The Impact Of Genetic Differences On Growth Performance And Immunocompetence Of Broiler Chicken...

Journal of Sebha Univ. (Pure and Applied Sc.) Vol. 9 -No. 3 (2010)

Chief Editor

Prof. Dr. Ali Mohammed Burhana

Editor manager Editorial Advisor

Dr. Ahmead Outhman Zedan Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ali Aljanga

Editorial Board

Prof. Dr. Abdoussalm M. Almethnani

Dr. Mohammed Ibrahim Aloua

Dr. Ahmed Almabruk Alsadik

Dr. Edris Abdoulhadi Ali

Journal of Sebha University P.O.Box 18758,Sebha – Libya Tel: (218) 71-626012 ; 629201

Fax: (218) 54-61530 , (218) 71-629202 E-mail: [email protected]

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CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAG.

Articles In Arabic: (1) Physicochemical And Biological Studies For Some Drinking

Water Sample At N'djamena City, Chad. ------------------------------ 5 " Massoud A. Alragig , Ahmed Hassan "

(2) Investigation The Effect Of Sea Water On The Two Types Of Portland Cement At The Curing Time ------------------------------ 13

"Elaf Mohmud Mahdi , Emhemmad Abdu-Alrahman Albach" (3) Evaluation of various types of local manufactured emitters used

in drip irrigation systems in Libya-------------------------------------- 24 " Ali Utmam Alghsni"

(4) Nutritive and sensory evaluation of some complimentary blends composed for infants ------------------------------------------------------- 31

" Abdelmohsen S. Sabah, Abdulnabi A. Abushita, Ali M. Elgerbi, Nadey A. Aneare "

Articles In English: (1) The Impact Of Genetic Differences On Growth Performance

And Immunocompetence Of Broiler Chicken Strains Under Hot Ambient Temperatures -------------------------------------- 5

" S.A. El-Safty, M.M. Fathi, A. Galal, S.S. Al-Rishan" (2) Protective Effect Of Curcumin On Acrylamide Induced

Hepatorenal Toxicity In Rats -------------------------------------------- 25 " Kadry A. Elbakry , El-Gendy , M,. and Zedan E "

(3) Agronomic Performance Of Some Safflower Varieties SownUnder Different Plant Densities In Sandy Soil ------------------------- 32

" E. A. Ali " (4) Microbiological Examination Of Cereal And

Fig Samples From Libya --------------------------------------------------- 39 " Jamal I. Elzwai "

(5) Testing Independence In Contingency Tables Using Graphical Display ---------------------------------------------------- 49

" Raid S.H. AL-Banna " (6) Waste Form Performance For Immobilization Of Secondary

Radioactive Solid Wastes: Compressive Strength And WaterImmersion ---------------------------------------------------------------- 64

" Maher. M. Abd El Aziz " (7) Study Of Effect Of Loop Antenna Geometrical Configuration

On Its Characteristics ------------------------------------------------------ 71 " M.M. Abulaweenat , Rajab Y. S. Mohamed "

------------------- Journal of Sebha University-(Pure and Applied Sciences)-Vol.9 No.3 (2010) ------------------ 5

The Impact Of Genetic Differences On Growth Performance And Immunocompetence Of Broiler Chicken Strains

Under Hot Ambient Temperatures S.A. El-Safty1, M.M. Fathi2, A. Galal3, S.S. Al-Rishan4

Abstract An experiment was performed to compare the growth performance and immunological

parameters of broiler strains under high ambient temperatures (33±1ºC). Three different strains of broiler chicks (125 Arbor Acres, 125 Hubbard and 125 Ross) were reared under similar managerial, environmental and hygienic conditions during the summer season of Egypt. Birds were weekly weighed. Also, the feed consumption and conversion were determined on a weekly basis. Twenty birds from each strain were randomly assigned to determine cell mediated response, humoral immunity and relative weight of lymphoid organs. Phagocytic ability was determined using the carbon clearance assay. The results revealed that the Ross broiler chicks had significantly (P<0.05) heavier body weight than those of the Hubbard ones, and the Arbor Acres broiler chicks were intermediate. With respect to cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response, the Hubbard strain had a greater dermal swelling response to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) followed by the Ross strain when compared to the Arbor Acres strain at 72 h post-injection. In conclusion, the current study suggests that although the Ross chicks didn't rank as a superior strain for all immunological parameters studied, they have heavier body weight compared to the other strains. Likewise, the Ross strain recorded a lower mortality rate and a better phagocytic index. The Hubbard strain was a hyper responder to PHA-P and the Arbor Acres strain had the highest edible meat yield. Key words; broiler strains, productive parameters, immunocompetence measurements.

Introduction Genetic selection of poultry for superior

growth rate has arguably been the primary method for increasing productivity. Selection for high production potential in poultry, however, is not without negative consequences. Many studies have been shown that such selection may be coincidentally accompanied by decreased resistance to diseases or changes in immunological response (Qureshi and Havenstein, 1994; Roa et al., 1999; Yunis et al., 2000; Li et al., 2001; Fathi et al., 2003; Huff et al., 2005). Cheema et al. (2003) found that genetic selection for

improved broiler performance resulted in decreased antibody response, increased cell-mediated as well as inflammatory response in strains that have been selected for rapid growth. It is well established that commercial broiler lines differ in several baseline immune function parameters (Qureshi and Miller, 1991). While genetic make up of the birds has been clearly shown to have a significant impact on disease resistance and/or susceptibility (Lakshman et al., 1997; Ruff and Bacon, 1984; Lamont et al., 1987).

1 Animal Production Dept., Faculty of Agric., Sebha Univ. 2,3,4 Poultry Production Dept., Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams Univ.

