Digestive enzymes of two brachyuran and two anomuran land ...
The HML’S New Voxel Phantoms: Two Human Males, One Human Female, and Two Male Canines
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Note THE HML’S NEW VOXEL PHANTOMS: TWO HUMAN MALES, ONE HUMAN FEMALE, AND TWO MALE CANINES Gary H. Kramer,* Kevin Capello,* Sabina Strocchi,† Brock Bearrs,* Kwan Leung,* and Nicole Martinez‡ AbstractVThe Human Monitoring Laboratory (HML) has created five new voxel phantoms that can be used for Monte Carlo simulations. Three phantoms were created from com- puter tomography image sets that were obtained from facilities in Italy and the USA: a human male and the male canines. Two other phantoms were constructed from commercially available software that is used to demonstrate human anatomical fea- tures: a human male and a human female. All the voxel phan- toms created by the HML that are described in this note are available at no cost to interested researchers. Health Phys. 103(6):802Y807; 2012 Key words: dogs; Monte Carlo; phantom; whole body counting INTRODUCTION THE NATIONAL Internal Radiation Assessment Section’s (NIRAS) Human Monitoring Laboratory (HML), which operates the Canadian National Calibration Reference Cen- tre for In Vivo Monitoring (Kramer and Limson Zamora 1994; Daka and Kramer 2009), has been using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for over a decade to help under- stand the effect of changing various parameters on in vivo counting (e.g., effect of body size on the counting efficiency of a whole body counter) and to aid in the cali- bration of detector systems. Early work used mathematical phantoms (e.g., Snyder et al. 1969) to help characterize various parameters for in vivo counting; however, provid- ing one has the computer power, most facilities engaged in this type of research are now using voxel phantoms. The HML has acquired many phantoms from various facilities, either on loan or as open source, for use in its research (Dimbylow 1997; ICRP 2009; Xu et al. 2000; Zankl 2010; Zubal et al. 1994). More recently, the HML has created its own voxel phantoms. They were constructed from two sources: anatomical software and whole body CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Software Anatomium3D P1 set was obtained by web purchase from CFLietzau/3DSpecial (Main Office—Av. de las Flores 139, 11204 Algeciras, Spain). The male and female whole body data setswere used to create the HML’s voxel phan- toms: NIRAS-Adam and NIRAS-Eve. 3D-Doctor v4.0 (Able Software Corp., 5 Apple Tree Lane, Lexington, MA 02470) was used to create boundary files and for simple changes to a structure. Rhinoceros v4.0 (McNeel and Asso- ciates, 3670 Woodland Park Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103) was used to edit the three dimensional shapes created by 3D-Doctor. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code version 5 or System X version 2.6D, known as MCNP5 and MCNPX, respectively (Radiation Safety Information Computational Centre, PO Box 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6171), were used for the Monte Carlo simulations. Phantom creation The male and female whole body phantoms from the Anatomium3D visualizer were imported directly into Rhinoceros. They were manipulated using a Wacom Cintiq Pen Tablet (Wacom, 1311 Southeast Cardinal Ct., Vancouver, WA 98661 USA) to get the phantoms posi- tioned in a realistic manner within Rhinoceros. The phan- toms were then exported as separate object files (each one 802 www.health-physics.com *Human Monitoring Laboratory, National Internal Radiation As- sessment Section, Radiation Protection Bureau, 775 Brookfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 1C1; †Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523; ‡Unita ` Operativa Fisica Sanitaria, A.O. Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Viale Borri, 57-21100 Varese-Italia. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. For correspondence contact: Gary H. Kramer, Human Monitoring Laboratory, National Internal Radiation Assessment Section, Radiation Protection Bureau, 775 Brookfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 1C1, or email at [email protected]. (Manuscript accepted 17 May 2012) 0017-9078/12/0 Copyright * 2012 Health Physics Society DOI: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3182602014 Copyright © 2012 Health Physics Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Transcript of The HML’S New Voxel Phantoms: Two Human Males, One Human Female, and Two Male Canines
Note
THE HML’S NEW VOXEL PHANTOMS: TWO HUMAN MALES, ONE HUMANFEMALE, AND TWO MALE CANINES
Gary H. Kramer,* Kevin Capello,* Sabina Strocchi,† Brock Bearrs,* Kwan Leung,* and Nicole Martinez‡
