194 A. B. Qu.MMep.n.uHt

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JIOBJieHa o6'he,n;HHeHHeM 6oJihllloro 11HCJia clJpa3 B paMKax nepno,n;a pe111L

BhlTecneHHe peJIHKTOB MJia,n;onHChMeHHoro CHHTaKcHca npoTe­

KaeT nonanHo; B ,n;peBHe:l1I.IIHX naMJITHHKaX OHM el.Il,e npucyTCTBY­

IOT HO y:a<e He B mo6oM OKpy:a<eHHH, a npem,n;e Bcero B KJIHllIHpO­

Ba~HhlX qacTJIX TeKcTa. Ilo3TOMY clJopMaJihHOe npeo6pa30B8HHe

,n;aHHbIX KOHCTPYK.Il,HM H H3MeHeHHe HX CHHTarMaTH'!eCKHX <l>YHK­

Il,HH npOJIHBaeT CBeT KaK Ha H3MeHeHHJI B cnoco6e cyl.Il,eCTBOBaHHH

H3hIKa, TaK H na 3BOJII0Il,HIO :>KaHpOB TeKCTa.

3JIJIHITCHC 11 m1e0Ha3M B cTpyKType cnepx¢pa3oBoro e.n.nucTBa

3.1. K 'IHCJIY MexaHH3MOB, Bocxo,n;HIIJ;HX K ,n;onnchMeHHOH anoxe,

OTHOCHTCJI o6pa30B8HHe rnaroJihH0-6e3JIH11HbIX npe,n;Jio:>KeHHH 6e3

ceMaHTH'!eCKOrO cy6'heKTa (THTI #Vimp). ,Il;aHHhIH THil npocne:a<HBa­

eTCH BO BCeM ,n;peBHeM cJiaBHHCKOM H repMaHCKOM apeane.

PeJIHKTaMM npemHero cocToJIHHJI cne,n;yeT C'IMTaTh npem,n;e Bcero

coxpaHeHHe O,ZJ;HOCJIOBHhIX npe,n;JIOJKeHHH (no,n;THil #Vimp# - cp . pyc.

MOpOCHT, CBeTaeT) H B03MOJKHOCTh nepexo,n;a OT ,n;BycocTaBHOrO rJia ­

rOJihHOro npe,n;Jio:>KeHHH K 6e3JIH'IHOMY 6e3 H3MeHeHirn JieKcH'!eCKOr O

3Ha'!eHHH rnaroJia H 3aJIOrOBhIX OTHOllleHHH, cp. ,n;ppyc. /fd .4Vffd(Blf

Jlpoct1t1Bffb.lff'b. rntJC'b. Ct11:JW1tTb 10 (CnoBo ): X c111:Jwwn Y-a. B HCTopH'le

cKyIO anoxy 6eccy6'heKTHhie BhICK33hIB3HHH c rnaroJIOM B 3 JI. e,n;. •1.

aKTHBHOrO 3anora o6pa3yIOT )J,OITOJIHHTeJihHYIO )J,HCTpH6yll,HIO c KOH

CTpyKil,HHMH , cnell,H3JlbHO MapKMpyIOI.Il,HMH 3JIHMHH8Il,HIO aKTaHTOB,

cp . C1ll:JWflO fCTb., Ct1/:JWllT'b CJI. IlpoTHB HCIT0Jlh30B8HHJI KpHTepHH ,n;onycTHMOCTH O)J,HOCJIOBHbIX

rrpe)J,JIO:>KeHHH B KaqecTBe napaMeTpa ,n;HaxpOHH'!eCKOH THTIOJIOrH~ HHOr)J,a BhIABHraIOT TO coo6pa:>KeHHe, 'ITO O)J,HOCJIOBHhie rnaroJihHhI

BhICK83hIB3HHH coxpaHHIOTCH H B HeKOTOpbIX COBpeMeHHbIX H3bIK8X.

B TOM 'lHCJie B pyccKOM. 0,n;HaKO 3TOT KOHTpapryMeHT He HBJIHeTCfl

,n;ocTaTolJHO y6e,n;HTeJihHhIM. Bo-nepBhIX, B H3hIKax THITa coBpeMefl ·

Haro pyccKoro 6 e 3nH"'IHhie rJiaroJihHhie npep;Jio:a<eHHH B03MO:ll<Hhl

TOJihKO npH o6o3H a'!eHIUI CTHXHHHhIX HBJleHHH H HeKOHTpOJIHpye

MhIX npoIJ,eCCOB, T . e. B CHTyall,HHX, rp;e p;elicTBYIOI.Il,HM ¢ a KTOP fl('

BhipameH, H no,n;JJHHHhie ceMaHT1111ecKHe aKTaHThI oTcyTcTBYIOT [B11

uorpap;oB 1947: 467, fpaMMaTHKa 1970: 563). B ,n;peBHHX cnaBHH

cKHX H3hiKaX (11To noKa3aJIH H. 3y6aThI H B. faBpaHeK), a TaK:>Ke B fl

KOTOpb!X ,zweBHHX repMaHCKHX H3hIK3X (11TO 6y,n;eT TIOK333HO HH:>Ke)

nepexo,n; OT JJ.BYCOCTaBHOrO npe,n;Jio:a<eHHH K O)J,HOCOCTaBHOMY He Bee

rp;a ceMaHTH'!eCKH MOTHBHpoBaH. TaKHM o6pa30M, no oTHOllleHHIO,

uanpHMep, K pyccKOMY H ,n;peBHepyccKOMY H3hIK3M pe'Ih HfieT no cy

I.Il,eCTBY o pa3HhIX rpynnHpOBKaX rnaroJihHhIX npe,n;HKaToB . Bo-BTO

TeKcT - BbICKa3bIBam1e - cJioBo ... 199

111 .1x , coxpaHeHHe o,n;HOCJIOBHhIX BhICK33hIB3HHH B o,n;HHX p;HaJieKTaX

11p11 HX ¢opMaJibHOH nepecTpOI1Ke B ,n;pyrHX - cp., c o,n;HOH CTOpOHhI,

• •1orrnll,K. sa blyska «CBepKaeT [MOJIHHH]», cp. Tru<me [dnes v noci] hrme-

1, • 11 prsalo «HO'IhIO rpeMeJI rpoM H men p;om,n;h» 6YKB. « •.• rpeMeJio H

to >1c,n;11JI0 » [Pauliny, Ruzicka, Stolz 1968, 371] H, c ,n;pyroli cTopoHhI,

11 111. ono se blyska, ono prsi, r,n;e noHBJIHeTCH 3KCTIJieTHBHoe cJioBo, -

' I MO n o ce6e ,n;OJIJKHO 6hITb npe,n;MeTOM HCTOpH'!eCKoro I13yqeHHH.

:i.2. Beccy6'heKTHoe o¢opMJiemrn rJiaroJioB, no npeHMYI.Il,eCTBY CBH­

' 11111i,1x c ,n;BycocTaBHOH KOHCTPYKIJ,Mei1:, He npe,n;noJiaraeT BhipameHHH

I'" IVJlhTaTHBHhIX H Mel(HaJihHhIX 3Ha'IeHHH: KaK npaBHJIO, BbICK33hl­

ll llfll.ff THrra ,n;ppyc. C11b.IWllT'b. HOCJIT KOHCTaTHBHhIH xapaKTep. c ,n;py-

1 I dt C"TOpOHhI, BhICKa3hIBaHHH, e,n;HHCTBeHHOH KOHCTaHTOH KOTOpbIX CJIY­

' 111' OTCYTCTBHe HMeH. rr. npH rJiarOJihHOH ¢opMe 3JI. e,n;. 'I., JIBJIHIOTCH

I llllT!lrMaTI-I'IeCKH 3aBHCHMhIMH: Hy:>KeH Bep6aJihHhIH KOHTeKCT, 'IT06hI

1111I1•prrpeTHpOBaTb IlOCJie,n;oBaTeJihHOCTb TI-Illa ,n;pHCJI. Ofi [agi)i a hann '111 l111 n «H npOH3HJIO ero HaCKB03b» 6YKB. « II npOH3HJI ero HaCICB03h »

1 111 f>P3JIH'!Hoe, a He KaK uenonHoe ,n;BycocTanHoe rrpe,n;nomemrn. 3a­

' lll'llJICHHe o,n;HOCOCTaBHhIX BbICK83hlll3HHH c rnaroJIOM B 3 JI. e,n;. 1'..f.

'' '·rnH,n;apTHhIMH, c}>OPMYJibHh!MH KOHTeKCTaMH rrpoRBJIH:eTC.H He3aBH­

llMO OT THrra n a MHTHHKa. BMeCTe c TeM, qacTOTa ,n;aHHhIX BLICK33hIBa-

lllll l 11 p enepTyap JieKceM, ,n;onycKaIOI.Il,HX 6e3JIH'IHoe o¢opMJieHHe, 3a­

"" ' llT OT )!{8Hpa TeKCTa. CHMITTOMaTH'!HO, 'ITO tPOPMYJie ,n;penHepyccKHX

I jlllMOT fllfW(Tb. 12 B ,n;peBHeHCJiaH,n;CKOH care - JKaRpe, BOCXOARI.Il,eM

' \I l"llOH Tpa,n;HII,HH , - COOTBeTCTByeT clJopMyJia segir «rOBOpHT» l3.

.1.a. <'DaKThl IlOKa3hIBa IOT, 'ITO B nparepMaHCKOM H npacJiaBHHCKOM,

""" P<'KH rocrro,ACTBYIOI.Il,eMy MHeHHIO, He 6hIJIO TaK Ha3. "co6CTBeHHO

r • 11 111'IHhIX JieKceM » , T.e. npe,n;HKaToB, B03MOJKHhIX JIHlllh n paMKax

•• ti" H'OCTaBHoro rrpe,n;nom eHHH, cp. [Wackernagel 1926, 113; Beha-

111 I 1924 , 124]. 06I.Il,eH: rrpe,n;rrocbIJIKoil ¢opMHponaHHH nocTpoemrn

\ '' "'" ,n;eHCTBOB8BllleH Ha rrpOT.ff:>KeHHH Bcero ,n;onHCbMeHHOrO nepHo,n;a,

'•r.1 10 TO , 'ITO rJiaron He npe,n;nonaraJI cpu1wupoBa HHoro tta6opa aKTaH­

' '" ( hc10,n;a, c o,n;HOH CTOpOHbI , B03MOJKHOCTh crropa,n;H'leCKoro COt.feTa-

111111 1'.IIarOJIOB, npeHMYI.Il,eCTBeHHO ynoTpe6JIJIIOI.Il,HXCJI 6e3JIH'IHO, c IlOk

II I dll.\IIM B HMeH. n a ,n;eme - THIT 1' iJOJICiJb iJoJ1CiJum, CTCJI. 0,47..;K,llll 1,•111.,1 ·1, 3orp. JI 1 7, 29 14, c ,n;pyroi1: - 6ecno,n;nemal.Il,Hoe oclJopMJieHHe

111rnJ10B, npeHMYI.Il,eCTBeHHO ynoTpe6JIJIIOI.Il,HXC.H B JIH'!Holi KOHCTPYK-

1111. - THIT. ,n;ppyc. nlfl.JJ(Tb, Cl1/:JWll'T'b , ,n;pHCJI. veit 6YKB. «3HaeT • 15.

.I :1. 1. B R3hIKax ,n;peBHe il: u;epKOBHOH Tpa,n;HIJ,HH - cTapoCJiaBHHCKOM

l I I •TC'K OM HeI<OTOphle JieKCeMhI OTMelJeHhl TOJihKO K a K 6 e3JIH'IHhie,

•• 111 Ile H CKJIIOlJeHO, 'ITO M bl IIMe.'IH 6 hI H rrpnMephI 8JlbTepH aTHBHOro

11 1 • r J >P6JieHHR, ecJIH 6bI n n ameM pac n opnmeHHH 6brno 6oJihUiee K0-

111 '' 1·Tno rra M JITHHKOB. ,Il;aHHbJe ,n;pyru x ,AH aJieKTOB qacTo yKa:JhIBaIOT

11 1 1 •.r:111wrnoe r eorpacpaq ecKoe p acnpe,n;enemre KOHKYPHPYIOmHx Mo-

' 1 .. 11. TaK, cornacHo H.JleKony, ,n;BycocTaBHhIM THIT iJoJ1CiJb ifoJ1CiJum I 11'1' '111CTOTeH B BOCTO'IHOCJIUBJIHCKOM, n epxHe- H HIOKHeJiy:nGUI,KOM,

I 1111 tl"OC'Ta BHhIH TH IT iJoJ1CiJum - B q erncKOM H CJIOBall;KOM, B IOJRHO·

200 A. B . Uu11u1ep11.uuz

CJiaBSIHCKHX SI3bIKaX H B IIOJlhCKOM OHM rrpe,n:cTaBJleHhl paBHOMepHO

[JleRoB 1967]16. B repMaHCKOM apeane B ,n:peBHeBepxHeMeu,RoM rrpe

o6na,n:aeT .D.BYCOCTaBHhlH THII (c <t>opMaJihHhIM IIO,ll,Jieaca~HM) es schneil «M,ll,eT CHer», 6YKB. «(OHO) CHemHT~ [Behaghel 1924, 127], B ,n:peBHe­

aHrJIHHCKOM o6a THIIa rrpe,n:cTaBJleHhI 6onee paBHOMepHo [Konecm1

KOBa 1974, 10, 15], B ,n:peBHeHCJiaH,ll,CKOM ,n:BycoCTaBHbIH THII rrpH verba meteorologica OTCYTCTByeT [Heusler 1913, 164 CJI.; CMMpHHU.RaH 1972, 65] . .il:JIR THIIOJIOrHH CHHTaRcHqecRHX CHCTeM 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTo u H3bIKax THIIa ,n:peBHeBepxHeHeMeU,ROro ,n:eHCTByeT Tpe6oBaHHe Ha He

3aIIOJIHeHHe cyfrheKTHOH II03HU,HH rrpe,n:nomemm, KOTOpaR 3aMe~aeT

CH ceMaHTHqecRH rryCThIM 3JieMeHTOM - <t>opMaJihHhlM rro,n:nema~HM,

B SI3hIKaX THIIa ,n:peBHeHCJiaH,UCKOrO ,n:eHCTByeT 3arrpeT Ha ee 3aITOJIHe

HHe rrpH 6e3JIHqHoM rnarone - TaR Ha3. rrpHHIJ;HII CHHTaRcnqecRor

HYJIR ( «HyneBoli cy6'heRTHbIR napaMeTp• ), qTo npe,n:cTaBJIReT co6ot\

6onee pe,n:RHH cnyqali; B CHCTeMaX o6onx THIIOB 3aIIOJIHeHHe HJIH Ba­

RaHTHOCTb cy6'heKTHOH II03HU,HH rrpH verba meteorologica CJIY;KHT

<t>opMaJihHbIM rrpH3HaKOM Bcex BhlCKa3bIBaHHH c ,n:aHHOH rpyrrrro:t1

6e3JIWIHhIX rrpe,n:HRaToB . B H3hIKax Tnrra ,n:peBHeaHrJIHRCRoro 3arron ­

HeHne HJIH He3aIIOJIHeHHe cy6'beKTHOH II03HU,HH He HBJIHeTCH mecT

RHM cTpyKTypHbIM Tpe6oBaHneM, verba meteorologica JIHIIIeHhl 3,n:eci.

e,n:HHbIX cHHTaRcHqecRHX MapRepoa. BoJihIIIHHCTBO cJiaBHHCKHX H3bl

ROB COOTBeTCTByeT HMeHHO IlOCJie,n:HeMy CJiyqaro; RaK rrpaBHJIO, coxpa

HHeTCH B03MOJKHOCTb cpaKyJibTaTHBHOro 3ailOJIHeHHH II03HU,HH cy6'beK

Ta JIH6o, HaITpOTHB, orr~eHHJI 3JieMeHTa, BbIIIOJIHRIO~ero pOJih cpop

MaJibHoro HJIH TaBTOJior11qecRoro rro,n:nema~ero, - cp., c o,n:Hoii cTo

poHbI, pyc. zpeMum, coep1wem, iJoJ1Coum, c11.eJ1Cum, Mopocum, c ,n:py.

roli - pyc. zpoM zpeMum, MOJlHUR coepKaem, cuez uoem, ooJ1CiJb uiJem/ .M.opocum 11 T. rr. t 7

3.3.2. M a cnaBHHCROM, n a repMaHCKOM 6e3JIWIHOe nocTpoeHHe qa

CTO ,n;aIOT rnarOJibI co 3HaqeHHHMH HaqHHaHHH/3aBepUieHHH, H36bITOq

HOCTH/He,n;ocTaToquocTH, ,n:onmeHCTBOBaHHH: CHMilTOMaTHqHo, qTo ce

MaHTHqecRHe rpyrrrrHpOBKH «6e3JIW!HhIX npe,n;HRaTOB >)' BbI,n:eJIJieMbH'

B. JI . reoprHeBOH B CTapOCJI3BHHCKOM H M. HroropOM B ,n:peBHeHCJiaH,n:

CKOM, COBIIa,n:aIOT rroqTH IIOJIHOCThIO [Nygaard 1905, 14-15; reoprHeBll

1969, 74]. TeM He MeHee noqn1 ace rnaronhI ,n;aHHbIX rpyrrrr ,n;aroT 11

JIWIHOe IIOCTpoeHHe [Xo,n:oBa 1980, 267], a ceMaHTWieCRaH c<t>epa MO

,n;eJIH #Vimp OCTaeTCH He3aMKHYfOH. Ha116onee JICHO 3TO BH,UHO Ha Ma­

TepHa.Jie ,n:peBHeHCJlaH,ll;CKOM rrp03bl: 6oJibIIIOH Ropnyc rraMHTHHKOB H

HX pa3H006pa3He II03BOJIHIOT ycTaHOBHTb, qTo 3JIHMHHaII,HH rro,n:nema

~ero rrpn n 10 6 o M ,n;aycocTaBHOM rnarone 18 ,n:aeT rroJIHhle 6e3JIWIHbH'

BbICK33blBaHHH: Nnom - Vfin -j- #Vimp• cp.:

(2) .11p11cJI. oK sa hvarigan stafn fra Qi)rum Fr. VI, 4 ~11 c KopMhI HC' 6bIJIO BUO/iO Hoca H Hao6opOT»' 6yKB. HI He BUOeJL IIH O.l\HOro UITeBirn (1wpa6m1) c .n;pyroro».