S.A. El-Safty and Others ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Limited information is available that relates to the effects of particular genes, gene loci or genetic markers with particular immune response parameters in commercial broiler lines (Yonash et al., 2001; Fathi et al., 2003). Immune responsiveness is hypothesized to be important in maintaining performance under challenging environmental conditions. Genetic selection generally takes place in high-hygiene environments, but commercial production may be in contrasting hygiene environments (Ye et al., 2006). Differences between selection environments and production environments, including ambient temperature, can affect phenotypic expression of traits. The phagocytic potential of chicken macrophages is decreased during heat exposure (Miller and Qureshi, 1992). Guo et al. (1998) reported that high temperature resulted in restraint of the development of immune organs of broilers.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) is considered a good in vivo measure of T-lymphocyte function (Qureshi et al.,1997). Also, primary and secondary lymphoid organs provide the site for maturation of lymphocytes, and for the interaction between lymphocytes and antigens. The bursa, thymus and spleen are the important lymphoid organs involved in the development and differentiation of T or B

lymphocytes (Eerola et al., 1987; Toivanen et al., 1987). The growth and development of the bursa of Fabricius was not negatively affected with the genetic selection practices related to improved body weight (Cheema et al., 2007). Moreover, Zhang et al., (2006) reported a clear association between non-MHC genes and changes in the size of lymphoid organs by using highly inbred parental and recombinant congenic chicken lines.

Genetic resistance of chickens can be improved through selection for immunocompetence. Consequently, several lines of chicken have been developed for humoral or cellular immune response. Introducing some major genes and/or developing lines against specific antigens is the most popular and frequent approach of selection to improve the immune response under different environmental conditions and in turn to increase disease resistance (Fathi et al., 2008). However, selection based on a single antibody response to one antigen does not necessarily reflect the overall humoral response as other genes, such as those of the major histocomapatibility complex have a great influence (Kaufman, 2008). Therefore, the goal of the current study was to evaluate the immunocompetence and productive traits of some broiler chicken strains during the summer season of Egypt.

Materials And Methods

Experimental protocol Genetic Flock and Husbandry Three broiler strains of chicks

(Hubbard, Ross, Arbor Acres) obtained from a commercial hatchery were used in the current experiment. A total of 375 one day old unsexed chicks (125 each) were raised under similar environmental and

hygienic conditions at the University of Ain Shams Poultry Breeding Farm. Upon arrival, the chicks of each strain were spray paint identified on their wing bows. They were brooded in electrical collective brooding batteries up to 2 weeks of age. Thereafter, 60 chicks (20 each) were randomly taken and transferred to

--------------------------------------------------------- The Impact Of Genetic Differences On Growth Performance

-------------------- Journal of Sebha University-(Pure and Applied Sciences)-Vol.9 No.3 (2010) ------------------- 7

individual cages. The remaining chicks were raised in floor pens. Fresh straw was used as a bedding material over a concrete floor. The feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Standard industry diets were utilized throughout the experiment, including starter (0-21) and finisher (21-42). The indoor high and low ambient temperatures recorded during the experimental period were 33±1 and 28±1°C, respectively. The experiment was undertaken following the guidelines of Animal Ethics Committee of Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt.

Measurements and Observations Productive Performance and Carcass

Characteristics Weekly live body weight, feed intake

and feed conversion ratio were determined starting from 2 weeks of age. Feed intake was calculated by the difference of supplied feed and feed left in each feeder. Feed conversion ratio was then weekly calculated from the ratio between total feed intake and weight gain for each bird within each strain. Rectal temperature was measured at 6 weeks of age by inserting the rode of an electronic thermometer to approximate 3 cm into the cloaca. Mortality percentages were calculated by dividing the number of birds that died throughout the whole period by the initial number of birds placed and multiplying by 100.

At the end of the experiment (6-week old), twenty chicks from each strain were randomly assigned for carcass evaluation. All birds were deprived of feed approximately 6 h before being euthanized. They were individually weighed and killed by severing the carotid artery and jugular veins. Then they were reweighed after bleeding out for 3 min to calculate blood weight by difference. Feathers were plucked using a rotary drum mechanical

picker for 30 s after scalding at 60°C for approximately 2 min. The birds were then processed by removing the head, shanks and feet. The birds were eviscerated by removing the viscera without disturbing the fat pad, thereafter. The giblets (gizzard, liver and heart) were dissected from the viscera and the gizzard was cut open and rinsed of its contents. The carcass, thigh, drumstick and breast muscles (pectoralis minor and pectoralis major) were weighed. Abdominal fat, consisting of adipose tissues surrounding the proventriculus and gizzard lying against the inside abdominal wall and that located around the cloaca was collected and weighed. Each portion was expressed as a proportion of the live body weight.

Immunocompetence Measurements Phytohemagglutinin Injection (In

vivo Cell-mediated Immunity Assay) Response induced in vivo by mitogen

was evaluated by injection of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) into the toe web between the second and the third digits of male chicks. Twenty chicks from each strain at 4 weeks of age were used. Each chick was intradermally injected in the toe web of the left foot with 100 µg PHA-P (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO 63178) in 0.1 ml of sterile saline. The resultant swelling was measured with a constant tension caliper before injection and at 24, 48 and 72 h after PHA-P injection. The toe-web swelling was calculated as the difference between the thickness of the toe web before and after injection.

Carbon Clearance (Mononuclear Phagocytic System Function Assay)

The phagocytic ability of chicks was determined by the carbon clearance assay (CCA) based on the method of Cheng and Lamont (1988) and modified by Fathi et al. (2003). Briefly, the supernatant fraction of


8 -------------------- Journal of Sebha University-(Pure and Applied Sciences)-Vol.9 No.3 (2010) -------------------

black India ink (Design/Hggins, 4415, Sanford, Bellwood, Illinios 60104) was obtained through centrifugation (5000 rpm for 30 min). At 5 weeks of age, 5 chicks from each strain were injected with ink at the rate of 1 ml/kg body weight into the left wing vein. The blood samples at 0, 3 and 10 min after ink-injection were taken from the opposite wing and immediately transferred into 2 ml of 1% sodium citrate. The samples were then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 4 min. The relative amount of carbon particles remaining in the supernatant was measured spectrophotometerically at a wavelength of 640 nm using samples at 0 min as the zero value.

