The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series

Linus PeranderEditor

Light Metals 202150th Anniversary Edition

123

EditorLinus PeranderOutotec Norway ASOslo, Norway

ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic)The Minerals, Metals & Materials SeriesISBN 978-3-030-65395-8 ISBN 978-3-030-65396-5 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65396-5

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2021, corrected publication 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage andretrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws andregulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believedto be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have beenmade. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutionalaffiliations.

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Preface

It is my honor and privilege to present to you the Light Metals 2021 proceedings. This year weare celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Light Metals proceedings as well as the 150thanniversary of the TMS annual meeting, both marking significant milestones and being a cleartestament to the lasting impact and importance these forums have.

The Light Metals proceedings are the culmination of the efforts of all the authors, sessionchairs, subject organizers, and TMS staff who have contributed to this work. Firstly, I wouldlike to thank the authors; it is their engagement, contributions, and active participation whichmakes TMS Light Metals such a valuable forum for the exchange of ideas and information.I would also like to acknowledge the subject organizers, Anne Duncan, Dimitry Sediako,Nadia Ahli, Arne Petter Ratvik, Marc Dupuis, Kristian Etienne Einarsrud, Samuel Wagstaff,Derek Santangelo, and Les Edwards, for their hard work and dedication. It’s been a pleasureand a privilege to work with you. The same goes for the TMS staff, Patricia Warren and TrudiDunlap in particular, thank you for your guidance and the prompt and timely support you haveprovided. Also, a big thanks to the reviewers and session chairs who have made a tremendouscontribution. Finally, the past editors, Alan Tomsett and Corleen Chesonis, have been a greathelp and support, my sincerest appreciation to you as well.

In addition to the traditional subjects, this year’s program also includes an honorarysymposium held for Alton Taberaux (Reduction Cell Operation and Process Control) andHarald Øye (Fundamentals in Anode and Cathode Technology). The honorary symposium istitled Aluminum Reduction Technology Across the Decades, which is very apt considering thecelebration of the 50th birthday of the Light Metals proceedings. The honorary symposiuminitially included also a joint session with Aluminum Reduction Technology dedicated toHalvor Kvande; this session has however been postponed to a later date. Furthermore, thekeynote session arranged by Les Edwards will discuss some of the sustainability challengesour industry faces.

At the time of writing these words the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the worldwith far reaching consequences. In terms of global impact, and particularly for the aluminumindustry, it is clear that we are still only seeing the beginning of the effects. In the short term,the effects have perhaps been mitigated by agile responses, quickly shifting priorities, andadapting to new ways of working. Mid- to long-term effects to our industry are much harder topredict. The global lockdown and reduced demand for air travel is influencing the aerospacesector heavily, whereas the automotive and battery industries are still expecting growth drivenby demand for lower emissions and improved efficiency. Other sectors, such as packaging,electronics, construction, and building materials are all affected to various degrees as influ-enced by changes in consumption pattern and market demand.

Although much of the focus this year has been on getting through the immediate challengesthe pandemic has caused, the sustainability challenges facing our industry have not disap-peared. Carbon and other emissions, red mud, spent potlining and other waste streams, rawmaterial scarcity, and declining raw material quality are all still very real and pressing issues. Itis important to remain optimistic and not let the challenges of today overshadow recentachievements. This year we are celebrating two significant milestones, both the 50thanniversary of the Light Metals proceedings and the 150th annual TMS event. The Light

v

Metals proceedings publication has established itself as a key resource of information in ourfield and the annual conference continues to attract ever increasing numbers of researchers,students, industry professionals, and other participants. Our industry has faced great chal-lenges in the past; however, this has also sparked innovation and developments which mightotherwise have taken much longer to achieve or might not have occurred at all. I sincerelybelieve that by continuing to collaborate and share information on technology and research inour field, we will we able to tackle the big challenges facing our industry now and in thefuture.

Linus Perander

vi Preface

Contents

Part I Alumina and Bauxite

The Application of Intelligent Control to Red Mud Settling and Washingin an Alumina Refinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Jin Long Tian, Zheng Yong Zhang, and Yue Hua Jiang

Alumina Refinery Volume Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Thiago T. Franco

The Study of TCA Applied in Organic Removal from SodiumAluminate Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Er-wei Song, Dong-zhan Han, Li-juan Qi, and Feng-jiang Zhou

Flotation Desulfurization of Acidified High-Sulfur Bauxite:Effects of Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Huaxia Li, Wencui Chai, and Yijun Cao

Optimization of Zinc Removal Process in Sodium Aluminate SolutionBased on Orthogonal Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Dong-zhan Han, Er-wei Song, Li-juan Qi, and Xiao-ge Guan

Collection and Selectivity Contrast of Propyl Gallate and Sodium Oleatefor Diaspore and Kaolinite Flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Yankun Wu, Wencui Chai, and Yijun Cao

Effect of High Shear Agitation on Surface Properties of Diasporeand Kaolinite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Shichong Yang, Wencui Chai, Yijun Cao, and Huaxia Li

Silicon Rich Iron Alloy from Bauxite Residue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Halvor Dalaker and Casper van der Eijk

Bauxite Residue Neutralization Potential Using Biogenic Sulfuricand Citric Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Patricia Magalhães Pereira Silva, Roseanne Barata Holanda,Andre Luiz Vilaça do Carmo, Fernando Gama Gomes, Raphael Vieira da Costa,Caio César Amorim de Melo, Adriano Reis Lucheta, and Marcelo Montini