I1o,n:o6Hhie rrpHMephI JIHIIIaIOT JIHHrBHCTa B03MO:>KHOCTH ycMoTpeTL

3,n;ecb Heorrpe,n:eJieHHO-JI.HqHyIO I<OHCTPYKU,HIO, qTo o6hJqHO npe,n:nara-

TeKcT - BbICKa3bIBaHHe - cJJoeo ...

201

11 1 Mna.n.orpaMMaTHKH - cp . , HarrpnMep pa6oTy M.H10r-ot>a

1110!), 8-26]: HCHO, qTo cy6'beKT-Ha6mo,n;aTeJib He MO:>KeT 0.lJ;Il [Nygaard

lll 1XO,UHThCJI Ha Hoey H Ha KOpMe. I103TOMY HeT Heo6xo,n;l'l:IVro013

PeM:eHHO

11 l <i TLCH c MHeHHeM fl:. 3y6aTbl ll B. raapaHRa 0 TOM, '!To c CTH corna-

111 11 #Vimp 3 sg (,n:ppyc. mtW(Tb, qew. ,n;.11an. ten kroj uvidC u ~aB~HCR~li­r1vH 11. «TOT IIOKpOM YBH,D;HT y CTaphIX JIIO,D,eH» H T.rr.) np~.D.C'l' arych l1di r11 •II llpOMemYTO'IHYIO 30HY OT .z:IBYCOCTaBHOH KOHCTpYJ<U,Hlf l{ :l3JUJ.eT co: I '/. 1 ilnity 1954, 450-465; Havranek 1962, 75-76; cp. TaI<Jf<e 1\.1: eaJilI'!aon

1%1), 148-149; Xo.n.oaa 1980, 265]. B To me HpeMH B.raBp eJihHIIqYK

Ill 11 ·;1e,n:oBaTeJIH, 6e3yCJIOBHO, npaBhI B TOM, qTo ,n;aHHaSI Mo,n;e.Jya:-eK lI ero

1111 1·T rrpo,n:yKTHBHOCTh H B pa3HhIX cJ!aBHHCRHX ,n:ttane:I<Ta>c, Patto Te-

1 11 11pu rroMo~.11 pa3HbIX ROHCTPYKU,Hli - B03BpaTHOH JlH6o3

aMern;aeT­

"" lllflIHOH c rnaronoM BO 2/3 JI. MH. q_ B repMaHCKHX a3i,1l{ 060

6rn;eH-

1 11• 11 I YI0 CpYffKU,HIO BbIIIOJIHHeT <t>opMaJihHOe IIO,ll;Jieacarn;ee [l:X aI!aJI0-

1 11'~;,, 22; Behaghel 1924, 139]. Pa3BHTHe cpopMaJihHoro no~ rugrnann

(1111 1J / l'ono, to) B pH,n:e 3aIIa,n:HOCJiaBHHCIUIX H3bIKOB (qellicR11:e)f{arn;ero

1 1w ), rro MHeHHIO pH,n:a 1-1ccne,n;oBaTeneli, TaKJKe 06ycJIOBJie.1io ' JIYac11u;-

111111011eMeU,KHM BJIHHHHeM, T. e. apea.JibHhIMH KOHTaKTaMli CJI Cpe,n:ae- H

II 1 q1M<UICKHX H3hIKOB [Travnfcek 1956, 22]. aBHHCKHX

:1.4. McTopwrecRaH rrochIJIKa pa3BHTHH BhICRa3brnamrtr Tlt 111111wrb, ,n;pHCJI. OK sd hvdrigan stafn oqeBH.l(Ha - 3TO 3JJJilinna .D.Ppyc.

1 llld ' pe•rn . 3JIJIHnCHC 6bIJI O,ll,HHM H3 BamHeHI.IJHX IIOKaaaTeJI :He B no­

' 1 11 cnepxcppa3onoro e,n:HHCTBa, orr~eHHe CHHTaKcnqecRoro elf CBJI3Ho-

11111 ") \C'TaBJISIIO~ero paHee aKTHBHpOBaHHyro, JIH6o BTOPOC'l'ene~.l!eMeaTa, r .. I ll\'.L\YKTHBHO BbIBO,UHMyro HmpopMaII,HIO B COCTaBe nep110~a liYIO, JIH-

1• 1 •i; 1cTOTHhIM n HeMapRHpoBaHHhIM cnyqaeM [Ky3hMeH:l{o 19ge•u1 6h1-

11 .. •TOMY B ,D,OIIHCbMeHHYJO 3ITOXY THn # Vimp TO:>Ke HBJIJieTCJI l, 149]. I' ll ll 'HHOM H CHHTarMaTwreCKH HeMapKHpOBaHHOH MO,D,eJib!Q .l(ePacnpocT­

r 11< IJIBJieHireM III1ChMeHHOCTH IIOCTeneHHO MeHHeTCH cer!'vte1n PlfBa~HH. I '11. cy)f{aeTCH JieRcwrecRaH 6a3a KOHCTPYKIJ;HH # vimp• BbIC}\ a~HSI TeK­

' I• I I '() THna CTaHOBHTCH CTHJIHCTHqecKH MapKHpOBaHHbIMl1. aahIBaH:HSI

:1.5. B oT,n;eJihHhIX H3bIKax - B nepayro oqepe,n;b B .n.peaae11CJJ 11 11 J\peBHeqeUICKOM KOHCTPYKU:HH #Vimp y,n:epmHBaeTCSI cpan aH,ll;c1<oM

111'1 1"0 . .il:JIH ,n:peBHe.HCJiaH,n:CKOro 3TO o6bHCHHeTCH TeM, 'ITO a HHTeJI1HO

• 1"1;111u,11H He :11c•1e3na c noHBJieHrreM nHchMeHHOcTn: a XII1-x~11:<-rec:i<aH I Ill 110.l(CTBYIOT :>KaHphl TeKCTa, BOCXO,ll,H~He K ,ll,OIIHChMeH:ao ~BB. e~e 11 11.11.me car 3JieMeHTapHoe npe,n:nomeHHe ocTaeTCH cna6o CTp~ arroxe.

11 11 1111.IM, rro3TOMY coxpaHHeTcH cHHTarMaT.11qecKaH rrpe,l\rroc TYP11:po-hIJII<a n I'" l<J \CHHH 6eccy6'heRTHhIX rnaroJihHhIX BhICKa3bIB3HHH _

0 o-

" I :111Ta T3M, r,n;e OH BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH H3 rrpe.l(bI,ll;~eii qacTilYrn;emre

II Ill l'.l(e OH KOMMYHHK3THBHO HepeneBaHTeH. H Te1<cTa 1 laCTh .l(peBHe•rellICKHX BbICKa3hIBaHHH, rrocTpOeHHbI)( n

Il l /tVimp• TO)f{e MO;KHO Herrocpe,n:C'l'BeHHO o6'bHCHHT!, n:p 0 MO,l\e­

ll•ll"T poeHHH KpynHbIX cpparMeHTOB TeKcTa, cp. rrpHMep ua aimnaMn

II lll("l{OH «AJieKCaH,n:peH,n;hI» , Ha KOTOpbIH HaM JII06e3Ho .l\PeBae­( 1 ·. C1< opBn.r:1: Y« a3aJI

202 A. B. QuMMepllUHZ

(3) ,L\ptiew. Daru ma ot boha mnoho I kdyz cstnu zenu darzi koho -U,HT. no [Ponik 1983, 126, CTpOKH 75- 76] 6yKn. •Jl.apon ttMeeT oT 6ora MHoro / ecJIH 'IeCTHoii meHoii nazpa}l(.aa em Koro• = *Bor Harpam,L\aeT X -a HJIH ~ *X Harpam,L\eH, noJLy'laem meHy oT Bora.

.[(pyraH rpynna m>eBHeqernc1mx npHMepoB, KOTopaH H o6cym.n:arracL

q~e Bcero, HanpOTHB, CBH3aHa c OTHOCHTeJihHO 3aMKHYThIMH, KJIHIIIH·

poBaHHhIMH qacTHMH TeKcTa. <lJp. TpaBHHtieK BhICKa3arr MhICJih o TOM,

'ITO MO,ll,eJih #Virnp MCilOJih30BaJiaCh B HCTOpHH qeIIICKoro H3hIKa AJI.fl Bbl

pameHH.fl 3Haqemrn: «BHe3arrno npepBaHHoro .n:elicTBH.H,. [Travnicek

1956, 32). aTO Ha6JIIO,ll,eHHe npe,ll,CTaBJIHeTCH BeChMa Ba>KHhIM, O)J,HaKO

,ll.aHHa.fl xapaKTepHCTHKa HMeeT Henocpe,ll,CTBelIHOe OTHOIIIeHHe He K

CHHTaKCHtieCKOll ceMaHTHKe MO)J,eJIH, a K CHHTarMaTHtieCKHM orpaHH

qeHHHM Ha ee pean:H3au.mo B TeKcTe. B naMHTHHKax XIV-XV BB. MO

,ll.eJih #Vimp IIO.f!BJISJeTC.H: npem.n:e Bcero B OTCTynneHH.f!X OT OCHOBHOil

JIHHHH IIOBeCTBOBaHHSI, KOMMeHTapHHX H BBO,ll,HbIX o6opoTaX. Hepe,ll,K

npH :3TOM peaJihHOe IIOJIO>KeHHe ,ll.eJI npoTHBOIIOCTaBJI.H:eTCSI B03MO>KHO

MY= TaK, MO,ll,eJih #Virnp '!aCTO peaJIH3yeTCH B npe,ll,JIO»{eHHHX yCJIOBHH

HJIH ,1wnmeHCTBOBaHH.fl/B03MO)K.HOCTH:

(4) .L\ptiew. z Babylone putujfc ... na horu Sinaj musi jiti skrze pust' Arabsku Mand. (nee npttMephl ll,HT. no: [Travru'.cek 1956, 33]) 6yKB. my TeWeCTBY.H H3 BaBHJIOHa ... Ha ropy CHHaH aoJL}l(.eli uarnu tiepe3 Apanttl\ CKYIO nycTbJHIO• = eCJIH KTO noH.z\eT' OH ,l\OJI'1<eH 6y,11.eT H,L\TH .... (5) .L\ptieru. plovuce tehda z Cypru do Tiru ... Pfipluti m6i jednoho dm· a jedne noci Kah., 6y1rn. +nJihIBfl HJ K1mpa B Tup, npunJZbWlb .MO}l(.em 3a cyTIOH = •.MOJICIW nponJLbtmb 3a cyTKH• HJIH: ~eCJI U Kmo IlOilJibIBeT, TO aonJlbl8em Ja CYTKH •;

.[(pyroe THilHtIHOe MO)J,aJihHOe 3Ha'leHlie - cpaBHeHHe :

(6) .l\ptieru. by ot breha plane t aka, j akz by mohl dovrci z praka Alx ., 6yKn. +6b1Jla y 6epera TaKa.H paBHJofHa, KaK 6y,L\TO 6hI H3 np~H .MOZ ao6pOCUmb•:

(7) ,11.pt.1eru. jako by fekl Stit. 6yKB. +KaK ecJIH 6b1 c1caJaJ1•; T. e. •Kai< rosopttTCJH, + J<aK npun.llmo roaopttTh•.

Ilpe,ll.CTaBJI.H:eTCSI, tITO B nocJie,ll,HMX npHMepax Mb! HMeeM ,n:eno

yme co BTOpHtIHhIM HCIIOJib30BaHHeM MO,n:emr #Virnp H npeBpaill.eHH

eM ee B CHHTaKcnqecKoe KJIHIIIe. KoHe'lHYIO cTa,ll,HIO pa3BHTHH noKa

3hIBaeT coBpeMeHHhIH qerncKHH H3hIK, r,n:e cxeMa #Vimp.n:onycKaeTc.11

JIMIIIh B maHpe noroBOpKH, T.e. BHYTPH KOpOTKoro TeKCTa, coe,ll.HH.!l

IOill.ero aKTyaJihHOe IlOJIO;KeHHe )J,eJI c pO,ll.OBbIM:

(8) t1ew. bolest pfestala, jako by ut'al/jako hdyi utne; 6y1rn. •6one3JIJ. Kowm11ach, 1ca1e 6yamo ompeJaJt/KaK ecJZu ompe}l(.em •; (9) t.Ieill. mlCi, j ako by mu usta za§i l 6yKB. +MOJl'IHT, KaK 6y,L\TO 61.1 e.My pom 3QUlUJI• (ITO,L\06Hb!e o6opOTbl yme BOCllpHHHMaJOTCfl MHOrH:Mll HH<pOpMaHTaMH KaK ycTapeBWHC JIH60 HeJIHTepaTypHbJe);

E,ll,HHHtIHhie npnMephI cppa3eocxeM c 6e3JIHtIHhIM rnaroJioM B cpopMt•

MymcKoro po.n;a eCTh M B CJIOBaU,KOM R3bIKe, cp.

(10) cnonau.. Kricia, akoby ich z koze dral •Kp11t.1aT, KaK 6y,11.To c n11 KO}l(.Y (co )apaJZ~ [Pauliny, Ruzicka, Stolz 1968, 370].

TeKcT - BbrcKa3bIBaHl'le - cnono ... 203

'l'e M caMbIM, HCTOPHH CJiaB.HHCKMX .H:3bIKOB IIOKa3hIBaeT' 'ITO JieK­

' 11'11'CKHe H CHHTaKCHtieCKHe orpaHHtieHH.fl Ha HCIIOJlh30BaHHe MO·

ll" II 11 #Virnp He scer,n:a COIIYTCTBYIOT ,n:pyr ,n:pyry:

I ) B 6oJihIIIHHCT Be R3hIKOB npottcxo,n:nT JieKCHKaJIH3alI,HH MO,ll,e-

111 . c xeMa # V imp 3aK penJIReTCH 3a cTporo onpe.n;eneHHhIMH JieKce-

111M 11: 6onr. MOJICe, nuwe, 1-lJlMa, UMa ~es gibh, noJihCK. pisze, nie 1' 111 "?<' , ~ppyc. n11mtr&, yKp. ue.M.a, ,a;p11em. najde, nalezne «man f 111 rlC' ti~ . KpttTepHeM JieKcHKaJIH3aU.HH cnymHT B03MO>KHOCTh cBep-

1 I . I ll ll IIMSI BhICK33bIBaHHH ,ll.O SI,ll.epHor o CJIOBa.

:n B .n;peBHeqerncKHx naMHTHHKax XIV-XV BB . Kpyr rnaronoB

l 11 11YCK310Ill.HX IlOCTpoeHHe #Vimp• ,ll.OBOJihHO IIIHpOK (He MeHee 20_: 111 lll'KCeM), O,D;HllKO caMa KOHCTpyKlI,HR TRroTeeT K KJIHIIIHpOBaH-

111.i M 'I3CTSIM TeKCTa M IIOCTeneHHO npeBpaill.aeTCSI BO cppa3eocxeMy.

1111 11 ~)TOM coxpaHeHHe rJiarOJihHOH rpynnbI (T . e. 3aBHC.H:Ill.HX OT rJiaro-

111 ('JIOB) "IaCTO HBJI.H:eTCSI ycJIOBHeM npaBHJlhHOro paCII03HaBaHH.H:

( 1111'1'/l KCHCa noroBopoK H KJIHWe.

:1.6. IlpttBe,n:eHHbie cpaKThI CBH,D;eTeJibCTBYIOT 0 TOM, tITO IIOBepx­

lllOl ' l'llO~CHHTaKCHtieCKHe cpaKTOphI, TaKMe, I<aK coce,n:cTBO CJIOB B

111 '11'11.0M u.enu HJIH nponycK 3JieMeHTa, B MJia,[IOilMCbMeHHYIO 3IIOXY

lllO pOll OK33hIB3lOTCR CHJihHell npaBHJI nopom,ll.eHH.fl npe,ll.JIO)K.eHHH B

1111p11;111rMaTHKe. CaMH 3TH npaBHJia HOCHT cTaTHCTHtieCKHH xapaK­

'' I' ll .n;onycKalOT 60JibIIIOe KOJIM'leCTBO MCKJIIO'leHHH: II03TOMy rrpe­

l11 1" 1'fHhie CMHTarMhI B nepBbIX IIMCbMeHHhIX naMRTHHKaX CJiaB.HH-

1 11 X H repMaHCKHX .H:3hIKOB nyqrne TpaKTOBaTb KaK «IIOTeHU.HaJih-

ll 1 II' 11 pe,ll.JiomeHHH ~ 19 . Cor nacoBaHtte no,n:nemalll.ero co cKa3yeMbIM

q111 .>TOM HOCHT CKOpe: cpopMaJibHhlll, peJiflIJ,HOHHblll, HemeJIH rny­

ll II llO·CHHTaKCM'IeCKHH xapaKTep, 'ITO IIO,ll.TBepm,n:aeT OCHOBHOH Te-

111• Mene [Meiie 1938, 366]. 0,n:HHM H3 npo.HBJieHHH 3Toro RBJI>1eT-

1 •I 1.1 I ( Ha3. ynoTpe6JieHHe rnaroJia B cpopMe MHO>KeCTB. 'lHCJia c co­

lli •.1Tl'JihHhIMH cyill.eCTBMTeJihHhIMH B cpopMe e,n:. <rHCJia (H cyI.QecT-

11111·;11..HhIMM c co6upaTeJibHhIM 3Ha'!eHHeM), Tpa,ll,HIJ,HOHHO M He co­

ll' M Y.z:l3'IHO H33bIBaeMoe «COrJiaCOBaHMeM no CMbICJIY~: cp • .n;ppyc.