Antibody Response against Sheep Red Blood Cells

Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as T-dependent antigens to quantify the antibody response. Twenty chicks from each strain were injected intramuscularly with SRBC (3% suspension in PBS, 1 ml/bird) at 3 weeks of age followed by a booster injection of SRBC suspension at 5 weeks (after 14 days of the first injection). Blood samples were collected at 7 and 14 days after the first injection and again at 7 and 14 days post booster. The plasma from each sample was collected; heat inactivated at 56°C for 30 min and then analyzed for total, mercaptoethanol-sensitive (MES) and mercaptoethanol-resistant IgG anti-SRBC antibodies as previously described (Yamamoto and Glick, 1982). Briefly, 50 µL of plasma was added in an equal amount of PBS in the wells of the first column of a 96-well V-shaped bottom plate, and the solution was incubated for 30 min at 37°C. A serial dilution was then made (1:2) and 50 µL of 2% SRBC suspension was added to each well. Total antibody titers were then read after 30 min of incubation at 37°C. The well

immediately preceding a well with a distinct SRBC button was considered as the endpoint titer for agglutination. For MES (IgM) response, 50 µL of 0.01 M-mercaptoethanol in PBS was used instead of PBS alone, followed by the aforementioned procedure. The difference between the total and the IgG response was considered to be equal to the IgM antibody level.

Heterophils/Lymphocytes ratio At 6 weeks of age, a blood sample was

obtained from each bird for heterophil (H) and lymphocyte (L) enumeration based on the procedures of Gross and Siegel (1983). Briefly, one drop of blood was smeared on each glass slide. After drying, the smears were stained using Wright’s stain. Three hundred leukocytes, including granular (heterophils) and nongranular (lymphocytes) ones, were counted at x40 (oil immersion lens) and the H/L ratio was calculated.

Hematological Parameters At 6 weeks of age and after completion

of PHA-P assay, a 2.0 ml blood sample was withdrawn from the jugular vein. A portion of the blood was used for hematocrit determination using heparinized capillary tubes and microhematocrit centrifuge. The hematocrit figures were measured after spinning microhematocrit at 12000 rpm for 12 min. The plasma harvested from the blood samples was stored at –20°C for latter analysis. The frozen plasma was thaw prior to analysis. Plasma total protein and albumen were determined by enzymatic methods using available commercial kits (Stanbio Laboratory, 1261 North Main St. Boerne, Texas 78006, USA). The globulin was calculated as the difference between the total protein and albumen.

Relative Lymphoid Organs Weight


-------------------- Journal of Sebha University-(Pure and Applied Sciences)-Vol.9 No.3 (2010) ------------------- 9

After completion of PHA-P assay, the same chicks were weighed and killed. The bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus (all lobes from left side of the neck) were removed and weighed to the nearest milligram. The relative weights of lymphoid organs were compared in the different strains.

Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to a one-way

analysis of variance with strain effect using

the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS User's Guide, (2001). When significant differences among means were found, means were separated using Duncan's multiple range tests. Correlation coefficients were calculated using PROC CORR to analyze the relationships among some quantitative parameters and the immunocompetence measurements.

Results And Discussion

Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics

Data summarized in Table 1 showed that the Ross broiler chicks had significantly heavier body weight at 2 weeks of age than those of the Arbor Acres ones. While, the Hubbard broiler chicks were intermediate. On the other hand, the body weight of broiler chicks at 3, 4 and 5 weeks of age did not significantly affect by strain. However, at marketing age (6 weeks), the Ross chicks had significantly heavier body weight compared to Hubbard ones. The Arbor Acres broiler chicks were intermediated. Generally, no significant difference was observed among strains in weight gain at all studied ages.

With respect to feed consumption, it could be noticed that both Ross and Arbor Acres broiler strains were consumed higher cumulative feed compared to the Hubbard one. However, there was no significant difference among strains for feed conversion ratio determined from 2 to 6 weeks of age, although the Arbor Acres and Ross broiler chicks had significantly lower feed conversion ratio for the period from 3 to 4 weeks of age compared to the Hubbard ones. While, from 5 to 6 weeks of age, the Hubbard strain had significantly

lower feed conversion ratio compared to the Ross one.

Data presented in Table 2 showed that there was no significant difference among strains for dressing percentage. The highest percentage for edible meat parts was recorded to the Arbor Acres strain compared to the other strains. Moreover, these differences were highly significant. Also, it could be observed that the Arbor Acres strain had significantly higher heart, liver and gizzard percentages and, in turn, giblets compared to the remaining strains. With respect to relative thoracic muscles weight, it could be observed that the Arbor Acres strain had significantly higher percentage for both major and minor pectorals compared to the other strains. Similar trend was noticed for the Ross strain when compared with the Hubbard one. Concerning, the percentage of thigh and drumstick parts, there was no significant difference between the Hubbard and the Ross broiler chicks. However, the Arbor Acres strain had significantly higher relative thigh and drumstick weight compared to the other strains. The Ross broiler chicks had significantly lower abdominal fat percentage compared to both Arbor Acres and Hubbard broiler chicks. Taken the data of carcass dissection


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together, it could be indicated that the Arbor Acres strain has significantly higher proportion of fillet and leg quarter compared to the remaining strains. This is may be resulting from higher proportion in

the area of wing and saddle associated with Hubbard and Ross strains. The last observation is in agreement with the report of Deif et al. (2007).

Table 1. Growth performance and feed consumption traits (Mean ± SE) of Arbor Acers, Hubbard and Ross

chicken strains. Age Strain (wk) Arbor Acres Hubbard Ross Prob. ________________Body weight, g_________________ 2 453.7b±8.80 472.3ab±9.94 493.2a±8.50 0.01 3 838.9±17.76 838.9±17.77 868.3±16.49 NS 4 1310.2±24.15 1285.2±23.49 1349.0±24.27 NS 5 1793.4±40.19 1759.1±34.25 1832.4±38.67 NS 6 2088.3ab±45.74 2045.4b±44.41 2149.0a±49.30 0.05 ________________Body weight gain, g____________ 2-3 385.2±11.66 366.6±19.90 375.2±10.21 NS 3-4 471.4±12.14 446.4±23.51 480.6±14.58 NS 4-5 483.2±21.79 470.2±21.09 483.4±21.11 NS 5-6 307.2±20.72 286.4±24.89 316.6±21.60 NS Overall 2-6 1634.6±41.70 1574.1±39.70 1655.8±16.24 NS ___________________Feed consumption, g___________ 2-3 596.70±18.83 577.89±12.87 590.32±19.81 NS 3-4 781.90±15.50 764.65±16.71 768.16±21.39 NS 4-5 959.75±23.46 933.53±29.56 964.32±26.14 NS 5-6 784.35±28.93 752.44±29.73 812.42±25.50 NS Overall 2-6 3122.70±57.46 3038.05±64.71 3135.21±71.76 NS ___________________Feed conversion ratio_____________ 2-3 1.56±0.05 1.63±0.02 1.59±0.06 NS 3-4 1.67b±0.03 1.80a±0.05 1.61b±0.04 0.02 4-5 2.03±0.06 2.03±0.07 2.03±0.06 NS 5-6 2.76ab±0.17 2.69b±0.17 2.95a±0.09 0.05 Overall 2-6 1.92±0.03 1.94±0.03 1.90±0.03 NS abMeans within a row with no common superscript differ significantly. Table 2. Carcass characteristics (Mean ± SE) of different broiler strains.

