7264: Pointed, polished tool from ovi-

caprine metatarsus. L. 7.4, max. w. 2.02. (not inventoried): Fragments of three leech-

shaped earrings. Soapstone.a) L. 2.8, w 0.6, th 0.4. Plano-convex section.b) L. 3.8, w 1.2, th 0.65. Plano-convex section.c) L. 2.0, w 0.7, th 0.4. Keeled-convex section.

3. (not inventoried): Fragmentary shark-toothwith two holes across the root section. Heavilyburnt. L. 2.2, ø (1.2)

HSRC1. (not inventoried): Elongated stone hammer of

circular section. Peridotite. L. 9.2, ø 1.8

HSRD1. Inv. DA 7245: Flat double pointed object.

Bone. L. 4.7, w 0.7, th 0.3.

HSSA1. Inv. DA 7304: Four cylindrical chlorite beads.

Chlorite: ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.90,H. 0.80, ∅ hole 0.30; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.50, ∅ hole0.30

HSSB1. Inv. DA 6649: Single-edged cutting tool. Red

schist stone. L. 21.5, w. 5.2, th. 0.8 (Pl. 20).2. Inv. DA 6668: Fragmentary earring with one

repair-hole at the proximal end.Soapstone. L. 4.0, w 3.55

3. Inv. DA 7306.1: Cylindrical chlorite bead.H. 0.30, ∅ 0.70, ∅ hole 0.30

HSSC1. Inv. DA 7243: String of 14 cylindrical beads of

soapstone (11), shell (one), and Dentalium sp.segments (two), together with a shark-toothperforated with two holes across the root sec-tion and an unidentified, perforated shell.Dentalium: L. 1.0; L. 1.2Chlorite: ∅ 0.60, H. 0.40, ∅ 0.60, H. 0.35;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.80, H.0.65; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.30Shell: ∅ 0.85, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.38; ∅ 0.70,H. 0.50; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.70H. 0.60, ∅ 0.80,H. 0.55

HSSD1. Inv. DA 6669: Necklace composed of 242

cylindrical beads of Dentalium sp., segmentedto an average length of 1.2 cm. Burnt and verybrittle.

2. Inv. DA 7252: Large laurel-leaf shaped pendantwith traces of incised edge decoration. Shell.Heavily burnt. L. (6.0), w 3.0

3. Inv. DA 7253: Necklace of six laurel-leafshaped pendants with incised edge decorationand suspension hole at one end. Shell. Badlypreserved because it was extensively burnt.a. L. (4.4), w 1.4; b. L. (5.0), w 1.3; c. L. (4.4), w1.4; d. L. (3.9), w 1.3;e. L. (2.0), w 1.4; f. Unmeasurable

4. Inv. DA 7256: Cylindrical chlorite bead.∅ 0.8, H. 0.6

5. Inv. DA 7306.2-3: Two cylindrical chloritebeads.H. 0.60, ∅ 0.60, ∅ hole 0.30; H. 0.50, ∅ 0.60,∅ hole 0.30

HSVA1. Inv. DA 7259: Fragmentary object ogival in

shape with a hole in the median section along

PLATE 20. Area 43: DA 6649 single-edged cutting tool made from redschistous stone.

99

the fracture edge. Shell. Possibly in the secondstage of fish-hook manufacture. L. 1.5, w 1.1,th 0.25

2. Inv. DA 7262:Two cylindrical soapstone beads(1. ∅ 0.7, H. 0.4; 2. ∅ 0.85, H. 0.5) and a frag-mentary shark tooth perforated with two holesacross the root section.

3. (not inventoried): Fragmentary shark toothpendant with two holes across the root section.L. (2.1), w (1.5)

HSVD1. (not inventoried): Side notched net weight.

Coral. L. 7.1, w 3.8, th 2.1

HSW1. Inv. DA 6690: String of 10 cylindrical beads of

shell (two) and soapstone (eight) and l sharktooth perforated with two holes across the rootsection.Beads:stone: ∅ 0.8, H. 0.53; ∅ 0.8, H. 0.4; ∅ 0.62, H.0.42; ∅ 0.72, H. 0.5; ∅ 0.8, H. 0.62; ∅ 0.72, H.0.4; ∅ 0.62, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.7, H. 0.3shell: ∅ 0.7, H. 0.4

2. Inv. DA 7246: String of 17 cylindrical beads ofsoapstone (15) and shell (2).Shell: ∅ 0.80, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.35Chlorite: ∅ 1.00, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.50;∅ 1.00, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.95, H.0.45; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.53; ∅ 1.00, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.90,H. 0.70; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50;

∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.80, H.0.40; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.68, H. 0.40

3. Inv. DA 7248: Small fish-hook with indentedapex. Shell. L. 0.9, w 0.7, th 0.12

4. (not inventoried): Fragmentary leech-shapedearring with plano-convex section. Soapstone.L. 1.8, w 0.5, th 0.4

GRAVE 44 (Fig. 72)

LOCUS : HOACNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) F

b) ?Age : a) 38-46

b) 6-12 monthsOrientation : a) NE-SW

b) NE-SWF.or. : a) -

b) WPosition: a) 0.Y.Km.Km.

(Crouching, on the right side)b) 4.Y.Km.Km (Crouching, on the right side)


COMMENTS:The limestone block covering waslacking only in the area of the skull of individuala), which was also missing. Individual b) lay on the


100

chest of a) with an identical orientation andposture.The pit filling, under the covering, was athin layer of soil mixed with shells (2180 g), fishbones (100 g) and turtle carapace fragments (40g).An Arca sp. valve replaced the usual Callista sp.and was held in front of the adult’s face (Inv.DA 7272).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:44A: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.Only few fragments from the cranial and postcra-nial skeleton are present.Sex: F (M = -0.42, calculated on five traits).Age: 38-46 years.

The femoral head index is 100 and 100.2respectively for the left and right ones.44B: State of preservation: very bad. Only fewfragments of the postcranial skeleton.Sex: ? Age: 0 years.

GRAVE 45 (Fig. 73)

LOCUS : HTACNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : > 20Orientation : E-WF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.00.00. (Crouching, on

the right side?).Covering type : ?Level : 1

COMMENTS: Bone remains were scarce in thisextensively disturbed, superficial grave.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Very few fragments fromthe postcranial skeleton.Sex: ?.Age: > 20 years.

GRAVE 46 (Fig. 74)

LOCUS : HOUA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : > 20Orientation : ENE-WSWF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Ll.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The deceased was partially cov-ered by a thin layer of shells and the skeletalremains were only partially preserved, since theylay nearly at the surface of the site.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Parts of theneurocranium, face and mandible represent theskull; few fragments of the postcranial skeleton.Sex: M (M = 0.73, calculated on seven traits).Age: > 20 years.



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GRAVE 47 (Fig. 75)

LOCUS : HOFC-HOKDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 26-35Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Km.Lm. (Crouching,


COMMENTS:Under the limestone block cover-ing was extended a layer of soil mixed with shells(1960 g), fish bones (200 g), fragments of carapaceof sea-turtle (40 g) and a few land mammal bones (5 g).

The inhumed right hand clasped a Callista valve(Inv. DA 7276) to the face of the individual. Anelongated cylindrical bead of green-to-blacksoapstone (Inv. DA 6687: H. 1.75, ∅ 0.70, ∅ hole0.36) found near the knee, and probably broughttightly to a leg, has to be considered as a personalornament.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. The remains from theskull are just fragments from the neurocranium,maxilla and mandible; few fragments from the restof the skeleton.Sex: M (M = 1.00, calculated on 12 traits).Age: 26-35 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1567.5 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus and left femur). Stature calculatedaccording to Pearson 156.8 cm (based on thelength of the left humerus and left femur). Staturecalculated according to Trotter and Gleser 160.5cm (based on the length of the left humerus andleft femur). Stature calculated according to Olivier157.6 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus).Average stature is 1579.1 mm.

The skull is mesoconco (83.80) for the orbitaryindex; mesorrin (47.70) for the nasal index, andprognat (107.40) for the gnatic index. The leftulna’s diaphyseal index is 102, it is also eurolenic(89.80).


102

GRAVE GOODS:

Inv. DA 6687: Elongated cylindrical bead.Soapstone. L. 1.75, ∅ 0.7Inv. DA 7276: Callista valve.

GRAVE 48 (Fig. 76)

LOCUS : HSJA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 29-35Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : 1 ?Level : 2

COMMENTS: The shallow grave-pit was evi-denced by chromatic contrast.The soil above theburial was cut into by two adjacent oval pits filledwith a microstratified deposit of alternating shellsand fish bones.The surviving part of the originalgrave-pit was filled with a soil mixed with shells(725 g), fish bones (140 g), and C. mydas carapaceand other skeletal fragments (420 g).

There were also oval-shaped pebbles, some lyingon the bones of the deceased and others in the pitfilling.

It was a secondary burial characterised by theintentional fragmentation of the mandible. Alsohere, as for Grave 25 inf., the long bones indicat-ed the deposition axis and the skull was accurate-ly posed at the north-eastern end.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. The skull is generallywell preserved; the sacrum, pelvis and fragments ofthe lower limbs represent the rest of the skeleton.Sex: M (M = 1.11, calculated on 18 traits).Age: 29-35 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvier 1697mm (based on the length of the left humerus andleft femur). Stature calculated according toPearson 169.4 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus and left femur). Stature calculatedaccording to Trotter and Gleser 173.5 cm (basedon the length of the left humerus and left femur).Stature calculated according to Olivier 172.6 cm(based on the length of the left humerus).Averagestature is 1713 mm.

The skull is dolicocranic (70.70) for the cranialhorizontal index, camecranic (66) for the vertico-longitudinal index, metriocranic (93.20) for thevertico-transversal index. For the diaphysealindex, the left humerus is platibrachic (72.40), theright one is euribrachic (82).The left femoral crestis medium (118.1), the right one is strong (144.6).The right femoral head index is 101.1.The rightfibula’s midshaft index is 74.1. The right tibia ismesocnemic (64.1).

GRAVE 49 (Fig. 77)

LOCUS : HOKC-HOPDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 31-40Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Lm.Ll. (Crouching, on

the left side)Covering type : 3Level : 1

COMMENTS:There was a limestone block cov-ering, the weight of which has produced notabledamage on the human remains. The soil layerbetween the covering and the skeletal remains wasmixed with shells (1080 g) and fish bones (65 g).The deceased originally clasped in his right handa Callista sp. valve which had slipped from its orig-inal position and was leaning on the proximalFIGURE 76. Plan of G. 48.

103

portion of the ulna-radium of the right arm.An elongated cylindrical bead of green-to-black

soapstone was found near the right foot (Inv. DA7273).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is representedby few fragments only; the postcranial skeleton bypart of the right pelvis and fragments of the limbs.

Sex: F (M = -1.19, calculated on 13 traits).Age: 31-40 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1488 mm. (based on the length of the lefthumerus). Stature calculated according to Pearson148 cm (based on the length of the left humerus).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser151 cm (based on the length of the left humerus).Stature calculated according to Olivier 148.2 cm(based on the length of the left humerus).Averagestature is 1490 mm.

Both ulnas are eurolenic (81.50 the left, 83.30the right). The left femoral head index is 101.9,the right one is 100.8.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 7273: cylindrical bead of green-to-blacksoapstone.

GRAVE 50 a (Fig. 78a)

LOCUS : HOPC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 32-40Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -


FIGURE 78. Plan of G 50a (right) and G. 50b (left).

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Position : 0.Y.Km.Lm. (Crouching,on the right side)

Covering type : 3?Level : 1

COMMENTS: Superficial burial with only alarge limestone block of the covering remainingin place along the edge of the pit.A layer of verydisturbed soil, containing a modest quantity offaunal remains (100 g of shells; 140 g of fish bones;60 g of C. mydas carapace fragments), covered theskeletal remains of the deceased which were dam-aged and incomplete, above all in the cranialregion.The pit of this grave partially disturbed thepit of the neighbouring Grave 50b to the west.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. The skull is missing; thepostcranial skeleton shows only few fragments.Sex: M (M = 1.75, calculated on three traits).Age: 32-40 years.The left fibula’s midshaft index is 74.

GRAVE 50 b (Fig. 78b)

LOCUS : HOPC/DNo. individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 38-46Orientation : N-SF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Km. (Crouching,

on the right side)Covering type : 3?Level : 1

COMMENTS:This was a very superficial grave.Of the original stone covering only a limestoneblock placed in front of the skull remained in situ.The thin stratum of soil which covered the skele-tal remains contained modest quantities of faunalremains (60 g of fish bones; 20 g of fragmentedturtle carapace; and a fragment of long bone of aland mammal).

To the east, the pit was marginally invaded bythe neighbouring Grave 50a.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Only few

fragments left from both cranial and postcranialskeleton.Sex: M (M = 0.77, calculated on ten traits)Age: 38-46 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1617 mm (based on the length of the left humerusand left femur). Stature calculated according toPearson 160.6 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus and left femur). Stature calculatedaccording to Trotter and Gleser 164.5 cm (basedon the length of the left humerus and left femur).Stature calculated according to Olivier 161.8 cm(based on the length of the left humerus).Averagestature is 1621.5 mm.

The right ulna’s diaphyseal index is 98.70, it isalso ipereurolenic (105.2).

GRAVE 51 (Fig. 79)

LOCUS : HOUCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 58-64Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : W ?Position : 4.Y.Im.Km. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS:The massive limestone block cov-ering has produced notable damage to the skeletalremains below.The stone covering was encased ina deposit rich in shell - mostly Ostrea sp. - of laterformation. The skeletal remains were in a verypoor state of preservation.

The mortuary gifts consisted of two black-to-green soapstone earrings, still in place at the sidesof the deceased’s skull (DA 6650). The earringshad previously been broken and repaired withholes running along both edges of the fracture.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Only themastoid represent the skull; fragments from thelong bones instead represent the postcranium.Sex: M (M = 1.40, calculated on five traits).Age: 58-64 years.

105

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1655.5 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus and left femur). Stature calculatedaccording to Pearson 164.2 cm (based on thelength of the left humerus and left femur). Staturecalculated according to Trotter and Gleser 168.25cm (based on the length of the left humerus andleft femur). Stature calculated according to Olivier165.3 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus).Average stature is 1658.2 mm.

The left femoral crest is medium (113.8).

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6650:Two soapstone earrings, plano-con-vex in section with bipolar repair-holes along themargins of the fracture and in one case at theapexes, too (Pl. 21).1. ø outside 3.6, w. 1.39; 2. ø outside 3.4, w. 1.55

GRAVE 52 (Fig. 80)

LOCUS : HOVC/DNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) F

b) ?Age : a) 40-50

b) 6-12 months.Orientation : a) NE-SW b)—F.or. : a) W

b)-

Position : a) 4.Y.Km.Lm. (Crouching,on the right side)b) -


COMMENTS:The limestone block covering wasonly partially preserved.The soil above the humanremains has been notably altered by rodents’intensive subsoil activities, which have destroyedsome of the skeletal remains of individual a) andcaused the dispersion and reduction of the bonesof individual b).

In the soil were recovered modest quantities offaunal remains (60 g of fish bones, 140 g of turtlecarapace fragments and 15 g of fragmented mam-mal bones).

In the fill, therefore not to be labelled as a mor-tuary gift, a fragment of a stone earring was found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:52A: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.Very few fragments from the cranial and postcra-nial skeleton.Sex: F (M = -0.60, calculated on seven traits).Age: 40-50 years.52B: State of preservation: very bad.Very few frag-ments from the cranial and postcranial skeleton.Sex: ? Age: 0 years.


106


PLATE 21. DA 6650 serpentinite earrings from Grave 51.

107

GRAVE 53 (Fig. 81)

LOCUS : HOPANo. of Individuals : 2Sex : a) F?

b) MAge : a) 37-46

b) 32-36Orientation : a) NE-SW

b) NE-SWF.or : a) SE

b) SEPosition : a) R (Secondary burial)

b) R (Secondary burial)Covering type : 4Level : 1 ?

COMMENTS: Under a covering of peridotitepebbles and limestone blocks were found someintensely burnt spherical pebbles. In direct contactwith the bones of the deceased were numerousfragments of a C. mydas skull and carapace (120 g)and fish bones (100 g), some of which were burnt.To the north, almost in contact with the skull ofindividual b was recovered a drop-shaped shell

pendant with edge decoration and a shell fish-hook fragment (DA 6662), which were, withsome doubt, attributed to the grave furniture.Grave 53 represented a double secondary burial,with the bones placed in a way already describedfor Grave 25 inf. and 48.At the time of depositionthe two individuals were only partially separatedand each group contained bones from the other.This grave was placed just over the eastern half ofGrave 79.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:53A: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.Only few portions of the neurocranium, face andpostcranium.Sex: F? (M = -0.18, calculated on four traits).Age: 37-46 years.

53B: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.The skull is represented by few fragments, thepostcranium mostly by fragments of the longbones.Sex: M (M = 0.82, calculated on six traits).Age: 32-36 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier


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1590 mm (based on the length of the rightfemur). Stature calculated according to Pearson158.6 cm (based on the length of the rightfemur). Stature calculated according to Trotter andGleser 159 cm (based on the length of the rightfemur).Average stature is 1588.6 mm.

The right humerus is euribrachic (84.30) for thediaphyseal index; its head index is 97.50.The leftfibula’s midshaft index is 90.2.


Inv. DA 6662:1. Drop-shaped pendant with traces of edge dec-oration. Shell. L. 4.7, w. 2.45, th 0.22. Fragmentary shell fish-hook with broken prox-imal end. L. 1.75, w. 2.36, th 0.22

GRAVE 54 (Fig. 83)

LOCUS : HOQB-HOVANo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 35-41Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.0m.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Among the limestone blocks ofthe covering a goat’s horn was found. Under thecovering there was a thin layer of soil mixed withshells (460 g), fragments of carapace and otherskeletal remains of a C. mydas (515 g), a smallquantity of fish bones (50 g) and a few fragmentsof land mammal long bones.



109

The deceased lay crouching on the right side,although disturbed in antiquity. Probably an ani-mal had opened the pit and dislocated the chest,mandible and left arm.The right arm, in its orig-inal position, was brought up to the face, holdinga turtle skull, the upper half of which was foundupside-down on the chest region.

To the east, and on the edge of the pit, Grave 24was located, while it was just over the eastern halfof Grave 91.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Some frag-ments from the cranial and postcranial skeletonare left.Sex: M (M = 1.05, calculated on nine traits)Age: 35-41 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1702 mm (based on the length of the left ulna, theleft femur and the left fibula). Stature calculatedaccording to Pearson 168 cm (based on the lengthof the left femur). Stature calculated according toTrotter and Gleser 173.16 cm (based on length ofthe left ulna, the left femur and the left fibula).Stature calculated according to Olivier 173 cm.(based on the length of the left ulna and the leftfibula).Average stature is 1710.9 mm.

The right femur head index is 99.1

GRAVE 55 (Fig. 84)

LOCUS : HOQB/CNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 23-39Orientation : NE-SWF.or : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The covering consisted of lime-stone blocks, with only one peridotite pebble.Theground around, and immediately over, the humanremains was substantially clean and lacking in fau-nal remains.The deceased was in a strongly con-tracted position with his right hand held underthe right parietal and passing under the cervicalvertebrae holding tightly an Arca sp. valve. ACallista sp. (Inv. DA 7277) was found in front ofthe face of the deceased at eye-level.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State of


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preservation: extremely fragmentary. Some partsof the frontal bone, the maxilla and almost all themandible are from the skull; few fragments comefrom the postcranium.Sex: M (M = 1.37, calculated on 13 traits)Age: 23-39 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1665.3 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left femur and the left fibula). Staturecalculated according to Pearson 165.6 cm (basedon the length of the left femur and left humerus).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser170.6 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left femur and the left fibula). Staturecalculated according to Olivier 168.3 cm (basedon the length of the left humerus and the leftfibula).Average stature is 1677.5 mm.

GRAVE 56 (Fig. 85)

LOCUS : HORB/CNo. of Individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 4-8Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 0.Z.0l.0l.(Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The covering was a mixture oflimestone blocks and peridotite pebbles depositedin two overlapping levels.Among the second levelof stones was found a stone hammer. Between the


111

covering stones and the human remains there wasa thin soil layer containing a small quantity ofshells (380 g), fragments of turtle carapace (60 g)and fish bones (20 g).

The skeletal remains, in particular the craniumand the arms bones, were damaged from theweight of the massive covering.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State of

preservation: very bad. Very few fragments fromthe cranium and postcranium.Sex: ? Age: 4-8 years.

GRAVE 57 A (Fig. 86A)

LOCUS : HOWBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 21-36Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : 1?Level : 1?

COMMENTS: This superficial grave had beendisturbed and yielded only fragmentary sectionsof the deceased’s upper limbs. On these was stillconnected a shell bracelet made of three plaques,perforated at the angles, carved from the walls ofa Fasciolaria trapezium shell (Inv. DA 7223).

At the edges of the area of dispersion of thehuman bones some limestone blocks were scat-tered.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Only two small fragmentsfrom the skull, and one from the postcranium.Sex: ?Age: 21-36 years.

FIGURE 86. Plan of G. 57A (left) and G. 57B (right).

FIGURE 87. G. 57A grave goods.

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Inv. DA 7223: Bracelet made of three rectangularplaques with perforated angles, carved from thewalls of a Fasciolaria trapezium. Incised stroke dec-oration along the larger sides.1. L. 4.2, w 2.2, th 0.3; 2. L. 3.8, w 2.4, th 0.3;3. L. 3.1, w 2.4, th 0.3

GRAVE 57 B (Fig. 86B)

LOCUS : HOWB/CNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M Age : 26-40 Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : W?Position : 0.Y.0m.0m. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : 3?Level : 1?

COMMENTS: Superficial burial with a lime-stone block covering which was only partiallypreserved. On the area was a mixed deposit ofshells (1500 g), fragments of carapace and otherskeletal remains of C. mydas (200 g) and fish bones(100 g).The human skeleton was very poorly pre-

served. Still in the original position, in front of theskull of the individual, a Callista sp. valve (DA7279) was recovered.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Few frag-ments from both the cranial and postcranial skele-ton.Sex: M (M = 1.57, calculated on three traits). Sexhas been determined also based upon the robust-ness of the long bones.Age: 26-40 years.

GRAVE 58 (Fig. 88)

LOCUS : HOWCNo. of Individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 26-40Orientation : ESE-WNWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.0m.0l. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: A massive covering, mostly ofperidotite pebbles, was laid in two overlapping


113

levels, directly on the human bones, with twolarge limestone blocks on the western edge of thepit. Only a modest quantity of shell (100 g), fishbones (40 g) and fragments of turtle carapace (80g) has been collected from the fill of the grave pit.The grave was disturbed in antiquity, as shown bythe shifting of some skull bones and the almost

complete removal of the arm bones.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Few fragments from boththe cranial and postcranial skeleton.Sex: M (M = 1.00, calculated on four traits).Age: 26-40 years.

FIGURE 89. Plan of G. 59 a and b.

114

GRAVE 59 A (Figs. 89a1-89a2)

LOCUS : HTCDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : F?Age : 14-16Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.Kl.Kl. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: It was a proper cist grave, lined allaround with limestone blocks and covered withperidotite pebbles. Under the covering wasdeposited a compact layer of fragments of turtlecarapace (6040 g), shells (5340 g) and a smallquantity of fish bones (60 g). Found in the fillingwas a mandible fragment of a herbivore.The cra-nium of the individual, more precisely the cere-bral part, was buried in the upper part of the gravefilling with two Macrocallista shell valves at thesides (Inv. DA 7267), in correspondence with thethoracic vertebrae of the deceased.The postcranialskeleton, which lay at a depth of 10 cm below thecranium, was in good condition except for theforearms which were half missing.

The deceased wore a necklace made of eightlaurel-leaf shaped pendants with stroke patterndecoration along the edges (Inv. DA 6614).This grave was located directly on Grave 59 B.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Only a portion of thetemporal bone and left parietal bone represent theskull; parts of the long bones and pelvis comefrom the rest of the skeleton.Sex: F? Age: 14-16 years.

The right femur has a mild crest (105.3).


Inv. DA 7267:Two large valve of Callista sp. placedat the sides of the skull. L. 10.5 , w 5.3

Inv. DA 6614: Necklace composed of eight lau-rel-leaf shaped pendants, with incised edge deco-

ration on the inner valve face and perforation atone end. Shell.All the pendants are fragmentary atthe apex.1. L. (4.1), w 1.45, th 0.3; 2. L. (5.3), w 1.90, th0.15; 3. L. (5.05), w 1.40, th 0.23; 4. L. (4.5), w1.40, th 0.2; 5. L. (4.3), w 1.40, th 0.3; 6. L. (3.4),w 1.30, th 0.25; 7. L. (3.6), w 1.45, th 0.18;8. L.(2.5), w 1.40, th 0.2

GRAVE 59 B (Fig. 89b)

LOCUS : HTCDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 37-41Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : W??Position : 4.Y.Ik.Lk. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : 2?? Level : 3

COMMENTS: Of the original covering only asingle peridotite pebble, placed close to the skullbehind the occipital bone, remained. The depositwas completely cut off by Grave 59 A.The crani-um of the deceased has undergone a shifting, withlimited rotation, caused by the weight of one ofthe blocks of the cyst Grave 59 A.The right hand,brought up to the face, originally held a Callista sp.valve (Inv. DA 7275) which, having slid along theforearm,was resting on the fingers of the left hand.

The individual lay directly on the bedrock plat-form.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Few fragments from theskull; the postcranium is largely incomplete.Sex: M (M = 1.00, calculated on 11 traits).Age: 37-41 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1764.5 mm (based on the length of the left radiusand left femur). Stature calculated according toPearson 172.85 cm (based on the length of the leftradius and left femur). Stature calculated accord-ing to Trotter and Gleser 178 cm (based on thelength of the left radius and left femur). Averagestature is 1757.6 mm.

115

The left humerus’s head index is 97.20 ; theindex of robustness of the left radius, calculated onthe maximum length is 14.40, its diaphyseal indexis 67.80, the right radius one is 65. Both femurspresent a strong femoral crest: the left is 123.8, theright one is 130.1. The left femur is stenomeris(103.7) for the platimeric index, the right femur’shead index is 102.5. The left fibula’s midshaftindex is 81.1, the right one is 75.4.The left tibiais mesocnemic (66) for the diaphyseal index, thesame is mesocnemic for the cnemic index (67.3).

GRAVE 60 (Fig. 91; Pl. 22)

LOCUS : HSSCNo. of individuals : 1

Sex : FAge : 20-26Orientation : N-SF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The covering of massive lime-stone blocks was sealed by a few peridotite peb-bles and by a soil layer pertaining to the south-ernmost fringe of Area 43. Under the coveringthere was a layer of burnt soil with charcoal con-centrations sampled for C14 determination[BLN-3150: 4750±60 bp cal. 1σ 3640-3500 BC;

FIGURE 90. G. 54A grave goods.

116


PLATE 22. G. 60 skeletal remains.

117

Bln-3150 A: 4850±60 bp cal. 1σ 3710-3620 BC.The second date is preferable in that it agrees withthe date obtained from a sample coming from aburnt soil lens immediately under the depositionfloor of the Grave 19 in Area 43 (BLN-2738 :4860±60 bp cal. 1σ 3710-3620 BC) and fromanother sample coming from a grave pertaining tothe older level: Grave 215 inf. (BLN-3156:4920±60 bp cal. 1σ 3770-3620 BC)].The fire hadbeen lit in the grave pit before it was closed withlimestone blocks and it left strong signs of com-bustion on the human bones, causing a segment ofthe left femur to disappear. In the burnt soildeposit inside the pit numerous fragments of cara-pace and other skeletal remains of a C. mydas (300g) and fish bones (40 g) have been collected. Inthe filling, but no longer in the usually observedposition, was a fragmented Callista valve.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is overall wellpreserved. The postcranium is partly complete,mostly the upper and lower limbs.Sex: F (M = -1.00, calculated on 14 traits).Age: 20-26 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1630 mm (based on the length of the right ulna).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser165 cm (based on the length of the right ulna).Stature calculated according to Olivier 166.2 cm

(based on the length of the right ulna). Averagestature is 1647.3 mm.

The skull is mesocranic for the horizontal index(77); ortocranic for the vertico-longitudinal index(70.10); tapeinocranic for the vertico-transversalindex (91); prognatic for the gnatic index(114.40); the mandibular index is 71.40. Bothhumeri are platibrachic, the left is 71.8 the right is66.7.The diaphyseal index if the left radius is 75.6the right is 78.3.The indexes of robustness of theright ulna are respectively 11.7 (calculated on themaximum length) and 12.7 (calculated on thephysiologic length); the diaphyseal index of theright ulna is 114.9 and it is also eurolenic (82).The right femur is iperplatimeric (68.7) for theplatimeric index.

GRAVE 61 (Fig. 92)

LOCUS : HOGD/HOGANo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 25-30Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Kl.Kl. (Crouching, on



118

PLATE 23. G. 61 oval granite grinding stone.

PLATE 24. Caronia sp. shell from the covering of G. 61.

119

COMMENTS:This grave had a massive coveringof peridotite pebbles. Among the covering stonesa very flat oval granite grindstone (Pl. 23), a stonepestle (Inv. DA 6622, 6689), a Caronia sp. shellwith cut coil (Inv. DA 6692) (Pl. 24), two spheri-cal peridotite stones and a peridotite hammerwere found. Over the covering was a layer of soil,20 cm thick on the average, full of shells (11880g), fish bones (2200 g), fragments of carapace andother skeletal remains of sea turtle (1280 g) andfragments of land mammal bones (280 g). Thedeceased wore a bracelet on the right wrist madeof three small plaques, perforated at the angles andcarved from the walls of a Fasciolaria trapezium(Inv. DA 6617).Around his neck a necklace madeof 20 laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withincised edge decorations (Inv. DA 6616) wasfound. The southern edge of this grave pit wassealed by Grave 34.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is representedby fairly well preserved parts of the neurocranium,face and mandible.The postcranium is incomplete.Sex: M (M = 1.45, calculated on 23 traits).Age: 25-30 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1702.5 mm (based on the length of the righthumerus, the left radius, the right ulna and theright fibula). Stature calculated according toPearson 165.2 cm (based on the length of theright humerus and the left radius). Stature calcu-lated according to Trotter and Gleser 172.2 cm(based on the length of the right humerus, the leftradius, the right ulna and the right fibula). Staturecalculated according to Olivier 169 cm (based onthe length of the right humerus, the left radius,the right ulna and the right fibula).Average statureis 1691.6 mm.

The skull is camecranic (68.4) for the vertico-longitudinal index; leptenic (56.6) for the upperface index; the orbits are both cameconche (70.5);the nose is leptorrin (40.5) for the nasal index; themandibular index is brachignatic (66.40). Theright humerus is platibrachic (66.4) for the dia-physeal index and its head index is 91.4. Therobustness index of the radius is: 15.4 for the leftand 15.2 for the right calculated on the maximum

length, the one calculated on the physiologicallength is 15.9 for the right radius.The left radius’diaphyseal index is 80.1 the right one is 78.4.Theright ulna’s robustness index, calculated on themaximum length is 13.8, and on the physiologicallength is 15.10; its diaphyseal index is 114.9 and itis also eurolenic (82).The left femoral crest is mild(105.4) and the femur is iperplatimeric (72.4); theright femur’s head index is 101.7.The right fibu-la’s midshaft index is 71.3.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6622: Oval quern. Coarse-grained sand-stone. Intact after restoration, apart from a fewedge splinters. (Pl. 23)L. 50.5, w 32.5, th 1.6/1.8

Inv. DA 6689: Possible grinder from a long river-ine pebble of peridotite. Only 2/3 preserved.L. 12.3, w 5.7, th 2.6

Inv. DA 6692: Large fragmentary specimen ofCaronia sp. shell from the grave covering.

Inv. DA 6616: Necklace composed of 20 laurel-leaf shaped pendants with incised edge decorationon inner valve face and suspension hole at oneend. Shell. Partly flaked and almost all fragmentaryat one end (Fig. 93).1. L. (6.5), w 1.5, th 0.19; 2. L. 7.1, w 1.6, th 0.15;3. L. (6.4), w 1.5, th 0.30; 4. L. (5.6), w 1.4, th 0.20;5. L. (4.9), w 1.3, th 0.20; 6. L. (5.2), w 1.3, th 0.18;7. L. (4.9), w 1.4, th 0.30; 8. L. (6.6), w 1.6, th 0.16;9. L. (5.0), w 1.5, th 0.30; 10. L. (4.5), w 1.4,th0.25; 11. L. (6.1), w 1.5, th 0.15; 12. L. (5.1), w1.4, th 0.20; 13. L. (5.2), w 1.4, th 0.25; 14. L.(6.1), w 1.6, th 0.15; 15. L. (5.0), w 1.4 th 0.20; 16.L. (5.1), w 1.6, th 0.25; 17. L. (5.2); w 1.5, th 0.10;18. L. (4.8), w 1.4, th 0.28; 19. L. (5.7), w 1.4, th0.20; 20. L. (5.4), w 1.6, th 0.10

Inv. DA 6617: Bracelet composed of 3 plate ele-ments cut from walls of Fasciolaria trapezium, per-forated at angles and with incised edge decora-tion. Repair holes on two of the elements. Shell.(Fig. 93).1. L. 5.2, w 3.2, th 2.8; 2. L. 4.3, w 2.3, th 3.0;3. L. 3.9, w 3.1, th 3.2

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GRAVE 62 (Fig. 94)

LOCUS : HOVB/C-HTBA/DNo. of Individuals : 1Sex : F?Age : 30-50Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.Kl.Km. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : 3Level : 2?

COMMENTS: A limestone block covering wasencased in a soil layer full of shells and fish bones.Considering that the area of this deposit exceed-ed that of the pit surface, it cannot be directlyrelated to the grave. The covering blocks wereresting directly on the skeleton which was ratherpoorly preserved and had some parts missing.Thegrave lay partially on Grave 76 inf.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Only a frag-ment of the mandible represents the skull: fewfragments are from the postcranium.Sex: F? Sex has been determined on the presenceof gracile long bones but with a strong tibia.Age: 30-50 years.

GRAVE 63 (Fig. 95)

LOCUS : HOVA-HOVD

No. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 48-56Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Km.Lm. (Crouching,


COMMENTS:This grave had a covering of lime-stone blocks, among which an almost intactIsognomon shell fish-hook was found. The fillingwas made of a thin soil layer full of shells (320 g),of turtle plastron fragments (180 g), of fish bones(120 g), and of fragmented land mammal bones(40 g). The deceased lay in a strongly contractedposition, wearing around the neck a necklacemade of eight drop-shaped shell pendants withincised edge and cuphole surface decoration (Inv.DA 6620). A spheroid pebble which had under-gone prolonged exposure to fire was found infront of the deceased’s face. In the filling a bonepin or awl was found (Inv. DA 6648).The easternpart of this grave was partially sealed by Grave 52,while the southern part cut, very marginally, intothe pit of Grave 91.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Few frag-ments from both the cranium and postcranium.Sex: M (M = 0.91, calculated on 15 traits).Age: 48-56 years.


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Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1670.5 mm (based on the length of the left radius,the right femur and the left fibula). Stature calcu-lated according to Pearson 165.4 cm (based on thelength of the right femur and left radius). Staturecalculated according to Trotter and Gleser 169.3cm (based on the length of the left radius, theright femur and the left fibula). Stature calculatedaccording to Olivier 169 cm (based on the length of the left fibula). Average stature is 1676.8 mm.

The right femoral crest is mild (109.6), and thefemur is iperplatimeric (69.6) for the platimericindex, its head index is 100.7.


Inv. DA 6620: Necklace composed of eight drop-shaped pendants with incised edge pattern andwith the inner valve face decorated with threesub-parallel series of cup-holes and suspensionhole at one end. Shell.1. L. 4.70, w 2.95, th 0.32; 2. L. 4.95, w 3.09, thth0.24; 3. L. (4.60), w 2.90, th 0.19; 4. L. (4.70), w

2.72, th 0.15; 5. L. (4.60), w 3.00, th 0.25; 6. L.(4.45), w 2.85, th 0.18; 7. L. (4.43), w 2.70, th0.19; 8. L. (4.15), w 2.80, th 0.25

GRAVE 64 (Fig. 97)

LOCUS : HOUB-HTAANo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 20-30Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : 4Level : 2

COMMENTS:The mixed covering of limestoneblocks and peridotite pebbles was very incom-plete.The soil between the stones and above thehuman bones has been strongly altered by thechemical and mechanical actions of numeroussmall bush roots. In this grave, as for other sec-ondary burials (i.e. Graves 25 inf. and 48), theintentional fragmentation of the mandible was


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noted. Moreover, we have to emphasise that a partof the vertebral column was still anatomicallyconnected and this leads us to believe that thedecomposition process had not been completedwhen the remains were brought to the formal andfinal burial. The incompleteness of the coveringmust have been responsible for the poor preserva-tion of the bones of the individual.

The grave pit lay partially on the western edgeof Grave 76 inf.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull isrepresented by two fragments of the neurocrani-um and one from the mandible; few fragmentsfrom the postcranium.Sex: M (M = 1.15, calculated on six traits).Age: 20-30 years.

GRAVE 65 (Fig. 98)

LOCUS : HTAA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 35-42Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Im.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS:The covering, composed of lime-stone blocks, was partial; where it was missingthere was found a thin, very compact layer of greysoil full of carapace and endoskeletal fragments ofa C. mydas.The soil covering the human skeletalremains was found to be significantly altered, andit contained residual and very modest quantities ofshells (240 g) and fragments of turtle carapace (60 g).

The deceased wore a necklace, around his neck,made of a string of 36 cylindrical beads, alterna-tively in green-to-black soapstone (25) and shell(11) with three laurel-leaf shaped shell pendantswith incised edge decoration (Inv. DA 6615).

The pit of this grave was located above thesouth-western edge of Grave 76 inf.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull isrepresented by the right temporal bone and frag-ments from the parietal and temporal bones; thepostcranium by fragments of the long bones.Sex: M (M = 0.62, calculated on seven traits).Age: 35-42 years.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6615: Necklace composed of 36 cylindri-cal beads of soapstone (25) and shell (11), and ofthree laurel-leaf shaped pendants (Fig. 99) withincised edge decoration on the inner valve faceand with suspension holes at one end.


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Pendants:1. L. (4.60), w 1.40, th (-); 2. L. (3.92), w 1.32, th0.25; 3. L. (2.10), w 1.30, th 0.20;

Chlorite beads:∅ 0.58, H. 0.49; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.36;∅ 0.50, H. 0.80; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.30;∅ 0.50, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.55;∅ 0.60, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.43, H. 0.38;

∅ 0.55, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.50;∅ 0.55, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.50;∅ 0.50, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.30;∅ 0.55, H. 0.52; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.30;∅ 0.60, H. 0.45

Shell beads:∅ 0.60, H. 0.25; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.20;∅ 0.55, H. 0.20; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.20; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.20;∅ 0.50, H. 0.20; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.50;∅ 0.60, H. 0.20; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.10.

GRAVE 66 (Fig. 100)

LOCUS : HOKA-HOLDNo. of Individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 24-30Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Km.Lm. (Crouching,


COMMENTS:The upper surface of the pit wassurrounded by limestone blocks, while the truecovering was of peridotite pebbles on which waslaid a fragmented Caronia sp. shell. The fillingbetween the covering and the deceased consistedof shells (1620 g), turtle carapace, skull and



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endoskeleton fragments (1580 g), fish bones (300g), dolphin vertebrae (100 g) and fragments ofland mammal bones (10 g). All the above men-tioned remains were included in a matrix of burntsoil rich in ashes and charcoal, which indicatedthat a fire was lit in the pit after the deposition ofthe corpse. The human bones in fact showedtraces of combustion.A complete C. mydas crani-um was placed in front of, and was touching, theface of the deceased, together with half of a spher-ical pebble (the other half was found behind thethoracic vertebrae) strongly affected by the fire(Pl. 25). Among the ribs of the deceased a smallshell fish-hook was found (Inv. DA 6712), while abone pin (Inv. DA 6633) was recovered half waydown the radius of the left arm. A bone awl madefrom a ovicaprine metatarsus (Inv. DA 6648) anda shell blank used for the manufacturing of fish-hooks (Inv. DA 6635) were found at the foot ofthe deceased.

In the filling, therefore attributed to the gravefurniture with uncertainty, a fragment of a greyslate knife (Inv. DA 6632), a perforated shell blank for fish-hook manufacture (Inv. DA 6631)and a side-notched stone net weight (Inv. DA 6636) have been found.A shell fish-hook(Inv. DA 6657) was resting on one of the coveringstones.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: good. Both the cranium and postcra-nium are well preserved overall.Sex: F (M = -1.43, calculated on 21 traits)Age: 24-30 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1589.5 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, the left ulna, the leftfemur, the left tibia and the left fibula). Stature cal-culated according to Pearson 155 cm (based onthe length of the left humerus, the left radius, theleft femur, the left tibia). Stature calculated accord-ing to Trotter and Gleser 161.3 cm (based on thelength of the left humerus, the left radius, the leftulna, the left femur, the left tibia and the left fibula). Stature calculated according to Olivier156.6 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, right femur, left tibia).Average stature is1579.6 mm.

The orbits are ipsiconche (94.30), the nose ismesorrin (50.40) for the nasal index.The index ofrobustness of the left humerus is 16.60, of theright one is 16; for the diaphyseal index bothhumeri are platibrachic: the left is 70.40, the rightis 66.30, the left humerus’s head index is 98.10,the right is 97.10.The index of robustness of theleft radius is 13.30 and the right is 13.00 calculat-ed on the maximum length; the same calculatedon the physiological length is 14.00 for the leftand 13.50 for the right. The diaphyseal index ofthe left radius is 82.6, the right is 85.10. Therobustness index of the left ulna is 11.50, and theright is 10.30 calculated on the maximum length;The diaphyseal index of the left ulna is 113.60, theright is 114.40; both are platolenic for the olenicindex (75.70 the left and 78 the right). The leftradio-humeral index is 79; the individual ismesaticherchic (77.90) for the right radio-humer-al index.The right femur’s Frassetto index is 18.7,and the robustness by the Anthony and Rivetindex is 12.1; both femurs have a medium crest(110.7 the left and 116.6 the right); Both femursare iperplatimeric for the platimeric index (74.3the left and 74.7 the right); the left femur ‘s headindex is 100, the right is 99.3. The robustnessindex of the left fibula is 7.3; the midshaft index is71.7, the right fibula is 68.7. Both tibias are euric-nemic for the diaphyseal index (73.8 the left and71.8 the right), they are also euricnemic for thecnemic index (77.7 the left and 75 the right).Theindividual is dolicocnemic for the right tibia-femur index (847).


Inv. DA 6712: Fish-hook with two indentations atthe apex. Shell. Intact.L. 2.3, w 1.8, th 0.3

Inv. DA 6635: Shell plate with retouched edges inthe shape of an ear. First stage in the process offish-hook manufacture (Pl. 26).L. 4.2, w 3.15, th 0.42

Inv. DA 6633:Awl from diaphisis splinter. Brokenat the proximal end (Pl. 27).L. 7.8, w 1.1, th 0.4

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PLATE 25. Spherical fired pebble on the deposition level of G. 66.

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Inv. DA 6648: Bone punch from capriovine meta-tarsus (Pl. 28).L. 8.12, w 2.5

From the filling of the pit:Inv. DA 6657: Fish-hook with indented apex.Shell. Point missing and generally worn.L. 3.55, w 2.9, th 0.3Inv. DA 6631: Perforated shell plate withretouched edges in shape of an ear. Second stagein the process of fish-hook manufacture.L. 2.95, w 2.5, th 0.18Inv. DA 6632: One-edged cutting tool. Grey slate.Flaked lengthwise.L. 7.4, w 2.95, th 0.4Inv. DA 6636: Side notched flat pebble or net-sinker. Sandstone.L. 7.5, w 6.1, th 1.15

GRAVE 67 (Fig. 102)

LOCUS : HSIDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 47-63Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.00.L0. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS:The mixed covering of limestoneblocks and peridotite pebbles was half removed(to the south) by a deep pit, which caused the dis-appearance of the skeleton from the lumbar ver-tebrae down. In the surviving portions, under thecovering, the filling of the pit was made of shells(540 g), turtle carapace and endoskeletal fragments(240 g) and fish bones (40 g).There was also founda fragment of long bone of a land mammal. Thedeceased lay on his right side, and held tightly aCallista sp. valve probably originally in the righthand, bringing to the face; later it slipped downalong the forearm and was recovered near theproximal end of the radius. To the west, threeovoid pebbles were found lying in front of theface of the deceased skull. The human bonesshowed strong traces of combustion.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. The skull is mostly

PLATE 26. DA 6635 blanket for fish hook manufacture from G. 66. PLATE 27. DA 6633 fragmentary bone punch from G. 66.

PLATE 28. DA 6648 bone awl from G. 66.

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incomplete, the postcranium is represented byfragments of the upper limbs only.Sex: M (M = 1.08, calculated on 12 traits)Age: 47-63 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1849 mm (based on the length of the rightradius). Stature calculated according to Pearson176.2 cm (based on the length of the right radius).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser183 cm (based on the length of the right radius).Stature calculated according to Olivier 182.2 cm(based on the length of the right radius). Averagestature is 1815.7 mm.

The skull is iperdolicocranic (68) for the hori-zontal cranial index; eurimetopic (70.80) for thefronto-parietal index. The right radius robustnessindex is 15.20 from the maximum length, 16 fromthe physiological length; its diaphyseal index is83.50.

GRAVE 68 sup. (Fig. 103)

LOCUS : HSIB-HSJC-HSNA-HSOD

No. of Individuals : 8Sex : a) M;

b) M;c) M;

d) F;e) F;f) ?;g) ?;h) ?

Age : a) 25-31;b) 26-35;c) 26-35;d) 16-19;e) 19-25; f) 4-8;g) 5-9;h) 2-4

Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : R. (Multiple secondary

burial)Covering type : 4Level : 2

COMMENTS: The grave, large and circular inshape, was covered with peridotite pebbles andlimestone blocks deposited on two levels. It con-tained several partially disturbed secondary buri-als, relating to at least eight individuals whosebones were for the most part calcinated by fire.The upper level of the grave was partially discon-nected and the disturbance has in all probability tobe related to the more generalised disturbance


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process which involved the neighbouring Grave69 and Area 43. Between the blocks of the cover-ing was found a large hemispherical stone bead(Inv. DA 6660), a considerable quantity of frag-ments of eso- and endo-skeletal parts of sea-turtle(1080 gr.) and several small ovoidal pebbles. Thelower concentration of human bones rested onthe limestone blocks covering Grave 68 inf.Thisarea, as almost all of Area 43, had formerly beenexcavated by R. Ciarla. His report of the excava-tion (Ciarla n.d.) stated that the layers above thisgrave preserved traces of a habitation level con-sisting of a number of post holes. Immediatelyabove the level of the covering, large quantities ofC. mydas carapace and other skeletal fragmentswere found.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6660: Perforated, squat, hemisphericalpebble of black and white conglomerate (Pl. 29).ø 2.95, h. 1.73, ø hole 0.5/0.38.

GRAVE 68 inf. (Fig. 104; Pl. 30)

LOCUS : HSIB-(HSJC)-HSNA-(HSOD)

No. of individuals : 4Sex : a) M?; b)F??; c)F??; d) ?Age : a) 28-38; b) 22-30;

c) 23-31; d) 1-2Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : 3Level : 3

COMMENTS: Massive covering of limestoneblocks.The pit filling contained a quantity of fau-nal remains (1000 g of shells, 220 g of turtle cara-pace fragments, 40 g of fish bones) mixed in abrown soil in such a way to exclude intentionaldeposition. On the floor of the pit lay,without anyorder, human bones pertaining to four individu-als. Some of the bones along the pit edge bottomwere still in anatomical connection. At the samelevel as the human bones, two stone earrings (DA6703, 6704), four laurel-leaf shaped plain shellpendants (Inv. DA 6705), 10 cylindrical beadsmade from soapstone (six) and shell (four) (Inv.DA 6706), two unidentified perforated shells (Inv.DA 6707) and five perforated shark teeth (Inv. DA6708) were collected.

FIGURE 103. Plan of G. 68 Sup.

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The evidence seemed to indicate that this pitwas a place of decantation for the corpse of sever-al individuals before their eventual secondary bur-ial. A large part of the human bones placed thereoriginally was evidently removed after a period ofdecantation, to provide them with a proper sec-ondary deposition following some specific ritualceremony.

GRAVE GOODS: (Fig. 105)1. Inv. DA 6706:Ten cylindrical beads of soapstone(six) and shell (four).Chlorite: ∅ 0.60, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.55;∅ 0.60, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.50;∅ 0.70, H. 0.40;Shell: ∅ 0.60, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.70,H. 0.30; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.502. Inv. DA 6707: Two small perforated, unidenti-fied shells.3. Inv. DA 6708: Five shark teeth perforated withtwo holes across root section.1. L. 2.0, w 2.3; 2. L. 1.8, w 1.4; 3. L. 1.6, w 1.5; 4.L. 2.0, w (1.6); 5. L. 2.1, w (1.4)4. Inv. DA 6703: Earring. Soapstone.ø 2.7, w. 0.4, th. 0.6

5. Inv. DA 6704: Earring. Soapstone.ø 1.6, w. 0.4, th. 0.46. Inv. DA 6705: Four undecorated, laurel-leafshaped pendants with suspension hole at one end.Shell. Broken at the apex.1. L. (5.4), w 1.5; 2. L. (5.4), w 1.6; 3. L. (4.5), w1.5; 4. L. (4.1), w 1.5

GRAVE 69 (Fig. 106)

LOCUS : HSNNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) M b) MAge : a) 22-32 b) 32-41Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary multiple

burial)Covering type : 4Level : 2

COMMENTS: This was a large circular gravewith a covering of massive limestone blocks sur-rounding a centre of peridotite pebbles and lime-stone blocks. Among the covering stones was

FIGURE 104. Plan of G. 68 Inf.

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found a large quantity of faunal remains (6555 gof shells, 1820 g of eso- and endo-skeletal frag-ments of C. mydas, and 460 g of fish bones).Thenumber of individuals buried has not been deter-mined.They were deposited on two levels, sepa-

rated by a layer of pebbles. The human remainsfrom the upper level, unlike the few from thelower one (an ulna, half a mandible and phalanx-es of two feet), were strongly burnt. Among thehuman bones of the upper level were found 27cylindrical beads made from soapstone (23) andshell (four) plus two Engina mendicaria beads, twoDentalium sp. segments, and two unidentified shellbeads (Inv. DA 7227, 7234); a pointed bone toolwith a horizontal groove at the proximal end (Inv.DA 7232); two undecorated laurel-leaf shapedshell pendants (DA 7233) and a large laurel-leafshaped shell pendant with incised edge decoration(Inv. DA 6675).

Together with the few human bones from thelower level nine laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants,eight8 of which had incised edge decoration (DA7237), were found.

This grave has also probably, like Grave 68 sup.,to be included in the larger feature named Area 43.

PLATE 30. G. 68 Inf. skeletal remains

PLATE 29. DA 6660 conglomerate hemispherical bead from G. 68 Sup.

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ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:69A: State of preservation: extremely fragmentaryfor both the cranium and postcraniumSex: M (M = 1.40, calculated on four traits).Age: 22-32 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1812 mm. (based on the length of the left ulna).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser181 cm (based on the length of the left ulna).Stature calculated according to Olivier 181.7 cm(based on the length of the left ulna). Averagestature is 1813 mm.

The left radius diaphyseal index is 82.80, theright one is 86, the right ulna’s is 104.20; the leftulna is eurolenic for the olenic index (84.60), theright is ipereurolenic (101.6).

69B: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.Very few fragments and a portion of the mandiblerepresent the skull; radii, ulnas, rotulas and somefoot phalanx are from the postcranium.Sex: M (M = 0.40, calculated on five traits).Age: 32-41 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1812 mm (based on the length of the right

FIGURE 105. G. 68 Inf. grave goods.


134

radius). Stature calculated according to Pearson174.7 cm (based on the length of the right radius).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser181 cm (based on the length of the right radius).Stature calculated according to Olivier 179.8 cm(based on the length of the right radius). Averagestature is 1791.7 mm.

The right radius’ robustness index is 15.50 fromthe maximum length, 16.30 from the physiologi-cal length. The left radius’ diaphyseal index is65.50, the right one is 68.30. Both ulnas show thediaphyseal index equaling 105; they are eurolenic(86.90 the left and 93 the right) for the olenic

index.GRAVE GOODS: (Fig. 107)

Inv. DA 7227 + 7234: String of 27 cylindricalbeads of soapstone (23) and shell (four), two per-forated Engina mendicaria shells, two Dentalium sp.segments, and two unidentified shell beads (Pl. 31).

Chlorite:∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 1.00, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.85, H. 0.60;∅ 0.75, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.45;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50;


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∅ 0.70, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.55;∅ 0.80, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.90, H. 0.30;∅ 0.75, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.20;∅ 0.80, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50;∅ 0.60, H. 0.40

Shell:∅ 1.10, H. 0.70; ∅ 1.10, H. 0.60; ∆∅ 1.10, H. 0.60;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50Inv. DA 7233: Two small laurel-leaf shaped pen-dants with suspension hole at one end. Shell.Undecorated.1. L. (3.2), w 1.2, th. 0.3; 2. L. 2.4, w 1.0, th 0.2Inv. DA 6675: Large laurel-leaf shaped pendantwith incised edge decoration on the inner valveface and suspension hole at one end. Shell. Lowersection, fragmentary.l. H. (8.15), w 3.25, th 0.25Inv. DA 7232: Pointed tool with horizontal groo-ve at the proximal end. Bone.L. 5.2, ∅ 0.48Inv. DA 7236: Circular, flat, polished object.Soapstone. ∅ 2.3, th 0.42Inv. DA 7235:1. Fragmentary sub-cylindrical object. Soapstone.L. 2.9, ø 0.62. Fragmentary earring with three repairing holes.Soapstone. L. 2.25, w. 0.7, th 0.5Inv. DA 7237: Necklace composed of nine laurel-leaf shaped pendants, all but one with incised edgedecoration and suspension hole at one end. Shell.1. L. 3.2, w 0.9, th 0.18 (undecorated); 2. L.(3.4),

w 1.1, th 0.22; 3. L. (3.2), w 1.0, th 0.22; 4. L. (2.9),w 1.0, th 0.20; 5. L. (2.5), w 1.0, th 0.20; 6. L. (1.6),w 1.1, th 0.20; 7. L. (2.6), w 0.7, th 0.20; 8. L. (2.9),w 0.9, th 0.20; 9. L. (2.0), w 1.0, th 0.20

GRAVE 70

LOCUS : HOWA/BNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : 20-30Position : -Covering type : -Level : 1

COMMENTS: Scarce, scattered, superficialhuman remains.There were no identifiable tracesof the pit.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:Very bad stateof preservation: only a fragment from the frontalbone and few from the postcranium.Sex: M? (M = 0.50, calculated on three traits). Sexhas been determined also based on the robustnessof the long bones.Age: 20-30 years.

GRAVE 71 (Fig. 108)

LOCUS : HTBC-HTGDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : 10-14Orientation : SW-NEF:or : SWPosition : 5.P.Covering type : 3Level : 2

COMMENTS: Limestone block covering missingin the southern portion, where a fireplace of lime-stone pebbles lay. Under the covering was found amodest quantity of shells (100 g), turtle eso- andendo-skeletal fragments (300 g), fish bones (200 g)and land mammal bone fragments (80 g). In thefilling, but not to be interpreted as mortuary gifts,a shell fish-hook (Inv.DA 6627) and two fragmentsof green-to-black soapstone earrings (Inv. DA

PLATE 31. DA 7227 serpentinite and Engina mendicaria beads from G. 69.

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6628, 6629) were found.The deceased, uniquely inthe context of this graveyard, was flat on his facewith the arms disjointed and one of the legsunnaturally bent, while of the other only thefemur was preserved. Such a position was probablythe result of post-depositional disturbances.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is incomplete,while well preserved portions of the pelvis andlong bones represent the postcranium.Sex: M? (M = 0.73, calculated on six traits)Age: 10-14 years.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6627: Fish-hook with indented apex.

Shell. Broken point. (Fig. 109)L. 2.0, w. 2.1, th. 0.21Inv. DA 6628: Fragment of a leach-shaped earringwith two thin groves transversely incised on outersurface. Green soapstone.L. 2.0, w. 1.0, th. 0.38Inv. DA 6629: Fragment of a leach-shaped earring.Soapstone.L. 3.1, w. 0.7, th. 0.3

GRAVE 72 (Fig. 110; Pl. 32)

LOCUS : HOCB-HODCNo. of individuals : 3Sex : a) M; b) F?; c) ?Age : a) 35-43; b) 12-16; c) 5-10Orientation : a) NE-SW;

b) NE-SW;c) NE-SW

F.or. : a) SE b) SE c) NWPosition : a) 3.X.Hk.Ik. (Supine, with

legs turned to the left)b) 3.X.Hk.Bk. (Supine,with legs turned to the left)c) 4.Y.0b.0b. (Lying on b,with the torso resting on the right side).




137


PLATE 32. G. 72 close-up of the two individuals remains.

138

COMMENTS: Mixed covering, with a preva-lence of limestone blocks as compared to peri-dotite pebbles. Among the covering stones wereconcentrated numerous fragments of carapace andat least one cranium of C. mydas. The pit fillingwas in two layers, the upper full of shells (1720 g)and the lower of turtle eso- and endo-skeletalfragments (1400 g) and fish bones (30 g). At theside of the right humerus of individual a) werefound a columella of Fasciolaria trapezium shell anda peridotite spheroid pebble. The individual awore a bracelet (Inv. DA 6710) on the right wrist,composed of three rectangular plates cut fromwalls of Fasciolaria trapezium, with incised edgedecoration and two holes on one and one hole onthe other end; also, a necklace (Inv. DA 6711) ofseven laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withincised edge decoration. Individual b) wore on theright arm a bracelet of two rectangular plates (Inv.DA 6709) and on the left arm one of four similarplates (Inv. DA 6717), together with a string of 11cylindrical beads made from soapstone (seven) andshell (four) (Inv. DA 7230). She also wore twostone earrings (Inv. DA 6718, 6719) and a neck-lace of five laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants (Inv.DA 6720, 7268) with incised edge decoration.The bottom of the pit was cut into the bedrock.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:72A: State of preservation: fragmentary. Somefragments from both the cranium and the postcra-nium are left.Sex: M (M = 1.00, calculated on ten traits).Age: 35-43 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1640.6 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left femur and the left fibula). Staturecalculated according to Pearson 162.2 cm (basedon the length of the left humerus, and the leftfemur). Stature calculated according to Trotter andGleser 166.2 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left femur and the left fibula). Staturecalculated according to Olivier 164.5 cm (basedon the length of the left humerus, and the leftfibula).Average stature is 1642.4 mm.

The left femur’s crest is medium (114.5) and itis platimeric (81) for the platimeric index; itshead’s index is 104.6. The left fibula’s robustness

index is 7.9, the right one is 7.7; the midshaftindex is 56.5 for the left one and 62.3 for theright one. The right tibia is euricnemic (76) forthe diaphyseal index.72B: State of preservation: fragmentary. Somefragments from the cranial and postcranial skele-ton are present.Sex: F? (M = -0.70, calculated on ten traits).Age: 12-16 years.72C: State of preservation: extremely fragmentary.The skull is represented by the face, the mandiblewithout the vertical branches, and some fragmentsof the neurocranium. Some fragments from thelong bones and the pelvis represent the postcrani-um.Sex: ? Age: 5-10 years.