11 '' 11,\l('T"b HA HAC llH'T'&A (MocKOBCKaSJ ,n:oroBOpHa.H: rpaMOTa 1368 r.) -

11111 110 : [BopKOBCKHH, Ky3Heu,oB 1963, 329]20. I ;, .('CIIOpHo, cornacoBaHtte co6upaTeJihHoro cyill.eCTBMTeJihHoro c

I I 11 llJIOM BO MH. '! . - He TOJihKO cpeHOMeH IIOBepXHOCTHoro CHHTaK-

11• I , 110 H MOpcponorH'leCKa.H: MO,ll.eJib, 3aHHM3IOill.3SI B pa3HhIX R3bl­

I l 1011:e HJIH Menee npotIHhie II03HU.HH. Kone6aHMR s oqJopMJJeHHH

I ll'l ll lOH ~PYIIIIbI c co6npaTeJibHblM HMeHeM, KaK CBH,ll.eTeJihCTByeT

"'' l'· ll lHhIH MaTepHaJI, MoryT 6hITb CB.H:33Hbl c pa3JIHtIHbIMH: KOMMY-

1 11 1 11T1 11rnhIMM ycTaHOBKaMM [ManeBHHCKHH 1989, 16-18; BopKoB­

H'.y3HeU.OB 1963, 328- 332; Nygaard 1906, 67-69] . )1;1u1 Hae

I I II() yrKa3aTb Ha CHHTarMaTHtieCKHe KOpHH «COrJiacoBaHH.H: rro CMb!C-

• <>OCCIIe'IHB3IOill.Me JierKyro peaJIM3fill,HIO ,[laHHOll MO,ll.eJIH HMeHHO B

I I I 'I'(', OCHOBHOH cerMeHTHOH e,n:HHHIJ,eH KOTOporo HBJIHeTCH OTpe-

11 tioJihWe cppa3hI.

204 A. B. I.{u.M.MepJ1uta

0,llHOH H3 CTpaTernli IIOCTpoeHHil rrepHO,lla ilBJiileTCil IlOBTOp HMeH­HOH rpyrrIIhl B coce,llHHX <}lpa3ax: KpHTepHeM IIOBTOpHoro BXO:>K,lleHHJI

Kopel}lepeHTHOH rpyrrnhl MOryT 6blTh a) rrpoHOMHHaJIH3fill.Hil, b) 3JIJIHII­

CHC [Ky3hMeHKO 1991, 148 CJI.], c) CHHOHHMWJeCKail 3aMeHa [I'B03,llen;­

Ka511993, 34]. Ee.rm cqHTaTh, qTo HMeHHaR rpyrrna co 3HaqeHHeM co6H-

aTeJihHOCTH npe,llCTaBJieHa B CBepx<}lpa30BOM e,l(HHCTBe B IlOJIHOM BH,lle

~aK pil,ll [ s[apy:>H:una I 01-lU [IIemp, HBali, Ca88au 80Ulibl] eaymJ, CBR3h Me~ paccorJiacOBaHHeM npe,llHKaTa H 6JIH:a<~i11ero cy6'heKTa B 'IHCJie <i)py:>H:Ulia eaym> H 3JIJIHilCHCOM ,llHCTaHTHOrO u aHa<l>opWJeCKO­ro MeCTOHMeHHil < *OHU ei)ym> CTaHOBHTCH O'leBH,llHOH.

3.6.1. PeKoHcTpyHpyeMaH cTpyKTypa aenocpe.r1cTBeHHO o6Hapy:a<H­BaeTcH B 3aIIa,llHOrepMaIICKHX aJIJIHTepaIJ.HOHHbIX IlaMHTHHKax, r.r1e He-

u u rpynnhI CJIY:>KHT oco6b!M KOMII03Hll;HOHHhIM IIOJIHhIH IlOBTOp HMeHHOH

n HeMOM (3nWJeCKaH BapHau;HH). llpH 3TOM Hepe,llKO B03HHKaIOT u;e­

rr~qKH r.r1e npe,llHKaT OTHOCHTCH O,llHOBpeMeHHO K HeCKOJihKHM ,llHCTaH­

THO p;CIIOJIO:>KeHHhlM CHHOHHMWJHhIM rpyrrnaM. llpHBe,lleM IIpHMephl

rmeoHaCTWJeCKOH CTpaTerHH IlOCTpOeHHH TeKCTa: .

· H q ) allan dag that werot (eA. <1.) for them w1ha (11~ APCaKc. Btdunll(M( .. ) He! 174-175· 6yKB. ~J/COaJtu (MH. <!.) necb end1 wundrodun a e MH. <1. · • ( ) . AeHh mom 11.apoo (eA. •1.) nepeA xpaMoM Aa youBJ/..R.Jl.Ucb Bee ;H. ~· ~. )

~1~;~li~~a~~~~.~e3;gd6~~~: :·~a~~IJ fee:·:.-/ n~~~stf:.a~~·~o~~m~~ (:;\\ WJlU (MH. <!.) 6ecnOKOHHO•; b " thena alah (13) APC3KC. That werod (eA. q,) odar bed (CA. <!.) um a (eA. '!.) »<('

utan Ebreoliudi (MH. <!.) Hel. 104-105; 6yKB. •TOT) napo )/CQaJt (eA. 'I.) y Toro xpaMa cHapym11 EBpeu (MH. q, •.

B .z1pyro:M rpyrrrre rrpHMepoB onycKaeTCH He MecToHMeHHe, a BTopan B 3TOM CJiyqae Me:>K,lly qacTHMH MHO:a<eCTBa B03HHKa-

HMeHHaH rpyrrna. l.£ACTh. UEJIOE BOJK,D,b: BOt! · IOT HepapxWJeCKHe OTHOilleHHH THIIa • •

CIW, J1HJ1UI1ATOP : J1CilOJIHJ1TEJlb, cp.: . , .

ar var Hrei3arr sendima3r vi3 mikla sve1t ok satu par t1l (14) APHCJI . I>f h d" Vestfylda moti Birkibeinum Sv. 167- 320; 6yKB. Jandvarnar a "en I Il 60Jihll!HM OTPRAOM, ll cuiJeJttt AJIJI ~TaM 6hIJI Xpe11Aap ocJiaHHHK c aall\HThI Kpa.R BecTcpOJIJih OT BepecT.RHHKOB•; * EcJIH B ,llaHHOM rrpHMepe Ha3BaHhl Bee qJieHhl MHO:a<ecTBa < H

i)J > B CJienyronrnx KOHTeKCTaX [Xpeuaap u 6oJlbUJou ompR. ctt.r1emL.. • ,..,. ....._

KOHTyphl MHO:a<eCTBa JIHUih HaMeqeHhl, H <IJIJIHIICHC MeCT~HMeHHfl

MH. q. HaKJia,llbIBaeTCH Ha 3JIJIHIICHC Ha3BaHHil KOJIJ!eKTHBa.

ir . l" ( ) at ]:>eir mundu vilj a berjast ok hl6tJu (15) ,llpHCJI. (lug l 1~r.~~~7~· :rrooy.MaJl Rpll (eA. <!.), 'ITO OHH XOT.flT (MH. <!.) seg unum (o . I) ~apyca • ·"' ~'''HpJI Hero noi1cKo cnepHyJI11 6HTbC.fl, U C6epH.yJt.tt MH. '· ' -napycai;; HJil1 ~ ' 'BOHCKO JipJia CBepHyJIO napyca~.

u e oceHl1 3aJ/.OJ/CU (eA. '!.) u_epKOBb CB.RTaro DOCKpecc (16) Appyc. TOH m aobtlW Mapmypuu (eA. '!.) u 6o30eJiawa HH.R KaMRHH n MaHaCTb1p11 BJt HCTJI 1 A 1195 r . (MH q ) AO A'hBHpH OKOJIO AO oceHH • no .,

. . B'h TO me JI'tTO uiJe (eA. 'I.) H eJcJUJLa n bX4UH.ll4b (e,ll. 'I.) (17) Appyc. "' ( 'I ) C'h JlyK'h c'b MaJioM'h APY*HHH B'h Jlo Ha JiyKhl BOeBOAOIO, ttve eA. .

Te1<cT - Bh1c1<aah1BaHI-ie - cJioao ... 205

TblroJiy Ha TopoHe, ll 3acmauta (MH. <!.) .fl B'b OAPHHaX'b, IL y6uw.a (MH. 'I.) HX'h 40 Mym ... HCTJI 1, HOA 1200 r.

fIOCJie,llHHe CJiyqaH COCTaBJIHIOT nepeXO,llHyIO 30Hy K xpecTOMa-111i1HhIM IIpHMepaM COrJiaCOBaHHil O~HHOqHoro HMeH11 c npe~HJ<aTOM

11 0 MHO:a< . 'L CJie,I1y10m;y10 cTyIIeHh noI<a3hIBaeT BhICI<a3hIBaHHe c an-111>:.JIITHBHhIM yToqHeHHeM:

(18) ,llppyc. noeaymb (MH. '!.) iJpyJICUH.a (eA. 'I.) CaBBHHa 'la.Lib Hour. 6e­peCT.flHa.R rpaMoTa 69 (XIII)= • Canaa u ero 'Ia,llh (T. e. 'leJI.flAh) noeAYT».

EcJIH B 3TOM ~peBHepyccKoM rrpHMepe o6a CYU(eCTBHTeJihHhIX (1ipy:m:una H 11aab) rrpe,llcTaBJIHIOT co6o:H co6HpaTeJihHhle HMeHa H

' l"OHT B e.r1. q,, TO B aaanorHqHOM CTapollOJihCKOM npHMepe IIPHJI0-1\CHHe prostacy •npocTaKH» CTOHT yme BO MH. l'.f.:

(19) CTIIOJihCK. Moskwa (eA. <1.) prostacy (MH. <1.) spuscili si~ (MH. <1.) na to, ze mosty zrzucili - Pasek 116 (1660 r.), 6yfrn. ~Moc1wa (eA. <1.) npocma­Kll (MH. <! . ) nonaae.Jl.!lttCb (MH. <!.) Ha TO, 'ITO paapyillHJIH MOCTbU;

3.6.2. Ta.KUM o6pa30M, eCTh OCHOBaHl1JI IlOJlaraTh, qTo B OCHOBe «C0-1 "11' \COBaHHR ITO CMhICJIY» Jie:a<HT 3aCThIBU1HH HappaTHBHhIH llla6JIOH 22.

JI f{Q~HcpHu;upoBaHHhIX TeRcTax IlHChMeHHOH 3IIOXH ,ll8HHhIH ma6110H,

l(/I J{ npaBHJIO, 6bICTpee YCTpaHHeTCH B MHHHMaJihHOH CXeMe < noeoymo 'IJl!J:>H:lllia> ' HO coxpaaReTCH IIpH IlO,lJAep:a<Ke KOHTeRcTa B paCllIHpeH­llOH cxeMe < noay.M.aJl /Cli.R:Jb ... u caepnyJlu napyca>, cp.:

(20) cpsHeM. des Ligt (e1-1. 'I.) hie manic h el et (eA. 'I.) guot und sint nu hie erstorben (MH. '!.) Klage 639 - U:HT11pyeTc11 no: [Behaghel 1927, 14]; 6yKB. «3,llCCb JteJICum (eA. <!.) MH.Oiuil (e,ll. 'L) XOpOllIHH 60UH. (eA. '!.) 11 cei1<1ac yme n0Mep11u (MH. 'I.);

(21) pyc . He Mory, cy1-1apb, BHAeTb 3mozo .~aKeilcmBa (e1-1. <1.), oco6eH­Ho KOrAa OH.ll (MH. ti.) B ynpan11TeJ111 nonaiJym (MH. '!.) (CT11ceMCKHi1);

C. C. CKopBH,ll (ycTHoe coo6~eHHe) noRa3aJI, qTo MO,lleJih < amo Jla-,, d 1cmao ~ onu> ocTaeTcR rocrro.r1cTBYJom;eu ¢opMou Me:a<cppa3oBoro

11011Topa B coBpeMeHHou cy6nopMaTHBHou pyccKou peq11 (oco6eHHo TaM,

I JW nepBaH H BTopan HMeHHhre rpyrrrrbl CTOHT B pa3HhIX Ila,lle:a<ax) II He-

1 H '/(KO IIpOHHKaeT ,Ila.me B aBTOPCKHe TeKCThI PYCCKHX IlHcaTeJieii: xx BB.

3. 7. CKJia~hIBaeTcH BrreqaT JieHHe, qTo rropom.z1emrn o~HococTaB-11 1.1x rJrnroJihHhIX rrpe,l(JiomeHHH THIIa #Vimp H npe~JIO:>KeHHH c CO­

i lillCOBaHHeM cy6'heKTa c rJiarOJIOM BO MH. 'I. HMeeT 06m;y10 rJiy­

r11 11rny10 rrpe~IlOChIJIRy - B03MO'f<HOCTh 3JIJIHIICHCa aaa¢op11qec1wro MC'CTOHMeHHoro cy6'beKTa IIpH He IIOJIHOCThlO HOMHHaJIH30B8HHOH

llMeHHOH rpyrrne. llpH 3TOM 3JIJIHilCHC e,llHHHl'.fHoro cy6'heKTa co 3Ha­

' ll'l!HeM Heorrpe~eJieHHOCTH nopom~aeT 6e3JIH'IHhie BhICKa3hIBamf.11

11111a ,llppyc. Ci\blWlf'rb, ri\drOi\E'l'b l>O K'l:i. MlfpCKblX'l:i. npH'r'fdX'b , a 3JIJIHil­I 11c MHo:a<ecTBeHHoro cy6'heKTa rropom.z1aeT oco6y10 Mo~eJih conrnco-11 .i 111uI. KaR crrpaBe~JIHBO yKa3aJI IO. K. Ky3hMeHKo, HMeHHo 3JIJIHn-

' l.J TaKoro THna YCTpaHHIOTCH B COBpeMeHHhIX JIHTepaTypHhIX H3bl-I .ix EBponhI [Ky3hMeHKo 1991, 149], cooTBeTCTBeHHO, ycTpamnoTc.R 11 lfll3BUHHhie CHHTaKcHqecRue CTPYKTYPhI.

206 A. B. Q UMMepAUHZ

3.8. ,l4>yrHM OTHOC~HMCH CIO,D;a <PeHOMeHOM SIBJIHeTCH corJiaCOBa

HHe c 6JIHmaHIIlHM CJIOBOM. Cp. npHMep Ha pyccKoro naMHTHHKa XVI n.

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Hepe.n;Ko no.n;o6HaH cTpaTerHH paaBepTblBaHHH TeKcTa oKaablBaeT

cH TpaMnJIHHOM K aJIHMHHan;HH no.n;Jiema~ero. PaccMoTpHM .n;Ba o,n;

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(23b) .n;pHCJI. [Agrpvar strykq sai a noroan] ok heldr kaltj HI> XI •[Agrp6bIJI BeTep TOT c ceBepa], u 0060.ltbllO XOJLOOHO•

HapymeHHe corJiacoBaHHH oco6eHHO xapaKTepHo .D;JIH CBH30"'IHO

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BOM• [IlellIKOBCKHH 1938, 215). 4 6 MaTepHaJI HayqeHHblX HaMH p;peBHHX cnaBHHCKHX H

MaH~K~X H3b1KOB c KC nop;TBepm,n;aeT nnop;oTBOpHOCTb noHHM

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qec~oli cnomHnacb BO MHoroM 6naro,n;ap.s1 pa6oTaM A. ~·~~1e6 A M II~mKoBcKoro [IloTe6HH 1958, 118; IlellIKOBCKHH 6 ,

II~o;HBononomHaH KOHn,enu,HH - CBS13Ka ecTb o co6a.s1 cnyme Ha.R

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TeKcT - BLICKa31>1BaHHe - cJioso ... 211

J Te BOCXO,l\HT K CTapoMy p;eJieHHIO rnaroJIOB Ha KOHKpeTHhle H

p 1tTHhie. JI. B. III;ep6a, B. B. BHHorpa,n;oB H A. B. Hca'IeHKO 060-

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I 1oqHoH npep;HKaU,HH, O,D;HaKO npep;B3SITaH TpaKTOBKa CBSl3KH

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• 65] He noaBOJIHJia HM ou,eHHTb c}>aKTbl pyccKoro Sl3hIKa B npa-

110A HCTOpH'IeCKOH nepcneKTHBe H HaHTH COOTBeTCTBHH B pO,l\CT-

1 HH,D;OeBponeHCKHX Sl3bIKax.

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11rnx ycnoBHHX H3blK ,n;onycKaeT csaaoqHble CTPYKTYPbl 6ea co­

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, O]; B cnaBHHCKHX H3hIKax, HanpoTHB, c onym;eHHeM CBH3KH

I J oil CBH3KOH), cp. pyccKHe IlOCJIOBHII,bl THna 1l€JL08eJC CJLaiJKO, naiJJCO [IllaxMaTOB 1941, 137; qepHblillOB 1938, 258] 31 •

pl JieHHe CJIOB Ha -0, -6, cneu,HaJIH3HpOBaHHhIX B Q.>yHKII,HH CKa­

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11 HHcpHHHTHB 32 , a B ,n;peBHeHcJiaH,D;CKOM - Ha npH,n;aTO'tJHOe,

I 11pH HeO,l\H03Ha'IHOH cerMeHTaU,HH TeKCTa Ha npe,n;JIOJKeHHSI

212 A. B. a U.11t.lllep.1tUHZ

HaJIH'IHe npH):J;aTO'IHOro HJIH ero OTCYTCTBHe He .HBJI.HeTC.H JKeCTKH

CTPYKTYPHhlM Tpe6oBaHHeM. 4.8. YKaaaHHhle CBOHCTBa cJioB KC noaBOJI.HJIH roBopmu,eMy /pa

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(36) APHCJI. J>orgeirr segir: •Ekki var mer Petta alhugaJ, at ek vild at vit reyndim meo okkr harOfengi». J>orm6or mrelti: ,,/ hug kom Pl meoan pu mreltir ok munu vit skilja felagit. F6st. 7, 151. •Toprelip roBopHT: •He 6btJLo .Mne amo noJLnoyMno (=SI r0Bopm1 Bcepbea), 6yATO XO'IY 6HTbC.fI c T060H HaCMepTM. TopMOA CKa311 "Te6e npuutJLO na yM, no Ka Thi roBop:mu.