AbstractVThe Human Monitoring Laboratory (HML) hascreated five new voxel phantoms that can be used for MonteCarlo simulations. Three phantoms were created from com-puter tomography image sets that were obtained from facilitiesin Italy and the USA: a human male and the male canines. Twoother phantoms were constructed from commercially availablesoftware that is used to demonstrate human anatomical fea-tures: a human male and a human female. All the voxel phan-toms created by the HML that are described in this note areavailable at no cost to interested researchers.Health Phys. 103(6):802Y807; 2012
Key words: dogs; Monte Carlo; phantom; whole body counting
INTRODUCTION
THE NATIONAL Internal Radiation Assessment Section’s(NIRAS) Human Monitoring Laboratory (HML), whichoperates the Canadian National Calibration Reference Cen-tre for In Vivo Monitoring (Kramer and Limson Zamora1994; Daka and Kramer 2009), has been using MonteCarlo (MC) simulations for over a decade to help under-stand the effect of changing various parameters on invivo counting (e.g., effect of body size on the countingefficiency of a whole body counter) and to aid in the cali-bration of detector systems. Early work used mathematicalphantoms (e.g., Snyder et al. 1969) to help characterize
various parameters for in vivo counting; however, provid-ing one has the computer power, most facilities engaged inthis type of research are now using voxel phantoms.
The HML has acquired many phantoms from variousfacilities, either on loan or as open source, for use in itsresearch (Dimbylow 1997; ICRP 2009; Xu et al. 2000;Zankl 2010; Zubal et al. 1994). More recently, the HMLhas created its own voxel phantoms. They were constructedfrom two sources: anatomical software and whole bodyCT scans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SoftwareAnatomium3D P1 set was obtained by web purchase
from CFLietzau/3DSpecial (Main Office—Av. de las Flores139, 11204 Algeciras, Spain). The male and female wholebody data sets were used to create the HML’s voxel phan-toms: NIRAS-Adam and NIRAS-Eve. 3D-Doctor v4.0(Able Software Corp., 5 Apple Tree Lane, Lexington, MA02470) was used to create boundary files and for simplechanges to a structure. Rhinoceros v4.0 (McNeel and Asso-ciates, 3670 Woodland Park Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103)was used to edit the three dimensional shapes createdby 3D-Doctor. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Codeversion 5 or System X version 2.6D, known as MCNP5and MCNPX, respectively (Radiation Safety InformationComputational Centre, PO Box 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road,Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6171), were used for the MonteCarlo simulations.
Phantom creationThe male and female whole body phantoms from
the Anatomium3D visualizer were imported directlyinto Rhinoceros. They were manipulated using a WacomCintiq Pen Tablet (Wacom, 1311 Southeast Cardinal Ct.,Vancouver, WA 98661 USA) to get the phantoms posi-tioned in a realistic manner within Rhinoceros. The phan-toms were then exported as separate object files (each one
802 www.health-physics.com
*Human Monitoring Laboratory, National Internal Radiation As-sessment Section, Radiation Protection Bureau, 775 Brookfield Road,Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 1C1; †Department of Environmental andRadiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 CampusDelivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523; ‡Unita Operativa Fisica Sanitaria,A.O. Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Viale Borri, 57-21100Varese-Italia.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.For correspondence contact: Gary H. Kramer, Human Monitoring
Laboratory, National Internal Radiation Assessment Section, RadiationProtection Bureau, 775 Brookfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A1C1, or email at [email protected].
(Manuscript accepted 17 May 2012)0017-9078/12/0Copyright * 2012 Health Physics Society
DOI: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3182602014
Copyright © 2012 Health Physics Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
denoting a particular structure within the phantom, suchas the muscles, lungs, and heart, etc.) into 3D-Doctor. Theobjects were named and set as separate boundary objectsand cleaned up manually to remove any overlapping seg-mentation, again using the Wacom Tablet.
The complete boundary set was exported as a file from3D-Doctor and then opened into HML’s Voxeliser pro-gram (Kramer et al. 2010), which creates a partially com-pleted voxel phantom input file for use by either MCNP5or MCNPX. The source definition and material cards haveto be added manually as do other structures such as de-tectors, etc. The male phantom, denoted as NIRAS-Adam,and the female phantom, denoted as NIRAS-Eve, werecreated from Anatomium3D. These artificial phantoms rep-resent adults of an undetermined age, with the male being184 cm high and weighing 83 kg and the female being186 cm high and weighing 74 kg.