Study on the Acid Leaching of Metal Components in Bayer Red Mud . . . . . . . . 62Peiyuan Liu, Jing Zhao, Yanfang Huang, Guihong Han, and Shengpeng Su

Gravity Methods Applied to Bauxite Residue for MineralPre-concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Paula de Freitas Marques Araújo, Patricia Magalhães Pereira Silva,Andre Luiz Vilaça do Carmo, Marcus Vinícius Lins Gonçalves,Raphael Vieira da Costa, Caio César Amorim de Melo, Adriano Reis Lucheta,and Marcelo Montini

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Part II Aluminum Alloys, Processing and Characterization

Anodization Compatibility of Eutectic Aluminum–Cerium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Zachary Sims, David Weiss, Hunter Henderson, Orlando Rios, Jiheon Jun,Sur Debashish, Ryan Ott, Fangqiang Meng, and Max Wiener

Al-Sm Alloys Under Far-From-Equilibrium Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Can Okuyucu, Burçin Kaygusuz, Cemil Işıksaçan, Onur Meydanoğlu,Amir Motallebzadeh, Sezer Özerinç, and Yunus Eren Kalay

Effect of Minor Additives to Al–Zn–Mg Alloys on Welding and CorrosionPerformance for Building Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92A. Yu. Gradoboev, D. K. Ryabov, A. O. Ivanova, A. Yu. Krokhin, V. Kh. Mann,R. O. Vakhromov, and A. N. Legkikh

Mechanism Behind Al/Cu Interface Reaction: The Kinetics and Diffusionof Cu in Forming Different Intermetallic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Yongqiong Ren, Jie Chen, and Bingge Zhao

Phase Formation of Mo- and Cr-Rich Compounds in an Al–Si Cast Alloy . . . . . 105P. Decker, J. Steglich, A. Kauws, A. Kiefert, L. Marzoli, and M. Rosefort

Understanding the Effect of Quench Delay and Alloy Chemistry on Various6000 Series Alloy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111David J. Shoemaker and Robert A. Matuska

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Propertiesof LB-PBF AlSi10Mg and Scalmalloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Shaharyar Baig, Seyed R. Ghiaasiaan, and Nima Shamsaei

Thermal Properties of Hybrid Al–Cu-Components Produced by CombiningPowder Pressing and Semi-solid Forming Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Marco Speth, Mathias Liewald, and Kim Rouven Riedmüller

Simulations of Wear-Induced Microstructural Evolution in NanocrystallineAluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Yeqi Shi and Izabela Szlufarska

High-Throughput Aluminum Alloy Discovery Using Laser AdditiveManufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Qingyu Pan, Monica Kapoor, Sean Mileski, John Carsley, and Xiaoyuan Lou

Manufacturing A206 Aluminum Alloy by Step Sand Casting:Effect of Solidification Time on Mechanical and Surface Propertiesof the Cast Samples Using Experimental and Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Amir Kordijazi, David Weiss, Sourav Das, and Pradeep Rohatgi

Experimental and Numerical Examinations Regarding the Material Flowof Combined Rolling Extrusion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Christoph Heinzel, Aleksandr Salnikov, and Sören Müller

Comparison of Simulation and Real Life to Set Up a Holistic Approachfor the Extrusion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Zeynep Tutku Özen, Mehmet Buğra Güner, Osman Halil çelik, Görkem Özçelik,Tolga Demirkıran, Murat Konar, Turgay Güler, Cem Mehmetalioğlu,and Mustafa Serkan Özcan

Computational Simulation of Nanoparticle Distributions in Metal MatrixComposite Casting Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171G. Zheng, J. Jakumeit, T. Pabel, C. Kneissl, and L. Magagnin

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Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Strengthening of the 5181 Alloy(with 0.03% Sc) Sheets for Preservation of 40% Improved Strength Comparedwith 5083 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Dmitry Fokin, Aleksandr Alabin, Sergey Valchuk, Viktor Mann,and Aleksandr Krokhin

The Effect of Rare Earth Mischmetal on the High Temperature TensileProperties of an A356 Aluminum Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184J. Stroh, D. Sediako, and D. Weiss

Effects of Ultrasonic Melt Processing on Microstructure, MechanicalProperties, and Electrical Conductivity of Hypereutectic Al–Si, Al–Fe,and Al–Ni Alloys with Zr Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Suwaree Chankitmunkong, Dmitry G. Eskin, and Chaowalit Limmaneevichitr

The Corrosion Behavior of 5xxx and 6xxx Aluminum Alloys with TraceCalcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198S. Singh, S. Kumar, and B. Pesic

Review of Retrogression Forming and Reaging for AA7075-T6 Sheet . . . . . . . . . 206Katherine E. Rader, Jon T. Carter, Louis G. Hector Jr., and Eric M. Taleff

Fatigue and Failure Analysis of an Additively Manufactured ContemporaryAluminum Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212P. D. Nezhadfar, Spencer Thompson, Ankit Saharan, Nam Phan, and Nima Shamsaei

Investigation of Weld Quality for Friction Stir Welding of Extrued 6XXXSeries Aluminium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220Murat Konar, Salim Aslanlar, Erdinç İlhan, Melih Kekik, Görkem Özçelik,Mehmet Buğra Güner, Arif Fatih Yiğit, and Tolga Demirkıran