B pyccKHX rpaMoTax XVI B. Mhl o6HapyJKHJIH TO'IHYIO napa<t>p

ay KC BOJ/.bHO •X MomeT nocTyTIHTh, KaK aaxo'IeT• 33:

(37a) pyc. A BOJIHO MH't. HeKpacy ma ae.MJLR npoaamu u npoMenumu, no 8yute 8amu N~ 159/1518; cp. B TO'IHO T8KOM me KOHTeKCTe: (37b) pyc. J.fBaH Ko.My xoiiem, mo.My u ceJLo npoaacm, a MH't. flKo 3axapbH'IY H MOHM'b A1>TeM'h IleTpy H BacHJJ(b)JO ao mozo ceJLa iJ nem M 60/AO 15.03.1510.

.AHaJiorH'IHO yCTaHaBJIHBaIOTC.H 3Ha'IeHHe H TeKcTyaJI1>H1>1e 3KBH

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aa KOToporo 06aapym1rnaeTc.H B rpaMoTe 205/1522; cp. TaKme rrpHM H3 HOBropo.zi;cKoro ):J;HaJieKTa - 6epecT.HHyro rpaMOTY 366 (XIV B.):

(38) Appyc. HOBr. a 60Jlb H.b na8o(Jf, ZIOpbZIO nf, xapf,mony 80 RICOOa R.ICOBY 80 ZIOpbZR nf, 80 xapumona - «a 60JJbIIIC HCT ACJJa HH rropru XapliTOHY AO flKoBa, Hli flKOBY AO rroprli.!I li XapliTOHa» - [3am1:111 1995, 513].

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pa<t>paahl:

(39a) pyc. li CYAbli CilpOCliJIH CTap~a rapaCHMa: J/1060 JlU Ba.Ml\ .MeJICa, KYAhl Tt. xpecTHSIHe raBliH'bCKHe BeJJli co CBOliMH CTapon<H ~bl? N~ 93/AO 1511-12 (:: •corJJaCHbI JIH Bbl npliaHaTb TY Memy ... • ), (39b) pyc. H MHe MHKml>opy, Aa HBaHy, Aa MlixaliJIY OJieKceJ1 1

IIIaT(b), li .Me:m;a ma JL106um(b), KYAhI 0JJ1>Kceli noBeAeT M 278/1526 '

TaKHM o6paaoM, CTaHOBJieHHe KC xapaKTepHayeT TaKoe cocTml

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BhlCOKyro lJaCTOTHOCTb H cpaBHHTeJII>Hyro rrpocTOTY CHHTaKCH'll

cxeM, o6ecne'IHBaIOIII,HX HX pea.JIH3au,HIO B npe):J;JIOJKeHHH. 5. HaH6oJiee noJIHO npoTHBonocTaBJieHHe HeMapKRpoBaHHoro

na npe.zi;nomeHHJI Nnom-Vfin npoH3BO):J;HhlM OT Hero THTiaM pn.1 TbIB8eTC.H B Tex .H3hlKax, r.zi;e JIH60 coxpaH.HIOTC.H B03M0)1<11 CTPOHTb BhlCKa3bIBaHH.H c HeHOMHH8THBHhlMH cy6'beKT8MH, JUI )()

TeKcT - BhICKaahIBaHHe - c.11oso ... 213

II lllOT MO):J;eJIH HeareHTHBHhlX npe):J;HKaTOB, .zi;onycKaIOIIJ,He pa3Hhle 11 i.1 cy6'heKToB. IIepBa.H JIHHH.H conp.HmeHa c 3BOJIIOII,He:H noceccHB-

1 CO'IeTaHHH [Vasilev 1973], BTOpaJI - c 3BOJIIOII,He:H IIPH'I8CTHbIX •JIM [MacJIOB 1983]. M i.1 Ha.zi;eeMc.H nocB.HTHTh .zi;aHHo:H npo6neMe cneu,Ha.JII>Hyro pa6oTy, 1 l'OMY II03BOJIHM ce6e a.zi;ecb H3JIOJKHTb CBOIO KOHII,eIIII,HIO KOHCIIeK-

11110 •

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1111recTByeT KOHCTPYKII,HH c rnaroJioM «HMeTI>» (repM. *haban, 11 *imeti) (BeHBeHHcT 1974, 213]. B cJiaBJIHCKOM noceccop Map-

11"1"rc.H npe):J;JI0'1<HhlM pO):J;HTeJII>HhlM na.zi;emoM, B repMaHCKOM - 6ec­

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' Jll1Ho:H ):J;HCTpH6YIJ,HH c KOHCTPYKII,He:H c rnaroJioM «HMeTI>», 'ITO 111 'I' H3MeHeHHe ee HCXO):J;HOH ceMaHTHKH. ,IJ;JI.H CJI8B.HHCKOrO apea.rra

'lll'lllhlM .HBJI.HeTC.H C,!l;BHr OT noceCCHBHOro 3HalJeHH.H K JIOK8THBHO­/IJUI repMaHcKoro - OT noceccHBHOro K a<t><t>eKTHBHOMy: y MeHR

1 /J1 uMelO 6pam, naiJe:»eiJa > y MenR ecmb naiJe:»eiJa, R uMelO 6pama 11p11Hu,Ka.H 1970]. B HeKoTophlx ):J;Ha.JieKTax (.zi;peBHeHoBropo.zi;cKHli,

'111•caKcOHCKHH, .zi;peBHeHcJiaH):J;CKHH, 'IacTI> HOpBemcKHX roBopoB) I 1103MOJKHLIX npe):J;HK8TOB pe3KO pacmHpJieTC.H, rnaroJI cyru,ecTBO­" I npH aTOM MomeT OCMhlCJI.HTbC.H KaK CB.H3K8 34 • B HTOre nocec-

11.1 ti no npoRcxom.zi;eHHIO aJieMeHT npeBpaIIJ,aeTc.H B YHHBepcaJI1>-

p11cmHpHTeJI1> O):J;HOCOCTaBHblX H .ll;BYCOCT8BHhlX cxeM pa3JIH'IHOH

111'rHKH. B aTo:H rpynne ):J;Ha.JieKTOB aJieMeHT Y MEHH (resp., repM.

II I 111.rpamaeT He.zi;m}xpepeHII,HpoBaHHoe areHTHBHo-noceccHBHoe OTH0-1111 •111, cp. pyc. ):J;Ha.JI. y Koma !MlCO c?JeiJeno = Kom coeJt .MJlCo; y nezo I llllJlO:JN:eHbl = eMy HaJ/.O:JN:UJ/.U Ul6bl (Tpy6HHCKHH 1983, 223].

• .zi;pyro:H CTOPOHhl, pacnmpeHirn JieKCH'IeCKOH 6aahl npH'Ia-11 pome.zi;mero BpeMeHH (cp. pyc. ):J;Ha.JI. X03RUKa yexana) npH

111ttreHHH Henpe,n;HKaTHBHoro ynoTpe6JieHHJI (*yexanaR X03RU-11111 npaIIJ,aeT npH'IacTH.H Ha -Ho, -To H ceBepHopyccKHe .zi;eenpH'Ia-

111\ -IIIH B CHHTarMaTH'IeCKHe 3KBHBaJieHTbl rnaroJia c MaJI0-

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ll'l'b HanpaBJieHHOCTb ,n;e:HcTBH.H B KOppeJIHpyroIIJ,HX c HHMH rJia-111x BhlCKa3hlBaHH.HX. Cp. a) on yexaewu/yexan; B) cmoJt nocma-

1,,1/nocmaeJteno [06HopcKHH 1953, 157; Kya1>MHHa, HeM'IeHKo

11 13 repMaHcKoM .zi;aHHI>IH npou,ecc c.zi;epm.HBaeTc.H paHHe:H na-1 111TH38II,He:H nep<t>eKTa c rnaroJIOM «HMeTb~' HO B p.H.zi;e JI3bl­

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111 llpOTHBOIIOCTaBJieHa nep<t>eKTY [CMHPHHII,Ka.H 1977, 40, 65; 1 1983, 198; Lie 1989, 191]36.

214 A. B. I.{uMMepJ1uHz

TeH.n;eHI~HH K npeBp~eHHIO npHlfacTHH B Bep6oH,n;bI H K pacwH

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PHH repMaHCROro H CJlaBSIHCKOro apeaJia: HCJll.lH,Zl;CKHH H3bIK, Hop

cRHe ,ll;HaJieKThl, MaRe.n;oHCKHH SI3blK, ,ll;HaJieKTbl pyccRoro CeBepa.

5.3. CHHTarMaTll'IeCKHH acneKT

5.3.1. THIIOJIOrHSI pa3BHTHSI rrep<PeKTa c •6bITb• H KOCBeHH

na.n;emoM rroceccopa cocTOHT B npeBpa~eHHH pacmHpHTeJIJI MH Y MEH.H H3 <}>a.KyJII>TaTHBHOro B CTPYKTYPHO o6JiaaTeJII>HhlH KOMIIOH

IIpHlfaCTHbIX COlfeTaHHH c rpaMMaTHlfeCKOH HanpaBJieHHOCTblO [Ma

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CHHTa.KCHlfeCKHH C,ll;BHr He TOJibKO BayTpHCHCTeMHbIMH <l>a.KTOpaMH

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(40) APHCJI. eini dregri var mer aldr um skapaor Sc. 13, 4- 5, 6yKB. •AO eAHHoro AHJI 6h!Jia MHe .)KH3Hb OTMepeHa•; (41) HoBr. JKH3Ho6oyAe noroy6JieHe oy CwieBuq& (6epecTJ1HaJ1 rpaM 607 /562 Xl2) [3aJIH3H.flK 1995, 167].

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BbICKa3bIBaHHH aM6HBaJieHTHbI:

(40') MOR- :JICU3H.b OTMepeHa - naccHB; (He CaM cy6'beKT OTMepJIJI). (40") y Mena .)KH3Hb OTMepeHa = JI HMeIO .)KH3Hb OTMepeHHOB - n cJ.>eKT (KTO OTMepHJI, HeJICHO) [CMHpHHIJ;KaJI 1970, 74]. (41') JKHaHo6yA nory6neH 6 iJoMe CwteBu'teu - naccHB c noKaTHBH yTO'!HeHHeM. (41") CwteBu'tu nory6HJIH JKHaHo6yAa - aKri;HoHaJibHbIH nepQ> (3aJIH3HJIK 1995, 228).

HeJib3SI BilOJIHe HCKJIIO"<IHTh, lfTO CMhICJihl la) H 16), 2a)

COBMeCTHMhl H B3aHMHO ,ll;OIIOJIHSIIOT .n;pyr .n;pyra:

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TeKCT - BLICKa3LIBaHHe - CJIOBO ••• 215

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11 llX TeKcTax, r.n;e IIpHlfaCTHbIH Bep6oH.n; MomeT 6bITb e.n;HHCT-

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I J\llMOMy, XpOHOJIOrHlfeCKH COBIIa.n;aeT c pa3pyweHHeM HOBropo.n;­

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I 11•1t Ta. B MJia.n;onHCI>MeHHyro anoxy npHlfaCTHe CJiymHJio HHCT-

11 •roM .KOMIIpeccHH TeKcTa, IlpH aTOM 3aMeHa <l>HHHTHO:ii: <PopMbI

I /I I npHlfaCTHbIM C.Ka3yeMbIM 6bIJia O,ll;HHM H3 cpe.n;CTB 06'be,Z1;HHe­

l I ll"t',Zl;HHX BhICKa3bIBaHHH c o6~e:H aKTaHTHo:H rroam:~He:H B paMKax

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11 MJia.n;orrHcI>MeHHbIX naMJITHHKax ynoTpe6JieHHe rrpHlfaCTHoro

•v• Moro lllHpOKO .KOM6HHHpyeTCSI c aJIJIHIICHCOM, IIOCKOJlbKY cy6'b­

llfllr<IaCTHJI MomeT He COBna.n;aTb c Cy6'beKTOM rnaroJibHOro CKaay-

1 •I HJIH Boo6~e OCTaBaTbCH HeBblpameHHbIM B npe.n;bl.n;~e:H CHH-

' 1 [Travnfcek 1956, 189; 3aJIH3HSIK 1995, 164]. I P113pyweHHeM IIOJIHIIpe.n;H.KaTHbIX .KOMIIJieKCOB IlpHlfaCTHe H3 BT0-

11 11 HHoro CTaHOBHTCJI rJiaBHbIM C.KaayeMb!M, B HTOre lfero IlpHlfaCT-

1 • l 'Y<.l><PHKCbl -HO, -TO H -IIIH OKa3bIB8IOTCSI Map.KepaMH HOBOro npo-

1111moro THila BblCKa3bIBaHHH. lfaMeHeHHe BH.n;O-BpeMeHHoro H aK-

ltllllJibHOro 3HalfeHHSI npHlfaCTHbIX OCHOB H BbITeCHeHHe npome.n;mero

II UH Ha -Jl Bep60H.n;aMH Ha -UJ.U B ceBepo-aana.n;HbIX PYCCKHX roBopax

·•111t>eKH:ii: 1953, 156] Tome CJie.n;yeT CBJI3b!BaTb c paapyweHHeM cBepx-

1· 11onhlx e.n;HHCTB. XapaKTepHo, lfTO noJIHnpe.n;HKaTHhle BbICKa3z,rna-

1 1, r.n;e o.n;HoBpeMeHHo npe.n;CTaBJieHbI Jt-<}>opMa (HJIH <}>opMa npeaeHca)

•l11111Ma Bep6oH,n;a <.n;Han. HoBr. A Bom ma/w.1eoJta/3zopeJta ..• w.utjJe· '' ffolJla n01cpbtma; nuttezo ezo ne Ha noe3iJe u36uJtu, a Bopo6a6w.u

1/ ll/IOUt1CY > . 3aCBH,ll;eTeJibCTBOBaHbI JIHlllb B a6COJIIOTHOM MeHblllHHCT-

PYCCKHX roBopoB, r.n;e MO,ll;eJib IIpHlfaCTHoro CKaayeMoro npO.n;yKTHB-

1 l0t5Ho p cKHH 1953, 157; BopKOBCKHH, KyaHen;oB 1963, 357; Tpy­" " 1m:H 1983, 219, 221, 225]37.

5.4. BLIBO,ll;bl

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1 II H r epMaHCKHX naMSITHHKax HeT mecTKHX CTPYKTypHbIX Tpe6oBa-

216 A. B. I.{ UMMepJLU/lZ

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B IIHCbMeHHYIO arroxy HOBbie cpyHRI.l;HH H .n;aIOT HaqaJIO PRAY CHll

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)(e <)?paaeocxeM H maHpOBbIX .KJIHIIle.

TeKCT - BLICKa3LIBaHHe - CJIOBO .•. 217

1!111'r no,11,•repKHYTL, 'ITO rHnOTeaa Meile OTHOCHTCll He K npoTOHH,11,0eaponeilcKO·

' II I( CTaAHH, Henocpe,11,CTBeHHO npe,11,wecTBYIO~eil BLl,11,eJieHHIO HH,11,oeaponeilCKHX 111111•1CTOB.

I ••1111•11u;u11 XoilCJiepa HanomeHa B pll,IJ,e ero pa6cYr KOHI~a XIX _ Ha'lana XX B B I .

I IMM THKe ,11,peBHeHCJIBH,ll,CKoro ll3L!Ka• (1913) YCJIOBHllM peaJIH381,.\HH npe,11,-

l I llHil B COCTaBe 6onee KPYilHL!X 0Tpe3KOB TeKcTa D;eJIHKOM IlOCBSl:~eHLl XXXVII-XXXVIII [Heusler 1913, 187-211]. 3,11,ecL Xoilcnep ocHOBHoe

lllMlll lHe y,11,ensi:eT ,11,0KaaaTeJILCTBy 3KBHBaJieHTHOCTH pa3HLIX nopsi:,11,KOB CJIOB

I J1pyry H 0,11,HHaKOBOil CTeneHH HX KOHTeKCTHOil aaBHCHMOCTH [ibid § 4 77 I 482 . , '

• 485]; K CX0,11,HL!M BLIB0,11,BM 0 nopsi:,11,Ke CJIOB B Sl:3L!Ke ,ll,peBHeHcJiaH,11,c-11 11poaLr ,11,0 Xoiicnepa npHwen B . .D:enL6pIOK [Delbriick 1911]. To me yTaepm-

11 II 11 0 COOTHOWeHHH IlOJIHLIX H 3JIJIHilTH'!eCKHX BapHaHTOB BLICKa3LIBaHHil 1'1111 lt•r 1913, § 489, c. 202]. B aToil CBll3H Xoiicnep yKa3LIBaeT Ha TeKcToo6pa­

I •ll!YIO POJIL HHBepcHH (TO'lHee, Il03HD;HOHHLIX nepecTaHOBOK, TaK KaK IlOHSI:·

" • llllBepCHH . Il0,11,JiemHT B ero CHCTeMe TepMHHOB KPHTH'leCKOMy OCML!CJie-"" (yK. CO'! . , §§ 490- 496, C. 202- 206).