NIRAS-GKC and NIRAS-K9 (adult and adolescent)were created from DICOM sets. The former was re-ceived from an Italian hospital that had performed a wholebody CT scan of a 60-y-old male (170 cm, 81 kg) formedical purposes, and the latter was obtained from Col-orado State University and was of a supine anesthetizeddog (Doberman, 44 cm to withers, 14 kg), which ulti-mately resulted in two different sized voxel dog phantoms.The second canine phantom was obtained by scaling theadolescent up to the breed standard (72 cm to the withers,34 kg; Mehus-Roe 2009). The voxel phantoms were cre-ated using the previous procedure that utilized 3D-Doctorand Rhinoceros.
The manipulation of NIRAS-K9 was much more ex-tensive; the original DICOM set was of a sedated animallying supine with the legs folded toward the body andthe head horizontal with the spine. Once the DICOM set
Fig. 1. The NIRAS-K9 voxel phantom shown in the X, Y, Z-planes and a three dimensional view.
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had been manipulated in 3D-Doctor to define the organboundaries and imported into Rhinoceros, the head wasraised and the legs were straightened manually to give thefinal product shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The adult dog wascreated simply by scaling up the adolescent phantom inRhinoceros. The factor was a ratio of the height of theadolescent dog to that of an adult dog that correspondedto the breed standard, which is published elsewhere(Mehus-Roe 2009).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phantom creationThe characteristics of the various phantoms are sum-
marized in the Tables 1Y6. These five new phantoms ex-pand the HML’s voxel phantom library to 25 phantoms
that range from a 2-mo-old baby to adult males and fe-males as well as two canines.
Providing voxel phantoms have the same organ struc-tures, the organ size and volume can be compared easilybetween phantoms. Knowing the voxel size, the numberof voxels in a given universe (which represents an organor part of an organ), and the size of an individual voxel,one can calculate the universe volume directly. Using thetissue density gives the mass of the organ. The voxelsheld by the HML and discussed in this report have usedtissue densities either supplied with the phantoms (e.g,ICRP 2009) or from ICRU (1989).
The voxel size of the two phantoms created fromthe Anatomium software is larger than those of the otherphantoms in the library. For example, the volume of anindividual voxel in these two phantoms ranges from afactor of 3.8 to 88.7 compared with other phantoms in the
Fig. 2. A man and his dog. The NIRAS-GHK and NIRAS-K9 voxel phantoms shown in the X, Y, Z-planes and a three dimensional view.
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Table 1. Summary of the NIRAS-Adam phantom created by the HML.
Universe # Description Density (g cmY3) # voxels Volume (cm3) Mass (g)
1 body skin 1.09 157721 38506 419722 bonesVskull 1.92 3294 804 15443 muscles 1.05 95605 23341 245084 brain 1.05 6525 1593 16735 eyes 1.05 134 33 346 stomach 1.04 1628 397 4137 genitals 1.04 550 134 1408 thymus 1.03 158 39 409 heart 1.03 1584 387 398
10 intestineVupper 1.04 2619 639 66511 intestineVlower 1.04 3083 753 78312 liver 1.05 8386 2047 215013 left lung 0.385 6631 1619 62314 pancreas 1.05 381 93 9815 pharynx 1.03 1955 477 49216 left kidney 1.05 313 76 8017 spleen 1.04 633 155 16118 bonesVchest and spine 1.92 8926 2179 418419 bonesVl arm 1.92 1797 439 84220 bonesVr arm 1.92 1748 427 81921 bonesVhip 1.92 6102 1490 286022 bonesVl femur 1.92 2581 630 121023 bonesVr femur 1.92 2606 636 122224 bonesVl patella 1.92 28 7 1325 bonesVr patella 1.92 21 5 1026 bonesVl tibia 1.92 1815 443 85127 bonesVr tibia 1.92 1818 444 85228 bonesVl fibula 1.92 638 156 29929 bonesVr fibula 1.92 659 161 30930 bonesVl foot 1.92 1318 322 61831 bonesVr foot 1.92 1337 326 62732 right lung 0.385 6910 1687 64933 right kidney 1.05 406 99 10434 left adrenal 1.05 144 35 3735 right adrenal 1.05 86 21 2236 bladder 1.04 233 57 59
Table 2. Summary of the NIRAS-Eve phantom created by the HML.