Inv. DA 6710: Composite shell bracelet, of threerectangular plates cut from walls of Fasciolaria tra-pezium, with incised edge decoration and two andone holes at the respective ends.1. L. 5.8, w 2.7; 2. L. 4.0, w 2.8; 3. L. 4.5, w 2.5Inv. DA 6711: Necklace composed of seven laurel-leaf shaped pendants with incised edge decorationon the inner valve face and suspension hole at oneend. Shell.1. L. (6.2), w 1.5; 2. L. (6.3), w 1.5; 3. L. (6.1), w1.6; 4. L. (6.4), w 1.6; 5. L. (6.4), w 1.5; 6. L. (6.5),w 1.5; 7. L. (5.7), w 1.4Inv. DA 6709: Composite shell bracelet, of tworectangular plates cut from wall of Fasciolaria trape-zium with incised edge decoration and holes atangles. No. 1 has two holes at one end, and one atthe other. Shell.1. L. 5.5, w. 2.8; 2. L. 4.8, 2.8Inv. DA 6717:1) Composite bracelet, of four rectangular platescut from wall of Fasciolaria trapezium, with incisededge decoration and two and one holes at therespective ends. Shell.1. L. 4.9, w. 2.4, th 0.4; 2. L. 5.0, w 2.9, th 0.3; 3.L. 3.3, w 2.6, th 0.3; 4. L. 3.4, w 2.6, th 0.32) String of 11 cylindrical beads of soapstone(seven) and shell (four).Chlorite: ∅ 0.50, H. 0.41; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.53; ∅ 0.70,

139


140

H. 0.45; ∅ 0.45, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.45, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.60,H. 0.45; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.40.Inv. DA 6718, 6719: Pair of earrings, keeled-con-vex section. Soapstone.1. ø 1.9, w 0.9, th 0.4; 2. ø 1.7, w 0.7, th 0.5Inv. DA 6720, 7268: Necklace composed of fivelaurel-leaf shaped pendants with traces of incisededge decoration and suspension hole at one end.Shell.1. L. (4.6), w 1.3; th 0.2; 2. L. (3.6), w 1.4, th 0.25;3. and 4. Unmeasurable; 5. L. (5.0), w 1.4, th 0.25

GRAVE 73 (Fig. 112)

LOCUS : HTKCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 37-46Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Ll.Ll. (Crouching, on

the left side).Covering type : 3Level : 2

COMMENTS:This grave had a covering of lime-stone blocks.The area in which it was found wascharacterised by dark brown, loose soil and there-fore the form of the pit was uncertain, although

the perimeter can be judged by the arrangementof covering stones.The deposit between the cov-ering and the human remains had little consisten-cy, but contained a certain quantity of faunalremains (460 g of shell, 140 g of turtle eso- andendo-skeletal fragments, 100 g of fish bones and60 g of land mammal bones).The deceased worearound her neck a necklace made of four laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants with incised edge dec-oration (Inv. DA 7280). An intense incrustationhad coated the whole vertebral column, whilelater pitting activities affected the south-westernhalf of the grave causing the disappearance of thetibia and fibula of both legs.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: both cranial and postcranial bonesare extremely fragmentary.Sex: F (M = -1.24, calculated on 14 traits).Age: 37-46 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1555 mm (based on the length of the righthumerus and left radius). Stature calculatedaccording to Pearson 153.7 cm (based on thelength of the right humerus and left radius).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser158 cm (based on the length of the right humerusand left radius). Stature calculated according toOlivier 159.5 cm (based on the length of the right


141

humerus and left radius).Average stature is 1566.7mm.

The index of robustness of the radius is 14.10,the right one is 13.60 from the maximum length,while from the physiological length the index is14.70 and 14.20 respectively for the left and rightradii. The left radius’ diaphyseal index is 84.80.The right femur has a medium crest (112.40), theleft one is iperplatimeric (74.4) for the platimericindex.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 7280: Necklace composed of four laurel-leaf shaped pendants with incised edge decorationand suspension hole at one end. Shell.1. L. (6.2), w 1.1; th 0.3; 2. L. (5.8), w 1.2, th 0.2;3. L. (5.9), w 1.2, th 0.3; 4. L. (5.9), w 1.2, th 0.3

GRAVE 74 (Fig. 113)

LOCUS : HOLDNo. of individuals : 1

Sex : ?Age : 0-6 monthsOrientation : NE-SWF:or. : SE ?Position : 3.Z.Bo.Io. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Under a covering of limestoneblocks lay an infant whose bones were heavilydamaged from the weight of the said stones.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull isabsent; the postcranium is represented mainly byfragments of long bones and pelvis.Sex: ? Age: 0 years.

GRAVE 75 (Fig. 114)

LOCUS : HOMCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 3-9 monthsOrientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : 3?Level : 3

COMMENTS: There was a single limestoneblock which completely covered the small pit.Theskeletal remains had been deposited following thesame rule as for Graves 25 inf. and 48; that is, thecranium was posed to the north-east and the long



142

bones laid as a guide line along a NE-SW axis.Among the bones of the individual the gills of amedium sized fish were found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull isrepresented by the right zygomatic bone only;the postcranium by the clavicles, the left humerus, the right ulna and two fragments of thepelvis.Sex: ?Age: 0 years.

GRAVE 76 sup. (Fig. 115A-B)

LOCUS : HTAA-HTBDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 6-10Orientation : NE-SWF:or. : EPosition : 3.Z:Ll.Lm.

(Crouching, on the left side)


COMMENTS: Limestone block covering.At theedge of the pit, to the west, and partially coveredby two limestone blocks, was found a spheroidperidotite pebble. Some ovoid pebbles were oth-erwise found under the stone covering. Amongand under this was gathered a certain quantity offaunal remains (700 g of shells, 400 g of turtle eso-and endo-skeletal fragments, 80 g of fish bonesand 20 g of mammal bone fragments).Mixed withthe animal bones a peridotite hammer (L. 9.5, w.4.6, th. 4.5, gr. 145), a schist round washer (∅ 4.5,th 0.5) and a quartz flake (H. 5.5, w 3.5) were col-lected.

The pit lay on the southern portion of Grave 76inf.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Both cranium and post-cranium and fairly well preserved.Sex: ?Age: 6-10 years.

GRAVE 76 INF. (Fig. 115C)

LOCUS : HOVC-HTBD-HTAANo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) M; b) ?Age : a) 35-40;

b) 012 months.Orientation : a) NE-SW;

b) NE-SWF.or. : a) SE; b) SE ?Position : a) 3.Z.Ik.Ik. (Crouching,

on the left side).b) 3.Z.Hk.0k. (Crouching,on the left side)

Covering type : ?Level : 3

COMMENTS: On the southern portion of thispit was located Grave 76 sup., whose pit producedlimited damage to the earlier burial. In particular,the right femur of individual a) was displaced.

Traces of the stone covering were missing evenin the northern, undamaged, sector of the grave.In this same area, and partially overlying this bur-ial, other graves (Graves 62, 64 and 65) were exca-vated at a higher level.

In the filling, in the area not affected by Grave76 sup. pit, were found abundant quantities ofshells (1420 g), fragments of eso- and endo-skele-tal parts of C. mydas (1910 g), fish bones (520 g)and some fragments of land mammal bones (20 g).

The infant lay in the same position as the adultwith his/her head resting on the left elbow of a)whose right hand rested on the hip of b).Both lay directly on the bedrock floor.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:76 inf. a: State of preservation: fragmentary. Theskull is largely incomplete; the postcranium is rep-resented by most of the upper and lower limbs,pelvis, talii, the left calcaneus and hands and feetphalanx.Sex: M (M = 1.39, calculated on 15 traits).Age: 35-40 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1697 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus). Stature calculated according to Pearson168.7 cm (based on the length of the left

143

humerus). Stature calculated according to Trotterand Gleser 175 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus). Stature calculated according to Olivier172.7 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus).Average stature is 1715.2 mm.

The left femur has a strong crest (120.9), bothfemurs are platimeric for the platimeric index (77for the left and 75.4 for the right).The left fibula’smidshaft index is 74.4, the right one is 77.1. Bothtibias are euricnemic for the diaphyseal index(80.6 for the left and 79.6 for the right); and theyare both mesocnemic for the cnemic index (65.1for the left and 69 for the right).

76 inf. b): State of preservation: extremely frag-mentary. The skull is missing. Fragments of thelong bones represent the postcranium.Sex: ?Age: 0 years.

GRAVE 77 (Figs. 116-117)

LOCUS : HOPCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 33-40Orientation : NE-SW

FIGURE 115. Plan of G. 76 Sup. and G. 76 Inf.

144

F.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Km.Lm. (Crouching,

on the right side)Covering type : 4 ?Level : 2

COMMENTS: Of the original cover only onelarge limestone block and one peridotite pebblesurvived.The pit filling was made up of 3840 g ofshells, 1800 g of fish bones, 1000 g of C. mydaseso- and endo-skeleton fragments and 40 g offragmented land mammal bones. Within the fillwere found a fragmented awl carved from a capri-ovine ulna (Inv. DA 6623), and a fragment of a

schist knife.On the chest of the deceased was found a sphe-

roid pebble which had been heavily burnt in a firewhich also affected the upper part of the skeleton.On the north-western edge of this pit lay Grave50b, while it was resting, to the west, on the olderGrave 219.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Some fragments represent the skull, as well as the post-cranium.Sex: M (M =1.29, calculated on ten traits).Age: 33-40 years.


FIGURE 117. Section of Graves 77 and 88.

145

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1633 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus). Stature calculated according to Pearson161.5 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus). Stature calculated according to Trotterand Gleser 167 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus). Stature calculated according to Olivier164.7 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus).Average stature is 1641.2 mm.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 6623: Pointed tool from ovicaprine ulna.Broken at both ends.L. 4.9, w 1.3, th 0.51Not inventoried: Fragmentary single-edged cut-ting tool. Grey schistous stone.L. 10.0, w 5.6, th 0.7

GRAVE 78 (Fig. 118)

LOCUS : HOKB-HOLC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 36-44Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : W

Position : 4.Y.Ll.Lm. (Crouching, on the right side)


COMMENTS: There was a massive covering inlimestone blocks with a central depression, withinwhich shells (4740 g), C. mydas eso- and endo-skeletal fragments (840 g) and fragments of landmammal bones (180 g) were concentrated. Thecovering stones lay directly on the deceased,resulting in very poor preservation of the bones.

Just in front of the lumbar vertebrae a crystallinemass, pathogenic in nature, was found.

The grave rested on the north-eastern portionof Grave 82 and, to the east, it lay partially underGrave 38.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary for both theskull and the postcranium.Sex: F (M = -0.48, calculated on 14 traits)Age: 36-44 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1593 mm (based on the length of the right radius,the left femur and the left fibula). Stature calculat-


146

ed according to Pearson 156.7 cm (based on thelength of the right radius, and the left femur).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser161.2 cm (based on the length of the right radius,the left femur and the left fibula). Stature calculat-ed according to Olivier 166.4 cm (based on thelength of the right radius).Average stature is 1609mm.

Orbits are cameconche (75.40), the skull iscamerrin (51.10) for the nasal index. The rightradius robustness index, from the maximumlength is 15, from the physiological length is15.70, its diaphyseal index is 100.90. The leftulna’s diaphyseal index is 95.30; it is iperurolenic(112.80) for the olenic index.

GRAVE 79 (Fig. 119)

LOCUS : HOPA-HOQDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : F??Age : 13-17Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Ll.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Mixed cover of limestone blocksand peridotite pebbles. Among and under thecovering stones were gathered appreciable quanti-ties of shells (4260 g), C. mydas eso- and endo-skeletal fragments (3240 g) and fish bones (460 g).The deceased wore around his neck a necklacemade of 22 cylindrical beads, made from green-to-black soapstone (14) and shell (eight), andseven laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withincised edge decoration (Inv. DA 6618, 6619). Onthe western portion of this grave lay Grave 53.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is representedby some fragments, the postcranium is largelyincomplete.Sex: F?? Age: 13-17 years.


Inv. DA 6618, 6619: Necklace composed of 22cylindrical-to-annular beads of shell (eight) andsoapstone (14) and of seven laurel-leaf shapedshell pendants with incised edge decoration onthe inner valve face and perforation at one end.Pendants:1. L. (4.4), w 1.2, th 0.16; 2. L. (4.4), w 1.2, th


147

0.10; 3. L. (3.7), w 1.2, th 0.10; 4. L. (4.4), w 1.3,th 0.14; 5. L. (4.0), w 1.3, th 0.13; 6. L. (3.4),w 1.5, th 0.19; 7. unmeasurable fragments.

Beads:∅ 0.60, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.72, H. 0.4; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.60;∅ 0.65, H. 0.52; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.65;∅ 0.60, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.7; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.40;∅ 0.75, H. 0.7; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.90; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.7;∅ 0.70, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.55;∅ 0.60, H. 0.5; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.70; H. 0.15

GRAVE 80 (Fig. 121)

LOCUS : HOCDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M

Age : 14-18Orientation : NE-SWF.or : SEPosition : 3.Z.Ll.Kl. (Crouching, on

the left side)Covering Type : 3Level : 2

COMMENTS: Covering of small and medium-sized limestone rocks under which was recovereda large side-notched pebble, probably an anchor,in calcareous stone (L. 23, w 14, th 4.5; weight2500 gr.). Under the covering was a thin soil layermixed with shells (3120 g), C. mydas eso- andendo-skeletal fragments (3130 g), and fish bones(170 g). Post-depositional disturbance has causedthe deceased’s face to fall, also the sliding of thescapula and right humerus and the crushing of thechest.This grave pit lay on the south-western edgeof Grave 96.

From the filling a chlorite ovoid bead (In. DA7224.1: H. 0.6, ∅ 0.90) and a fragmentary soap-stone earring (In. DA 7224.2) have been found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary both for the craniumand the postcranium.Sex: M (M = 118, calculated on nine traits).Age: 14-18 years.



148

GRAVE 81 (Fig. 122)

LOCUS : HTHA/B-HTIC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 37-49Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 4.Y.Km.Lm. (Crouching,

on the right side)Covering type : 3?Level : 3?

COMMENTS:The limestone block covering waslargely lacking. In the centre was found a lens ofcompacted ash enclosing a notable concentrationof C. mydas eso- and endo-skeletal fragments(3130 g).The human skeleton was in a very poorcondition and some parts were missing. The dis-turbance was due to the location of the grave inthe eastern portion of the graveyard, where themost intensive hydrodynamic erosion took place.Near the right mastoid of the deceased an earringin black stone, decorated with cup-holes of vari-ous diameters (Inv. DA 6656), was found whilearound the neck elements remaining from a neck-lace (two cylindrical stone beads and one laurel-

leaf shaped shell pendant (DA 7221, 6713)) wererecovered.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Only few fragments fromthe skull and the rest of the skeleton.Sex: F (M = -1.88, calculated on four traits).Age: 37-49 years.




149

1. Inv. DA 6656: Leech-shaped earring decoratedon the outer surface with a series of alternatinglarge (four) and small (five) cup-holes. Soapstone.Biconvex section. Found near mastoid bone onright side.L. 2.1, w 1.12, th 0.72. Inv. DA 7221, 7222, 6713: Residual elements ofa necklace: a) two cylindrical soapstone beads. b)cylindrical shell bead (∅ 0.6, H 0.19); c) one lau-rel-leaf shaped shell pendant with incised edgedecoration on the inner valve. Fragmentary atboth ends.Pendant: L. 5.0, w 1.1, th 0.22

GRAVE 82 (Fig. 124)

LOCUS : HOKB-HOPANo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 39-45Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Ll. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Massive covering in limestoneblocks with two peridotite pebbles posted on alower level. On the covering a rich deposit of fau-

nal remains was accumulated (1740 g of shells;2920 g of C.mydas carapace and endoskeletal frag-ments; 720 g of fish bones; 60 g of fragments ofmammal bones and a capriovine horn placedbetween a limestone block and a peridotite peb-ble).Among the covering stones and directly rest-ing on them, a spheroid peridotite pebble, a shellfish-hook (Inv. DA 6655) and a fragmentary spec-imen of Caronia sp. shell were found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is representedby fragments from the neurocranium, the face andthe mandible. The postcranial skeleton is largelyincomplete.Sex: F (M = -0.92, calculated on 17 traits).Age: 39-45 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1571.7 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, the left ulna, and the leftfemur). Stature calculated according to Pearson154.2 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, and the left femur).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser159.2 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, the left ulna, and the leftfemur). Stature calculated according to Olivier158.6 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, and the left ulna).Averagestature is 1572.9 mm.


150

Orbits are mesoconche (84.30), the skull iscamerrin (55.20) for the nasal index. The lefthumerus’s robustness index is 17.90, and it is alsoplatibrachic (68.90) for the diaphyseal index; theleft radius’ robustness index is 14.20 from themaximum length, 15 from the physiologicallength. The diaphyseal index of the two radii is71.20 and 72.20 respectively for the left and right.The left ulna’s robustness index, calculated fromthe maximum length, is 13.30, while from thephysiological length is 14.60; its diaphyseal indexis 99.40, and it is also eurolenic (98.40). Bothfemurs show a mild crest (the left is 106, the rightis 102.60), the right femur is eurimeric (86.9) forthe platimeric index, the left femur’s head index is

100.2, the right one is 104.5; the left fibula’s mid-shaft index is 65.6 the right one is 67.5.


Inv. DA 6655: Fish-hook with a double indenta-tion at the suspension apex. Shell. Splintered at theother apex.L. 3.6, w 3.6, th 0.4

GRAVE 83 (Fig. 126; Pl. 33)

LOCUS : HOLA-HOMDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 18-21Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Kl.Ll. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: The covering was incomplete,consisting, at the time of the excavation, of fourperidotite pebbles posed in the cranial region ofthe deceased, of a limestone block to the west, andof a bed of limestone pebbles over the rest of thearea.A 5-6 cm thick soil layer covered the skeletalremains, within which a modest quantity of fau-



151


PLATE 34. Close-up of the Fasciolaria trapezium bracelet worn by the dead of Grave 83.

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nal remains was recovered (900 g of shells; 700 gof C. mydas eso- and endo-skeletal fragments, 200g of fish bones, 40 g of land mammal bones).Thedeceased was provided with rich mortuary giftsconsisting of a Tonna sp. shell (Inv. DA 6640.1); astring of 27 Nassarius sp. shell beads (Inv. DA6645) positioned at the nape, together with twobone pins (Inv. DA 6642); three small, pale redstone pebbles and two small polished haematitestones (Inv. DA 6646); and a polished bipointedbone tool (Inv. DA 6643).A Callista sp. valve (Inv.DA 6640.2) was also found among the objectsdescribed above. It had probably slipped from theright hand and had been originally brought up tothe face. The deceased wore two stone earrings(Inv. DA 6647), one of which was found in place,next to the right parietal, the other sliding fromthe left parietal to in front of the face.Around theneck was worn a necklace made of 11 laurel-leafshaped shell pendants, six of which had incisededge decoration (Inv. DA 6613, 6626). On theright wrist was worn a bracelet made of four per-forated plates, carved from Fasciolaria trapeziumwalls (Inv. DA 6641) and a bracelet of 23 cylindri-cal beads of stone (13) and shell (10) and two per-forated pearls (Inv. DA 6680, 6681, 6644) (Pl. 34).The deceased lay on a thin compact, grey soillayer which covered the bedrock.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. The cranial skeleton isrepresented by fragments of the neurocranium,face and mandible. The postcranium is largelyincomplete.Sex: F (M = -1.12, calculated on 20 traits)Age: 18-21 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1584.7 mm (based on the length of the left femurand the right radius, the left ulna and the left fibu-la). Stature calculated according to Pearson 156.45cm (based on the length of the left femur and theright radius). Stature calculated according toTrotter and Gleser 160.7 cm (based on the lengthof the right radius, the left ulna, the left femur andthe left fibula). Stature calculated according toOlivier 160.6 cm (based on the length of the rightradius, the left femur and the left ulna). Averagestature is 1590.5 mm.

The skull has a large frontal bone (83.70) for thefronto-transversal index; it is also mesorrin (50.80)for the nasal index, dolicouranic (107.50) for theuranic index and ortognatic (97.20) for the gnat-ic index.The orbits are cameconche (67.10).Theleft humerus’s head index is 107.80, the right oneis 108.20. The left ulna’s diaphyseal index is116.10 and it is also platolenic (78.80) for theolenic index.The right radius’ diaphyseal index is68.80. The left femur is 19.6 for the index ofrobustness of Frassetto, and 12.6 for the Anthonyand Rivet index. It shows a medium crest (113.9).Both femurs are platimeric (80.1 for the left and77.3 for the right); the right femur’s head index is101.3.The right fibula’s robustness index is 8; theleft fibula’s midshaft index is 69.6.The left tibia’srobustness index is 18.9; both tibias are euricne-mic for the diaphyseal index (86.5 the left and80.1 the right); the left tibia is also euricnemic(85.4) for the cnemic index. The individual isdolicocnemic (84.5) for the left tibia-femur index.


Inv. DA 6640: Intact shells placed in the burial asfunerary furnishing (Pl. 35).1. Tonna luteostoma. Peristoma chipped off.L. 7.4, w 4.62.Valve of Callista sp. Shell.L. 8.1, w 6.1 Inv. DA 6646: Set of three reddish polished peb-bles and two small mineral masses (haematite),partly polished (Pl. 36).Inv. DA 6643: Flat, double-pointed polishedobject. Bone (Pl. 37). L. 2.2, w. 0.58Inv. DA 6642:Two hair-pins from splinters of dia-physes. Bone (Pls. 38-39).1. L. 7.82, w 1.25; 2. L. 8.2, w 1.1Inv. DA 6645: String of 25 shell-beads of Nassariussp. perforated on the wall. Shell. Probably set on achignon as they were found around the bonehair-pins (Inv. DA 6642) (Pl. 40).Inv. DA 6647: Leech-shaped earrings. Soapstone.1. L. 2.9, w.1.3, th 0.6 (triangular section)2. L. 2.45, w 1.5, th 0.5 (lenticular section)Inv. DA 6626, 6613: Necklace composed of 11laurel-leaf shaped pendants, six of which hadincised edge decoration on the inner valve face.

153


154

PLATE 35. Tonna luteostoma shell and Callista sp. valve from Grave 83.

PLATE 36. DA 6646 set of reddish stone grinder and two hematite pebbles from Grave 83.

155

PLATE 37. DA 6643 bone double-pointed distributor from Grave 83.

PLATE 38. DA 6642 bone hair-pins from Grave 83.

156

PLATE 39. DA 6642 bone hair-pins from Grave 83.

PLATE 40. DA 6645 string of Nassarius sp. perforated shell from Grave 83.

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Suspension hole at one end. Shell.All fragmentaryat the apex.1. L. (2.6), w 1.2, th (0.07) (not decorated);2. L. (3.8), w 1.3, th 0.1; 3. L. (3.5), w 1.2, th 0.1(not decorated); 4. L. (4.35), w 1.3, th 0.15; 5.(3.20), w 1.25, th (0.06); 6. L. (4.30), w 1.3, th0.25; 7. L. (3.70), w 1.3, th 0.1; 8. (4.1), w 1.3, th0.2; 9. L. (2.8), w 1.15, th 0.8 (not decorated); 10.L. (2.6), w 1.25, th 0.6 (not decorated); 11.(unmeasurable fragments, not decorated).

Inv. DA 6641: Bracelet composed of four rectan-gular plates cut from walls of Fasciolaria trapezium,perforated at each corner and with incised edgedecoration. Shell. No. 2 and 3 were broken from asingle piece, later repaired with two new pairs ofholes.1. L. 5.5, w 3.23, th 0.45; 2. L. 4.4, w 3.3, th 0.48;3. L. 3.5, w 3.4, th 0.48; 4. L. 2.6, w 3.4, th 0.42Inv. DA 6644: Bracelet made of 16 cylindrical-to-annular beads of soapstone (eight) and shell (eight)alternately (Pl. 41).

Shell:ø 0.90, H. 0.2; ø 0.50, H. 0.35; ø 0.50, H. 0.25;ø 0.55, H. 0.20; ø 0.40, H. 0.2; 0.50, H. 0.20;ø 0.50, H. 0.20; ø 0.80, H. 0.22;

Chlorite:ø 0.70, H. 0.34; ø 0.50, H. 0.30; ø 0.50, H. 0.29;ø 0.60, H. 0.30; ø 0.50, H. 0.30; ø 0.45, H. 0.25;ø 0.55, H. 0.28; ø 0.53, H. 0.25;Inv. DA 6680: Perforated pearl.H. 1.0, ø 0.7, ø hole 0.28Inv. DA 6681: Perforated pearl.H. 0.48, ø 0.42, ø hole 0.15

GRAVE 84 (Fig. 128)

LOCUS : HSECNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 3-5Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : W

PLATE 41. DA 6644 bracelet of serpentinite and shell beads from Grave 83

158

Position : 4.Y.0m.Lm. (Crouching, onthe right side)


COMMENTS: Limestone block covering withone flat and three spheroid peridotite pebbles.A very large limestone block was resting on,and has consequently destroyed, the left humerusof the deceased. The filling yielded a large amount of faunal remains (1420 g of shells, 1260g of C. mydas eso- and endo-skeletal fragments,100 g of fish bones and some fragments of landmammal bones).The grave pit was cut into a fire-place, whose charcoal was found scattered insidethe fill.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is partly pres-ent, the postcranium is represented by fragmentsof the upper and lower limbs, the pelvis, talii andcalcanei.Sex: ? Age: 3-5 years.

GRAVE 85 (Figs. 129-130)

LOCUS : HNYCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 12-14

Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Il.Il. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Massive mixed covering of lime-stone blocks and peridotite pebbles.At the level ofthe covering there were also found two oval peb-bles. The soil under the covering and above andaround the deceased contained shells (2890 g),turtle eso- and endo-skeletal fragments (500 g),fish bones (300 g) and some fragment of landmammal bones (40 g).The deceased had, as per-sonal ornaments, a black soapstone earring (Inv.DA 6715) and a necklace of seven plain laurel-leafshaped shell pendants (Inv. DA 6716).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. The skull mainly con-sists of the face and most of the mandible, thepostcranium is incomplete.Sex: ? Age: 12-14 years.


Inv. DA 6715: Finely polished soapstone earringwith keeled-convex section.L. 2.3, w 0.7, th 0.5


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Inv. DA 6716: Necklace composed of sevenundecorated laurel-leaf shaped pendants, eachwith a suspension hole at one end. Shell.1. L. (2.8), w 1.4, th 0.2; 2. L. (2.8), w 1.4, th 0.2;

3. L. (2.9), w 1.7, th 0.22; 4. L. (2.6), w 1.5, th 0.2;5. L. (3.1), w 1.4, th 0.18; 6. L. (2.7), w 1.4, th 0.2;7. L. 3.4, w 1.7, th 0.22


FIGURE 130. Section of G. 85.

160

GRAVE 86 (Fig. 132)

LOCUS : HOAANo. of individuals : 3Sex : a) M?;

b) ?; c) ?Age : a)34-42;

b) 6-12 months;c) 6-12 months

Orientation : a) NE-SW;b) -;c) -

F.or. : a) NW;b) -;c) -

Positon : a)4.Y.Im.Lm. (Crouching,on the right side)b) -c) -


COMMENTS: There was a massive, mixed cov-ering of limestone blocks and peridotite pebbles,sealed by a soil layer full of shells (6120 g), fishbones (1020 g), turtle eso- and endo-skeletal frag-ments (100 g) and fragments of land mammalbones. On the stone covering lay three spheroidperidotite pebbles and a fragmentary Caronia sp.shell with recognisable traces of a hole at the coillevel. The adult lay crouched on her right sidewith the left arm stuck in a termite nest. Twoinfants were carefully laid on the adult. Theirbones have been damaged and displaced by theweight of the covering stones. Individual a) wore,

FIGURE 131. DA 6716 necklace of laurel-leaf shell pendants from G. 85.


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on the right arm, two bracelets of rectangularplates perforated at the angles and cut from thewalls of Fasciolaria trapezium (Inv. DA 7228, 6634)and another bracelet made of six green-to-blacksoapstone cylindrical beads and a perforated pearl(Inv. DA 6639).Another bracelet made from a rec-tangular shell plate was worn on the left wrist(Inv. DA 6624). Around the neck was worn anecklace made of 19 stone cylindrical beads andseven laurel-leaf-shaped shell pendants withincised edge decoration (Inv.DA 7614, 7231).Alsoheld tightly in the right hand was a perforatedpearl (Inv. DA 6679).The remains of individual a)lay on the thin layer of grey soil which coveredthe bedrock everywhere.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:86A: State of preservation: fragmentary for bothskull and postcranium.Sex: M (M = 0.63, calculated on 17 traits).Age: 34-42 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1635 mm (based on the length of the rightfemur). Stature calculated according to Pearson161.96 cm (based on the length of the rightfemur). Stature calculated according to Trotter andGleser 163.5 cm (based on the length of the rightfemur).Average stature is 1629.8 mm.The skull isdolicouranic (98.30). The left radius’ diaphysealindex is 84.60; the left ulna’s radius is 102, and itis also eurolenic (94) for the olenic index.The lefthumerus is platibrachic (66.80) for the diaphysealindex.The left femur’s crest is medium (118), theright femur is iperplatimeric (72.9) for the pla-timeric index; its head index is also 100.7.The leftfibula’s midshaft index is 66.3. The right tibia iseuricnemic both for the diaphyseal index (86) andfor the cnemic index (80.9).

86B: State of preservation: very bad. The skull ismissing, the postcranium is represented by the leftfemur, the tibias and the left fibula.Sex: ? Age: 0 years.

86C: State of preservation: very bad. The skull ismissing. The postcranium is represented by frag-ments of the humeri, tibias and fibulas.Sex: ? Age: 0 years.


Inv. DA 6624: Bracelet composed of one rectan-gular plate cut from the wall of Fasciolaria trapezi-um, with a single hole at each end and traces ofincised edge decoration.L. 7.1, w 3.0, th. 0.4Inv. DA 7228: Bracelet composed of four rectan-gular plates, cut from walls of Fasciolaria trapezi-um with incised edge decoration. Attachment isprovided by one lateral hole at both ends in thecase of plate No. 1; by two and one respectivelyfor No. 2; and by two holes at each end for theother two plates.1. L. 5.8, w 3.0, th 0.4; 2. L. 3.3, w 2.8, th 0.3;3. L. 2.9, w 2.1, th 0.3; 4. L. 2.3, w 1.3, th 0.3Inv. DA 6634: Bracelet composed or six cylindri-cal soapstone beads and four rectangular plate ele-ments cut from walls of Fasciolaria trapezium heldby means of holes drilled at the angles or at thecentre of the sides. Several restorations on oneplate (No. 4).Traces of incised decoration on theedges (Pl. 42).1. L. 3.30, w 2.70, th 0.13; 2. L. 2.65, w 2.30, th0.28; 3. L. 2.50, w 2.35, th 0.15; 4. L. 2.42, w 2.20,th 0.20Inv. DA 6639: Perforated pearl (Pl. 43).L. 0.72, w 0.68, th 0.41, ø hole 0.24Inv. DA 6679: Perforated pearl.L. 0.75, ø 0.65, ø hole 0.24Inv. DA 6714, 7231: Necklace composed of 19soapstone cylindrical beads and seven laurel-leafshaped shell pendants with incised edge decora-tion and suspension hole at one end.1. L. (4.7), w 1.4, th 0.15; 2. L. (4.8), w 1.6, th 0.2;3. L. (3.9), w 1.2, th 0.25; 4. L. (4.0), w 1.2, th 0.2;5. L. (4.1), w 1.3, th 0.18; 6. L. (3.5), w 1.1, th 0.23;7. L. (4.1), w 1.6, th 0.2

162


163

PLATE 42. DA 6634 Fasciolaria trapezium bracelet from G. 86.

PLATE 43. DA 6639 perforated pearl from G. 86.

164

GRAVE 87 (Fig. 134)

LOCUS : HNYBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : F?Age : 14-17Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Ll.Kl. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: This pit of unusual dimensionshad massive limestone blocks for a covering. Onthe latter, pitted in the centre, was a deposit of soilfull of shells (2780 g), fish bones (720 g), C. mydaseso- and endo-skeletal fragments (440 g), landmammal bone fragments (420 g) and two largemarine mammal vertebrae (260 g). On the cover-ing stones were laid an ovoid and two ellipsoidperidotite pebbles and a fragmentary Caronia sp.shell. Under the covering, a deposit of sand coat-

ed the human remains. On the head of the righthumerus rested a fragment of shell fish-hook (Inv.DA 7271). The grave pit cut laterally into theupper zone of the filling of Grave 88. On it, to theeast, partially lay Grave 51.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very fragmentary for both skull andpostcranium.Sex: F? (M = -1.04, calculated on 13 traits).Age: 14-17 years.

GRAVE GOODS:Inv. DA 7271: shell fish-hook. Fragmentary (Fig.135).

GRAVE 88 (Figs. 117 and 136)

LOCUS : HTAC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 38-46Orientation : NE-SW


165

F.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Kl.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Massive covering of limestoneblocks and peridotite pebbles, two of which werespheroid in shape. Underneath, the thin soil layerwhich encased the human remains was substan-tially sterile, with only 120 g of turtle carapacefragments and 40 g of fish bones. The deceasedwore a necklace made of a string of 15 cylindricalbeads (seven made from soapstone and eight fromshell) and seven laurel-leaf shell pendants with

incised edge decoration (Inv. DA 6637, 6674).The northern filling of this pit was partially cut

into by the neighbouring Grave 87.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary, for both skull and post-cranium.Sex: M (M = 0.66, calculated on 16 traits).Age: 38-46 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1655.5 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the right ulna, the left femur and theright tibia). Stature calculated according toPearson 163.44 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left femur and the right tibia).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser169.2 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the right ulna, the left femur and theright tibia). Stature calculated according to Olivier165.35 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the right ulna, the left femur and theright tibia).Average stature is 1658.8 mm.

The orbits are mesoconche (79.30); the skull ismesorrinic (48.80) for the nasal index,dolicouranic (98.30) for the uranic index.The lefthumerus’s robustness index is 20. The rightradius’s diaphyseal index is 74.70.The right ulna’s

FIGURE 135. Fragmentary shell fish-hook from G. 87.


166

robustness index is 13.40 from the maximumlength, 14.60 from the physiological length. Theleft ulna’s diaphyseal index is 96.90, the right oneis 95. For the olenic index, the left ulna iseurolenic (98.70), the right one is ipereurolenic(110).The robustness index of Anthony and Rivetfor the left femur 13.7, the right one is 13.4; theleft femur’s crest is medium (114.3), the right isstrong (122.3); the right femur is eurimeric (93.8)for the platimeric index; the left femur’s headindex is 105, the right one is 101.8.The left fibu-la’s midshaft index is 70.4, the right one is 63.6.The left tibia is mesocnemic (65.2) for the dia-physeal index, the right one is platicnemic (64.1);both are platicnemic (57 for the left and 57.1 forthe right) for the cnemic index.The lower limb ismesaticnemic for the tibio-femural index (80.7for the left and 82.6 for the right).


Inv. DA 6637, 6674: Necklace composed of 16annular-to-cylindrical beads of shell (nine) andsoapstone (seven) in chromatic alternation, andseven laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withincised edge decoration and suspension hole atone end.

Pendants:1. L. (5.60), w 1.70, th. 0.31; 2. L. (5.72), w 1.62,th 0.32; 3. L. (5.50), w 1.52, th 0.22; 4. L. (5.25),w 1.60, th 0.25; 5. L. (5.90), w 1.55, th 0.22; 6. L.6.10, w 1.60, th 0.21; 7. L. 5.65, w 1.10, th 0.15

Chlorite beads:ø 0.80, H. 0.45; ø 0.55, H. 0.45; ø 0.60, H. 0.40;ø 0.60, H. 0.45; ø 0.62, H. 0.40; ø 0.60, H. 0.40;ø 0.70, H. 0.30.

Shell beads:ø 0.60, H. 0.50; all the others: ø 0.70, H. 0.20.

GRAVE 89 (Fig. 138)

LOCUS : HOUCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 18-20Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : -Level : 2


167

COMMENTS: This was a secondary burialwhich was disturbed by later pitting activities thatobliterated every trace of the pit and left in placeonly some long bones of the arms, a half pelvis,the sacral vertebrae and a few other bones.Together with these bones a mandible of C. mydasand a peridotite pebble were found.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Only doesthe mandible come from the skull. Big fragmentsof the sacrum and pelvis, the humeri and the leftradius represent the postcranium.Sex: F (M = -0.53, calculated on eight traits).Age: 18-20 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1589.5 mm (based on the length of the left

humerus and the left radius). Stature calculatedaccording to Pearson 156.2 cm (based on thelength of the left humerus and the left radius).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser161.5 cm (based on the length of the left humerusand the left radius). Stature calculated according toOlivier 154.9 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus).Average stature is 1578.8 mm.

The left humerus’s robustness index is 19, bothare platibrachic for the diaphyseal index (66.50 forthe left and 66.10 for the right). The left radius’robustness index is 15.30 from the maximumlength and 16 from the physiological length; thediaphyseal index of the left radius is 75, of the leftulna is 107.40; it is also eurolenic (80.60) for theolenic index.The radius-humerus index is 77.10.

GRAVE 90 (Fig. 139)

LOCUS : HODB/CNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : > 20Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : 3 ?Level : 3 ??



168

COMMENTS: There were scattered remains oflimestone blocks from the original covering. Inthe area were collected a few human bones (a riband several phalanxes), apparently the remains of agrave, whose pit cut into the bedrock.

The soil around the human remains was strong-ly altered, black and loose, and there were con-centrations of small roots. The grave was foundplaced in the area of maximum erosion along theeastern sector of the graveyard, where the hydrodynamic erosion had almost completelydestroyed it.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Few fragments of the ribsand phalanx are from the postcranium.Sex: ?Age: > 20 years.

GRAVE 91 (Fig. 140)

LOCUS : HOQB/C-HOVA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : 20-26Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 4.Y.Kl.Ll. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS:The covering was made of a cir-cle of limestone blocks with a centre of peridotitepebbles, two of which were spheroid in shape. Onthe stone covering, numerous fragments of anundefinable number of turtle skulls, a small quan-tity of turtle carapace fragments (1120 g), shells(1240 g), fish bones (80 g) and some land mam-mal bone fragments (40 g) were recovered. Thedeceased wore a necklace around the neck, madeof six laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withincised edge decorations (Inv. DA 6698). Theweight of the covering has caused a shifting for-ward of the left scapula and humerus, of the cer-vical vertebrae and of the thorax, with a corre-sponding contortion of the deceased’s skull. Onthe northern half of the pit lay Grave 54 while onthe southernmost edge lay Graves 52 and 63.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofPreservation: fairly well preserved.Sex: M (M = 0.57, calculated on 17 traits).Age: 20-26 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1645 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left ulna, the left femur, the left tibiaand the left fibula). Stature calculated according toPearson 162.7 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, the left femur, and the lefttibia). Stature calculated according to Trotter andGleser 167.6 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left ulna, the left femur, the left tibia


169

and the left fibula). Stature calculated according toOlivier 164.5 cm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left femur, and the left fibula).Average stature is 1648.2 mm.

The left humerus’s robustness index is 17.40, theright one is 19.30; both are platibrachic for thediaphyseal index (75.70 for the left and 68.50 forthe right). The same index is 82.30 for the leftradius, and 75.50 for the right. The robustnessindex of the left ulna is 11.50 from the maximumlength and 13.10 from the physiological length;the left ulna’s diaphyseal index is 93.10; both ulnasare ipereurolenic (102.60 for the left and 111.2 forthe right) for the olenic index. The index ofrobustness of Frassetto for the left femur is 17.9,the one of Anthony and Rivet is 11.6. The leftfemur shows a strong crest (125.9), the right oneis medium (117.1); both femurs are platimeric(79.6 for the left and 82.2 for the right) for theplatimeric index; the femoral right head index is100. The left fibula’s robustness index is 7.6, theright one is 8,1; the left fibula’s midshaft index is69.2, the right one is 74.2.The left tibia is euric-nemic (71.2), the right one is mesocnemic (68.6) for the diaphyseal index. For the cnemicindex, the left tibia is euricnemic (73.3). Thelower limb is mesaticnemic (81.6) for the tibia-femur index.


Inv. DA 6698: Necklace composed of six frag-mentary laurel-leaf shaped pendants with incisededge decoration on the inner valve face. Shell.1. L. (4.0), w 1.3, th 0.15; 2. L. (4.1), w 1.2, th 0.18;3. L. (3.9), w 1.3, th 0.2; 4. L. (3.7), w 1.1, th 0.16;5. L. (3.9), w 1.3, th 0.16; 6. L. (4.1), w 1.3, th0.2

GRAVE 92

LOCUS : HOWC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 3-12 monthsOrientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Kl.Lm. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : -Level : 2 ?

COMMENTS: No traces of a stone coveringhave been noticed; it may have been removed bypostdepositional disturbances.The erosion in thissloping sector also affected the deposit, obliterat-ing all traces of the pit, except at the level of the


170

deposition itself. The deceased lay in a crouchedposition on his right side.(There are no photographs or designs of this graveas the human bones were inadvertently upset by a

visitor. Indications for the position were, however,taken from the original notes and sketches madein the course of excavation.)



171

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull isrepresented by few fragments from the neurocra-nium and mandible. Parts of the upper and lowerlimbs represent the postcranium.Sex: ? Age: 0 years.

GRAVE 93 (Fig. 142; Pl. 44)

LOCUS : HOBDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 11-15Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Km.Il. (Crouching, on

the left side)Covering type : 3 ?Level : 3

COMMENTS: The covering was probably oflimestone blocks, of which only two remained.The pit filling under the covering consisted of a10 cm thick soil layer containing 4780 g of shells,1300 g of fish bones, 360 g of turtle eso- and

endo-skeletal fragments and 310 g of land mam-mal bone fragments. The deceased wore a neck-lace made of a string of 26 cylindrical beads fromstone (24) and shell (two) and seven laurel-leafshaped pendants with incised edge decoration(DA 6702).

Over the northern half of this grave lay Grave 95.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: Both the cra-nial and postcranial skeleton is fairly well pre-served.Sex: F (M = -2.00, calculated on four traits).Age: 11-15 years.

GRAVE GOODS : (Fig. 143)

Inv. DA 6702: Necklace composed of 26 cylindri-cal beads of soapstone (24) and shell (two), andseven laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withincised edge decoration on the inner valve faceand suspension hole at one end.

Pendants:1. L. (6.0), w 1.5, th 0.22; 2. L. (5.6), w 1.4, th 0.25;3. L. 6.8, w 1.6, th 0.15; 4. L. (5.9), w 1.6, th 0.18;


172

5. L. (6.1), w 1.5, th 0.2; 6. L. (5.5), w 1.5, th 0.23;7. L. (5.3), w 1.4, th 0.2

Beads (chlorite):ø 0.65, H. 0.39; ø 0.54, H. 0.40; ø 0.60, H. 0.30;ø 0.50, H. 0.33; ø 0.51, H. 0.31; ø 0.50, H. 0.30;ø 0.50, H. 0.40; ø 0.50, H. 0.30; ø 0.50, H. 0.30;ø 0.51, H. 0.32; ø 0.56, H. 0.40; ø 0.50, H. 0.30;ø 0.60, H. 0.30; ø 0.55, H. 0.35; ø 0.52, H. 0.25;ø 0.55, H. 0.30; ø 0.60, H. 0.30; ø 0.60, H. 0.35;ø 0.59, H. 0.32; ø 0.60, H. 0.30; ø 0.51, H. 0.30;ø 0.55, H. 0.30; ø 0.58, H. 0.33; ø 0.51, H. 0.30

GRAVE 94 (Fig. 144)

LOCUS : HNYA-HNTBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 25-34Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : SEPosition : 3.Z.Ll.Km. (Crouching, on

the left side)Covering type : ?Level : 2

COMMENTS: Completely lacking a covering,the pit was identified by chromatic contrast withthe surrounding soil. A thin soil layer containing520 g of shells and 40 g of fish bones covered thehuman remains. Near the face of the deceased wasrecovered a Callista sp. valve (Inv. DA 7274).Therelationship between the Callista valve and the lefthand of the deceased has been altered by a post-depositional disturbance due to the excavation ofGrave 219 pit. This disturbance has moved for-ward the deceased’s skull, on which the ileum ofthe individual of Grave 219 lay, and also shiftedthe Callista valve itself.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Both skull and postcra-nium are represented by large fragments, but over-all they are incomplete.Sex: F (M = -0.76, calculated on 21 traits).Age: 25-34 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1590.5 mm (based on the length of the left radius,

the left ulna, the right femur and the right fibula).Stature calculated according to Pearson 155.7 cm(based on the length of the left radius, and theright femur). Stature calculated according toTrotter and Gleser 161.2 cm (based on the lengthof the left radius, the left ulna, the right femur andthe right fibula). Stature calculated according toOlivier 165.4 cm (based on the length of the leftulna and the right tibia). Average stature is 1603.3 mm.

For the diaphyseal index, both humeri are plat-ibrachic (75.20 for the left and 70.30 for theright).The left radius’ robustness index is 18.30; itsdiaphyseal index is 79.70, the right one is 77.90.The robustness index of the right ulna, calculatedfrom the maximum length is 14.90, from thephysiological length instead is 17.20; the diaphy-seal index of the left ulna is 108.30; both ulnas areeurolenic (92.10 for the left and 88.80 for theright) for the olenic index. The left radius-humerus index is 75.50.The right femoral crest isstrong (123.1) and it is eurimeric (94.6) for theplatimeric index. The left femur’s head index is102.2, the right one is 101.5. The right fibula’srobustness index is 11.3.

GRAVE 95 (Fig. 145)

LOCUS : HJVC-HOBDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 20-25Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -


173

Position : 0.X.0m.0m. (Supine, with legs to the right)


COMMENTS: Covering of limestone blocks wasseparated from the skeleton by a very thin soillayer containing a small quantity of faunal remains(280 g of shells, 120 g of fish bones, and a fewfragments of land mammal bones).The deceased islacking the skull, the arms and the left half of thepelvis. A post-depositional disturbance has alsoaffected the chest zone.

This grave lay on the northern portion of Grave 93.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skullconsists of fragments of mandible only. In thepostcranium the upper limbs, clavicles, scapulasand hands are completely missing.Sex: F (M = -0.78, calculated on nine traits).Age: 20-25 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1584 mm. (based on the length of the left fibula).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser160 cm (based on the length of the left fibula).Average stature is 1592 mm.

The right femur has no crest (98.5). The leftfibula’s robustness index is 9.2; its midshaft indexis 82.4.

GRAVE 96 (Fig. 146)

LOCUS : HJWB-HOCANo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 36-41Orientation : NW-SW



174

F.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Kl.Ll. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : 3?Level : 3

COMMENTS: Of the limestone covering onlythree stones remained in place, all in the northernportion of the grave.The filling had modest quan-tities of faunal remains (720 g of shells, 220 g ofturtle eso- and endo-skeletal fragments, 120 g offish bones). Otherwise, near the left hand of theinhumed was found a plastron of C. mydas, onwhich a goat or gazelle horn and a capriovinemetatarsus with phalanxes were laid.

On the pit of the grave lay, very partially, Grave28 to the east, Grave 80 to the west, and Grave211 to the north.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: both cranium and postcranium arefairly well preserved.Sex: M (M = 0.48, calculated on 21 traits).Age: 36-41 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1630.8 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, the left ulna, the leftfemur, the left tibia and the left fibula). Stature cal-culated according to Pearson 158.9 cm (based onthe length of the left humerus, the left radius, theleft femur, and the left tibia). Stature calculatedaccording to Trotter and Gleser 166 cm (based onthe length of the left humerus, the left radius, theleft ulna, the left femur, the left tibia and the leftfibula). Stature calculated according to Olivier 160cm (based on the length of the left humerus, theleft femur, and the left fibula). Average stature is1619.9 mm.

The skull is ortocranic (70.40) for the vertico-longitudinal index, it is prognat (104.30) for thegnatic index.The left radius robustness index, cal-culated on the maximum length is 18.40, calcu-lated on the physiological length is 19.60. Thesame for the left ulna is 12.40 from the maximumlength; it is also eurolenic (94.20) for the olenicindex.The left radius-humerus index is 80.30.Therobustness index of Frassetto is 21,1 for the rightfemur, the one of Anthony and Rivet is 13.5; the

right femur’s crest is strong (122), it is platimeric(84.8) fo the platimeric index, and its head indexis 99.3.The left fibula’s robustness index is 8.9, theright one is 10; the midshaft index is 70.4 for theleft fibula, and 73.9 for the right one.The left tibiais euricnemic both for the diaphyseal index (81.6)and for the cnemic one (75.8).

GRAVE 97 (Fig. 147)

LOCUS : HNTA-HOPDNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) M; b) MAge : a) 47-56; b) 17-19Orientation : a) NE-SW;

b) NE-SWF.or. : a) NW; b NWPosition : a) 4.Y.Ik.Hk. (Crouching,

on the right side)b) 4.Y.Kk.Kk. (Crouching,


COMMENTS: The covering was made of largelimestone blocks and a double layer of peridotitepebbles placed on the thorax zone of the twoskeletons. Two oval pebbles and a fragmentedThais sp. shell (Inv. DA 6695) were lying on theperidotite pebbles.

Among the peridotite pebbles were found somemandible and other C. mydas cranial bones. Thefilling contained 500 g of turtle bones, 560 g ofshells, 40 g of fish bones and some fragments ofland mammal bones. In the filling a bone perfora-tor from a mammal metatarsus (DA 7672) hasbeen collected.

On this grave lay, to the north, Grave 49 and tothe south , Graves 50 A and 50 B.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:97A: State of preservation: skull and postcraniumare fairly well preserved.Sex: M (M = 0.91, calculated on 18 traits).Age: 47-56 years.

Stature according to Manouvrier 1696 mm(based on the length of the left humerus, the leftradius, the left ulna and the left fibula). Stature

175

according to Pearson 166.7 cm (based on thelength of the left humerus and the left radius).Stature according to Trotter and Gleser 173.7 cm(based on the length of the left humerus, the leftradius, the left ulna and the left fibula). Stature cal-culated according to Olivier 171.7 cm (based onthe length of the left humerus, the left radius, theleft ulna and the left fibula). Average stature is1704.2 mm.

The right humerus’s robustness index is 22 andit is platibrachic (76) for the diaphyseal index, theleft humerus’s head index is 95.30, the right oneis 93.70.The left radius’ robustness index is 17.10from the maximum length; the diaphyseal index is85.40 for the left radius and 83.80 for the rightone. The right ulna’s robustness index is 12.10from the maximum length, 13.30 from the physi-ological length; its diaphyseal index is 92.40 and itis ipereurolenic (100) for the olenic index.The leftradius-humerus index is 81.10; the upper limb isdolicocherchic (84.20) for the right radius-humerus index. The right femur’s crest is strong(129.1).

97B: State of preservation: fragmentary.The skullis largely incomplete. The postcranium is repre-sented mainly by upper and lower limbs, some

vertebras, sacrum, right pelvis, talii and calcanei.Sex: M (M = 1.33, calculated on 14 traits).Age: 17-19 years.

Stature according to Manouvrier 1668.8 mm(based on the length of the right humerus, theright radius, the right ulna, the right femur, theright tibia and the right fibula). Stature accordingto Pearson 162.6 cm (based on the length of theright humerus, the right radius, the right femur,and the right tibia). Stature calculated accordingto Trotter and Gleser 170.4 cm. (based on thelength of the right humerus, the right radius, theright ulna, the right femur, the right tibia and theright fibula). Stature calculated according toOlivier 167.6 cm. (based on the length of theright humerus, the right radius, the right ulna, theright tibia and the right fibula). Average stature is1668.7 mm.

The skull is ipercamerrinic (61.60) for the nasalindex. The right humerus is platibrachic (73.30)for the diaphyseal index.The right radius’ robust-ness index is 16.20 from the maximum length,and 16.90 from the physiological length.The leftulna’s diaphyseal index is 112.90.The right femuris stenomeric (136) for the platimeric index.Therobustness index of the right fibula is 8.8, the lefttibia’s one is 19.8.


176

GRAVE 98 (Fig. 148)

LOCUS : HJRBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 13-19Orientation : -Position : - (Crouched on his left

side?)Covering type : ?Level : 1

COMMENTS:Very superficial burial representedby highly fragmented portions of long bones ofthe legs of a single individual.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Only the postcranium isrepresented by few fragments.Sex: ? Age: 13-19 years.

GRAVE 99 (Fig. 149)

LOCUS : HJQCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M??Age : 20-30Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : ?Level : 1

COMMENTS:Very superficial burial in a matrixof small sized limestone pebbles. Near the humanremains, consisting of sections of the long bonesof the legs and a skullcap, was a limestone blockand a peridotite pebble. A green-to-black soap-stone cylindrical bead was found touching one ofthe human bone fragments.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. Very fewfragments represent both the cranium and thepostcranium.Sex: M ?? Sex has been determined on the base ofthe mastoid process and the strong muscular inser-tions.Age: 20-30 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1677 mm (based on the length of the rightradius). Stature calculated according to Pearson166.2 cm (based on the length of the right radius).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser172 cm (based on the length of the right radius).Average stature is 1686.3 mm.

[The enumeration here skips serial numbers 100-199, which were reserved for the graves beingexcavated at the nearby RH10 site.]



177

GRAVE 200 (Fig. 150)

LOCUS : HJRB-HJSC-HJXD-HJWA

No. of individuals : 1Sex : M??Age : > 20Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : 3Level : 1

COMMENTS: This was a superficial graveplaced in the eastern portion of the graveyard.Under the limestone covering only a few humanremains were found (the head of a radius and acranium fragment).To the north were found someperidotite pebbles which had very probably slidfrom the covering of the neighbouring Grave209.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Only a fragment of theparietal bone and of the radius are present.Sex: M?? Sex has been determined upon the mor-phology of the long bone.Age: > 20 years.


LOCUS : HJQA/BNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 25-34Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.I0.Ll. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : ?Level : 1

COMMENTS: Very superficial grave covered by a thin layer of small limestone pebbles, whichcontained fragments of human bones from aneven later grave (G. 204) lying on it.

The general layout of the skeleton was notgreatly disturbed, with the exception of the leftleg bones, which have been dislocated and foundabove and along the thorax.The skull and collar-bones have also been dislocated and placed abovethe left arm bones. In the right hand, held tightlyto the face, was originally a Callista sp. shell valve.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: both the cranium and the postcrani-um are badly preserved.



178

Sex: F (M = -0.85, calculated on 13 traits).Age: 25-34 years.

The right humerus’s head index is 102.40.Theleft femur shows a mild crest (106.2); the leftfemur’ head index is 101.2, the right one is 99.5.The right fibula’s midshaft index is 71.9.


LOCUS : HJUBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 1-2Orientation : NE-SW?F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : ?Level : 1

COMMENTS:Very superficial grave encased in athin layer of limestone pebbles.There was little leftof the individual buried, except for some ribbones and part of the vertebral column.

These remains rested on the northern edge ofGrave 217.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. The skull is missing. Fewfragments represent the postcranium.Sex: ? Age: 1-2 years.

GRAVE 203

LOCUS: HJRDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : > 20Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : -Level : 1

COMMENTS:There were only a few fragmentsof human bones encased in the compacted thinsoil layer covering the site surface.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. It is present the postcrani-um only, with few fragments.Sex: ?Age: > 20 years.


LOCUS : HJQANo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : >20



179

Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : 0.Y.00.0l. (Crouching, on

the right side ?)Covering type : ?Level : 1

COMMENTS:Very superficial grave in a matrixof dark, loose, gravelly soil. The only humanremains were fragments of the long bones of a leg.The area of dispersion of these human remainsoverlay Grave 201.


LOCUS : HJWDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 26-32Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 4.Y.Kl.Lm.


Covering type : 1 ??Level : 1

COMMENTS: Very superficial grave. Only onelimestone block remained of the covering. It waslying on and touching the human skull. Lying to

the south of this limestone block was a largeCaronia sp. shell (?) with a circular hole on thewall. This large shell lay on a half-mandible of aherbivore and this over a C. mydas mandiblewhich was on the chest of the deceased. Anotherherbivore half-mandible was found near the calca-neum of the left foot of the deceased, while at theright elbow rested a turtle carapace fragmenttogether with a capriovine rib bone.The humanskull was considerably disturbed, while the lefthand was completely missing.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. The skull consists ofsome fragments from the neurocranium, and apart of the mandible. The postcranium is largelyincomplete.Sex: F (M = -1.18, calculated on seven traits).Age: 26-32 years.

Stature according to Manouvrier 1598 mm(based on the length of the right humerus, the leftulna, the left femur and the right fibula). Statureaccording to Pearson 155.7 cm. (based on thelength of the right humerus and the left femur).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser161.5 cm (based on the length of the righthumerus, the left ulna, the left femur and the rightfibula). Stature according to Olivier 161.5 cm(based on the length of the right humerus, and theleft ulna).Average stature is 1598 mm.


180

The right radius’ diaphyseal index is 73.80.Theright ulna’s robustness index is 11.90 from themaximum length and 13 from the physiologicallength; its diaphyseal index, also, is 106.50 and it isplatolenic (79.60) for the olenic index. The leftfemur’s crest is mild (109.1), and its head index is103.5.The midshaft index of the left fibula is 73.2,the right one is 72.2.The left tibia is euricnemic(71.6) for the diaphyseal index.


LOCUS : HJVCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : > 20Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : -Level : 1

COMMENTS: Sparse superficial fragments ofhuman remains, consisting principally of the longbones of an arm of an adult individual.The area ofdispersion of the human bones lay on the south-ern portion of Grave 95.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Only few fragments fromthe postcranium.Sex: ? Age: > 20 years.


LOCUS : HJWCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : F?Age : 34-42Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : -Covering type : -Level : 1

COMMENTS: Superficial grave, from whichonly a few adult human bone fragments survived,encased in a black, loose soil which has beenaltered by the spontaneous action of vegetationroots.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Only the postcranium isrepresented by fragments of long bones and pelvis.Sex: F? Sex has been determined based upon aprobable modification of the back face of thepubic synphysis, as consequence of parturition.Age: 34-42 years.FIGURE 155. Plan of G. 206.


181

GRAVE 208 (Fig. 157; Pl. 45)

LOCUS : HJLC-HJQDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 30-50Orientation : ENE-WSWF.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : ?Level : 1

COMMENTS: Superficial secondary burial in agravel matrix.As in other cases (e.g. Grave 25 inf.and 48), the intentional breaking of the mandibleand its dislocation were noted.The deposition ofthe bones followed the criteria of all other sec-ondary graves, in that the arrangement of the longbones formed the axis of orientation for the otherbones and the cranium was placed to the north-east.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: both the cranium and the postcrani-um are fragmentary.Sex: M (M = 0.80, calculated on three traits).Age: 30-50 years.


LOCUS : HJRA/BNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : 26-35Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -



182

Position : 0.Y.Lm.0m. (Crouching, onthe right side)


COMMENTS: Superficial grave with a coveringof peridotite pebbles, only partially preserved.Some of the pebbles of the covering have proba-bly shifted to the south in the area of Grave 200.The human remains were highly damaged by astrong erosional process and by trampling.

On the north-western area of this grave theremains of Grave 203 were lying.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. Only few fragments fromthe postcranial skeleton.Sex: M? Sex has been determined based uponthe ischiatic tuberosity and the long bones morphology.Age: 26-35 years.