I lc•p110,11, carH ( •KPYilHL!H OTpeaoK TeKCTa•) TpaKTyeTCll HM npem,11,e acero KaK

I HKO·CHHTaKCH'leCKOe e,11,HHCTBO: Ha c . 199 roaopHTCSI:, 'ITO JIHHeHHOe pacno­' 1•1111e 3JleMeHTOB CHHTarML! B THilH'IHOM CJiy'lae npe,11,nonaraeT HeCKOJILKO

11111111paBHLIX BapHaHTOB, He HapymaIO~HX JIOrH'lecKoro co,11,epmaHHSI: , H '!TO

'" II ~ee 3Ha'!eHHe IlpH 3TOM IlOJiy'laIOT •OC03HaHHLie HJIH HeocoaHaHHL!e PHT· I 11 l'KHe TeH,11,eHD;HH• . TOT m e IlpHHD;Hil pacnpocTpaRSl:eTCSI: ,11,anee H Ha CaM c 0 -

I II CHHTarMLI, cp. CKaaaHHoe B § 489 o6 3JIJIHilCHCe [yK. CO'! . , 202] . .D:nsi: 11111JILHoro nOHHMaHHSI: TepMHHa •PHTMH'leCKHH• y Xoilcnepa cne,11,yeT HMeTL

ltJIY. 'ITO OH HCX0,11,HT H3 Toro, '!TO npoae IlpHcy~a HMMaReHTHall PHTMH'leCKall

111rn11aari;H11. 8TOT Barnsi:,11, npe,11,cTaBJieH yme B pa6oTe 1889 r. (rt;HT. no: Heusler

II 111, 695- 696], cp. TaKme pa6oTy 1915 r. [yK. CO'!., 296], r,11,e KOMMeHTHpyeT-1 'l•llTCHD;Hll , npe,11,cTaBJieHHasi: KBK B Kopnyce •8,11,,11,LI• (Hav. 59, 4- 6), TaK H B I IK (Vopn . 17- 53) - [yK. CO'! . , 307].

11 pn6oTe • IlpoHCX0*,11,eHHe HCJiaH,11,CKOH carH •• BnepBLre ony6JIHKOBaHHOH B

I I 1· . , Xolicnep yKaaLiaaeT, '!TO nepHo,11, cooTHeceH c aaKOH'leHHLIM coo6~e­• COCTaBJISl:IO~HM 3Tan noaecTBOBaHHSI: [yK. CO'!., 404-406]; Ha KOHKpeT-

1 llJlHMepe IlOKa3LIBaeTCSI: , 'ITO npaBHJILHall cerMeHTBD;Hll TeKcTa Ha nepH0,11,LI 1 YCJIOBHe ero npaBHJILHoro noHHMaHHsi:. CornacHo Xoilcnepy, 'IJieHeHHe ca­

" I JilH30,ll,LI Heo6X0,11,HMO aa,11,aeTCll CTPYKTypoli ri;enoro [yK. CO'!., 450- 451] H

I llll (llll!OM C'leTe onpe,11,eJilleTCll CaMoii TeXHHKOH YCTHoro paccKaaa [yK. CO'! . • I, 4 54 , 458].

11 1c0Heu;, B pa6oTax paaHLIX neT Xoiicnep yKaaLIBaeT Ha oT,11,eJILHLre qepTLI 11 ll l(CHCa car, IlpllMO CBSl:3aHHL!e c opraHHaau;HeH nepHo,11,a: HCilOJIL30BaHHe

lll'lllCICHX 'laCTHD; [Hensler 1913: § 480, c. 195-196], ynoTpe6JieH11e HCTOPH· 11ro npeaeHca [yK. CO'I.: § § 497-502, c. 207- 211], ,11,y6n HposaHHe rnaron oa

I 11'1'1!Hll [Hensler 1969 II: 671 - 672, 686], CHHTarMaTH'lecKyIO 3aBHCHMOCTL '' •11,11Lrx THno_B 6eaJIH'IHoro npe,11,nomeHHll H nepexo,11,HLre cny•raH Mem,11,y an­'" llCOM H 6e3JIH'IHOCTLIO [Heusler 1913, §§ 489, 490.2, c. 202, 204].

oticnep C'IHTaJI HeOOX0,11,HML!M BLl,11,eJillTL CBepx¢paaOBLle e,11,HHCTBa He TOJIL-

11 r.nrax, HO B ,11,peBHeHUIHX repMaHCKHX CTHXOTBOPHLIX naMSl:THHKax. TaK, '111 3Hpysi: B pa6oTe 1902 r . Sl:3L!K ,11,peBHeaHrJIHtiCKHX ll03M, OH npHaHaeT KJllO·

•11 IM nonpocoM •COOTHOWeHHe MeTpH'leCKoro H CHHTaKCH'lecKoro nepH0,11,a • 11, 11 I r 1969 II, 651]. B Toil me pa6oTe HeCKOJILKO cTpotJ> •IlpopHrt;aHHsi: BenL-

218 A. B. auMMepll.UHZ

Bba TpaKTYIOTCJI KaK eJ(HHbli!: nepHOA c npHCYlll,HMH eMy xapaKTepHblMH ell

TaKcHqecKHMH oco6eHHOCTJIMH [ibid., 653- 654]. B pa60Te 1917 r. Xoi!:cJiep 1

pa111,aeT BHHMaHHe Ha TaKHe npH3HaKH CBepx<lJpa30BblX e)(HHCTB B cTpo<l>H•lll

llJIJIHTepau,HOHHOi!: noa3HH, KaK aHa<lJopa, anH<lJopa, HHBepcHJI, BHJ(JI B HHX KJI

TepHi!: J(JIJI peKOHCTPYKU.HH HCKOHHOi!: CTPYKTYPbl TeKcTa [ibid •• 198).

3 IloHHMaHHe cBepx<lJpaaoBoro e.ztHHCTBa (nepno.zta peqn) KaK CHHTaKcn•1ecK•

11,eJioro, HMe10111,ero CBOH <lJopMaJlbHble noKa3aTeJIH, HMeeT J(aBHIOIO Tpa)(Hllll

cp. o63op B [Kyai.MeHKO 1991, 141; Diderichsen 1976, 303; MarHHU,KaJI 111" 21-22]. Cpe.ztH OTeqeCTBeHHblX J13blKOBeJ(OB, CTOJIBllIHX y HCTOKOB J(aHHOA HI

11,enu,11n, cJie.ztyeT OTMeTHTh JI. B. IIJ.ep6y, A. M. IlemKoBcKoro H H. C. Ilocnl'J111

[IlellIKOBCKHi!: 1938, 407-411; IlocneJIOB 1948]. 4 y CTHble TeKCTbl J(OnHCbMeHHOH anoXH H HoBoro BpeMeHH HMelOT pa3HblH I

Tye: ycTHaJI peqi. HoBoro BpeMeHH cBJl3aHa c <lJoJ11>KJ1opHb1MH maHpaMH, A coBpeMeHHOrO o6111,ecTBa MaprHHllJlbHblMH - 6ai!:KaMH, aueKJ(OTaMH H T. n '

maHpbl cpe.ztHeBeKOBblX YCTHblX TeKCTOB o6yCJIOBJleHbl nepe.ztaqei!: COll,HllJI

Ba:>KHOi!: HH<lJopMall,HH - anHqecKHe CKa3aHHJI, ycTHoe npaBO. OcoaHaHHe TO

qTO CHHTaKCHC anHqecKoro TeKcTa onpeJ(eJIJleTCJI 1·eXHHKOi!: paccKa3a, 6blJ10

MHoroM aacJiyroi!: •<l>oPMYJlhHOi!: TeopHH• M. IleppH - A. B. Jlop.zta, paap

TaHHOi!: Ha MaTepHllJle cJiaBJIHCKOro <l>OJibKJIOpa [Lord 1960]. 0.ztHaKO CTO

HHKH TeopHH <l>oPMYJI CBJ13blBaJIH noBTOpbl pHTMHKO-CHHTaKCH'leCKHX lllaft.11

HOB TOJlbKO c npaKTHKOi!: ycTHOrO HcnoJIHeHHJI, a ue c 3aKOHaMH nepe)(a'IH

cpopMall,HH B 6ecnHCbMeHHOi!: KYJlhType (cp.: JloTMaH 1973), noaTOMY HM He y

JIOCb YAOBJieTBOpHTeJii.Ho o6'hJ1CHHTb opraHHaau,mo nnTepaT}'pHoro anH'lectu

TeKcTa. KaK noKaaana 0. A. CMHpHHU.KaJI, cpopMyJii.HocTb TeKcTa MO)KeT fl1o1 He TOJlbKO nepe:>KHTKOM ycTHOrO COCTOJIHHJI [Magoun 1953], HO H npOAYH

BTOpH'IHOrO c6JIH:>KeHHJI JIHTepaTypHoro maHpa c ycTHOi!: Tpa)(HU,Hei!: [CNll

HHU,KaJI 1994, 221-223, 232-234]. IloaTOMY coxpaHeHHe apxa11'leCKHX 'I

rpaMMaTnqecKoro cTpoJI, KaK H coxpaHeHHe anH'leCKOi!: Tpa)(Hll,HH B nHCbN

HYIO anoxy, caMo no ce6e Hy:>KJtaeTcJI B cneu,HaJibHOM OO'bJICHeHHH. KpoMe Tl

J13b1KH B HaqaJie cBoei!: HCTOpHH 'laCTO npe.ztcTaBJieHbl HeconocTaBHMb!Nll

maHpOBOM OTHOllleHHH naMJITHHKaMH.

5 YnOTpe6mm TepMHH •MJI8JtOilHCbMeHHhlih, Mb! OT.ztaeM ce6e oT'leT, '!TO OTC'!

BeHHbli!: 'IHTaTeJlb YJiaBJIHBaeT B HeM CKOpee COU,HaJibHO-IlOJIHTH'IOCKHi!:, He>K

co6cTBeHHO JIHHrBHCTH'lecKHi!: CMblCJI, - •J13b!K HapoAHOCTei!:, noJiyqHBlllHX Illl

MeHHOCTb B HeAaBHee BpeMJI, 6J1aro.ztapJ1 KYJlhTYPHO-npocBeTHTeJlbCKOH MH

Jlpyrnx Hapo)(OB•. Mb! He BKJ18J(b!BaeM B TepMHH 011,eHO'IHOro COJlepmaHHJI H n

no'IHTae!VI roBopHTb He o •MJia.ztonncbMeHHOi!: KYJihType•, a o •MJJa.ztOnHCLMeH

.nepHo,ne HCTOPHH J13b1Ka• KaK THilOJIOrH'!eCKH aaKOHOMepHOi!: CTa)(HH, B Te••

KOTopoi!: CHHTaKCHC nHCbMeHHOrO TeKCTa B cy111,ecTBeHHOi!: CTeneHH onpeAeJJJI

KOMMYHHKaTHBHblMH npHHU,HnaMH, CJIO:IKHBIUHMHCJI B ycTHbli!: nepHOJ(. Ilonb!T

peKOHCTPYKU.HH aTHX npHHU,HnOB H JIBJIJleTCJI Hallla CTaTbJI .

6 Pa60Ta A.A. IlOTe6HH tlia aanHCOK no pyccKoi!: rpaMMaTHKe• He nMeJia aaMeTll

OTKJIHKa npn :>KH3HH yqeHoro, HO OKa3aJia rny6oKoe BJIHJIHHe Ha PYCCKHX J13b!K

AOB XX B., KaK Ha cJiaBHCTOB [cp.: BnHorpSAOB 1947, 3, 33, 50; BopKOBCKHi!: 1 324, 346, 350], TaK H Ha repMaHHCTOB [Kau,HeJii.coH 1949, 120, 281, 323]. B N

rpa<l>nn C. ,[(. Kau,HeJii.coHa •licTopnKo-rpaMMaTH'IOCKHe nccJieAOBaHHJI• rJI

HH'lecKaJI Teopm1 npeAHKaTHBHoro aTpH6yTa 6i.ma ycnewHo npHMeHeHa K .ztpe

repMaHCKHM aai.1KaM. K comaJieHHIO, aTa KHHra C. ,[(. Kau,11eJ1i.coHa ocTaJiaci.

H3BeCTHOi!: lllHpoKOMY Kpyry y•ieHblX BBHAY 11e6JJaronpHJ1THOi!: IlOJIHTH'I

KOH'b!OllKTypbl, a nnocJieACTBHH 011 I( JIUllllOA npo6JJeMaTHKe ne B03Bpa111,aJJCJI.

TeKCT - BblCKaai.rnaune - cJioBo ... 219

I IOllJITHe •noTeHU,HllJlbHOro npeJ(JJO:>KeHHJI• npHJIO:IKHMO KO BCeM COCTaBJIJllO­

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1 u •1acTJ1M. Cp. APHCJI. h6n var goo htisfreyja ok fengsQm HS. 15, 14, 6yKB.

11 111a 6i.IJ1a XOpolllaJI X03Jli!:Ka H aot5po:11CeJ1ameJ1&HaJn. YAJI no IlOJIO>KeHHIO, )ta H no CO'leTaeMOCTHblM CBOi!:CTBaM CJIOBa fengsQm OHO

I 1 llOCHTCJI CKOpee K h6n •Olla•. 'leM K husfreyja •X03Jli!:Ka• = •XOpolllaJI X03Jli!:­

I 11 11 JIOOpo)KeJiaTeJibHaJI [meHlll,HHa]•. T. e. nepnoe npn.11araTeJ1bHoe aTpH6YTHBHO,

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ll11'1'0 CHHTaKCH'lecKoro oKpymeHHJI nepeozo npe,nHKaTa vera htisfreyja t6b1Tb xo-

1111\1(oth , BaJieHTHble CBJl3H KOToporo HC'lepnbIBalOTCJI nepBOH CHHTarMoi!:.

I II· opraHH3aU,HIO coo6111,eHHJI B o,naoi!: H3 apxaHqHblX HCJlaHJ(CKHX car:

(42) APHCJI . Ketill kippir honum Gisla inn af garoinum ok kastar honum a

bak ser: <2> ekki sja peir, at honum yroi mikit at honum; <l> hann hleypr heim til brejarins (Hvg. 296). • KeTHJlb BTaCKHBaeT [ Te.110] I'HcJIH Ha )(BOP H aa6paCb1BaeT ero ce6e Ha cnn­

uy: <2> OHH He BHJ(eJIH no HeMy, '!TO Homa eMy TJl:>KeJia• <l> OH t5e:11eum fJoMoil "xymopy•. '

nnca11He CHTyau,HH He OCTaBJIJleT COMHeHHA B TOM, '!TO co6hITHJI <l> H

. npOHCXOAJIT K o6paTHOi!: nocJieAOBaTeJILHOCTH: BHaqaJie repoA 6emHT K xy-

11111Y < 1>, H JlHlllb 3aTeM, HCXOJ(JI H3 ycnellll!OCTH ero AeACTBHA, Ha6JIIO,llaTeJlb

1 1111eT BbIBo,n, qTo Homa He no111emana 6ery111,eMy <2> . 13 nHCbMeHHYIO anoxy npnMepbl HeHKOHH'IHOro pacnonomeHHJI npeJIHKaTOB,

11<1pywa10111,ero ecTecTne11Hy10 nocJieAOBaTeJJbHOCTb co6b!THA, o6i.1qHo y.ztepmnBa­

•11rs1 B KJJHIUHpoBaHHblX qacTJIX TeKCTa. TaK, 8 maupe xpoHHK H 6aJJJJ8)( no J(aH-

1111111y npHHU,Hny qacTO CTpoJITCJI napHble <l>oPMYJibl, BBOJ(Jllll,He np11111y10 peqi., cp.

(43) .ztpmse.zt. Then ionker swarade ok um sik saa Erikskr. (noA 1260 r.) GyKB . •IOHKep oTBe'laJI u ot5epHy11.ca•.

,, I "TKHX orpaHH'leHHit Ha paaMep nepHOJ(a HeT .name B llJIJIHTepau,HOllHblX rep­

UICKHX ann'leCKHX naMJITHHI<aX. Ta!<, B aana]IHOrepMaHCKOM acTpo<l>HqHOM

111xe KOHeU, CHHTaKcn:_ecKoro eAHHCTBa OOblqHo COBna]laeT c u,eaypoA (TO'!Hee, c

I Hlll~OM nepBoA KpaTKOH CTpoKH), OJIHaKo nepHOJI MOIBeT 3aHHMaTb He 3 KpaTKHX

• 1•>KH , a 5, 7 H 6onee. B CKaHAHHaBCKOM CTpo<l>HqHoM CTHXe KOHell, nepHOAa 'la-

111 COBna]laeT c KOHll,OM nonycTpo<l>bl (T. e. c KOHll,OM BTOpoA AOJiroit CTpoKH), HO

''11111\IOT cnyqan, KOr.zta nepHO,ll OXBaTbIBaeT HecKOJlbKO coce,nHHX CTpocp [Heusler

I 'Ill!) II, 653]. Kone6aHHJI xapaKTepHbl H J(JIJI npoaanqecKHX naMJITHHKOB. Ilo

,, llllHM no,11cqeTaM, B •Care 0 BHTBe Ha IlycTOlllH•, KOTOPYIO MHOrHe HCCJJe,nona-

•111 npH3HaIOT HaH6oJiee pauHeA H apXaH'IHOA H3 poJIOBblX car, CpeJIHJIJI ,!IJIHHa

''' flllOJta cocTaBJIJleT 20-27. CJIOB I 30-40 cnoroB, OAHaKO non8J(a10TCJ1 n KOpOT­

' 111 nepHOJlbl B 7- 8 cnon I 10- 14 cnoroB. ,[(eTaJibHbie HCCJJeJIOBaHHJI noMoryT

II IHllHTb HllJ(HBHJIYaJibllble "lepTbl OT,lleJibllblX naMJITllHKOB.