The Effect of Al3Er Particles on the Structure and Mechanical Propertiesof an Al-Mg Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Anton Khrustalev, Ilya Zhukov, Vladimir Platov, and Alexander Vorozhtsov

Microstructure Evolution of an Al–Fe–Ni Alloy with Zr and Sc Additions UponDifferent Cooling Rates During Solidification for Improving the Mechanicaland Electrical Conductivity Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Suwaree Chankitmunkong, Dmitry G. Eskin, and Chaowalit Limmaneevichitr

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Precipitation-HardenedAl–Mn–Zr–Er Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Amir R. Farkoosh, David N. Seidman, and David C. Dunand

Characterization of the Microstructure of Al–Mg Alloy Matrix Syntactic Foamby Three-Dimensional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Jeki Jung, Su-Hyeon Kim, Won-Kyoung Kim, Cha-Yong Lim, and Yong Ho Park

Thermal Analysis of the Solidification Behavior of AA7075 ContainingNanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Maximilian Sokoluk, Igor De Rosa, Shuaihang Pan, and Xiaochun Li

Microstructural Evolution of Ultra-Fine Grained (UFGs) Aluminumin Tribological Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Shuguang Wei, Chaiyapat Tangpatjaroen, Hongliang Zhang,and Izabela Szlufarska

Microchemistry Evolution for 8xxx Alloys by Homogenization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Erik Santora and Roland Morak

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Evaluation of Microstructures and Hardness of Al-10Si-0.45Mg-0.4ScAlloy Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Carlos E. S. Junior, Rodrigo V. Reyes, Leonardo F. Gomes, José E. Spinelli,Abdoul-Aziz Bogno, and Hani Henein

Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy 7075 Tubingat High Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Scott Whalen, Md. Reza-E-Rabby, Tianhao Wang, Xiaolong Ma,Timothy Roosendaal, Darrell Herling, Nicole Overman,and Brandon Scott Taysom

Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion of Thin-Walled AA6063 Tubing . . . . . 281Brandon Scott Taysom, Scott Whalen, M. Reza-E-Rabby, Tim Skszek,and Massimo DiCiano

Influence of the Quench Rate and Trace Elements on 6XXX Alloys . . . . . . . . . . 286A. Wimmer and A. Hämmerle

The Combined Method for Producing Long Products from Aluminiumand Aluminium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291A. Salnikov and C. Heinzel

Effect of Extrusion Process on Mechanical, Welding, and Corrosion Behaviourof 6XXX Series of Aluminium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Mehmet Buğra Güner, Murat Konar, Görkem Özçelik, Tolga Demirkıran,and Afife Binnaz Yoruç Hazar

Development and Characterization of the Integrally Stiffened Cylinder (ISC)Process for Launch Vehicles and Aircraft Fuselage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Wesley Tayon, Marcia Domack, John Wagner, Karen Taminger, Eric Hoffman,and Sydney Newman

TIG Welding of Dissimilar High-Strength Aluminum Alloys 6061and 7075 with Nano-Treated Filler Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316Narayanan Murali and Xiaochun Li

Part III Aluminum Reduction Technology

Optimization of Thermal Characteristics and “Output Side Energy Saving”of Aluminum Reduction Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Xuemin Liang

R&D Projects for Improving Aluminium Smelting Technology: An EnergyReduction Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Ved Prakash Rai and Vibhav Upadhyay

Mass Transport by Waves: Bath-Metal Interface Deformation, Rafts Collisionand Physical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344L. Rakotondramanana, L. I. Kiss, S. Poncsák, R. Santerre, S. Guerard, J.-F. Bilodeau,and S. Richer

Modeling Anode Current Pickup After Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Choon-Jie Wong, Yuchen Yao, Jie Bao, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, Barry J. Welch,and Ali Jassim

Superconductor Busbars—High Benefits for Aluminium Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Wolfgang Reiser, Till Reek, Carsten Räch, and Daniel Kreuter

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Coupled SPH-DEM to Simulate the Injection of a Powder into a Liquidwith Heat Transfer and Phase Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368T. Roger, K. Fraser, L. Kiss, S. Poncsák, S. Guérard, J. F. Bilodeau, G. Bonneau,and R. Santerre

Individual Anode Current Monitoring During Aluminum Reduction CellPower Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Yuchen Yao, Jie Bao, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, Barry J. Welch, and Ali Jassim

Carbon Dust—Its Short-Term Influence on Potroom Operations DuringAnode Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384Matthias Dechent, Mark Philip Taylor, Richard Meier, Lea Tiedemann,Markus Meier, and Bernd Friedrich

Experience with Lengthy Pot Hibernation at Alcoa Baie-Comeau . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Xiangwen Wang, M. Laframboise, and P. Gagnon

The Rise and Fall of CVG Venalum Primary Aluminium Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401H. Medina

Prevention and Control Measures of the Cathode Voltage Drop Riseof Aluminum Electrolytic Cell Due to Unstable Power Supply Load . . . . . . . . . . 406Bao Shengzhong, Li Changlin, Wang Chengzhi, Wang Yanfang, Chai Dengpeng,and Hu Qingtao