LOCUS : HOQA/B-HORC/DNo. of individuals : 1

Sex : FAge : 17-20Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Il.Hl. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : ?Level : 3



183

COMMENTS: The pit was not distinguishableuntil the appearance of human bones. Lacking acovering, the residual filling was made of a thinlayer of brown soil containing 300 g of shells, 370g of C. mydas carapace fragments and 60 g of landmammal bone fragments.

The deceased lay directly on the bedrock (thepit having been cut into the layer of grey compactsoil which covered the bedrock everywhere), andwore two stone earrings, one of which was deco-rated with a cup-hole motif on the outer surface(Inv. DA 6700, 6701) and a necklace of a string of11 cylindrical beads made of soapstone (nine) andshell (two) and 15 laurel-leaf shaped shell pen-dants, eight of which had incised edge decoration(Inv. DA 6699).

On the eastern edge of this grave lay Grave 22.ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State of

preservation: both the cranium and the postcrani-um are fragmentary.Sex: F (M = -0.67, calculated on 12 traits).Age: 17-20 years.

Stature according to Manouvrier 1548.7 mm(based on the length of the right humerus, the leftradius, the left ulna and the right fibula). Staturecalculated according to Pearson 152.3 cm (basedon the length of the right humerus, and the leftradius). Stature according to Trotter and Gleser156 cm (based on the length of the righthumerus, the left radius, the left ulna and the rightfibula). Stature according to Olivier 156.4 cm(based on the length of the right humerus, and theleft ulna).Average stature is 1548.9 mm.

The right humerus’s robustness index is 18.60, itis platibrachic (71.80) for the diaphyseal index,and its head index is 111.The left radius’ diaphy-


184

seal index is 69.70, the right one is 65.80; theright ulna’s one is 112.60, and it is also eurolenic(90.60) for the olenic index. The left femur isiperplatimeric (71.2) for the platimeric index.Theright fibula’s robustness index is 9.8, the left fibu-la’s midshaft index is 72.1, the right one is 69.Theleft tibia is euricnemic both for the diaphysealindex (76.7) and for the cnemic one (72.5).


Inv. DA 6699: Necklace composed of 11 cylindri-cal beads of soapstone (nine) and shell (two) and15 laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants, eight of themwith incised edge decoration on the inner valveface and perforation at one end.1. L. 6.1, w 1.6, th 0.27 not decorated; 2. L. (5.3),w 1.5, th 0.3 not decorated; 3. L. (4.8), w 1.5, th0.25; 4. L. (4.9), w 1.5, th 0.25; 5. L. (5.3), w 1.5,th 0.23 not decorated; 6. L. (4.4), w 1.5, th 0.25;7. L. (5.5), w 1.6, th 0.25 not decorated; 8. L.(4.8), w 1.6, th 0.3; 9. L. 5.8, w 1.6, th 0.25 notdecorated; 10. L. (4.5), w 1.4, th 0.23; 11. L. (4.3),w 1.5, th 0.27; 12. L. (5.6), w 1.6, th 0.31 not dec-orated; 13. L. (6.1), w 1.5, th 0.23 not decorated;14. L. (3.6), w 1.4, th 0.26; 15. L. (3.2),w 1.4, th 0.3

Inv. DA 6700: Leech-shaped earring decorated onthe outer surface with a series of five cup-holes.Soapstone.With a keeled-convex section.L. 2.5, w 0.8, th 0.5Inv. DA 6701: Leech-shaped earring, with a circu-lar section. Soapstone.L. 2.1, w 0.7, th 0.7

GRAVE 211 (Fig. 161; Pls. 46-47)

LOCUS : HJWBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 33-39Orientation : ENE-WSWF. or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Lo.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Superficial grave with a coveringof limestone blocks lying directly on the humancorpse. Among the covering stones to the westwas a (?)Caronia sp. shell with two small, probablysuspension, holes (Inv. DA 6693).

The skeleton of the individual, in spite of the


185

PLATE 46. G. 211 stone covering..


186

compact stone covering, was largely missing andpartially upset. The left leg and the left humeruswere missing.The mandible, broken in two parts,was displaced in an abnormal position — underthe occipital bone.Around the human bones werefound modest quantities of faunal remains (880 gof shells, 60 g of turtle carapace fragments, 30 g offish bones and 60 g of fragments of land mammalbones).

A cylindrical shell bead (Inv. DA 7220: ø 0.55,H 0.3) has been found in the fill.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Some fragments fromboth the cranium and postcranium are present.Sex: F (M = -0.20, calculated on 11 traits).Age: 33-39 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1618.8 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the right radius, the right femur, theright tibia and the right fibula). Stature calculatedaccording to Pearson 158.2 cm (based on thelength of the left humerus, the right radius, theright femur, and the right tibia). Stature calculatedaccording to Trotter and Gleser 164.5 cm (basedon the length of the left humerus, the right radius,the right femur, the right tibia and the right fibula). Stature calculated according to Olivier164.5 cm (based on the length of the left humerusand the right radius). Average stature is 1622.7mm.

The skull is mesostafilin (82.10) for the palatineindex.The right radius’ diaphyseal index is 73.90.The left ulna is eurolenic (92.20) for the olenicindex.The right fibula’s midshaft index is 80.Theright tibia is mesocnemic (66.1) for the diaphysealindex.


LOCUS : HSSA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : 35-53Orientation : N-SF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.0l.0m. (Crouching, on

the right side)

Covering type : 2?Level : 3

COMMENTS: The grave was covered by a fewperidotite pebbles, but the high degree of distur-bance impeded a firm attribution to Type 2. Onthe southern half of this, Grave 69 was lying.

The human skeleton was headless, as the skullhad been taken away by the excavation of a pit(parts of the cranium of this individual wererecovered on the upper edge of the same pit);both arms were also removed by cultural post-depositional disturbances. The individual lay onthe thin layer of compact grey soil which coveredeverywhere the bedrock platform.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is missing, thepostcranium is largely incomplete.Sex: M? (M = -1.50, calculated on three traits).Age: 35-53 years.

The left femur’s crest is medium (111.1), theright one’s is mild (108.8).The midshaft index ofboth the left and right fibulas is 67.9. The righttibia is platicnemic (61.2) for the diaphysealindex; both tibias are platicnemic for the cnemicindex (58.8 for the left and 57.8 for the right).


LOCUS : HSHC-HSMDNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M


187

Age : 23-48Orientation : E-WF.or. : SPosition : 3. Z. Lm.Im. (Crouching,

on the left side)Covering type : 1?Level : 3

COMMENTS:The grave was perceivable only atthe level of the human bones, through a chromat-ic difference with the surrounding ground. Thepit filling contained 1180 g of shells, 1420 g of seaturtle eso- and endo-skeletal fragments and 40 gof fish bones.

The deceased lay on the thin layer of compactgrey soil which covered the bedrock platform.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Some fragments of theneurocranium, face and mandible represent theskull, the rest of the skeleton lacks the lower limbs,the sacrum and the pelvis.Sex: M (M = 0.48, calculated on ten traits).Age: 23-48 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1683 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius and the right ulna).Stature calculated according to Pearson 163.8 cm(based on the length of the left humerus, and theleft radius). Stature calculated according to Trotterand Gleser 171.6 cm (based on the length of theleft humerus, the left radius and the right ulna).

Stature calculated according to Olivier 167.1 cm(based on the length of the left humerus, the leftradius and the right ulna). Average stature is 1677 mm.

The skull is camecranic (67.50) for the vertico-longitudinal index, mesorrinic (47.90) for the nasalindex, brachiuranic (116.70) for the uranic index,mesostafilinic (81.10) for the palatine index, and emesognatic (98.60) per gnatic index.The humerus’srobustness index is 18.60 for the left and 21.90 forthe right one; both are platibrachic (74.50 the leftand 73.10 the right) for the diaphyseal index; theleft humerus’s head index is 106.70.The diaphysealindex of the left radius is 74.70, and 79.40 for theright one.The index of robustness of the left ulnais 13.30 fro the physiological length; the right ulna’sdiaphyseal index is 98.20; also it is eurolenic (95.80)for the olenic index.


LOCUS : HNXCNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 42-50Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 0.Y.Il.0l. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS:The grave has been disturbed by alater pit and thus has lost more than half of theoriginal structure. The covering of the survivingportion consisted exclusively of large limestoneblocks, resting directly on the human remains.Only the lower part of the human skeleton, fromthe lumbar vertebrae down, and part of the leftarm bones were found.The human remains wereheavily affected by fire. Around them was recov-ered only a modest quantity of shells (300 g).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary.The skull is missing, thepostcranium is incomplete.Sex: M (M = 1.29, calculated on three traits)Age: 42-50 years.


188

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1708.2 mm (based on the length of the left ulna,the left femur, the right tibia and the left fibula).Stature calculated according to Pearson 171.5 cm(based on the length of the left femur, and theright tibia). Stature calculated according to Trotterand Gleser 174.8 cm (based on the length of theleft ulna, the left femur, the right tibia and the leftfibula). Stature calculated according to Olivier171.9 cm (based on the length of the left ulna, theleft femur and the left fibula). Average stature is1722.5 mm.

The left ulna’s robustness index is 11.40 fromthe maximum length, and 12.40 from the physio-logical length; the right ulna’s diaphyseal index is103.40, and it is eurolenic (90.50) for the olenicindex. Frassetto’s robustness index is 18 for the leftfemur, and 18.6 for the right femur;Anthony andRivet’s one is 11.9 for the left femur and 12.1 forthe right one. Both femurs show a medium crest(112.5 the left one, and 116.4 the right one), andare eurimeric (86.6 the left, and 93.4 the rightone) for the platimeric index; the left femur’s headindex is 102.7.The left fibula’s robustness index is8.6; the midshaft index is 65.7 for the left fibula,and 73.1 for the right one.The right tibia is plat-icnemic (64.8) for the diaphyseal index, andeuricnemic (74) for the cnemic index.The lowerlimb is mesaticnemic (80.9) for the tibia- femurindex.

GRAVE 215 sup (Fig. 165A-B)

LOCUS : HSDBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 4-8Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 4.Y.00.00. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS:The covering in limestone blocksand peridotite pebbles was only partially pre-served.The human skeletal remains were damagedand dislocated by the weight of the stone cover-ing, and strongly burnt.The deceased lay on a fire-place which provided a large charcoal sample.Around the bones of the inhumed a certainamount of faunal remains has been found (480 gof shells; 280 g of turtle eso- and endo-skeletalfragments; 60 g of fish bones).This grave lay on Grave 215 inf.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: extremely fragmentary. The skull ismissing, the postcranium consists of representedby few fragments.Sex: ? Age: 4-8 years.


189

GRAVE 215 inf (Fig. 165C)

LOCUS : HSDB/CNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 39-45Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : -Position : 4.Y.Hk.Hk. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : 1 ?Level : 3

COMMENTS: Lacking a covering, the grave wasidentified only by chromatic contrast of the soil atan average depth of 30 cm above the humanremains.The pit filling yielded only a considerablequantity of shells (1040 g).The grave was proba-bly disturbed to some measure by the excavationof the Grave 215 sup. pit. Such disturbance alsoproduced a displacement of the deceased’scranium.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: good.

FIGURE 165. Plan of G. 215 Sup. (A-B) and G. 215 Inf. (C).

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Sex: M (M = 1.23, calculated on 20 traits).Age: 39-45 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1662 mm (based on the length of the righthumerus, the right tibia and the left fibula).Stature calculated according to Pearson 165.1 cm(based on the length of the right humerus, and theright tibia). Stature calculated according to Trotterand Gleser 170 cm (based on the length of theright humerus, the right tibia and the left fibula).Stature according to Olivier 166.8 cm (based onthe length of the right humerus, and the left fibu-la).Average stature is 1670.2 mm.

The right humerus’s head index is 104.90.Theleft fibula’s robustness index is 10; the midshaftindex is 60.7 for the left fibula and 63.2 for theright one.The right tibia is platicnemic (63.9) forthe diaphyseal index, and mesocnemic (68.4) forthe cnemic index.

GRAVE 216 (Fig. 166; Pl. 48)

LOCUS : HSDC/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 4-7Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : WPosition : 4.Y.Il.Hl. (Crouching, on

the right side)Covering type : 3 ?Level : 2

COMMENTS:The covering, in limestone blockswas only partially preserved, lying on a very thinpit filling and lacking faunal remains. Thedeceased lay in a good condition of preservationexcept for the partially crushed skull.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Few fragments from thecranium and postcranium are present.Sex: ? Age: 4-7 years.


191



192

GRAVE 217 (Fig. 167; Pl. 49)

LOCUS : HJUB/C No. of individuals : 1Sex : FAge : 17-20Orientation : E-WPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Hl. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: There was a massive covering inlimestone blocks among which only one peri-dotite pebble was found.The pit filling under thecovering yielded a large quantity of faunal remains(2930 g of shells, 660 g of fish bones, 255 g of C.mydas eso- and endo-skeletal remains, and 20 g ofland mammal bones).The deceased wore a neck-lace made of a string of 160 cylindrical-to-annu-lar beads of green-to-black soapstone (115) andshell (45: 12 of which were cylindrical and 33disk-shaped), two Engina mendicaria beads, and sixlaurel-leaf shaped shell pendants with incised edgedecoration (Inv. DA 6696). In the filling wasfound a polished bone punch worked from acapriovine metatarsus (Inv. DA 6697).

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: good. The skull is complete, thepostcranium is partly fragmentary.Sex: F (M = -0.70, calculated on 22 traits).Age: 17-20 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1578.6 mm (based on the length of the righthumerus, the left femur, the left tibia and the rightfibula). Stature calculated according to Pearson155.3 cm (based on the length of the righthumerus, the left femur, and the left tibia). Staturecalculated according to Trotter and Gleser 160.2cm (based on the length of the right humerus, theleft femur, the left tibia and the right fibula).Stature calculated according to Olivier 157.2 cm(based on the length of the right humerus, and theleft tibia).Average stature is 1576.4 mm.

The skull is iperdolicocranic (68.10) for the cra-nial horizontal index, ortocranic (70.30) for thevertico-longitudinal index, acrocranic (103.30)for the vertico-transversal index, ortocranic(60.80) for the auricle-longitudinal index, acro-cranic (89.30) for the auricle-transversal index,frontal bone is large (86.70) for the frontal-trans-versal index, eurimetopic (80.30) for the fronto-parietal index, mesorrinic (49.60) for the nasalindex, brachiuranic (115) for the uranic index,ortognatic (96.50) for the gnatic index; the orbitsare cameconche (74.60).The right femur’s crest ismedium (117.4). The right fibula’s robustnessindex is 9.6 and the midshaft one is 78.4. Theright tibia is euricnemic (73) for the diaphysealindex.


Inv. DA 6696: Necklace composed of 160 cylin-drical-to-annular beads of soapstone (115) and


193

shell (45), two engina mendicaria beads and six lau-rel-leaf shaped shell pendants, with incised edgedecoration on the inner valve face and suspensionhole at one end.

Pendants:1. L. (5.5), w 1.8, th 0.31; 2. L. (5.6), w 1.8, th 0.3;3. L. (6.2), w 1.7, th 0.27; 4. L. 6.4, w 1.8, th 0.3;5. L. (6.1), w 1.6, th 0.28; 6. L. (5.8), w 1.8, th 0.3

Shell beads:annular (45): (7) ∅ 0.55, H. 0.3; (5) ∅ 0.55, H. 0.5;(33) ∅ 0.80, H. 0.5.

Chlorite beads:∅ 0.55, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.48, H. 0.28; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.30;∅ 0.51, H. 0.22; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.22; ∅ 0.59, H. 0.30;∅ 0.54, H. 0.28; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.22;∅ 0.60, H. 0.21; ∅ 0.56, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.48, H. 0.40;∅ 0.44, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.27;∅ 0.58, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.52, H. 0.25; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.43;∅ 0.60, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.45, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.45, H. 0.27;

∅ 0.50, H. 0.22; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.25;∅ 0.49, H. 0.37; ∅ 0.52, H. 0.32; ∅ 0.61, H. 0.51;∅ 0.50, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.30;∅ 0.45, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.52, H. 0.33; ∅ 0.49, H. 0.28;∅ 0.51, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.43; ∅ 0.48, H. 0.30;∅ 0.60, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.30;∅ 0.52, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.35;∅ 0.50, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.30;∅ 0.50, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.30;∅ 0.50, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.42, H. 0.35;∅ 0.60, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.60;∅ 0.50, H. 0.25; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.45; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.30;∅ 0.55, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.21; ∅ 0.45, H. 0.35;∅ 0.51, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.53, H. 0.31; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.50;∅ 0.51, H. 0.32; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.61, H. 0.40;∅ 0.51, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.64, H. 0.46;∅ 0.76, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.61, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.35;∅ 0.50, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.80, H. 0.60; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.50;∅ 0.60, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.28; ∅ 0.51, H. 0.28;∅ 0.69, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.50;∅ 0.59, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.35;


194

∅ 0.51, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.40; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.65;∅ 0.70, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.75, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.30;∅ 0.50, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.42;∅ 0.60, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.53, H. 0.70;∅ 0.65, H. 0.58; ∅ 0.65, H. 0.65; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.60;∅ 0.70, H. 0.50; ∅ 0.52, H. 0.35; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.35;∅ 0.50, H. 0.28; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.55; ∅ 0.70, H. 0.50;∅ 0.45, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.50, H. 0.30; ∅ 0.55, H. 0.45;∅ 0.50, H. 0.62; ∅ 0.58, H. 0.48; ∅ 0.60, H. 0.42Inv. DA 6697: Polished punch from capriovinemetatarsus splinter.L. 7.0, max. w 1.5

GRAVE 218 (Fig. 169; Pls. 50-52)

LOCUS : HJVA/B/C/DNo. of individuals : 2Sex : a) F

b) MAge : a) 11-14

b) 37-41Orientation : a) NE-SW

b) NE-SWF.or. : a) SE

b) NWPosition: a) 3.Z.Ll.Ll. (Crouching, on

the left side)b) 4.Y.Kl.Km. (Crouching,on the right side)



195

PLATE 50. G. 218 stone covering.


196

COMMENTS: Massive covering in limestoneblocks with two peridotite pebbles.The pit fillingunder the covering yielded a large quantity offaunal remains (7310 g of shells; 900 g of turtleeso- and endo-skeletal remains; 500 g of fishbones; and 60 g of land mammal bones). At thebase of the deposit, in the area of the knee of indi-vidual b) was found a Phicus sp. shell (Inv. DA7270).The deceased lay in direct contact, one onthe other with the same orientation, but on dif-ferent sides. Individual b) (inferior) wore a neck-lace of 15 laurel-leaf shaped shell pendants withincised edge decoration (Inv. DA 7269).

The bottom of the pit was dug into bedrock.On the southern half of this pit, Grave 206 waslying.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES:218A: State of preservation: fragmentary. Both theskull and the postcranium are incomplete.Sex: F Age: 11-14 years.

218B: State of preservation: good. Cranium andpostcranium are complete.Sex: M (M = 0.34, calculated on 23 traits).Age: 37-41 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1645.5 mm (based on the length of the lefthumerus, the left radius, the left ulna, the leftfemur and the left tibia). Stature calculatedaccording to Pearson 161.8 cm (based on thelength of the left humerus, the left radius, the leftfemur and the left tibia). Stature calculatedaccording to Trotter and Gleser 168.3 cm (basedon the length of the left humerus, the left radius,the left ulna, the left femur and the left tibia).Stature calculated according to Olivier 163.3 cm(based on the length of the left humerus, the leftfemur and the left tibia).Average stature is 1644.8mm.The skull is iperdolicocranic (69.90) for thecranial horizontal index, ortocranic (74) for thevertico-longitudinal index, acrocranic (105.90)for the vertico-transversal index, ortocranic (62)for the auricle-longitudinal index, acrocranic(88.70) for the auricle-transversal index, eurime-

PLATE 52. G. 218 skeletal remains of individual B.

197

topic (78) for the fronto-parietal index, meso-prosopic (87.90) for the total facial index, mesenic(51.60) for the upper facial index, leptorrinic (46)for the nasal index, ortognatic (93.30) for thegnatic index, brachignatic (64.10) for themandibular index; the orbits are mesoconche(82.10). The left humerus’s robustness index is19.70; both humeri are platibrachic (74.40 theleft, and 75.60 the right) for the diaphyseal index;the head index of the left humerus is 105.30,while it is 104.40 for the right one.The robustnessindex of the radius is 15.80 for the left and 15.30for the right, calculated from the maximumlength, 16.70 the left and 16 the right when cal-culated from the physiological length; The leftradius’ diaphyseal index is 78.40, the right one is86.30.The robustness index of the ulnas is 13.60for both the left and the right one, calculated fromthe maximum length, and 15 from the physiolog-ical length. The right ulna’s diaphyseal index is99.50, and it is also ipereurolenic (100.9) fo theolenic index. The left radius-humerus index is

80.20; the upper limb is mesaticherchic (79.10)for the right radius-humerus index. Frassetto’srobustness index is 20.2 for both femurs,Anthonyand Rivet’s one is 13.1 for the left femur and 12.8for the right one; both femurs’ crests are medium(115.5 the left, and 115.4 the right one) and areplatimeric (77 the left, and 77.4 the right one) forthe platimeric index; the right femur’s head indexis 99.5.The index of robustness of the left tibia is21.9; both tibias are euricnemic (75 the left, and74.2 the right one) for the diaphyseal index, whileonly the right one mesocnemic (69.5) for thecnemic index. The lower limb is dolicocnemic(84.1 the left, and 84 the right one) for the tibia-femur index.


Inv. DA 7269: Necklace composed of 15 laurel-leaf shaped pendants with incised edge decorationand suspension hole at one end. Shell.1. L. (5.50), w 1.54, th 0.3; 2. L. (4.88), w 1.49, th


198

0.24; 3. L. 5.80, w 1.40, th 0.27; 4. L. 5.60, w 1.40,th 0.28; 5. L. (5.31), w 1.64, th 0.22; 6. L. (5.02),w 1.51, th 0.31; 7. L. (4.93), w 1.40, th 0.27; 8. L.(5.06), w 1.42, th 0.24; 9. L. (5.31), w 1.49, th0.28; 10. L. (5.32), w 1.50, th 0.21; 11. L. (5.00), w1.41, th 0.20; 12. L. 5.79, w 1.60, th 0.24; 13. L.(4.71), w 1.30, th 0.19; 14. L. (4.74), w 1.56, th0.27; 15. L. (5.75), w 1.36, th 0.25Inv. DA 7270: Complete specimen of Phicus sp.shell. L. 7.5


LOCUS : HNTBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : 10-14Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Km.Km.


Covering type : ?Level : 2

COMMENTS: The grave was excavated in twosuccessive campaigns. The skull of the individualemerged in quadrant HOPC, while the postcra-nial skeleton remained completely in quadrantHNTB, which was not immediately excavated.The south and east sections of the last square col-lapsed during the pause between seasons, so thatwe were compelled to adopt a rescue procedure inrecovering the human bones and the grave

remains. It was possible to single out traces of alimestone covering, somewhat lacking, while thefilling of the grave did not yield any faunalremains.This pit cut the north-eastern edge of Grave 74.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary for both cranium andpostcranium.Sex: ?Age: 10-14 years.


LOCUS : HSLBNo. of individuals : 1Sex : M?Age : > 20Orientation : -F.or. : -Position : R. (Secondary burial)Covering type : 3Level : 1

COMMENTS: A partial covering in limestoneblocks was found.The burial, probably a second-



199

ary one, was greatly disturbed. Few fragmentaryhuman skeletal remains were found together withthe fragments of sea turtle plastron. The pit wascut into the secondary burial ground named Area 43.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: very bad. The skull is missing, thepostcranium is represented by few fragments.Sex: M? Sex has been determined based upon thelong bones morphology.Age: > 20 years.

GRAVE 221 (Fig. 173; Pls. 53-54)

LOCUS : HSQB/C-HSVA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : MAge : 39-45Orientation : NE-SWF.or. : NWPosition : 4.Y.Lm.Lm. (Crouching, on


COMMENTS: Massive covering of limestone

blocks on which were laid numerous humanremains, apparently pertaining to the south-west-ern extension of Area 43. The filling, at variousheights, had some infant skeletal remains (part ofthe cranium and some long bones) probably froma grave disturbed by the excavation of the Grave221 pit. In the filling were found modest quanti-ties of faunal remains (100 g of fish bones and 100g of fragmented land mammal bones). In theuppermost layer of the pit filling were found, evi-dently sliding in from the surrounding area, abone pin (Inv. DA 7218: L. 8.2, w 1.1, th 0.3) fromcapriovine tibia, two Engina mendicaria beads andthree cylindrical soapstone beads (Inv. DA 7219: 1.∅ 0.75, H. 0.6; 2. ∅ 0.80, H. 0.59; 3. ∅ 0.75,H. 0.42). On the human skull, under the lime-stone covering, four peridotite pebbles were lying.The deceased lay directly on the limestonebedrock platform.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES: State ofpreservation: fragmentary. Skull and postcranialskeleton are largely incomplete.Sex: M (M = 1.57, calculated on 11 traits).Age: 39-45 years.

Stature calculated according to Manouvrier1671.5 mm (based on the length of the left


200

PLATE 53. G. 221 stone covering.


201

radius). Stature calculated according to Pearson165.8 cm (based on the length of the left radius).Stature calculated according to Trotter and Gleser171.5 cm (based on the length of the left radius).Stature calculated according to Olivier 169,6 cm(based on the length of the left radius). Averagestature is 1685.1 mm.

The right ulna is euribrachic (81) for the dia-physeal index.The robustness index of the radiusis 15.70 for the left one and 15 for the right onewhen calculated from the maximum length, 16.60instead is the left radius’ index when calculatedfrom the physiological length.The left radius’ dia-physeal index is 69.70, the right one is 71.80.


LOCUS : HTGA/DNo. of individuals : 1Sex : ?Age : ?Orientation : NE-SWF. or. : -Position : 0.Z.Hl.Km. (Crouching, on

the left side)Covering type : -Level : 3

COMMENTS:The grave did not have traces of acovering and did not become evident until thelevel of the human bones was reached. No faunal

remains were found in the residual filling of thepit. The deceased lay on the thin layer of greycompact soil which covered the bedrock plat-form.

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ABSTRACT

The analysis of skeletal remains in bio-archaeo-logical studies depends on their state of preserva-tion, and this in turn depends upon both theremains’ antiquity and the kind of soil in whichthey were buried.The overall preservation of theRH5 sample is fragmentary and frail due to aeo-lian and hydrodynamic factors that eroded thesite, mostly the upper layer.

The skeletal and dental investigations combinedtogether led us to determine the final sex and ageat death for each individual. Such data permittedpreliminary palaeodemographic analyses thatshow a mean age at death of about 30 years for theadults, as well as a life span at birth slightly shorter than 21 years. Adult individuals almost constantly showed clear evidence of metaphysis-epiphysis fusion marks in the longbones.

Minor sex differences can be reported, eventhough the overall distribution between sexes issimilar. Only do the 16-20 years class, and to asmaller extent the 21-25 years class differ. Theyshow a higher level of mortality in the female sub-sample, likely related to the high risk of death dur-ing parturition. Males seem to have a higher rate

of survivorship in the 25 years of age class, and thismay be due to the risks of pregnancy and parturi-tion which could have been very effective infemales at this age.

An important trait on which the analysisfocused is the posterior bifid spine, which consistsin the lack of fusion of the posterior sacral arches.Although some criticisms on the etiology of thetrait, a high frequency of the bifid spine is usuallyreported to be associated with genetic isolationand inbreeding. When fully expressed, the defectinvolves all the five vertebral arches. In the RH5sample the frequency of such defect is very high.

Evident biological affinities are the result of theanalysis of dental morphological traits. Dentalmorphological traits, characterised by stronggenetic component, little sexual dimorphism andlittle environmental influence that make themamong the most reliable skeletal indicator ofinter-population biological distances, provide aclue and basic evidence on the social behaviour ofsimilar human groups.The high level of biologi-cal likelihood among the RH5 community’speriods represents a further, valuable indicationthat these semi-nomadic fish-eaters did notundergo major changes during the 500 years ofuse of the site.

Pa rt III

The A n t h ro p o l ogical A n a l y s i sby Alfredo Coppa and Andrea Cucina

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KEYWORDS

Bio-archaeology, palaeodemography, genetic iso-lation, inbreeding, bifid spine.

The Arabian Peninsula has always represented apassage in trades and migrations between Africaand Asia, because of its particular geographicallocation. Archaeological findings have supportedthis evidence since the 3rd millennium BC.

Large deserts extended long the coastal shore sand we re sometimes interrupted by mangrovef o rests and sandy banks.T h ey formed an insupera-ble barrier between the inland populations and thecoastal ones that adapted to a fishing-gatheri n gsubsistence economy. M a ny studies through timep rovided evidence of this difference and re p o rt e dthat the coastal groups we re extremely poor andu n d e rd eve l o p e d . The late classic sources nastilyd e s c ribed them as «fish-eaters commu n i t i e s » .

The present study regards the prehistoricnecropolis of Ra’s al H. amra- 5, located at Qurumclose to Muscat, the capital town of the Sultanateof Oman. It was excavated by the ItalianArchaeological Mission in Oman and Baluchistan(Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, in col-laboration with the “Centro Studi e RicercheLigabue – Venezia”) between 1981 and 1985(IsMEO Activities 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984; Coppaet al. 1986; Biagi and Salvatori 1986; Santini1984). It was for many years the most ancientnecropolis ever found in the Arabian Peninsula,before the discovery, in 1995, and excavation ofthe 5th millennium BC graveyard at Al Buhais 18in the Emirate of Sharjah, and in 1992 of thecemetery of UAQ 2 in the Emirate of Umm al Qaiwain (Phillips 2002).

METHODS

The analysis of skeletal remains in bio-archaeo-logical studies lies in their state of preservationwhose frailty depends upon both remains’ antiq-uity and the kind of soil they were buried. Theoverall preservation of the RH5 sample is frag-mentary and frail due to aeolian factor that erod-ed the site, mostly the upper layer, which strati-

graphically corresponds to Phase 1. Moreover, thepresence of termite nests, though they helped pre-serve the site, contributed with the strong thermicand seasonal variation of this tropical environmentto damage the skeletal materials. The excavationitself is a crucial moment, because it can cause fur-ther deterioration of the remains as consequenceof the variation in temperature and humidity aswell as the care used to excavate them.This meansthat less care during the field work requires longerand more difficult conservation later.

Each individual was sexed according to themethods set forth by Acsadi and Nemeskeri(1970). The morphological features of the pelvisand the skull were assessed, and each trait wasassigned a value ranging between –2 (iperfemale)to +2 (ipermale).The sexualization coefficient ofthe skeleton (M) was calculated as the weighedratio between the relative sum of the values ofeach trait multiplied by its degree of importanceand the sum of all the degrees of importance.Theformula is listed below:

(t1*x1)+(t2*x2)+…+(tn*xn)/( x1 + x2 +…+ xn)where t represent each trait and x is its degreeof importance

Whereas poor preservation occurred, sex deter-mination was supported by other indicators suchas the robustness of the femural crest or the thick-ness of the skull among the others (Olivier 1955;Steel 1962; Pons 1955; Steele 1976; Thieme andSchull 1957). Data can then be compared with thearchaeological evidence from the funerary sample.

Age at death was estimated following the ‘com-bined method’ by Nemeskeri et al. (1960) and fol-lowing what was reported by Ferembach and col-leagues (1977-79). They combine together thedegree of endocranial sutures, the remodelling ofthe pubic symphysis, and the remodelling of thetrabecular bone from the proximal metaphysis andepiphysis of femur and humerus. The trabecularremodelling investigation was carried out throughradiographic analysis, as established by Acsadi andNemeskeri (1970).The indications on sex-relatedosteoporosis and cortical bone involution provid-ed by Walker and Lovejoy (1985), Smith andWalker (1964), Garn et al. (1967) and Eriksen(1979) were applied when each sample was attrib-uted to a specific remodelling phase

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As regards the ectocranial suture closure and themorphological modification of the pubic symph-ysis as indicators of age at death, the standardselaborated respectively by Meindl and Lovejoy(1985) and Meindl et al. (1985) were used. Dataobtained from these indicators were compared tothe degree of occlusal dental wear from the molarsaccording to Miles (1963), and Lovejoy (1985).Whereas, when only teeth were present, age frommolar wear was used as the only available sourceof data.

Age at death in sub-adult and juvenile individ-uals was evaluated both by considering the degreeof sinostosis between long bones metaphysis andepiphysis, and the degree of ossification of the gir-dles and the axial skeleton (Ferembach 1977-79).Particular attention was given also to the degreeof eruption of the permanent dentition of thejuveniles (Wheeler 1977). Infants’ age at death wasinstead calculated through the analysis of thedegree of formation and eruption of primary andsecondary dentition (Wheeler 1977), and theStolukal and Hanakova’s standards on long bones’length in different age classes (Stolukal andHanakova 1978). Age calculated with the «com-bined method» were listed in years. If suchmethod was not applicable, then ages were report-ed according to Vallois’ classification (1960) listedbelow:

0 - 6 years → infant I7 - 12 years → infant II13 - 21 years → juvenile22 - 40 years → adult41 - 60 years → mature61 - x years → senile

The cranial and post-cranial morphometricvariables have been scored in millimetres accord-ing to Martin and Saller (1957, 1966). They arelisted in the tables, and are preceded by the num-ber assigned to them in the standard, and the ini-tial letter of each portion of the skeleton (n =neurocranium: s = splancnocranuim, m =mandible, h = humerus, r = radius, u = ulna, f =femur, t = tibia, p = fibula). Also the morpholog-ical classes of the calculated and reported indicesare from Martin and Saller (1957).

The cranial discrete traits are the ones listed byBerry and Berry (1967), while the postcranialtraits follow Finnegan (1978).

Statures were calculated according toManouvrier (1892), Pearson (1899), Trotter andGleser (1958) and Olivier et al. (1978). Meanstatures were calculated from the average individ-ual value from each method.

Dental metric traits have been scored with adigimatic calibre by measuring the mesio-distalabd bucco-lingual diameters and, from these two,calculating the occlusal surface (Moorrees 1957;Garn et al. 1967). Descriptive statistics have beenelaborated on the mean values calculated from thetwo antimeric teeth.

Dental morphological traits were scored accord-ing to the procedures set forth by the ArizonaState University Dental Anthropology System(Turner et al. 1991). Each tooth was investigated,and from each individual the most highlyexpressed traits from each antimeric pair wasselected. This way it is assumed that the trait’sexpression chosen represents the maximumgenetic potential. Morphological traits are charac-terised by a strong stability, very little environ-mental influence and little sexual dimorphism.

Linear enamel hypoplasia is a defect in theenamel that occurs during the formation stages ofthe dental crown (Goodman and Rose, 1990).Theintrinsic characteristics of the enamel make it sta-ble throughout life. No remodelling occurs, thusall the changes in its macroscopic and microscop-ic structures remain unaltered for the whole life.For this reason, the defects that occur duringenamel growth are visible also in adult individu-als.Their investigation allows us to assess the levelof environmental pressure and the growth relatedproblem the individuals had to face during theirearly years of life.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The skeletal and dental investigations combinedtogether led us to determine the final sex and ageat death for each individual (Tables 1.1 and 1.2).Such data allowed us to carry out preliminarypaleodemographic analyses that show a mean age

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at death of about 30 years for the adults, as well asa life span at birth slightly shorter than 21 years(Tables 1.3 – 1.9). This demographic pattern isconsistent with the ones from Old WorldMesolithic graveyards (Acsadi and Nemeskeri1970).Adult individuals almost constantly showedclear evidence of metaphysis-epiphysis fusionmarks in the long bones. Minor sex differences

can be reported, even though the overall distribu-tion between sexes is similar. Only do the 16-20years class, and to a smaller extent the 21-25 yearsclass differ.They show a higher level of mortalityin the female sub-sample, likely related to the highrisk of death during parturition. Graphic distribu-tions are illustrated in Figs. 1 to 5. Fig. 1 shows therate of survivorship (lx) between periods, sexpooled together. Distribution is much similar,only does period 2 seem to slightly separate byassuming little lower values in the central classes.Fig. 2 (life expectancy between periods) againshows a pattern very similar to the previous one,as the consequence of the lower values of ‘lx’;period 2 is slightly lower than the other periods.Sex comparisons are reported in Figs. 3, 4 and 5,respectively for rate of survivorship, life expectan-cy and number of deaths. Males seem to have ahigher rate of survivorship in the 25 years of ageclass on, which may be due to the risks of preg-nancy and parturition which could have been

Figure 1: Necropolis of RH5: percentage of survivalship in each ageclass (lx), periods

Figure 2: Necropolis of RH5: life expectancy in each age class (ex),periods

Figure 3: Necropolis of RH5 - number of deaths in each class (dx), -males versus females

Figure 4: Necropolis of RH5: percentage of survivalship in each age class(lx), males versus females

Figure 5: Necropolis of RH5 - life expectancy in each age class (ex) -males versus females

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very effective in females at this age. Also, lifeexpectancy is higher in males. In females itdecreases with an almost linear pace, while inmales it increases after 40 years of age.The higherrate of mortality in females is evident also fromFig. 5 which shows the number of deaths per ageclass. Females die more often in the 20-29 yearsgroup; the situation reverses in the 30-39 yearsgroup when males show a higher number ofdeaths.

This is anyway consistent with ethnographicaland archaeological analyses (ConstandseWestermann and Newell 1984; Coppa et al. 1986;Green et al. 1974; Owsley and Bass, 1979; VanGerven et al. 1981; Clarke 1977; Lallo 1972;Bennet 1973; Swedlund and Armelagos 1969).Such a pattern was also reported from moderndeveloping countries and from Italy during theearly 1930s (Calot and Caselli 1988). Significantalso is the lack of infants dead in the class 0 (zero)years.The presence of more than 85% dead infantsfrom this class in multiple burials, associated withadult females (likely their mothers who died withthem during the delivery), made us think about apreferential burial pattern that allowed singleneonatal burials in exceptional cases only. Thiswould explain the low frequency of neonatal, andoverall infant individuals, and was already report-ed in many other prehistoric contexts (Nemeskeri1978).

The poor state of preservation and the particu-lar conditions of the burial site, as mentioned ear-lier, allowed us to score only a few anthropomet-ric measurements within the 144 burialsunearthed. Where possible, metric traits werescored on each individual.Tables 2.1 – 2.6 list theindividual values and the related indices measuredout of the 18 measures from the neurocranium, 16from the splancnocranium, 16 from the mandible,11 from the humerus, 6 from the radius, 9 fromthe ulna, 14 from the femur, 4 from the fibula.Both left and right long bones were scored.Tables3.1 and 3.2 show the descriptive statistics (N,mean, s.d., CV, minimum and maximum values)according to sex and skeletal segment. Upperlimbs’ metric traits, according to sex and period,are listed in Tables 3.3 to 3.14.Tables for the sam-ple pooled together regardless of sex and periods

are also listed (Tables 3.15 – 3.18). Lower limbs’traits from the sample divided by sex and periodsare in Tables 3.19 – 3.24.The coefficients of vari-ability are usually low, revealing intra-grouphomogeneity for the metric traits.Then, to assessif micro-evolutionary factors operated betweenthe three phases, pair-wise comparisons betweenphases (phase 1 vs 2; phase 1 vs 3 and phase 2 vs3) were carried out separately for males andfemales.Tables 3.25 and 3.26 list the comparisonsbetween phase 1 vs 2, Tables 3.27 and 3.28 forphase 1 vs 3 for the two sexes respectively.Table3.29 shows the results of the comparison betweenphases 2 and 3 for the male sub-sample only, forfemale were not sufficiently represented.An over-all analysis indicated that no significant differenceswere evident for the 42 measures scored, with theonly exception of measure 13 from the left ulna,female sample, phase 1 vs. 2.

This evidence fits well in the pattern of homo-geneity already noted in this population(Macchiarelli 1989; Palmieri et al. 1994).To betterassess this level of homogeneity, some cranial andpostcranial discrete traits were considered, as theyare known to be under genetic control. Individualdata from such traits are shown in Tables 4.1, 4.2and 4.3 respectively for phases 1, 2 and 3.They arelisted separately according to sex, as well as pooledtogether; bilateral traits were listed also accordingto side.

Chi-squared comparisons with Yates’ correctionfor continuity are reported in Tables 4.4 and 4.5for phase 1 vs 2, 4.6 and 4.7 for phase 1 vs 3, 4.8and 4.9 for phase 2 vs 3 (all respectively for cra-nial and postcranial traits). All comparisons butone showed p values higher than 0.05.

Many traits are completely absent in this popu-lation.These include the metopic suture, the pala-tine torus, the maxillary torus, the double condi-lar facet, the precondyle tubercle, the femural 3rdtrochanter, the supraepicondyloid process. On thecontrary, several other traits show high frequen-cies, like the supreme nucal line (about 80%), theparietal foramen (higher than 70%), the frontalforamen (about 50%), presence of the anterior tib-ial facet, the anterior and lateral tibial facets, theolecranic fossa perforation (about 30-40%). Allthis suggests the hypothesis that the phenomenon

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can be attributed to genetic isolation (Cavicchi etal. 1978; Coppa et al. 1986; Grilletto 1982).A fur-ther indication comes from the preliminary resultsfrom paleoseriological analyses (Danubio et al.,1983).

Statures were calculated using the four bestknown methods (Manouvrier, Pearson, Trotter-Gleser, Olivier), and the average stature corre-sponded to the mean value from the four meth-ods. The descriptive statistics both for the threephases and the periods pooled together are shownin Tables 5.1 – 5.4. Fig. 6 shows the mean statureof the individuals at RH5 divided according tosex and periods.An increase is evident from peri-od 1 to period 2 for both sexes, with a slightdecrease in period 3.The spurt is much more evi-dent in males, while females tend to remains verystable despite the minor differences.

One more trait on which the analysis focused isthe posterior bifid spine,which consists in the lackof fusion of the posterior sacral arches. Althoughthere are some criticisms on the etiology of thetrait, a high frequency of the bifid spine is usuallyreported to be associated with genetic isolationand inbreeding (Bennet 1972; Castro de La Mataand Buonavia 1980; Ferembach 1962, 1963;Morse 1978). When fully expressed, the defectinvolves all five vertebral arches. In the RH5 sam-ple the frequency of such defect is very high.Table6.1 lists the individual sacral defects for each ver-tebra.The ‘+’ indicates the arch is fused,‘-’ that thearch is not fused, and «d» indicates a defect in thefusion (arch partly fused but not completely). Inthe last column the ‘+’ sign indicates the individ-uals showing the defect in all the sacral vertebras.

The absolute and percentage frequencies ofbifid arches for individual vertebra are listed inTable 6.2. S5 shows this to be the most affectedone (100.0%), followed by S4 (83.3%).The com-plete lack of fusion is lower in S1, S2 and S3, withan incidence ranging between 36.6% and 47.9%,while the defects range between 12% in S2 and19% in S1.Table 6.3 reports the absolute and per-cent frequency of the bifid sacra. It equals 45.9%when only the sure cases are considered, but risesto 87.5% when the partially bifid spines areincluded.These values are among the highest everfound in prehistoric literature, and enhance thehypothesis of genetic isolation of this prehistoriccommunity (Table 6.4). The percent frequenciesof the sacrum-coccigeus hiatus are listed in Table6.5. No differences can be noted between periods(Table 6.6). The presence of the defect, instead,seems to have been detrimental; the mean age atdeath decreases from 32.8% to 25.1% when thetotally bifid spine was present (Table 6.6).

Tables 7.1 to 7.3 list the total number of per-manent teeth available for study.Teeth, which pro-vide a very useful source of information inarchaeological populations have been listedaccording to period, sex and arch (maxilla andmandible). The total number of teeth available,divided by periods, and gender, indicates that nounder-representation took place. Thus, despitepossible stocastic fluctuations, the results shouldrepresent actual similarities in time or betweensexes.

Individual dental metric traits, measured thelong Mesio-Distal (M-D) and Bucco-Lingual (B-L) diameters, and the occlusal surface areas are list-ed in Tables 8.1 to 8.6 divided by arch and peri-od. The descriptive statistics for sex pooledtogether are reported in Tables 8.7 (period 1), 8.8(period 2) and 8.9 (period 3). Tables 8.10 showsthe metric data for males of all periods gatheredtogether, while 8.11 lists the same for females.TheRH5 sample, regardless of sex and period, is thenlisted in Table 8.12. Period 3 seems to show thelowest level of variability.A graphic representationis available in Fig. 7, which highlights a high levelof concordance and data overlapping among thethree periods, to support the level of biologicalcontinuity through the whole time the site was in

Figure 6: Necropolis of RH5 - stature divided according to sex andperiods

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use. Also males and females (sexual dimorphism)for periods clustered together, do not show evi-dent differences (Fig. 8). Males overcome females,as expected, with some minor exceptions, but theoverall difference is not remarkable.

Evident biological affinities are the result of theanalysis of dental morphological traits, the fre-

quencies of which are listed in Tables 9.1 and 9.2.Dental morphological traits, characterised bystrong genetic component, little sexual dimor-phism and little environmental influence thatmake them among the most reliable skeletal indi-cator of inter-population biological distances, pro-vide a clue and basic evidence on how similarhuman groups are. The high level of biologicallikelihood among the RH5 community’s periodsrepresents a further, valuable indication that thesesemi-nomadic fish-eaters did not undergo majorchanges during the 500 years of exploitation ofthe site.

The analysis of hypoplastic defects (Tables 10.1to 10.6) was performed on 952 teeth, about halfthe total number of teeth available.This is due tothe maxilla’s and mandible’s structure that consistsof pair of antimers teeth. For each pair, only themostly affected tooth was considered in the finalcount.The selection could be done only after allthe teeth had been investigated. In the very manycase no differences were noted the left tooth wasconsidered.

The level of hypoplastic defects does not showany particular differences among the periods, evi-dence that no major changes took place duringtime. The teeth harbouring the higher rate ofdefects are the maxillary central incisor and themandibular canine. Interestingly, instead, is thelevel of physiological, developmental stressbetween males and females. Given that both sexesshow very high levels of enamel hypoplasia, toindicate that living conditions during growthwere strongly affected by external constraints,females show a higher level of developmentalstress than males.This is evident also from Fig. 9(chronological distribution of enamel defectsthrough age classes) in which both sexes peak afterage two, but females reveal an earlier occurrencefrom age 0.5, while males start from age 1.5.Thiscould be the result of cultural practices aiming atpreferentially buffering males who, in turn, arelikely more susceptible to environmental pressurethan females (Stini 1969). Fig. 10 represents thegraphic distribution of chronological occurrenceof stress defects within the early years of life of theRH5 individuals according to periods.The high-er rate of developmental defects takes place after

Figure 7: Necropolis of RH5 - dental metric traits - mandibularocclusal surface, periods

Figure 8: Necropolis of RH5 - dental metric traits - mandibularocclusal surface, males versus females.

Figure 9: Necropolis of RH5 -Slight hypoplasia, (I1+C,) - males versusfemales

214

about two years of age. This age corresponds tothe time of life during which the infants becomefree from maternal care and become more suscep-tible to external factors. Moreover, the cessation ofbreastfeeding deprives them of maternal antibod-ies which results in a lower physiological resist-ance. Nonetheless, periods do not differentiatefrom each other.

Dental occlusal wear is an indicator of mastica-tory activity regardless of age at death. Groups areformed according to periods or sex.Wear has beeninvestigate on all teeth available, and reported formaxillary and mandibular teeth as well as left andright semiarches. Anterior teeth and premolarshave been scored according to Molnar’s scalewhich considers the occlusal surface as a wholeand provides a ranking scale ranging from no wearto complete deletion of the crown. Molar teeth,instead, have been scored basing resting uponScott’s scale which, in turn, divides each crowninto four quadrants and each is investigated inde-pendently from the others.The final rank derivesfrom the sum of the four quandrants’ scores.Tables11.1 to 11.6 list the percent frequencies ofMolnar’s scores according to teeth for the maxil-lary dentition, while Tables 11.7 to 11.12 list thesame scores in the mandibular teeth. Groups areformed based on periods or sex.While no majorsignificant differences can be reported for thethree periods, the differences between males andfemales are a little more noteworthy.Males tend tohave a higher degree of occlusal wear thanfemales, as Tables 11.5, 11.6 (maxillary) and 11.11and 11.12 (mandibular) show. Very few females

reach the highest degree which causes the crownto be completely worn out, while this pattern ismore common in males. Despite the fact thatmortality rates may affect the degree of wear, itseems that males tended to use anterior teeth andpremolars more heavily than females. This couldbe due to both masticatory and extra-masticatoryactivities. Similar results are also from the analysisof molar teeth (listed in Tables 11.13 to 11.24).Also in this case periods do not differentiate witheach other, while males indicate a more intenseuse than females.

Still related to the occlusal surface is the analysisof the shape of the occlusal we a r. L i ke the degre eof we a r, the sample has been divided according top e riods or sex, both for maxillary and mandibu l a rd e n t i t i o n s . Pe rcent frequencies can be found inTa bles 12.1 to 12.6 for the maxilla and 12.7 to12.12 for the mandibl e.The high level of wear inthe sample is evident in the high frequency of thef u l l y - c o n c ave shape which means that the wholeocclusal surface is re p resented by dentine. T h eother ve ry common surface is the flat one, so allthe ori ginal cusps have become lost. N o t ewo rt hy,for the upper central incisors is the ‘ n o t c h e d ’ s h a p ewhich witnesses the use of anterior teeth in extra-m a s t i c a t o ry activ i t i e s .

The last trait that characterises the occlusal sur-face is the direction of wear facets.Tables 13.1 to13.12 list the percent frequencies of the directiondata. Maxillary anterior teeth mainly show themesio-distal direction as primary component fol-lowed by the buccolingual one. Comparisonamong periods do not reveal significant differ-ences through time, which indicates a stability inthe way teeth were used by the RH5 settlers.Also,males and females present similar directions andcomponent; no differential masticatory activitiesbetween sexes were performed.The lower denti-tion shows a primary flatness in the anterior teeth,canines and premolars are mainly mesio-distallyoriented, the first molars are linguo-buccal, whilein all the periods the second and third molars arehorizontal. Similarly with the upper dentition, noevidence of differential activity can be notedbetween males and females.

In conclusion, the «fish-eaters» community ofRH5 represents a geographically isolated popula-

Figure 10: Necropolis of RH5 - Slight hypoplasia, anterior dentition,periods.

215

tion that kept on relying on subsistence patternsnot related to any form of agriculture, in a periodof time during which agricultural models hadbeen well in use for a long time in surroundingareas. At present, we completely lack of morpho-metric morphological data on coeval and moreancient populations from the Arabian peninsula.This, and the little information on more recentlocal communities, not reliable or statistical com-parison, do not allow us to assess the origin andthe biological evolution of the native Arabianpeninsula populations.

Overall, the prehistoric community that settledat RH5 for a period of 500 years did not seem tohave undergone drastic, major changes in theirlifestyle and living conditions (Cucina 1991).Anykind of data from the three periods overlap.Females seemed to have lived a little more harshconditions than males, or at least to have sufferedmore the environmental constraints, even thoughdifferences between sexes do not appear to behighly remarkable.

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217

Burial Period Sex Ageatdeath

27 3 M 38-56

28 2 M 19-28

29 3 ? >20

30 3 M?? 20-40

31 2 M 38-54

32 1 F 23-39

33 2 M 30-39

34 2 M? 35-43

35 1 F? 20-26

36 2 M 39-45

37 3 M 28-37

38 1 ? 8-12

39 2 ? 1-3

40 2 ? 1-3

41 2 ? 3-6

42A 2 ? 4-6

42B 2 ? >20

42C 2 ? 0-3months

44A 1 F 38-46

44B 1 ? 6-12months

45 1 ? >20

46 1 M >20

47 1 M 26-35

48 2 M 29-35

49 1 F 31-40

50A 1 M 32-40

50B 1 M 38-46

51 1 M 58-64

52A 1 F 40-50

52B 1 ? 6-12months

53A 1 F? 37-46

53B 1 M 32-36

54 2 M 35-41

55 1 M 23-39

Table1.1:NecropolisofRH5–Determinationofsexandageatdeath.


1 1 F? 21-27

2 2 M 41-47

3 2 M?? >20

4 2 F? 12-15

5 2 M 34-43

6A 3 F 44-52

6B 3 ? 0-6months

7 3 ? 6-18months

8A 3 ? >20

8B 3 ? 6-10

9 3 F? >20

10 2 ? 10-15

11 3 M?? >20

12A 1 ? >20

12B 1 ? 0-6months

13 1 F?? 20-25

14 1 M?? 23-43

15A 1 F 15-18

15B 1 ? Fetal

17 1 ? >20

19 2 M?? 20-26

20 2 ? 3-7

21A 1 F 39-45

21B 1 ? 2-3

21C 1 ? 0-6months

22 1 F 20-30

23 2 M? 23-30

24 2 F 34-42

25SUP 1 M 16-19

25INF 3 M 20-26

26A 2 F? 12-15

26B 2 ? Fetal

26C 3 M 24-30

26D 3 ? 19-25

218


56 3 ? 4-8

57A 1 ? 21-36

57B 1 M 26-40

58 2 M 26-40

59A 2 F? 14-16

59B 3 M 37-41

60 3 F 20-26

61 3 M 25-30

62 2 F? 30-50

63 2 M 48-56

64 2 M 20-30

65 2 M 35-42

66 1 F 24-30

67 3 M 47-63

68SUPA 2 M 25-31

68SUPB 2 M 26-35

68SUPC 2 M 26-35

68SUPD 2 F 16-19

68SUPE 2 F 19-25

68SUPF 2 ? 4-8

68SUPG 2 ? 5-9

68SUPH 2 ? 2-4

68INFA 3 M? 28-38

68INFB 3 F?? 22-30

68INFC 3 F?? 23-31

68INFD 3 ? 1-2

69A 3 M 22-32

69B 2 M 32-41

70 1 M? 20-30

71 2 M? 10-14

72A 3 M 35-43

72B 3 F? 12-16

72C 3 ? 5-10

73 2 F 37-46


74 3 ? 0-6months

75 3 ? 3-9months

76SUP 2 ? 6-10

76INFA 3 M 35-40

76INFB 3 ? 0-12months

77 2 M 33-40

78 2 F 36-44

79 3 F?? 13-17

80 2 M 14-18

81 3 F 37-49

82 3 F 39-45

83 3 F 18-21

84 2 ? 3-5

85 2 ? 12-14

86A 3 M? 34-42

86B 3 ? 6-12months

86C 3 ? 6-12months

87 3 F? 14-17

88 3 M 38-46

89 2 F 18-20

90 3 ? >20

91 3 M? 20-26

92 2 ? 3-12months

93 3 F 11-15

94 2 F 25-34

95 2 F 20-25

96 3 M 36-41

97A 2 M 47-56

97B 2 M 17-19

98 1 ? 13-19

99 1 M?? 20-30

200 1 M?? >20

201 1 F 25-34

202 1 ? 1-2

Table1.1:(Continued)

219


203 1 ? >20

204 1 ? >20

205 1 F 26-32

206 1 ? >20

207 1 F? 34-42

208 1 M 30-50

209 1 M? 26-35

210 3 F 17-20

211 1 F 33-39

212 3 M? 35-53

213 3 M 23-48


214 3 M 42-50

215SUP 2 ? 4-8

215INF 3 M 39-45

216 2 ? 4-7

217 3 F 17-20

218A 3 F 11-14

218B 3 M 37-41

219 2 ? 10-14

220 1 M? >20

221 3 M 39-45

Table1.2:NecropolisofRH5–Traitstodetermineageatdeath.


Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 1 F? (I) 20-25 19-25 21-27

2 2 M IIIA II I 47-51 41-47

3 2 M?? 20-x 20-x

4 2 F 14-16 10-14 12-15

5 2 M? II (II) 34-43

6A 3 F?? 0-6months 0-0

7 3 ? 6-18months 1-2

8A 3 ? 20-x

8B 3 ? 6-10

9 3 F 20-x 20-x

10 2 ? 10-15

11 3 M?? 20-x 20-x

12A 1 ? 20-x

12B 1 ? 0-6months 0-0

13 1 F?? I (I) 20-25 20-25

14 1 M?? I 23-43

15A 1 F 15-18 15-18

15B 1 ? fetal 0-0

17 1 ? 20-x 20-x

19 2 M?? I I (I) I 20-26

20 2 ? 3-7

21A 1 F III I I 39-45

21B 1 ? 2-3 2-3 2-3

220


21C 1 ? 0-6months 0-0

22 1 F 22-28 20-30

23 2 F I/II (I) 23-30

24 2 F II I 40-50 34-42

25SUP 1 M 16-19 16-19

25INF 3 M I I I 22-26 20-26

26A 2 F 12-15 12-15

26B 2 ? fetal fetal 0-0

26C 3 M II I I 24-30

26D 3 F 19-25 19-25

27 3 M II II 55-x 38-56

28 2 M I I 19-28

29 3 ? 20-x 20-x

30 3 M?? 20-x 20-40

31 2 M I IV 38-54

32 1 F I 23-39

33 2 M I III 34-40 30-39

34 2 M I 38-42 35-43

35 1 F I I I 20-26

36 2 M III I I 39-45

37 3 M I II 33-39 28-37

38 1 ? 8-12 8-12

39INF 2 ? 1-3 1-3 1-3

40 2 ? 1-3 1-3 1-3

41 2 ? 4-6 3-5 3-6

42A 2 ? 4-6 4-6

42B 2 ? 20-x 20-x

42C 2 ? 0 0-0

44A 1 F? IIIA I 44-51 38-46

44B 1 ? 6-12months 0-0

45 1 ? 20-x 20-x

46 1 M 20-x

47 1 M IIA I 36-40 26-35

48 2 M II II I 25-30 29-35

49 1 F II II 40-45 31-40

50A 1 M II-IIIA (I) 32-40

50B 1 M IIIB I 38-46

51 1 M IV II II 58-64

52A 1 F 40-50 20-x 40-50

52B 1 ? 6-12months 0-0

53A 1 F? IIIB I 33-39 37-46

Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

221

53B 1 M IIA II II I 26-30 32-36

54 2 M IIIA I I 35-39 35-41

55 1 M I 23-39

56 3 ? 4-8 4-8

57A 1 ? (I) 23-31 21-36

57B 1 M (I) 28-36 26-40

58 2 M (I) 28-36 26-40

59A 2 ? 14-16 14-16

59B 3 M III I (I) I 37-41

60 3 F I (I) I 20-26

61 3 M II I I 25-30

62 2 F (I) 30-50 30-50

63 2 M IV II 44-48 48-56

64 2 M 20-30

65 2 M 36-43 35-42

66 1 F II I I 24-30

67 3 M II IV 47-63

68SUPA 2 M II I I 25-31

68SUPB 2 M II I 26-35

68SUPC 2 M II I 26-35

68SUPD 2 F 16-19 16-19

68SUPE 2 F I I 19-25

68SUPF 2 ? 4-8 4-8

68SUPG 2 ? 5-9 5-9

68SUPH 2 ? 2-4 2-4

68INFA 3 M? I/II 29-36 28-38

68INFB 3 F?? 21-27 22-30

68INFC 3 F?? 22-28 23-31

68INFD 3 ? 1-2 1-2 1-2

69A 2 M? (I) 32-42 32-41

69B 3 M 20-30 22-32

70 1 M? 20-30

71 2 M <14 12-15 10-14

72A 3 M (II) (III) 38-42 35-43

72B 3 F 12-16 12-16

72C 3 ? 6-10 4-8 5-10

73 2 F III I 53-59 37-46

74 3 ? 0-6months 0-0

75 3 ? 3-9months 0-0

76SUP 2 ? 6-10 6-8 6-10

76INFA 3 M IIB I IV 35-40

Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

222

76INFB 3 ? 6-12months 0-6months 0-0

77 2 M (II) (IV) 34-40 33-40

78 2 F (II) (III) 38-45 36-44

79 3 ? 13-17 13-17

80 2 M 14-18 14-18 14-18

81 3 F IIB 27-33 37-49

82 3 F IIIB I I 41-46 39-45

85 2 ? 12-14 12-14

86A 3 M I II 37-41 34-42

86B 3 ? 3-9months 6-18months 0-0

86C 3 ? 6-12months 6-12months 0-0

87 3 F 14-17 14-17

88 3 M 43-48 38-46

89 2 F 16-20 19-23 18-20

90 3 ? 20-x

91 3 M I I I I 16-20 18-21 20-26

92 2 ? 6-9months 6-9months 0-0

93 3 F 10-14 10-14 11-15

94 2 F II I 35-40 25-34

95 2 F I 17-19 20-25

96 3 M II/IIIA II I 39-45 36-41

97A 2 M IIIA II >55 47-56

97B 2 M 15-18 18-20 17-19

98 1 ? 13-19

99 1 M 20-25 25-32 20-30

200 1 M?? 20-x

201 1 F II I 31-36 25-34

202 1 ? 1-2

203 1 ? 20-x 20-x

204 1 ? 20-x 20-x

205 1 F I II I 38-42 26-32

206 1 ? 20-x 20-x

207 1 F? II I 34-42

208 1 M II/III >55 30-50

209 1 M? II I 26-35

210 3 F? 16-20 18-21 17-20

211 1 F I I/II IV 35-40 33-39

212 3 F II 35-53

213 3 M I I >55 23-48

214 3 M IVA I 42-50

215SUP 2 ? 4-6 5-8 4-8

Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

223

215INF 3 M IIIB I I 36-41 39-45

216 2 ? 4-6 5-7 4-7

217 3 F I 17-20 18-21 17-20

218A 3 F 10-14 12-14 11-14

218B 3 M IIIA I I I 36-41 37-41

219 2 M? 10-11 13-15 10-14

220 1 M 20-x 20-x

221 3 M IIIA I I 39-45 39-45

1) Degreeofwearofsynphisis’surface

2) Degreeofresorbtionofthetabecularstructureoftheheadofthefemur

3) Degreeofresorbtionofthertabecularstructureoftheheadofthehumerus

4) Degreeofobliterationoftheendocranialsutures

5) Patternoffusionbetweenthediaphysesandepyphisesofthelongbones

6) Ageatdeathfromdentaldevelopment(infantsandjuveniles)andfromthedegreeofdentalwear(adults)

7) Longboneslengthintheinfants

8) Finalage

Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


Burial Per. Sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Table1.3:ReducedtablesofmortalityofthenecropolisofRH5:M+F-Period1+2+3

Age Dx dx lx qx Lx Tx exclasses

0-0 14.00 8.92 100.00 89.17 95.54 2565.60 25.66

1-4 9.75 6.21 91.08 68.18 351.81 2470.06 27.12

5-9 9.08 5.79 84.87 68.17 407.63 2118.25 24.96

10-14 10.37 6.60 79.09 83.51 382.02 1710.62 21.63

15-19 11.80 7.51 72.48 103.67 343.58 1328.59 18.33

20-24 15.92 10.14 64.97 156.10 300.20 985.02 15.16

25-29 18.35 11.69 54.83 213.15 243.83 684.81 12.49

30-34 14.95 9.52 43.14 220.69 191.86 440.99 10.22

35-39 21.48 13.68 33.62 406.87 135.76 249.12 7.41

40-44 18.10 11.53 19.94 577.97 67.60 113.36 5.68

45-49 7.51 4.78 8.42 568.26 28.20 45.76 5.44

50-x 5.70 3.63 3.63 1000.00 17.57 17.57 4.84

Total 157.00 100.00 2565.60

224

Table1.4:ReducedtableofmortalityofthenecropolisofRH5–AdultsM+FPeriod1+2+3


20-24 15.92 15.61 100.00 156.10 462.08 1516.14 15.16

25-29 18.35 17.99 84.39 213.15 375.30 1054.06 12.49

30-34 14.95 14.65 66.40 220.69 295.32 678.77 10.22

35-39 21.48 21.05 51.75 406.87 208.96 383.45 7.41

40-44 18.10 17.74 30.69 577.97 104.05 174.49 5.68

45-49 7.51 7.36 12.95 568.26 43.40 70.44 5.44

50-x 5.70 5.59 5.59 1000.00 27.04 27.04 4.83

Total 102.00 100.00 1516.14

Table1.5:ReducedtableofmortalityofthenecropolisofRH5-Adults-Males-Period1+2+3

Age Dx dx lx qx Lx Tx exclassesx

20-24 5.32 10.03 100.00 100.33 476.25 1645.26 16.45

25-29 8.74 16.50 89.97 183.35 409.38 1169.00 12.99

30-34 8.82 16.64 73.47 226.49 326.26 759.62 10.34

35-39 12.96 24.45 56.83 430.16 225.35 433.36 7.63

40-44 9.54 17.99 32.38 555.65 108.59 208.01 6.42

45-49 3.50 6.61 14.39 459.54 53.12 99.42 6.91

50-65 4.12 7.78 7.78 1000.00 46.30 46.30 5.95

Total 53.00 100.00 1645.26

Table1.6:ReducedtableofmortalityofthenecropolisofRH5-Adults-Females-Period1+2+3


20-24 7.86 24.55 100.00 245.47 439.54 1324.91 13.25

25-29 6.39 19.98 75.45 264.74 320.03 885.37 11.73

30-34 3.52 10.99 55.48 198.01 247.96 565.34 10.19

35-39 4.99 15.61 44.49 350.79 188.99 317.37 7.13

40-44 5.76 17.99 28.89 622.90 97.43 128.38 4.44

45-49 2.80 8.76 10.89 804.31 27.86 30.95 2.84

50-x 0.68 2.13 2.13 1000.00 3.09 3.09 1.45

Total 32.00 100.00 1324.91

225

Table1.7:ReducedtableofmortalityofthenecropolisofRH5-Period1-Adults-M+F


20-24 4.21 15.02 100.00 150.23 466.70 1385.70 13.86

25-29 6.19 22.11 84.98 260.18 368.29 918.99 10.81

30-34 5.74 20.50 62.87 326.02 264.97 550.71 8.76

35-39 5.43 19.38 42.37 457.36 162.99 285.74 6.74

40-44 3.82 13.64 22.99 593.28 77.35 122.74 5.34

45-49 1.48 5.28 9.35 565.12 29.07 45.40 4.85

50-x 1.14 4.07 4.07 1000.00 16.32 16.32 4.01

Total 28.00 100.00 1385.70



20-24 3.64 13.00 100.00 130.05 468.83 1562.45 15.62

25-29 4.57 16.31 87.00 187.49 392.42 1093.62 12.57

30-34 4.55 16.25 70.68 229.83 313.65 701.20 9.92

35-39 6.49 23.19 54.44 426.07 215.28 387.55 7.12

40-44 5.10 18.23 31.24 583.37 103.67 172.27 5.51

45-49 1.83 6.52 13.02 500.89 47.43 68.61 5.27

50-x 1.82 6.50 6.50 1000.00 21.18 21.18 3.26

Total 28.00 100.00 1562.45



20-24 5.57 18.58 100.00 185.82 452.06 1574.91 15.75

25-29 4.69 15.63 81.42 192.01 364.52 1122.85 13.79

30-34 2.36 7.87 65.78 119.57 305.52 758.33 11.53

35-39 6.16 20.52 57.92 354.24 247.07 452.80 7.82

40-44 6.37 21.24 37.40 567.86 126.82 205.73 5.50

45-49 3.00 10.01 16.16 619.26 52.16 78.91 4.88

50-x 1.85 6.15 6.15 1000.00 26.76 26.76 4.35

Total 30.00 100.00 1574.91

226

Table2.1:NecropolisofRH5-cranialmetrictraits


Burial Sex g-op n-ba eu-eu ft-ft co-co st-st ast-ast ba-br po-br 1 5 8 9 10 10B 12 17 20

Period1

47 M 192.00 95.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

55 M 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 131.00 0.00

66 F 175.00 0.00 0.00 86.60 0.00 0.00 98.40 0.00 0.00

201 F 0.00 0.00 124.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Period2

48 M 188.00 0.00 133.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 124.00 0.00

54 M 188.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

63 M 185.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

94 F 187.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Period3

25INF M 195.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

60 F 174.00 94.00 134.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 122.00 0.00

61 M 193.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.00 0.00

67 M 191.25 0.00 130.00 92.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

82 F 188.00 0.00 0.00 80.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

83 F 0.00 93.60 0.00 90.00 107.50 105.00 0.00 129.00 0.00

88 M 0.00 103.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

96 M 181.00 94.00 0.00 94.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 127.50 0.00

213 M 194.00 97.30 0.00 87.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 131.00 0.00

217 F 179.25 100.00 122.00 98.00 113.00 111.00 115.00 126.00 109.00

218B M 183.00 101.00 128.00 99.80 0.00 0.00 103.30 135.50 113.50

Burial Sex Circ. Circ. Circ. Arch Arch Arch Cord Cord oriz. trans. sag. n-br br-l l-o n-br br-l 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Period1

66 F 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 111.00 0.00 0.00

Period3

26C M 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 116.00 0.00

60 F 0.00 0.00 0.00 122.00 121.00 0.00 105.50 109.00

61 M 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 116.00 117.00

67 M 0.00 0.00 373.00 127.00 135.00 111.00 115.60 120.90

83 F 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 109.00 0.00

96 M 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.90 0.00

213 M 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 119.10 0.00

215INF M 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 120.00 0.00 0.00

217 F 491.00 290.00 359.00 116.00 127.00 115.00 109.50 115.50

218B M 0.00 0.00 372.00 127.00 128.00 118.00 117.00 115.30

227


Burial Sex Cord ba-br fmt-fmt zy-zy zmi-zmi n-gn n-pr mf-ek mf-ek l-o 31 40 43 45 46 47 48 51 51 sn dx

Period1

47 M 0.0 102.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.5 0.0 37.0

66 F 90.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 0.0

Period2

54 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.8 0.0 0.0

77 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.8 0.0 0.0

78 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.2 0.0

97B M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.5 36.2 0.0

Period3

60 F 0.0 107.5 0.0 0.0 91.8 0.0 71.7 0.0 0.0

61 M 100.0 111.0 0.0 125.5 98.0 0.0 71.0 0.0 40.0

67 M 93.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

82 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.1 0.0 69.7 37.0 0.0

83 F 0.0 91.0 99.3 0.0 88.0 0.0 62.5 38.0 37.3

88 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 106.8 64.0 38.2 0.0

96 M 0.0 98.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.9 0.0 0.0

213 M 0.0 95.9 0.0 0.0 102.6 0.0 65.2 0.0 0.0

215INF M 97.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

217 F 90.0 96.5 116.7 0.0 99.1 110.9 66.0 39.7 37.8

218B M 97.8 94.2 110.8 126.1 95.5 110.8 65.1 40.4 38.0

228


Burial Sex h.orb. h.orb l.nas. n-ns pr-alv ekm-ekm ol.sta. enm-enm 52left 52right 54 55 60 61 62 63 sn dx

Period1

21A F 0.0 0.0 23.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

47 M 0.0 31.0 26.0 54.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

55 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

66 F 33.0 0.0 23.0 45.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

211 F 0.0 0.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 60.4 42.0 34.5

Period2

34 M 0.0 0.0 24.5 0.0 55.5 59.3 0.0 36.1

36 M 0.0 0.0 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

54 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

77 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

78 F 31.8 0.0 23.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

94 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

97B M 0.0 0.0 26.5 43.0 0.0 67.2 0.0 0.0

Period3

25INF M 0.0 0.0 29.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

26C M 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

27 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.3 0.0 37.7

37 M 0.0 0.0 21.0 0.0 50.0 60.5 0.0 36.4

60 F 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

61 M 0.0 28.2 22.5 55.5 0.0 59.5 0.0 34.0

82 F 31.2 0.0 26.5 48.0 0.0 60.5 0.0 36.5

83 F 25.5 25.0 23.0 45.3 55.8 60.0 44.3 0.0

86A M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.5 59.5 0.0 37.0

88 M 30.3 0.0 23.2 47.5 58.5 57.5 0.0 38.0

96 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

213 M 0.0 0.0 23.7 49.5 51.4 60.0 45.6 37.0

217 F 29.6 30.0 24.3 49.0 52.5 60.4 0.0 34.3

218B M 0.0 31.2 23.1 50.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

229


Burial Sex kdl-kdl go-go ml-ml l.mand id-gn h.f.m. h.f.m. h.M2 h.M2 65 66 67 68 69 69.1left 69.1right 69.2left 69.2right

Period1 21A F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.8 0.0 30.9 0.0 27.025SUP M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.5 0.032 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.0 0.0 33.5 0.0 28.535 F 0.0 0.0 43.2 0.0 0.0 29.0 30.8 0.0 26.647 M 0.0 0.0 46.2 0.0 33.6 33.0 0.0 28.5 0.050B M 0.0 0.0 43.6 0.0 32.5 0.0 33.5 0.0 0.053B M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.0 0.0 0.055 M 0.0 0.0 43.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.3 0.0 0.066 F 0.0 76.0 42.0 79.5 27.6 27.6 27.7 0.0 0.0201 F 0.0 0.0 47.2 0.0 35.4 32.5 32.9 28.3 26.5205 F 0.0 0.0 48.8 0.0 28.3 29.2 29.2 27.4 0.0211 F 0.0 0.0 45.7 0.0 29.9 27.2 30.9 0.0 27.4Period2 2 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.4 0.05 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.7 0.0 0.024 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.026A F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.3 28.0 28.6 0.0 0.031 M 0.0 0.0 40.5 0.0 31.3 0.0 32.0 0.0 0.033 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.2 0.0 28.3 0.034 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.5 0.0 34.9 27.2 27.236 M 0.0 0.0 43.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 0.0 0.048 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.0 0.0 0.054 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.062 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.7 0.0 0.063 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.8 0.0 35.6 0.0 0.069SUP M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.078 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.4 0.0 27.589 F 109.6 0.0 51.2 0.0 31.5 30.9 30.1 29.5 0.094 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.5 0.0 0.097A M 0.0 118.0 0.0 0.0 33.5 0.0 37.5 0.0 0.0Period3 6A F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.2 0.025INF M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.026C M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.0 0.0 32.327 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0 26.7 0.037 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 34.0 30.6 31.560 F 114.8 95.4 0.0 82.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.061 M 136.0 88.0 0.0 90.3 36.7 37.6 0.0 30.0 0.067 M 0.0 108.2 46.4 92.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.069INF M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 29.876INFA M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.3 38.6 31.4 31.282 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.7 0.0 31.6 0.086A M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.1 0.0 26.3 0.088 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.3 27.2 27.791 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.1 0.0 32.5 0.0 25.296 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.1 31.7 30.5210 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.5 0.0213 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.8 0.0 27.5215INF M 0.0 0.0 48.0 0.0 33.2 0.0 33.1 26.1 23.5217 F 0.0 89.5 45.1 0.0 34.2 34.1 33.8 27.0 26.7218B M 118.5 83.7 39.3 76.0 33.8 33.7 34.2 25.5 27.7

230


Burial Sex s.f.m. s.f.m. go-kdm l.mx.br l.mx.br l.mn.br l.mn.br 69.3left 69.3right 70 71left 71right 71Aleft 71ArightPeriod1 21A F 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.032 F 0.0 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.035 F 13.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.046 M 0.0 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.247 M 13.0 12.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.050B M 8.3 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.055 M 12.5 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.066 F 9.4 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.4 0.0201 F 11.4 12.5 0.0 0.0 45.8 0.0 34.8205 F 10.8 0.0 0.0 44.8 0.0 0.0 0.0211 F 10.9 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Period2 2 M 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 M 0.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.026A F 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.028 M 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.031 M 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.033 M 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.6 0.0 38.634 M 12.4 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.036 M 0.0 12.2 0.0 0.0 42.8 0.0 39.648 M 0.0 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.062 F 0.0 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.063 M 0.0 12.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.077 M 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.078 F 0.0 13.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.089 F 12.3 12.1 0.0 0.0 47.4 37.9 37.594 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.3 0.0 0.097A M 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.7 38.8 36.697B M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.1 0.0Period3 25INF M 0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.026C M 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.027 M 11.5 0.0 0.0 48.6 49.1 41.5 39.437 M 13.2 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.060 F 0.0 0.0 51.0 52.0 51.9 33.9 37.161 M 12.3 0.0 70.0 57.0 0.0 42.5 0.067 M 10.5 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.3 0.069INF M 0.0 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.172A M 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.076INFA M 12.1 13.2 0.0 0.0 50.1 0.0 41.682 F 11.7 12.7 0.0 44.4 0.0 29.1 0.083 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.6 0.0 0.086A M 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.088 M 11.2 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.7 36.291 M 0.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 49.4 39.3 40.096 M 12.2 11.3 0.0 0.0 48.4 0.0 38.8210 F 11.6 0.0 0.0 49.0 0.0 0.0 0.0213 M 0.0 11.2 0.0 45.5 42.6 36.3 33.7215INF M 11.5 10.2 0.0 51.0 0.0 40.5 39.1217 F 11.1 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.9 37.5218B M 10.5 10.5 59.5 45.1 46.8 35.5 35.0

231

Traits N. Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.

G-Op1 6 187.9 5.56 2.96 181.0 194.0

N-Ba5 4 98.8 3.99 4.04 94.0 103.0

Eu-Eu8 2 129.0 1.41 1.10 128.0 130.0

Ft-Ft9 4 93.4 5.04 5.39 87.7 99.8

Ast-Ast12 1 103.3 0.00 0.00 103.3 103.3

Ba-Br17 4 131.5 3.29 2.50 127.5 135.5

Po-Br20 1 113.5 0.00 0.00 113.5 113.5

CircSagg25 2 372.5 0.71 0.19 372.0 373.0

ArchN-Br26 2 127.0 0.00 0.00 127.0 127.0

ArchBr-L27 2 131.5 4.95 3.76 128.0 135.0

ArcoL-O28 3 116.3 4.73 4.06 111.0 120.0

CordN-Br29 5 115.7 3.02 2.61 110.9 119.1

CordBr-L30 3 117.7 2.87 2.44 115.3 120.9

CordL-O31 4 97.2 2.85 2.94 93.2 100.0

Ba-Pr40 4 99.8 7.64 7.66 94.2 111.0

Fmt-Fmt43 1 110.8 0.00 0.00 110.8 110.8

Zy-Zy45 2 125.8 0.42 0.34 125.5 126.1

Zmi-Zmi46 3 98.7 3.60 3.65 95.5 102.6

N-Gn47 2 108.8 2.86 2.63 106.8 110.8

N-Pr48 7 65.1 3.84 5.90 60.5 71.0

Mf-Ek51S 3 38.3 2.10 5.49 36.2 40.4

HOrb52S 2 39.0 1.41 3.63 38.0 40.0

Mf-Ek51D 1 30.3 0.00 0.00 30.3 30.3

HOrb52D 2 29.7 2.12 7.14 28.2 31.2

LargNas54 5 23.8 1.57 6.59 22.5 26.5

N-Ns55 7 49.0 3.72 7.60 43.0 55.5

Pr-Alv60 3 56.8 4.78 8.42 51.4 60.5

Ekm-Ekm61 5 60.7 3.74 6.15 57.5 67.2

Ol-Sta62 1 45.6 0.00 0.00 45.6 45.6

Enm-Enm63 4 36.5 1.73 4.75 34.0 38.0

Kdl-Kdl65 2 127.2 12.37 9.72 118.5 136.0

Go-Go66 4 99.5 16.33 16.41 83.7 118.0

Ml-Ml67 3 44.6 4.63 10.39 39.3 48.0

MandLength68 3 86.1 8.79 10.21 76.0 92.0

IdxGn69 7 34.6 1.32 3.82 33.2 36.7

HFMa69-1Sn 4 36.7 2.91 7.92 33.7 40.3

HFMa69-1Dx 10 34.7 2.64 7.61 30.3 38.6

HM2-69-2Sn 7 28.3 2.64 9.34 25.5 31.7

HM2-69-2Dx 8 27.9 2.62 9.40 23.5 31.2

SFMa693Sn 10 11.4 0.68 5.93 10.5 12.3

SFMa693Dx 10 11.4 1.13 9.93 9.7 13.2

Go-Kdm70 2 64.8 7.42 11.47 59.5 70.0

LMa-Br71Sn 5 49.7 4.84 9.72 45.1 57.0

LMa-Br71Dx 6 48.0 2.98 6.21 42.6 50.7

LMnBr71aSn 9 38.9 2.16 5.56 35.5 42.5

LMnBr71aDx 9 37.8 2.56 6.77 33.7 41.6

Table3.1:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofcranialmetricaltraits.Males-Periods1+2+3

232

Table3.2:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofcranialmetricaltraits.Females-Periods1+2+3

Traits N. Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.G-Op1 5 180.8 6.69 3.70 174.0 188.0N-Ba5 3 95.9 3.58 3.74 93.6 100.0Eu-Eu8 3 126.7 6.43 5.08 122.0 134.0Ft-Ft9 4 88.7 7.49 8.45 80.0 98.0Co-Co10 2 110.2 3.89 3.53 107.5 113.0St-St10b 2 108.2 3.89 3.59 105.5 111.0Ast-Ast12 2 106.7 11.74 11.00 98.4 115.0Ba-Br17 3 125.7 3.51 2.79 122.0 129.0Po-Br20 1 109.0 0.00 0.00 109.0 109.0CircOriz23 1 491.0 0.00 0.00 491.0 491.0CircTras24 1 290.0 0.00 0.00 290.0 290.0CircSagg25 1 359.0 0.00 0.00 359.0 359.0ArchN-Br26 2 119.0 4.24 3.56 116.0 122.0ArchBr-L27 2 124.0 4.24 3.42 121.0 127.0ArchL-O28 2 113.0 2.83 2.50 111.0 115.0CordN-Br29 3 108.0 2.18 2.02 105.5 109.5CordBr-L30 2 112.2 4.60 4.09 109.0 115.5CordL-O31 2 90.3 0.42 0.47 90.0 90.6Ba-Pr40 3 98.3 8.40 8.54 91.0 107.5Fmt-Fmt43 2 108.0 12.30 11.39 99.3 116.7Zmi-Zmi46 4 92.8 4.63 4.99 88.0 99.1N-Gn47 1 110.9 0.00 0.00 110.9 110.9N-Pr48 4 67.5 4.07 6.03 62.5 71.7Mf-Ek51S 5 38.4 2.73 7.11 35.0 42.2Horb52S 2 37.5 0.35 0.94 37.3 37.8Mf-Ek51D 6 29.9 2.75 9.23 25.5 33.0Horb52D 2 27.5 3.54 12.86 25.0 30.0LargNas54 6 24.0 1.37 5.70 23.0 26.5N-Ns55 6 46.3 1.75 3.78 44.9 49.0Pr-Alv60 2 54.1 2.33 4.31 52.5 55.8Ekm-Ekm61 4 60.3 0.22 0.37 60.0 60.5Ol-Sta62 2 43.1 1.63 3.77 42.0 44.3Enm-Enm63 3 35.1 1.22 3.47 34.3 36.5Kdl-Kdl65 2 112.2 3.68 3.28 109.6 114.8Go-Go66 3 87.0 9.95 11.44 76.0 95.4Ml-Ml67 6 46.7 3.18 6.81 42.0 51.2MandLength68 2 80.8 1.77 2.19 79.5 82.0IdxGn69 6 31.1 3.15 10.13 27.6 35.4HFMa69-1Sn 7 30.9 3.02 9.78 27.2 34.7HFMa69-1Dx 9 31.1 2.18 7.00 27.7 33.8HM2-69-2Sn 6 28.1 2.40 8.57 24.5 31.6HM2-69-2Dx 4 27.0 0.50 1.85 26.5 27.5SFMa693Sn 8 11.2 0.86 7.68 9.4 12.3SFMa693Dx 8 11.8 1.25 10.60 9.5 13.7Go-Kdm70 1 51.0 0.00 0.00 51.0 51.0LMa-Br71Sn 4 47.5 3.62 7.62 44.4 52.0LMa-Br71Dx 5 47.6 3.19 6.70 43.6 51.9LMnBr71aSn 5 33.8 3.68 10.88 29.1 37.9LMnBr71aDx 4 36.7 1.30 3.53 34.8 37.5

233

Table3.3:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofcranialmetricaltraits.Males-Period1

Traits N. Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.G-Op1 1 192.0 0.00 0.00 192.0 192.0N-Ba5 1 95.0 0.00 0.00 95.0 95.0Ba-Br17 1 131.0 0.00 0.00 131.0 131.0Ba-Pr40 1 102.0 0.00 0.00 102.0 102.0N-Pr48 1 68.5 0.00 0.00 68.5 68.5HOrb52S 1 37.0 0.00 0.00 37.0 37.0HOrb52D 1 31.0 0.00 0.00 31.0 31.0LargNas54 1 26.0 0.00 0.00 26.0 26.0N-Ns55 2 52.6 2.69 5.11 50.7 54.5Ml-Ml67 3 44.5 1.45 3.25 43.6 46.2IdxGn69 2 33.0 0.78 2.35 32.5 33.6HFMa69-1Sn 1 33.0 0.00 0.00 33.0 33.0HFMa69-1Dx 3 32.9 1.72 5.23 31.0 34.3HM2-69-2Sn 2 29.0 0.71 2.44 28.5 29.5SFMa693Sn 3 11.3 2.58 22.91 8.3 13.0SFMa693Dx 4 10.9 1.98 18.10 8.0 12.2LMnBr71aDx 1 43.2 0.00 0.00 43.2 43.2

Table3.4:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofcranialmetricaltraits.Females-Period1

Traits N. Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.G-Op1 1 175.0 0.00 0.00 175.0 175.0Eu-Eu8 1 124.0 0.00 0.00 124.0 124.0Ft-Ft9 1 86.6 0.00 0.00 86.6 86.6Ast-Ast12 1 98.4 0.00 0.00 98.4 98.4ArcoL-O28 1 111.0 0.00 0.00 111.0 111.0CordL-O31 1 90.6 0.00 0.00 90.6 90.6Mf-Ek51S 1 35.0 0.00 0.00 35.0 35.0Mf-Ek51D 1 33.0 0.00 0.00 33.0 33.0LargNas54 3 23.3 0.58 2.47 23.0 24.0N-Ns55 1 45.6 0.00 0.00 45.6 45.6Ekm-Ekm61 1 60.4 0.00 0.00 60.4 60.4Ol-Sta62 1 42.0 0.00 0.00 42.0 42.0Enm-Enm63 1 34.5 0.00 0.00 34.5 34.5Go-Go66 1 76.0 0.00 0.00 76.0 76.0Ml-Ml67 5 45.4 2.80 6.16 42.0 48.8LungMand68 1 79.5 0.00 0.00 79.5 79.5IdxGn69 6 30.8 2.94 9.54 27.6 35.4HFMa69-1Sn 5 29.1 2.09 7.17 27.2 32.5HFMa69-1Dx 7 30.8 2.00 6.47 27.7 33.5HM2-69-2Sn 2 27.9 0.64 2.29 27.4 28.3HM2-69-2Dx 5 27.2 0.81 2.98 26.5 28.5SFMa693Sn 5 11.2 1.49 13.26 9.4 13.5SFMa693Dx 6 11.2 1.19 10.60 9.5 12.5LMa-Br71Sn 1 44.8 0.00 0.00 44.8 44.8LMa-Br71Dx 1 45.8 0.00 0.00 45.8 45.8LMnBr71aSn 1 31.4 0.00 0.00 31.4 31.4LMnBr71aDx 1 34.8 0.00 0.00 34.8 34.8

234



G-Op1 3 187.0 1.73 0.93 185.0 188.0

Eu-Eu8 1 133.0 0.00 0.00 133.0 133.0

Ba-Br17 1 124.0 0.00 0.00 124.0 124.0

CordN-Br29 1 112.0 0.00 0.00 112.0 112.0

N-Pr48 3 65.4 4.33 6.63 60.5 68.8

Mf-Ek51S 1 36.2 0.00 0.00 36.2 36.2

LargNas54 3 25.1 1.22 4.85 24.3 26.5

N-Ns55 3 48.0 5.00 10.42 43.0 53.0

Pr-Alv60 1 55.5 0.00 0.00 55.5 55.5

Ekm-Ekm61 2 63.2 5.59 8.83 59.3 67.2

Enm-Enm63 1 36.1 0.00 0.00 36.1 36.1

Go-Go66 1 118.0 0.00 0.00 118.0 118.0

Ml-Ml67 2 42.2 2.40 5.70 40.5 43.9

IdxGn69 6 32.9 2.37 7.20 29.5 36.0

HFMa69-1Sn 1 32.2 0.00 0.00 32.2 32.2

HFMa69-1Dx 7 35.1 1.67 4.75 32.0 37.5

HM2-69-2Sn 3 28.3 1.10 3.89 27.2 29.4

HM2-69-2Dx 1 27.2 0.00 0.00 27.2 27.2

SFMa693Sn 4 11.4 1.35 11.84 9.6 12.5

SFMa693Dx 7 11.5 1.20 10.38 9.9 13.0

LMa-Br71Sn 1 50.0 0.00 0.00 50.0 50.0

LMa-Br71Dx 3 47.4 4.09 8.64 42.8 50.7

LMnBr71aSn 2 39.0 0.21 0.55 38.8 39.1

LMnBr71aDx 3 38.3 1.53 3.99 36.6 39.6



G-Op1 1 187.5 0.00 0.00 187.5 187.5

Mf-Ek51S 1 42.2 0.00 0.00 42.2 42.2

Mf-Ek51D 1 31.8 0.00 0.00 31.8 31.8

LargNas54 1 23.0 0.00 0.00 23.0 23.0

N-Ns55 2 45.0 0.007 0.16 44.9 45.0

Kdl-Kdl65 1 109.6 0.00 0.00 109.6 109.6

Ml-Ml67 1 51.2 0.00 0.00 51.2 51.2

IdxGn69 3 30.0 1.67 5.57 28.2 31.5

HFMa69-1Sn 2 29.4 2.05 6.96 28.0 30.9

HFMa69-1Dx 5 30.9 2.13 6.91 28.6 33.5

HM2-69-2Sn 1 29.5 0.00 0.00 29.5 29.5

HM2-69-2Dx 1 27.5 0.00 0.00 27.5 27.5

SFMa693Sn 2 11.3 1.34 11.84 10.4 12.3

SFMa693Dx 3 12.3 1.27 10.27 11.2 13.7

LMa-Br71Dx 2 48.4 1.34 2.78 47.4 49.3

LMnBr71aSn 1 37.9 0.00 0.00 37.9 37.9

LMnBr71aDx 1 37.5 0.00 0.00 37.5 37.5

235



G-Op1 6 189.5 6.00 3.17 181.0 195.0

N-Ba5 4 98.8 3.99 4.04 94.0 103.0

Eu-Eu8 2 129.0 1.41 1.10 128.0 130.0

Ft-Ft9 4 93.4 5.04 5.39 87.7 99.8

Ast-Ast12 1 103.3 0.00 0.00 103.3 103.3

Ba-Br17 4 131.5 3.29 2.50 127.5 135.5

Po-Br20 1 113.5 0.00 0.00 113.5 113.5

CircSagg25 2 372.5 0.71 0.19 372.0 373.0

ArcoN-Br26 2 127.0 0.00 0.00 127.0 127.0

ArcoBr-L27 2 131.5 4.95 3.76 128.0 135.0

ArcoL-O28 3 116.3 4.73 4.06 111.0 120.0

CordN-Br29 6 115.8 2.70 2.33 110.9 119.1

CordBr-L30 3 117.7 2.87 2.44 115.3 120.9

CordL-O31 4 97.2 2.85 2.94 93.2 100.0

Ba-Pr40 4 99.8 7.64 7.66 94.2 111.0

Fmt-Fmt43 1 110.8 0.00 0.00 110.8 110.8

Zy-Zy45 2 125.8 0.42 0.34 125.5 126.1

Zmi-Zmi46 3 98.7 3.60 3.65 95.5 102.6

N-Gn47 2 108.8 2.86 2.63 106.8 110.8

N-Pr48 5 65.2 3.66 5.61 60.9 71.0

Mf-Ek51S 2 39.3 1.56 3.96 38.2 40.4

HOrb52S 2 39.0 1.41 3.63 38.0 40.0

Mf-Ek51D 1 30.3 0.00 0.00 30.3 30.3

HOrb52D 2 29.7 2.12 7.14 28.2 31.2

LargNas54 6 23.8 2.74 11.52 21.0 29.0

N-Ns55 7 50.7 2.68 5.28 47.5 55.5

Pr-Alv60 4 55.1 5.18 9.40 50.0 60.5

Ekm-Ekm61 6 60.2 2.25 3.73 57.5 64.3

Ol-Sta62 1 45.6 0.00 0.00 45.6 45.6

Enm-Enm63 6 36.7 1.43 3.90 34.0 38.0

Kdl-Kdl65 2 127.2 12.37 9.72 118.5 136.0

Go-Go66 3 93.3 13.08 14.02 83.7 108.2

Ml-Ml67 3 44.6 4.63 10.39 39.3 48.0

LungMand68 3 86.1 8.79 10.21 76.0 92.0

IdxGn69 5 34.8 1.51 4.34 33.2 36.7

HFMa69-1Sn 6 35.4 3.35 9.46 30.5 40.3

HFMa69-1Dx 10 34.5 2.57 7.45 30.3 38.6

HM2-69-2Sn 9 28.4 2.49 8.78 25.5 31.7

HM2-69-2Dx 11 28.7 2.73 9.49 23.5 32.3

SFMa693Sn 11 11.6 0.83 7.12 10.5 13.2

SFMa693Dx 12 11.4 1.16 10.14 9.7 13.2

Go-Kdm70 2 64.8 7.42 11.47 59.5 70.0

LMa-Br71Sn 5 49.4 4.86 9.82 45.1 57.0

LMa-Br71Dx 6 47.7 2.75 5.77 42.6 50.1

LMnBr71aSn 8 39.2 2.49 6.36 35.5 42.5

LMnBr71aDx 9 38.1 2.56 6.73 33.7 41.6

236


Traits N. Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.G-Op1 3 180.4 7.07 3.92 174.0 188.0N-Ba5 3 95.9 3.58 3.74 93.6 100.0Eu-Eu8 2 128.0 8.48 6.63 122.0 134.0Ft-Ft9 3 89.3 9.02 10.10 80.0 98.0Co-Co10 2 110.2 3.89 3.53 107.5 113.0St-St10b 2 108.2 3.89 3.59 105.5 111.0Ast-Ast12 1 115.0 0.00 0.00 115.0 115.0Ba-Br17 3 125.7 3.51 2.79 122.0 129.0Po-Br20 1 109.0 0.00 0.00 109.0 109.0CircOriz23 1 491.0 0.00 0.00 491.0 491.0CircTras24 1 290.0 0.00 0.00 290.0 290.0CircSagg25 1 359.0 0.00 0.00 359.0 359.0ArchN-Br26 2 119.0 4.24 3.56 116.0 122.0ArchBr-L27 2 124.0 4.24 3.42 121.0 127.0ArchL-O28 1 115.0 0.00 0.00 115.0 115.0CordN-Br29 3 108.0 2.18 2.02 105.5 109.5CordBr-L30 2 112.2 4.60 4.09 109.0 115.5CordL-O31 1 90.0 0.00 0.00 90.0 90.0Ba-Pr40 3 98.3 8.40 8.54 91.0 107.5Fmt-Fmt43 2 108.0 12.30 11.39 99.3 116.7Zmi-Zmi46 4 92.8 4.63 4.99 88.0 99.1N-Gn47 1 110.9 0.00 0.00 110.9 110.9N-Pr48 4 67.5 4.07 6.03 62.5 71.7Mf-Ek51S 3 38.2 1.36 3.57 37.0 39.7HOrb52S 2 37.5 0.35 0.94 37.3 37.8Mf-Ek51D 4 28.6 2.43 8.51 25.5 31.2HOrb52D 2 27.5 3.54 12.86 25.0 30.0LargNas54 3 24.6 1.77 7.19 23.0 26.5N-Ns55 3 47.4 1.91 4.04 45.3 49.0Pr-Alv60 2 54.1 2.33 4.31 52.5 55.8Ekm-Ekm61 3 60.3 0.27 0.44 60.0 60.5Ol-Sta62 1 44.3 0.00 0.00 44.3 44.3Enm-Enm63 2 35.4 1.56 4.39 34.3 36.5Kdl-Kdl65 1 114.8 0.00 0.00 114.8 114.8Go-Go66 2 92.5 4.17 4.51 89.5 95.4Ml-Ml67 1 45.1 0.00 0.00 45.1 45.1MandLength68 1 82.0 0.00 0.00 82.0 82.0IdxGn69 1 34.2 0.00 0.00 34.2 34.2HFMa69-1Sn 2 34.4 0.42 1.23 34.1 34.7HFMa69-1Dx 1 33.8 0.00 0.00 33.8 33.8HM2-69-2Sn 4 27.8 2.95 10.61 24.5 31.6HM2-69-2Dx 1 26.7 0.00 0.00 26.7 26.7SFMa693Sn 3 11.5 0.32 2.80 11.1 11.7SFMa693Dx 2 12.1 0.92 7.63 11.4 12.7Go-Kdm70 1 51.0 0.00 0.00 51.0 51.0LMa-Br71Sn 3 48.5 3.83 7.90 44.4 52.0LMa-Br71Dx 2 47.8 5.87 12.29 43.6 51.9LMnBr71aSn 3 33.3 3.93 11.81 29.1 36.9LMnBr71aDx 2 37.3 0.28 0.76 37.1 37.5

237

Table3.9:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsoftheupperlimbmetricaltraits.Males–Period1


O1S 4 305.8 9.85 3.22 293.0 317.0

O3D 1 46.5 0.00 0.00 46.5 46.5

O4S 3 60.8 2.25 3.70 59.0 63.3

O4D 2 60.9 1.27 2.09 60.0 61.8

O5D 1 23.5 0.00 0.00 23.5 23.5

O6D 1 19.8 0.00 0.00 19.8 19.8

O9D 1 42.2 0.00 0.00 42.2 42.2

O10D 1 43.3 0.00 0.00 43.3 43.3

R1S 1 243.9 0.00 0.00 243.9 243.9

R1D 2 245.2 0.35 0.14 245.0 245.5

R2S 1 232.5 0.00 0.00 232.5 232.5

R2D 1 233.5 0.00 0.00 233.5 233.5

R3S 2 36.2 0.35 0.97 36.0 36.5

R3D 1 37.0 0.00 0.00 37.0 37.0

R4S 1 14.6 0.00 0.00 14.6 14.6

R4D 1 14.3 0.00 0.00 14.3 14.3

R5S 1 11.1 0.00 0.00 11.1 11.1

R5D 1 11.2 0.00 0.00 11.2 11.2

U3D 1 35.0 0.00 0.00 35.0 35.0

U11S 1 20.4 0.00 0.00 20.4 20.4

U11D 1 22.2 0.00 0.00 22.2 22.2

U12S 1 20.0 0.00 0.00 20.0 20.0

U12D 1 22.5 0.00 0.00 22.5 22.5

U13S 1 20.2 0.00 0.00 20.2 20.2

U13D 1 24.5 0.00 0.00 24.5 24.5

U14S 2 22.6 0.21 0.94 22.5 22.8

U14D 1 23.3 0.00 0.00 23.3 23.3

238

Table3.10:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsoftheupperlimbmetricaltraits.Females–Period1


O1S 3 290.1 12.39 4.27 278.3 303.0O1D 2 299.6 8.20 2.74 293.8 305.4O2S 1 289.8 0.00 0.00 289.8 289.8O2D 2 295.6 2.62 0.89 293.7 297.4O3S 1 39.5 0.00 0.00 39.5 39.5O3D 2 43.2 3.39 7.86 40.8 45.6O4S 7 53.5 4.58 8.56 48.5 59.3O4D 4 53.9 3.54 6.57 49.5 57.7O5S 1 17.9 0.00 0.00 17.9 17.9O5D 2 19.6 1.27 6.49 18.7 20.5O6S 1 12.6 0.00 0.00 12.6 12.6O6D 1 12.4 0.00 0.00 12.4 12.4O7S 1 48.0 0.00 0.00 48.0 48.0O7D 1 47.0 0.00 0.00 47.0 47.0O7aS 1 49.0 0.00 0.00 49.0 49.0O7aD 1 50.0 0.00 0.00 50.0 50.0O8S 1 119.0 0.00 0.00 119.0 119.0O8D 1 138.0 0.00 0.00 138.0 138.0O9S 2 36.0 1.41 3.93 35.0 37.0O9D 2 40.2 4.24 10.55 37.2 43.2O10S 3 36.7 1.34 3.66 35.2 37.7O10D 2 40.2 2.76 6.85 38.3 42.2R1S 3 238.1 11.80 4.96 228.9 251.4R1D 3 234.9 3.81 1.62 230.5 237.2R1bS 1 225.7 0.00 0.00 225.7 225.7R1bD 1 228.4 0.00 0.00 228.4 228.4R2S 2 220.8 3.18 1.44 218.5 223.0R2D 2 223.5 2.12 0.95 222.0 225.0R3S 5 33.3 2.11 6.33 30.5 36.0R3D 5 33.0 2.12 6.43 30.0 36.0R4S 4 13.3 1.42 10.73 11.5 14.7R4D 4 13.6 1.83 13.49 11.4 15.7R5S 5 9.9 0.66 6.62 9.4 11.0R5D 4 10.2 0.93 9.03 9.6 11.6U1S 1 251.1 0.00 0.00 251.1 251.1U1D 2 253.1 0.64 0.25 252.6 253.5U2D 1 230.3 0.00 0.00 230.3 230.3U3S 3 30.0 1.73 5.77 29.0 32.0U3D 3 29.4 3.19 10.83 26.0 32.3U8D 2 21.2 1.27 6.00 20.3 22.1U11S 3 17.7 0.29 1.63 17.5 18.0U11D 4 17.8 1.98 11.15 15.0 19.7U12S 3 17.4 2.28 13.09 15.4 19.9U12D 3 17.1 1.10 6.45 16.0 18.2U13S 7 17.1 1.26 7.34 15.3 19.0U13D 7 17.1 1.49 8.70 16.0 20.0U14S 7 19.5 1.05 5.39 18.0 21.0U14D 5 19.6 1.19 6.08 17.5 20.5

239



O1S 3 325.2 13.08 4.02 315.2 340.0

O1D 3 317.6 16.28 5.13 306.8 336.3

O2S 1 317.3 0.00 0.00 317.3 317.3

O2D 1 305.3 0.00 0.00 305.3 305.3

O3S 1 44.7 0.00 0.00 44.7 44.7

O3D 3 45.3 3.92 8.65 41.2 49.0

O4S 8 58.5 2.23 3.81 56.2 61.0

O4D 5 58.8 3.56 6.05 55.2 63.0

O5S 2 22.6 0.14 0.63 22.5 22.7

O5D 4 24.2 0.79 3.27 23.2 25.1

O6S 2 15.8 0.71 4.47 15.3 16.3

O6D 4 18.1 1.47 8.13 17.0 20.1

O7D 1 68.2 0.00 0.00 68.2 68.2

O7aD 1 69.0 0.00 0.00 69.0 69.0

O8S 1 134.0 0.00 0.00 134.0 134.0

O8D 1 138.0 0.00 0.00 138.0 138.0

O9S 1 40.5 0.00 0.00 40.5 40.5

O9D 1 41.7 0.00 0.00 41.7 41.7

O10S 1 42.5 0.00 0.00 42.5 42.5

O10D 2 42.6 2.69 6.31 40.7 44.5

R1S 2 254.1 4.38 1.73 251.0 257.2

R1D 2 259.8 8.84 3.40 253.5 266.0

R1bS 1 256.5 0.00 0.00 256.5 256.5

R1bD 2 257.8 8.13 3.15 252.0 263.5

R2D 1 243.0 0.00 0.00 243.0 243.0

R3S 3 39.7 3.79 9.54 37.0 44.0

R3D 4 38.4 1.80 4.68 37.0 41.0

R4S 4 14.8 1.34 9.09 13.4 16.0

R4D 2 14.8 1.70 11.47 13.6 16.0

R5S 4 12.3 1.13 9.22 11.1 13.5

R5D 2 12.6 1.20 9.58 11.7 13.4

U1S 3 280.2 8.96 3.20 274.5 290.5

U1D 4 284.3 10.60 3.73 274.0 296.4

U2S 1 266.5 0.00 0.00 266.5 266.5

U2D 3 266.3 3.05 1.15 263.3 269.4

U3D 1 35.0 0.00 0.00 35.0 35.0

U8S 3 23.6 1.15 4.89 22.5 24.8

U8D 5 23.8 1.78 7.47 22.0 26.1

U11S 3 21.6 1.01 4.70 20.7 22.7

U11D 4 21.8 1.35 6.21 19.9 23.1

U12S 3 20.2 1.55 7.68 18.7 21.8

U12D 4 22.5 1.96 8.73 20.6 25.0

U13S 3 20.0 1.27 6.32 18.9 21.4

U13D 5 22.4 2.50 11.16 19.2 25.2

U14S 5 22.8 1.23 5.38 21.2 24.3

U14D 5 23.6 1.69 7.14 20.8 24.8

240



O1S 1 300.0 0.0 0.0 300.0 300.0

O1D 1 287.0 0.0 0.0 287.0 287.0

O2S 2 297.0 0.71 0.24 296.5 297.5

O4S 1 52.5 0.0 0.0 52.5 52.5

O4D 2 56.4 4.46 7.91 53.2 59.5

O5S 2 21.2 0.35 1.66 21.0 21.5

O5D 2 22.9 0.35 1.54 22.7 23.2

O6S 2 15.1 1.06 7.05 14.3 15.8

O6D 2 15.7 0.92 5.87 15.0 16.3

O7S 2 57.8 1.06 1.84 57.0 58.5

O7D 2 59.5 2.12 3.56 58.0 61.0

O7aS 2 59.8 0.35 0.59 59.5 60.0

O7aD 2 63.0 0.71 1.12 62.5 63.5

R1S 3 226.9 2.71 1.20 224.0 229.4

R1D 2 230.5 3.54 1.53 228.0 233.0

R1bS 1 226.8 0.0 0.0 226.8 226.8

R1bD 2 230.1 3.46 1.51 227.6 232.5

R2S 2 217.8 1.20 0.55 217.0 218.7

R2D 2 220.5 3.54 1.60 218.0 223.0

R3S 3 36.0 4.58 12.73 32.0 41.0

R3D 3 35.7 5.14 14.38 31.0 41.2

R4S 3 13.9 1.40 10.06 12.5 15.3

R4D 2 12.8 2.33 18.16 11.2 14.5

R5S 3 11.1 0.95 8.59 10.5 12.2

R5D 2 11.3 0.0 0.0 11.3 11.3

U1S 1 248.1 0.0 0.0 248.1 248.1

U1D 1 254.5 0.0 0.0 254.5 254.5

U2D 1 221.2 0.0 0.0 221.2 221.2

U3D 1 38.0 0.0 0.0 38.0 38.0

U8S 1 20.1 0.0 0.0 20.1 20.1

U8D 1 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0

U11S 3 19.9 1.91 9.63 18.1 21.9

U11D 1 20.5 0.0 0.0 20.5 20.5

U12S 3 19.2 1.16 6.05 18.1 20.4

U13S 3 20.3 0.76 3.72 19.8 21.2

U13D 1 19.8 0.0 0.0 19.8 19.8

U14S 3 21.7 3.00 13.85 18.8 24.8

U14D 1 22.3 0.0 0.0 22.3 22.3

241


Traits N. Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.O1S 7 312.1 12.75 4.09 303.0 340.0O1D 5 307.5 5.08 1.65 301.0 315.0O2S 6 304.7 5.15 1.69 299.2 312.9O2D 2 301.4 3.04 1.01 299.3 303.6O3S 3 46.4 3.11 6.70 44.3 50.0O3D 3 47.8 3.53 7.38 43.7 50.0O4S 9 56.4 6.30 11.18 48.0 67.8O4D 8 59.6 4.11 6.89 51.6 65.5O5S 4 20.4 1.10 5.38 18.9 21.5O5D 5 23.9 1.94 8.09 21.9 26.8O6S 4 14.8 0.94 6.33 13.9 16.0O6D 5 17.4 1.79 10.27 15.0 20.0O7S 5 58.4 3.05 5.22 54.0 62.0O7D 3 63.3 4.73 7.46 58.0 67.0O7aS 5 58.8 3.41 5.79 54.0 63.0O7aD 5 65.7 4.13 6.29 59.5 71.0O8S 2 128.5 0.71 0.55 128.0 129.0O8D 2 135.0 2.83 2.10 133.0 137.0O9S 4 40.5 0.58 1.43 40.0 41.0O9D 4 41.4 1.93 4.66 39.0 43.2O10S 3 39.2 2.58 6.58 37.5 42.2O10D 4 42.5 3.26 7.67 39.0 46.7R1S 6 251.6 12.22 4.86 240.0 271.0R1D 7 257.2 13.27 5.16 242.8 276.1R1bS 4 246.8 8.43 3.42 237.8 257.4R1bD 6 256.9 12.67 4.93 243.1 273.8R2S 3 229.0 3.04 1.33 227.0 232.5R2D 5 247.0 14.48 5.86 229.4 262.0R3S 8 39.5 2.49 6.31 36.0 44.5R3D 8 40.9 3.41 8.32 37.0 46.0R4S 10 15.7 1.48 9.39 13.0 17.5R4D 9 16.5 1.39 8.38 14.3 18.3R5S 8 11.5 0.55 4.79 10.7 12.5R5D 11 12.4 0.81 6.58 10.8 13.7U1S 5 272.4 16.86 6.19 260.3 301.0U1D 5 273.2 6.49 2.37 267.7 281.8U2S 5 240.9 9.79 4.06 229.0 252.4U2D 4 250.6 6.45 2.58 244.0 257.5U3S 9 33.7 2.36 7.02 30.0 37.0U3D 8 36.7 2.31 6.31 32.5 40.3U8S 10 23.6 2.69 11.40 19.8 28.5U8D 6 23.6 2.06 8.71 21.5 26.8U11S 7 21.9 2.84 12.99 17.6 27.0U11D 7 22.9 1.79 7.79 21.0 25.7U12S 6 21.7 1.95 8.99 18.9 24.3U12D 6 22.4 1.43 6.41 20.3 24.2U13D 8 22.7 1.09 4.82 20.8 24.3U14S 8 22.8 2.12 9.28 19.3 26.0U14D 8 23.4 2.17 9.29 18.7 25.6

242


Traits N. Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.O1S 1 290.0 0.0 0.0 290.0 290.0O1D 2 294.1 5.16 1.75 290.5 297.8O2D 1 288.6 0.0 0.0 288.6 288.6O3S 1 39.1 0.0 0.0 39.1 39.1O3D 1 41.5 0.0 0.0 41.5 41.5O4S 1 49.7 0.0 0.0 49.7 49.7O4D 2 49.7 0.0 0.0 49.7 49.7O5S 2 18.1 0.07 0.39 18.0 18.1O5D 2 20.4 0.35 1.74 20.1 20.6O6S 2 12.7 0.42 3.34 12.4 13.0O6D 2 14.1 0.99 7.02 13.4 14.8O7S 1 52.0 0.0 0.0 52.0 52.0O7D 1 54.0 0.0 0.0 54.0 54.0O7aS 2 50.5 2.12 4.20 49.0 52.0O7aD 2 56.5 2.12 3.75 55.0 58.0O9S 2 39.5 2.90 7.33 37.5 41.6O9D 2 38.7 2.40 6.21 37.0 40.4O10S 1 34.8 0.0 0.0 34.8 34.8O10D 2 35.3 1.56 4.41 34.2 36.4R1S 2 220.2 7.35 3.34 215.0 225.4R1D 1 228.6 0.0 0.0 228.6 228.6R1bS 1 222.3 0.0 0.0 222.3 222.3R1bD 1 222.0 0.0 0.0 222.0 222.0R2S 2 209.1 6.93 3.31 204.2 214.0R2D 2 214.0 2.83 1.32 212.0 216.0R3S 2 30.6 1.98 6.47 29.2 32.0R3D 2 33.0 1.41 4.29 32.0 34.0R4S 3 13.6 1.48 10.94 12.3 15.2R4D 4 14.0 0.82 5.83 13.3 15.2R5S 3 9.8 0.72 7.41 9.3 10.6R5D 4 10.0 0.59 5.92 9.5 10.8U1S 3 240.6 3.65 1.52 237.0 244.3U1D 1 250.5 0.0 0.0 250.5 250.5U2S 2 217.4 2.76 1.27 215.5 219.4U2D 1 230.7 0.0 0.0 230.7 230.7U3S 2 29.6 3.39 11.47 27.2 32.0U3D 2 29.6 0.57 1.91 29.2 30.0U8S 1 22.8 0.0 0.0 22.8 22.8U8D 1 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0U11S 2 17.8 0.28 1.59 17.6 18.0U11D 2 19.9 2.05 10.28 18.5 21.4U12S 3 17.9 2.56 14.26 15.5 20.6U12D 2 17.6 2.05 11.68 16.1 19.0U13S 3 17.9 1.63 9.12 16.0 19.0U13D 2 18.0 1.70 9.43 16.8 19.2U14S 2 19.6 0.99 5.05 18.9 20.3U14D 2 20.9 0.49 2.37 20.5 21.2

243

Table3.15:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsoftheupperlimbmetricaltraits.Males–Periods1+2+3


244

Table3.16:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsoftheupperlimbmetricaltraits.Females–Periods1+2+3


245

Table3.17:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofthelowerlimbmetricaltraits.Males–Periods1+2+3

Traits N Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.F1S 7 446.2 22.83 5.12 414.6 478.0F1D 8 441.7 18.64 4.22 418.2 474.2F2S 4 445.2 18.55 4.17 435.0 473.0F2D 4 438.6 21.93 5.00 416.8 469.0F3S 6 425.6 16.84 3.96 402.8 455.0F3D 7 426.0 14.46 3.39 409.5 452.0F4S 4 423.0 18.05 4.27 413.0 450.0F4D 4 409.8 4.92 1.20 405.0 414.0F6S 7 30.6 1.80 5.90 28.2 33.3F6D 9 32.3 3.02 9.34 27.4 37.0F7S 7 26.4 2.39 9.08 22.4 29.8F7D 9 26.7 2.09 7.81 23.4 30.6F8S 5 85.6 5.94 6.94 78.0 94.0F8D 3 87.7 0.58 0.66 87.0 88.0F9S 6 32.9 3.29 9.99 30.1 37.0F9D 10 31.4 3.79 12.11 25.0 37.5F10S 6 27.0 2.57 9.52 24.2 31.2F10D 9 26.7 3.56 13.30 23.1 34.0F15S 8 29.3 2.15 7.34 25.0 31.4F15D 8 29.2 2.07 7.09 26.7 33.2F16S 9 25.0 2.19 8.78 22.3 29.0F16D 8 26.2 2.93 11.16 23.2 30.9F18S 4 42.4 1.77 4.17 41.0 45.0F18D 8 43.1 2.02 4.68 40.3 46.3F19S 7 43.6 2.59 5.94 39.5 47.0F19D 8 43.7 2.29 5.25 40.6 47.1F21S 5 78.6 3.73 4.75 74.0 83.0F21D 4 79.0 2.95 3.73 76.0 83.0T1S 5 365.2 10.87 2.98 353.5 377.0T1D 8 369.1 11.06 3.00 350.0 381.0T1aS 3 365.4 6.82 1.87 359.8 373.0T1aD 6 373.2 11.22 3.01 356.0 388.5T1bS 3 360.4 12.65 3.51 347.6 372.9T1bD 3 355.2 11.86 3.34 342.5 366.0T3S 6 74.1 3.04 4.11 69.1 77.1T3D 6 75.5 2.49 3.29 72.0 78.5T4S 7 45.3 3.61 7.97 39.0 49.3T4D 7 45.0 2.16 4.79 41.1 46.5T5S 6 38.2 4.09 10.71 30.5 41.8T5D 6 40.7 3.62 8.90 34.5 44.2T6S 7 44.1 2.05 4.64 41.5 47.0T6D 7 43.4 1.07 2.46 42.0 45.3T8S 7 32.5 2.46 7.57 29.2 35.0T8D 8 32.2 2.96 9.17 28.0 36.0T8aS 7 36.7 4.10 11.16 31.8 43.0T8aD 8 36.6 3.44 9.39 31.2 42.0T9D 8 23.2 2.75 11.88 19.2 27.7T9aS 5 24.9 2.54 10.22 21.5 28.0T9aD 6 25.5 2.59 10.18 21.8 29.0T10S 4 84.8 6.70 7.91 76.0 92.0T10D 3 90.1 1.56 1.73 88.3 91.0T10bS 7 77.1 4.05 5.25 71.5 82.0P1S 7 360.5 13.91 3.86 341.0 382.3P1D 7 359.5 14.55 4.05 341.6 388.5P2S 10 17.9 2.00 11.21 15.9 21.5P2D 10 18.3 2.35 12.82 15.5 22.3P3S 10 12.1 1.72 14.21 10.7 16.0P3D 10 12.8 1.94 15.15 10.7 17.2P4aS 9 31.4 3.47 11.05 27.0 37.0P4aD 9 32.8 3.72 11.35 27.0 38.5

246

Table3.18:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofthelowerlimbmetricaltraits.Females–Periods1+2+3

Traits N Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.F1S 4 422.9 4.16 0.98 416.9 426.5F1D 3 418.8 6.33 1.51 412.0 424.5F2S 1 414.0 0.0 0.0 414.0 414.0F3S 2 403.0 1.41 0.35 402.0 404.0F3D 2 405.6 11.10 2.74 397.8 413.5F4S 1 387.0 0.0 0.0 387.0 387.0F6S 5 27.3 0.74 2.71 26.3 28.0F6D 5 28.8 2.41 8.36 26.8 33.0F7S 4 24.7 0.56 2.27 24.1 25.2F7D 5 26.2 1.27 4.83 24.1 27.2F8S 3 81.7 2.08 2.55 80.0 84.0F8D 2 89.4 7.64 8.54 84.0 94.8F9S 2 32.7 4.38 13.41 29.6 35.8F9D 3 31.0 2.58 8.32 28.2 33.3F10S 2 24.6 1.27 5.17 23.7 25.5F10D 4 26.0 4.33 16.67 21.8 31.5F15S 5 27.1 2.43 8.97 24.0 29.7F15D 4 27.0 2.22 8.23 23.9 29.2F16S 4 23.6 2.73 11.57 21.1 26.2F16D 3 23.9 3.00 12.58 20.8 26.8F18S 3 39.5 2.51 6.36 36.7 41.6F18D 3 39.2 1.72 4.39 37.2 40.4F19S 3 40.2 1.97 4.88 38.0 41.7F19D 3 40.1 2.14 5.32 37.7 41.7F21S 1 69.0 0.0 0.0 69.0 69.0F21D 1 72.0 0.0 0.0 72.0 72.0T1S 3 352.9 3.10 0.88 349.8 356.0T1D 3 354.8 6.69 1.88 349.4 362.3T1aS 1 358.0 0.0 0.0 358.0 358.0T1aD 1 357.0 0.0 0.0 357.0 357.0T1bS 1 350.0 0.0 0.0 350.0 350.0T1bD 2 356.4 13.58 3.81 346.8 366.0T3S 2 66.0 4.24 6.43 63.0 69.0T3D 1 68.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 68.0T4S 1 39.6 0.0 0.0 39.6 39.6T4D 1 37.5 0.0 0.0 37.5 37.5T5S 1 38.1 0.0 0.0 38.1 38.1T5D 1 32.4 0.0 0.0 32.4 32.4T6S 4 41.6 2.84 6.83 37.5 44.1T6D 1 36.8 0.0 0.0 36.8 36.8T8S 4 27.2 3.19 11.72 25.1 32.0T8D 3 29.3 3.22 11.00 27.1 33.0T8aS 3 31.8 4.01 12.63 29.4 36.4T8aD 1 37.0 0.0 0.0 37.0 37.0T9S 3 20.1 1.52 7.56 18.7 21.7T9D 3 20.7 0.84 4.04 20.2 21.7T9aD 1 21.4 0.0 0.0 21.4 21.4T10S 1 73.0 0.0 0.0 73.0 73.0T10D 2 75.0 15.56 20.74 64.0 86.0T10bS 1 66.0 0.0 0.0 66.0 66.0P1S 2 338.2 6.72 1.99 333.5 343.0P1D 5 338.4 12.41 3.67 319.8 350.0P2S 6 13.8 1.46 10.54 12.3 15.7P2D 5 14.8 1.58 10.62 12.6 16.7P3S 6 11.6 3.58 30.97 9.0 18.7P3D 5 10.6 1.56 14.79 9.1 13.1P4aS 3 34.2 5.06 14.80 31.0 40.0P4aD 7 31.4 4.16 13.25 26.5 39.0

247

Table3.19:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofthelowerlimbmetricaltraits.Males–Period1

Traits N Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.