I l11.11111etlme111y peAaI<Topy •CnoBa o IloJIKY Hropese• AaHHaJI KOHCTPYKU.HJI 6hr-

11 Y>Ke HenoHJITHa, HOH ncnpaBHJI ee, AonoJIHHB AO r""' ... ,1161w11.,..,. ,H.

I 10.llIBeAOBa OTMeqaeT, '!TO OAHOCJIOBHbie 6e3J1H'IHb1e BblCKa3blBaHHJI c V· , imp 3 sg pyccKOM Jl3b!Ke MoryT ,naBaTb TOJlbKO rnarOJibl, BXOJIJllll,He B Y3KHti Kpyr

1 " CTBeHHO 6eaJIH'IHbIX•: caemaem, a&10:11eum, MopoJum, mowHum, He cnumca, . fllll'mca [rpaMMaTHKa 1970: 563). ,[(aHHaJI cjlOPMYJJHpOBKa npeJICTaDJJJleTCJI

220 A. B. auMMepJIUHZ

eJIHillKOM meeTKoii:: cnHeOK )laHHLIX rJiaroJIOB, npHBOJIH~Hii:eH .rpaMMUTM

1970• B ,!lpyroM MeeTe, [rpaMMaTHKa 1970: 424], IlOKa3b!BaeT, 'ITO 11n11

rpynna He BilOJIHe OJIHOpo,!IHa eeMaHTH'leeKH, HapHJIY e rJiaroJiaMH, CilCllM

3HpoBaHHLIMH B ¢YHKUHH o6o3Ha'leHHH noroAHblX HBJieHHii: (<Jpe3:>KUm. n ~

em, xoJ1oiJaem, Memem, Mopocum, ceemaem, iJyem), B Hee BXOAHT npeAHI<

0003Ha'la!O~He HeKOHTpoJIHpyeMble nponeeebl, KaK npHypo'leHHble K OAYI

JieHHOMY ey6'beKTY (Mymum, mownum, 3HO<Jum), TaK H aBTOHOMHble OT II

(zopum - o Jieee, nocTpoii:Kax HT.A.).

12 Cp. e~e B rpaMoTax BpeMeHH BaeHJIHH III: A na3aiJu nuwem (M 227 /Hi' It a na3aiJu na 3anucu nuwem (M 227/1525-26 rr.), TaKme MM 128/151 I 283, 284, 287 /1526-27 rr.). l1HTepnpeTaIJ:HH ,11.aHHblX ¢opMyJI KaK uenC1J111

JIH'IHblX BbleKa3b!BaHHii: TeKeTyaJibHO HeKJIIO'leHa. B rpaMOTaX Toro me Ill

HH 06b1'1Hbl H c}>opMyJibI B zpaMome nucano/nanucano.

13 B 11epKOBHOCJiaBHHeKHX naMHTHHKax CJIOB$pMa ZJ1azoJ1emb ( zJ1aZOJ1em7>) ot\IJ'I BBO,llHT IJ:HTaTy H3 BH6JIHH H HMeeT JIH'IHblii: xapaKTep [=Boz/nucanue i.ilembj . • ,

Hoe eOOTBeTCTBHe HCJiaHAeKOMY 6e3JIH'IHOMY o6opO'l'y segir MOmHO yeMOTpeTb JIM

TaM, r,11.e ecTb OTeblJIKa K HeKOTopoii: Tpa,llHl-IHH (npHT'IH, eTaphle KHHrH H T

I'ttarOAE'T'l. CO B MllpCKIJ,f npwrrA,('. 11£ CKO"l' K CKOrlX K0.3A (CJIOBO ~aHHHJia an

HHKa). Cp. e~e: 11KO lKE n11wrrr. B on.YMKIJtl,f'l> K1tttr.1p - Yen. e6. 26 r. (lKH

<l>eoAOCHH Ile'lepcKoro).

14 B roTeKoii: 6H6JIHH )laHHoe MecTo nepeAaHo 6eaJIH'IHblM npe,11.JiomeHHeM: rillll

swibla (DAT) •JIOm)IHJIO cepoil.•. B ApeBHeaHrJIHii:eKHX nepKOBHLIX TeKeTux

TaHT verba meteorologica o6hl'IHO o¢opMJIHeTeH KOCBeHHblM na,11emoM, cp

rinde ofer synfullan swefldrosm Ps. Th. 10, 7 •OH AOmAHJI(o) Ha rpew1111

cepHblU myMaH•. 3JieMeHT he MOmHO IlOHHMaTb He TOJlbKO KaK peaJibHOl' II

Jiema~ee •Bar• [KoJieeHHKOBa 1974, 10], HOH KaK BapHaHT 3KCilJieTHBHOii: 'I

THIJ:bl hit .OHO•, noeKOJibKY hi/hit BeTpe'lalOTeH H B KOHTeKeTax, r,11.e I H)leT npOCTO 0 Bh!Ila)leHHH ocaAKOB [yK. eo'I., 15].

15 B ,11.peeHHX CJiaBHHeKHX naMHTHHKax 6eaJIH'IHoe o<lx>PMJieHHe JieKceM THna nuw 'laeTo eonpoBom,11.aeTCH onym.eHHeM JIOilOJIHeHHii: rJiaroJia, ep. APPYe. rttAnMf71. 11

Mor[(Nnom> - Vrin - Ndat prep] us Jlppye. r11aro11rn. B nptrrva,r[# - Vimp - I TaKHM o6pa30M, JIH'IHhle H 6e3JIHlJHble peaJIH3al-IHH OAHOro rJiaroJia o6bl'lllO

paKTepH3YIOTeH pa3HLIM Ha6opoM aKTnHTHblX Il03HIJ:Hii: (IlOMHMO ey6'beH

~JIH H3b1Ka ,11.peBHeHeJiaHAeKoii: npo3hl 3TO yeJIOBHe He HBJIHeTeH o6H3aTCJibll

16 CJie,11.yeT yKa3aTb, 'ITO eYMMapHaR xaprucTepHCTHKa 3aila,llHOCJiaBRHeKoro eHHTaJ<e

KOTOPYIO ,11.aeT B 1-IHTHpaBaHHOH pa60Te :A:. JleKOB, HeTO'IHa, TaK KaK OObllJHO B II

Jiax 0,11.HOro H3h!Ka COXpaHHeTeH HecKOJibKO napaJIJieJibHO eY11-1ecTBYJO~HX exeM

MJieHHH 0,11.HHX H Tex me npe,11.HKaTHblX 3Ha'leHHii:. TaK, B BepxHe- H HHmHeJiymHU

H3b1Kax, HMeJO~Hx c}>opMaJibHoe noAJie~ee W6n/wone/wono/to •3TOT/3TO,

nOCJie,11.Hee HHr,11.e He HBJIHeTeH o6RaaTeJibHblM KOMilOHeHTOM exeMbl IlpeAJIO>KeM

KaK noKaaano HCCJieAOBaHHe :A:. lllyeTep-llleB11a [Schuster-Seve 1974], Bee AHaJIOH

HCil0Jlb3YJO~He AJIH peaJIH3al-IHH MeTeopOJIOrH'lecKoro npeAHKaTa •)IByeOCTaBll

exeMy e c}>opMaJibHblM IlOAJie~HM, ,11.onyCKaJOT npH Tex me npe,11.HKaTax H OAll

CTnBHYIO exeMy, ep. npeAJiomeHHH e rJiaroJioM so descuje •HAeT AOmJJ.b•:

(44a) BepxJiym. W6n so nje descuje, dokelz je zyma. ·~omAH HeT, TaK

XOJI0,11.HO•, 6yKB • • smom (c}>opM. n.) ee6e He ,11.om,11.HT, TaK KaK XOJIO)IHO•:

(44b) BepxJiym. so nje deseuje, dokelz je zyma. no me•. 17 <l>opMaJibHOe onpe)leJieHHe napaMeTpoB •HYJieBoro ey6'beKTa• H •3KenJieTHUll

ey6"Lel<Tll• eo,11.epmHTCSI e pa6oTe C. <l>paHKea, r,11.e npe,11.nomeHa KJiaeempmrn

TeKeT - eb1eKa3bIBaHHe - eJioBo ... 221

11111 .MeHHblX eJiaBHHeKHX SI3blKOB e TO'IKH apeHHH OTpameHHH )laHHblX napa­

' 1·p o [Franks 1995, 287-295].

II 1111 BHeHeJiaH)leKHX noaTH'leCKHX naMHTHHKax eeMaHTH•ieeKoe MHoroo6paaue

II 1100 6e3JIH'IHOro npe)IJIOmeHHH HeeKOJibKO MeHbille [Smirniekaja 1972, 64], •1111 MOmHO o6'bHCHHTh TeM, 'ITO neeHH •3A,ll.hlt He eoa)la!OT eTOJlb 6JiaronpHSIT·

111 IX D03MOmHOCTeii: )IJIH 3JIJIHileHea, KaK HeJiaHAeKHe earH.

I 111•11Hcj>HlJeeKHM OTpameHHeM IlOTeHnHaJibHOH npe,11.HKaTHeHOeTH Beex CHHTBrM

""px<)>paaoBoro e)IHHCTBa HeJIHeTeH HapymeHHe na)lemHoro ynpaBJieHHH B eo-

11111 nepe'IHH. Cp. OTMe'leHHble A. A. 3aJIH3HHKOM npHMepbl H3 6epecTHHhIX rpa-

11 1• Appye. Hoer.:

(45) Appye. HOBr. 01ITAH£ noti\ME 0SAOKllMI( AJ!.A KA£114A (eHH.n.) "'" Uf~a (HMeH. n)

•0HTaHe IlOCJlaJI 0eAOKHMY ABYX Jie~eii: iJa ~Y"Y• Hoer. 169 (XV1);

(46) Appye. Hoer. nOAOlKllAH rp1111wKA (HMeH. n .) c Koc'J'oto " so "l'06MAXO: "

rp11wK11 (po,11.. n.) KO:«IO,fE, cB11ra, copo141114a, wanK.i ... (HMeH. n), " Kot"l'llHA cBll·

•ra , copo141114.i ..• (HMeH. n) Hoer. 141 (XIII2) [3aJIH3HHK 1995, 138]. QqeeHA·

110, 'ITO B noeJieAHeM npHMepe rpynna < H:O:>ICIOXe, CBuma ... wanica> SIBJIHeTeH

u e TOJibKO AOilOJIHeHHeM rJiaroJia noJIO:llCUJIU, HOH IlOAJiema~HM CJieAYIO!l-leH,

noceceHBHoii:, eHHTBrMbI: •manKa npHHa,llJ!emHT fpH111Ke•. OTpameHHeM ABOH·

CTDeHHOCTH AaHHOH HMeHHOH rpynnhI, e03MOmHo, HeJISllOTeH TBKme rpaM­

MBTHlJeeKHe KOJie6aHHH B o603Ha'leHHH noceceopa: POA. n. rpttWKll npu npH­

THmaTeJibHOii: ¢opMe Kocr11t1.i.

AHaJiorHlJHhle SIBJieHHH 3aMeHLI KOeBeHHOro na,11.ema npHMblM e eoeTaee ne-

'lllH aaeeHAeTeJibeTBoeaHbl H IlaMHTHHKaMH ,11.peBHHX repMaHeKHX H3h!Koe. TaK,

' llll<eTe •MJIBAmeii: 3AALI• - npOH3BeAeHHH, BO MHOrHX OTHOilleHHHX CTOH!l-leM

I •111me K nHebMeHJIOii: eeponeii:eKoii: TpaAHIJ:HH, HemeJIH K yeTHOMY anocy, eeTpe­

'I H TeH AJIHHHblii: nepe'leHh neii:opBTHBHblX o6oaHa<JeHHH JIHL\, Ha'IBJlhHble 3Jle-

1•1tTLI ltOTOporo eTOHT e eHH. n., a OCTaJibHble - B H. n.

(47) ,11.pHeJI. j:Jessi heiti standa her f m6ti, at kalla mann [""'blaui\an, veykan,

pjarfan, pirfing, bl6tamann, skauo, skreiu], [Nom skjaor, udk, udm, leyra ,

sleyma , teyoa, dugga, dasi, dirokkr, dusilmenni, Qlmusa, auuiroa, uilmQgr].

[SnE 177]. • l1M npOTHBOeTOHT TaKHe o603Ha'leHHH, KOrAa lJeJIOBeKa Ha3b!Ba!OT Tpye­

JIHBblM, eJia6aKOM, AY60BblM, AY6HHOii:, H3bl'IHHKOM, MHMJieii:, pa3HHeH,

o<JopMom, iJbtJ1iJa, cocyn, Mpa3b, Hu'l.mo:>Kecmeo, iJpRHb, zpowoeH:a, mpyc,

pOXJIJl, <JaJ16ec , noiJaRnue, y<Jo:>Kecmao, cicomu1ta•.

•C:orJiaCOBaHHe no eMhleJiy• npHey~e MHOrHM ,11.peBHHM H3b!KaM, eKJIIO'laH rpe'le-

11 11 ii:. Cy~ecTeeHHo, 'ITO B nepeBOAHbIX naMHTHHKax, opHeHTHpyro~HxeH Harpe-

11•r1m ii: KaHOHH'lecKHii: TeKeT, - eTapocJIBBHHeKHX EBaHreJIHHX He roTeKoii: BH6-

111111, - rJiaroJI npH co6HpaTeJibHOM eY11-1ecTBHTeJibHOM HepeAKO eTBBHTeH BO MH. 'I.

"onpeKH opHrHHaJIY [XoAoea 1980, 122; Streitberg 1920, 191]: TaKHM o6paaoM,

l"" lb 3Aeeb AOJimHa HATH He 0 KaJibKe, a o6 OO!l-IHX TeH,11.eHI-IHS!X yayea.

IlocJieAOBBTeJihHaH IlOCTaHOBKa eKaayeMoro BO MH. 'I. npH IlOAJiema~eM, Bbl·

pn>KeHHOM ey11-1eeTBHTeJihHbIM, o6oaHa•ialO~HM COBOKYilHOeTb JIIOAeH, B PHAe

1111yrux ,11.peeHHX r epMaHeKHX H CJiaenHeKHX H3hIKOB, HMelO!l-IHX AJIHTeJihHYIO JIH·

111pnTYPHYIO Tpa,11.HIJ:HIO, IlOKa3h!BaeT, 'ITO Mb! HMeeM AeJIO e JlpeeHeH M0,11.eJiblO,

llOC:XOAS!!l-leii: K AOilHehMeHHOH anoxe. TeM He MeHee, B MJIBAOilHebMeHHhlii: ne-

11110A SIBHO HeT meeTKHX aanpeToe, npenHTCTBYIO~HX npHMeHeHHIO aJihTepHa-

1 llOHOH MOAeJIH. Ilo3TOMY npeAeTaeJIHeTeH npaeHJibHbIM peKOHeTpyHpoeaTb JIJIH

II pOH3hlKa MHOroo6paaHe eHHTaKeH'leeKHX B03M0$HOCTeH:

222 A. B.1..{uMMepAuHz

I. Cy~eCTBHTeJibHoe co 3HaqeHHeM rpynnhl JIH~ + CKaayeMoe BO MH. 'I.:

(48) ,!lppyc. (HOBr.) 6f;10m& (MH. q,) qeJIOM'L KOpUAa notOCKaJl (e,11. •1.),

JIOJiacKaSI H K!OpHilocRaSI rocno)IHHY Houyropo,11y Hour. 248 (XIV a.);

(49) roT. run gawaurhtedun (MH. q,) sis alla so hairda (e,11. q,) - M11lh VIII, 32, 6yKB. •B 6er nycmuAu(cb) (MH. q,) ce6e ece amo cmaiJo (e,11. '1 .)•,

(50) HBHeM. dasz gantze Israel (e,11. •1.) steinigten (MH. q,) ihn Luth. Jo• I 25 •Beeb H3pauA& (e,11. q,) no6ueaAu (MH. q,) ero KaMHRMU•.

II. Cy~ecTBHTeJibHoe co aHaqeHHeM rpynnw JIH~ + cRaayeMoe B e,11HHCTae111111

'IHCJie:

(51) ,11ppyc. (Hoar.) All'TWA (e,11. 'I.) BC'T'AAA (e,11. 'I.) HA Kopi:Av Hour. Ml (3aJIH3HSIK 1995, 165);

(52) cTnOJibCK. i sukcesu miec zadnego nie mogla (e,11. q,) Litwa (e,11. •t

Pasek 116, 6YKB. •H HHKaKOH no6e)lbI ne MOtAa (e,11. '1.) UMemb Jlumea (eA .•• )•

Cp. uapHaHT roit >1re KOHCTPYK~. Hoc cy~ecTBHTeJibHLIM BO MH. 'I.;

(53) JIPHCJI. l>ar fell (e,11. q,) af lioi konungs 111 hundrud (MH. q,) manna Hkr. I :I 26 •TaM nozu6 (e,lli. q,) Ha uoitcKa KOffYHra mpu comnu (MH. q,) JIIO,llieit..