Strain Trait Arbor Acres Hubbard Ross Prob. Dressing carcass, % 70.06±0.48 70.33±0.52 70.41±0.89 NS Heart, % 0.34a±0.01 0.29b±0.02 0.26b±0.02 0.01 Liver, % 1.51a±0.05 1.21b±0.08 1.14c±0.09 0.01 Gizzard, % 1.27a±0.05 0.96b±0.06 0.87c±0.05 0.01 Giblets, % 3.13a±0.12 2.48b±0.11 2.23c±0.10 0.01 Pectorals major, % 13.23a±0.40 9.54c±0.57 10.55b±0.76 0.001 Pectorals minor, % 3.57a±0.18 2.51c±0.13 2.66b±0.17 0.001 Breast muscle, % 16.79a±0.54 12.06c±0.74 13.21b±0.90 0.001 Thigh, % 6.10a±0.24 4.62b±0.32 4.19b±0.27 0.001 Drumstick, % 5.07a±0.12 3.66b±0.22 3.52b±3.52 0.001 Abdominal fat, % 1.11a±0.04 1.00ab±0.05 0.83b±0.02 0.01 abcMeans within a row with no common superscript differ significantly. Giblets = heart + liver + gizzard Breast muscles = pectorals major + pectorals minor

------------------ Journal of Sebha University-(Pure and Applied Sciences)-Vol.9 No.3 (2010) ------------------- 11

Relative Lymphoid Organs Weight The data in Table 3 showed that the

Arbor Acres broiler chicks had significantly higher relative bursa weight compared to the other strains. However, there was no significant difference between the Hubbard and the Ross strains. The spleen performs a number of non-immunological functions including filtration of the blood stream (Miller et al., 1991). The present results indicated that the relative weight of spleen in the Arbor Acres strain was significantly higher than that of the Ross one. However, the Hubbard broiler chicks were intermediated. Numerous studies have pointed out the relationship between immunocompetence and spleen size. Ubosi et al. (1985) reported that the size of the spleen of avian species may be influenced by genotype. The spleen provides microenvironment, which is needed for antigens presentation and concentrating them in the white pulps where T and B cell interactions, lead to the formation of antibodies (White et al., 1975; Williams et al., 1991). In the absence of well developed lymph node system in the chicken, the spleen is the major organ involved in immune response to some antigens (White et al., 1975).

With respect to relative thymus weight, the results revealed that the Arbor Acres and the Hubbard strains had significantly higher relative thymus weight compared to

Ross one. The immunological function of thymus is to provide a specific environmental essential for T-cells differentiation, which essential for cell-mediated immunity and modulation of immune response (Owen, 1977). Generally, it could be noticed that the Arbor Acres broiler chicks had significantly higher relative lymphoid organs weight followed by the Hubbard strain compared to the Ross one. Although, the Hubbard and the Ross strains had a higher immune response compared to the Arbor Acres ones, they didn't have equivalent productive performance. This suggests that the size of lymphoid organs weight may not associated with higher immune response of chickens (Fathi et al., 2003; Fathi et al., 2008). Also, Bursa of Fabricius size may not necessarily be associated with antibody titers. Yamamoto and Glick (1982) found that a chicken line selected for smaller bursa size had higher total and 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody titers in the secondary response compared to the counterparts in the line selected for larger bursa size. While, Ubosi et al. (1985) reported that in ninth generation, high antibody titer had smaller thymus and larger bursa than low antibody titer, relative to body weight, but there were no differences in relative spleen weight

Table 3. Relative lymphoid organs weight of Arbor Acers, Hubbard and Ross chicken strains.

strain Trait Arbor Acres Hubbard Ross Prob. Bursa, g 2.47a±0.31 1.73b±0.21 1.64b±0.24 0.01 Bursa, % 0.12a±0.02 0.08b±0.01 0.08b±0.01 0.01 Spleen, g 1.87a±0.19 1.53ab±0.17 1.36b±0.09 0.01 Spleen, % 0.09a±0.01 0.07ab±0.02 0.06b±0.02 0.01 Thymus, g 3.16a±0.48 2.99ab±0.26 2.07b±0.20 0.01 Thymus, % 0.15a±0.01 0.15a±0.01 0.10b±0.01 0.01

abMeans within a row with no common superscript differ significantly.



Immunocompetence Measurements Cell-mediated Immunity

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) of chickens has been proved to be under the influence of genetic origin (Lamont and Smyth, 1984). Data presented in Figure 1 showed that the CMI response was significantly higher in the Hubbard and the Ross strains at 24 h PHA-P post-injection as compared to the Arbor Acres one. While, there was no significant difference among strains at 48 h. Moreover, at 72 h post-injection, the toe-web swelling of the Hubbard broiler chicks was significantly higher than those of the Arbor Acres ones however, the Ross strain was intermediate. The difference among strains for response to PHA-P injection could be attributed to the lymphoblastogenic response to PHA-P are presumed to be polygenic (Morrow and Abplanalp, 1981). Also, T-cell mediated immune response of chicken has significantly variation among birds of different genetic lineage (Lamont and Smyth, 1984; Cheng and Lamont, 1988).