F1S 4 444.0 27.36 6.16 415.0 479.0

F1D 2 414.0 4.24 1.02 411.0 417.0

F6S 1 33.0 0.0 0.0 33.0 33.0

F7S 1 29.0 0.0 0.0 29.0 29.0

F7D 1 27.8 0.0 0.0 27.8 27.8

F9D 1 33.5 0.0 0.0 33.5 33.5

F15S 2 28.5 4.95 17.37 25.0 32.0

F15D 1 28.4 0.0 0.0 28.4 28.4

F16S 1 23.0 0.0 0.0 23.0 23.0

F16D 1 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0

F18S 4 45.1 2.26 5.00 42.0 47.3

F18D 3 45.5 2.33 5.13 43.0 47.6

F19S 1 44.0 0.0 0.0 44.0 44.0

F19D 1 44.7 0.0 0.0 44.7 44.7

T1D 2 363.0 8.48 2.34 357.0 369.0

P1S 2 365.4 13.58 3.72 355.8 375.0

P1D 1 356.0 0.0 0.0 356.0 356.0

P2S 3 17.0 2.86 16.83 14.3 20.0

P2D 1 16.5 0.0 0.0 16.5 16.5

P3S 3 12.8 2.05 16.03 10.7 14.8

P3D 1 10.7 0.0 0.0 10.7 10.7

P4aS 2 34.0 4.24 12.48 31.0 37.0

P4aD 1 31.0 0.0 0.0 31.0 31.0

F1S 2 422.2 3.18 0.75 420.0 424.5

F1D 2 429.2 10.25 2.39 422.0 436.5

F2D 1 420.0 0.0 0.0 420.0 420.0

F3D 2 412.5 1.41 0.34 411.5 413.5

F4D 1 402.0 0.0 0.0 402.0 402.0

F6S 3 27.1 1.69 6.23 25.9 29.0

F6D 1 27.4 0.0 0.0 27.4 27.4

F7S 3 24.9 2.08 8.34 23.4 27.3

F7D 2 24.2 1.06 4.37 23.5 25.0

F8S 1 77.0 0.0 0.0 77.0 77.0

F8D 1 78.5 0.0 0.0 78.5 78.5

F9S 1 27.6 0.0 0.0 27.6 27.6

F9D 2 30.4 2.76 9.06 28.5 32.4

F10S 1 20.5 0.0 0.0 20.5 20.5

F10D 2 22.6 1.91 8.43 21.3 24.0

F15S 5 24.9 1.20 4.82 23.5 26.5

248


F15D 3 25.9 2.06 7.94 23.6 27.5

F16S 5 21.5 1.88 8.73 19.8 24.3

F16D 3 22.2 2.31 10.39 19.6 24.0

F18S 6 38.2 5.35 14.01 28.8 44.0

F18D 5 40.7 2.50 6.14 38.0 43.5

F19S 6 40.3 2.44 6.04 38.0 44.0

F19D 6 40.2 2.44 6.08 37.6 43.3

T1S 2 353.5 3.54 1.00 351.0 356.0

T1D 2 357.1 1.98 0.55 355.7 358.5

T1aS 1 359.0 0.0 0.0 359.0 359.0

T1aD 2 365.1 6.93 1.90 360.2 370.0

T1bS 1 346.0 0.0 0.0 346.0 346.0

T3S 1 63.0 0.0 0.0 63.0 63.0

T6S 1 40.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 40.0

T6D 2 40.8 2.55 6.24 39.0 42.6

T8S 3 26.2 0.71 2.70 25.6 27.0

T8D 2 28.8 3.61 12.54 26.2 31.3

T8aS 2 31.2 5.59 17.88 27.3 35.2

T8aD 1 28.0 0.0 0.0 28.0 28.0

T9S 3 20.6 3.12 15.14 18.7 24.2

T9D 2 19.8 1.34 6.80 18.8 20.7

T9aS 2 22.4 1.70 7.58 21.2 23.6

T9aD 1 21.0 0.0 0.0 21.0 21.0

T10S 1 68.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 68.0

P1S 1 342.7 0.0 0.0 342.7 342.7

P1D 3 347.6 10.61 3.05 336.0 356.8

P2S 3 13.2 1.17 8.90 12.3 14.5

P2D 5 14.9 2.32 15.54 12.6 18.3

P3S 3 10.0 1.65 16.46 9.0 11.9

P3D 5 10.4 1.26 12.14 9.0 11.6

P4aS 1 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 25.0


249

Table3.20:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofthelowerlimbmetricaltraits.Females–Period1

Traits N Mean S.D. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.F1S 2 422.2 3.18 0.75 420.0 424.5F1D 2 429.2 10.25 2.39 422.0 436.5F2D 1 420.0 0.00 0.00 420.0 420.0F3D 2 412.5 1.41 0.34 411.5 413.5F4D 1 402.0 0.00 0.00 402.0 402.0F6S 3 27.1 1.69 6.23 25.9 29.0F6D 1 27.4 0.00 0.00 27.4 27.4F7S 3 24.9 2.08 8.34 23.4 27.3F7D 2 24.2 1.06 4.37 23.5 25.0F8S 1 77.0 0.00 0.00 77.0 77.0F8D 1 78.5 0.00 0.00 78.5 78.5F9S 1 27.6 0.00 0.00 27.6 27.6F9D 2 30.4 2.76 9.06 28.5 32.4F10S 1 20.5 0.00 0.00 20.5 20.5F10D 2 22.6 1.91 8.43 21.3 24.0F15S 5 24.9 1.20 4.82 23.5 26.5F15D 3 25.9 2.06 7.94 23.6 27.5F16S 5 21.5 1.88 8.73 19.8 24.3F16D 3 22.2 2.31 10.39 19.6 24.0F18S 6 38.2 5.35 14.01 28.8 44.0F18D 5 40.7 2.50 6.14 38.0 43.5F19S 6 40.3 2.44 6.04 38.0 44.0F19D 6 40.2 2.44 6.08 37.6 43.3T1S 2 353.5 3.54 1.00 351.0 356.0T1D 2 357.1 1.98 0.55 355.7 358.5T1aS 1 359.0 0.00 0.00 359.0 359.0T1aD 2 365.1 6.93 1.90 360.2 370.0T1bS 1 346.0 0.00 0.00 346.0 346.0T3S 1 63.0 0.00 0.00 63.0 63.0T6S 1 40.0 0.00 0.00 40.0 40.0T6D 2 40.8 2.55 6.24 39.0 42.6T8S 3 26.2 0.71 2.70 25.6 27.0T8D 2 28.8 3.61 12.54 26.2 31.3T8aS 2 31.2 5.59 17.88 27.3 35.2T8aD 1 28.0 0.00 0.00 28.0 28.0T9S 3 20.6 3.12 15.14 18.7 24.2T9D 2 19.8 1.34 6.80 18.8 20.7T9aS 2 22.4 1.70 7.58 21.2 23.6T9aD 1 21.0 0.00 0.00 21.0 21.0T10S 1 68.0 0.00 0.00 68.0 68.0P1S 1 342.7 0.00 0.00 342.7 342.7P1D 3 347.6 10.61 3.05 336.0 356.8P2S 3 13.2 1.17 8.90 12.3 14.5P2D 5 14.9 2.32 15.54 12.6 18.3P3S 3 10.0 1.65 16.46 9.0 11.9P3D 5 10.4 1.26 12.14 9.0 11.6P4aS 1 25.0 0.00 0.00 25.0 25.0

250



F1S 2 463.5 3.54 0.76 461.0 466.0

F1D 3 446.0 15.98 3.58 433.5 464.0

F3D 2 432.5 1.41 0.33 431.5 433.5

F4D 1 424.0 0.0 0.0 424.0 424.0

F6S 3 32.6 1.97 6.04 31.0 34.8

F6D 4 32.6 3.45 10.57 28.0 35.5

F7S 3 27.1 0.85 3.13 26.3 28.0

F7D 4 27.0 2.08 7.70 24.2 29.2

F9D 4 33.2 6.12 18.41 25.0 39.7

F10S 1 32.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 32.0

F10D 4 27.4 4.58 16.72 24.3 34.0

F15D 1 33.2 0.0 0.0 33.2 33.2

F16D 1 28.0 0.0 0.0 28.0 28.0

F18D 6 46.4 1.85 4.00 44.7 50.0

F19D 6 45.9 2.05 4.47 43.5 49.5

F21S 3 80.9 0.60 0.74 80.3 81.5

F21D 1 80.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 80.0

T1S 3 389.1 13.92 3.58 374.8 402.6

T1D 4 385.0 13.19 3.43 368.7 399.3

T1aD 1 378.0 0.0 0.0 378.0 378.0

T1bS 1 372.9 0.0 0.0 372.9 372.9

T1bD 1 366.0 0.0 0.0 366.0 366.0

T3S 2 77.0 0.07 0.09 77.0 77.1

T3D 1 77.0 0.0 0.0 77.0 77.0

T4S 2 47.9 2.05 4.29 46.4 49.3

T4D 1 46.0 0.0 0.0 46.0 46.0

T5S 2 40.6 1.70 4.18 39.4 41.8

T5D 1 41.8 0.0 0.0 41.8 41.8

T6S 1 42.2 0.0 0.0 42.2 42.2

T6D 1 42.9 0.0 0.0 42.9 42.9

T8D 1 36.0 0.0 0.0 36.0 36.0

T8aS 1 36.4 0.0 0.0 36.4 36.4

T8aD 1 39.0 0.0 0.0 39.0 39.0

T9D 1 21.0 0.0 0.0 21.0 21.0

T9aS 1 25.2 0.0 0.0 25.2 25.2

T9aD 1 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 25.0

T10bS 2 78.0 5.66 7.25 74.0 82.0

P1S 3 375.6 8.90 2.37 365.5 382.3

P1D 3 375.2 17.02 4.54 356.0 388.5

P2S 3 17.5 0.57 3.25 17.0 18.1

P2D 4 16.8 3.33 19.87 12.2 20.2

P3S 3 13.0 0.98 7.58 12.2 14.1

P3D 4 12.7 2.22 17.56 11.0 15.7

P4aS 1 32.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 32.0

P4aD 1 31.3 0.0 0.0 31.3 31.3

251



F1S 1 420.0 0.0 0.0 420.0 420.0

F1D 1 424.5 0.0 0.0 424.5 424.5

F6D 3 29.9 3.10 10.36 26.8 33.0

F7D 3 26.9 0.27 0.98 26.7 27.2

F8D 1 94.8 0.0 0.0 94.8 94.8

F9S 2 32.8 0.0 0.0 32.8 32.8

F9D 1 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 33.3

F10S 2 23.9 0.64 2.66 23.5 24.4

F10D 1 31.5 0.0 0.0 31.5 31.5

F15S 1 29.5 0.0 0.0 29.5 29.5

F15D 2 27.4 0.07 0.26 27.3 27.4

F16S 1 25.6 0.0 0.0 25.6 25.6

F16D 1 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0

F18S 1 40.1 0.0 0.0 40.1 40.1

F18D 1 40.4 0.0 0.0 40.4 40.4

F19S 1 41.0 0.0 0.0 41.0 41.0

F19D 1 41.0 0.0 0.0 41.0 41.0

T1D 1 362.3 0.0 0.0 362.3 362.3

T1bD 1 366.0 0.0 0.0 366.0 366.0

T6S 2 43.3 1.13 2.61 42.5 44.1

T8D 1 27.2 0.0 0.0 27.2 27.2

T9D 1 17.8 0.0 0.0 17.8 17.8

P1S 2 343.0 0.0 0.0 343.0 343.0

P1D 1 346.5 0.0 0.0 346.5 346.5

P2S 1 13.1 0.0 0.0 13.1 13.1

P2D 1 16.3 0.0 0.0 16.3 16.3

P3S 1 10.8 0.0 0.0 10.8 10.8

P3D 1 9.3 0.0 0.0 9.3 9.3

P4aS 2 35.8 6.01 16.81 31.5 40.0

P4aD 2 35.1 5.51 15.71 31.2 39.0

252



F1S 7 446.2 22.83 5.12 414.6 478.0

F1D 8 442.3 18.67 4.22 418.2 474.2

F2S 4 445.2 18.55 4.17 435.0 473.0

F2D 4 438.6 21.93 5.00 416.8 469.0

F3S 6 425.6 16.84 3.96 402.8 455.0

F3D 6 424.8 15.42 3.63 409.5 452.0

F4S 4 423.0 18.05 4.27 413.0 450.0

F4D 4 409.8 4.92 1.20 405.0 414.0

F6S 7 30.6 1.80 5.90 28.2 33.3

F6D 8 31.9 2.97 9.29 27.4 37.0

F7S 7 26.4 2.39 9.08 22.4 29.8

F7D 8 26.6 2.21 8.31 23.4 30.6

F8S 5 85.6 5.94 6.94 78.0 94.0

F8D 3 87.7 0.58 0.66 87.0 88.0

F9S 7 32.7 3.02 9.21 30.1 37.0

F9D 10 31.9 3.11 9.75 28.1 37.5

F10S 7 27.0 2.34 8.69 24.2 31.2

F10D 9 26.1 2.43 9.31 23.1 30.0

F15S 8 29.9 1.28 4.27 28.0 31.4

F15D 8 29.4 2.08 7.06 26.7 33.2

F16S 9 25.4 2.13 8.38 22.3 29.0

F16D 8 26.8 2.90 10.80 23.2 30.9

F18S 4 43.6 2.74 6.29 41.0 46.8

F18D 8 43.8 2.74 6.25 40.3 48.4

F19S 7 44.0 2.90 6.60 39.5 47.0

F19D 7 43.5 2.44 5.60 40.6 47.1

F21S 5 77.2 3.68 4.77 74.0 83.0

F21D 4 79.0 2.95 3.73 76.0 83.0

T1S 4 362.9 10.93 3.01 353.5 377.0

T1D 6 367.2 11.78 3.21 350.0 379.6

T1aS 3 365.4 6.82 1.87 359.8 373.0

T1aD 5 372.3 12.28 3.30 356.0 388.5

T1bS 2 354.2 9.33 2.63 347.6 360.8

T1bD 2 349.8 10.25 2.93 342.5 357.0

T3S 4 72.6 2.57 3.54 69.1 75.3

T3D 5 75.3 2.67 3.54 72.0 78.5

T4S 5 44.3 3.73 8.42 39.0 49.2

T4D 6 44.9 2.31 5.16 41.1 46.5

T5S 4 37.0 4.60 12.44 30.5 41.0

T5D 5 40.5 4.00 9.89 34.5 44.2

T6S 6 44.5 2.04 4.59 41.5 47.0

253


T6D 6 43.5 1.14 2.62 42.0 45.3

T8S 7 32.5 2.46 7.57 29.2 35.0

T8D 9 32.4 2.81 8.67 28.0 36.0

T8aS 7 36.7 4.10 11.16 31.8 43.0

T8aD 8 36.6 3.44 9.39 31.2 42.0

T9S 6 23.5 2.74 11.66 20.8 28.2

T9D 9 23.1 2.59 11.23 19.2 27.7

T9aS 5 24.9 2.54 10.22 21.5 28.0

T9aD 6 25.5 2.59 10.18 21.8 29.0

T10S 4 84.8 6.70 7.91 76.0 92.0

T10D 3 90.1 1.56 1.73 88.3 91.0

T10bS 5 76.7 3.99 5.21 71.5 82.0

P1S 5 357.0 12.28 3.44 341.0 373.8

P1D 5 348.9 13.94 4.00 329.0 364.8

P2S 9 18.0 2.08 11.54 15.9 21.5

P2D 10 18.1 2.67 14.80 14.0 22.3

P3S 9 12.3 1.75 14.23 10.8 16.0

P3D 10 12.8 1.94 15.15 10.7 17.2

P4aS 6 30.4 3.44 11.29 27.0 36.5

P4aD 7 33.2 4.16 12.53 27.0 38.5



F1S 3 422.3 4.91 1.16 416.9 426.5

F1D 2 416.0 5.66 1.36 412.0 420.0

F2S 1 414.0 0.0 0.0 414.0 414.0

F3S 2 403.0 1.41 0.35 402.0 404.0

F3D 1 397.8 0.0 0.0 397.8 397.8

F4S 1 387.0 0.0 0.0 387.0 387.0

F6S 4 27.5 0.57 2.08 26.7 28.0

F6D 3 28.1 0.38 1.35 27.7 28.4

F7S 3 24.9 0.46 1.85 24.4 25.2

F7D 3 25.7 1.48 5.77 24.1 27.0

F8S 3 81.7 2.08 2.55 80.0 84.0

F8D 1 84.0 0.0 0.0 84.0 84.0

F9S 2 32.7 4.38 13.41 29.6 35.8

F9D 3 31.0 2.67 8.60 28.2 33.5

F10S 2 24.6 1.27 5.17 23.7 25.5

F10D 4 23.9 2.38 9.98 21.8 27.3

F15S 3 26.6 2.89 10.89 24.0 29.7


254


F15D 2 26.6 3.75 14.12 23.9 29.2

F16S 2 23.8 3.46 14.59 21.3 26.2

F16D 2 23.8 4.24 17.83 20.8 26.8

F18S 1 41.6 0.0 0.0 41.6 41.6

F18D 2 38.5 1.91 4.95 37.2 39.9

F19S 1 41.7 0.0 0.0 41.7 41.7

F19D 2 39.7 2.83 7.12 37.7 41.7

F21S 1 69.0 0.0 0.0 69.0 69.0

F21D 1 72.0 0.0 0.0 72.0 72.0

T1S 2 351.3 2.12 0.60 349.8 352.8

T1D 2 351.1 2.40 0.69 349.4 352.8

T1aS 1 358.0 0.0 0.0 358.0 358.0

T1aD 1 357.0 0.0 0.0 357.0 357.0

T1bS 1 350.0 0.0 0.0 350.0 350.0

T1bD 1 346.8 0.0 0.0 346.8 346.8

T3S 1 69.0 0.0 0.0 69.0 69.0

T3D 1 68.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 68.0

T4S 1 39.6 0.0 0.0 39.6 39.6

T4D 1 37.5 0.0 0.0 37.5 37.5

T5S 1 38.1 0.0 0.0 38.1 38.1

T5D 1 32.4 0.0 0.0 32.4 32.4

T6S 2 39.9 3.32 8.34 37.5 42.2

T6D 1 36.8 0.0 0.0 36.8 36.8

T8S 3 27.6 3.80 13.74 25.1 32.0

T8D 3 29.3 3.22 11.00 27.1 33.0

T8aS 3 31.8 4.01 12.63 29.4 36.4

T8aD 1 37.0 0.0 0.0 37.0 37.0

T9S 2 20.8 1.34 6.47 19.8 21.7

T9D 3 20.7 0.84 4.04 20.2 21.7

T9aS 3 22.6 2.14 9.44 21.4 25.1

T9aD 1 21.4 0.0 0.0 21.4 21.4

T10S 1 73.0 0.0 0.0 73.0 73.0

T10D 1 86.0 0.0 0.0 86.0 86.0

T10bS 1 66.0 0.0 0.0 66.0 66.0

P1S 1 333.5 0.0 0.0 333.5 333.5

P1D 3 331.9 12.00 3.62 319.8 343.8

P2S 4 14.4 1.47 10.19 12.5 15.7

P2D 4 15.4 1.10 7.17 14.0 16.7

P3S 4 9.9 1.03 10.43 8.7 11.1

P3D 4 10.9 1.54 14.07 9.5 13.1

P4aS 1 31.0 0.0 0.0 31.0 31.0

P4aD 5 29.9 2.94 9.85 26.5 33.0


255

Table3.25:NecropolisofRH5–Student’s“t”testofthecranialandpostcranialmetricaltraits–Females-Period1vsperiod2

TraitsPeriod1 Period2

N. X S.D. N. X S.D. «t» p

m69.1dx 7 30.84 2.00 5 30.86 2.13 0.031

m69 6 30.83 2.91 3 30.0 1.67 0.994

m69.3dx 6 11.20 1.19 3 12.33 1.27 1.324

u13sn 7 17.13 1.26 3 20.33 0.76 4.030** **

u14sn 7 19.56 1.26 3 21.70 3.00 1.766

Table3.26:NecropolisofRH5–Student’s“t”testofthecranialandpostcranialmetricaltraits–Males-Period1vsperiod2



m69.1dx 3 32.93 1.72 7 35.10 1.67 1.869

m69.3dx 4 10.95 1.98 7 11.53 1.20 0.613

o4sn 3 60.77 2.25 8 58.46 2.23 1.525

Table3.27:NecropolisofRH5–Student’s“t”testofthecranialandpostcranialmetricaltraits–Females-Period1vsperiod3



r4dx 4 13.60 1.83 4 14.03 0.82 0.423

r5dx 4 10.25 0.93 4 9.97 0.59 0.50

p2dx 5 14.90 2.32 4 15.40 1.10 0.393

p3dx 5 10.36 1.26 4 10.93 1.54 0.606




m69.3dx 4 10.95 1.98 12 11.44 1.16 0.618

o1sn 4 305.80 9.85 7 312.07 12.75 0.843

f1sn 4 444.00 27.36 7 446.23 22.83 0.144

f18sn 4 45.08 2.26 4 43.62 2.74 0.816

256




m69 6 32.90 2.37 5 34.76 1.51 1.511

m69.1dx 7 35.10 1.67 10 34.49 2.57 0.549

m69.3dx 7 11.53 1.20 12 11.44 1.16 0.154

o4sn 8 58.46 2.23 9 56.39 6.30 0.879

o4dx 5 58.84 3.56 8 59.59 4.11 0.334

o5dx 4 24.25 0.79 5 23.94 1.94 0.296

o6dx 4 18.12 1.47 5 17.44 1.79 0.614

r3dx 4 38.38 1.80 8 40.94 3.41 1.387

r4sn 4 14.75 1.34 10 15.73 1.48 1.146

r5sn 4 12.30 1.13 8 11.54 0.55 1.607

u1dx 4 284.32 10.60 5 273.24 6.49 1.944

u8dx 5 23.80 1.78 6 23.65 2.06 0.126

u11dx 4 21.80 1.35 7 22.93 1.79 1.088

u12dx 4 22.48 1.96 6 22.35 1.43 0.118

u13dx 5 22.36 2.50 8 22.68 1.09 0.317

u14sn 5 22.84 1.23 8 22.79 2.12 0.044

u14dx 5 23.62 1.69 8 23.40 2.17 0.192

f6dx 4 32.62 3.45 8 31.94 2.97 0.360

f7dx 4 26.98 2.08 8 26.65 2.21 0.244

f9dx 4 33.25 6.12 10 31.90 3.11 0.559

f10dx 4 27.40 4.58 9 26.11 2.43 0.677

f18dx 6 46.38 1.85 8 43.83 2.74 1.965

f19dx 6 45.92 2.05 7 43.53 2.44 1.889

t1dx 4 385.00 13.19 6 367.23 11.78 2.232

p2dx 4 16.75 3.33 10 18.06 2.67 0.776

p3dx 4 12.65 2.22 10 12.79 1.94 0.118

257

Table4.1:NecropolisofRH5–Frequencyofcranialandpostcranialmorphologicaltraits.-.Period1

TraitLeft Left Right Right L+R L+R Left Left Right Right L+R L+R L+R L+R+ - + - + - + - + - + - + -M M M M M M F F F F F F M+F M+F

High.Nuc.Line 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 4 1 4 1OssiclesatLambda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0LambdoidOssicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1ParietalForamen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0BregmaticBone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Metopism 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 6CoronalOssicles 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1EpiptericBone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1Fronto-Temp.Artic. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0ParietalNotchBone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1OssiclesatAsterion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 3AuditoryTorus 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 7HuschkeForamen 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 3 2 3 2Mast.For.Exsutural 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3Mast.For.Absent 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 4 2 7 2 8Post.Cond.For. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0Cond.FacetDouble 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 8 0 12Precond.Tubercle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1Ant.Con.Can.Dou. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 3 0 6 1 6For.OvaleIncomp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0For.Spin.Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0LesserPal.Foramen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0PalatineTorus 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9MaxillaryTorus 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 6Fac-zyg.For.Abs. 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 3 3Sup-Orb.For.Comp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 3FrontalForamen 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 2Ant.Ethm.For.Exs. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Post.Eth.For.Abs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Acc.Infraorb.For. 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 6Acc.Ment.Foramen 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 6 0 8 0 14 0 15Mand.Torus 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 9 0 12IIIOccipit.Condyle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0AllenFossa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 3PoirierFacte 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 3FemuralPlaque 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2Ipotroc.Fossa 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 5 0 6Esos.Troc.Fossa 0 2 0 5 0 7 0 2 1 3 1 5 1 12IIITrocanthere 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 2 0 5 0 7 0 12Mid.Cond.LatFac. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2Sup-epip.Proc. 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 4 0 10 0 15Olecran.Perf. 2 3 1 5 3 8 7 3 1 5 8 8 12 18TalusMid.Facet. 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 5TalusExt.Lat. 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 6TalusInf.Doub.Fac 1 2 0 3 1 5 0 4 1 6 1 10 2 15Calc.Ant.DoubFac 0 2 0 1 0 3 1 4 3 4 4 8 4 11Calc.Ant.Fac.Abs. 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 4 0 7 0 8

Tib.Ant.FacetPres. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Mid.Tib.Fac.Pres. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1

Lat.Tib.Fac.Pres. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

258



High.Nuc.Line 2 1 5 1 7 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 9 2OssicolatLambda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1LambdoidOssicles 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0ParietalForamen 3 1 3 2 6 3 1 0 1 0 2 0 8 3BregmaticBone 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1Metopism 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9CoronalOssicles 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1EpiptericBone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fronto-Temp.Artic. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0ParietalNotchBone 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4OssiclesatAsterion 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2AuditoryTorus 0 7 0 9 0 16 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 21HuschkeForamen 3 4 1 6 4 10 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 10Mast.For.Exsutural 3 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0Mast.For.Absent 4 3 3 5 7 8 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 9Post.Cond.For. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1Cond.FacetDouble 0 6 0 4 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 12Precond.Tubercle 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 8Ant.Con.Can.Dou. 0 4 1 6 1 10 0 2 0 2 0 4 1 14For.OvaleIncomp. 0 1 0 4 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 7For.Spin.Open 0 1 1 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4LesserPal.Foramen 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0PalatineTorus 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 14MaxillaryTorus 0 4 0 6 0 10 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 14Fac-zyg.For.Abs. 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 8Sup-Orb.For.Comp 1 3 0 3 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 7FrontalForamen 1 2 3 2 4 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 5Ant.Ethm.For.Exs. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Post.Eth.For.Abs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Acc.Infraorb.For. 0 6 0 7 0 13 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 16Acc.Ment.Foramen 0 11 0 11 0 22 0 4 0 7 0 11 0 33Mand.Torus 0 8 0 7 0 15 0 5 0 7 0 12 0 27IIIOccipit.Condyle 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1AllenFossa 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3PoirierFacte 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3FemuralPlaque 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3Ipotroc.Fossa 1 1 1 2 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 2 3 5Esos.Troc.Fossa 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 7IIITrocanthere 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 6 0 13Mid.Cond.LatFac. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sup-epip.Proc. 0 4 0 8 0 12 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 17Olecran.Perf. 5 6 1 8 6 14 5 1 3 1 8 2 15 17TalusMid.Facet. 0 3 0 4 0 7 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 11TalusExt.Lat. 0 4 0 3 0 7 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 11TalusInf.Doub.Fac 3 5 4 4 7 9 0 1 0 1 0 2 7 12Calc.Ant.DoubFac 5 2 4 3 9 5 0 1 0 1 0 2 9 9Calc.Ant.Fac.Abs. 0 3 0 3 0 6 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 10Tib.Ant.FacetPres. 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 5 0Mid.Tib.Fac.Pres. 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 5Lat.Tib.Fac.Pres. 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 5 0

259



High.Nuc.Line 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 4 1 4 1OssicolatLambda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0LambdoidOssicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1ParietalForamen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0BregmaticBone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Metopism 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 6CoronalOssicles 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1EpiptericBone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1Fronto-Temp.Artic. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0ParietalNotchBone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1OssiclesatAsterion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 3AuditoryTorus 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 7HuschkeForamen 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 3 2 3 2Mast.For.Exsutural 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3Mast.For.Absent 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 4 2 7 2 8Post.Cond.For. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0Cond.FacetDouble 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 8 0 12Precond.Tubercle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1Ant.Con.Can.Dou. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 3 0 6 1 6For.OvaleIncomp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0For.Spin.Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0LesserPal.Foramen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0PalatineTorus 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9MaxillaryTorus 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 6Fac-zyg.For.Abs. 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 3 3Sup-Orb.For.Comp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 3FrontalForamen 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 2Ant.Ethm.For.Exs. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Post.Eth.For.Abs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Acc.Infraorb.For. 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 6Acc.Ment.Foramen 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 6 0 8 0 14 0 15Mand.Torus 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 9 0 12IIIOccipit.Condyle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0AllenFossa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 3PoirierFacte 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 3FemuralPlaque 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2Ipotroc.Fossa 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 5 0 6Esos.Troc.Fossa 0 2 0 5 0 7 0 2 1 3 1 5 1 12IIITrocanthere 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 2 0 5 0 7 0 12Mid.Cond.LatFac. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2Sup-epip.Proc. 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 4 0 10 0 15Olecran.Perf. 2 3 1 5 3 8 7 3 1 5 8 8 12 18TalusMid.Facet. 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 5TalusExt.Lat. 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 6TalusInf.Doub.Fac 1 2 0 3 1 5 0 4 1 6 1 10 2 15Calc.Ant.DoubFac 0 2 0 1 0 3 1 4 3 4 4 8 4 11Calc.Ant.Fac.Abs. 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 4 0 7 0 8Tib.Ant.FacetPres. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0Mid.Tib.Fac.Pres. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1Lat.Tib.Fac.Pres. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

260

Table4.4:-X²testofthecranialtraitsfrequenciesbetweenperiod1and2.

Traits Period1 Period2X² P

N. Freq. % N. Freq. % (1)High.Nuc.Line 5 4 80.0 11 9 81.8 0.366 0.545ParietalForamen 1 1 100.0 11 8 72.7 0Metopism 6 0 0.0 9 0 0.0 0ParietalNotchBone 1 0 0.0 4 0 0.0 0OssiclesatAsterion 3 0 0.0 2 0 0.0 0Auditorytorus 7 0 0.0 21 0 0.0 0Huschke’sForamen 5 3 60.0 14 4 28,6 0.505 0.477Mast.For.Exsutural 6 3 50.0 4 4 100.0 0.972 0.324Mast.For.Absent 9 1 11.1 17 8 47.0 1.954 0.162Post.Cond.For. 2 2 100.0 1 0 0.0 0Cond.FacetDouble 12 0 0.0 12 0 0.0 0Precond.Tubercle 1 0 0.0 8 0 0.0 0Ant.Con.Can.Dou. 7 1 14.28 15 1 6.7 0.047 0.828For.OvaleIncomp. 0 0 0.0 7 0 0.0 0For.Spin.Open 0 0 0.0 5 1 20.0 0LesserPal.Foramen 0 0 0.0 2 2 100.0 0PalatineTorus 9 0 0.0 14 0 0.0 0MaxillaryTorus 6 0 0.0 14 0 0.0 0Fac-zyg.For.Abs. 6 3 50.0 10 2 20.0 0.485 0.486Sup-orb.For.Comp 3 0 0.0 8 1 12.5 0FrontalForamen 4 2 50.0 9 4 44.4 0.174 0.676Acc.Infraorb.For. 6 0 0.0 16 0 0.0 0Acc.Ment.Foramen 15 0 0.0 33 0 0.0 0Mand.Torus 11 0 0.0 27 0 0.0 0

(1)DF=1*p<=0.05**p<=0.01

Table4.5:-X²testofthepostcranialtraitsfrequenciesbetweenperiod1and2.

Traits Period1 Period2X² P

N. Freq. % N. Freq. % (1)AllenFossa 3 0 0.0 3 0 0.0 0PoirierFacet 4 1 25.0 3 0 0.0 0FemuralPlaque 2 0 0.0 3 0 0.0 0Ipotroc.Fossa 6 0 0.0 8 3 37.5 1.069 0.301Esos.Troc.Fossa 13 1 7.7 7 0 0.0 0.104 0.747III°Trocanthere 12 0 0.0 13 0 0.0 0Tib.Ant.Fac.Pres. 1 1 100.0 5 5 100.0 0Mid.Tib.Fac.Pres. 1 0 0.0 5 0 0.0Lat.Tib.Fac.Pres. 1 1 100.0 5 5 100.0 0Saup-Epic.Proc. 15 0 0.0 17 0 0.0 0Olecran.Perf. 30 12 40.0 32 15 46.9 0.084 0.772TalusMid.Facet 5 0 0.0 11 0 0.0 0TalusLat.Ext. 6 0 0.0 11 0 0.0 0TalusInf.DoubFac 17 2 11.7 19 7 36.8 1.820 0.177CalcAnt.DoubFac. 15 4 26.6 18 9 50.0 1.016 0.313Calc.Ant.Fac.Abs. 8 0 0.0 10 0 0.0 0

(1)DF=1*p<=0.05**p<=0.01

261


Traits Period1 Period3 X² PN. Freq. % N. Freq. % (1)

High.Nuc.Line 5 4 80.0 18 15 83.3 0.243 0.622Ossic.AtLambda - - - 11 1 9.1 0LambdoidOssicles 1 - - 16 3 18.7 0ParietalForamen 1 1 100.0 21 18 85.7 0BregmaticBone - - - 11 - - 0Metopism 6 - - 20 - - 0CoronalOssicles 1 - - 19 2 10.5 0EpiptericBone 1 - - 3 1 33.3 0Fronto-Temp-Artic. - - - 6 3 50.0 0ParietalNotchbone 1 - - 9 - - 0OssiclesatAsterion 3 - - 13 - - 0AuditoryTorus 7 - - 24 - - 0Huschke’sForamen 5 3 60.0 24 2 8.3 4.544 0.033*Mast.For.Exsutural 6 3 50.0 13 3 23.1 0.413 0.520Mast.For.Absent 9 1 11.1 31 16 51.6 3.171 0.075Post.Cond.For. 2 2 100.0 11 3 27.3 0Cond.FacetDouble 12 - - 27 - - 0Precond.Tubercle 1 - - 24 - - 0Ant.Con.Can.Dou. 7 1 14.28 25 2 8.0 0.053 0.819For.OvaleIncomp. - - - 11 - - 0For.Spin.Open - - - 10 5 50.0 0LesserPal.Foramen - - - 8 7 87.5 0PalatineTorus 9 - - 17 - - 0MaxillaryTorus 6 - - 28 - - 0Fac-zyg.For.Abs. 6 3 50.0 16 7 43.7 0.048 0.827Sup-Orb.For.Comp 3 - - 29 5 17.2 0FrontalForamen 4 2 50.0 24 17 70.8 0.061 0.804Acc.Infraorb.For. 6 - - 21 2 9.5 0.010 0.922Acc.Ment.Foramen 15 - - 32 2 6.2 0.046 0.830Mand.Torus 11 - - 34 - - 0

1)DF=1*p<=0.05**p<=0.01



AllenFossa 3 - - 13 1 7.7 0PoirierFacet 4 1 25.0 12 - - 0.356 0.551FemuralPlaque 2 - - 11 2 18.2 0Ipotroc.Fossa 6 - - 23 11 47.8 2.815 0.093Esos.Troc.Fossa 13 1 7.7 20 3 15.0 0.07 0.934III°Trocanthere 12 - - 26 - - 0Tib.Ant.Fac.Pres. 1 1 100.0 11 8 72.7 0Mid.Tib.Fac.Pres. 1 - - 10 - - 0Lat.Tib.Fac.Pres. 1 1 100.0 11 8 72.7 0Saup-Epic.Proc. 15 - - 32 - - 0Olecran.Perf. 30 12 40.0 37 10 27.0 0.744 0.388TalusMid.Facet 5 - - 27 - - 0TalusLat.Ext. 6 - - 15 - - 0TalusInf.DoubFac. 17 2 11.7 28 10 35.7 1.999 0.157Calc.Ant.DoubFac 15 4 26.6 27 10 37.0 0.117 0.733Calc.Ant.Fac.Abs. 8 - - 23 2 8.7 0.01 0.979

(1)DF=1*p<=0.05**p<=0.01

262



X² PN. Freq. % N. Freq. % (1)

High.Nuc.Line 11 9 81.8 18 15 83.3 0.161 0.688Ossic.AtLambda 1 - - 11 1 9.1 0LambdoidOssicles 1 1 100.0 16 3 18.7 0ParietalForamen 11 8 72.7 21 18 85.7 0.174 0.677BregmaticBone 1 - - 11 - - 0Metopism 9 - - 20 - - 0CoronalOssicles 1 - - 19 2 10.5 0EpiptericBone - - - 3 1 33.3 0Fronto-Temp-Artic. 1 1 100.0 6 3 50.0 0ParietalNotchbone 4 - - 9 - - 0OssiclesatAsterion 2 - - 13 - - 0AuditoryTorus 21 - - 24 - - 0Huschke’sForamen 14 4 28.6 24 2 8,3 1.414 0.234Mast.For.Exsutural 4 4 100.0 13 3 23.1 4.634 0.031*Mast.For.Absent 17 8 47.0 31 16 51.6 0.001 0.999Post.Cond.For. 1 - - 11 3 27.3 0Cond.FacetDouble 12 - - 27 - - 0Precond.Tubercle 8 - - 24 - - 0Ant.Con.Can.Dou. 15 1 6.7 25 2 8.0 0.216 0.642For.OvaleIncomp. 7 - - 11 - - 0For.Spin.Open 5 1 20.0 10 5 50.0 0.312 0.576LesserPal.Foramen 2 2 100.0 8 7 87.5 0PalatineTorus 14 - - 17 - - 0MaxillaryTorus 14 - - 28 - - 0Fac-zyg.For.Abs. 10 2 20.0 16 7 43.7 0.664 0.415Sup-Orb.For.Comp. 8 1 12.5 29 5 17.2 0.048 0.826FrontalForamen 9 4 44.4 24 17 70.8 0.994 0.319Acc.Infraorb.For. 16 - - 21 2 9.5 0.287 0.592Acc.Ment.Foramen 33 - - 32 2 6.2 0.548 0.459Mand.Torus 27 - - 34 - - 0

(1)DF=1*p<=0.05**p<=0.01



AllenFossa 3 - - 13 1 7.7 0PoirierFacet 3 - - 12 - - 0FemuralPlaque 3 - - 11 2 18.2 0Ipotroc.Fossa 8 3 37.5 23 11 47.8 0.09 0.926Esos.Troc.Fossa 7 - - 20 3 15.0 0.151 0.6987III°Trocanthere 13 - - 26 - - 0Tib.Ant.Fac.Pres. 5 5 100.0 11 8 72.7 0.366 0.545Mid.Tib.Fac.Pres. 5 - - 10 - - 0Lat.Tib.Fac.Pres. 5 5 100.0 11 8 72.7 0.366 0.545Saup-Epic.Proc. 17 - - 32 - - 0Olecran.Perf. 32 15 46.9 37 10 27.0 2.130 0.144TalusMid.Facet 11 - - 27 - - 0TalusLat.Ext. 11 - - 15 - - 0TalusInf.Doub.Fac. 19 7 36.8 28 10 35.7 0.053 0.818Calc.Ant.DoubFac. 18 9 50.0 27 10 37.0 0.307 0.579Calc.Ant.Fac.Abs. 10 - - 23 2 8.7 0.028 0.866

(1)DF=1*p<=0.05**p<=0.01

263

Table5.1:NecropolisofRH5–Statisticalelaborationofstatures–Periods1+2+3

Method Sex N. Mean D.S. C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.

Manouvrier M 32 1677 63.24 3.77 1567.5 1849.0

Manouvrier F 15 1583 35.15 2.22 1488.0 1630.0

Pearson M 29 165.2 4.59 2.78 156.8 176.2

Pearson F 13 155.1 2.82 1.82 148.0 159.4

Trotter-Gleser M 32 170.3 5.82 3.42 159.0 183.0

Trotter-Gleser F 15 160.5 3.67 2.29 151.0 166.0

Olivier M 27 168.5 6.29 3.73 157.6 182.2

Olivier F 13 159.7 5.27 3.30 148.2 166.4

Stature M 32 1680 58.82 3.50 1579.1 1815.7

Stature F 15 1587 37.04 2.33 1490.0 1647.3

Table5.2:NecropolisofRH5–Statisticalelaborationofstatures–Period1


Manouvrier M 7 1633 41.70 2.55 1567.5 1677.0

Manouvrier F 5 1585 56.49 3.56 1488.0 1630.0

Pearson M 7 162.5 3.81 2.35 156.8 166.2

Pearson F 5 155.3 4.44 2.86 148.0 159.4

Trotter-Gleser M 7 166.0 4.91 2.96 159.0 172.0

Trotter-Gleser F 5 160.9 5.86 3.65 151.0 166.0

Olivier M 5 163.9 4.23 2.58 157.6 168.3

Olivier F 4 157.9 7.25 4.59 148.2 164.5

Statura M 7 1639 42.88 2.62 1579.1 1686.3

Statura F 5 1584 55.87 3.53 1490.0 1628.0

264



Manouvrier M 8 1699 52.32 3.08 1633.0 1812.0

Manouvrier F 5 1582 15.67 0.99 1555.0 1593.0

Pearson M 6 165.6 3.07 1.86 161.5 169.4

Pearson F 4 155.6 1.31 0.84 153.7 156.7

Trotter-Gleser M 8 172.9 4.23 2.44 167.0 181.0

Trotter-Gleser F 5 160.4 1.45 0.90 158.0 161.5

Olivier M 8 171.8 5.09 2.96 164.7 181.7

Olivier F 4 161.6 5.38 3.33 154.9 166.4

Statura M 8 1708 51.84 3.04 1641.2 1813.0

Statura F 5 1590 17.39 1.09 1566.7 1609.0



Manouvrier M 17 1685 68.75 4.08 1572.0 1849.0

Manouvrier F 5 1583 29.73 1.88 1548.7 1630.0

Pearson M 16 166.2 5.08 3.06 158.9 176.2

Pearson F 4 154.6 1.75 1.13 152.3 156.4

Trotter-Gleser M 17 170.9 6.07 3.55 160.0 183.0

Trotter-Gleser F 5 160.2 3.24 2.02 156.0 165.0

Olivier M 14 168.3 6.69 3.98 159.0 182.2

Olivier F 5 159.8 3.92 2.45 156.4 166.2

Statura M 17 1684 60.82 3.61 1587.3 1815.7

Statura F 5 1587 36.78 2.32 1548.9 1647.3

265

Table6.1:NecropolisofRH5–Ossificationdefectsofthesacralneuraltube.

Burial Period Ageatdeath S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Totalspine Partialspine

2 2 41-47 + + + - - - +

3 2 Adult + + - -

5 2 34-43 + - - - +

8A 3 Adult d +

9 3 Adult - - - - - + +

14 1 23-43 + + + -

15A 1 15-18 - - - - - + +

21A 1 39-45 + + + - - - +

22 1 20-30 - d - - - + +

24 2 34-42 + + + - - - +

25INF 3 20-26 d d - - - + +

25SUP 1 16-19 + + + - - - +

26A 2 12-15 - - - - - + +

26C 3 24-30 d d d - - + +

28 2 19-28 + + + - - - +

31 2 38-54 - - - - - + +

33 2 30-39 + + + - - - +

34 2 35-43 d d - - - + +

35 1 20-26 + + + + - - -

37 3 28-37 - - - - - + +

38 1 8-12 + - -

41 2 3-6 - - - - - + +

43Ind1 2 Adult + + + -

44B 1 38-46 + + - - - - +

48 2 29-35 - - d - - + +

49 1 31-40 + + + + - - -

50A 1 32-40 + + + + - - -

50B 1 38-46 + + + -

54 2 35-41 - - - +

58 2 26-40 - - - - - + +

59B 3 37-41 d - - - - + +

61 3 25-30 - + + + - - +

62 2 30-50 - + + - - - +

63 2 48-56 - + + - - - +

65 2 35-42 - - - +

66 1 24-30 + + + + - - -

68A 2 25-31 d - - - - + +

68C 2 26-35 - d - - - + +

68D 2 16-19 + - - +

68E 2 19-25 - - - - - + +

69SUP 2 32-41 - - - - - + +

71 2 10-14 - - - - - + +

266

Burial Period Ageatdeath S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Totalspine Partialspine

72B 3 12-16 - - +

72C 3 5-10 d - +

73 2 37-46 + + + + - - -

76A 2 6-10 - - - - - + +

76INFA 3 35-40 + + + - - - +

77 2 33-40 - - - - - + +

78 2 36-44 + + -

79 3 13-17 d - - - - + +

80 2 14-18 + + + + - - -

82 3 39-45 + + - - - - +

83 3 18-21 - - d - - + +

85 2 12-14 - - - - - + +

86A 3 34-42 + + + - - - +

87 3 14-17 - - - - - + +

88 3 38-46 + + - - - - +

89 2 18-20 + + - -

91 3 20-26 d d d - - + +

93 3 11-15 d d - - - + +

94 2 25-34 + + + - - - +

95 2 20-25 d d d - - + +

96 3 36-41 - - - - - + +

97A 2 47-56 + + - - - - +

97B 2 17-19 - - - - - + +

201 1 25-34 - - - - - + +

205 1 26-32 + - - - +

208 1 30-50 + + + - - - +

210 3 17-20 d d - - - + +

212 3 35-53 + + + + - - -

213 3 23-48 + + + + - - -

214 3 42-50 - - - - - + +

215INF 3 39-45 - - - - - + +

216 2 4-7 d + d - - - +

217 3 17-20 d + + - - - +

218A 3 11-14 + + - - - +

218B 3 37-41 + + + + - - -

219 2 10-14 - - - - - + +

221 3 39-45 - + + - - - +

InS1,S2,S3,S4eS5the“+”markindicatestheregularfusionofthesacralarch;the“-“one,instead,indicatesthatthearchisnotfused.The“d”markshowsadefectinthefusionofthetwohalves.Emptycellsmeanthatthecorrespondentvertebrasaremissing.Thelasttwocolums(TotalspineandPartialspine)listthetotalityorpartialityofthespine.Inthe“totalspine”column,the“+”markindicatesthatthewholesacrumisbifid;the“-“oneindicatestheopposite.Inthepartialspinecolumnthe“+”markinidcatesthatthesacrumispartlybifid,whilethe“-“indicatesthatthesacrumhasnobifidvertebrasatall.Atotalbifidspineisalsopartial.Emptycellsindicatethat,becauseofmissingportions,itisnotpossibletoassessthewholesacrum.


267

Table6.2:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofsacraltubedefects,consideringeachvertebraindipendently.

Absolutefrequencies Percentfrequencies

+ - d N %+ %- %d

S1 28 28 13 69 40.6 40.6 18.8

S2 36 26 9 71 50.7 36.6 12.7

S3 31 35 7 73 42.5 47.9 9.6

S4 12 60 0 72 16.7 83.3 0.0

S5 0 72 0 72 0.0 100.0 0.0

Table6.3–NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesoftotal,partialandnormalspine.ThetotalNinthesecondrow,isdifferentbecauseonefusedarchissufficienttoexcludethetotalspinebutnotthepartialspine.

Totallybifidspine Partiallybifidspine Regularspine

Naffected 34 63 9

Ntotal 74 72 72

% 45.9 87.5 12.5

Table6.4:Frequencyandcausativefactorsofbifidspinesinliterature.

Autor N % Factors Place Periodo

Bennet(1972) 2/8 25% Geneticandenvironmental USA Protohistoric

CastrodelaMataandBonaviva(1980) Geneticiedietary Perù 3.000b.C.

DevorandCordell(1981) 5/54 10% Geneticandenvironmental USA XV°cent.A.D.

DickeIandDoran(1989) 5/24 21% Geneticandenvironmental USA 5.000b.C.

Ferembach(1963) 10/21 50% Geneticandenvironmental Morocco Epi-paleolithic

Ferembach(1963) 14%-24% modernman

Fuhrmanetal.(1971) 5/8 63% Genetic kins

ZimmermannandKelley(1982) 10% modernman

268

Table6.5:-Absoluteandpercentfrequencyofthedifferentkindsofsacrum-coccigeusiatus-TestutandLatarjet(1959)

Type Absolutefrequency Percentfrequency

1 36/285 12.6% IatusofS5and½S4

2 58/285 20.0% IatusofS5-S4

3 14/285 5.0% IatusofS5-S3

4 1/285 0.4% IatusofS5-S2

5 4/285 1.4% Totaliatus

2+3+4+5 26.8%

Table6.6:NecropolisofRH5–bifidspineandmeanageatdeath.