III. Co6HpaTeJibHoe cy~ecTBHTeJibHoe + cKaayeMoe B e,lliHHCTBeHHOM qHcJie:

(54) ,11ppyc. MOVlKH MOH I cp.tn111 MDII I &AWA nDGlf'T'A 1. Hour. JieTonHr

(llcTpHHa 1923, 69).

IV. Co6HpaTeJibHoe cy~ecTBHTeJibHOe + cKaayeMoe Bo MH. 'IHCJie:

(55) pyc. ,lliHaJI. Ha6eryT (MH. 'I.) 6op3bte (MH. q,) Ko6eA&R, eapan&e (eA. •t I nll.llHTeJIH (MH. q,) (BopKOBCKHit, Kyaue~ou 1963; 329).

IIpHMepou cxeMLI IV Ha repMaHCKOM MaTepHane noKa o6Hapy:mHTb He y,lliaJIOCI·

v. Pe:me BCTpe'la!OTCSI CJiyqaH, r,11e UO)IJ!e~ee CTOHT BO MHO:>KecTBeHHOM HA

)IBOHCTBeHHOM 'IHCJie, a npe,!IHKaT (HJIH ero qaCTb) - B e)IHHCTBeHHOM 'IHCJie.

(56) ,11ppyc. 'T'A .4BA (JIB. '1 .) GIJAA (JIB. q,) nDCA'l>M'!. (e,11. q,) ov pH.3-k CMOJI. 110

rouopHaH rpaMoTa 1229 r. [BopKoBCKHit, KyaHe~ou 1963, 204);

(57) JIPHCJI. Dreif (e,lli . q,) at peim f6stbneorum vinir (MH. q ,) peira c\ Firoafylki Landnam. 41 6yKB. rnpuMKHYA (e,lli. 'I.) K HaauaHHLIM 6paTbll

iJpy3bJI (MH. q,) ux H3 cj>IOJibKa <l>bep)lbU.

IlOHBJieHHe UO)I06HbIX npHMepoB OObI'IHO CBH3bIBalOT c 3BOJIIO~Heit CBlllO

KaTeropHH qncJia: B CJIBBHHCKOM apeaJie - c yTpaTOH )IBOHCTBeHHOro 'IHCJI

(HHa'le - [MaJieBHHCKHH 1989, 13- 14]), B repMaHCKOM - c aaKpenJieHH

nopH)IKa CJIOB H c OMOHHMHeit CJIOBocj>opM e,11. H MH. 'I. y plI,118 rJiaroJIOB (ver

contracta, npeTepHTbl c JICHTaJibHLIM cycp<f>HKCOM), a TaK:>Ke c aHaJIOrH'ICCKH

BL!paBHHBaHHeM OCHOB CHJibHLIX rJiarOJIOB THUa JIPHCJI. dreif •npHMKHYJI•

drifu •npHMKHYJIH • > drif: drifu.

21 KoHTaKTHoe UOJIO:>KeHHe MecTOHMeHHH MH./JIB. 'I. )laeT B CKaH)IHHaBCKHX H3bIKR

napTHTHBHYJO KOHCTPYK~ID. npoaHaJIH3HpoBaHHYJO c . .n;. ~HeJibCOHOM [KanHl'.Jilt COH 1949, 74-140). Cp.1)- B 3JI. MH. q,: JIPHCJI. peir Egill 18rHJib Hero JIIO)IH• 6yKB. <OHH 8rHJibt; 2) - B 1- 2 JI . MH. H JIB. 'I. uer/ uit Egill, Per/Pit Egill •Mb! IM JIBoe c 8rHJieM•, •Bbl/ Bbl )IBoe c 8rHJieM•, 6yKB. •BLI 8rHJIL>. IIepuoHaqaJibll 3HaqeuHe KOHCTPYK~HH - HHKJII03HBHoe: •8rHJib u ecezo 15•, 6yKB. •8rHJib OHU

namnaiJ4am&• = •rpynna B 15 'leJIOBeK, BKJIJOqaH 8. •, B nHcbMeHHYJO anoxy OK npHo6peTaeT 3KCKJil03HBHoe 3HaqeHHe > •8rHJib u e1l4e 15 1£eJI06eK» [KanHeJibC<lll

1949,80].

TeKCT - BLICKa3LIBaHHe - CJIOBO •.• 223

111 tlCllO, yKa3bIBaeT JIH corJiaCOBaHHe HMeHH c rJiaroJIOM BO MH. q, Ha HaJIHqHe B H3bl­

' I ltOHCTpyK~H c •TOIJHKOM H aHTHTOIJHKOM• THna pyccK. IlpocTopequLIX OHU cmoA­lllllllCb y pacnucanua cmyiJenm&t / onu cmyiJenm&t cmoAnuAuc& - cp. (JlanTeua

I rm, 141 - 142; KyahMeHKO 1991, 144). J{ua CoOOpa:>KeHHH - a) OTC}'TCTBHe >KecTKOH

'ITMCllT~H Ha npe)IJIO:>KeHHH B )IOUHCbMeHHYJO anoxy, b) OTCYTCTBHe B JlpeBHHX cJia­

" llll'KHX H repMaHCKHX Sl3bIKax cj>HKCHpoBaHHOro nopH)IKa CJIOB - no6y)K)laJOT OT-

111 l ll 'llYTb 3TO IJpe)IIJOJIO:>KeHHe H C'IHTaTh npoo6pa30M corJiacoBaHHSI THUa 11apoiJ ... ""' eiJym He oco6yro MO)leJib cj>paaLI, HO CTepeOTHU TCKCTa.

M111><l><)JlornqecKy10 napanJieJib K )laHHOMY paapHJIY cKaHJIHHaBCKHX cj>opM KC 1np11ay10T cpe,11HeaHrJIHHCKHe npeJIHKaTbI c npecpHKCOM a-: aware, awake. Cno-

1 •JlH•IeCKHe CJIY'laH npe)IHKaTHBHOro ynoTpe6JieHHSI CJia6hIX npHJiaraTeJibHLIX ., Ill .CTHLI H H3 HCTOpHH HeMe~Koro Sl3bIKa, cp. cpBHeM. aleine, leide, sanfte I 111 haghel 1924, 137).

' II · npHMep Ha :>KHTHH <:t>eo,11ocHH no YcneHcKoMy c6opHHKY XII- XIII BB., ""Y­, .t Gbl('1'b CAABblfl)Ml)Y D'T'l/DY ffAU/fMOY (/)fl),41)Cffll) p.tmpDcrpaffl/711 Ml)ffAC'T'IJpb -

I II . C6. 46 B 11.

l 011tOHOMepHo, qTo no,11 rJiaBHLie MapKepLI KC nOJICTpaHBaJOTCH npe,!IHKaTHBbI pa3· 11111'0 UpoHCXO)KJICHHH: cp. pyc. 11aiJo < HaiJoof; H cm&tOH-0, JlpeBHepyccKHe aacTbIB-

11111(' Ua)le:>KHbie cj>opMbl THna ffA,41)rl, BCl)yt H KC THlla AIOT-W, "Y7f-f, r,11e -1;/-f - )le-1'1111!111,HOHHblH cy<l>ctJHKC. B JlpeBHecKaHJIHHaBCKOM no THny KC Ha -a/ i , T. e. cJia6L1x

11p11naraTeJibHbIX, CTpDHTCH npe)IHKaTHBHble cj>opMLI poJI. n . MHO:>K. 'I. HMCH POJl-

1 111!1 THUa nrestabrredra •JIBOIOpoJIHhlH 6paT•, 6yKB. •OT JIBO!Opo)lllh!X 6paTbeB• I Noreen 1904, 350 CJI.].

I l1•pexo,11Hy10 aoHy Me)l(,lliy npHqacTHLIM naccHBOM H KOHCTPYKU.Heit c KC co­' rnBJIHCT ynoTpe6JieHHe a)l'LCKTHBHpoBaHHLIX npHqacTHH KaK CTCJI. B~l)MI), ll.3-

11 ·/lcn ffl) [I'eoprHeBa 1969, 77), Jlppyc. B~l)MI), C'!.B~l)MI) [BopKOBCKHH 1963,

I 13) H APCBHeHcJiaH)ICKHX cynHHOB THU a audit •CY:>KJICHO•. IlpH 3TOM CTapocJia­

llUllCKHe H ,!lpeBHepyccKHe cj>opMbl THUa B~l)MI), llSBWC'T'l.ffl) HMCIOT aTpH6YTHBHhle

I uppeJIHTbl, T. e. c CHHXpoHHOH ToqKH apeHHH HBJIHIOTCH npHqacTHbIMH npHJiara-

11 JlhHblMH, B TO BpeMSI KaK cpopMLI THna APHCJI. audit npe)ICTaBJIHIOT co6oit cne-1lllRJIH3HpoBaHHLle npe,ttHKaTHBHbie cj>opMLI, B03HHKIIIHe B peayJILTaTe yTpaTLI co-

111'l)eTCTBYIO~HX rJiarOJibHblX OCHOB. B ,ttpeBHeHIIIHX CJiaBHHCKHX naMHTllHKax 6e3JIH'IHoe ocpopMJieHHe npHqacTHH

llJIOIIIe)IIIIero BpeMeHH o6ycJIOBJICHO rpaMMaTHqecKHMH H JICKCHKO·CeMaHTHqecKH-

11 orpaHHqeHHHMH [reoprHeBa 1969, 77; Xo,11oua 1980, 229-233). IIo HaIIIHM Ha­

r11110)leHHHM, B ~epKOBHOCJiaBSIHCKHX TeKcTaX 6e3JIH'll!De ocpopMJieHHe npHqacTHH

1111 -HO/·mo xapaKTepHO IJoqTH HCKJIIOqHTeJibHO )IJIH rJiaroJIOB, o6oaHa'lalO~HX pe­

'll'Bhle JICHCTBHSI, npH 3TOM B KOHTeKCTe ynOTpe6JteHHH co,11ep:>KHTCH yKa3aHHe, rro )leHCTBHe IlpoHaBe)leHO cne~HaJibHO c 11,CJiblO llOBJIHHTb Ha HeKOTOporo MO­

'lllJlbHOro cy6'LeKTa: pA!J.4PWlllflfO HA ffScb,f?>, s.tnp~mD, sanDBW,4.iHD, n11caHD, ptvt­

""· ,4Affl), fll)B-/;,iflfl), B'UBW/llfffl), 11.3'!.JIBMffl), DyrD'T'l)BAlfl).

,IJ;JIH JlpeBHHX repMaHCKHX H3LIKOB xapaKTepHO 6oJiee IIIHpOKOe ynOTpe6JieHHe

11ecorJiacyeMbIX npH'laCTHH Ha *-n / -t; B naMHTHHKax X-XII BB. BCTpeqaJOTCH

nr>H'IaCTHH H cynHH OT uenepexo)IHLIX rJiaroJiou [MacJiou 1949, 86; CMHpHH~KaH 11177, 44- 49): APBHeM . ic habo kiuueinot rnJiaKaBIIIH• (HoTKep), JIPIIIBe)I. um llUrit lenki •6b!BIIIH )IOJiro• (pyHH'leCKaH Ha)IUHCh OK . 1050 r.) . TaKHM o6paaoM, B

1·1•pMaHCKOM cTaHOBJieHHe KC npoTeKaeT na cj10He IIIHpoKoro ynoTpe6JieHHH npH­•mCTHbIX cpopM, B TO BpeMH KaK B CJiaBHHCKOM 38KpeUJieHHe npH'laCTHH Ha ·llO/- mo II COCTaBe uecorJiacyeMoro HMeHHoro CKaayeMoro, Hao6opOT, npoHCXOJIHT Il YCJIOBH­llX onpe)leJieHHoro pacnpocTpaHeHHH KC.

224 A. B . Q UMMep.n.ullZ

27 IIo HalllHM no,llc'leTaM, B TeKcTe YcneHCKoro C6opHHKa H3 41 KC Ha · O, -1; 11

KOppeJIJITbI B BH,lle Hape'IHH H COI030B HMelOT TOJlbKO 9 <t>opM .

28 .ll:mt>Q>epeHirHarrHJI npHrJiarOJibHbIX Q>opM Ha -e H npHCBJl30'1HbIX Q>opM 110 fl

HCTOpHH 'lelllCKOro Jl3bIKO, Ha KOTOpylO CCbIJiaeTCJI B. JI_ I'eoprHeBa [I'eopr1t1 I

1969, 85] OTpamaeT xpoHOJIOTH'leCKH H THnOJIOTH'leCKH 6oJiee II03,llHee COC'rnll

HHe. <l>p. TpaBHH'leK npHBO,llHT MHOTO'IHCJieHHbie npHMepbl CHHOHHMHH cj\111'

Ha -e H Ha -o TeKcTax XIV-XVI BB. H ocnapHBaeT TeaHc o 'leTKOM reorp111j111

'IeCKOM npHHrrHne npH OT6ope <l>HHaJielt KO'leCTBeHHbIX Hape'IHlt B 'lelllCKll

MOpaBCKHX ,llHOJieKTOX [Travnicek 1956, 129-133].

29 T a K, B TeKcTe YcneHcKoro c6opHHKa, aanHcaHHOM TpeMJI noqepKaMH, nm·1u

HCnOJib30BaJIH 25 nap npOH3BO,llHbIX KO'leCTBeHHbIX Hape'IHlt Ha -o, 1r. 61\Aro

61\A3i: ('IOCTOTa ynoTpe6JieHHJI B n a MJITHHKe 1:1), GOrMi:n110 - 60l'Mi:n11i: (t · 11

si:p110 - si:p11i: (2:1), ropt.Ko - ropt.L\i: (6:7), f\06po - f\06pi: (7:47), f\OKMt.110

f\OKOl\t.lli: (4 :1), Al(XOKllO - Al(XOKll-k (1 :1), lKMOC'l'llO - lKMOC'l'lli: (3: 2), 3'\w\0

3't.i\i: (1 :17), Kpi:nKO - Kp-knl\i: (3 : 3), MMO - MM-k (54: 1), M't.110!'0 - M't.1101

(60:3), llEnp't.C'l'Allt.110 - 11Enp't.C'l'Allt.lli (3:1), 06111\0 - 06111\i (1 :1), npAKO

npAsi: (5:1), np11A-klKllO - np11Ai:ltmi: (10:3), npOC'l'pAllO - npOC'l'pAHi: (1:1), np C'l'O - npocrl (6:3), csi:Ti\O - csi:TAi (2:1), Ci\AKt.110 - Ci\AKt.lli (2:1), CMIA

KO - Ci\Af\'t.L\i: (3:1), CMt.ICl\t.110 - CMl>ICl\t.lli: (1 :1), 'l'&bpt.i\O - 'l'&t.pt.i\i: (3• 11

'l"t.'lt.ltO - 'l"t.'lt.lli: (4:1), '111C'l'O - '111trl (1 : 1).

30 IIo-BH,llHMOMy, K KOHCTPYKIIHH c npe,llHKOTHBOM BOCXO,llJIT TOKHe <l>oPMYJlhI npm11

CTBHJI, KOK ,llppyc. C'6.T80p11 4ospi:, m omaJiyHCTa• , • 6Y,llb JII06eaeH• - HOBrOpo,llCllll

6epecTJIHaJI rpaMOTa 613 (XI1B.), C'l>TBOpH 4ospi: (6epecTHHM rpaMOTa CT. Pye. 17 XII1 B.), ,11pHcJI. pa gerir pu. vel, 6YKB- •Tor.z1a Thl ,lleJiaelllb xopolllo•, a TaKme con1

MeHHoe HCJiaH,IICKoe gerou svo vel •nOmaJiyHCTO•, 6YKB- •C,lleJialt TOK xopolllO• II

,llaT./HopB. har det godt •6y~ 3,llOpoB•, 6yKB. •HMeii: xopowo •. B pycHCTHKe YTIH I ,llHJIOCb MHeHHe, 'ITO o6opOT 4ospi: CTBOpH JIBJIJleTCJI KaJibKOH rpe'lecKOl'O xaAWO 1t01 IV

E~ itmE1v. 8-ro MHeHHe (co cc1>IJIKOH Ha H. A . MenrepcKoro) noBTOpHeT H A. A . 3aJIH31111

[3aJIH3HJIK 1995, 227]. 0,llHOKO napaJIJieJIH co CKaHIJ;HHaBCKHMH J13bIKaMH, il;JIJI K<Yft

pbIX no)J;o6Hoe o&bsicHeHHe BbirJIHIJ;HT npOKTH'lecKH HeBepoJITHbIM, a TOK;Ke YKO~au

HaJI CaMHM A.A.3aJIH3HJIKOM HOBropo,llCKM 6epecTJIHOJI l'paMOTa 283 (XIV2B-) c .I

MeHolt. ltHH;KHOro comeopu Hapo,llHbIM Y'lUllU [YK· CO'I. , 517]: ... y'fft/111 M114ospo A "

7TJrl MHOro KAAHHCH spary C80ifllly ... roBOpHT B nOJib3Y rHnOTe3hI 0 He3aBHCHMOM paanH

THH KOHCTPYKIIHH c npe,llHKOTHBOM H TpaH3HTHBHb!M rJiarOJIOM B pa3Hb!X Jl3b!KOlll.I

ceMhJIX. B TaKOM CJiyqae H CTOpoCJiaBJIHCKHe o6opOThl THna 4080.16 llM'/rrrf

•Y,IIOBJieTBOPJIThCJI 'leM-JIH6o• (KJiorr . lla 15), 7'(JE&i: ttMi:·m :xpdetv E'.xt1v (Cae. 1400

Cynp. 345, 12) MO;KHO orreHHBOTb He TOJibKO KOK KaJibKH, HO H KOK npe,llHKaTlll~

CO'leTaHHJI, 6JIH3KHe no CTaTycy K JIPYl'HM CJiaBJIHCKHM KOHCTPYKIIHJIM c HMeH111.1

npe,llHKaTHBHb!M CJIOBOM.