Successful divergent selection of chickens for various T-cell functions suggests that many of these functions are highly heritable, and are often negatively correlated with body weight (Yamamoto and Okada, 1990; Afraz et al., 1993). There was a good indication that cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in controlling and clearing intracellular bacteria (Kogut et al., 1994, 1995). The body weight selection may have resulted in changes in T lymphocytes subpopulation, and therefore may have affected disease resistance (Li et al., 2000). The results reported herein pointed out that the Hubbard strain has a better immune response followed by the Ross one when compared with the Arbor Acres strain. Also, selection on cellular responsiveness might add to enhancement of resistance to coccidiosis (Parmentier et al., 2001). Thereby, the Hubbard and the Ross chicks may be more resistant to coccidiosis than those of the Arbor Acres counterparts.

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.50

24 48 72

Time (hour)

PH

A-P

med

iate

d sw

ellin

g

Arbor Acres

Hubbard

Ross

Figure 1. Lymphoblastogenic response to PHA-P over time by different broiler strains.

Phagocytic Index

The defensive functions of phagocytosis come into effect immediately upon the

invasion by the foreign materials, whereas the T cells need time to be stimulated and proliferate before they respond to the


-------------------- Journal of Sebha University-(Pure and Applied Sciences)-Vol.9 No.3 (2010) ----------------- 13

invasion. The phagocytic activity was measured by injection of India ink into the birds of the three strains and comparing their ability to clear the injected carbon particles from the blood circulation over a period of time. This was accomplished by obtaining optical density of the plasma samples collected at zero and after 3 and 10 min of ink injection. An increase in the percentage of optical density (OD) value would be indicative of more carbon present in the sample at the time of quantification. Results illustrated in Figure 2 revealed that the Ross broiler chicks had significantly lower level of carbon clearance index as

compared to the Arbor Acres ones. The Hubbard strain was intermediate. Cheng and Lamont (1988) suggested that phagocytosis may be under the influence of B complex. Furthermore, the chicken macrophage phagocytic activity is modulated by the genetic make up of the birds (Qureshi et al., 1989). Also, Qureshi and Miller (1991) reported that the commercial broiler chicken lines also show significant variability in several macrophage function such as phagocytosis, bacterial uptake and killing, and cytokine (such as tumor necrosis factor) production.

11.11

6.68

4.56

2.773.56

2.34

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

T3 T10

Time (min.)

Car

bon

Cle

aran

ce

Arbor Acres

Hubbard

Ross

Figure 2. Carbon clearance assay (Phagocytic index) 3 and 10 min. post- injection

of broiler chicken strains. Antibody Response

The total, IgG and IgM antibody response against SRBC for various broiler strains are summarized in Table 4. The Hubbard broiler chicks had significantly higher total antibody titer at 7 days post primary injection compared to the remaining strains. Similar result was noticed for the Ross broiler chicks when compared to the Arbor Acres ones. At 14 days post primary injection, it could be observed that both Hubbard and Ross broiler chicks had significantly higher total

antibody titer compared to the Arbor Acres ones. With respect to secondary immune response, the results revealed that both Arbor Acres and Ross broiler chicks had significantly higher total antibody titer at 7 and 14 days post secondary injection compared to the Hubbard ones. Gross et al. (1980) and Gross and Siegel (1983) found that the birds associated with higher antibody production exhibit more resistant to parasites and viruses, but not bacteria, than those having low antibody production. Likewise, Parmentier et al. (1996) reported



that a line of chickens selected for high humoral response to SRBC antigen responded better to vaccination with viral antigens than a line selected in the opposite direction.

In terms of IgG antibody titer, it could be observed that both Hubbard and Ross broiler chicks produced significantly higher IgG antibody at 7 days post primary injection compared to the Arbor Acres ones. At 14 days post primary injection, the Ross broiler chicks had significantly higher IgG titer compared to the Arbor Acres and the Hubbard ones. With respect to secondary response, it could be noticed that both Hubbard and Ross broiler chicks had significantly higher IgG titer at 7 days post secondary injection compared to the Arbor Ares ones. At 14 days post secondary injection, the Hubbard broiler chicks had significantly higher IgG titer compared to Arbor Acres ones. The Ross strain was intermediate. Cheema et al. (2007) indicated that selection for increased growth rate in commercial turkeys has decreased the IgG antibody response against SRBC. In this concern, Tamaki (1981) found that chicken lines selected for a high serum IgG level were more susceptible to Marek’s disease than their low IgG counterparts. Likewise, Okada and Yamamoto (1987) demonstrated that the high IgG line was associated with higher incidence and mortality to Marek’s disease, high antibody responses to SRBC and lipopolyscharides.

Concerning IgM antibody titer, the Hubbard strain had significantly higher titer at 7 days post primary injection compared to the remaining strains. However, there was no significant difference between the Arbor Acres and the Ross strains. At 14 days post primary injection, the Hubbard broiler chicks had

significantly higher figure compared to the Arbor Acres broiler ones. The Ross broiler strain was intermediate. Regarding secondary response, the Arbor Acres strain had significantly higher titer at 7 days post secondary injection compared to the Hubbard ones. The Ross broiler chicks were intermediate. At 14 days post secondary injection, the same trend was clearly observed. Heterophils/Lymphocytes Ratio

Table 5 shows the effect of strain on heterophils, lymphocytes and H/L ratio. It could be seen that the Ross broiler chicks had significantly lower heterophils percentage compared to the Arbor Acres and the Hubbard broiler ones. Opposite trend was noticed for lymphocytes percentage, where, the Ross broiler chicks had significantly higher lymphocytes percentage compared to other strains. Heterophils increase and lymphocytes decrease when are stressed, so that the ratio between them is an index of response to a stressors (Siegel, 1995). There is a genetic component to heterophils and lymphocyte responses to stressors (Gross and Siegel, 1985) and their ratio has been used as a selection criterion for heat resistance in chickens (Al-Murrani et al., 1997). Heterophils have been reported to phagocytosis and digest Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, and digest Escherichia coil, Bacillus megaterium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Gross and Siegel (1985) suggested that genetic variation may exist in the immunocompetence of heterophils.The Ross broiler chicks had significantly lower H/L ratio compared to the remaining strains. The last result indicated that the Ross broiler chicks were less stressful compared to the others under the current ambient temperature. The H/L ratio is a recognized measure of stress in birds (Davison et al., 1983; Gross and