Universe # Description Density (g cmj3) # voxels Volume (cm3) Mass (g)
1 boneVskull 1.92 3557 868 16672 bone foot l 1.92 1354 331 6353 bone foot r 1.92 1347 329 6314 chest & spine 1.92 9276 2265 43485 hip bones 1.92 5574 1361 26136 left arm 1.92 1768 432 8297 left femur 1.92 2835 692 13298 left fibula 1.92 767 187 3609 left patella 1.92 55 13 26
10 left tibia 1.92 1840 449 86311 right arm 1.92 1793 438 84112 right femur 1.92 2812 687 131813 right fibula 1.92 770 188 36114 right patella 1.92 49 12 2315 right tibia 1.92 1824 445 85516 bladder 1.04 228 56 5817 brain 1.05 6156 1503 157818 breast 1.02 1147 280 28619 eyes 1.05 126 31 3220 genitals 1.04 340 83 8621 heart 1.03 1676 409 42222 large intestine 1.04 2653 648 67423 left adrenal 1.04 62 15 1624 left kidney 1.05 402 98 10325 left lung 0.385 6611 1614 62126 liver 1.05 5181 1265 132827 muscles 1.05 96497 23559 2473728 pancreas 1.05 346 85 8929 pharynx 1.03 1812 442 45630 right adrenal 1.04 54 13 1431 right kidney 1.05 456 111 11732 right lung 0.385 7953 1942 74833 skin 0.95 125627 30671 2913734 small intestine 1.04 3074 751 78135 spleen 1.04 633 155 16136 stomach 1.04 1622 396 41237 thymus 1.03 150 37 38
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HML’s voxel phantom library; however, the organ sizesare similar to the other phantoms shown in Table 7, whichshows the bone and brain mass and the lung volume ofthe phantoms in the HML’s library. Other comparisons arenot as easily made, as most of the phantoms have differ-ing levels of detail, as Table 7 also shows. The number
of distinct organs or parts of an organ (e.g., left and rightlung) varies from 28 to 137. The number of organs isone less than the total number of universes in the voxelphantom, as surrounding air is part of the voxel set.
It is anticipated that some potentially contaminatedindividuals may present themselves with their pets for
Table 3. Summary of the NIRAS-GHK phantom created by the HML.
Universe # Description Density (g cmj3) # voxels Volume (cm3) Mass (g)
1 skeleton 1.92 302607 6446 123762 skin 1.09 82900 1766 19253 eyes 1.05 4747 101 1064 brain 1.05 63920 1362 14305 optical cord 1.05 147 3 36 lungVleft 0.287 94540 2014 5787 lungVright 0.287 105261 2242 6448 muscle 1.05 1015013 21620 259449 adipose 1.05 1303100 27757 2914410 marrow 1.05 64799 1380 144911 urinary bladder 1.05 9450 201 21112 testes 1.05 1583 34 3513 kidneys 1.05 18547 395 41514 stomach 1.05 9594 204 21515 heart 1.05 13642 291 30516 liver 1.05 56352 1200 126017 gall bladder 1.05 1129 24 2518 sinusesVlining 1.05 1151 25 2619 airVmouth 0.001205 1140 24 020 esophagus 1.05 4902 104 11021 intestines & colon 1.05 100663 2144 225122 spleen 1.05 12776 272 28623 spinal cord 1.05 3424 73 7724 pulmonary arteries 1.05 27094 577 60625 trachea 1.05 1331 28 3026 sinus cavitiesVair 0.001205 2403 51 027 intestine & colon contents 1.05 14630 312 32728 bronchioles 1.05 47737 1017 1068
Table 4. Summary of the NIRAS-K9 (adult) phantom created bythe HML.