The Aluminium Electrolysis Cell Heat Balance Challenge UnderLow Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Changlin Li, Junqing Wang, Yunfeng Zhou, Dengpeng Chai, Zhirong Shi,Yanfang Wang, and Shengzhong Bao

Production Management of Aluminum Electrolysis at Super Low Voltage . . . . . 419Bin Fang, Junwei Wang, Changlin Li, Dengpeng Chai, Shilin Qiu, Yunfeng Zhou,Qingguo Jiao, and Yanfang Wang

Improvement to Alpsys Instability and Alumina Feeding Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Anne Gosselin, Pierre Marcellin, Claude Gilbert, and Hervé Roustan

Low and High Voltage PFC Slope Coefficient Monitoring DuringPot Start-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432Christine Dubois and Luis Espinoza-Nava

Research and Application of Direct Welding Technology on Super LargeSection Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Xudong Wang, Yingwu Li, and Zhongyuan Li

Latest Developments in GTC Design to Reduce Fluoride Emissions . . . . . . . . . . 451Youssef Joumani, Bassam Hureiki, Jérémy Neveu,and Philippe Martineau

Process and Environmental Aspects of Applying Unshaped Carbon Materialsfor Cell Lining Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Aleksandr V. Proshkin, Vitaly V. Pingin, Viktor Kh. Mann, Aleksey S. Zherdev,Andrey G. Sbitnev, and Yury M. Shtefanyuk

Research on Wet Acid-Free Treatment Technology for SPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Xuemin Liang, Jianxun Zhang, Zhifeng Lu, Zhansheng Liu, and Peipei Liu

Characterisation of Powders-Precondition for Plant Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . 474Peter Hilgraf, Arne Hilck, and Jan Paepcke

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Gas Treatment in the GE Pot Integrated ABART Modules (PIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Anders Sørhuus, Håvard Olsen, Eivind Holmefjord, Roger Theodorsen,and Mikkel Sørum

Instant Monitoring of Aluminum Chemistry in Cells Using a Portable LiquidMetal Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491Sveinn Hinrik Gudmundsson, Birna Björnsdóttir, and Kristjan Leosson

Dissolution Characteristics and Concentration Measurements of Aluminain Cryolite Melts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Luis Bracamonte, Vegard Aulie, Christian Rosenkilde, Kristian Etienne Einarsrud,and Espen Sandnes

On Gaseous Emissions During Alumina Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Sindre Engzelius Gylver, Åste Hegglid Follo, Vegard Aulie, Helene Marie Granlund,Anders Sørhuus, Espen Sandnes, and Kristian Etienne Einarsrud

On the Feasibility of Using Low-Melting Bath to Accommodate Inert Anodesin Aluminium Electrolysis Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Asbjørn Solheim

Electrochemical Reduction and Dissolution of Aluminium in a Thin-LayerRefinery Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Andrey Yasinskiy, Peter Polyakov, Ilya Moiseenko,and Sai Krishna Padamata

On Optimal Control of Al2O3 Concentration in the AluminumReduction Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525Yanfang Zhang, Qiaoyun Liu, Dengpeng Chai, Qingjie Zhao, Yueyong Wang,and Baowei Zhang

Influence of Additives on Alumina Dissolution in SuperheatedCryolite Melts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Jonathan Alarie, László I. Kiss, Sándor Poncsák, Renaud Santerre, Sébastien Guérard,and Jean-François Bilodeau

Part IV Aluminum Reduction Technology Across the Decades: An LMDSymposium Honoring Alton T. Tabereaux and Harald A. Øye

Alton Tabereaux: A Humble Individual Who Dedicates His Lifetimeto Aluminum—An Aluminum Legend of Our Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Xiangwen Wang

Awakening of the Aluminum Industry to PFC Emissions and GlobalWarming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554Alton T. Tabereaux and David S. Wong

Application and Adaptability of MHD Stability Computation for ModernAluminium Reduction Cells at Extreme Conditions of Low ACD . . . . . . . . . . . . 565V. Bojarevics and M. Dupuis

Investigation of Cyclic Process Variations Within Hall–HéroultReduction Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572Jayson Tessier and Samuel Duplessis

In-Line Cell Position and Anode Change Effects on the AluminaDissolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584V. Bojarevics

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History of Computer Control of Aluminum Reduction Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Vinko Potocnik and Michel Reverdy

Balancing the Modern Challenge of Operating AluminiumSmelters—Minimizing Energy Consumption, Minimizing GreenhouseGas Emissions, and Maximizing the Productivity of Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600Barry Welch, Jie Bao, Sergey Akhmetov, Pablo Navarro, Gudrun Saevarsdottir,and Halvor Kvande

Hydro’s New Karmøy Technology Pilot: Start-Up and Early Operation . . . . . . . 608Pierre Reny, Martin Segatz, Haakon Haakonsen, Håvard Gikling, Mona Assadian,Jan Frode Høines, Espen Kvilhaug, Asgeir Bardal, and Erik Solbu

AP12 Low-Energy Technology at ALRO Smelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Marian Cilianu, Bertrand Allano, Ion Mihaescu, Gheorghe Dobra, Claude Ritter,Yves Caratini, and André Augé

New Phase in Upgrade of Søderberg Technology at RUSAL’s Smelters . . . . . . . 630Victor Mann, Victor Buzunov, Vitaly Pingin, Alexey Zherdev, Maxim Kazantsev,Andrey Pinaev, and Yuri Bogdanov