Siegel, 1983; Maxwell, 1993; Al-Murrani et al., 1997) that has become a valuable tool in stress research especially when combined the convenience and repeatability of automated blood cell count (Post et al., 2003). The H/L ratio has been suggested selection criterion for general stress resistance in broiler chickens by Al-Murrani et al. (1997), who showed that light-bodied Iraqi fowl had significantly lower H/L ratios compared with a heavy Iraqi broiler line. The broiler line was a mixed-sex population with only 10% males, and the male population had significantly higher H/L ratios compared with females, suggesting that the additional stress of higher body weight in males accounted for the increase in H/L ratio (Al-Murrani et al., 1997). Hematological Parameters

Results presented in Table 6 showed that both the Arbor Acres and the Hubbard broiler chicks had significantly higher (P < 0.05) hematocrit level compared to that of the Ross ones. Selection for high

hematocrit was associated with an increased incidence of ascites, whereas mortality from causes other than ascites was greater when selection was for lower hematocrit (Yang et al., 1999). The Ross strain had significantly lower plasma total protein, albumen and globulin levels compared to both Arbor Acres and Hubbard ones. Although, the Ross chicks had lowest level of globulin, they exhibited lower mortality and higher body weight. The last result confirmed that the relationship between plasma globulin and survival rate is not clear and needs more investigations. Improved disease resistance may be achieved without challenging animals with disease agents. Selection on the basis of serum immunoglobulin isotypes, which represents the response to a wide variety of unknown antigens, may be a useful tool in this regard (Sarker et al., 1999). Regarding the rectal temperature trait, there was no significant difference among the strains.

Table 4. Total, IgG and IgM anti-SRBC antibody titer of commercial broiler strains.

Day-PPI Day-PSI Strain 7 14 7 14

______________Total anti-SRBC antibody titer_____________ Arbor Acres 2.70c±0.40 1.00b±0.26 8.40a±0.22 6.60a±0.16 Hubbard 4.78a±0.40 2.50a±0.50 7.70b±0.50 5.67b±0.62 Ross 3.20b±0.65 2.10a±0.41 8.30a±0.30 6.80a±0.51 Prob. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 _______________________IgG anti-SRBC antibody titer_______________ Arbor Acres 0.20b±0.13 0.50b±0.17 3.80b±0.39 2.10b±0.23 Hubbard 0.56a±0.24 0.40b±0.16 4.20a±0.51 3.11a±0.42 Ross 0.60a±0.16 0.80a±0.20 4.10a±0.43 2.80ab±0.33 Prob. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 _______________________IgM anti-SRBC antibody titer_______________ Arbor Acres 2.50b±0.42 0.50b±0.16 4.60a±0.34 4.50 a ±0.27 Hubbard 4.22a±0.32 2.10a±0.50 3.50b±0.37 2.56b±0.78 Ross 2.60b±0.64 1.30ab±0.42 4.20ab±0.33 4.00ab±0.54 Prob. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

abMeans within a row with no common superscript differ significantly. PPI = post primary SRBC-injection PSI = post secondary SRBC-injection



Table 5. Heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L) and H/L ratio of Arbor Acres, Hubbard and Ross broiler chicks. Trait Strain Heterophils (H) Lymphocytes (L) H/L ratio Arbor Acres 30.17a±0.54 69.83 b±1.54 0.44 a±0.03 Hubbard 30.72 a±0.87 69.28 b±0.87 0.45 a±0.02 Ross 24.61b±0.60 75.39 a±0.61 0.33 b±0.04 Prob. 0.01 0.01 0.01

abMeans within a row with no common superscript differ significantly. Table 6. Blood parameters and rectal temperature at 6 weeks of age for Arbor Acers, Hubbard and Ross

chicken strains. strain Trait Arbor Acres Hubbard Ross Prob. Hematocrit level 30.43a±0.85 30.73a±0.74 29.28b±0.77 0.05 Total protein, g/dl 2.68b±0.09 3.04a±0.12 1.50c±0.10 0.001 Albumen, g/dl 1.20b±0.08 1.78a±0.10 0.56c±0.08 0.001 Globulin, g/dl 1.47b±0.07 2.79a±0.13 0.94c±0.05 0.001 Rectal temperature, °C 41.5±0.08 41.6±0.09 41.8±0.09 NS

abcMeans within a row with no common superscript differ significantly. Mortality Rate

Data from the current study suggest that the Ross broiler chicks recorded lower mortality rate followed by Hubbard ones. Whilst, the Arbor Acres chicks recorded the highest value (Figure 3). It could be concluded that the lower H/L ratio and better phagocytic ability in Ross strain may be led to lower mortality rate compared

with the other strains. However, under commercial broiler management conditions, fast-growing broilers exhibited high mortality from commonly encountered infectious or metabolic diseases when compared with slower-growing groups of birds (Yunis et al., 2000).

4.8

3.2

1.6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Arbor Acres Hubbard Ross

Strain

Mor

talit

y ra

te

Figure 3. Mortality rate (%) of Arbor Acres, Hubbard and Ross chicken strains.



Phenotypic Correlation Coefficients Data listed in Table 7 showed the

phenotypic correlation coefficients between immunocompetence measurements and some productive parameters of broiler chick strains. It is well established that immunocompetence and growth are influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors. Significant positive relationships between body weight and toe-web swelling measured at all times were observed in the Hubbard and the Ross broiler chicks. Similar trend, but not statistically significant, was observed for the Arbor Acres strain. Also, phagocytic index measured at all times was positively correlated with body weight in all studied strains. Moreover, these correlations were significant in the Ross and the Hubbard strains after 3 min of Indian ink injection. Qureshi and Havenstein (1994) suggested that selection towards enhanced performance traits has negatively influenced the adaptive arm of the immune system (antibody production) with little or no effect on the non-adaptive components (macrophage and NK functions). Negative relationship between relative bursa weight and toe web swelling measured at all times was observed for all strains. Likewise, the phagocytic index was negatively correlated with relative bursa weight in all strains. These results were confirmed by the findings of Fathi et al. (2003). They reported that negative relationship between relative bursa weight and the swelling of toe-web measured at all times post PHA-P injection. The last observation suggests that the size of bursa did not affect cell-mediated immune response and phagocytic activity.