Period Totallybifidspine Partiallybifidspine

+ - + -

1 23.66 31.42 30.19 30.38

2 23.85 32.73 28.55 28.75

3 27.11 34.40 27.56 39.50

RH5 25.12 32.80 28.39 33.06

Table6.7:NecropolisofRH5–frequencyoftotalandpartialspineaccordingtoperiods

Totallybifidspine(including“d”) Totallybifidspine(without“d”) Partiallybifidspine

+ - + - + -

Period13 12 2 13 8 4

20.0% 80.0% 13.3% 86.7% 66.7% 33.3%

Period217 17 13 21 30 2

50.0% 50.0% 38.2% 61.8% 93.8% 6.2%

Period314 11 8 17 25 3

56.0% 44.0% 32.0% 68.0% 89.3% 10.7%

269

Table7.1:NecropolisofRH5.Numberofteethanalyzed–Maxillarydentition

Period1 Period2 Period3 Male Female Total

sn dx sn dx sn dx sn dx sn dx sn dx

I1 10 12 17 22 22 21 21 24 19 22 49 55

I2 8 8 21 16 20 20 22 24 18 18 49 44

C 15 12 23 17 22 25 28 27 25 22 60 54

P3 12 13 24 19 20 24 25 28 21 21 56 56

P4 11 13 19 19 20 21 20 25 21 22 50 53

M1 9 13 24 23 25 27 23 31 20 23 58 63

M2 12 12 24 26 24 22 27 27 23 22 60 60

M3 5 6 19 17 16 18 21 25 14 11 40 41

Tot 82 89 171 159 169 178 187 211 161 161 422 426

Table7.2:NecropolisofRH5.Numberofteethanalyzed–Mandibulardentition



I1 13 11 23 24 18 17 27 23 18 18 54 52

I2 10 11 21 26 18 16 25 25 17 19 49 53

C 12 11 19 22 23 23 26 28 22 21 54 56

P3 11 13 21 19 25 23 27 28 21 20 57 55

P4 10 16 25 25 19 20 25 29 20 23 54 61

M1 9 16 26 27 24 23 27 29 19 21 59 66

M2 12 17 22 28 23 24 27 29 21 26 57 69

M3 12 15 16 19 17 20 26 26 17 21 45 54

Tot 89 110 173 190 167 166 210 217 155 169 429 466

Table7.3:NecropolisofRH5.Numberofteethanalyzed–Maxilla+Mandible



I1 23 23 40 46 40 38 48 47 37 40 103 107

I2 18 19 42 42 38 36 47 49 35 37 98 97

C 27 23 42 39 45 48 54 55 47 43 114 110

P3 23 26 45 38 45 47 52 56 42 41 113 111

P4 21 29 44 44 39 41 45 54 41 45 104 114

M1 18 29 50 50 49 50 50 60 39 44 117 129

M2 24 29 46 54 47 46 54 56 44 48 117 129

M3 17 21 35 36 33 38 47 51 31 32 85 95

Tot 171 199 344 349 336 344 397 428 316 330 851 892

270

Table8.1:NecropolisofRH5–Dentalmetrictraits–Mesio-DistalandBucco-Lingualdiameters.Maxillarydentition–Period1

BurialI1

M-DI1

B-LI2

M-DI2

B-LC

M-DC

B-LP3

M-DP3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

1 8.40 7.70 0.00 0.00 8.40 9.60 6.90 9.60 0.00 9.50 10.50 12.20 10.00 11.90 0.00 0.0°

13 0.00 0.00 7.10 6.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

15a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 7.70 6.70 9.00 0.00 0.00 10.50 11.60 9.35 10.80 9.00 9.80

21a 8.10 7.00 6.20 6.00 7.40 8.30 6.60 8.80 0.00 0.00 9.40 11.60 8.65 11.30 0.00 0.00

22 8.10 6.80 0.00 0.00 7.50 8.10 6.65 8.60 6.50 8.60 10.30 11.50 9.90 11.70 7.50 10.10

25sup 8.40 7.40 6.90 6.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

32 7.90 6.70 0.00 0.00 7.70 7.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.40 11.60 0.00 0.00

35 9.20 7.50 7.60 0.00 7.90 8.45 6.80 9.05 7.30 9.10 11.20 11.70 9.85 11.60 0.00 0.00

38 8.80 7.30 6.70 6.30 8.00 8.50 7.35 9.40 6.90 9.20 11.70 10.70 9.80 10.40 9.20 10.20

44b 8.90 7.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

47 8.45 7.20 6.75 6.90 8.10 9.05 7.00 9.55 6.85 9.75 10.70 11.70 9.80 11.20 8.50 10.00

49 0.00 0.00 5.95 5.60 7.00 8.10 6.40 8.10 6.90 8.00 9.80 0.00 8.60 10.20 7.70 8.60

50b 8.70 7.50 0.00 0.00 7.60 8.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

52a 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.40 7.50 8.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

53a 0.00 7.60 6.60 6.70 7.45 8.50 7.20 9.80 7.20 9.80 11.15 11.75 10.30 11.40 0.00 0.00

53b 9.55 7.85 7.60 6.70 8.00 9.20 7.30 9.00 6.90 9.60 10.20 11.70 10.70 11.50 0.00 0.00

55 0.00 0.00 7.10 6.40 7.40 8.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.60 0.00 10.30 11.60 8.40 11.50

57a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.80 11.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

99 8.10 6.90 0.00 0.00 7.60 8.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.90 11.00

201 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.30 12.20 7.90 0.00

205 0.00 0.00 7.00 6.20 7.25 7.45 6.50 9.15 6.50 9.20 10.40 11.40 9.50 11.40 0.00 0.00

208 8.60 7.50 0.00 6.90 8.50 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.55 11.15

211 9.05 7.60 7.00 0.00 8.60 9.25 7.30 9.80 7.70 10.60 11.70 0.00 0.00 12.70 9.15 12.00

271


BurialI1

M-DI1

B-LI2

M-DI2

B-LÃ

M-DÃ

B-LP3

M-DP3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

2 8.45 6.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.30 7.40 9.30 6.20 9.30 0.00 0.00 11.25 12.90 8.50 9.60

4 8.25 6.60 6.40 5.60 7.20 7.70 6.80 8.40 6.75 8.45 10.20 10.90 9.00 11.00 0.00 0.00

5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.20 0.00 0.00 0.00

26a 7.90 6.90 6.30 6.20 7.40 8.15 6.45 8.50 6.90 9.10 11.00 11.00 9.00 10.55 8.50 9.90

28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.70 8.30 6.50 8.70 6.10 8.80 10.80 11.55 10.10 11.20 9.60 9.30

34 8.70 7.85 6.95 6.95 8.35 9.75 7.50 9.65 7.15 9.50 11.55 12.50 10.05 12.75 8.40 11.15

36 8.05 8.05 7.50 7.30 9.10 9.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.60 0.00 10.60 12.20 0.00 0.00

41 9.20 7.95 6.10 6.40 8.00 8.50 7.30 8.90 6.90 9.10 11.45 11.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

42a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43a 8.20 7.00 6.10 6.10 7.40 7.65 6.50 8.55 6.50 8.70 10.05 10.90 8.25 9.85 8.20 9.10

43/15 0.00 0.00 6.40 6.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.00 12.30 9.65 12.30 0.00 0.00

43ds5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.40 7.60 7.30 9.80 0.00 0.00 10.00 11.40 9.00 10.90 0.00 0.00

43/33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/34 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.80 11.90 0.00 0.00

43/37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.90 9.20 6.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.30 11.20 0.00 0.00

43/51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.90 10.60

43/52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/54 8.90 0.00 6.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43/55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.30 8.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

272

BurialI1

M-DI1

B-LI2

M-DI2

B-LÃ

M-DÃ

B-LP3

M-DP3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

43/57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.80 7.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

48 0.00 0.00 7.10 6.70 8.05 8.55 7.30 9.70 7.60 9.65 11.20 12.00 11.30 12.50 9.60 10.25

54 8.00 7.00 7.55 6.40 7.70 8.35 6.95 9.15 6.80 9.30 10.90 11.30 10.05 10.80 8.60 9.65

58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.60 11.70 0.00 0.00 7.20 9.80

59a 8.90 8.40 7.10 6.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

63 9.00 7.60 7.30 7.25 8.25 9.70 7.50 10.40 6.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.10 11.60

65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.50 8.80 7.70 0.00 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 11.80

69sup 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

71 8.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.80 0.00 6.90 8.60 7.00 8.65 10.90 12.05 10.10 12.40 8.90 11.45

73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.40 8.10 10.00

76a 8.60 7.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.75 11.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

77 8.70 7.10 6.80 6.40 7.40 8.50 6.60 8.70 6.30 8.40 0.00 12.00 9.20 11.00 9.70 10.20

78 8.10 6.90 6.45 6.20 7.30 7.90 6.00 8.90 6.80 8.85 10.05 11.05 9.30 10.85 7.60 8.50

84 9.00 0.00 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.55 12.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

85 8.30 7.10 6.00 5.70 7.50 7.40 6.80 8.75 7.10 9.10 11.10 11.50 11.00 11.35 0.00 0.00

89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

94 9.40 7.55 7.05 7.55 8.00 8.50 7.50 9.10 7.00 8.80 9.60 11.80 10.05 11.35 10.00 11.65

95 8.35 7.40 6.20 5.90 7.70 8.60 7.20 9.20 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

97a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.10 8.85 10.70

97b 9.50 7.70 7.60 7.00 7.90 8.50 7.40 9.60 7.45 10.25 10.50 12.50 10.40 11.65 9.10 10.40

215sup 10.70 7.00 7.70 6.20 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

216 8.40 6.80 5.70 7.00 6.80 0.00 7.00 8.80 0.00 0.00 10.00 10.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

219 8.40 7.85 5.95 6.30 7.60 8.50 7.30 9.35 6.90 9.30 10.60 11.80 10.15 10.35 8.50 12.00

43ds1 0.00 6.90 5.80 6.00 7.30 7.50 6.60 9.05 6.20 8.40 10.25 11.45 9.00 12.15 7.95 9.80

43ds2 8.70 7.80 0.00 6.20 0.00 0.00 6.20 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.90 8.35 11.65 7.90 10.00

43ds3 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.40 12.60 8.60 12.40 0.00 0.00

43ds4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.60 12.10 0.00 0.00


273


Burial I1M-D

I1B-L

I2M-D

I2B-L

ÃM-D

ÃB-L

P3M-D

P3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

6a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.20 9.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 9.90 11.30 0.00 0.00

25inf 0.00 0.00 6.50 6.20 0.00 0.00 6.90 8.80 7.20 9.50 11.15 11.95 10.45 12.00 0.00 0.00

26c 0.00 0.00 6.40 6.30 7.00 8.10 6.80 8.20 6.50 8.00 10.40 10.90 9.70 11.00 8.80 9.20

26d 8.20 6.80 6.20 5.80 7.55 8.00 7.00 9.10 7.20 9.40 10.35 11.20 9.80 11.55 8.60 9.55

27 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.70 8.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

37 0.00 0.00 7.40 0.00 8.50 0.00 7.00 9.50 7.00 9.85 10.65 11.75 10.00 11.55 9.95 10.50

56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

59b 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.80 0.00

61 8.60 7.40 0.00 0.00 8.00 8.70 0.00 0.00 7.70 10.10 10.60 11.70 0.00 0.00 9.45 10.50

68infa 8.60 7.30 7.00 6.05 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.70 9.00

68infb 9.35 7.15 6.65 6.05 7.70 8.30 7.10 9.10 6.80 8.80 11.05 11.75 9.20 11.25 8.20 9.20

68infc 0.00 0.00 6.50 6.00 7.50 7.70 6.60 8.50 6.80 8.90 10.10 11.10 9.20 11.10 9.30 9.70

69inf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

72a 9.60 7.90 6.75 6.40 8.00 8.45 8.00 9.45 7.10 9.40 0.00 0.00 8.90 12.40 0.00 10.50

72b 0.00 0.00 6.20 7.10 7.85 8.35 7.00 9.30 6.80 9.40 10.60 11.70 10.05 11.65 8.80 10.40

72c 8.20 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.35 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

76infa 9.35 6.90 7.00 6.10 7.40 8.00 7.30 9.30 7.00 9.20 10.60 11.65 9.95 11.00 8.80 10.20

79 9.15 7.15 6.55 6.05 7.75 7.65 7.05 9.00 6.45 8.40 10.90 11.30 9.55 11.55 8.30 10.30

81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.90 8.80 7.10 9.40 10.60 11.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

82 9.15 7.35 7.50 6.15 7.85 7.90 6.60 8.55 6.65 9.05 10.70 11.10 10.05 11.00 8.60 10.60

83 8.25 7.30 6.35 6.20 7.40 8.20 6.45 9.00 6.90 9.30 10.50 12.10 9.20 12.15 8.70 11.00

86a 10.10 7.65 7.30 7.00 7.70 8.85 7.00 9.60 6.75 9.30 0.00 11.85 8.85 12.30 7.75 11.10

87 8.35 7.20 6.80 6.10 7.80 8.20 7.05 9.10 6.60 8.75 10.50 12.20 9.25 12.30 8.00 10.30

88 9.10 7.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.70 7.50 9.30 6.70 8.85 10.60 12.40 10.50 12.00 8.50 10.70

91 0.00 7.45 0.00 6.50 7.50 8.45 6.70 8.60 6.40 8.80 10.65 11.55 8.45 11.65 9.60 9.60

93 8.70 7.65 6.75 6.75 7.90 8.40 7.50 9.65 7.50 9.35 10.65 11.75 8.95 11.75 0.00 0.00

96 0.00 7.20 0.00 0.00 8.00 8.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

210 8.70 7.15 6.40 6.05 7.35 8.00 6.70 8.80 6.70 8.85 10.85 12.00 9.60 11.70 7.80 10.00

213 7.20 6.30 5.80 5.80 8.10 7.90 6.20 8.60 6.50 9.00 0.00 0.00 9.10 10.75 8.10 10.40

215inf 8.30 7.30 7.10 6.30 7.60 8.50 6.55 9.70 6.95 10.15 10.90 11.40 9.35 11.10 8.05 10.70

217 9.50 7.50 7.05 6.75 7.80 8.15 6.50 8.35 6.20 8.40 10.55 10.70 8.40 10.65 0.00 0.00

218a 9.25 7.00 7.70 6.25 7.65 7.95 7.05 9.40 6.70 9.30 10.65 11.50 9.95 11.25 0.00 0.00

218b 8.10 7.20 6.00 5.55 7.25 7.85 5.95 8.25 5.90 8.25 9.85 11.05 8.70 10.30 7.45 10.60

221 8.20 7.25 5.85 6.45 7.45 8.65 7.00 9.45 0.00 9.30 0.00 0.00 8.70 10.05 7.95 9.90

274

Table8.4:NecropolisofRH5–Dentalmetrictraits–Mesio-DistalandBucco-Lingualdiameters.Mandibulardentition–Period1

Burial I1M-D

I1B-L

I2M-D

I2B-L

CM-D

CB-L

P3M-D

P3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

15a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.80 7.20 6.90 8.00 11.00 10.20 10.40 9.50 10.40 9.30

21a 4.85 5.90 5.20 6.20 6.45 6.90 6.55 7.50 6.30 7.30 10.80 10.10 9.90 9.35 8.70 8.30

22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.40 7.50 7.00 7.70 11.20 10.50 11.00 10.50 9.30 9.80

25sup 5.70 5.90 6.10 6.40 0.00 0.00 6.60 7.80 7.00 7.95 11.40 10.80 11.00 9.75 0.00 0.00

32 4.70 5.70 5.45 6.20 6.50 7.10 7.30 8.00 7.00 9.20 11.00 11.10 10.80 10.50 10.40 10.00

35 5.00 6.30 0.00 0.00 6.75 7.50 6.35 7.85 7.00 8.30 10.70 10.60 11.20 11.00 10.70 10.00

38 5.40 5.90 6.10 0.00 7.00 7.80 6.90 7.30 6.90 8.00 11.20 9.70 10.10 8.80 0.00 0.00

44b 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

47 5.40 6.20 5.70 6.70 7.00 8.55 7.20 8.25 7.00 8.45 10.70 11.00 11.05 10.60 10.20 9.70

49 0.00 0.00 4.50 6.30 7.40 7.80 5.30 7.00 6.10 7.00 9.60 10.20 9.55 9.50 9.30 8.40

50b 4.90 5.95 5.55 6.60 6.60 7.50 5.75 7.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.15 10.50 10.35 9.75

52a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.10 8.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.40

53a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.80 8.60 6.95 8.20 7.10 9.00 11.40 11.25 11.20 10.65 10.60 10.25

53b 5.55 6.35 6.20 6.80 0.00 7.80 6.90 0.00 7.05 8.80 11.10 10.80 11.50 10.55 10.20 9.85

55 5.40 5.85 6.20 6.45 7.15 8.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

57a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

99 5.00 5.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

201 5.40 6.30 5.90 6.45 6.60 7.50 7.00 7.70 6.70 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.10 9.80

205 5.45 5.80 5.65 6.05 6.20 7.20 6.50 7.20 6.70 6.60 10.95 10.75 10.55 10.45 10.20 9.45

208 5.40 6.40 5.90 6.50 7.00 8.50 6.70 8.50 7.50 9.25 0.00 0.00 11.30 11.60 11.00 10.80

211 5.20 5.95 5.95 6.70 7.35 8.60 7.00 7.75 7.00 8.00 11.90 11.30 11.70 11.00 10.10 10.75


Burial I1M-D

I1B-L

I2M-D

I2B-L

CM-D

CB-L

P3M-D

P3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

2 4.90 6.00 5.20 6.15 6.95 8.20 7.10 8.10 7.50 8.60 11.45 11.00 12.30 11.50 11.25 10.004 5.00 6.00 5.50 6.60 6.35 7.00 6.45 7.40 6.55 6.90 10.65 10.40 10.55 9.70 0.00 0.005 4.20 6.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0024 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0026a 5.70 5.80 5.75 5.95 6.55 7.90 6.40 7.30 8.00 7.90 11.35 10.70 10.50 9.90 0.00 0.0028 5.15 6.10 5.65 6.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0033 4.70 6.35 5.65 6.70 6.95 7.95 6.30 6.70 6.70 7.70 11.40 10.80 11.30 10.10 10.10 9.8034 5.40 6.75 6.40 7.35 7.70 9.05 7.00 8.15 7.25 9.20 12.05 11.85 10.65 10.75 10.45 10.3536 0.00 6.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.90 8.50 7.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

275

BurialI1

M-DI1

B-LI2

M-DI2

B-LC

M-DC

B-LP3

M-DP3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

41 0.00 0.00 6.00 0.00 7.20 0.00 7.30 0.00 7.30 0.00 11.20 11.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0042a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.00 11.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043a 4.60 5.70 5.20 6.15 6.05 6.80 6.65 6.95 6.40 7.10 10.10 9.85 9.95 8.95 0.00 0.0043/15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043ds5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.50 9.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/34 5.20 6.00 5.60 6.20 0.00 0.00 7.00 7.40 0.00 0.00 11.00 10.90 11.20 10.80 10.65 10.1043/35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.30 0.00 11.70 10.90 10.60 9.7043/36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.60 0.00 9.90 9.9043/37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.70 7.30 7.00 8.10 10.80 0.00 10.20 0.00 9.90 0.0043/38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.90 10.60 0.00 9.3043/39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.30 11.40 0.00 0.00 9.90 9.7043/40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.50 6.70 0.00 0.00 10.80 10.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.10 10.10 0.00 0.0043/49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.40 9.50 0.00 0.0043/53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.20 10.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/54 5.40 5.35 5.70 5.60 6.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043/55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.25 8.00 10.90 10.25 11.05 9.90 0.00 0.0043/57 5.20 5.60 5.70 5.80 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.90 10.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0048 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.80 7.40 7.55 8.60 11.90 0.00 12.00 0.00 11.10 9.8554 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 0.00 0.00 6.90 7.65 7.20 8.30 0.00 11.00 10.90 10.30 10.45 10.0058 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0059a 5.60 6.05 6.05 6.80 7.00 8.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0062 4.30 0.00 5.60 6.50 7.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0063 5.60 6.80 6.15 6.95 7.55 8.60 7.10 8.50 7.15 8.85 0.00 0.00 11.70 12.00 10.70 10.8065 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0069sup 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.40 6.70 8.00 7.10 7.30 7.20 8.80 0.00 0.00 12.00 10.70 10.80 9.7071 5.50 6.10 6.00 6.50 6.75 7.05 6.95 7.80 7.50 7.75 11.90 11.00 10.90 10.85 10.50 10.2073 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.50 0.00 10.05 9.2076a 5.95 5.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.10 10.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0077 5.25 5.80 5.90 6.25 6.70 7.30 6.10 7.20 6.10 7.70 11.20 10.90 9.80 10.00 10.00 9.3578 4.70 5.50 5.30 6.05 6.50 7.00 6.35 7.15 6.85 7.35 10.50 10.55 10.70 10.35 8.95 8.7080 5.40 6.10 6.00 6.40 0.00 7.50 6.75 7.10 7.15 8.00 11.20 10.70 10.40 9.75 10.20 9.7084 0.00 0.00 6.40 0.00 7.20 0.00 7.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.10 10.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0085 5.35 5.45 5.45 5.95 6.40 7.00 6.95 7.65 7.05 7.40 12.10 11.00 11.50 10.00 0.00 0.0089 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.50 7.10 7.20 7.60 6.80 7.40 10.70 10.35 9.85 9.50 10.40 9.0094 5.60 6.35 6.15 6.90 6.60 7.90 7.25 8.35 7.40 8.15 0.00 11.00 11.65 10.90 11.75 11.2595 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0097a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0097b 6.10 6.65 6.50 6.80 7.20 7.80 7.20 7.80 7.40 8.55 12.15 11.20 11.65 10.70 11.25 10.15215sup 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00216 0.00 0.00 5.20 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.20 9.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00219 5.00 6.20 5.50 6.50 6.65 8.65 7.05 7.60 7.30 7.85 10.75 10.20 10.20 9.75 9.20 9.8043ds1 5.30 5.85 6.00 6.50 5.40 6.50 6.55 7.75 7.35 7.95 11.10 9.85 8.60 9.85 9.90 9.8043ds2 5.40 6.20 4.80 5.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.15 7.95 11.75 11.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 9.5043ds3 0.00 5.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0043ds4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


276


Burial I1M-D

I1B-L

I2M-D

I2B-L

CM-D

CB-L

P3M-D

P3B-L

P4M-D

P4B-L

M1M-D

M1B-L

M2M-D

M2B-L

M3M-D

M3B-L

6a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

25inf 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.20 7.10 7.65 7.40 8.50 6.95 7.85 11.65 11.15 11.60 10.45 0.00 0.00

26c 0.00 0.00 5.70 6.60 6.50 7.60 6.50 7.65 6.60 7.90 11.10 10.45 10.40 9.90 9.35 8.85

26d 5.30 5.70 5.50 6.30 6.10 7.10 6.60 7.90 8.20 8.70 10.85 10.50 10.20 9.95 0.00 0.00

27 5.90 5.90 5.80 6.80 7.80 8.10 7.10 9.20 7.50 0.00 11.35 11.75 11.45 11.60 10.40 10.30

37 5.70 0.00 6.80 0.00 7.30 8.30 6.75 7.70 7.15 0.00 11.75 11.10 10.65 10.30 10.20 10.40

56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.20 10.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

59b 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.70 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

61 5.00 6.00 6.20 0.00 7.15 8.20 7.30 8.30 8.00 8.60 0.00 11.30 12.10 11.05 10.95 10.00

68infa 0.00 0.00 5.80 6.30 6.90 7.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

68infb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.60 10.20

68infc 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

69inf 5.60 6.30 6.10 6.70 6.70 0.00 6.90 8.00 7.10 8.60 0.00 11.50 11.30 10.80 10.30 10.00

72a 5.60 6.40 5.85 6.70 6.60 7.90 6.70 7.80 6.50 7.40 11.60 0.00 10.45 10.80 10.00 9.20

72b 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.10 7.60 7.10 7.60 6.80 7.80 11.10 10.45 10.95 10.20 0.00 0.00

72c 5.35 6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.65 10.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

76infa 0.00 0.00 6.00 6.10 6.70 7.60 7.10 8.00 7.35 8.30 11.60 11.25 11.15 10.60 10.50 9.80

79 5.50 5.70 6.15 6.30 6.65 7.40 6.50 7.40 6.65 7.40 11.15 10.45 10.45 9.50 0.00 0.00

81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.10 9.00

82 5.80 6.25 6.40 6.70 6.80 7.25 6.30 7.55 6.85 7.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.65 9.80

83 5.35 6.00 5.70 6.30 6.20 7.35 6.45 7.40 6.95 7.65 10.90 10.70 10.70 9.95 10.15 9.05

86a 0.00 0.00 5.90 7.10 6.75 8.60 7.00 8.35 7.00 9.10 0.00 0.00 10.60 10.75 10.30 9.20

87 5.00 5.90 5.40 6.15 6.70 7.65 7.00 7.90 7.15 7.55 11.40 11.00 11.40 10.05 0.00 0.00

88 4.80 6.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.40 8.40 6.60 7.85 11.60 11.40 10.75 10.20 10.70 9.75

91 0.00 0.00 5.60 6.60 6.50 7.95 6.75 7.40 6.50 7.55 11.35 10.80 10.40 9.70 0.00 0.00

93 5.00 6.00 5.80 6.65 6.70 7.80 7.00 8.10 7.70 8.10 12.00 11.60 11.20 10.25 0.00 0.00

96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.45 8.35 6.80 8.20 0.00 8.80 12.00 11.60 11.00 11.10 10.05 10.70

210 5.25 5.50 5.60 6.20 6.45 7.30 6.50 7.00 6.95 7.65 11.60 10.75 10.10 10.05 9.30 8.60

213 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 7.40 0.00 0.00 10.00 10.60 9.85 9.95 9.65 9.15

215inf 5.45 6.20 5.95 6.55 6.80 7.70 7.10 7.90 6.95 8.85 10.35 10.60 10.65 10.45 9.50 9.40

217 5.65 6.15 6.25 6.80 6.70 7.65 6.35 7.15 6.80 7.80 10.70 10.55 10.00 9.30 10.10 9.25

218a 5.25 5.95 5.95 6.10 6.50 7.25 7.05 7.30 6.80 7.60 11.25 10.10 11.30 9.85 0.00 0.00

218b 4.55 6.15 5.50 6.70 6.15 7.65 6.20 6.95 6.25 7.55 0.00 0.00 9.60 9.50 8.30 8.45

221 4.75 5.95 5.30 6.85 6.40 8.05 7.00 7.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.85 9.95 8.50 9.15

277

Table8.7:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofdentalmetrictraits.Males+Females-Period1

Traits N Mean S.D. Variance C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.

MaxillaM-D

I1 14 8.59 0.48 0.23 5.54 7.90 9.55

I2 12 6.88 0.49 0.24 7.09 5.95 7.60

C 18 7.72 0.47 0.23 6.16 7.00 8.60

P3 12 6.89 0.34 0.11 4.86 6.40 7.35

P4 9 6.97 0.38 0.15 5.47 6.50 7.70

M1 14 10.64 0.65 0.42 6.11 9.40 11.70

M2 14 9.60 0.68 0.47 7.12 8.40 10.70

M3 10 8.58 0.70 0.49 8.12 7.50 9.55

B-L

I1 15 7.32 0.34 0.12 4.69 6.70 7.85

I2 12 6.42 0.37 0.14 5.83 5.60 6.90

C 18 8.51 0.58 0.34 6.85 7.45 9.60

P3 12 9.15 0.51 0.26 5.56 8.10 9.80

P4 10 9.34 0.71 0.50 7.58 8.00 10.60

M1 11 11.58 0.36 0.13 3.09 10.70 12.20

M2 15 11.43 0.63 0.40 5.55 10.20 12.70

M3 9 10.48 1.03 1.06 9.84 8.60 12.00

MandibleM-D

I1 14 5.24 0.30 0.09 5.69 4.70 5.70

I2 13 5.72 0.48 0.23 8.34 4.50 6.20

C 14 6.92 0.43 0.19 6.26 6.20 7.80

P3 16 6.64 0.52 0.27 7.81 5.30 7.30

P4 15 6.88 0.33 0.11 4.85 6.10 7.50

M1 13 11.00 0.53 0.28 4.84 9.60 11.90

M2 15 10.83 0.61 0.37 5.63 9.55 11.70

M3 14 10.11 0.62 0.38 6.09 8.70 11.00

B-L

I1 14 6.01 0.24 0.06 4.07 5.70 6.40

I2 12 6.45 0.23 0.05 3.57 6.05 6.80

C 15 7.85 0.57 0.32 7.24 6.90 8.60

P3 15 7.70 0.43 0.18 5.54 7.00 8.50

P4 15 8.07 0.79 0.62 9.74 6.60 9.25

M1 13 10.64 0.48 0.23 4.54 9.70 11.30

M2 15 10.28 0.75 0.56 7.27 8.80 11.60

M3 15 9.77 0.71 0.51 7.30 8.30 10.80

278


O-SMaxilla

I1 14 62.79 6.11 37.28 9.72 52.93 74.97

I2 10 43.36 4.96 24.57 11.43 33.32 50.92

C 18 65.88 8.11 65.80 12.31 53.90 80.64

P3 12 63.20 6.06 36.69 9.58 51.84 71.54

P4 9 65.11 8.08 65.25 12.41 55.20 81.62

M1 11 122.90 6.45 41.59 5.25 109.04 131.04

M2 14 109.03 10.38 107.76 9.52 87.72 123.05

M3 9 91.09 14.01 196.31 15.38 66.22 109.80

O-SMandible

I1 14 31.54 2.54 6.43 8.04 26.79 35.24

I2 12 36.74 3.90 15.22 10.62 28.35 42.16

C 14 54.53 7.11 50.61 13.05 44.51 67.08

P3 15 51.08 5.89 34.75 11.54 37.10 59.40

P4 15 55.74 7.64 58.32 13.70 42.70 69.38

M1 13 117.08 9.30 86.44 7.94 97.92 134.47

M2 15 111.68 13.46 181.28 12.06 88.88 131.08

M3 14 98.64 12.08 145.95 12.25 72.21 118.80



MaxillaM-D

I1 25 8.69 0.60 0.36 6.88 7.90 10.70

I2 24 6.68 0.65 0.42 9.66 5.70 7.70

C 27 7.74 0.51 0.26 6.55 6.80 9.10

P3 26 6.99 0.44 0.20 6.35 6.00 7.70

P4 23 6.81 0.41 0.17 6.02 6.10 7.60

M1 24 10.69 0.56 0.31 5.24 9.60 11.60

M2 26 9.67 0.87 0.75 8.97 8.25 11.30

M3 22 8.71 0.76 0.57 8.68 7.20 10.00

B-L

I1 23 7.34 0.48 0.23 6.54 6.60 8.40

I2 25 6.45 0.50 0.25 7.74 5.60 7.55

C 22 8.34 0.64 0.41 7.64 7.40 9.75

P3 24 9.09 0.48 0.23 5.32 8.40 10.40

P4 21 8.94 0.53 0.28 5.94 7.90 10.25


279


M1 25 11.60 0.69 0.48 5.99 9.90 12.60

M2 27 11.56 0.77 0.59 6.67 9.85 12.90

M3 22 10.34 0.94 0.88 9.07 8.50 12.00

MandibleM-D

I1 25 5.22 0.47 0.22 8.93 4.20 6.10

I2 27 5.75 0.41 0.17 7.16 4.80 6.50

C 23 6.76 0.50 0.25 7.34 5.40 7.70

P3 26 6.84 0.34 0.12 4.95 6.10 7.30

P4 26 7.11 0.41 0.17 5.79 6.10 8.00

M1 31 11.31 0.61 0.37 5.37 10.10 12.30

M2 29 10.92 0.83 0.69 7.63 8.60 12.30

M3 23 10.26 0.81 0.65 7.88 8.00 11.75

B-L

I1 26 6.04 0.38 0.14 6.29 5.35 6.80

I2 26 6.36 0.44 0.19 6.88 5.60 7.35

C 19 7.67 0.72 0.52 9.40 6.50 9.05

P3 24 7.56 0.50 0.25 6.67 6.70 8.50

P4 24 7.96 0.60 0.36 7.57 6.90 9.20

M1 30 10.68 0.56 0.31 5.23 9.30 11.85

M2 25 10.29 0.68 0.46 6.60 8.95 12.00

M3 23 9.82 0.55 0.30 5.60 8.70 11.25

O-SMaxilla

I1 22 63.85 6.81 46.40 10.67 54.45 74.90

I2 22 43.17 6.70 44.95 15.53 34.20 54.75

C 21 65.03 8.78 77.00 13.49 54.75 82.81

P3 24 63.28 6.70 44.87 10.59 53.40 78.00

P4 20 60.73 6.71 45.07 11.05 51.66 76.36

M1 23 124.30 11.13 123.88 8.95 101.50 144.95

M2 25 112.21 15.22 231.51 13.56 81.26 145.12

M3 22 90.38 13.86 192.17 15.34 64.60 118.00

O-SMandible

I1 24 31.70 3.70 13.67 11.66 25.62 40.56

I2 25 36.49 4.73 22.37 12.96 27.84 47.04

C 18 51.73 8.54 72.87 16.50 35.10 69.69

P3 24 51.50 5.34 28.57 10.38 42.21 60.54

P4 23 57.13 6.43 41.30 11.25 45.20 66.70

M1 28 120.75 11.90 141.56 9.85 94.86 142.79

M2 25 112.57 14.88 221.57 13.22 84.71 141.45

M3 22 101.42 12.42 154.16 12.24 76.00 132.19


280



MaxillaM-D

I1 21 8.76 0.67 0.45 7.62 7.20 10.10

I2 23 6.68 0.52 0.27 7.74 5.80 7.70

C 26 7.74 0.36 0.13 4.62 7.00 8.50

P3 25 6.90 0.43 0.18 6.21 5.95 8.00

P4 25 6.80 0.39 0.15 5.72 5.90 7.70

M1 24 10.62 0.34 0.11 3.18 9.85 11.35

M2 25 9.43 0.60 0.36 6.32 8.40 10.50

M3 22 8.46 0.67 0.45 7.94 7.45 9.95

B-L

I1 23 7.27 0.34 0.11 4.60 6.30 7.90

I2 24 6.32 0.47 0.22 7.45 5.55 7.70

C 26 8.26 0.41 0.17 4.94 7.65 9.10

P3 25 9.02 0.45 0.20 5.01 8.20 9.70

P4 26 9.12 0.52 0.27 5.72 8.00 10.15

M1 24 11.59 0.43 0.18 3.71 10.70 12.40

M2 25 11.41 0.61 0.38 5.38 10.05 12.40

M3 22 10.18 0.59 0.34 5.76 9.00 11.10

MandibleM-D

I1 19 5.30 0.38 0.14 7.07 4.55 5.90

I2 23 5.88 0.34 0.12 5.85 5.30 6.80

C 25 6.75 0.40 0.16 5.94 6.10 7.80

P3 26 6.81 0.36 0.13 5.24 6.20 7.40

P4 23 7.01 0.48 0.23 6.80 6.25 8.20

M1 23 11.34 0.53 0.28 4.66 10.00 12.20

M2 25 10.72 0.62 0.38 5.78 9.60 12.10

M3 20 9.88 0.75 0.56 7.55 8.30 10.95

B-L

I1 18 6.01 0.22 0.05 3.73 5.50 6.40

I2 21 6.51 0.29 0.08 4.41 6.10 7.10

C 24 7.72 0.40 0.16 5.13 7.10 8.60

P3 26 7.80 0.51 0.26 6.56 6.95 9.20

P4 22 8.02 0.53 0.28 6.56 7.40 9.10

M1 24 10.88 0.48 0.23 4.42 10.00 11.75

M2 25 10.25 0.55 0.30 5.38 9.30 11.60

M3 20 9.51 0.62 0.39 6.56 8.45 10.70

O-SMaxilla

I1 21 63.80 6.90 47.66 10.82 45.36 77.27

I2 22 41.60 4.54 20.61 10.91 33.30 51.10

C 24 63.45 4.52 20.43 7.12 56.70 74.62

281


P3 25 62.29 6.29 39.60 10.10 49.09 75.60

P4 25 62.13 6.75 45.53 10.86 48.68 77.77

M1 23 123.29 7.02 49.32 5.70 108.84 136.20

M2 25 107.70 9.77 95.38 9.07 87.44 126.00

M3 21 86.33 8.29 68.65 9.60 69.30 104.47

O-SMandible

I1 18 31.74 2.75 7.54 8.65 27.98 36.25

I2 21 37.87 2.61 6.81 6.89 33.21 42.88

C 24 52.18 5.15 26.51 9.87 43.31 63.18

P3 26 53.23 5.82 33.83 10.93 43.09 65.32

P4 21 55.86 6.76 45.66 12.10 47.19 71.34

M1 22 122.85 9.57 91.51 7.79 106.00 139.20

M2 25 110.11 11.13 124.00 10.11 91.20 133.71

M3 20 94.19 11.20 125.45 11.89 70.14 109.50

Table8.10:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofdentalmetrictraits.Males–Periods1+2+3


MaxillaM-D

I1 25 8.67 0.62 0.39 7.21 7.20 10.10

I2 22 6.92 0.54 0.29 7.76 5.80 7.60

C 31 7.86 0.47 0.23 6.04 7.00 9.10

P3 25 7.03 0.47 0.22 6.69 5.95 8.00

P4 25 6.85 0.46 0.21 6.75 5.90 7.70

M1 21 10.73 0.41 0.17 3.81 9.85 11.60

M2 25 9.87 0.78 0.61 7.95 8.45 11.30

M3 29 8.74 0.75 0.56 8.61 7.20 10.00

B-L

I1 26 7.36 0.39 0.15 5.26 6.30 8.05

I2 25 6.55 0.49 0.24 7.52 5.55 7.70

C 30 8.57 0.51 0.26 5.96 7.70 9.75

P3 24 9.16 0.54 0.29 5.88 8.20 10.40

P4 24 9.24 0.59 0.35 6.36 8.00 10.25

M1 21 11.75 0.42 0.18 3.57 10.90 12.50

M2 26 11.59 0.74 0.55 6.38 10.05 12.90

M3 30 10.41 0.73 0.54 7.02 9.00 11.80

MandibleM-D

I1 26 5.26 0.45 0.20 8.45 4.20 6.10

I2 30 5.91 0.34 0.11 5.71 5.20 6.80

C 27 6.93 0.40 0.16 5.75 6.15 7.80


282


P3 33 6.83 0.38 0.15 5.60 5.75 7.40

P4 29 7.07 0.42 0.18 6.01 6.10 8.00

M1 23 11.41 0.53 0.28 4.60 10.00 12.15

M2 32 10.98 0.69 0.48 6.33 9.60 12.30

M3 29 10.25 0.69 0.48 6.78 8.30 11.25

B-L

I1 26 6.17 0.29 0.08 4.64 5.70 6.80

I2 29 6.59 0.29 0.08 4.38 6.10 7.35

C 28 7.96 0.47 0.22 5.85 7.05 9.05

P3 32 7.87 0.54 0.29 6.81 6.70 9.20

P4 27 8.33 0.55 0.30 6.61 7.40 9.25

M1 24 11.02 0.42 0.18 3.85 10.00 11.85

M2 31 10.54 0.61 0.37 5.78 9.50 12.00

M3 29 9.80 0.56 0.32 5.74 8.45 10.80

O-SMaxilla

I1 24 63.99 7.19 51.65 11.23 45.36 77.27

I2 21 45.00 5.96 35.49 13.24 33.30 54.75

C 27 67.51 7.24 52.45 10.73 56.21 82.81

P3 24 64.33 7.18 51.62 11.17 49.09 78.00

P4 23 63.25 7.74 59.90 12.24 48.68 77.77

M1 19 125.49 7.88 62.12 6.28 108.84 144.38

M2 25 114.44 14.36 206.09 12.54 87.44 145.12

M3 29 91.07 11.02 121.51 12.10 69.30 118.00

O-SMandible

I1 25 32.38 3.57 12.77 11.04 25.62 40.56

I2 28 38.79 2.90 8.43 7.48 31.98 47.04

C 26 55.47 5.80 33.60 10.45 47.05 69.69

P3 32 53.92 5.96 35.46 11.04 42.21 65.32

P4 26 58.65 6.69 44.70 11.40 46.97 69.38

M1 21 125.16 9.35 87.48 7.47 106.00 142.79

M2 31 115.67 12.71 161.50 10.99 91.20 141.45

M3 29 100.76 11.22 125.94 11.14 70.14 118.80

Table8.11:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofdentalmetrictraits.Females–Periods1+2+3

Traits N Mean S.D. Variance C.V. Min.Val. Max.Val.MaxillaM-DI1 22 8.68 0.53 0.28 6.06 7.90 9.50

I2 24 6.72 0.47 0.22 7.01 5.95 7.70

C 29 7.68 0.41 0.17 5.37 7.00 8.60

P3 26 6.83 0.36 0.13 5.29 6.00 7.50


283


P4 22 6.85 0.35 0.12 5.09 6.20 7.70

M1 26 10.52 0.51 0.26 4.87 9.40 11.70

M2 27 9.40 0.54 0.29 5.70 8.40 10.30

M3 18 8.39 0.68 0.46 8.08 7.50 10.00

B-L

I1 23 7.27 0.40 0.16 5.48 6.60 8.40

I2 23 6.30 0.46 0.21 7.25 5.60 7.55

C 28 8.24 0.50 0.25 6.11 7.45 9.60

P3 26 8.98 0.45 0.20 4.97 8.10 9.80

P4 24 9.04 0.53 0.28 5.87 8.00 10.60

M1 23 11.54 0.41 0.17 3.59 10.70 12.20

M2 28 11.41 0.55 0.31 4.85 10.20 12.70

M3 16 10.13 0.94 0.88 9.25 8.50 12.00

Mandible

M-D

I1 20 5.21 0.39 0.15 7.54 4.30 5.80

I2 20 5.71 0.43 0.19 7.58 4.50 6.40

C 25 6.75 0.40 0.16 5.89 6.20 7.80

P3 24 6.67 0.44 0.20 6.66 5.30 7.30

P4 24 6.92 0.39 0.15 5.68 6.10 8.00

M1 21 11.04 0.52 0.27 4.69 9.60 12.00

M2 23 10.70 0.58 0.34 5.45 9.55 11.70

M3 20 9.99 0.77 0.59 7.66 8.60 11.75

B-L

I1 19 5.95 0.25 0.06 4.21 5.50 6.35

I2 20 6.39 0.29 0.09 4.56 5.95 6.90

C 24 7.58 0.50 0.25 6.60 6.90 8.60

P3 24 7.55 0.37 0.14 4.95 7.00 8.35

P4 24 7.73 0.58 0.34 7.51 6.60 9.20

M1 22 10.66 0.41 0.16 3.80 10.10 11.60

M2 22 10.09 0.54 0.29 5.31 9.30 11.00

M3 21 9.55 0.78 0.61 8.18 8.30 11.25

O-SMaxilla

I1 22 63.10 6.23 38.81 9.87 52.93 74.76

I2 22 42.11 4.87 23.69 11.56 33.32 53.23

C 28 63.12 6.63 43.91 10.50 53.90 80.64

P3 26 61.43 5.77 33.30 9.39 51.84 72.38

P4 22 61.92 6.50 42.22 10.49 52.08 81.62

M1 23 121.36 7.06 49.83 5.82 109.04 131.04

M2 26 106.96 8.78 77.01 8.21 87.72 119.00

M3 16 86.01 13.76 189.46 16.00 64.60 116.50


284


O-SMandible

I1 19 31.36 2.81 7.91 8.96 25.85 36.25

I2 20 36.59 3.93 15.43 10.73 28.35 42.88

C 24 51.17 6.11 37.39 11.95 44.45 67.08

P3 24 50.42 5.31 28.18 10.53 37.10 60.54

P4 24 53.62 6.11 37.29 11.39 42.70 64.40

M1 21 117.69 9.22 85.01 7.83 97.92 139.20

M2 22 108.30 11.09 122.90 10.24 90.73 128.70

M3 20 95.31 13.60 184.98 14.27 72.21 132.19

Table8.12:NecropolisofRH5–Descriptivestatisticsofdentalmetrictraits.Males+Females–Periods1+2+3


MaxillaM-D

I1 60 8.69 0.59 0.35 6.81 7.20 10.70

I2 59 6.72 0.56 0.32 8.39 5.70 7.70

C 71 7.74 0.44 0.20 5.72 6.80 9.10

P3 63 6.93 0.41 0.17 5.99 5.95 8.00

P4 57 6.83 0.39 0.15 5.77 5.90 7.70

M1 62 10.65 0.50 0.25 4.72 9.40 11.70

M2 65 9.56 0.73 0.54 7.64 8.25 11.30

M3 54 8.59 0.71 0.50 8.24 7.20 10.00

B-L

I1 61 7.31 0.39 0.15 5.37 6.30 8.40

I2 61 6.39 0.46 0.21 7.24 5.55 7.70

C 66 8.36 0.54 0.29 6.49 7.40 9.75

P3 61 9.07 0.47 0.22 5.19 8.10 10.40

P4 57 9.09 0.57 0.32 6.25 7.90 10.60

M1 60 11.59 0.54 0.29 4.64 9.90 12.60

M2 67 11.48 0.68 0.46 5.92 9.85 12.90

M3 53 10.30 0.82 0.67 7.95 8.50 12.00

MandibleM-D

I1 58 5.25 0.40 0.16 7.56 4.20 6.10

I2 63 5.79 0.40 0.16 6.94 4.50 6.80

C 62 6.79 0.44 0.20 6.54 5.40 7.80

P3 68 6.78 0.40 0.16 5.84 5.30 7.40

P4 64 7.02 0.42 0.18 6.03 6.10 8.20

M1 67 11.26 0.57 0.33 5.10 9.60 12.30

M2 69 10.83 0.71 0.51 6.57 8.60 12.30

M3 57 10.09 0.75 0.56 7.43 8.00 11.75


285

B-L

I1 58 6.02 0.30 0.09 5.04 5.35 6.80

I2 59 6.43 0.35 0.12 5.51 5.60 7.35

C 58 7.74 0.56 0.31 7.21 6.50 9.05

P3 65 7.69 0.49 0.24 6.44 6.70 9.20

P4 61 8.01 0.62 0.38 7.72 6.60 9.25

M1 67 10.75 0.52 0.27 4.84 9.30 11.85

M2 65 10.27 0.64 0.41 6.23 8.80 12.00

M3 58 9.70 0.62 0.39 6.45 8.30 11.25

O-SMaxilla

I1 57 63.57 6.58 43.28 10.35 45.36 77.27

I2 54 42.57 5.55 30.81 13.04 33.30 54.75

C 63 64.67 7.18 51.51 11.10 53.90 82.81

P3 61 62.86 6.32 39.99 10.06 49.09 78.00

P4 54 62.11 6.99 48.87 11.26 48.68 81.62

M1 57 123.62 8.71 75.80 7.04 101.50 144.95

M2 64 109.75 12.29 150.96 11.20 81.26 145.12

M3 52 88.87 11.89 141.35 13.38 64.60 118.00

O-SMandible

I1 56 31.68 3.09 9.57 9.77 25.62 40.56

I2 58 37.04 3.89 15.15 10.51 27.84 47.04

C 56 52.62 6.84 46.84 13.01 35.10 69.69

P3 65 52.09 5.66 31.98 10.86 37.10 65.32

P4 59 55.58 11.45 130.99 20.59 42.70 71.34

M1 63 120.73 10.67 113.76 8.84 94.86 142.79

M2 65 111.42 13.06 170.45 11.72 84.71 141.45

M3 56 98.14 12.11 146.75 12.34 70.14 132.19


286

Tab

le9

.1:N

ecro

polis

ofR

H5

-D

enta

lmor

phol

ogic

alt

raits

oft

hem

andi

bula

rde

ntiti

on

Bur

ial

ShovelingI1

ShovelingI2

Dist.Acc.RidgeC

AnteriorfoveaM1

LingualcuspP3

LingualcuspP4

GroovepatternM1

GroovepatternM2

GroovepatternM3

CuspnumberM1

CuspnumberM2

CuspnumberM3

DeflectingwrinkleM1

DeflectingwrinkleM2

DeflectingwrinkleM3

TrigonidcrestM1

TrigonidcrestM2

TrigonidcrestM3

ProtostylidM1

ProtostylidM2

ProtostylidM3

Cusp5M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp5M3

Cusp6M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp6M3

Cusp7M1

Cusp7M2

Cusp5M3

RootnumberC

RootnumberP3

RootnumberP4

RootnumberM1

RootnumberM2

RootnumberM3

AgeneticM3

1

2

0

Y

>

0

3

0

01

11

2

20

40

0

0

2Y

X

4

0

00

4

0

0

00

1

5

0

6A

0

10

13

15A

0

33

YX

X5

45

00

00

00

02

34

05

00

00

00

12

1

021

A

0

X

4

5

0

0

1

22

0

22

0

5Y

YY

55

4

1

00

0

5

55

00

00

00

0

1

2

0

24

25su

p0

0

0

0Y

YY

54

4

00

00

0

00

40

00

00

00

0

11

22

0

25in

f

0

0

Y

Y

55

0

00

2

43

0

0

00

1

1

22

1

26A

00

0

02

YY

Y5

44

0

10

00

02

54

00

00

00

00

1

026

C

0

0

Y

YY

55

4

0

0

0

3

43

00

00

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0

2

0

26D

01

0

03

YY

5

5

0

0

0

2

5

3

00

0

0

1

2

2

27

0

Y

5

2

0

0

11

031

5

5

0

1

2

032

Y

5

0

4

0

12

2

033

0

Y

X

55

0

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3

44

0

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00

1

2

034

0

0

Y

Y>

45

00

5

05

0

00

00

1

2

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Y

4

0

5

0

0

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0

0

Y

4

11

12

3

037

0

0

Y

Y>

45

00

04

0

0

0

11

038

00

0

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YX

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44

0

0

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22

24

00

00

00

00

11

12

2

040

inf

2

Y

5

1

0

2

4

0

4

41

00

02

03

YY

5

5

10

0

0

22

3

5

00

0

0

42

A0

3

3Y

X

55

1

0

00

5

5

53

0

0

00

44A

1

Y

5

0

0

4

0

0

44

B

46

0

47

3

0

YY

4

4

0

0

6

0

0

00

0

0

20

48

0

Y

YY

>5

5

0

0

0

11

5

5

00

0

0

11

22

20

287

Bur

ial

ShovelingI1

ShovelingI2

Dist.Acc.RidgeC

AnteriorfoveaM1

LingualcuspP3

LingualcuspP4

GroovepatternM1

GroovepatternM2

GroovepatternM3

CuspnumberM1

CuspnumberM2

CuspnumberM3

DeflectingwrinkleM1

DeflectingwrinkleM2

DeflectingwrinkleM3

TrigonidcrestM1

TrigonidcrestM2

TrigonidcrestM3

ProtostylidM1

ProtostylidM2

ProtostylidM3

Cusp5M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp5M3

Cusp6M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp6M3

Cusp7M1

Cusp7M2

Cusp5M3

RootnumberC

RootnumberP3

RootnumberP4

RootnumberM1

RootnumberM2

RootnumberM3

AgeneticM3

49

Y

>

0

5

3

0

50B

X

X

5

0

2

2

0

00

1

2

23

051

52

A

0

1

1

2

0

53A

3

YY

Y>

44

00

1

1

00

0

00

00

21

12

22

053

B

0

0

3Y

YX

>5

5

0

0

12

5

4

00

00

01

1

2

0

54

0

Y

YY

>5

5

0

0

5

4

5

00

0

0

1

22

0

55

0

56

1

Y

5

1

0

6

5

0

0

57A

57

B

58

59A

00

0

YX

5

5

0

0

0

6

5

5

00

0

0

59

B

0

Y

6

0

0

6

4

2

0

60

0

61

0

3

Y

YY

54

4

0

6

30

00

00

00

0

11

0

62

63

X

5

5

0

0

4

11

0

65

X

>

0

1

2

66

0

68in

fA

2

1

68in

fB

68in

fC

69in

f

4

4Y

XX

55

5

0

00

0

10

45

40

00

00

0

0

69su

p

0

3

X+

>

0

0

30

1

1

0

71

0

19

2Y

YY

64

5

11

00

0

67

40

32

00

00

0

11

22

0

72A

0

Y

Y>

5>

00

1

6

3

0

4

00

11

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B

0

0

3Y

YY

55

60

01

00

01

36

44

30

05

00

0

1

0

72C

00

33

02

YX

5

5

10

0

0

02

5

4

00

0

0

73

X

4

0

0

1

22

076

A

76in

fA

0

YY

>>

>

0

A

1

1

0

77

0

YY

>4

4

0

2

0

0

00

0

1

11

22

20

Tab

le9

.1:N

ecro

polis

ofR

H5

-D

enta

lmor

phol

ogic

alt

raits

oft

hem

andi

bula

rde

ntiti

on(

Con

tinue

d)

288

Bur

ial

ShovelingI1

ShovelingI2

Dist.Acc.RidgeC

AnteriorfoveaM1

LingualcuspP3

LingualcuspP4

GroovepatternM1

GroovepatternM2

GroovepatternM3

CuspnumberM1

CuspnumberM2

CuspnumberM3

DeflectingwrinkleM1

DeflectingwrinkleM2

DeflectingwrinkleM3

TrigonidcrestM1

TrigonidcrestM2

TrigonidcrestM3

ProtostylidM1

ProtostylidM2

ProtostylidM3

Cusp5M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp5M3

Cusp6M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp6M3

Cusp7M1

Cusp7M2

Cusp5M3

RootnumberC

RootnumberP3

RootnumberP4

RootnumberM1

RootnumberM2

RootnumberM3

AgeneticM3

78

0

X

>

4

0

0

0

0

0

1

2

0

79

10

3

4Y

+Y

55

5

2

0

01

16

42

30

00

00

01

11

0

80

0

0

2Y

XY

64

6

2

00

06

05

30

52

01

A0

0

1

20

81

Y

4

2

0

6

0

0

0

20

82

00

>

21

11

22

20

83

0

2Y

YX

55

6

00

00

01

56

54

50

02

00

2

1

22

20

840

02

30

3Y

Y

55

2

00

2

2

44

0

0

0

850

00

23

9X

YY

56

52

00

00

02

05

53

20

20

A0

01

11

22

0

86A

Y

Y

5

00

6

3

0

00

2

087

0

0

42

XX

5

5

0

0

0

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5

5

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0

0

11

12

2

88

0

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Y

5

0

0

6

5

0

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1

1

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0

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1

24

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00

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1

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5

5

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0

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6

5

2

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3

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21

53

YY

Y5

54

00

20

00

02

55

40

00

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094

0

0

+

X

6

0

0

7

5

30

0

1

12

2

095

96

0

5

Y

Y

45

0

2

03

0

0

00

11

1

22

097

A

0

97B

00

0

93

YY

X5

55

0

10

00

0

35

35

00

00

00

12

22

099

20

10

0

0

Y

YY

54

5

0

0

5

30

30

00

00

01

11

22

0

205

00

0

0

Y

X>

5

00

3

4

03

03

11

12

22

020

8

X

5

0

4

0

01

0

210

0

04

YX

X5

55

0

00

00

2

64

45

00

00

00

1

12

021

1

2

0

X

XX

55

5

0

0

6

33

40

00

00

01

1

20

213

Y

Y

5

00

3

0

11

22

021

5inf

0

Y

Y>

55

1

00

1

2

35

0

0

00

11

12

021

5sup

00

Y

4

0

0

0

0

0

21

60

10

32

3Y

Y

55

2

2

00

2

43

0

0

00

217

01

2

94

YY

Y5

55

20

00

4

64

45

00

0A

0

11

1

021

8A0

02

00

9Y

YX

55

4

00

00

0

26

53

00

00

A0

31

11

2

0

218B

0

Y

Y

45

00

3

3

03

0

0

03

021

90

00

0

3Y

YY

54

4

11

00

03

46

30

00

00

0

01

11

22

0

221

0

X

3

00

11

2

21

022

1C

Tab

le9

.1:N

ecro

polis

ofR

H5

-D

enta

lmor

phol

ogic

alt

raits

oft

hem

andi

bula

rde

ntiti

on(

Con

tinue

d)

289

Bur

ial

CurvatureI1

ShovelingI1

ShovelingI2

DoubleshovelingI1

DoubleshovelingI2

Interr.GrooveI1

Interr.GrooveI2

MesialBending

TuberculumdentaleI1

TuberculumdentaleI2

TuberculumdentaleC

MesialridgeC

Dist.Acc.RidgeC

CuspnumberP3

CuspnumberP4

MetaaconeM1

MetaconeM2

MetaconeM3

HypoconeM1

HypoconeM2

HypoconeM3

Cusp5M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp5M3

Carabelli’scuspM1

Carabelli’scuspM2

Carabelli’scuspM3

ParastyleM1

ParastyleM2

ParastyleM3

RootnumberM1

RootnumberM2

RootnumberM3

RootnumberC

RootnumberP3

RootnumberP4

Per-shapedI2

Per-shapedM3

AgeneticM3

EnamelextensionM1

EnamelextensionM2

EnamelextensionM3

1

5

1

54

4

3

11

1

01

2

1

3

3

45

34

4

3

1

00

01

0

40

12

02

00

02

34

00

10

54

5

6

00

4

0

20

11

0

1

00

5

6A

5

54

4

4

10

101

1

4

13

2

0

0

1

4

0

15A

50

2

05

64

53

10

02

5

00

00

32

11

1

0

01

00

21A

0

0

6

4

0

10

0

220

1

3

0

4

3

11

54

34

11

2

02

00

00

0

1

00

10

0

24

54

6

0

1

00

25su

p0

11

1

00

02

4

0

25in

f

2

0

0

04

0

55

5

5

2

5

5

0

3

3

11

10

00

26A

01

21

20

D0

46

51

31

05

33

56

10

03

51

50

00

32

1

1

00

00

00

26C

1

0

0

2

4

43

44

3

0

0

00

11

11

00

00

00

26D

01

23

2M

00

40

50

1

05

46

44

63

32

55

0

00

33

1

11

00

00

00

27

0

3

0

00

0

0

31

3

3

2

2

1

00

32

0

4

4

3

1

0

0

33

44

54

35

46

0

0

0

03

2

12

10

00

10

0

34

1

1

0

00

0

54

35

4

5

0

0

2

0

00

10

0

35

0

54

4

0

00

36

0

5

4

3

12

0

1

0

37

2

0

0

4

0

53

45

46

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

00

00

0

381

12

01

00

02

05

13

00

54

45

46

00

06

60

00

0

2

0

00

10

40in

f

Tab

le9

.2:N

ecro

polis

ofR

H5

-D

enta

lmor

phol

ogic

alt

raits

ofm

andi

bula

rde

ntiti

on

290

Bur

ial

CurvatureI1

ShovelingI1

ShovelingI2

DoubleshovelingI1

DoubleshovelingI2

Interr.GrooveI1

Interr.GrooveI2

MesialBending

TuberculumdentaleI1

TuberculumdentaleI2

TuberculumdentaleC

MesialridgeC

Dist.Acc.RidgeC

CuspnumberP3

CuspnumberP4

MetaaconeM1

MetaconeM2

MetaconeM3

HypoconeM1

HypoconeM2

HypoconeM3

Cusp5M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp5M3

Carabelli’scuspM1

Carabelli’scuspM2

Carabelli’scuspM3

ParastyleM1

ParastyleM2

ParastyleM3

RootnumberM1

RootnumberM2

RootnumberM3

RootnumberC

RootnumberP3

RootnumberP4

Per-shapedI2

Per-shapedM3

AgeneticM3

EnamelextensionM1

EnamelextensionM2

EnamelextensionM3

410

12

10

00

03

44

02

00

55

5

3

10

7

0

20

0

0

42A

44A

44B

2

46

3

47

0

0

00

15

55

25

63

0

33

2

10

00

00

48

3

0

0

0

04

22

0

55

44

43

0

45

55

00

0

0

00

00

0

49

1

0

1

54

24

4

0

10

00

00

0

50B

5

1

21

0

51

2

C

5

4

0

52A

0

2

5

1

0

53A

0

00

4

4

4

54

3

0

0

1

0

53B

1

3

3

C0

16

51

5

6

54

0

1

11

0

11

0

54

12

12

0D

10

54

1

54

65

52

2

0

0

00

12

1

55

1

55

65

46

0

1

0

0

3

1

0

00

00

0

56

1

57A

5

5

30

0

5

2

0

00

57B

5

56

44

3

0

0

0

0

58

5

34

3

2

05

0

0

00

1

0

59A

02

31

10

00

44

0

59B

60

1

56

5

1

01

0

61

1

0

4

55

45

42

0

3

0

0

00

01

0

62

1

63

2

C

00

4

44

64

6

3

2

10

00

00

0

65

44

4

1

0

2

1

00

66

4

3

3

2

00

Tab

le9

.2:N

ecro

polis

ofR

H5

-D

enta

lmor

phol

ogic

alt

raits

ofm

andi

bula

rde

ntiti

on(

Con

tinue

d)

291

Bur

ial

CurvatureI1

ShovelingI1

ShovelingI2

DoubleshovelingI1

DoubleshovelingI2

Interr.GrooveI1

Interr.GrooveI2

MesialBending

TuberculumdentaleI1

TuberculumdentaleI2

TuberculumdentaleC

MesialridgeC

Dist.Acc.RidgeC

CuspnumberP3

CuspnumberP4

MetaaconeM1

MetaconeM2

MetaconeM3

HypoconeM1

HypoconeM2

HypoconeM3

Cusp5M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp5M3

Carabelli’scuspM1

Carabelli’scuspM2

Carabelli’scuspM3

ParastyleM1

ParastyleM2

ParastyleM3

RootnumberM1

RootnumberM2

RootnumberM3

RootnumberC

RootnumberP3

RootnumberP4

Per-shapedI2

Per-shapedM3

AgeneticM3

EnamelextensionM1

EnamelextensionM2

EnamelextensionM3

68in

fA0

12

0

04

0

4

2

2

1

1

0

00

0

68in

fB

12

0

00

10

04

03

54

35

33

0

37

66

0

2

1

0

00

00

0

68in

fC

1

0

44

0

1

54

45

43

2

11

0

00

00

0

69in

f

69su

p

4

1

710

1

0

3

5

13

01

55

55

44

23

35

55

22

21

3

11

1

00

0

0

72A

1

2

1

0

4

41

5

33

5

2

00

1

00

01

00

72B

2

0

00

4

51

20

05

53

53

30

33

66

52

00

1

1

00

00

00

72C

01

20

00

00

40

42

21

15

4

54

0

1

55

0

0

0

1

1

73

4

3

62

1

10

0

0

76A

21

10

00

D0

05

50

41

05

3

53

2

1

51

0

0

0

0

0

76in

fA

1

02

13

0

55

45

43

2

0

0

0

00

00

0

77

12

0

44

54

45

46

1

0

0

0

03

33

12

10

00

00

0

78

0

45

54

34

41

0

0

1

1

0

10

00

0

791

12

11

00

01

40

3

10

54

45

56

11

05

55

20

0

1

10

00

10

0

801

1

C

02

24

02

01

54

35

61

01

25

55

00

0

3

12

10

00

00

0

81

5

5

4

2

0

82

M

02

44

54

44

46

0

0

0

00

00

0

830

12

2

03

05

1

1

54

65

46

22

36

66

00

0

0

00

00

0

841

12

11

00

04

56

04

10

54

5

4

2

5

2

0

0

851

34

00

00

04

45

00

11

55

5

4

11

5

5

00

11

10

0

00

86A

1

2

2

4

5

46

54

6

1

00

31

11

0

00

00

871

11

01

00

01

45

00

01

54

15

64

23

05

60

00

23

3

11

10

00

00

0

88

0

54

45

56

0

2

6

0

03

1

1

00

0

0

89

2

Tab

le9

.2:N

ecro

polis

ofR

H5

-D

enta

lmor

phol

ogic

alt

raits

ofm

andi

bula

rde

ntiti

on(

Con

tinue

d)

292

Bur

ial

CurvatureI1

ShovelingI1

ShovelingI2

DoubleshovelingI1

DoubleshovelingI2

Interr.GrooveI1

Interr.GrooveI2

MesialBending

TuberculumdentaleI1

TuberculumdentaleI2

TuberculumdentaleC

MesialridgeC

Dist.Acc.RidgeC

CuspnumberP3

CuspnumberP4

MetaaconeM1

MetaconeM2

MetaconeM3

HypoconeM1

HypoconeM2

HypoconeM3

Cusp5M1

Cusp5M2

Cusp5M3

Carabelli’scuspM1

Carabelli’scuspM2

Carabelli’scuspM3

ParastyleM1

ParastyleM2

ParastyleM3

RootnumberM1

RootnumberM2

RootnumberM3

RootnumberC

RootnumberP3

RootnumberP4

Per-shapedI2

Per-shapedM3

AgeneticM3

EnamelextensionM1

EnamelextensionM2

EnamelextensionM3

91

11

01

44

41

05

34

56

62

00

56

02

00

3

2

00

00

00

930

12

0

00

00

50

14

11

54

45

42

22

25

50

20

0

10

00

00

0

94

6

0

13

65

0

44

34

36

2

7

0

12

0

00

11

0

950

00

05

11

0

960

1

97A

44

4

6

2

0

3

2

1

00

0

10

97B

02

40

20

M1

34

50

0

15

44

54

30

34

55

50

02

21

2

00

01

12

99

4

34

1

2

5

2

1

0

0

201

5

33

44

2

00

2

0

00

00

205

2

1

01

4

41

5

4

56

0

33

1

21

0

0

0

208

1

5

5

44

54

1

0

0

00

0

00

210

01

21

10

D0

20

41

20

5

46

54

40

01

75

0

02

31

11

11

00

00

00

211

01

11

00

0

0

51

44

55

1

5

0

3

00

00

00

213

5

5

43

43

2

0

31

31

11

00

01

00

215i

nf

3

0

11

65

55

34

3

2

7

0

0

1

0

00

00

0

215s

up1

22

00

00

03

20

10

00

0

216

01

22

2C

M0

24

40

00

15

5

1

5

3

0

0

217

01

12

20

01

43

50

3

5

4

52

4

65

0

1

21

0

11

1

218A

01

11

00

00

44

40

20

05

53

53

30

30

66

02

00

1

1

00

01

11

218B

3

0

10

41

5

46

53

3

5

0

21

00

00

00

219

00

10

00

00

35

41

00

15

44

54

30

04

55

62

00

1

1

00

01

00

221

D

0

5

5

5

44

44

3

1

0

1

11

00

00

00

221C

0

Tab

le9

.2:N

ecro

polis

ofR

H5

-D

enta

lmor

phol

ogic

alt

raits

ofm

andi

bula

rde

ntiti

on(

Con

tinue

d)

293

Table10.1:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofhypoplasticdefects.Males+Females–Periods1+2+3

A 2 3 4 2+3+4 Tot. Notmeas.Tot.2+3+4notmeas

%hypo N1def. N+1def.