Stepped Collector Bar––Continuous Developments in Low AmperageHall-Héroult Cell to Reduce Voltage Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638Ved Prakash Rai and Vibhav Upadhyay

Biocarbon in the Aluminium Industry: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649Samuel Senanu and Asbjørn Solheim

Forty Years of Trondheim International Course on Process Metallurgyof Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657Michel Reverdy and Vinko Potocnik

Establishing a Chemical Model of the Melt in the Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668Lorentz Petter Lossius and Harald A. Øye

Heating New Anodes Using the Waste Heat of Anode Butts Establishingthe Interface Thermal Contact Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676Marc Dupuis, Henrik Gudbrandsen, and Kristian Etienne Einarsrud

Forty Years of Cathode Block Evolution at EGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690Mustafa Mustafa, Michel Reverdy, and Mohamed Tawfik

Wetting of Carbon Cathodes by Molten Electrolyte and Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . 699Samuel Senanu, Arne Petter Ratvik, Zhaohui Wang, and Tor Grande

Optimising Anode Performance in Albras Potlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Benigno Ramos Pinto Junior, Nilton Freixo Nagem, Valfredo Costa Filho,and Thais Almeida Morais Simoes

Part V Cast Shop Technology

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on British Foundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719Prateek Saxena, Pam Murrell, Tharmalingam Sivarupan, John Patsavellas,Konstantinos Salonitis, and Mark R. Jolly

Effect of Steam on Aluminium Packaging Multilayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727M. Syvertsen, A. Kvithyld, S. Kubowicz, B. Vågenes, and R. Gaarder

Contents xiii

Compaction of Aluminium Foil and Its Effect on Oxidation and RecyclingYield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Alicia Vallejo-Olivares, Harald Philipson, Mertol Gökelma, Hans J. Roven,Trond Furu, Anne Kvithyld, and Gabriella Tranell

Influence of Mg Concentration on the Inhibiting Effect of CO2 on the Rateof Oxidation of Aluminum Alloys 5182 and 6016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742Cathrine Kyung Won Solem, Egil Solberg, Gabriella Tranell, and Ragnhild E. Aune

Mold Design for More Accurate Chemical Composition Analysisof Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751Ghadir Razaz and Torbjörn Carlberg

Automated Chemical Analysis of Liquid Aluminum for Process Control . . . . . . 758Sveinn Hinrik Gudmundsson, Halldor Gudmundsson,and Kristjan Leosson

Characteristic Impurities of Silicon Metal Si-441 as Additive Materialto Produce Aluminium Foundry Alloy A356.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Reggy Zurcher, Rainaldy Harahap, Edi Mugiono, M. Yasir Q. Parapat,and Masrul Ponirin

Molten Aluminium Transfer: Review and Comparison of DifferentTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769Olivier Dion-Martin, Jean-Francois Desmeules, and Robert Dumont

Automated Metal Cleanliness Analyzer (AMCA)—An Alternative Assessmentof Metal Cleanliness in Aluminum Melts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778Hannes Zedel, Robert Fritzsch, Shahid Akhtar, and Ragnhild E. Aune

Overview of the Possibilities and Limitations of the Characterizationof Ceramic Foam Filters for Metal Melt Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785Claudia Voigt, Jana Hubálková, Are Bergin, Robert Fritzsch, Ragnhild Aune,and Christos G. Aneziris

Compression Testing of Ceramic Foam Filters (CFFs) Submergedin Aluminium at Operating Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794Are Bergin, Robert Fritzsch, Shahid Akhtar, Lars Arnberg, and Ragnhild E. Aune

The Effect of Grain Refiner on Aluminium Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803Sarina Bao, Jiawei Yang, Shahid Akhtar, Stig Tjøtta, Ulf Tundal, Tanja Pettersen,and Yanjun Li

Next-Generation Electrical Preheating System for Filter Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810Jochen Schnelle and Markus Byczek

Reduction of Impurity Elements by Applying Electromagnetic Stirringin Fractional Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818Yuichiro Murakami and Naoki Omura

Nature Alu: Manufacturing High Purity Aluminum from the Concept Ideato the Production Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822Jean-Francois Desmeules and Denis Mazerolle

Grain Refinement Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829Rein Vainik, John Courtenay, and Frode Lien

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A Comparison of AA6060 Grain Structures Achieved Using AMG’s TiBAlAdvance™ and Alternative Al-Ti-B Grain Refiners via a 1D UpwardSolidification Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837Matthew Piper, Shahid Akhtar, and Phil Enright

Mechanism of High Grain Refinement Effectiveness on New Grain Refiner“TiBAl Advance” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844Akihiro Minagawa and Matthew Piper

Ultrasonic Melt Treatment in a DC Casting Launder: The Role of MeltProcessing Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850Christopher Beckwith, Tungky Subroto, Koulis Pericleous, Georgi Djambazov,Dmitry G. Eskin, and Iakovos Tzanakis

Residual Stress Prediction in the Casting Process of Automotive PowertrainComponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858S. Kianfar, J. Stroh, N. Bahramian, D. Sediako, A. Lombardi, G. Byczynski, P. Mayr,M. Reid, and A. Paradowska

Coupled Modeling of Misrun, Cold Shut, Air Entrainment, and Porosity forHigh-Pressure Die Casting Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865J. Jakumeit, H. Behnken, R. Laqua, S. Mbewou, M. Fehlbier, J. Gänz, and L. Becker