Relative spleen weight was significant positively correlated with the toe-web swelling measured at all times in the Ross strain. However, Inverse and moderate

relationships were observed in the Arbor Acres strain. While, the relationships were positive and weak in Hubbard strain. The relationship between phagocytic index and relative spleen weight was positive and moderate for all studied strains. Stonaker (1963) reported that the relative spleen weight was influenced by additive genetic effect as well as sex linkage. Fathi et al. (2003) found a pronounced negative relationship between relative spleen weight and swelling of toe-web post PHA-P injection. Relative thymus weight was positively correlated with toe-web swelling at all times for all strains. Conversely, the relative thymus weight was negatively correlated with phagocytic index for all strains. Negative relationships between toe web swelling measured at all times and plasma globulin were observed in all strains. Inverse relationships were observed between phagocytic index and plasma globulin.

The swelling of toe-web measured at all times was negatively correlated with phagocytic activity for all strains, except the swelling of toe-web measured at 72 h and phagocytic index after 15 min post Indian ink injection. Cheng et al. (1991) found significant negative correlations between wing web index and phagocytic index. This negative correlation may be taken as an index for selection of general immunocompetence.

Phenotypic correlation coefficients among antibody response, body weight and relative lymphoid organs weight are presented in Table 8. Negative association between body weight and total antibody against SRBC measured at all times was existed for all strains. A lot of literature referred to the relationship between growth performance and anti-body response to SRBC. Siegel and Gross (1980) demonstrated that a line selected for low



antibody response to SRBC had significantly heavier 4-wk body weight than their unselected control or the high antibody response line. Miller et al. (1991) reported that chicks of a low body weight line had higher anti-SRBC titers after primary immunization than those of a heavy body weight line. Negative correlations between body weight and some immunological parameters might be resulted from pleiotropic effects of genes responsible for immune responsiveness (Martin et al., 1990). On the other hand, arguments for resource allocation or prioritization of resource use for various demands by chickens artificially selected for body growth.

The relative bursa weight was positively correlated with total antibody titer in all considered strains. However, the bursa of Fabricius is a key lymphoid organ that is responsible for the development and maturation of B-lymphocytes, and the humoral antibody response is dependent on this central organ (Zhang et al., 2006 and Cheema et al., 2007). For, example, a high antibody response to SRBC has been associated with a larger bursa size in White Leghorn chicken strain (Ubosi et al., 1985). Furthermore, Zhang et al. (2006) showed a clear association between non-MHC genes and changes in the size of lymphoid organs by using highly inbred parental and recombinant congenic chicken lines. Similar trend, but low value was observed for relative spleen weight. Negative relationship between relative thymus weight and total anti-SRBC antibody titer was observed in all strains.

It can be concluded that although, the Ross chicks had a heavier body weight and lower mortality rate, they didn't record the highest values for all immunocompetence measures. The Hubbard broiler strain was hyper responder to PHA-P, while the Ross strain had a better phagocytic ability compared to Arbor Acres strain. This is consistent with those reported by Cheema et al. (2003) and Deif et al. (2007). They stated that it was not possible to address and/or correlate the immune response endpoints of broiler strains with regard to growth performance, since these birds were not grown to their maximum genetic growth potential. On the other hand, although Arbor Acres broiler chicks were inferior to the most of immunological parameters, they recorded the highest figure for meat yield (breast muscles and leg quarter). The differences observed among strains in our study for immunocompetence measurements as well as for productive performance are not surprising since several previous studies have show such diversity among broiler, layer and turkey strains (Corrier 1990; Bayyari et al., 1997; Rao et al., 1999; Cheema et al., 2003; Deif et al., 2007). Therefore, immunocompetence parameters should be considered as a selection criterion when selecting for productive performance under high ambient temperatures. Moreover, the breeding companies must continue to consider growth rate and immune response as co-selection criteria in commercial breeding and selection practices.



Table 7. Phenotypic correlation coefficients between immunocompetence measurements and some quantitative parameters.

T24 T48 T72 PI3 PI10 Strain Body weight, g 0.43 0.41 0.38 0.45 0.42 Arbor Acres 0.52* 0.58* 0.47 0.51* 0.40 Hubbard 0.63* 0.57* 0.59* 0.65* 0.49 Ross Bursa, % -0.37 -0.41 -0.32 -0.42 -0.38 Arbor Acres -0.43 -0.28 -0.31 -0.30 -0.22 Hubbard -0.39 -0.35 -0.43 -0.51* -0.18 Ross Spleen, % -0.31 -0.27 -0.35 0.38 0.32 Arbor Acres 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.41 0.39 Hubbard 0.51* 0.50* 0.48* 0.42 0.41 Ross Thymus, % 0.51* 0.48 0.50* -0.50* -0.39 Arbor Acres 0.57* 0.51* 0.46 -0.46* -0.48 Hubbard 0.71** 0.62* 0.57* -0.52* -0.57* Ross Plasma globulin -0.27 0.16 -0.31 0.20 0.25 Arbor Acres -0.35 -0.31 -0.20 0.26 0.18 Hubbard -0.28 -0.35 -0.23 0.30 0.28 Ross PI3 -0.51* -0.53* -0.48 Arbor Acres -0.62* -0.57* -0.60* Hubbard 0.72** -0.63* -0.55* Ross PI10 -0.42 -0.51* 0.51* Arbor Acres -0.51* -0.52* 0.48 Hubbard -0.45 -0.59* 0.59* Ross

T24 = Toe-web swelling at 24 h post PHA-P injection T48 = Toe-web swelling at 48 h post PHA-P injection T72 = Toe-web swelling at 72 h post PHA-P injection PI3 = Phagocytic index after 3 min post Indian ink injection PI10 = Phagocytic index after 10 min post Indian ink injection * P ≤ 0.05 ** P ≤ 0.01

Table 8. Phenotypic correlation coefficients among total antibody titer against SRPC, body weight and relative lymphoid organs weight.