A B

Maxilla

I1 1 40 27 17 62 63 63 -- 62 98.4 10 52

I2 4 47 22 5 55 59 60 1 56 93.3 8 47

C 3 57 46 15 63 66 68 2 65 95.6 7 56

P3 3 56 59 94.9

P4 4 52 56 92.9

M1 7 50 57 87.7

M2 7 54 61 88.5

M3 10 40 50 80.0

Mandible

I1 5 48 8 2 48 53 55 2 50 90.9 9 39

I2 3 54 9 3 55 58 60 2 57 95.0 13 42

Ci 1 55 54 7 63 64 65 1 64 98.5 3 60

P3 6 55 61 90.2

P4 4 53 57 93.0

M1 8 54 62 87.1

M2 6 55 61 90.2

M3 9 48 57 84.2

Affectedindividuals Unaffectedindividuals

104 1

99.04% 0.96%

A=Unaffectedteeth2=teethshowingslightdefects3=teethshowingseveredefects4=teethshowing“pits”2+3+4=teethshowingatleastonedefectTot.A=totalofteethA(nodefects)+(2+3+4)Tot.B=totalofteethA(nodefects)+(2+3+4)+(notmeasurable)Notmeas.=teethshowingunclassifieddefectsTot.2+3+4+notmeas.=totalofteethaffected%hypo=percentfrequencyofteethshowingdefectsN1def.=totalnumberofteethshowingonlyonedefectN+1def.=totalnumberofteethshowingmorethanonedefect

294

Table10.2:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofhypoplasticdefects.Males+Females–Period1



A B

Maxilla

I1 - 14 4 3 15 15 15 - 15 100.0 312

I2 - 13 6 1 13 13 13 - 13 100.0 -13

C - 16 11 7 18 18 18 - 18 100.0 414

P3 - 14 14 100.0

P4 - 10 10 100.0

M1 - 14 14 100.0

M2 - 16 16 100.0

M3 1 8 9 88.9

Mandible

I1 2 11 - 2 12 14 14 - 12 85.7 48

I2 1 11 1 1 12 13 14 1 13 92.8 48

C - 13 12 4 15 15 15 - 15 100.0 114

P3 2 15 17 88.2

P4 2 14 16 87.5

M1 1 13 14 92.8

M2 - 15 15 100.0

M3 1 15 16 93.7


24 0

100.0% 0.00%

295




A B

Maxilla

I1 - 25 11 3 25 25 25 - 25 100.0 3 22

I2 - 22 10 1 22 22 23 1 23 100.0 4 18

C - 19 18 3 20 20 22 2 22 100.0 0 20

P3 - 22 22 100.0

P4 1 22 23 95.6

M1 2 21 23 91.3

M2 2 21 23 91.3

M3 2 18 20 90.0

Mandible

I1 1 22 6 - 21 22 23 1 22 95.6 2 19

I2 - 22 7 - 22 22 23 1 23 100.0 4 18

C - 21 21 1 25 25 26 1 26 100.0 1 24

P3 3 20 23 86.9

P4 1 21 22 95.4

M1 5 23 28 82.1

M2 4 23 27 85.1

M3 4 18 22 81.8


48 0

100.0% 0.0%

296




A B

Maxilla

I1 1 21 12 11 22 23 23 - 22 95.6 4 18

I2 4 19 6 3 20 24 24 - 20 83.3 4 16

C 3 22 17 5 25 28 28 - 25 89.2 3 22

P3 3 20 23 86.9

P4 3 20 23 86.9

M1 5 15 20 75.0

M2 5 17 22 77.2

M3 7 14 21 66.6

Mandible

I1 2 15 2 - 15 17 18 1 16 88.8 3 12

I2 2 21 1 2 21 23 23 - 21 91.3 5 16

C 1 21 21 2 23 24 24 - 23 95.8 1 22

P3 1 20 21 95.2

P4 1 18 19 94.7

M1 2 18 20 90.0

M2 2 17 19 89.4

M3 4 15 19 78.9


32 1

96.9% 3.1%

297

Table10.5:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofhypoplasticdefects.Males–Periods1+2+3



A B

Maxilla

I1 1 27 9 8 27 28 28 - 27 96.4 6 21

I2 4 27 8 4 26 30 30 - 26 86.6 5 21

C 2 27 24 9 32 34 35 1 33 94.2 2 30

P3 1 23 24 95.8

P4 - 23 23 100.0

M1 3 20 23 86.9

M2 3 25 28 89.2

M3 4 24 28 85.7

Mandible

I1 2 23 2 1 24 26 26 - 24 92.3 6 18

I2 3 30 1 2 30 33 33 - 30 90.9 6 24

C 1 26 25 3 30 31 31 - 30 96.7 1 29

P3 1 29 30 96.7

P4 1 25 26 96.1

M1 2 21 23 91.3

M2 3 26 29 89.6

M3 2 25 27 92.5


43 0

100.0% 0.00%

298

Table10.6:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofhypoplasticdefects.Females–Periods1+2+3



Maxilla A B

C 1 24 18 7 27 28 28 - 27 96.4 5 22

P3 1 26 27 96.2

P4 2 22 24 91.6

M1 2 24 26 92.3

M2 2 25 27 92.5

M3 3 16 19 84.2

Mandible

I1 - 16 2 1 16 16 18 2 18 100.0 3 13

I2 - 17 3 1 18 18 19 1 19 100.0 5 13

C - 22 20 4 24 24 24 - 24 100.0 1 23

P3 - 22 22 100.0

P4 - 22 22 100.0

M1 - 22 22 100.0

M2 - 24 24 100.0

M3 - 20 20 100.0


36 1

97.3% 2.7%

299

(DentalwearaccordingtoMolnar’sscaleforI1,I2,C,P3andP4(1971);MolnarS(1971)Humantoothwear,toothfunctionandculturalvariability.Am.J.Phys.Anthropol.34:27-42.

Dentalwear according toScott’s scale (1979) forM1,M2andM3–ScottEC (1979)Dentalwear scoring technique.Am. J.Phys.Anthropol.51:213-218.

Tab 11.1: Necropolis of RH5 –Absolute and percent frequencies of dental wear, incisors, canine and premolar teeth – Maxillarydentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 48 3 6.3 1 2.1 4 8.3 8 16.7 20 41.7 11 22.9 1 2.1 - -

I2 49 3 6.1 8 16.3 8 16.3 10 20.4 11 22.4 7 14.3 1 2.0 1 2.0

C 62 3 4.8 4 6.5 15 24.2 10 16.1 15 24.2 14 22.6 - - 1 1.6

P3 57 8 14.0 4 7.0 17 29.8 9 15.8 8 14.0 6 10.5 2 3.5 3 5.3

P4 50 7 14.0 9 18.0 5 10.0 7 14.0 11 22.0 5 10.0 3 6.0 3 6.0

266 24 9.0 26 9.8 49 18.4 44 16.5 65 24.4 43 16.2 7 2.6 8 3.0

right

I1 55 3 5.5 1 1.8 8 14.5 11 20.0 18 32.7 14 25.5 - - - -

I2 44 3 6.8 6 13.6 8 18.2 11 25.0 13 29.5 3 6.8 - - - -

C 55 1 1.8 5 9.1 6 11.0 17 30.9 11 20.0 14 25.4 - - 1 1.8

P3 56 3 5.4 9 16.1 12 21.4 8 14.3 7 12.5 7 12.5 4 7.2 6 10.7

P4 53 7 13.2 12 22.6 6 11.3 7 13.2 7 13.2 5 9.4 5 9.4 4 7.5

263 17 6.5 33 12.5 40 15.2 54 20.5 56 21.3 43 16.3 9 3.4 11 4.2

left+right

I1 103 6 5.8 2 1.9 12 11.7 19 18.4 38 36.9 25 24.3 1 1.0 - -

I2 93 6 6.5 16 17.2 14 15.1 21 22.6 24 25.8 10 10.8 1 1.1 1 1.1

C 117 4 3.4 9 7.7 21 17.9 27 23.1 26 22.2 28 23.9 - - 2 1.7

P3 113 11 9.7 13 11.5 29 25.7 17 15.0 15 13.3 13 11.5 6 5.3 9 8.0

P4 103 14 13.6 21 20.4 11 10.7 14 13.6 18 17.5 10 9.7 8 7.8 7 6.8

529 41 7.8 59 11.1 89 16.8 98 18.5 121 22.9 86 16.3 16 3.0 19 3.6

300

Tab11.2:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Maxillarydentition,Period1

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 10 - - 1 10.0 - - 2 20.0 5 50.0 2 20.0 - - - -

I2 8 1 12.5 1 12.5 - - 2 25.0 2 25.0 2 25.0 - - - -

C 15 - - - - 3 20.0 4 26.7 4 26.7 4 26.7 - - - -

P3 12 1 8.3 - - 2 16.7 4 33.3 1 8.3 3 25.0 - - 1 8.3

P4 11 1 9.1 1 9.1 1 9.1 2 18.2 3 27.3 1 9.1 1 9.1 1 9.1

56 3 5.4 3 5.4 6 10.7 14 25.0 15 26.8 12 21.4 1 1.8 2 3.6

right

I1 12 - - - - - - 5 41.7 6 50.0 1 8.3 - - - -

I2 8 - - 1 12.5 1 12.5 3 37.5 1 12.5 2 25.0 - - - -

C 13 - - 1 7.7 1 7.7 3 23.0 5 38.5 3 23.0 - - - -

P3 13 - - 1 7.7 1 7.7 3 23.1 1 7.7 1 7.7 3 23.1 3 23.1

P4 13 - - 2 15.4 1 7.7 3 23.1 - - 1 7.7 4 30.7 2 15.4

59 - - 5 8.5 4 6.8 17 28.8 13 22.0 8 13.6 7 11.9 5 8.5

left+right

I1 22 - - 1 4.5 - - 7 31.8 11 50.0 3 13.6 - - - -

I2 16 1 6.3 2 12.5 1 6.3 5 31.3 3 18.8 4 25.0 - - - -

C 28 - - 1 3.6 4 14.3 7 25.0 9 32.1 7 25.0 - - - -

P3 25 1 4.0 1 4.0 3 12.0 7 28.0 2 8.0 4 16.0 3 12.0 4 16.0

P4 24 1 4.2 3 12.5 2 8.3 5 20.8 3 12.5 2 8.3 5 20.8 3 12.5

115 3 2.6 8 7.0 10 8.7 31 26.7 28 24.3 20 17.4 8 7.0 7 6.1

301


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 16 2 12.5 - - 2 12.5 2 12.5 4 25.0 5 31.3 1 6.3 - -

I2 21 2 9.5 4 19.0 3 14.3 4 19.0 5 23.8 1 4.8 1 4.8 1 4.8

C 25 ³ 12.0 ³ 12.0 6 24.0 3 12.0 5 20.0 4 16.0 - - 1 4.0

P3 25 6 24.0 3 12.0 6 24.0 3 12.0 3 12.0 - - 2 8.0 2 8.0

P4 19 5 26.3 4 21.0 1 5.3 3 15.8 3 15.8 1 5.3 1 5.3 1 5.3

106 18 17.0 14 13.2 18 17.0 15 14.2 20 18.9 11 10.4 5 4.7 5 4.7

right

I1 22 2 9.1 1 4.5 5 22.7 3 13.6 5 22.7 6 27.3 - - - -

I2 16 3 18.8 1 6.3 3 18.8 3 18.8 6 37.5 - - - - - -

C 17 1 5.9 2 11.8 2 11.8 5 29.4 - - 6 35.3 - - 1 5.9

P3 19 2 10.5 4 21.1 4 21.1 2 10.5 2 10.5 3 15.8 - - 2 10.5

P4 19 5 26.3 4 21.1 2 10.5 2 10.5 2 10.5 2 10.5 - - 2 10.5

93 13 14.0 12 12.9 16 17.2 15 16.1 15 16.1 17 18.3 - - 5 5.4

left+right

I1 38 4 10.5 1 2.6 7 18.4 5 13.2 9 23.7 11 28.9 1 2.6 - -

I2 37 5 13.5 5 13.5 6 16.2 7 18.9 11 29.7 1 2.7 1 2.7 1 2.7

C 42 4 9.5 5 11.9 8 19.0 8 19.0 5 11.9 10 23.8 - - 2 4.8

P3 44 8 18.2 7 15.9 10 22.7 5 11.4 5 11.4 3 6.8 2 4.5 4 9.1

P4 38 10 26.3 8 21.1 3 7.9 5 13.2 5 13.2 3 7.9 1 2.6 3 7.9

199 31 15.6 26 13.1 34 17.1 30 15.1 35 17.6 28 14.1 5 2.5 10 5.1

302


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 22 1 4.5 - - 2 9.1 4 18.2 11 50.0 4 18.2 - - - -

I2 20 - - 3 15.0 5 25.0 4 20.0 4 20.0 4 20.0 - - - -

C 22 - - 1 4.5 6 27.3 3 13.6 6 27.3 6 27.3 - - - -

P3 20 1 5.0 1 5.0 9 45.0 2 10.0 4 20.0 3 15.0 - - - -

P4 20 1 5.0 4 20.0 3 15.0 2 10.0 5 25.0 3 15.0 1 5.0 1 5.0

104 3 2.9 9 8.7 25 24.0 15 14.4 30 28.8 20 19.2 1 1.0 1 1.0

right

I1 21 1 4.¸ - - ³ 14.³ ³ 14.³ · 33.³ · 33.³ - - - -

I2 20 - - 4 20.0 4 20.0 5 25.0 6 30.0 1 5.0 - - - -

C 25 - - 2 8.0 3 12.0 9 36.0 6 24.0 5 20.0 - - - -

P3 24 1 4.2 4 16.7 7 29.2 3 12.5 4 16.7 3 12.5 1 4.2 1 4.2

P4 21 2 9.5 6 28.6 3 14.3 2 9.5 5 23.8 2 9.5 1 4.8 - -

111 4 3.6 16 14.4 20 18.0 22 19.8 28 25.2 18 16.2 2 1.8 1 0.9

left+right

I1 43 2 4.7 - - 5 11.6 7 16.3 18 41.9 11 25.6 - - - -

I2 40 - - 9 22.5 7 17.5 9 22.5 10 25.0 5 12.5 - - - -

C 47 - - 3 6.4 9 19.1 12 25.5 12 25.5 11 23.4 - - - -

P3 44 2 4.5 5 11.4 16 36.4 5 11.4 8 18.2 6 13.6 1 2.3 1 2.3

P4 41 3 7.3 10 24.4 6 14.6 4 9.8 10 24.4 5 12.2 2 4.9 1 2.4

215 7 3.3 27 12.6 43 20.0 37 17.2 58 27.0 38 17.7 3 1.4 2 0.9

303

Tab11.5:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Maxillarydentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 21 - - - - - - 1 4.8 9 42.9 10 47.6 1 4.8 - -

I2 22 - - 1 4.5 1 4.5 6 27.3 6 27.3 6 27.3 1 4.5 1 4.5

C 28 - - 1 3.6 2 7.1 5 17.6 9 32.1 10 35.7 - - 1 3.6

P3 25 - - 1 4.0 6 24.0 3 12.0 7 28.0 4 16.0 1 4.0 3 12.0

P4 20 - - 2 10.0 1 5.0 4 20.0 6 30.0 4 20.0 2 10.0 1 5.0

116 - - 5 4.3 10 8.6 19 16.4 37 31.9 34 29.3 5 4.3 6 5.2

right

I1 24 - - - - - - 5 20.8 7 29.2 12 50.0 - - - -

I2 24 - - - - 2 8.3 7 29.2 9 37.5 6 25.0 - - - -

C 27 - - - - - - 9 33.3 5 18.5 12 44.4 - - 1 3.7

P3 28 - - 1 3.6 5 17.9 4 14.3 7 25.0 3 10.7 4 14.3 4 14.3

P4 25 1 4.0 2 8.0 1 4.0 4 16.0 7 28.0 3 12.0 4 16.0 3 12.0

128 1 0.8 3 2.3 8 6.3 29 22.7 35 27.3 36 28.1 8 6.3 8 6.3

left+right

I1 45 - - - - - - 6 13.3 16 35.6 22 48.9 1 2.2 - -

I2 46 - - 1 2.2 3 6.5 13 28.3 15 32.6 12 26.1 1 2.2 1 2.2

C 55 - - 1 1.8 2 3.6 14 25.5 14 25.5 22 40.0 - - 2 3.6

P3 53 - - 2 3.8 11 20.8 7 13.2 14 26.4 7 13.2 5 9.4 7 13.2

P4 45 1 2.2 4 8.9 2 4.4 8 17.8 13 28.9 7 15.6 6 13.3 4 8.9

244 1 0.4 8 3.3 18 7.4 48 19.7 72 29.5 70 28.7 13 5.3 14 5.7

304

Tab11.6:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Maxillarydentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 19 - - - - 2 10.5 6 31.6 10 52.6 1 5.3 - - - -

I2 18 1 5.6 8 44.4 3 16.7 2 11.1 4 22.2 - - - - - -

C 25 - - 2 8.0 10 40.0 4 16.0 6 24.4 3 12.0 - - - -

P3 21 1 4.8 3 14.3 8 38.1 6 28.6 1 4.8 2 9.5 - - - -

P4 21 2 9.5 5 23.8 3 14.3 3 14.3 5 25.8 1 4.8 1 4.8 1 4.8

104 4 3.8 18 17.3 26 25.0 21 20.2 26 25.0 7 6.7 1 1.0 1 1.0

right

I1 22 - - - - 5 22.7 6 27.3 10 45.5 1 4.5 - - - -

I2 18 - - 5 27.8 4 22.2 4 22.2 4 22.2 1 5.6 - - - -

C 23 - - 3 13.0 5 21.7 7 30.4 6 26.1 2 8.7 - - - -

P3 21 - - 6 28.6 6 28.6 4 19.0 - - 3 14.3 - - 2 9.5

P4 22 3 13.6 8 36.4 4 18.9 3 13.6 - - 2 9.1 1 4.5 1 4.5

106 3 2.8 22 20.8 24 22.6 24 22.6 20 18.9 9 8.5 1 0.9 3 2.8

left+right

I1 41 - - - - 7 17.1 12 29.3 20 48.8 2 4.9 - - - -

I2 36 1 2.8 13 36.1 7 19.4 6 16.7 8 22.2 1 2.8 - - - -

C 48 - - 5 10.4 15 31.3 11 22.9 12 25.0 5 10.4 - - - -

P3 42 1 2.4 9 21.4 14 33.3 10 23.8 1 2.4 5 11.9 - - 2 4.8

P4 43 5 1.6 13 30.2 7 16.3 6 14.0 5 11.6 3 7.0 2 4.7 2 4.7

210 7 3.3 40 19.0 50 23.8 45 21.4 46 21.9 16 7.6 2 1.0 4 1.9

305

Tab11.7:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Mandibulardentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

left

I1 54 2 3.7 2 3.7 3 5.6 19 35.2 7 13.0 18 33.3 1 1.9 2 3.7

I2 50 1 2.0 1 2.0 8 16.0 17 34.0 16 32.0 4 8.0 2 4.0 1 2.0

C 56 1 1.8 2 3.6 7 12.5 22 39.3 14 25.0 7 12.5 2 3.6 1 1.8

P3 58 5 8.6 10 17.2 17 29.3 13 22.4 8 13.8 4 6.9 1 1.7 - -

P4 54 7 13.0 10 18.5 14 25.9 10 18.5 7 13.0 2 3.7 2 3.7 2 3.7

272 16 5.9 25 9.2 49 18.0 81 29.8 52 19.1 35 12.9 8 2.9 6 2.2

right

I1 53 3 5.7 2 3.8 7 13.2 14 26.4 13 24.5 11 20.8 1 1.9 2 3.8

I2 53 3 5.7 4 7.5 8 15.1 11 20.8 18 34.0 7 13.2 1 1.9 1 1.9

C 55 3 5.5 7 12.7 7 12.7 12 21.8 13 23.6 11 20.0 1 1.8 1 1.8

P3 56 5 8.9 9 16.1 17 30.4 14 25.0 5 8.9 4 7.1 1 1.8 1 1.8

P4 62 10 16.1 11 17.7 7 11.3 15 24.2 9 14.5 5 8.1 3 4.8 2 3.2

279 24 8.6 33 11.8 46 16.5 66 23.7 58 20.8 38 13.6 7 2.5 7 2.5

left+right

I1 107 5 4.7 4 3.7 10 9.3 33 30.8 20 18.7 29 27.1 2 1.9 4 3.7

I2 103 4 3.9 5 4.9 16 15.5 28 27.2 34 33.0 11 10.7 3 2.9 2 1.9

C 111 4 3.6 9 8.1 14 12.6 34 30.6 27 24.3 18 16.2 3 2.7 2 1.8

P3 114 10 8.8 19 16.7 34 29.8 27 23.7 10 8.8 8 7.0 2 1.8 1 0.9

P4 116 17 14.7 21 18.1 21 18.1 25 21.6 16 13.8 7 6.0 5 4.3 4 3.4

551 40 7.3 58 10.5 95 17.2 147 26.7 110 20.0 73 13.2 15 2.7 13 2.4

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

306

Table11.8:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Mandibulardentition,Period1

N n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

left

I1 13 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

I2 10 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

C 13 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

P3 11 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

P4 10 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

57 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

right

I1 11 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

I2 11 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

C 11 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

P3 13 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

P4 16 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

62 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

left+right

I1 24 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

I2 21 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

C 24 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

P3 24 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

P4 26 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

119 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

degree n n n n n n n n

307

Tab11.9:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Mandibulardentition,Period2

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 23 2 8.7 1 4.3 2 8.7 9 39.1 1 4.3 6 26.1 1 4.3 1 4.3

I2 22 1 4.5 - - 4 18.2 7 31.8 8 36.4 1 4.5 - - 1 4.5

C 19 1 5.3 1 5.3 2 10.5 9 47.4 4 21.1 1 5.3 - - 1 5.3

P3 21 4 19.0 4 19.0 7 33.3 4 19.0 2 9.5 - - - - - -

P4 25 4 16.0 5 20.0 6 24.0 4 16.0 3 12.0 1 4.0 1 4.0 1 4.0

110 12 10.9 11 10.0 21 19.1 33 30.0 18 16.4 9 8.2 2 1.8 4 3.6

right

I1 25 3 12.0 1 4.0 1 4.0 8 32.0 4 16.0 6 24.0 1 4.0 1 4.0

I2 26 3 11.5 2 7.7 3 11.5 4 15.4 8 30.8 4 15.4 1 3.8 1 3.8

C 21 3 14.3 3 14.3 3 14.3 4 19.0 3 14.3 4 19.0 - - 1 4.8

P3 21 3 14.3 4 19.0 4 19.0 6 28.6 3 14.3 - - - - 1 4.8

P4 26 7 26.9 5 19.2 2 7.7 4 15.4 4 15.4 1 3.8 2 7.7 1 3.8

119 19 16.0 15 12.6 13 10.9 26 21.8 22 18.5 15 12.6 4 3.4 5 4.2

left+right

I1 48 5 10.4 2 4.2 3 6.3 17 35.4 5 10.4 12 25.0 2 4.2 2 4.2

I2 48 4 8.3 2 4.2 7 14.6 11 22.9 16 33.3 5 10.4 1 2.1 2 4.2

C 40 4 10.0 4 10.0 5 12.5 13 32.5 7 17.5 5 12.5 - - 2 5.0

P3 42 7 16.3 8 18.6 11 25.6 10 23.3 5 11.6 - - - - 1 2.3

P4 51 11 21.6 10 19.6 8 15.7 8 15.7 7 13.7 2 3.9 3 5.9 2 3.9

229 31 13.5 26 11.3 34 14.8 59 25.7 40 17.4 24 10.9 6 2.6 9 3.9

308

Tab11.10:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Mandibulardentition,Period3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 18 - - 1 5.6 - - 7 38.9 2 11.1 7 38.9 - - 1 5.6

I2 18 - - 1 5.6 4 22.2 5 27.8 6 33.3 1 5.6 1 5.6 - -

C 23 - - - - 5 21.7 8 34.8 6 26.1 3 13.0 1 4.3 - -

P3 25 1 4.0 5 20.0 7 28.0 5 20.0 5 20.0 1 4.0 1 4.0 - -

P4 19 2 10.5 4 21.1 6 31.6 2 10.5 3 15.8 1 5.3 1 5.3 - -

103 3 2.9 11 10.7 22 21.4 27 26.2 22 21.4 13 12.6 4 3.9 1 1.0

right

I1 17 - - - - 3 17.6 5 29.4 3 17.6 5 29.4 - - 1 5.9

I2 16 - - 1 6.3 2 12.5 7 43.8 5 31.3 1 6.3 - - - -

C 23 - - 3 13.0 4 17.4 6 26.1 7 30.4 2 8.7 1 4.3 - -

P3 23 1 4.3 5 21.7 8 34.8 7 30.4 1 4.3 - - 1 4.3 - -

P4 20 2 10.0 4 20.0 4 20.0 6 30.0 3 15.0 1 5.0 - - - -

99 3 3.0 13 13.1 21 21.2 31 31.3 19 19.2 9 9.1 2 2.0 1 1.0

left+right

I1 35 - - 1 2.9 3 8.6 12 34.3 5 14.3 12 34.3 - - 2 5.7

I2 34 - - 2 5.9 6 17.6 12 35.3 11 32.4 2 5.9 1 2.9 - -

C 46 - - 3 6.5 9 19.6 14 30.4 13 28.3 5 10.9 2 4.3 - -

P3 48 2 4.2 10 20.8 15 31.3 12 25.0 3 6.3 1 2.1 2 4.2 - -

P4 39 4 10.3 8 20.5 10 25.6 8 20.5 6 15.4 2 5.1 1 2.6 - -

202 6 3.0 24 11.9 43 21.3 58 28.7 41 20.3 22 10.9 6 3.0 2 1.0

309

Tab11.11:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Mandibulardentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 27 - - - - - - 5 18.5 5 18.5 14 51.9 1 3.7 2 7.4

I2 25 - - 1 4.0 1 4.0 6 24.0 12 48.0 3 12.0 1 4.0 1 4.0

C 26 - - - - 1 3.8 8 30.8 9 34.6 5 19.2 2 7.7 1 3.8

P3 28 1 3.6 2 7.1 8 28.6 10 35.7 3 10.7 3 10.7 1 3.6 - -

P4 25 - - 4 16.0 7 28.0 4 16.0 6 24.0 1 4.0 1 4.0 2 8.0

131 1 0.8 7 5.3 17 13.0 33 25.2 35 26.7 26 19.8 6 4.6 6 4.6

right

I1 23 - - - - - - 4 17.4 5 21.7 12 52.2 - - 2 8.7

I2 25 - - - - - - 4 16.0 13 52.0 6 24.0 1 4.0 1 4.0

C 28 1 3.6 1 3.6 2 7.1 4 14.3 11 39.3 7 25.0 1 3.6 1 3.6

P3 28 - - 4 14.3 7 25.0 10 35.7 3 10.7 3 10.7 1 3.6 - -

P4 29 - - 3 10.3 3 10.3 11 37.9 6 20.7 2 6.9 3 10.3 1 3.4

133 1 0.8 8 6.0 12 9.0 33 24.8 38 28.6 30 22.6 6 4.5 5 3.8

left+right

I1 50 - - - - - - 9 18.0 10 20.0 26 52.0 1 2.0 4 8.0

I2 50 - - 1 2.0 1 2.0 10 20.0 25 50.0 9 18.0 2 4.0 2 4.0

C 54 1 1.9 1 1.9 3 5.6 12 22.2 20 37.0 12 22.2 3 5.6 2 3.7

P3 56 1 1.8 6 10.7 15 26.8 20 35.7 6 10.7 6 10.7 2 3.6 - -

P4 54 - - 7 13.0 10 18.5 15 27.8 12 22.2 3 5.6 4 7.4 3 5.6

264 2 0.8 15 5.7 29 11.0 66 25.0 73 27.7 56 21.2 12 4.5 11 4.2

310

Tab11.12:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,incisors,canineandpremolarteeth–Mandibulardentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 18 - - - - - - 12 66.7 2 11.1 4 22.2 - - - -

I2 17 - - - - 4 23.5 8 47.1 3 17.6 1 5.9 1 5.9 - -

C 23 - - 1 4.3 4 17.4 12 52.2 5 21.7 1 4.3 - - - -

P3 21 1 4.8 8 38.1 6 28.6 3 14.3 2 9.5 1 4.8 - - - -

P4 20 4 20.0 5 25.0 4 20.0 5 25.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 - - - -

99 5 5.1 14 14.1 18 18.2 40 40.4 13 13.1 8 8.1 1 1.0 - -

right

I1 18 - - - - 1 5.6 8 44.4 7 38.9 2 11.1 - - - -

I2 19 - - 2 10.5 4 21.1 8 42.1 4 21.1 1 5.3 - - - -

C 21 - - 3 14.3 5 23.8 7 33.3 2 9.5 4 19.0 - - - -

P3 20 1 5.0 5 25.0 7 35.0 3 15.0 2 10.0 1 5.0 - - 1 5.0

P4 23 13.0 7 30.4 2 8.7 4 17.4 3 13.0 3 13.0 - - 1 4.3

101 4 4.0 17 16.8 19 18.8 30 29.7 18 17.8 11 10.9 - - 2 2.0

left+right

I1 36 - - - - 1 2.8 20 55.6 9 25.0 6 16.7 - - - -

I2 36 - - 2 5.6 8 22.2 16 44.4 7 19.4 2 5.6 1 2.8 - -

C 44 - - 4 9.1 9 20.5 19 43.2 7 15.9 5 11.4 - - - -

P3 41 2 4.9 13 31.7 13 31.7 6 14.6 4 9.8 2 4.9 - - 1 2.4

P4 43 7 17.3 12 27.9 6 14.0 9 20.9 4 9.3 4 9.3 - - 1 2.3

200 9 4.5 31 15.5 37 18.5 70 35.0 31 15.5 19 9.5 1 0.5 2 1.0

311

Table11.13:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Maxillarydentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 5· 6 10.5 5 8.8 12 21.1 7 12.3 5 8.8 11 19.3 11 19.3

M2 60 16 26.7 7 11.7 14 23.3 11 18.3 4 6.7 6 10.0 2 3.3

M3 39 15 38.5 7 17.9 12 30.8 3 7.7 - - - - 2 5.1

156 37 23.7 19 12.2 38 24.4 21 13.5 9 5.8 17 10.9 15 9.6

right

M1 63 4 6.3 4 6.3 12 19.0 9 14.3 8 12.7 11 17.5 15 23.8

M2 60 15 25.0 12 20.0 8 13.3 13 21.7 5 8.3 5 8.3 2 3.3

M3 41 13 31.7 10 24.4 15 36.6 2 4.9 - - 1 2.4 - -

164 32 19.5 26 15.9 35 21.3 24 14.6 13 7.9 17 10.4 17 10.4

left+right

M1 120 10 8.3 9 7.5 24 20.0 16 13.3 13 10.8 22 18.3 26 21.7

M2 120 31 25.8 19 15.8 22 18.3 24 20.0 9 7.5 11 9.2 4 3.3

M3 80 28 35.0 17 21.3 27 33.8 5 6.3 - - 1 1.3 2 2.5

320 69 21.6 45 14.1 73 22.8 45 14.1 22 6.9 34 10.6 32 10.0

312

Table11.14:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Maxillarydentition,Period1

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 9 - - 2 22.2 - - 1 11.1 1 11.1 3 33.3 2 22.2

M2 12 2 16.7 1 8.3 3 25.0 4 33.3 1 8.3 1 8.3 - -

M3 5 3 60.0 - - 2 40.0 - - - - - - - -

26 5 19.2 3 11.5 5 19.2 5 19.2 2 7.7 4 15.4 2 7.7

right

M1 13 - - 1 7.7 1 7.7 2 15.4 3 23.1 2 15.4 4 30.8

M2 12 1 8.3 2 16.7 2 16.7 3 25.0 2 16.7 2 16.7 - -

M3 6 2 33.3 2 33.3 2 33.3 - - - - - - - -

31 3 9.7 5 16.1 5 16.1 5 16.1 5 16.1 4 12.9 4 12.9

left+right

M1 22 - - 3 13.6 1 4.5 3 13.6 4 18.2 5 22.7 6 27.3

M2 24 3 12.5 3 12.5 5 20.8 7 29.2 3 12.5 3 12.5 - -

M3 11 5 45.5 2 18.2 4 36.4 - - - - - - - -

57 8 14.0 8 14.0 10 17.5 10 17.5 7 12.3 8 14.0 6 10.5

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

313


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 23 5 21.7 2 8.7 5 21.7 2 8.7 2 8.7 2 8.7 5 21.7

M2 24 8 33.3 2 8.3 5 20.8 3 12.5 1 4.2 4 16.7 1 4.2

M3 18 7 39.0 2 11.1 8 44.4 - - - - - - 1 5.6

65 20 30.8 6 9.2 18 27.7 5 7.7 3 4.6 6 9.2 7 10.8

M1 23 3 13.0 2 8.7 5 21.7 1 4.3 2 8.7 3 13.0 7 30.4

M2 26 8 30.8 5 19.2 3 11.5 7 26.9 1 3.8 2 7.7 - -

M3 17 5 29.4 4 23.5 7 41.2 1 5.9 - - - - - -

66 16 24.2 11 16.7 15 22.7 9 13.6 3 4.5 5 7.6 7 10.6

left+right

M1 46 8 17.4 4 8.7 10 21.7 3 6.5 4 8.7 5 10.9 12 26.1

M2 50 16 32.0 7 14.0 8 16.0 10 20.0 2 4.0 6 12.0 1 2.0

M3 35 12 34.3 6 17.1 15 42.9 1 2.9 - - - - 1 2.9

131 36 27.5 17 13.0 33 25.2 14 10.7 6 4.6 11 8.4 14 10.7

314


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 25 1 4.0 1 4.0 7 28.0 4 16.0 2 8.0 6 24.0 4 16.0

M2 24 6 25.0 4 16.7 6 25.0 4 16.7 2 8.3 1 4.2 1 4.2

M3 16 5 31.3 5 31.3 2 12.5 3 18.8 - - - - 1 6.3

65 12 18.5 10 15.4 15 23.1 11 16.9 4 6.2 7 10.7 6 9.2

right

M1 27 1 3.7 1 3.7 6 22.2 6 22.2 3 11.1 6 22.2 4 14.8

M2 22 6 27.3 5 22.7 3 13.6 3 13.6 2 9.1 1 4.5 2 9.1

M3 18 6 33.3 4 22.2 6 33.3 1 5.6 - - 1 5.6 - -

67 13 19.4 10 14.9 15 22.4 10 14.9 5 7.5 8 11.9 6 8.9

left+right

M1 52 2 3.8 2 3.8 13 25.0 10 19.2 5 9.6 12 23.1 8 15.4

M2 46 12 26.1 9 19.6 9 19.6 7 15.2 4 8.7 2 4.3 3 6.5

M3 34 11 32.4 9 26.5 8 23.5 4 11.8 - - 1 2.9 1 2.9

132 25 18.9 20 15.1 30 22.7 21 15.9 9 6.8 15 11.4 12 9.1

315

Table11.17:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Maxillarydentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 23 - - - - 3 13.0 2 8.7 5 21.7 ¶ 26.1 7 30.4

M2 27 1 3.7 3 11.1 10 37.0 7 25.1 3 11.1 2 7.4 1 3.7

M3 21 5 23.8 6 28.6 7 33.3 2 9.5 - - - - 1 4.8

71 6 8.5 9 12.7 20 28.2 11 15.5 8 11.3 8 11.3 9 12.7

right

M1 31 - - - - 2 6.5 4 12.9 5 16.1 7 22.6 13 41.9

M2 27 1 3.7 3 11.1 7 25.9 7 25.9 4 14.8 3 11.1 2 7.4

M3 25 5 20.0 6 24.0 13 52.0 1 4.0 - - - - - -

83 6 7.2 9 10.8 22 26.5 12 14.5 9 10.8 10 12.0 15 18.1

left+right

M1 54 - - - - 5 9.3 6 11.1 10 18.5 13 24.1 20 37.0

M2 54 2 3.7 6 11.1 17 31.5 14 25.9 7 12.9 5 9.3 3 5.5

M3 46 10 21.7 12 26.1 20 43.5 3 6.5 - - - - 1 2.2

154 12 7.8 18 11.7 42 27.3 23 14.9 17 11.0 18 11.7 24 15.6

316

Table11.18:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Maxillarydentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 20 - - 3 15.0 6 30.0 3 15.0 - - 5 25.0 3 15.0

M2 23 7 30.4 3 13.0 3 13.0 4 17.4 2 8.7 3 13.0 1 4.3

M3 14 7 50.0 - - 5 35.7 1 7.1 - - - - 1 7.1

57 14 24.6 6 10.5 14 24.6 8 14.0 2 3.5 8 14.0 5 8.8

right

M1 23 - - 3 13.0 6 26.1 5 21.7 3 13.0 4 17.4 2 8.7

M2 22 7 31.8 6 27.3 1 4.5 5 22.7 1 4.5 2 9.1 - -

M3 11 4 36.4 4 36.4 1 9.1 1 9.1 - - 1 9.1 - -

56 11 19.6 13 23.2 8 14.3 11 19.6 4 7.1 7 12.5 2 3.6

left+right

M1 43 - - 6 13.9 12 27.9 8 18.6 3 7.0 9 20.9 5 11.6

M2 45 14 31.1 9 20.0 4 8.9 9 20.0 3 6.7 5 11.1 1 2.2

M3 25 11 44.0 4 16.0 6 24.0 2 8.0 - - 1 4.0 1 4.0

113 25 22.1 19 16.8 22 19.5 19 16.8 6 5.3 15 13.3 7 6.2

317

Table11.19:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Mandibulardentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 59 6 10.2 5 8.5 12 20.3 6 10.2 8 13.6 14 23.7 8 13.6

M2 59 13 22.0 6 10.2 6 10.2 16 27.1 7 11.9 7 11.9 4 6.8

M3 41 4 9.8 7 17.1 19 46.3 5 12.2 4 9.8 2 4.9 - -

159 23 14.5 18 11.3 37 23.3 27 17.0 19 11.9 23 14.5 12 7.5

right

M1 66 9 13.6 4 6.1 11 16.7 8 12.1 7 10.6 17 25.8 10 15.2

M2 69 11 15.9 9 13.0 9 13.0 13 18.8 15 21.7 9 13.0 3 4.3

M3 55 10 18.2 4 7.3 27 49.1 8 14.5 5 9.1 - - 1 1.8

190 30 15.8 17 8.9 47 24.7 29 15.3 27 14.2 26 13.7 14 7.4

left+right

M1 125 15 12.0 9 7.2 23 18.4 14 11.2 15 12.0 31 24.8 18 14.4

M2 128 24 18.8 15 11.7 15 11.7 29 22.7 22 17.2 16 12.5 7 5.5

M3 96 18 18.8 11 11.5 46 47.9 13 13.5 9 9.4 2 2.1 1 1.1

349 57 16.3 35 10.0 84 24.1 56 16.0 46 13.2 49 14.0 26 7.4

318

Table11.20:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Mandibulardentition,Period1

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 9 - - - - - - 2 22.2 2 22.2 4 44.4 1 11.1

M2 12 - - - - 2 16.7 5 4.2 1 8.3 3 25.0 1 8.3

M3 12 - - 3 25.0 7 58.7 2 16.7 - - - - - -

33 - - 3 9.1 9 27.3 9 27.3 3 9.1 7 21.2 2 6.1

right

M1 16 - - 1 6.3 1 6.3 1 6.3 3 18.8 7 43.8 3 18.8

M2 17 2 11.8 - - 2 11.8 4 23.5 4 23.5 4 23.5 1 5.9

M3 15 1 6.7 1 6.7 9 60.0 2 13.3 2 13.3 - - - -

48 3 6.2 2 4.2 12 25.0 7 14.6 9 18.7 11 22.9 4 8.3

left+right

M1 25 - - 1 4.0 1 4.0 3 12.0 5 20.0 11 44.0 4 16.0

M2 29 2 6.9 - - 4 13.8 9 31.0 5 17.2 7 24.1 2 6.9

M3 27 1 3.7 4 14.8 16 59.3 4 14.8 2 7.4 - - - -

81 3 3.7 5 6.2 21 25.9 16 19.8 12 14.8 18 22.2 6 7.4

319


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 26 5 19.2 3 11.5 5 19.2 1 3.8 4 15.4 4 15.4 4 15.4

M2 24 8 33.3 2 8.3 3 12.5 4 16.7 4 16.7 2 8.3 1 4.2

M3 16 4 25.0 2 12.5 6 37.5 2 12.5 2 12.5 - - - -

66 17 25.8 7 10.6 14 21.2 7 10.6 10 15.2 6 9.1 5 7.6

right

M1 27 7 25.9 2 7.4 5 18.5 1 3.7 3 11.1 5 18.5 4 14.8

M2 28 5 17.9 5 17.9 4 14.3 5 17.9 4 14.3 4 14.3 1 3.6

M3 20 5 25.0 - - 10 50.0 3 15.0 1 5.0 - - 1 5.0

75 17 22.7 7 9.3 19 25.3 9 12.0 8 10.7 9 12.0 6 8.0

left+right

M1 53 12 22.6 5 9.4 10 18.9 2 3.8 7 13.2 9 17.0 8 15.1

M2 52 13 25.0 7 13.5 7 13.5 9 17.3 8 15.4 6 11.5 2 3.8

M3 36 9 22.9 2 5.6 16 44.4 5 13.9 3 8.3 - - 1 2.8

141 34 24.1 14 9.9 33 23.4 16 11.3 18 12.8 15 10.6 11 7.8

320


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 24 1 4.2 2 8.3 7 29.2 3 12.5 2 8.3 6 25.0 3 12.5

M2 23 5 21.7 4 17.4 1 4.3 7 30.4 2 8.7 2 8.7 2 8.7

M3 17 4 23.5 2 11.8 6 35.3 1 5.9 2 11.8 2 11.8 - -

64 10 15.6 8 12.5 14 21.9 11 17.2 6 9.4 10 15.6 5 7.8

right

M1 23 2 8.7 1 4.3 5 21.7 6 26.1 1 4.3 5 21.7 3 13.0

M2 24 4 16.7 4 16.7 3 12.5 4 16.7 7 29.2 1 4.2 1 4.2

M3 20 4 20.0 3 15.0 8 40.0 3 15.0 2 10.0 - - - -

67 10 14.9 8 11.9 16 23.9 13 19.4 10 14.9 6 9.0 4 6.0

left+right

M1 47 3 6.4 3 6.4 13 25.5 9 19.1 3 6.4 11 23.4 6 12.8

M2 47 9 19.1 8 17.0 4 8.5 11 23.4 9 19.1 3 6.4 3 6.4

M3 37 8 21.6 5 13.5 14 37.8 4 10.8 4 10.8 2 5.4 - -

131 20 15.3 16 12.2 30 22.9 24 18.3 16 12.2 16 12.2 9 6.9

321

Table11.23:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Mandibulardentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 27 - - 1 3.7 3 11.1 2 7.4 5 18.5 10 37.0 6 22.2

M2 28 1 3.6 2 7.1 2 7.1 12 42.9 4 14.3 5 17.9 2 7.1

M3 26 3 11.5 5 19.2 12 46.2 4 15.4 1 3.8 1 3.8 - -

81 4 4.9 8 9.9 17 21.0 18 22.2 10 12.3 16 19.8 8 9.9

right

M1 29 - - 1 3.4 2 6.9 4 13.8 2 6.9 12 41.4 8 27.6

M2 29 1 3.4 2 6.9 4 13.8 7 24.1 11 37.9 4 13.8 - -

M3 26 2 7.7 3 11.5 15 57.7 5 19.2 1 3.8 - - - -

84 3 3.6 6 10.7 21 25.0 16 19.0 14 16.7 16 19.0 8 9.5

left+right

M1 56 - - 2 3.6 5 8.9 6 10.7 7 12.5 22 39.3 14 25.0

M2 57 2 3.5 4 7.0 6 10.5 19 33.3 15 26.3 9 15.8 2 3.5

M3 52 5 9.6 8 15.4 27 51.9 9 17.3 2 3.8 1 1.9 - -

165 7 4.2 14 8.5 38 23.0 34 20.6 24 14.5 32 19.4 16 9.7

322

Table11.24:NecropolisofRH5–Absoluteandpercentfrequenciesofdentalwear,molarteeth.Mandibulardentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

Range 4-8 9-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 29-33 34-40

left

M1 19 - - 2 10.5 7 36.8 3 15.8 2 10.5 4 21.1 1 5.3

M2 21 6 28.6 3 14.3 2 9.5 4 19.0 3 14.3 2 9.5 1 4.8

M3 17 4 23.5 2 11.8 6 35.3 1 5.9 2 11.8 1 5.9 1 5.9

57 10 17.5 7 12.3 15 26.3 8 14.0 7 12.3 7 12.3 3 5.3

right

M1 21 - - 3 14.3 5 23.8 2 9.5 4 19.0 5 23.8 2 9.5

M2 26 5 19.2 5 19.2 2 7.7 4 15.4 3 11.5 5 19.2 2 7.7

M3 21 6 28.6 1 4.8 8 38.1 2 9.5 4 19.0 - - - -

68 11 16.2 9 13.2 15 22.1 8 11.8 11 16.2 10 14.7 4 5.8

left+right

M1 40 - - 5 12.5 12 30.0 5 12.5 6 15.0 9 22.5 3 7.5

M2 47 11 23.4 8 17.0 4 8.5 8 17.0 6 12.8 7 14.9 3 6.4

M3 38 10 26.3 3 7.9 14 36.8 3 7.9 6 15.8 1 2.6 1 2.6

125 21 16.8 16 12.8 30 24.0 16 12.8 18 14.4 17 13.6 7 5.6

323

(accordingtoMolnar’sscale-1971)Table12.1.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Maxillarydentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 50 5 10.0 13 26.0 1 2.0 18 36.0 13 26.0 - -

I2 47 9 19.1 15 31.9 2 4.3 11 23.4 9 19.1 1 2.1

C 59 9 15.3 19 32.2 6 10.2 22 37.3 2 3.4 1 1.7

P3 57 21 36.8 20 35.1 2 3.5 14 24.6 - - - -

P4 51 18 35.3 16 31.4 7 13.7 10 19.6 - - - -

M1 61 12 19.7 18 29.5 6 9.8 25 41.0 - - - -

M2 62 24 38.7 22 35.5 8 12.9 8 12.9 - - - -

M3 43 22 51.2 19 44.2 - - 2 4.6 - - - -

430 120 27.9 142 33.0 32 7.4 110 25.6 24 5.6 2 0.5

right

I1 56 4 7.1 21 37.5 - - 16 28.6 15 26.8 - -

I2 44 5 11.4 20 45.5 1 2.3 8 18.2 10 22.7 - -

C 54 10 18.5 13 24.1 8 14.8 20 37.0 1 1.9 2 3.7

P3 55 20 36.4 19 34.5 4 7.3 11 20.0 - - 1 1.8

P4 54 17 31.5 19 35.2 6 11.1 11 20.4 1 1.9 - -

M1 64 10 15.6 25 39.1 4 6.3 25 39.1 - - - -

M2 60 26 43.3 17 28.3 10 16.7 7 11.7 - - - -

M3 41 22 53.7 18 43.9 - - 1 2.4 - - - -

428 114 26.6 152 35.5 33 7.7 99 23.1 27 6.3 3 0.7

left+right

I1 106 9 8.5 34 32.1 1 0.9 34 32.1 28 26.4 - -

I2 91 14 15.4 35 38.5 3 3.3 19 20.9 19 20.9 1 1.1

C 115 19 16.5 32 27.8 14 12.2 44 38.3 3 2.6 3 2.6

P3 112 41 36.6 39 34.8 6 5.4 25 22.3 - - 1 0.9

P4 103 33 32.0 35 34.0 13 12.6 21 20.4 1 1.0 - -

M1 125 22 17.6 43 34.4 10 8.0 50 40.0 - - - -

M2 122 50 41.0 39 32.0 18 14.8 15 12.3 - - - -

M3 84 44 52.4 37 44.0 - - 3 3.6 - - - -

858 232 27.0 294 34.3 65 7.6 211 24.6 51 5.9 5 0.6

324

Table12.2.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Maxillarydentition,Period1

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 10 1 10.0 3 30.0 - - 3 30.0 3 30.0 - -

I2 8 2 25.0 2 25.0 1 12.5 2 25.0 1 12.5 - -

C 15 - - 6 40.0 2 13.3 7 46.7 - - - -

P3 13 1 7.7 7 53.8 - - 5 38.5 - - - -

P4 11 2 18.2 5 27.8 2 18.2 2 18.2 - - - -

M1 11 2 18.2 1 9.1 2 18.2 6 33.3 - - - -

M2 12 3 25.0 5 41.7 3 25.0 1 8.3 - - - -

M3 7 4 57.1 3 42.9 - - - - - - - -

87 15 17.2 32 36.8 10 11.5 26 29.9 4 4.6 - -

right

I1 13 1 7.7 5 38.5 - - 4 30.8 3 23.1 - -

I2 8 - - 4 50.0 - - 1 12.5 3 37.5 - -

C 11 2 18.2 3 27.3 - - 6 54.5 - - - -

P3 13 1 7.7 8 61.5 1 7.7 2 15.4 - - 1 7.7

P4 14 2 14.3 7 50.0 3 21.4 2 14.3 - - - -

M1 14 2 14.3 5 35.7 2 14.3 5 35.7 - - - -

M2 12 3 25.0 3 25.0 4 33.3 2 16.7 - - - -

M3 6 4 66.7 2 33.3 - - - - - - - -

91 15 16.5 37 40.6 10 11.0 22 24.2 6 6.6 1 1.1

left+right

I1 23 2 8.7 8 34.8 - - 7 30.4 6 26.1 - -

I2 16 2 12.5 6 37.5 1 6.3 3 18.8 4 25.0 - -

C 26 2 7.7 9 34.6 2 7.7 13 50.0 - - - -

P3 26 2 7.7 15 57.7 1 3.8 7 26.9 - - 1 3.8

P4 25 4 16.0 12 48.0 5 20.0 4 16.0 - - - -

M1 25 4 16.0 6 24.0 4 16.0 11 44.0 - - - -

M2 24 6 25.0 8 33.3 7 29.2 3 12.5 - - - -

M3 13 8 61.5 5 38.5 - - - - - - - -

178 30 16.9 69 38.8 20 11.2 48 27.0 10 5.6 1 0.6

325


N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 18 3 16.7 4 22.2 - - 7 38.9 4 22.2 - -

I2 20 4 20.0 6 30.0 1 5.0 3 15.0 5 25.0 1 5.0

C 23 6 26.1 6 26.1 2 8.7 7 30.4 1 4.3 1 4.3

P3 24 12 50.0 6 25.0 2 8.3 4 16.7 - - - -

P4 20 10 50.0 5 25.0 2 10.0 3 15.0 - - - -

M1 25 7 28.0 9 36.0 1 4.0 8 32.0 - - - -

M2 25 11 44.0 7 28.0 2 8.0 5 20.0 - - - -

M3 19 11 57.9 7 36.8 - - 1 5.3 - - - -

174 64 36.8 50 28.7 10 5.7 38 21.8 10 5.7 2 1.1

right

I1 22 2 9.1 8 36.4 - - 7 31.8 5 45.5 - -

I2 16 3 18.8 6 37.5 - - 3 18.8 4 25.0 - -

C 18 4 22.2 5 27.8 1 5.6 6 33.3 1 5.6 1 5.6

P3 18 9 50.0 5 27.8 1 5.6 3 16.7 - - - -

P4 18 9 50.0 5 27.8 1 5.6 3 16.7 - - - -

M1 23 5 21.7 8 34.8 1 4.3 9 39.1 - - - -

M2 26 13 50.0 7 26.9 4 15.4 2 7.7 - - - -

M3 17 7 41.2 10 58.8 - - - - - - - -

158 52 32.9 54 34.2 8 5.1 33 20.9 10 6.3 1 0.6

left+right

I1 40 5 12.5 12 30.0 - - 14 35.0 9 22.5 - -

I2 36 7 19.4 12 33.3 1 2.8 6 16.7 9 25.0 1 2.8

C 41 10 24.4 11 26.8 3 7.3 13 31.7 2 4.9 2 4.9

P3 42 21 50.0 11 26.2 3 7.1 7 16.7 - - - -

P4 38 19 50.0 10 26.3 3 7.9 6 15.8 - - - -

M1 48 12 25.0 17 35.4 2 4.2 17 35.4 - - - -

M2 51 24 47.1 14 27.5 6 11.8 7 13.7 - - - -

M3 36 18 50.0 17 47.2 - - 1 2.8 - - - -

332 116 34.9 104 31.3 18 5.4 71 21.4 20 6.0 3 0.9

326


N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 22 1 4.5 6 27.3 1 4.5 8 36.4 6 27.3 - -

I2 19 3 15.8 7 36.8 - - 6 31.6 3 15.8 - -

C 21 3 14.3 7 33.3 2 9.5 8 38.1 1 4.8 - -

P3 20 8 40.0 7 35.0 - - 5 25.0 - - - -

P4 20 6 30.0 6 30.0 3 15.0 5 25.0 - - - -

M1 25 3 12.0 8 32.0 3 12.0 11 44.0 - - - -

M2 25 10 40.0 10 40.0 3 12.0 2 8.0 - - - -

M3 17 7 41.2 9 52.9 - - 1 5.9 - - - -

169 41 24.3 60 35.5 12 7.1 46 27.2 10 5.9 - -

right

I1 21 1 4.8 8 38.1 - - 5 23.8 7 33.3 - -

I2 20 2 10.0 10 50.0 1 5.0 4 20.0 3 15.0 - -

C 25 4 16.0 5 20.0 7 28.0 8 32.0 - - 1 4.0

P3 24 10 41.7 6 25.0 2 8.3 6 25.0 - - - -

P4 22 6 27.3 7 31.8 2 9.1 6 27.3 1 4.5 - -

M1 27 3 11.1 12 44.4 1 3.7 3 13.6 - - - -

M2 22 10 45.5 7 31.8 2 9.1 3 13.6 - - - -

M3 18 11 61.1 6 33.3 - - 1 5.6 - - - -

179 47 26.3 61 34.1 15 8.4 44 24.6 11 6.1 1 0.6

left+right

I1 43 2 4.7 14 32.6 1 2.3 13 30.2 13 30.2 - -

I2 39 5 12.8 17 43.6 1 2.6 10 25.6 6 15.4 - -

C 46 7 15.2 12 26.1 9 19.6 16 34.8 1 2.2 1 2.2

P3 44 18 41.0 13 29.5 2 4.5 11 25.0 - - - -

P4 42 12 28.6 13 31.0 5 11.9 11 26.2 1 2.4 - -

M1 52 6 11.5 20 38.5 4 7.7 22 42.3 - - - -

M2 47 20 42.6 17 36.2 5 10.6 5 10.6 - - - -

M3 35 18 51.4 15 42.9 - - 2 5.7 - - - -

348 88 25.3 121 34.8 27 7.8 90 25.9 21 6.0 1 0.3

327

Table12.5.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Maxillarydentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 21 - - 3 14.3 - - 13 61.9 5 23.8 - -

I2 20 - - 8 40.0 1 5.0 8 40.0 2 10.0 1 5.0

C 27 1 3.7 4 14.8 4 14.8 15 55.6 2 7.4 1 3.7

P3 25 5 20.0 9 36.0 2 8.0 9 36.0 - - - -

P4 21 4 19.0 7 33.3 3 14.3 7 33.3 - - - -

M1 24 - - 5 20.8 4 16.7 15 62.5 - - - -

M2 28 5 17.9 17 60.7 3 10.7 3 10.7 - - - -

M3 22 9 40.9 12 54.5 - - 1 4.5 - - - -

188 24 12.8 65 34.6 17 9.0 71 37.8 9 4.8 2 1.1

right

I1 24 - - 8 33.3 - - 12 50.0 4 16.7 - -

I2 20 - - 8 40.0 1 5.0 6 30.0 5 25.0 - -

C 27 - - 4 14.8 6 22.2 15 55.6 1 3.7 1 3.7

P3 27 4 14.8 11 40.7 3 11.1 8 29.6 - - 1 3.7

P4 25 3 12.0 9 36.0 4 16.0 9 36.0 - - - -

M1 31 - - 11 35.5 2 6.5 18 58.1 - - - -

M2 27 5 18.5 13 48.1 4 14.8 5 18.5 - - - -

M3 25 12 48.0 13 52.0 - - - - - - - -

206 24 11.7 77 37.4 20 9.7 73 35.4 10 4.9 2 1.0

left+right

I1 45 - - 11 24.4 - - 25 55.6 9 20.0 - -

I2 40 - - 16 40.0 2 5.0 14 35.0 7 17.5 1 2.5

C 54 1 1.9 8 14.8 10 18.5 30 55.6 3 5.6 2 3.7

P3 52 9 17.6 20 39.2 5 9.8 17 33.3 - - 1 2.0

P4 46 7 15.2 16 34.8 7 15.2 16 34.8 - - - -

M1 55 - - 16 29.1 6 10.9 33 60.0 - - - -

M2 55 10 18.2 30 54.5 7 12.7 8 14.5 - - - -

M3 37 21 56.8 15 40.5 - - 1 2.7 - - - -

384 48 12.5 132 34.5 37 9.7 144 37.6 19 4.5 4 1.0

328

Table12.6.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Maxillarydentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 19 - - 7 36.8 1 5.3 4 21.1 7 36.8 - -

I2 18 6 33.3 4 22.2 - - 2 11.1 6 33.3 - -

C 25 4 16.0 12 48.0 2 8.0 7 28.0 - - - -

P3 22 8 36.4 10 45.5 - - 4 18.2 - - - -

P4 21 8 38.1 7 33.3 4 19.0 2 9.5 - - - -

M1 22 4 18.2 7 31.8 2 9.1 9 40.9 - - - -

M2 23 10 43.5 4 17.4 5 21.7 4 17.4 - - - -

M3 15 8 53.3 6 40.0 - - 1 6.7 - - - -

165 48 29.1 57 34.5 14 8.5 33 20.0 13 7.9 - -

right

I1 22 - - 11 50.0 - - 3 13.6 8 36.4 - -

I2 18 2 11.1 10 55.5 - - 2 11.1 4 24.2 - -

C 21 6 28.6 8 38.1 2 9.5 5 23.8 - - - -

P3 21 10 47.6 8 38.1 1 4.8 2 9.5 - - - -

P4 23 10 43.5 9 39.1 2 8.7 2 8.7 - - - -

M1 23 4 17.4 10 43.5 2 8.7 7 30.4 - - - -

M2 22 12 54.5 4 18.2 4 18.2 2 9.1 - - - -

M3 11 6 54.5 4 36.4 - - 1 9.1 - - - -

161 50 31.1 64 39.8 11 6.8 24 14.9 12 7.5 - -

left+right

I1 41 - - 18 43.9 1 2.4 7 17.1 15 36.6 - -

I2 36 8 22.2 14 38.9 - - 4 11.1 10 27.8 - -

C 46 10 21.7 20 43.5 4 8.7 12 26.1 - - - -

P3 43 18 41.9 18 41.9 1 2.3 6 14.0 - - - -

P4 44 18 40.9 16 36.4 6 13.6 4 9.1 - - - -

M1 45 8 17.8 17 37.8 4 8.9 16 35.6 - - - -

M2 45 22 48.9 8 17.8 9 20.0 6 13.3 - - - -

M3 26 14 53.8 10 38.5 - - 2 7.7 - - - -

326 98 30.1 121 37.1 25 7.7 57 17.5 25 7.7 - -

329

Table12.7.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Mandibulardentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 56 4 7.1 33 58.9 2 3.6 13 23.2 4 7.1 - -