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Commercial Vehicle WheelThrough the Molten Forged on the A356 Alloy with a Multi-cavityFabrication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871Min Seok Moon, Myeong Han Yoo, Kee Won Kim, Joon Hyuk Song, and Je Ha Oh

Simulation-Based Analysis for Optimization of Casting Process in AA7075 . . . . 878Rafiezadeh Siamak, Pucher Philip, Neubert Steffen, and Ivanov Waldemar

Characterization of Ingots Cast with the APEX™ Casting System . . . . . . . . . . . 886Craig R. Cordill, Bin Zhang, and Gerhard Castro

Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Treatment on the Sump Profile and Microstructureof a Direct-Chill Cast AA6008 Aluminum Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894Tungky Subroto, Gerard S. Bruno Lebon, Dmitry G. Eskin, Ivan Skalicky,Dan Roberts, Iakovos Tzanakis, and Koulis Pericleous

The Influence of the Casting Speed in Horizontal Continuous Castingof Aluminium Alloy EN AW 6082 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900Akin Obali, Kerem Ahmet Dilek, Seracettin Akdi, Deniz Kavrar Ürk,and Mertol Gokelma

The Impact of Casting Conditions on Edge Cracking of AA5182 IngotsDuring Hot Rolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907Samuel Robert Wagstaff

Reducing Gas Shrinkage Porosity in Al–Mg Alloy Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912I. Kostin, A. Sidorov, S. Belyaev, A. Startsev, A. Krokhin, A. Krechetov,and A. A. Iliin

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Evolution of Residual StressesDuring Rapid Solidification of Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918Michail Papanikolaou, Konstantinos Salonitis, and Mark Jolly

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Part VI Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production

Digitalization in the Carbon Area as a Means to Improve Productivity . . . . . . . 931Koulumies Antti, Merlin Paul, Becerra Ana Maria, and Piechowiak Lasse

AMELIOS Suite or the Fives Digital Package for Carbon 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940Christophe Bouché, Xavier Genin, Pierre Mahieu, and Sylvain Georgel

Development and Applications of the Four Points Probe (4PP) ElectricalResistivity Measurements for Anode Process Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951Julien Lauzon-Gauthier and John Secasan

The Readiness and Compatibility of a Modern Anode Handling and CleaningSystem for Industry 4.0 Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957Kevin Williams

Start-Up of a New “Smart and Green” Anode Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965Christophe Bouché, Xavier Genin, Vincent Philippaux, and Jérôme Morfoise

The Steps to Optimize and Implement an Anode Stub Hole CleaningMachine Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976Valérie Langelier, Derek Santangelo, René Provost, Stéphane Caron,and Philippe Noreau

Baking Furnace Optimizations at Aditya to Maintain Consistent Qualityand Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984Suryakanta Nayak and M. Katharbatcha

Anode to Cathode Electrical Current Modelling for Cell Retrofit Applicationof Conductive Nails Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992W. Berends

Managing Anode Performance with a Versatile Reactivity Analysis Method . . . . 1001Lorentz Petter Lossius, Juraj Chmelar, and Viktorija Tomkute

New Partial Repair Technique for Deformed Yoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010Safwat Zayed, Abdul-Mageed Shamroukh, A. M. Omran, W. Y. Aly,and G. T. Abdel-Jaber

Correction to: Compaction of Aluminium Foil and Its Effect on Oxidationand Recycling Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1Alicia Vallejo-Olivares, Harald Philipson, Mertol Gökelma, Hans J. Roven,Trond Furu, Anne Kvithyld, and Gabriella Tranell

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

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About the Editor

Linus Perander is the head of Calcination with Metso:Outotec where he is responsible for the process design andproduct development of Circulating Fluidized Bed calcinersused for alumina production as well as thermal processing of awide range of ores and minerals. Prior to taking up this role,Dr. Perander worked as a senior research engineer, and later asa project manager, at the Light Metals Research Centre (TheUniversity of Auckland, New Zealand), while also attaining hisdoctorate in 2010. He also has a M.Sc. in inorganic chemistryfrom the Åbo Akademi University in Finland.

Dr. Perander has over a decade of industrial experience andmore than 8 years of academic experience prior to this, mainlyfrom the fields of alumina and aluminum production andresearch. Much of Dr. Perander’s work is focused on how thecalcination process influences the alumina properties andquality and what consequences this has when the material isused as a feedstock and scrubbing medium in the aluminumsmelter

Dr. Perander has authored/presented over 40 publications ininternational peer-reviewed journals and industry relevantconference proceedings, including 8 TMS contributions. Hehas been attending and contributing to TMS since 2008 and hasserved as session chair on several occasions and as subjectorganizer for Alumina and Bauxite in 2018. In 2018 he alsoorganized a professional short course on Best Practices inAlumina and Bauxite Processing and Production. Dr. Peranderwas also an associate editor for the Essential Readings in LightMetals: Volume 1 Alumina and Bauxite book project.

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Program Organizers

Alumina and Bauxite

Anne DuncanHatch

Aluminum Alloys, Processing and Characterization

Dimitry Sediako has been a professor and a head of theMechanical Engineering program of the University of BritishColumbia in Kelowna, Canada since 2017 after working for 12years as a senior scientist with the National Research Council ofCanada and Canadian Nuclear Laboratories.