Universe # DescriptionDensity(g cmj3)
#voxels
Volume(cm3)
Mass(g)
1 skin 1.09 417155 2179 23752 adiposeVconnective
tissue1.05 869492 4541 4768
3 muscles 1.05 2913769 15217 159784 bone 1.92 505651 2641 50705 bone marrow 1.04 30843 161 1686 lungVleft 0.385 197036 1029 3967 lungVright 0.385 242622 1267 4888 bronchioles 1.05 48203 252 2649 heart 1.04 104210 544 56610 aorta 1.04 21776 114 11811 vena cava 1.05 9668 50 5312 brain 1.04 16288 85 8813 spinal cord 1.03 9854 51 5314 esophagus 1.05 4993 26 2715 liver 1.05 182337 952 100016 stomach 1.05 241208 1260 132317 intestine 1.05 98761 516 54218 colon 1.05 26199 137 14419 kidneys 1.05 24432 128 13420 bladder 1.05 23605 123 12921 spleen 1.05 19873 104 109
Table 5. Summary of the NIRAS-K9 (adolescent) phantom createdby the HML.
Universe # DescriptionDensity(g cmj3)
#voxels
Volume(cm3)
Mass(g)
1 skin 1.09 104203 901 9832 adiposeVconnective
tissue1.05 217735 1884 1978
3 muscles 1.05 729159 6308 66244 bone 1.92 126332 1093 20985 bone marrow 1.04 7745 67 706 lungVleft 0.385 49277 426 1647 lungVright 0.385 60809 526 2038 bronchioles 1.05 11975 104 1099 heart 1.04 26008 225 23410 aorta 1.04 5443 47 4911 vena cava 1.05 2455 21 2212 brain 1.04 4025 35 3613 spinal cord 1.03 2496 22 2214 esophagus 1.05 1234 11 1115 liver 1.05 45994 398 41816 stomach 1.05 58794 509 53417 intestine 1.05 24667 213 22418 colon 1.05 6608 57 6019 kidneys 1.05 6128 53 5620 bladder 1.05 5921 51 5421 spleen 1.05 4953 43 45
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radiological assessment during population monitoring fol-lowing the accidental or intentional release of radioactivity.Therefore, the NIRAS-K9 phantoms will be used in fu-ture Monte Carlo simulations to characterize portal mon-itors for dogs and derive counting efficiencies for otherdetectors that may be used to estimate the activity in/ona dog.
CONCLUSION
The HML has created five new voxel phantoms: twomale, one female, and two canine. The voxel phantomsdescribed in this note will be used in forthcoming MonteCarlo simulations by the HML and will be the subject ofother publications. Interested readers may obtain, free ofcharge, copies of these phantoms for their own researchwork by contacting the corresponding author.
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Table 7. Comparison of bone mass, brain mass and lung volume of the adult whole body human and canine voxel phantoms in theHML’s library. The complexity and level of detail of the phantom is illustrated by the number of universes, which also includes thesurrounding air.
Phantom Gender Bone (g) Brain (g) Lung volume (cm3) No. universes
Donna F 9898 1135 2426 58Golem M 13814 1144 2802 118Irene F 10464 1179 2634 56Laura F 11194 1059 2621 90VIP Man M 10346 1247 3501 62ManVTissue 3Y6 M 11406 1277 2910 86Naomi F 8165 1521 2306 41Norman M 9103 1376 3725 39ICRPVMale M 10450 1450 2891 139ICRPVFemale F 7760 1300 2301 138NIRASVAdam M 14716 1673 3306 37NIRASVEve F 16697 1578 3556 38NIRASVGKC M 12376 1430 4256 29NIRASVK9 (adolescent) M 2098 36 952 22NIRASVK9 (adult) M 5070 88 2296 22
Table 6. Comparison of the phantoms’ characteristics: gender, height (H), weight (W), number of voxels in the phantom(N), the voxel size (x y z) and the voxel volume.a
ID Gender H (cm) W (kg) N Voxel size (cm) Voxel volume (cm3)
NIRAS-Adam M 186.2 91.4 1,507,880 0.625 � 0.625 � 0.625 0.244NIRAS-Eve F 184.4 78.6 2,022,864 0.625 � 0.625 � 0.625 0.244NIRAS-GKC M 170.5 77.6 22,522,368 0.2062 � 0.2066 � 0.5 0.021NIRAS-K9 (adolescent)a M 44.0 14.0 13,063,400 0.262 � 0.26 � 0.127 0.008651NIRAS-K9 (adult)a M 72.0 33.8 52,178,952 0.16 � 0.16 � 0.204 0.005222
aHeight to withers.
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