I2 48 - - 35 72.9 4 16.7 4 16.7 2 4.2 3 6.3

C 55 3 5.5 15 27.3 19 34.5 12 21.8 5 9.1 1 1.8

P3 54 20 37.0 11 20.3 9 16.7 10 18.5 1 1.9 3 5.6

P4 54 13 24.1 25 46.3 7 13.0 8 14.8 - - 1 1.9

M1 62 10 16.1 13 21.0 16 25.8 23 37.1 - - - -

M2 60 20 33.3 19 31.7 10 16.7 11 18.3 - - - -

M3 46 17 37.0 23 50.0 3 6.5 3 6.5 - - - -

435 87 20.0 174 40.0 70 16.1 84 19.3 12 2.8 8 1.8

right

I1 53 3 5.7 29 54.7 2 3.8 13 24.5 6 11.3 - -

I2 51 3 5.9 33 64.7 - - 10 19.6 3 5.9 2 3.9

C 57 10 17.5 8 14.0 17 29.8 16 28.1 6 10.5 - -

P3 56 15 26.8 15 26.8 12 21.4 10 17.9 1 1.8 3 5.4

P4 60 17 28.3 18 30.0 12 20.0 13 21.7 - - - -

M1 68 13 19.1 13 19.1 10 14.7 32 47.1 - - - -

M2 68 21 30.9 18 26.5 15 22.1 14 20.6 - - - -

M3 51 12 23.5 33 64.7 5 9.8 1 2.0 - - - -

464 94 20.3 167 36.0 73 15.7 109 23.5 16 3.4 5 1.1

left+right

I1 109 7 6.4 62 59.9 4 3.7 26 23.9 10 9.2 - -

I2 99 3 3.0 68 68.7 4 4.0 14 14.1 5 5.0 5 5.0

C 112 13 11.6 23 20.5 36 32.1 28 25.0 11 9.8 1 0.9

P3 110 35 31.8 26 23.6 21 19.1 20 18.2 2 1.8 6 5.5

P4 114 30 26.3 43 37.7 19 16.7 21 18.4 - - 1 0.9

M1 130 23 17.7 26 20.0 26 20.0 55 42.3 - - - -

M2 128 41 32.0 37 28.9 25 19.5 25 19.5 - - - -

M3 97 29 29.9 56 57.7 8 8.2 4 4.1 - - - -

899 181 20.1 341 37.9 143 15.9 193 21.5 28 3.1 13 1.4

330

Table12.8.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Mandibulardentition,Period1

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 13 - - 10 77.0 - - 3 23.1 - - - -

I2 10 - - 7 70.0 2 20.0 1 10.0 - - - -

C 13 1 7.7 3 23.1 2 15.4 5 38.5 2 15.4 - -

P3 11 1 9.1 2 18.2 3 27.3 4 36.4 - - 1 9.1

P4 10 1 10.0 5 50.0 2 20.0 1 10.0 - - 1 10.0

M1 9 - - 1 11.1 3 33.3 5 55.6 - - - -

M2 12 1 8.3 4 33.3 4 33.3 3 25.0 - - - -

M3 12 4 33.3 7 58.3 1 8.3 - - - - - -

90 8 8.9 39 43.3 17 18.9 22 24.4 2 2.2 2 2.2

right

I1 11 - - 5 45.5 - - 3 27.3 3 27.3 - -

I2 11 - - 6 54.5 - - 4 36.4 1 9.1 - -

C 12 1 8.3 - - 4 33.3 6 50.0 1 8.3 - -

P3 13 1 7.7 3 23.1 3 23.1 4 30.8 1 7.7 1 7.7

P4 15 2 13.3 3 20.0 5 33.3 5 33.3 - - - -

M1 16 1 6.3 2 12.5 2 12.5 11 68.8 - - - -

M2 17 3 17.6 3 17.6 5 29.4 6 35.3 - - - -

M3 15 2 13.3 11 73.3 2 13.3 - - - - - -

110 10 9.1 33 30.0 21 19.1 39 35.5 6 5.5 1 0.9

left+right

I1 24 - - 15 62.5 - - 6 25.0 3 12.5 - -

I2 21 - - 13 61.9 2 9.5 5 23.8 1 4.8 - -

C 25 2 8.0 3 12.0 6 24.0 11 44.0 3 12.0 - -

P3 24 2 8.3 5 20.8 6 25.0 8 33.3 1 4.2 2 8.3

P4 25 3 12.0 8 32.0 7 28.0 6 24.0 - - 1 4.0

M1 25 1 4.0 3 12.0 5 20.0 16 64.0 - - - -

M2 29 4 13.8 7 24.1 9 31.0 9 31.0 - - - -

M3 27 6 22.2 18 66.7 3 11.1 - - - - - -

200 18 9.0 72 36.0 38 19.0 61 30.5 8 4.0 3 1.5

331


N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 23 3 13.0 12 52.2 1 4.3 6 26.1 1 4.3 - -

I2 20 - - 15 60.0 2 10.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 1 5.0

C 19 2 10.5 6 31.6 7 36.8 3 15.8 1 5.3 - -

P3 21 11 52.4 4 19.0 3 14.3 2 9.5 1 4.8 - -

P4 25 7 28.0 12 48.0 3 12.0 3 12.0 - - - -

M1 29 7 24.1 6 20.7 6 20.7 10 34.5 - - - -

M2 25 11 44.0 7 28.0 2 8.0 5 20.0 - - - -

M3 17 7 41.2 8 47.1 1 5.9 1 5.9 - - - -

179 48 26.8 70 39.1 25 14.0 31 17.3 4 2.2 1 0.6

right

I1 24 3 12.5 11 45.8 2 8.3 7 29.2 1 4.2 - -

I2 24 3 12.5 15 62.5 - - 3 12.5 2 1 4.2

C 22 8 36.4 5 22.7 3 13.6 5 22.7 1 4.5 - -

P3 20 6 30.0 7 35.0 3 15.0 3 15.0 - - 1 5.0

P4 24 9 37.5 8 33.3 4 16.7 3 12.5 - - - -

M1 28 9 32.1 5 17.9 3 10.7 11 39.3 - - - -

M2 29 11 39.3 8 28.6 4 14.3 5 17.9 - - - -

M3 18 4 22.2 13 72.2 - - 1 5.6 - - - -

188 53 28.2 72 38.3 19 10.1 38 20.2 4 2.1 2 1.1

left+right

I1 47 6 12.8 23 48.9 3 6.4 13 27.7 2 4.3 - -

I2 44 3 6.8 30 68.2 2 4.5 4 9.1 3 6.8 2 4.5

C 41 10 24.4 11 26.8 10 24.4 8 19.5 2 4.9 - -

P3 41 17 41.5 11 26.8 6 14.6 5 12.2 1 2.4 1 2.4

P4 49 16 32.7 20 20.8 7 14.3 6 12.2 - - - -

M1 57 16 28.1 11 19.3 9 15.8 21 36.8 - - - -

M2 53 22 41.5 15 28.3 6 11.3 10 18.9 - - - -

M3 35 11 31.4 21 60.0 1 2.9 2 5.7 - - - -

367 101 27.5 142 38.7 44 12.0 69 18.8 8 2.2 3 0.8

332


N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 20 1 5.0 11 55.0 1 5.0 4 20.0 3 15.0 - -

I2 18 - - 13 72.2 - - 2 11.1 1 5.6 2 11.1

C 23 - - 6 26.1 10 43.5 4 17.4 2 8.7 1 4.3

P3 22 8 36.4 5 22.7 3 13.6 4 18.2 - - 2 9.1

P4 19 5 26.3 8 42.1 2 10.5 4 21.1 - - - -

M1 24 3 12.5 6 25.0 7 29.2 8 33.5 - - - -

M2 23 8 34.8 8 34.8 4 17.4 3 13.0 - - - -

M3 17 6 35.3 8 47.1 1 5.9 2 11.8 - - - -

166 31 18.7 65 39.2 28 16.9 31 18.7 6 3.6 5 3.0

right

I1 18 - - 13 72.2 - - 3 16.7 2 11.1 - -

I2 16 - - 12 75.0 - - 3 18.8 - - 1 6.3

C 23 1 4.3 3 13.0 10 43.5 5 21.7 4 17.4 - -

P3 23 8 34.8 5 21.7 6 26.1 3 13.0 - - 1 4.3

P4 21 6 28.6 7 33.3 3 14.3 5 23.8 - - - -

M1 24 3 12.5 6 25.0 5 20.8 10 41.7 - - - -

M2 23 7 30.4 7 30.4 6 26.1 3 13.0 - - - -

M3 18 6 33.3 9 50.0 3 16.7 - - - - - -

166 31 18.7 62 37.3 33 19.9 32 19.3 6 3.6 2 1.2

left+right

I1 38 1 2.6 24 63.2 1 2.6 7 18.4 5 13.2 - -

I2 34 - - 25 73.5 - - 5 14.7 1 2.9 3 8.8

C 46 1 2.2 9 19.6 20 43.5 9 19.6 6 13.0 1 2.2

P3 45 16 35.6 10 22.2 9 20.0 7 15.6 - - 3 6.7

P4 40 11 27.5 15 37.5 5 12.5 9 22.5 - - - -

M1 48 6 12.5 12 25.0 12 25.0 18 37.5 - - - -

M2 46 15 32.6 15 32.6 10 21.7 6 13.0 - - - -

M3 35 12 34.3 17 48.6 4 11.4 2 5.7 - - - -

332 62 18.7 127 38.2 61 18.4 63 19.0 12 3.6 7 2.1

333

Table12.11.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Mandibulardentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 27 - - 16 59.2 - - 8 29.6 3 11.1 - -

I2 25 - - 19 76.0 1 4.0 3 12.0 1 4.0 1 4.0

C 27 - - 9 33.3 7 25.9 9 33.3 2 7.4 - -

P3 27 4 14.8 7 25.9 5 18.5 7 25.9 1 3.7 3 11.1

P4 25 2 8.0 14 56.0 4 16.0 5 20.0 - - - -

M1 29 1 3.4 4 13.8 6 20.7 18 62.1 - - - -

M2 28 5 17.9 11 39.3 5 17.9 7 25.0 - - - -

M3 26 8 30.8 16 61.5 1 3.8 1 3.8 - - - -

214 20 9.3 96 44.9 29 13.6 58 27.1 7 3.3 4 1.9

right

I1 23 - - 12 52.2 1 4.3 7 30.4 3 13.0 - -

I2 23 - - 15 65.2 - - 7 30.4 1 4.3 - -

C 29 3 10.3 2 6.9 8 27.6 12 41.4 4 13.8 - -

P3 29 3 10.3 7 24.1 8 27.6 8 27.6 - - 3 10.3

P4 29 2 6.9 11 37.9 6 20.7 10 34.5 - - - -

M1 29 - - 4 13.8 3 10.3 22 75.9 - - - -

M2 27 4 14.8 9 33.3 9 33.3 5 18.5 - - - -

M3 24 4 16.7 19 79.2 1 4.2 - - - - - -

213 16 7.5 79 37.1 36 16.9 71 33.3 8 3.8 3 1.4

left+right

I1 50 - - 28 56.0 1 2.0 15 30.0 6 12.0 - -

I2 48 - - 34 72.3 1 2.1 10 21.3 2 4.3 1 2.1

C 56 3 5.4 11 19.6 15 26.8 21 37.5 6 16.1 - -

P3 56 7 12.5 14 25.0 13 23.2 15 26.8 1 1.8 6 16.1

P4 54 4 7.4 25 46.3 10 18.5 15 27.8 - - - -

M1 58 1 1.7 8 13.8 9 15.5 40 69.9 - - - -

M2 55 9 16.4 20 36.4 14 25.5 12 21.8 - - - -

M3 50 12 24.0 35 70.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 - - - -

427 36 8.5 175 41.1 65 15.3 129 30.3 15 3.5 6 1.4

334

Table12.12.NecropolisofRH5–Shapeoftheocclusalsurface,Mandibulardentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n %

shape 1 2 3 4 5 6

left

I1 18 - - 13 72.2 1 5.6 4 22.2 - - - -

I2 17 - - 12 70.6 2 11.8 1 5.9 1 5.9 1 5.9

C 22 2 9.1 4 18.2 10 45.5 2 9.1 3 13.6 1 4.5

P3 21 12 57.1 2 9.5 4 19.0 3 14.3 - - - -

P4 20 8 40.0 6 30.0 3 15.0 2 10.0 - - 1 5.0

M1 19 1 5.3 8 42.1 6 31.6 4 21.1 - - - -

M2 22 9 40.9 6 27.3 4 18.2 3 13.6 - - - -

M3 16 7 43.8 6 37.5 2 12.5 1 6.3 - - - -

155 39 25.2 57 36.8 32 20.6 20 12.9 4 2.6 3 1.9

right

I1 19 - - 13 68.4 - - 4 21.1 2 10.5 - -

I2 19 1 5.3 13 68.4 - - 2 10.5 1 5.3 2 10.5

C 21 1 4.8 5 23.8 9 42.9 4 19.0 2 9.5 - -

P3 20 8 40.0 6 30.0 3 15.0 2 10.0 1 5.0 - -

P4 22 9 40.9 4 18.2 6 27.3 3 13.6 - - - -

M1 21 2 9.5 6 28.6 5 23.8 8 38.1 - - - -

M2 27 11 40.7 4 14.8 4 14.8 8 29.6 - - - -

M3 20 7 35.0 9 45.0 4 20.0 - - - - - -

169 39 23.1 60 35.5 31 18.3 31 18.3 6 3.6 1 1.2

left+right

I1 37 - - 26 70.3 1 2.7 8 21.6 2 5.4 - -

I2 36 1 2.8 25 69.4 2 5.6 3 8.3 2 5.6 3 8.3

C 43 3 7.0 9 20.9 19 44.2 6 14.0 5 11.6 1 2.3

P3 41 20 48.8 8 19.5 7 17.1 5 12.2 1 2.4 - -

P4 42 17 40.5 10 23.8 9 21.4 5 11.9 - - 1 2.4

M1 40 3 7.5 14 35.0 11 27.5 12 30.0 - - - -

M2 49 20 40.8 10 20.4 8 16.3 11 22.4 - - - -

M3 36 14 38.9 15 41.7 6 16.7 1 2.8 - - - -

324 78 24.1 117 36.1 63 19.4 51 15.7 10 3.1 5 1.5

335

(accordingtoMolnar’sscale–1971;twonumbersinthesamecellindicateadoublecomponentinthedirection,thefirstthemostmarked)

Table13.1:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Maxillarydentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 51 5 9.8 13 25.5 - - 18 35.3 3 5.1 11 21.6 - - 1 2.0

I2 47 8 17.0 4 8.5 - - 29 61.7 - - 5 10.6 1 2.1 - -

C 55 4 7.3 10 18.2 - - 33 60.0 2 3.6 5 9.1 - - 1 1.8

P3 56 12 21.4 11 19.6 1 1.8 25 44.6 2 3.6 5 8.9 - - - -

P4 51 12 23.5 14 27.5 - - 16 31.4 2 3.9 7 13.7 - - - -

M1 59 8 13.6 18 30.5 - - 4 6.8 6 10.2 22 37.3 - - 1 1.7

M2 60 20 33.3 8 13.3 - - 14 23.3 4 6.7 14 23.3 - - - -

M3 43 16 37.2 4 9.3 1 2.3 9 20.9 - - 13 30.2 - - - -

422 85 20.1 82 19.4 2 0.5 148 35.1 19 4.5 82 19.4 1 0.2 3 0.7

right

I1 55 4 7.3 11 20.0 - - 23 41.8 3 5.5 14 25.5 - - - -

I2 44 7 15.9 8 18.2 - - 26 59.1 - - 3 6.8 - - - -

C 54 4 7.4 9 16.7 - - 32 59.3 4 7.4 4 7.4 - - 1 1.9

P3 53 7 13.2 11 20.8 - - 18 34.0 6 11.3 11 20.8 - - - -

P4 52 11 21.2 11 21.2 - - 17 32.7 4 7.7 9 17.3 - - - -

M1 64 6 9.4 15 23.4 - - 8 12.5 11 17.2 24 37.5 - - - -

M2 58 17 29.3 8 13.8 2 3.4 11 19.0 2 3.4 17 29.3 - - 1 1.7

M3 40 17 42.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 12 30.0 - - 9 22.5 - - - -

420 73 17.4 74 17.6 3 0.7 147 35.0 30 7.1 91 21.7 - - 2 0.5

left+right

I1 106 9 8.5 24 22.6 - - 41 37.6 6 5.7 25 23.6 - - 1 0.9

I2 91 15 16.5 12 13.2 - - 55 60.4 - - 8 8.8 1 1.1 - -

C 109 8 7.3 19 17.4 - - 65 59.6 6 5.5 9 8.3 - - 2 1.8

P3 109 19 17.4 22 20.2 1 0.9 43 39.4 8 7.3 16 14.7 - - - -

P4 103 23 22.3 25 24.3 - - 33 32.0 6 5.8 16 15.5 - - - -

M1 123 14 11.4 33 26.8 - - 12 9.8 17 13.8 46 37.4 - - 1 0.8

M2 118 37 31.4 16 13.6 2 1.7 25 21.2 6 5.1 31 26.3 - - 1 0.8

M3 83 33 39.8 5 6.0 2 2.4 21 25.3 - - 22 26.5 - - - -

842 158 18.8 156 18.5 5 0.6 295 35.0 49 5.8 173 20.5 1 0.1 5 0.6

336

Table13.2:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Maxillarydentition,Period1

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 8

left

I1 10 1 10.0 3 30.0 - - 1 10.0 1 10.0 4 40.0 - - - -

I2 7 2 28.6 - - - - 2 28.6 - - 3 42.9 - - - -

C 13 - - 3 23.1 - - 9 69.2 - - 1 7.7 - - - -

P3 12 1 8.3 5 41.7 - - 5 41.7 - - 1 8.3 - - - -

P4 11 2 18.2 5 45.5 - - 2 18.2 - - 2 18.2 - - - -

M1 9 1 11.1 4 44.4 - - - - 1 11.1 3 33.3 - - - -

M2 12 3 25.0 1 8.3 - - 4 33.3 1 8.3 3 25.0 - - - -

M3 7 3 42.9 1 14.3 - - 1 14.3 - - 2 28.6 - - - -

81 13 16.0 22 27.2 - - 24 29.6 3 3.7 19 23.5 - - - -

right

I1 13 1 7.7 1 7.7 - - 6 46.2 2 15.4 3 23.1 - - - -

I2 8 - - 2 25.0 - - 5 62.5 - - 1 12.5 - - - -

C 11 1 9.1 - - - - 8 72.7 2 18.2 - - - - - -

P3 13 - - 6 46.2 - - 2 15.4 2 15.4 3 23.1 - - - -

P4 14 - - 7 50.0 - - 4 28.6 1 7.1 2 14.3 - - - -

M1 14 1 7.1 3 21.4 - - 3 21.4 2 14.3 5 35.7 - - - -

M2 11 2 18.2 2 18.2 - - 1 9.1 1 9.1 5 45.5 - - - -

M3 6 2 33.3 1 16.7 - - 1 16.7 - - 2 33.3 - - - -

90 7 77.7 22 24.4 - - 30 33.3 10 11.1 21 23.3 - - - -

left+right

I1 23 2 8.7 4 17.4 - - 7 30.4 3 13.0 7 30.4 - - - -

I2 15 2 13.3 2 13.3 - - 7 46.7 - - 4 26.7 - - - -

C 24 1 4.2 3 12.5 - - 17 70.8 2 8.3 1 4.2 - - - -

P3 25 1 4.0 11 44.0 - - 7 28.0 2 8.0 4 16.0 - - - -

P4 25 2 8.0 12 48.0 - - 6 24.0 1 4.0 4 16.0 - - - -

M1 23 2 8.7 7 30.4 - - 3 13.0 3 13.0 8 34.8 - - - -

M2 23 5 21.7 3 13.0 - - 5 21.7 2 8.7 8 34.8 - - - -

M3 13 5 38.5 2 15.4 - - 2 15.4 - - 4 30.8 - - - -

171 20 11.7 44 25.7 - - 54 31.6 13 7.6 40 23.4 - - - -

337


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 18 3 16.7 4 22.2 - - 4 22.2 2 11.1 4 22.2 - - 1 5.6

I2 19 4 21.1 2 10.5 - - 12 63.2 - - - - 1 5.3 - -

C 23 3 13.0 2 8.7 - - 13 56.5 1 4.3 3 13.0 - - - -

P3 24 8 33.3 4 16.7 - - 10 41.7 - - 2 8.3 - - - -

P4 20 6 30.0 4 20.0 - - 8 40.0 - - 2 10.0 - - - -

M1 25 6 24.0 5 20.0 - - 2 8.0 2 8.0 9 36.0 - - - -

M2 24 8 33.3 4 16.7 - - 5 20.8 3 12.5 4 16.7 - - - -

M3 19 8 42.1 1 5.3 - - 5 26.3 - - 5 26.3 - - - -

172 46 26.7 26 15.1 - - 59 34.3 8 4.7 29 16.9 1 0.6 3 1.7

right

I1 20 2 10.0 2 10.0 - - 10 50.0 1 5.0 5 25.0 - - - -

I2 16 4 25.0 1 6.3 - - 10 62.5 - - 1 6.3 - - - -

C 18 2 11.1 3 16.7 - - 9 50.0 2 11.1 1 5.6 - - 1 5.6

P3 18 6 33.3 2 11.1 - - 7 38.9 1 5.6 2 11.1 - - - -

P4 18 7 38.9 2 11.1 - - 6 33.3 1 5.6 2 11.1 - - - -

M1 23 4 17.4 7 30.4 - - 3 13.0 2 8.7 7 30.4 - - - -

M2 26 10 38.5 3 11.5 1 3.8 5 19.2 - - 6 23.1 - - 1 3.8

M3 17 8 47.1 - - - - 6 35.3 - - 3 17.6 - - - -

156 43 27.6 20 12.8 1 0.6 56 35.9 7 4.5 27 17.3 - - 2 1.3

left+right

I1 38 5 13.2 6 15.8 - - 14 36.8 3 7.9 9 23.7 - - 1 2.6

I2 35 8 22.9 3 8.6 - - 22 62.9 - - 1 2.9 1 2.9 - -

C 41 5 12.2 5 12.2 - - 22 53.7 3 7.3 4 9.8 - - 2 4.9

P3 42 14 33.3 6 14.3 - - 17 40.5 1 2.4 4 9.5 - - - -

P4 38 13 34.2 6 15.8 - - 14 36.8 1 2.6 4 10.5 - - - -

M1 48 10 20.8 12 25.0 - - 5 10.4 4 8.3 16 33.3 - - 1 2.1

M2 50 18 36.0 7 14.0 1 2.0 10 20.0 3 6.0 10 20.0 - - 1 2.0

M3 36 16 44.4 1 2.8 - - 11 30.6 - - 8 22.2 - - - -

328 89 27.1 46 14.0 1 0.3 115 35.1 15 4.6 56 17.1 1 0.3 5 1.5

338


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 23 1 4.3 6 26.1 - - 13 56.5 - - 3 13.0 - - - -

I2 21 2 9.5 2 9.5 - - 15 71.4 - - 2 9.5 - - - -

C 19 1 5.3 5 26.3 - - 11 57.9 1 5.3 1 5.3 - - - -

P3 20 3 15.0 2 10.0 1 5.0 10 50.0 2 10.0 2 10.0 - - - -

P4 20 4 20.0 5 25.0 - - 6 30.0 2 10.0 3 15.0 - - - -

M1 25 1 4.0 9 36.0 - - 2 8.0 3 12.0 10 40.0 - - - -

M2 24 9 37.5 3 12.5 - - 5 20.8 - - 7 29.2 - - - -

M3 17 5 29.4 2 11.8 1 5.9 3 17.6 - - 6 35.3 - - - -

169 26 15.4 34 20.1 2 1.2 65 38.5 8 4.7 34 20.1 - - - -

right

I1 22 1 4.5 8 36.4 - - 7 31.8 - - 6 27.3 - - - -

I2 20 3 15.0 5 25.0 - - 11 55.0 - - 1 5.0 - - - -

C 25 1 4.0 6 24.0 - - 15 60.0 - - 3 12.0 - - - -

P3 22 1 4.5 3 13.6 - - 9 40.9 3 13.6 6 27.3 - - - -

P4 20 4 20.0 2 10.0 - - 7 35.0 2 10.0 5 25.0 - - - -

M1 27 1 3.7 5 18.5 - - 2 7.4 7 25.9 12 44.4 - - - -

M2 21 5 23.8 3 14.3 1 4.8 5 23.8 1 4.8 6 28.6 - - - -

M3 17 7 41.2 - - 1 5.9 5 29.4 - - 4 23.5 - - - -

174 23 13.2 32 18.4 2 1.1 61 35.1 13 7.5 43 24.7 - - - -

left+right

I1 45 2 4.4 14 31.1 - - 20 44.4 - - 9 20.0 - - - -

I2 41 5 12.2 7 17.1 - - 26 63.4 - - 3 7.3 - - - -

C 44 2 4.5 11 25.0 - - 26 59.1 1 2.3 4 9.1 - - - -

P3 42 4 9.5 5 11.9 1 23.8 19 45.2 5 11.9 8 19.0 - - - -

P4 40 8 20.0 7 17.5 - - 13 32.5 4 10.0 8 20.0 - - - -

M1 52 2 3.8 14 26.9 - - 4 7.7 10 19.2 22 42.3 - - - -

M2 45 14 31.1 6 1.3 1 2.2 10 22.2 1 2.2 13 28.9 - - - -

M3 34 12 35.3 2 5.9 2 5.9 8 23.5 - - 10 29.4 - - - -

343 49 14.3 66 19.2 4 1.2 126 36.7 21 6.1 77 22.4 - - - -

339

Table13.5:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Maxillarydentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 21 - - 6 28.6 - - 7 33.3 2 9.5 6 28.6 - - - -

I2 22 - - 2 9.1 - - 17 77.3 - - 2 9.1 1 4.5 - -

C 24 - - 1 4.2 - - 20 83.3 1 4.2 1 4.2 - - 1 4.2

P3 25 1 4.0 7 28.0 1 4.0 13 52.0 1 4.0 2 8.0 - - - -

P4 21 - - 8 38.1 - - 11 52.4 1 4.8 1 4.8 - - - -

M1 24 - - 10 41.7 - - 3 12.5 4 16.7 7 29.2 - - - -

M2 27 1 3.7 3 11.1 - - 10 37.0 3 11.1 10 37.0 - - - -

M3 22 5 22.7 1 4.5 1 4.5 5 22.7 - - 10 45.5 - - - -

186 7 3.8 38 20.4 2 1.1 86 46.2 12 6.5 39 21.0 1 0.5 1 0.5

right

I1 23 - - 5 21.7 - - 10 43.5 1 4.3 7 30.4 - - - -

I2 20 - - 5 25.0 - - 14 70.0 - - 1 5.0 - - - -

C 27 - - 4 14.8 - - 20 74.1 2 7.4 - - - - 1 3.7

P3 25 1 4.0 5 20.0 - - 10 40.0 2 8.0 7 28.0 - - - -

P4 24 1 4.2 9 37.5 - - 7 29.2 3 12.5 4 16.7 - - - -

M1 31 - - 12 38.7 - - 6 19.4 7 22.6 6 19.4 - - - -

M2 26 2 7.7 6 23.1 1 3.8 9 34.6 - - 8 30.8 - - - -

M3 24 7 29.2 1 4.2 1 4.2 9 37.5 - - 6 25.0 - - - -

200 11 5.5 47 23.5 2 1.0 85 42.5 15 7.5 39 19.5 - - 1 0.5

left+right

I1 44 - - 11 25.0 - - 17 38.6 3 6.8 13 29.5 - - - -

I2 42 - - 7 16.7 - - 31 73.8 - - 3 7.1 1 2.4 - -

C 51 - - 5 10.0 - - 40 80.0 3 6.0 1 2.0 - - 2 3.9

P3 50 2 4.0 12 24.0 1 2.0 23 46.0 3 6.0 9 18.0 - - - -

P4 45 1 2.2 17 37.8 - - 18 40.0 4 8.9 5 11.1 - - - -

M1 55 - - 22 40.0 - - 9 16.4 11 20.0 13 23.6 - - - -

M2 53 3 5.7 9 17.0 1 1.9 19 35.8 3 5.7 18 34.0 - - - -

M3 46 12 26.1 2 4.3 2 4.4 14 30.4 - - 16 34.8 - - - -

386 18 4.7 85 22.1 4 1.0 171 44.4 27 7.0 78 20.3 1 0.3 2 0.6

340

Table13.6:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Maxillarydentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 20 - - 6 30.0 - - 8 40.0 1 5.0 5 25.0 - - - -

I2 18 6 33.3 1 5.6 - - 8 44.4 - - 3 16.7 - - - -

C 24 2 8.3 7 29.2 - - 12 50.0 1 4.2 2 8.3 - - - -

P3 21 5 23.8 3 14.3 - - 11 52.4 1 4.8 1 4.8 - - - -

P4 21 6 28.6 5 23.8 - - 5 23.8 1 4.8 4 19.0 - - - -

M1 20 2 10.0 7 35.0 - - 1 5.0 2 10.0 8 40.0 - - - -

M2 22 10 45.5 4 18.2 - - 4 18.2 1 4.5 3 13.6 - - - -

M3 15 7 46.7 3 20.0 - - 2 13.3 - - 3 20.0 - - - -

161 38 23.6 36 22.4 - - 51 31.7 7 4.3 29 18.0 - - - -

right

I1 23 - - 5 21.7 - - 11 47.8 1 4.3 6 26.1 - - - -

I2 18 4 22.2 2 11.1 - - 10 55.6 - - 2 11.1 - - - -

C 21 2 9.5 4 19.0 - - 12 57.1 - - 3 14.3 - - - -

P3 21 2 9.5 5 23.8 - - 6 28.6 4 19.0 4 19.0 - - - -

P4 23 6 26.1 2 8.7 - - 9 39.1 1 4.3 5 21.7 - - - -

M1 23 2 8.7 3 13.0 - - 2 8.7 4 17.4 12 52.2 - - - -

M2 21 8 38.1 2 9.5 - - 2 9.5 2 9.5 7 33.3 - - - -

M3 11 6 54.5 - - - - 2 18.2 - - 3 27.3 - - - -

161 30 18.6 23 14.3 - - 54 33.5 12 7.5 42 26.1 - - - -

left+right

I1 43 - - 11 25.6 - - 19 44.2 2 4.7 11 25.6 - - - -

I2 36 10 27.8 3 8.3 - - 18 50.0 - - 5 13.9 - - - -

C 45 4 8.9 11 24.4 - - 24 53.3 1 2.2 5 11.1 - - - -

P3 42 7 16.7 8 19.0 - - 17 40.5 5 11.9 5 11.9 - - - -

P4 44 12 27.3 7 15.9 - - 14 31.8 2 4.5 9 20.5 - - - -

M1 44 4 9.1 11 25.0 - - 3 6.8 6 13.6 20 45.5 - - - -

M2 43 18 41.9 6 14.0 - - 6 14.0 3 7.0 10 23.3 - - - -

M3 26 13 50.0 3 11.5 - - 4 15.4 - - 6 23.1 - - - -

322 68 21.1 59 18.6 - - 105 32.5 19 5.9 71 22.0 - - - -

341

Table13.7:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Mandibulardentition,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 55 4 7.3 2 3.6 1 1.8 13 23.6 7 12.7 28 50.9 - - - -

I2 48 - - 3 6.3 - - 16 33.3 8 16.7 17 35.4 1 2.1 3 6.3

C 54 2 3.7 1 1.9 4 7.4 42 77.8 1 1.9 3 5.6 - - 1 1.9

P3 54 9 16.7 - - 8 14.8 25 46.3 3 5.6 6 11 1 3 5.6 -

P4 54 10 18.5 - - 9 16.7 20 37.0 2 3.7 12 22.2 1 1.9 - -

M1 61 6 9.8 - - 23 37.7 22 36.1 1 1.6 9 14.8 - - - -

M2 57 11 19.3 1 1.8 17 29.8 11 19.3 3 5.3 14 24.6 - - - -

M3 44 9 20.5 - - 4 9.1 8 18.2 1 2.3 22 50.0 - - - -

427 51 11.9 7 1.6 66 15.5 157 36.8 26 6.1 111 25.7 5 1.8 4 0.9

right

I1 52 3 5.8 1 1.9 1 1.9 14 26.9 4 7.7 28 53.8 1 1.9 - -

I2 53 3 5.7 2 3.8 - - 20 37.7 4 7.5 23 43.4 - - 1 1.9

C 56 6 10 7 1 1.8 1 1.8 43 76.8 3 5.4 2 3.6 - - -

P3 58 5 8.6 3 5.2 4 6.9 32 55.2 1 1.7 10 17.2 3 5.2 - -

P4 61 12 19.7 - - 10 16.4 30 49.2 1 1.6 7 11.5 1 1.6 - -

M1 67 9 13.4 - - 19 28.4 28 41.8 - - 11 16.4 - - - -

M2 67 15 22.4 1 1.5 16 23.9 12 17.9 - - 23 34.3 - - - -

M3 50 8 16.0 1 2.0 7 14.0 7 14.0 1 2.0 26 52.0 - - - -

464 61 13.1 9 1.9 58 12.5 186 40.1 14 3.0 130 28.0 5 1.1 1 0.2

left+right

I1 107 7 6.5 3 2.8 2 1.9 27 25.2 11 10.3 56 52.3 1 0.9 - -

I2 101 3 3.0 5 5.0 - - 36 35.6 12 11.9 40 39.6 1 1.0 4 4.0

C 110 8 7.3 2 1.8 5 4.5 85 77.3 4 3.6 5 4.5 - - 1 0.9

P3 112 14 12.5 3 2.7 12 10.7 57 50.9 4 3.6 16 14.3 6 5.4 - -

P4 115 22 19.1 - - 19 16.5 50 43.5 3 2.6 19 16.5 2 1.7 - -

M1 128 15 11.7 - - 42 32.8 50 39.1 1 0.8 20 15.6 - - - -

M2 124 26 21.0 2 1.6 33 26.6 23 18.5 3 2.4 37 29.8 - - - -

M3 94 17 18.1 1 1.1 11 11.7 15 16.0 2 2.1 48 51.1 - - - -

891 112 12.6 16 1.8 124 13.9 343 38.5 40 4.5 241 27.0 10 1.1 5 0.6

342

Table13.8:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Mandibulardentition,Period1

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 13 - - - - - - 3 23.1 2 15.4 8 61.5 - - - -

I2 10 - - - - - - 3 30.0 2 20.0 5 50.0 - - - -

C 12 1 8.3 - - - - 10 83.3 - - 1 8.3 - - - -

P3 11 - - - - 4 36.4 6 54.5 1 9.1 - - - - - -

P4 10 1 10.0 - - 1 10.0 4 40.0 - - 3 30.0 1 10.0 - -

M1 9 - - - - 5 55.6 4 44.4 - - - - - - - -

M2 12 - - 1 8.3 4 25.0 3 20.0 - - 4 25.0 - - - -

M3 12 1 8.3 - - 1 8.3 1 8.3 - - 9 75.0 - - - -

89 3 3.4 1 1.1 15 16.9 34 38.2 5 5.6 30 33.7 1 1.1 - -

right

I1 10 - - - - - - 3 30.0 2 20.0 5 50.0 - - - -

I2 11 - - - - - - 3 27.3 2 18.2 6 54.5 - - - -

C 11 - - - - - - 11 100 - - - - - - - -

P3 15 1 6.7 2 13.3 2 13.3 7 46.7 - - 3 20.0 - - - -

P4 15 1 6.7 - - 5 33.3 7 46.7 - - 1 6.7 1 6.7 - -

M1 16 - - - - 6 37.5 9 56.3 - - 1 6.3 - - - -

M2 17 1 5.9 - - 7 41.2 3 17.6 - - 6 35.3 - - - -

M3 15 1 6.7 1 6.7 3 20.0 1 6.7 1 6.7 8 53.3 - - - -

110 4 3.6 3 2.7 23 20.9 44 40.0 5 4.5 30 27.3 1 0.9 - -

left+right

I1 23 - - - - - - 6 26.1 4 17.4 13 56.5 - - - -

I2 21 - - - - - - 6 28.6 4 19.0 11 52.4 - - - -

C 23 1 4.3 - - - - 21 91.3 - - 1 4.3 - - - -

P3 26 1 3.8 2 7.7 6 23.1 13 50.0 1 3.8 3 11.5 - - - -

P4 25 2 8.0 - - 6 24.0 11 44.0 - - 4 16.0 2 8.0 - -

M1 25 - - - - 11 44.0 13 52.0 - - 1 4.0 - - - -

M2 29 1 3.4 1 3.4 11 37.9 6 20.7 - - 10 34.5 - - - -

M3 27 2 7.4 1 3.7 4 14.8 2 7.4 1 3.7 17 63.0 - - - -

199 7 3.5 4 2.0 38 19.1 78 39.2 10 5.0 60 30.2 2 1.0 - -

343


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 23 3 13.0 1 4.3 - - 5 21.7 2 8.7 12 52.2 - - - -

I2 20 - - 1 5.0 - - 7 35.0 2 10.0 7 35.0 - - 3 15.0

C 19 1 5.3 - - 1 5.3 14 73.7 1 5.3 2 10.5 - - - -

P3 21 5 23.8 - - 1 4.8 10 47.6 1 4.8 3 14.3 1 4.8 - -

P4 25 6 24.0 - - 5 20.0 8 32.0 2 8.0 4 16.0 - - - -

M1 28 5 17.9 - - 10 35.7 7 25.0 1 3.6 5 17.9 - - - -

M2 22 6 27.3 - - 6 27.3 3 13.6 3 13.6 4 18.2 - - - -

M3 16 4 25.0 - - 2 12.5 2 12.5 - - 8 50.0 - - - -

174 30 17.2 2 1.1 25 14.4 56 32.2 12 6.9 45 25.9 1 0.6 3 1.7

right

I1 24 3 12.5 1 4.2 - - 7 29.2 1 4.2 11 45.8 1 4.2 - -

I2 26 3 11.5 1 3.8 - - 10 38.5 1 3.8 10 38.5 - - 1 3.8

C 22 6 18.2 - - - - 14 63.6 2 9.1 - - - - - -

P3 20 2 10.0 1 5.0 - - 11 55.0 1 5.0 5 25.0 - - - -

P4 25 8 32.0 - - 3 12.0 11 44.0 1 4.0 2 8.0 - - - -

M1 27 7 25.9 - - 7 25.9 6 22.2 - - 7 25.9 - - - -

M2 27 8 29.6 - - 5 18.5 4 14.8 - - 10 37.0 - - - -

M3 17 3 17.6 - - 1 5.9 4 23.5 - - 9 52.9 - - - -

188 40 21.3 3 1.6 16 8.5 67 35.6 6 3.2 54 28.7 1 0.5 1 0.5

left+right

I1 47 6 12.8 2 4.3 - - 12 25.5 3 6.4 23 48.9 1 2.1 - -

I2 46 3 6.5 2 4.3 - - 17 37.0 3 6.5 17 37.0 - - 4 8.7

C 41 7 17.1 - - 1 2.4 28 68.3 3 7.3 2 4.9 - - - -

P3 41 7 17.1 1 2.4 1 2.4 21 51.2 2 4.9 8 19.5 1 2.4 - -

P4 50 14 28.0 - - 8 16.0 19 38.0 3 6.0 6 12.0 - - - -

M1 55 12 21.8 - - 17 30.9 13 23.6 1 1.8 12 21.8 - - - -

M2 49 14 30.4 - - 11 22.4 7 15.2 3 6.1 14 30.4 - - - -

M3 33 7 21.2 - - 3 9.1 6 18.2 - - 17 51.5 - - - -

362 70 19.3 5 1.4 41 11.3 123 34.0 18 5.0 99 27.3 2 0.6 4 1.1

344


N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 19 1 5.3 1 5.3 1 5.3 5 26.3 3 15.8 8 42.1 - - - -

I2 18 - - 2 11.1 - - 6 33.3 4 22.2 5 27.3 1 5.6 - -

C 23 - - 1 4.3 3 13.0 18 78.3 - - - - - - 1 4.3

P3 22 4 18.2 - - 3 13.6 9 40.9 1 4.5 3 13.6 2 9.1 - -

P4 19 3 15.8 - - 3 15.8 8 42.1 - - 5 26.3 - - - -

M1 24 1 4.2 - - 8 33.3 11 45.8 - - 4 16.7 - - - -

M2 23 5 21.7 - - 7 30.4 5 21.7 - - 6 26.1 - - - -

M3 16 4 25.0 - - 1 6.3 5 31.3 1 6.3 5 31.3 - - - -

164 18 11.0 4 2.4 26 15.9 67 40.9 9 5.5 36 22. 3 1.8 1 0.6

right

I1 18 - - - - 1 5.6 4 22.2 1 5.6 12 66.7 - - - -

I2 16 - - 1 6.3 - - 7 43.8 1 6.3 7 43.8 - - - -

C 23 - - 1 4.3 1 4.3 18 78.3 1 4.3 2 8.7 - - - -

P3 23 2 8.7 - - 2 8.7 14 60.9 - - 2 8.7 3 13.0 - -

P4 21 3 14.3 - - 2 9.5 12 57.1 - - 4 19.0 - - - -

M1 24 2 8.3 - - 6 25.0 13 54.2 - - 3 12.5 - - - -

M2 23 6 26.1 1 4.3 4 17.4 5 21.7 - - 7 30.4 - - - -

M3 18 4 22.2 - - 3 16.7 2 11.1 - - 9 50.0 - - - -

166 17 10.2 3 1.8 19 11.4 75 45.2 3 1.8 46 27.7 3 1.8 - -

left+right

I1 37 1 2.7 1 2.7 2 5.4 9 24.3 4 10.8 20 54.1 - - - -

I2 34 - - 3 8.6 - - 13 37.1 5 14.3 12 33.1 1 2.9 - -

C 46 - - 2 4.3 4 8.7 36 78.3 1 2.2 2 4.3 - - 1 2.2

P3 45 6 13. - - 5 11.1 23 51.1 1 2.2 5 11.1 5 11.1 - -

P4 40 6 15.0 - - 5 12.5 20 50.0 - - 9 22.5 - - - -

M1 48 3 6.3 - - 14 29.2 24 50.0 - - 7 14.6 - - - -

M2 46 11 23.9 1 2.2 11 23.9 10 21.7 - - 13 28.3 - - - -

M3 34 8 23.5 - - 4 11.8 7 20.6 1 2.9 14 41.2 - - - -

330 35 10.6 7 2.1 45 13.6 142 42.9 12 3.6 82 25.1 6 1.8 1 0.3

345

Table13.11:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Mandibulardentition,Males,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 27 - - 2 7.4 - - 5 18.5 4 14.8 16 59.3 - - - -

I2 25 - - 3 12.0 - - 7 28.0 6 24.0 8 32.0 1 4.0 - -

C 26 - - 1 3.8 2 7.7 22 84.6 1 3.8 - - - - - -

P3 27 1 3.7 - - 5 18.5 16 59.3 1 3.7 2 7.4 2 7.4 - -

P4 25 1 4.0 - - 6 24.0 13 52.0 - - 5 20.0 - - - -

M1 28 - - - - 17 60.7 9 32.1 - - 2 7.1 - - - -

M2 27 - - - - 9 33.3 7 25.9 2 7.4 9 33.3 - - - -

M3 25 4 16.0 - - 2 8.0 6 24.0 - - 13 52.0 - - - -

210 6 2.9 6 2.9 41 19.5 85 40.5 14 6.7 55 26.2 3 1.4 - -

right

I1 23 - - 1 4.3 - - 7 30.4 2 8.7 13 57.8 - - - -

I2 25 - - 2 8.0 - - 9 36.0 3 12.0 11 44.0 - - - -

C 28 1 3.6 1 3.6 - - 22 78.6 3 10.7 1 3.6 - - - -

P3 29 - - 1 3.4 4 13.8 19 65.5 - - 4 13.8 1 3.4 - -

P4 30 1 3.3 - - 6 20.0 19 63.3 1 3.3 3 10.0 - - - -

M1 28 - - - - 12 42.9 13 46.4 - - 3 10.7 - - - -

M2 26 2 7.7 - - 10 38.5 6 23.1 - - 8 30.8 - - - -

M3 24 2 8.3 - - 4 16.7 5 20.8 1 4.2 12 50.0 - - - -

213 6 2.8 5 2.4 36 16.9 100 46.9 10 4.7 55 25.8 1 0.5 - -

left+right

I1 50 - - 3 6.0 - - 12 24.0 6 12.0 29 58.0 - - - -

I2 50 - - 5 10.0 - - 16 32.0 9 18.0 19 38.0 1 2.0 - -

C 54 1 1.9 2 3.8 2 3.8 44 84.6 4 7.4 1 1.9 - - - -

P3 56 1 1.8 1 1.8 9 16.1 35 62.5 1 1.8 6 10.7 3 5.4 - -

P4 55 2 3.6 - - 12 21.8 32 58.2 1 1.8 8 14.5 - - - -

M1 56 - - - - 29 51.8 22 39.3 - - 5 8.9 - - - -

M2 53 2 3.8 - - 19 35.8 13 24.5 2 3.8 17 32.1 - - - -

M3 49 6 12.2 - - 6 12.2 11 22.4 1 2.0 25 51.0 - - - -

423 12 2.9 11 2.6 77 18.4 185 44.2 22 5.3 108 25.8 4 1.0 - -

346

Table13.12:NecropolisofRH5–Directionoftheocclusalsurface–Mandibulardentition,Females,Periods1+2+3

N n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %

degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

left

I1 18 - - - - 1 5.6 4 22.2 3 16.7 10 55.6 - - - -

I2 17 - - - - - - 6 35.3 2 11.8 7 41.2 - - 2 11.8

C 22 1 4.5 - - 1 4.5 16 72.7 - - 3 13.6 - - 1 4.5

P3 21 5 23.8 - - 3 14.3 8 38.1 2 9.5 2 9.5 1 4.8 - -

P4 20 6 30.0 - - 2 10.0 5 25.0 - - 6 30.0 1 5.0 - -

M1 19 - - - - 4 21.1 10 52.6 - - 5 26.3 - - - -

M2 21 7 33.3 1 4.8 6 28.6 3 14.3 - - 4 19.0 - - - -

M3 15 4 26.7 - - 1 6.7 2 13.3 1 6.7 7 46.7 - - - -

153 23 15.0 1 0.7 18 11.8 54 35.3 8 5.2 44 28.8 2 1.3 3 2.0

right

I1 19 - - - - - - 4 21.1 2 10.5 13 68.4 - - - -

I2 19 1 5.3 - - - - 8 42.1 1 5.3 8 42.1 - - 1 5.3

C 21 1 4.8 - - 1 4.8 18 85.7 - - 1 4.8 - - - -

P3 20 2 10.0 - - - - 12 60.0 - - 4 20.0 2 10.0 - -

P4 22 5 22.7 - - 4 18.2 9 40.9 - - 3 13.6 1 4.5 - -

M1 21 - - - - 5 23.8 12 57.1 - - 4 19.0 - - - -

M2 27 9 33.3 - - 6 22.2 5 18.5 - - 7 25.9 - - - -

M3 19 5 26.3 - - 3 15.8 2 10.5 - - 9 47.4 - - - -

168 23 13.7 - - 19 11.3 70 41.7 3 1.8 49 29.2 3 1.8 1 0.6

left+right

I1 37 - - - - 1 2.7 8 21.6 5 13.5 23 62.2 - - - -

I2 36 1 2.8 - - - - 14 38.9 3 8.3 15 41.7 - - 3 8.3

C 43 2 4.7 - - 2 4.7 34 79.1 - - 4 9.3 - - 1 2.3

P3 41 7 17.1 - - 3 7.3 20 48.8 2 4.9 6 14.6 3 7.3 - -

P4 42 11 26.2 - - 6 14.3 14 33.3 - - 9 21.4 2 4.8 - -

M1 40 - - - - 9 22.5 22 55.0 - - 9 22.5 - - - -

M2 48 16 33.3 1 2.1 12 25.0 8 16.7 - - 11 22.9 - - - -

M3 34 9 26.5 - - 4 11.8 4 11.8 1 2.9 16 47.1 - - - -

321 46 14.3 1 0.3 37 11.5 124 38.6 11 3.4 93 29.0 5 1.6 4 1.2

347

ABSTRACT

Enamel hypoplastic defects are considered goodindicators of physiological disruption duringgrowth. They appear as lines or grooves in theenamel resulting from an interruption or slow-down of the active metabolic process of theameloblasts, the cells responsible for the secretionand mineralization of the enamel crown. Sincedental crown is formed during the early years oflife of the growing children, enamel defects repre-sent a direct indication of those disrupting eventsoccurring during such time only. Its etiology isvery wide, as many as 100 factors have been asso-ciated with it. Since teeth do not undergo re-modelling once formed, any mark on them wit-nessing stressful event will remain indeliblethrough time.

Enamel developmental defects have been scoredon all permanent teeth available from the RH5sample. Defects occurred very frequently in theseprehistoric populations.The mostly affected teethare the anterior ones, though frequencies are veryhigh also in the posterior teeth, particularly thepremolars. Frequencies range from 80.0% in themaxillary third molar to 98.5% in the mandibularcanine.

Generally speaking, the occurrence of defectsfrom the very first classes indicates the high levelof stress which the growing infants had to under-go during their early years of life.The first defectspeak around 2.5 years, and can be explained, withpost-weaning, by increased susceptibility due toloss of maternal antibodies from breast-feeding.

This, together with the higher freedom of movingaround at such an age and the consequent increaseof risk of exposure to pathogens, explains the highlevels of defects encountered in the subsequentclasses and the visible distribution of severedefects.

KEYWORDS

Enamel hypoplasia, dentition.

Enamel hypoplastic defects are considered goodindicators of physiological disruption duringgrowth (Goodman and Rose 1990).They appearas lines (slight hypoplasia) or grooves (severehypoplasia) in the enamel resulting from an inter-ruption or slow-down of the active metabolicprocess of the ameloblasts, the cells responsible forthe secretion and mineralization of the enamelcrown (Sarnat and Schour 1941; Kreshover 1960;Goodman et al. 1980, Blakey et al. 1994). Sincethe dental crown is formed during the early yearsof life of growing children, enamel defects repre-sent a direct indication of those disrupting eventsoccurring during such time only. Its etiology isvery wide, as many as 100 factors have been asso-ciated with it (El-Najjar et al. 1978). Since teethdo not undergo re-modelling once formed, anymark on them indicates a stressful event and willremain indelible through time.

Enamel developmental defects have been scoredon all permanent teeth available from the RH5sample. As Table 1 shows for sex and periods

Pa rt IVLinear Enamel Hypoplasia andDevelopment Stress at the Ra’s al H. amra- 5 Graveyardby Andrea Cucina

348

pooled together, defects occurred very frequentlyin these prehistoric populations. The mostlyaffected teeth are the anterior ones (incisors andcanines), as Goodman and Armelagos (1985) indi-cated, though frequencies are very high also in theposterior teeth, particularly the premolars.Frequencies range from 80.0% in the maxillarythird molar to 98.5% in the mandibular canine.Interestingly, defects are more likely to affect indi-viduals several times during growth, as shown by

the last two columns which indicate only onedefect per tooth in the former, and more than onedefect in the latter.

Very high frequencies can be noted in the sam-ples when periods are considered separately. AsTables 2-4 show, percent values are often as highas 100.0, though it must be considered that eachsub-sample is reduced in size and this can increasethe single frequencies.

TABLE 1. Necropolis of RH5 – Absolute and percent frequencies of hypoplastic defects. Males+Females – Periods 1+2+3

Absent Present Total % N 1 def. N +1 def.

Maxilla

I1 1 62 63 98.4 10 52

I2 4 56 60 93.3 8 47

C 3 65 68 95.6 7 56

P3 3 56 59 94.9

P4 4 52 56 92.9

M1 7 50 57 87.7

M2 7 54 61 88.5

M3 10 40 50 80.0

Mandible

I1 5 50 55 90.9 9 39

I2 3 57 60 95.0 13 42

Ci 1 64 65 98.5 3 60

P3 6 55 61 90.2

P4 4 53 57 93.0

M1 8 54 62 87.1

M2 6 55 61 90.2

M3 9 48 57 84.2

Affected individuals

104

99.04%

Unaffected individuals

1

0.96%

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TABLE 2. Necropolis of RH5 – Absolute and percent frequencies of hypoplastic defects. Males+Females – Period 1

Absent Present Total % N 1 def. N +1 def.Maxilla

I1 - 15 15 100.0 3 12I2 - 13 13 100.0 - 13C - 18 18 100.0 4 14P3 - 14 14 100.0P4 - 10 10 100.0M1 - 14 14 100.0M2 - 16 16 100.0M3 1 8 9 88.9

MandibleI1 2 12 14 85.7 4 8I2 1 13 14 92.8 4 8Ci - 15 15 100.0 1 14P3 2 15 17 88.2P4 2 14 16 87.5M1 1 13 14 92.8M2 - 15 15 100.0M3 1 15 16 93.7

Affected individuals24

100.0%Unaffected individuals

00.00%

TABLE 3. Necropolis of RH5 – Absolute and percent frequencies of hypoplastic defects. Males+Females – Period 2


I1 - 25 25 100.0 3 22I2 - 23 23 100.0 4 18C - 22 22 100.0 0 20P3 - 22 22 100.0P4 1 22 23 95.6M1 2 21 23 91.3M2 2 21 23 91.3M3 2 18 20 90.0

MandibleI1 1 22 23 95.6 2 19I2 - 23 23 100.0 4 18Ci - 26 26 100.0 1 24P3 3 20 23 86.9P4 1 21 22 95.4M1 5 23 28 82.1M2 4 23 27 85.1M3 4 18 22 81.8



00.0%

350

Table 4. Necropolis of RH5 – Absolute and percent frequencies of hypoplastic defects. Males+Females – Period 3


I1 1 22 23 95.6 4 18I2 4 20 24 83.3 4 16C 3 25 28 89.2 3 22P3 3 20 23 86.9P4 3 20 23 86.9M1 5 15 20 75.0M2 5 17 22 77.2M3 7 14 21 66.6

MandibleI1 2 16 18 88.8 3 12I2 2 21 23 91.3 5 16Ci 1 23 24 95.8 1 22P3 1 20 21 95.2P4 1 18 19 94.7M1 2 18 20 90.0M2 2 17 19 89.4M3 4 15 19 78.9



13.1%

Table 5. Necropolis of RH5 – Absolute and percent frequencies of hypoplastic defects. Males – Periods 1+2+3


I1 1 27 28 96.4 6 21I2 4 26 30 86.6 5 21C 2 33 35 94.2 2 30P3 1 23 24 95.8P4 - 23 23 100.0M1 3 20 23 86.9M2 3 25 28 89.2M3 4 24 28 85.7

MandibleI1 2 24 26 92.3 6 18I2 3 30 33 90.9 6 24Ci 1 30 31 96.7 1 29P3 1 29 30 96.7P4 1 25 26 96.1M1 2 21 23 91.3M2 3 26 29 89.6M3 2 25 27 92.5



00.00%

351

Similar results are evident when the two sexes arecompared (Table 5 for the males and Table 6 forthe females), which show only minor differencesbetween each other. Only one individual shows

no defects at all, and can be found within thefemale sample which, on the other hand, showsfrequencies always as high as 100.0% in all themandibular teeth.

TABLE 6. Necropolis of RH5 – Absolute and percent frequencies of hypoplastic defects. Females – Periods 1+2+3

Absent Present Total % N 1 def. N +1 def.MaxillaI1 - 23 23 100.0 4 19I2 1 22 23 95.6 3 19C 1 27 28 96.4 5 22P3 1 26 27 96.2P4 2 22 24 91.6M1 2 24 26 92.3M2 2 25 27 92.5M3 3 16 19 84.2MandibleI1 - 18 18 100.0 3 13I2 - 19 19 100.0 5 13Ci - 24 24 100.0 1 23P3 - 22 22 100.0P4 - 22 22 100.0M1 - 22 22 100.0M2 - 24 24 100.0M3 - 20 20 100.0



12.7%

Figure 1: Necropolis of RH5 - Slight hypoplasia, anterior dentition, sex pooled

352

The position of the defect on the crown can beconverted into age of occurrence and end of thestressful event by measuring the upper and loweredges of the defect from the enamel-dentinejunction. The crown starts forming from itsocclusal/incisal surface, but occlusal attrition dueto mastication or extra-masticatory functions

deletes this very portion of the crown first. Forthis very reason measures are scored from thelower portion of the crown. Measures in millime-tres are thus converted into age with simple math-ematical calculations, provided that mean heightof the crown as well as dental developmental timesare known.

Figure 2: Necropolis of RH5 - Slight hypoplasia, anterior dentition, levels.

Figure 3: Necropolis of RH5 - Slight hypoplasia, anterior dentition males versus females

353

Chronological distribution of enamel defectscan be visualized in Figs. 1 to 3 for slighthypoplastic defects, and Figs. 4 to 6 for severedefects.They have been measured on the anteriordentition only. Fig. 1 shows the whole sample (sexand periods pooled together). Defects start occur-ring from the very first class, though the most fre-

quent occurrence is in the ages from 2.5 to 3.9years. After that age, defects decrease in numberuntil age 6.5, which marks the end of the forma-tion of the lower canine (the last within the anterior dentition to complete its formation,according to the table presented by Goodman etal. 1980).

Figure 4: Necropolis of RH5 - Severe hypoplasia, anterior dentition, sex pooled

Figure 5: Necropolis of RH5 - Severe hypoplasia, anterior dentition, levels

354

The distribution according to periods (Fig. 2)indicates an overall similarity in the three sub-samples. The highest peak is evident in the class2.5-2.9 for period 3; period 1, as a whole, showslower bars than the others. But such difference isto be traced back to different sample sizes (17individuals in period 1 versus 27 in period 3).

Also, males and females show a very similar pat-tern of distribution throughout years (Fig. 3).

A shift towards older ages in the occurrence ofdefects, compared to the one for slight hypoplasia,can be noted in Fig. 4, which shows severe defectsin the whole sample. In this case, the peak is evi-dent in the class 4.5-4.9 years. What was previ-ously noted for slight defects between periods isevident also for severe defects (Fig. 5).Again, sam-ples overall tend to show an increase in occur-rence of severe defects to 4.0-4.5 years. Period 2peaks in that class, while periods 1 and 3 peak inthe following one. Inter-sex analysis indicates thatdespite sample sizes being different, distributionpatterns tend to remain similar in the two samples(Fig. 6).

Generally speaking, the occurrence of defectsfrom the very first class indicates a high level of

stress the growing infants had to undergo duringtheir early years of life.The first peak, around 2.5years, can be explained with post-weaningincreased susceptibility due to loss of maternalantibodies from breast-feeding. This, togetherwith the higher freedom of moving around atsuch an age and the consequent increase of risk ofexposure to pathogens, explains the high levels ofdefects encountered in the following classes andvisible in the distribution of severe defects.

REFERENCES

Blakey, M. L., Leslie, T. E. and Reidy, J. P. 1994. Frequency andchronological distribution of dental enamel hypoplasia inenslaved african americans: a test of the weaning hypothesis.Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 95: 371-384.

El-Najjar, M. Y., DeSanti, M. V. and Ozebek, L. l978. Prevalenceand possible etiology of dental enamel hypoplasia. Am. J.Phys. Anthropol. 48: 185-192.

Goodman, A. H., Armelagos, G. J. and Rose, J. C. l980. Enamelhypoplasia as indicator of stress in three prehistoric popula-tions from Illinois. Hum. Biol. 52: 515-528.

Goodman, A. H. and Armelagos, G. J. 1985. Factors affecting thedistribution of enamel hypoplasia within the human perma-nent dentition. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68: 479-493.

Goodman, A. H. and Rose, J. C. 1990. Assessment of physiolog-

Figure 6: Necropolis of RH5 - Severe hypoplasia, anterior dentition males versus females.

355

ical perturbations from dental enamel hypoplasias and asso-ciated histological structures. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 33: 59-110.

Kreshover, S. J. 1960. Metabolic disturbances in tooth formation.Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 85: 161-167.

Sarnat, B. G. and Schour, I. 1941. Enamel hypoplasia (chronicenamel aplasia) in relation to systemic disease: a chronologi-cal, morphological and etiological classification. J. Am. Dent.Assoc. 28: 1989-2000.

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