After receiving his Ph.D. in Metallurgical Engineering in 1987,Dr. Sediako’s career covered over 30 years of industrial R&D insteel, aluminum, and magnesium metallurgy. Dr. Sediako workedas a research engineer for a number of foundries and metallurgicalcompanies in Russia, China, Taiwan, and Canada, leading manymajor projects on technological innovations in the industry. Forseveral major breakthroughs in his research, he received severalstate awards internationally, including Belarus, Order of WhiteMagnolia, and Order of Friendship from China and Taiwan.

Over his long career in industry and research, he made a numberof major contributions to steel continuous casting technologies,direct-chill casting of magnesium and aluminum alloys, precisionsand and high pressure die casting of aluminum. Along withextensive pilot-plant research, modeling, and state-of-the-artfitness-for-service testing, Dr. Sediako is extensively utilizing theunique properties of neutrons, allowing direct stress measurementsand in-situ studies of phase evolution in metal parts and components.These studies enable new alloys development for the most chal-lenging applications and technology optimization in metallurgicalmanufacturing. He collaborates extensively with many automotivemanufacturers, both OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, enabling new alloysdevelopment, stress analysis, and technology optimization for themost challenging applications. A specific focus of his research isstress characterization in automotive, aerospace, and marine pow-ertrain components, as well as in-situ studies of solidification, phaseevolution, and high temperature creep in new aluminum and mag-nesium alloys’ development for the transportation industries.

Dr. Sediako is the author of more than 200 peer-reviewedarticles and proprietary reports and is a licensed ProfessionalEngineer. In 2014 he was inducted into the Fellowship of theCanadian Academy of Engineering.

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Aluminum Reduction Technology

Nadia Ahli is the Technology Transfer Contracts manager atEmirates Global Aluminum. She graduated in Chemical Engi-neering from United Arab University (2008) and received aMaster of Business Administration from Canadian UniversityDubai (2011). She joined EGA Technology Development andTransfer in 2008 as a process control engineer. She worked ondeveloping high amperage technologies like DX+, DX+ Ultra, andDX+ Ultra Retrofit Technologies. Nadia delivers commitment toexcellence during Technology Transfer to clients; this wasdemonstrated during the transfer of EGA technologies to twoclients within the last seven years. She led the process team totransfer DX+ Technology to Emirates Aluminum (formerlyknown as EMAL and now part of EGA) in 2013 when starting upand normalizing the world's longest Potline. She was a team leaderfor transferring DX+ Ultra Technology to Aluminum Bahrain in2018–2019 and is currently leading the ALBA Potline 6 amperagecreep project to creep the amperage to 480 kA.

Her expertise encompasses managing reduction cell operation,process control, pot preheat and preparation, training of clients,preparation of technology packages for the client, the developmentof PLC-based pot control system, delivering an electrolysis coursewithin EGA, and optimizing reduction cell technology for bettercurrent efficiency, low specific energy, and low anode effect.

Nadia has contributed to various international conferences suchas TMS (2015 and 2016) and Australasian conference (2013)where she was awarded as best presenter. She was the recipientof the 2016 TMS Young Leaders Professional DevelopmentAward.

Aluminum Reduction Technology Across the Decades: An LMD Symposium HonoringAlton T. Tabereaux and Harald A. Øye

Arne Petter Ratvik is a senior research scientist at SINTEFIndustry, Metal Production and Processing in Trondheim, Norway.He has his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from NTNU(the Norwegian University of Science and Technology) followedby a postdoc period at University of Tennessee, USA, all related tomolten salt chemistry and electrolytic production of light metals.He has industrial research and production management experiencefrom Elkem and Falconbridge (now Glencore) Nikkelverk relatedto pyrometallurgical and aqueous electrochemical processes. Hehas been with SINTEF since 1998, except for a four-year term asHead of Department of Materials Science and Engineering atNTNU. Current research interests are mainly within electrochem-ical production of metals and materials chemistry related to metalprocesses. He has been a project manager of several large projectsco-financed by industry and has co-authored more than 90 papers.He has served TMS as session chair four times, subject chair for theElectrode Technology in 2015, and editor of Light Metals 2017.

xx Program Organizers

Marc Dupuis has been a consultant specializing in the applica-tions of mathematical modeling for the aluminum industry since1994, the year he founded his own consulting company, GeniSimInc. Before that, he graduated with a Ph.D. in chemical engi-neering from Laval University in Quebec City, Canada in 1984and then worked for 10 years as a research engineer for AkanInternational. His main research interests are the development ofmathematical model of the Hall-Heroult cell dealing with thethermoelectric, thermomechanic, electromagnetic, and hydrody-namic aspect of the problem. He was also involved in the designof experimental high amperage cells and the retrofit of manyexisting cell technologies.