Days-PPI Days-PSI Ab7 Ab14 Ab7 Ab14 Strain Body weight, g -0.45* -0.52* -0.52* -0.40* Arbor Acres -0.35 -0.41* -0.23 -0.60** Hubbard -0.61** -0.25 -0.47* -0.70** Ross Bursa,% 0.50* 0.24 0.54 0.29 Arbor Acres 0.60** 0.49* 0.50 0.33 Hubbard 0.54 0.28 0.42 0.47 Ross Spleen,% 0.22 0.31 0.31 0.52* Arbor Acres 0.17 0.19 0.45 0.41 Hubbard 0.12 0.25 0.20 0.20 Ross Thymus, % -0.32 -0.41 -0.53* -0.54* Arbor Acres -0.40* -0.32 -0.15 -0.26 Hubbard -0.48* -0.40 -0.40* -0.28 Ross

PPI = post primary SRBC injection PPS = post secondary SRBC injection

* P ≤ 0.05 ** P ≤ 0.01


تأثري االختالفات الوراثية على أداء النمو واملقدرة املناعية لسالالت دجاج اللحم حتت درجات احلرارة العالية

4شادي الريشان ، 3أحمد جالل، 2معتز محمد فتحي، 1صالح الدين عبد الرحمن ألصفتي

الم ستخلصو ة أداء النم رض ُمقارن ة بغ ذه التجرب ت ه و أجري ة أداء النم رض م قارن ة بغ ذه التجرب ت ه ات أجري روف درج م تحت ظ الالت اللح ة لس اييس المناعي ات والمق روف درج م تحت ظ الالت اللح ة لس اييس المناعي والمق

رز، 125125((ثالثة سالالت من دجاج اللحم ثالثة سالالت من دجاج اللحم ). ). مم°°11±±3333((الحرارة العالية الحرارة العالية رز، من ساللة أربرايك رد، 125125من ساللة أربرايك رد، من ساللة الهب من ساللة الهبم . . تم تربيتها ورعايتها تحت نفس الظروف البيئية والصحية خالل موسم الصيف بمصرتم تربيتها ورعايتها تحت نفس الظروف البيئية والصحية خالل موسم الصيف بمصر) ) من ساللة الروسمن ساللة الروس 125125 م ت ت

طائر من آل ساللة طائر من آل ساللة 2020تم اختيار عدد تم اختيار عدد . . تقدير آل من االستهالك الغذائي والتحويل الغذائي أسبوعيا تقدير آل من االستهالك الغذائي والتحويل الغذائي أسبوعيًاوزن الطيور ووزن الطيور وة ة عشوائيًا بغرض تقدير االستجابة المناعية الخلوية والمناعة الدموية والوزن النسبي لألعضاء الليمفاوي دير . . عشوائيا بغرض تقدير االستجابة المناعية الخلوية والمناعة الدموية والوزن النسبي لألعضاء الليمفاوي م تق دير ت م تق ت

ات الك ة تصفية ُحبيب تخدام طريق ة باس ة الدموي درة االلتهامي ات الك الق ة تصفية ح بيب تخدام طريق ة باس ة الدموي درة االلتهامي دمالق ون بال دمرب ون بال روس . . رب ت ال ائج أن آتاآي روس أوضحت النت ت ال ائج أن آتاآي أوضحت النتدالت أوزان رز ُمع ت األربرايك جلت آتاآي ا س رد، بينم اللة الهب ة بس ًا ُمقارن ى معنوي دالت أوزان أعل جلت ُمع دالت أوزان س رز م ع ت األربرايك جلت آتاآي ا س رد، بينم اللة الهب ة بس ا م قارن ى معنوي دالت أوزان أعل جلت م ع س

اللتين ا الس ين آلت طية ب اللتين وس ا الس ين آلت طية ب ة . . وس تجابة المناعي دير االس اجلوتينين لتق ادة الفيتوهيم ن بم د للحق تجابة الجل ن اس ا ع ة أم تجابة المناعي دير االس اجلوتينين لتق ادة الفيتوهيم ن بم د للحق تجابة الجل ن اس ا ع أمدار التضخم آتاآيت الخلوية، فقالخلوية، فق ا في مق م تبعه ن، ث ة الحق دار التضخم آتاآيت د لوحظ تضخم زائد لجلد آتاآيت الهبرد آاستجابة لعملي ا في مق م تبعه ن، ث ة الحق د لوحظ تضخم زائد لجلد آتاآيت الهبرد آاستجابة لعملي

رة ن بفت ة الحق ك عقب عملي رة ساللة الروس ُمقارنة بمقدار التضخم الحادث في ساللة األربرايكرز وذل ن بفت ة الحق ك عقب عملي . . ساعة ساعة 7272ساللة الروس م قارنة بمقدار التضخم الحادث في ساللة األربرايكرز وذلروس رغم من عدم تسجيل ساللة ال روس خُلصت نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أنه على ال رغم من عدم تسجيل ساللة ال ة خل صت نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أنه على ال اييس المناعي ة للمق ديرات عالي ة لتق اييس المناعي ة للمق ديرات عالي لتق

اللة إن س ك ف ى ذل الوة عل اقيتين، ع اللتين الب ة بالس ى ُمقارن م أعل دالت وزن جس جلت ُمع ا س ة، إال أنه اللة المدروس إن س ك ف ى ذل الوة عل اقيتين، ع اللتين الب ة بالس ى م قارن م أعل دالت وزن جس جلت م ع ا س ة، إال أنه المدروسون ات الكرب ة لحبيب درة االلتهامي ون الروس آانت األقل في ُمعدالت النفوق، واألفضل في خاصية الق ات الكرب ة لحبيب درة االلتهامي سجلت ساللة سجلت ساللة . . الروس آانت األقل في م عدالت النفوق، واألفضل في خاصية الق

ا سجلت ساللة ))استجابة مناعية خلوية أفضلاستجابة مناعية خلوية أفضل((ند الحقن بمادة الفيتوهيماجلوتينين ند الحقن بمادة الفيتوهيماجلوتينين الهبرد االستجابة األفضل عالهبرد االستجابة األفضل ع ا سجلت ساللة ، بينم ، بينم . . األربرايكرز آمية أآبر من اللحم الم نتجاألربرايكرز آمية أآبر من اللحم الُمنتج

..سالالت اللحم، الصفات اإلنتاجية، مقاييس المقدرة المناعيةسالالت اللحم، الصفات اإلنتاجية، مقاييس المقدرة المناعية: : الكلمات الم فتاحيةالكلمات الُمفتاحية

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