Kristian Etienne Einarsrud holds a M.Sc. (2008) in AppliedPhysics and Mathematics from the Norwegian University of Sci-ence and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. He was firstintroduced to aluminum production during his thesis work, whichmotivated him to pursue a Ph.D. in Fluids Engineering, also atNTNU, on CFD modeling of anodic bubble flow (2012). Fol-lowing his Ph.D., Dr. Einarsrud spent two years as a researcher inthe Flow Technology group in SINTEF, followed by two years asan associate professor at the South Trøndelag University College(HiST). Since 2016 he has been an associate professor at theDepartment of Material Science and Engineering at NTNU, wherehe teaches Heat and Mass Transfer, Mechanical Modeling, EnergyMaterials, and Chemical Engineering. Dr. Einarsrud’s mainresearch topics include Computational Fluid Mechanics, ReactiveMultiphase flow and Interface Phenomena, Process Metallurgy,and Electrochemistry. He has published more than 30peer-reviewed papers, is the principal supervisor of 5 Ph.D. stu-dents, and co-supervisor to 4 others. He had also supervised 10 M.Sc. students, and more than 25 B.Sc. candidates. Dr. Einarsrud iscurrently heading the research on fundamentals and modeling atthe Centre for Research-based Innovation in Metal Production(SFI Metal Production) at NTNU.

Dr. Einarsrud has participated actively in TMS since 2011,serving as a session chair and as a member in several committees.He was awarded the 2012 TMS Light Metals Subject Award inAluminum Reduction and the 2019 TMS Young Leaders Pro-fessional Development Award in the Light Metal Division.

Program Organizers xxi

Cast Shop Technology

Samuel R. Wagstaff is currently a partner at Oculatus Consulting,specializing in aluminum processing and product development. Heearned his B.Sc. degree from Cornell University in Mechanicaland Aerospace Engineering in 2013. Samuel then earned a M.Sc.degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology focusing oncharacterizing macrosegregation patterns in large format rollingslabs. He then earned a Sc.D in 2016 also from MIT for his workon engineering convective flows to minimize the appearance ofmacrosegregation. Following his graduate studies, he worked atNovelis in their rolling facility in Sierre, Switzerland in theirautomotive development department, focusing on process refine-ment and product troubleshooting. In 2018 he moved to theNovelis R&D center in Kennesaw, Georgia where he became alead scientist for product and process development. At Oculatus,he works on next-generation technologies for the aluminum sectorand improvements in current processes. His current focus is onimproving the profitability of existing centers via casting processimprovement and recycle-based product development. Samuel isthe author of 16 peer-reviewed articles and inventor of over 25patent applications.

Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production

Derek Santangelo has been involved in the study, design, andconstruction of some of the world’s newest, largest, and mostadvanced aluminum smelter complexes. He is currently the GlobalPractice Lead for Carbon at Hatch’s Centre of Excellence forAluminum, based in Montreal, Canada. He obtained his bache-lor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering at McGill University(2005). Since then he has held roles in management, engineering,construction, and start-ups both nationally and internationally formajor EPCM Consulting firms and participated in the execution ofmajor projects in North America, Europe, the Middle East, andAsia. While his primary area of expertise lies within the carbonarea, Derek has also worked in reduction, potlining, materialhandling, gas treatment, and casting. Derek joined the TMSAluminum Committee in 2019 and was an invited speaker for the2020 Electrode Technology symposium. For 2021 he is theco-author of a paper in addition to serving as the ElectrodeTechnology subject chair.

xxii Program Organizers

Sustainability in the Aluminum Supply Chain: Joint Session

Les Edwards is Vice President of Production Control andTechnical Services at Rain Carbon Inc. and has been with thecompany since 1998. He is responsible for production planningand control at Rain Carbon’s US operations as well as technicalsupport activities for the calcination business unit, which includescustomer technical support, R&D activities, and laboratory oper-ations. Les is a longstanding member of the TMS organization. Hehas served as program organizer of the Electrode Technologysessions at annual TMS meetings and is the leader of the TMSAnode Technology Course. He is a regular presenter at industrytechnical conferences and has authored or co-authored over 30technical papers and holds 6 patents. Prior to joining Rain Carbon,Les spent 11 years in the Australian aluminum industry in apredominantly R&D role. He has a B.Sc. degree from theUniversity of Western Australia and an MBA from TulaneUniversity in New Orleans. He currently lives in Houston, Texas.

Program Organizers xxiii

Aluminum Committee 2020–2022

Executive Committee 2020–2021

ChairpersonAlan David Tomsett, Rio Tinto Pacific Operations, Queensland, AustraliaVice ChairpersonLinus Perander, Outotec Norway AS, Oslo, NorwayPast ChairpersonCorleen Chesonis, Metal Quality Solutions LLC, Pennsylvania, USASecretaryStephan Broek, Hatch Ltd, Ontario, CanadaJOM AdvisorDavid Sydney Wong, University of Auckland, Queensland, AustraliaLight Metals Division ChairEric Nyberg, Tungsten Heavy Powder & Parts, Wyoming, USA

Members-at-Large Through 2021

Les Edwards, Rain Carbon Inc, Louisiana, USAKristian Etienne Einarsrud, Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Trondheim,NorwayJohn Griffin, ACT LLC, Pennsylvania, USADerek Santangelo, Hatch, Quebec, Canada

Members-at-Large Through 2022

Martin Iraizoz, Parque Industrial Pesado, Puerto Madryn, ArgentinaAnne Kvithyld, SINTEF, Trondheim, NorwayJulien Lauzon-Gauthier, Alcoa Corporation, Quebec, CanadaRay Peterson, Real Alloy, Tennessee, USAEtienne Tremblay, STAS, Quebec, CanadaEdward McRae Williams, Arconic, Pennsylvania, USA

xxv