BamHO OTMeTHTb, 'ITO Q>opMyJihI THrra C"t.T80p114ospi: B03MO)KHbl JIH!llb B KON

lIJieKce npe,llHKOTOB (MHHHMYM ,o;ea ) H, TeM caMhlM, npe,o;rroJiaralOT npocTpaHCTI

TeKCTa, COOTBeTCTBYJOUiee ceepxQ>pa30BOMY e,IIHHCTBY [3aJIH3HHK 1993, 130, 3201 CTaH,o;apTHOH ,IIJIJI JI3hIKa 6epecTJIHhIX rpaMOT JIBJIJieTCJI cxeMa o6paureHHJI K Rll pecaHTy: [c,o;eJialt A] - CTBOpH/ JI ,o;o6p'll - [(c,lleJialt) B]: ... S'MJlt; napos"Moy cc. KO/It. no.-1ysoy118'6. )Kf Wit.St.Ill II C"t.T80pH ;tospi: flOMOrll fMOy. nonpas11 r11 .11()&0 II ...

KopocroM.1H - Ho er. 6epecTJIHaJI rpaMoTa 735 (cep. XII e.) [3aJIH3HJIK 1995, 2701 .ll:JIJI CKaH,D;HHaBCKHX Q>opMyJI rrpHBeTCTBHJI 6oJiee xapa KTepHO lIOJIOlKeHHe B II

'IaJie H KOHrre csepx¢pa30 BOl'O e,lllUICTBa.

31 B. M. 'IepHbllllOB C'lHTaeT ynOTpe6JieHHe KC B cxeMe N110m - Pred AJIJI pyccKoro sra1~

Ka llJIJIHHH3MOM ['IepHbllllOB 1938, 261], HO TaKaH TpaKTOBKa rrpHMeHHMa JIHWI.

TeKcT - BhlCKaa1>1BaHHe - cJioBo ... 225

11 . >JIHpoBaHHblM ceHTeHIIHHM, COCTaBJIHIOUIHM 30KOH'leHHb!lt TeKCT. B CBJl3HOM TeK-

1 14 lipe,lllIOCbIJIKOlt paCIIpOCTpaHeHHJI ,ll;aHHOlt. CXeMbl BblCK03b!BaHHJI CJIY;KHT Q>aKyJll,­

lllTHBHOCTb COI'JIOCOBaHHJI rrpH ,llHCTaHTHOM paCIIOJIO;KeHHH llJieMeHTOB, cp. ,llppyc. II AA 11p1-fw'/;no &OYA"" MHO!'AH 'l'KOll Gl'Oi\d'l'h HA MHi 6ECA01uc110M - Yen. c6. 90 6. 6.

B 6oJiee lI03,llHIOIO ::irroxy, e XVI-XVII BB., cxeMhI c corJiacyeM1>1M/HecorJiacy­

N•4blM CJIOBOM KC HJIH npH'IOCTHeM, CKOpee Bcero, BhlCTYlIOJIH KOK KOMMYHHKOTHB-

111.1 BapHaHTbI, CYAJI no sonpocHO-OTBeTHbIM peIIJIHKaM B AOTOBOPHb!X rpaMOTax:

(58) pyc. [.n.1060 .n.u eaM] Ta Me;KO / HOM [ma Me:JtCa .4106a] - MOCKOBCKaJI

rpaMOTa M 90/AO 1511-1512;

(59) pyc. KamAOMY CBOJI OT'IH3Ha [ecmb MU.40] / Kam,IIOMY CBOJI [om'lU31la

ecmb Mu.n.aJ - ,11oroBop PycH c JlHTeolt. - D;HT. no: [IIoTe6HJI 1958, 116].

I ITC:YTCTBHe HHQ>HHHTHBa 6bIJIO HOpMOH AJIJI APPYC. npe,o;HKOTHBa HA40&i: (llf

lt.lf10&i:). 0,llHH H3 paHHHX npHMepoB - HOBI'Opo,llCKOJI 6epeCTS!HaJI rpaMOTa

N' 2 4 (Ha'laJio XII B.):

(60) ,llppyc. HOB!'. aq11 qtro Tit rosapa 11a411&E, a To 80C0.11() [3aJIH3HJIK 1993,

3 34]. BoJiee rro3,llHHe rrpHMepbl yKa3b1BaeT B. M. BopKOBCKHlt. [BopKoBCKHH,

K yaHerroB 1963, 401, 349]. <l>opMa naao ynoTpe6JIJieTCJI c HMeH. II. eure B

KOHrre XVIII B. r. p . .ll:epmaBHHblM:

(61) IlpeMyapocmb a ocmaeu.n. /He llaao Mlle ona.

J( llJI yrroTpe6JieHHSI CJIOBa KC B COCTaBe CHHTOKCH'leCKOl'O KJIH!lle HaJIH'IHe HJIH

Iii'( YTCTBHe CHHOHHMH'lHOlt KOHCTPYKD;HH c !'Jia!'OJIOM HJIH c corJiacyeMOH <l><>P-

1111, lIO-BH,IIHMOMy, He HMeeT pewawurero 3Ha'leHHJI, cp. BapHaHTbI <t><>PMYJihl

•1 14 waTL Te6e•, •pelllalt. caM•: eo.n.llo 6ory H To611 / eo.n.ell~ 6ol"h AO H Thi -

111' 1( . r paMoTa 1674 r., HOB!'. 6epeCTJIHOJI rpaMOTa 311 (XV1)/ a 8 rOMIJ &OJ«t.fH

1111,1(H II rso/H ncK. rpaMOTa M 6 (XIII B.). To'IHOSI CHHTOKCH'leCKOJI napaJIJieJib

1 r11 1 p ymHBaeTcJI B .z1peBHeHcJiaH,11cKoM Hai.me: cp. honum er sjalfraoit •OH

1wpnse pelllHTh caM•, 6yKB. •*eMy caMopew.eno• H pi\ ri'or pessu / I>\\ skalt

ul/ia •Thi pew.aew.b llTO• / •Thi ao.n.:JtCeH pewam&•, npH llTOM rrpe,o;HKaTHB sjal­

(11 c)lt H TJIOl'OJI ra()a JIBJIJllOTCJI O,llHOKOpeHHb!MH CJIOBOMH.

' l'llllOBJieHHe HOBb!X ,llOTHBHblX KOHCTpyKrrHlt B CJlaBSIHCKHX H repMaHCKHX S13b!Kax

11r1e ~ym,qaeTCJ1 B pa6oTax 0. A. CMHPHHIIKO:li H IO. C. CTenaaoBa [ClllHPHHrrKaJI

11109; CTenaHoB 1984]; o6a aBTopa no,qqepKHBaJOT, 'ITO B CMellleHHH paaJIH'IHhlX

I yfrMKTHbIX yrroTpe6JieHHlt HH,D;OeBponeltCKOI'O il;8TeJibHOI'O lIO,llema Ba;KHYIO po!Ib

I 1.11'PaJIH CHHTOl'MOTH'leCKHe cpaKTOpbI. 0,llHOKO O.A. CMHPHHIIKOJI OCHOBHOe BHH-

llllHe y,qeJIJieT aHaJIH3Y ,llepHBOIIHOHHblX OTHOWeHHlt Mem,o;y pa3HbIMH THnaMH

l l llTllBHbIX KOHCTPYKIIHH, B TO BpeMJI KOK IO. c. CTerraHOB H3y'laeT B03MO;KHOCTb

111.lllHKHOBeHHJI HOBbIX CHHTaKCH'leCKHX MO,lleJielt. Ha 6aae MemQ>pa30BblX CBJI3eH

l•)lt ,lly coce,llHHMH BblCK03bIBOHHJIMH, HMelOUIHMH OOUIYIO OKTaHTHYIO lI03HIIHIO

( I llHCTPYKIIHJI Ot7t0 xo1vou).

M 111• pHaJI rroKa3h!BaeT, 'ITO AJIJI paHHHX rrpHMepoB cJiaBSIHCKoro rrepcjJeKTa c Y MEH.H

II l'OrJiacyeMhlM lIPH'IOCTHeM xapaKTepHO 3HO'IeHHe •cy&beKTHOI'O• peayJibTa-

111 110 • .ll:JIJI cxo,o;Hh!X repMaHCKHX rrpHMepoB c MHE 6oJiee xapaKTepHo 3HO'JeHHe

l llJleCaTHOl'O• HJIH •Me,llHaJihHOl'O• peayJihTOTHBa, cp. :

(62) JIBHeM: Euch (DAT) ist heute der Heliand geboren, welcher ist Chris­

tus Luth II, Luk 2, 11 6yKB. •BaM cero,o;HJI po,llHJICSI CrracHTeJib, KOTop1>1it

CCTh XpncToc• (o6paureHHe K MapHH H MocnQ>y). PaHHHM rrpHMepaM cJia­

llSIHCKoro rrepQ>eKTa c Y MEHH H 6e3JIH'IHhlM rrpH'IOCTHeM o61>I'IHO cBolt.­

CTBeJIHo 3HO'leHHe cy6'beKTHOl'O peayJihTaTHBa, cp.:

226 A. B. ~UMMep.11unz

(63) ,llppyc. ,4A Atql orct161UIAHO Cf sr,41'17> or KHRSR Yen. c6. 246 6 21 l!' •>=.11a YCJJb!WHT KHH3b•. AuaJIOrH'IHblit npm'dep HMeeTCH B CTapocJiaBHHCKOM:

(64) CTCJI. AU/Tl Cl orct161UIAHO sr,41T or fottOHA MaT<J>. XXVIII, 14. 3or11 Map. Ac. Cau.

CooTBeTcTBYJOIIJHe repMaHCKHe npHMephI c MHE H cynHHOM o6hI'IHO HMe10 3Ha'leHHe a,11pecaTHoro peayJlbTaTHBa, cp.

(65) APHCJJ. henni (DAT) var matbuit Gr. IV .a.llR nee npuroToBHJJH nM IIJY•. 6yKB. •eil npHrOTOBJJeHO IlHllJH• (H3 KOHTeKCTa CJJe,11yeT, 'ITO x l'OTO BHJI IlHllJY He C8M).

B HeKOTOpb!X KOHTeKCTaX, TeM He MeHee, OT'leTJIHBO npocTynaeT 3Ha'leHM cy6'beKTHoro peayJlbTaTHBa, KaK B CJle,llyIOIIJeM JlpeBHeWBe,llCKOM npHMepe, l'A B <l>YHKIJHH 06IIJerepMaHCKOro ,llaTeJJbHOro nocecCHBHOl'O BblCTynaeT o6'heKTlll·I· na,11em mik •MHe/MeHa•:

(66) ,11pwue,11. Haffwin i ider thetta vilkorath, tha er thet mik rerfft 11/1 upaboret Erikskr (no,11 1260 r.) 6yKB. •KOJIH Bbl ,ll8JIH T8KOit o6eT, TaK Mii

3mo ynac.11eaoaano u aocnpunamo• (: •H 3To yaacJ1e,110BaJJ H BocnpHHHJJ• ).

36 PeayJ11>TaTHBHaa KOHCTPYKIJHH OT rJJarOJJOB ,llBHlfCeHHH, H3MeHeHHH H HenpoH BOJlbHblX peaKIJHH (verba mutativa) npoTHBOilOCTaBJJHeTCH B repMaHCKHX Sl31~

KaX ne1l4>eKTY npH IlOMOllJH pa3Hb!X CHHTaKCH'ICCKHX, MOp<J>oJIOrH'ICCKHX " JJeKCH'ICCKHX MapKepoB:

1) '1epe,110BaHHe BCilOMOraTeJlbHblX rJJarOJIOB •6b!Tb• H •HMeTb•:

(67a) HCJI. Hann er kominn •OH npuIIIeJI (H Haxo,llHTca a,11ec1>)• - peayni.

TaTHB c uera •6b!T1>•;

(67b) HCJI. hann hefur komio •OH npuweJ1/npuxo,11HJ1• - nep<J>eKT c haf •HMeTLt;

2) ynoTpe6J1eHHe Hape"IHH HJIH IlOCTBep6oB:

(68a) HeM. Die Apfel sind ganz verfault •fl6JJOKH coaceM crHHBWH• - Po 3YJlbTaTHB c sein •6b!Tb•;

(68b) HeM. Die Apfel sind almiihlich verfault •fl6JJoKH nocmenenno cruM

JIH• - ne1l4>eKT c sein •6b!Th•;

3) 1JeJ11>Ho- / paa,11eJ11>Hoo<l>oPMJ1eHHOCTL npH"laCTHa/cynuaa (TOJILKO B cKaHAM HaBCKHX H3b!Kax):

(69a) wBe,11. Han er fortfarande bortrest •OH ace e~e B OT'be3Ae•, 6yKI <OH Bee eIIJe om?>exaBWU• - peayJJLTaTHB c 1JeJJ1>Hoo<J>opMJJeHHblM npuqa THeM-npe,llHKaTHBOM;

(69b) wee,11. Han har rest bort <OH yexa.11• - ne1l4>eKT c paa,11eJ11>Hoo<PopN JleHHblM cynHHOM.

4) OTCYTCTBHe / H8JIH'IHe pe<J>neKCHBHoro <J>opMaHTa:

(70a) HeM. Sie haben sich verzankt. •OHH paccopHJIHCb (Me:»Cay col1oil)• nep<J>eKT c haben •HMeTLt H pe<J>neKCHBHblM noKaaaTeJleM;

(70b) HeM. Sie sind uerzankt. •OHH paccopuawucb» = •OHH B ccope• - pe 3YJlbTaTHB c sein •6b!Tbt, pe<l>JieKCHBHLJit noKa3aTeJlb OTCYTCTByeT.

:i7 B CK8HJIHH8BCKHX ,11HaJ1eKTax KOHCTPYKIJHH V fin + PPart I Sup, HanpOTHB, OT HOCHTeJlbHO YCTOH"IHB8. IIIHpoKO npe,llCTaBJleHa OHa H ~ 6LIJJHH, KOTOpb!it B ,118HHOM OTHOWeHHH CTOHT Ha 6onee paHHeH CTa,llHH, •teN coupeMennble roBophI PyccKoro CeBepa.

TeKCT - BblCK83LIBaHHe - CJIOBO •••

11 ll('OK COKpam;eHHH

AcceMaHHeBo EBaHreJIHe Kup. - BonpomaHHe KupuKoBo

,, 11 - 3orpa<PcKoe EuaHreJ1ue •Ill . - c6opHHK,KJIOIJa

p, - MapHHHcKoe EeaHreJ1ue lll JI 1 - IlepBaa HoBropo,11cKaa JJeTo-

1111c1> no CHHO,llaJJLHOMY cnHCKY CaBBHHa KHura

111 1111 - CJ10Bo o noJ1KY Hropeee 111 1. - CynpacJILCKaa pyKonHcL 11 r6. - YcneHcKHit c6opHHK XIl­

X Ill BB. I , Alexandreis

11w. - Beowulf I - BQglunga SQgur

kMkr. - Erikskronikan t F6stbrceora saga

Fripj6fs saga ins frcekna Heioarviga saga M. Kabatnik

- Dye Klage 1111, - Landmimub6k

11lh , - Martin Luther 11 11. - Mandevilhiv cestopis

Grcenlendinga saga Havam91 Heliand Heimskringla Snorra Sturlusonar

Hrafns saga Sveinbjarnarsonar • k - Pasek. Pamii;tniki

I 111 t paTypa

Sc. - F6r Scirnis SnE - Snorra Edda Stit. - Tomas Stitny Sv. - Sverris saga I>sh. - I>orsteins saga hvita Vapn. - Vapnfiroinga saga

6onr. - 6onrapcKHit roT. - l'OTCKHit ,llHaJJ. - ,llHaJleKTH8H <J>opMa APHCJI. - ,11peeHeHcJian,11cKHA ,11paHrJI. - ,llpeBHeaarJIHHCKHA ,11ppyc. - ,11peeHepyccKHA ,11pcaKc. - ,11peenecaKCOHCKHit ,llp'lem. - ,11peeaeqemcKHA

,11pmee,11. - ,llpeBHeWBe,llCKHA HCJJ. - HCJiaH,llCKHll: HeM. - HeMelJKHH HOBr. - HOBrOpo,llCKHit HBHeM. - HOBOBepxHeHeMeIJ,KHit

IlOJILCK. -- IlOJILCKHll: IlCK. - nCKOBCKHH pyccK. - pyccKHA CJJOBaIJ,K. - CJJOB81JKHH CMOJI. - CMOJJeHCKHll: cpeHeM. - cpe,11HeBepxueHeMe1JKHit CTilOJJbCK. - CTaponOJJLCKHA CTCJI. - CTapocJJ8BSIHCKHll: yKp. - yKpaHHCKHll: qem. - qemcKHA

227

• 1111H 1966- B.r.AaMonu. PaaBHTHe cTpyKTYPLI npe,11nomeHHa e nepuo,11 ¢lop­M11poeauua HeMeIJ,KOl'O HaIJ,HOHaJlbHOro H3LIKa. JI., 1966.

I llllH 1988 - B. r. AaMoHU. I'paMMaTH"leCKHH CTpoit K8K CHCTeMa nocTpoeHHH 11 o61I(aa Teopua rpaMMaTHKH. JI., 1988.

11ur11HCT 1974 - :3.Benaenucm. 06IIJaa JIHHrBHCTHKa / Ilep. c <l>Jl8HIJY3CKOro. M., 1974.

1·• 110 1983 - B. II. BepKoa. PeayJJ1>TaTHB, naccue u ne1l4>eKT B HOpBemcKOM aabl­' 1 II Tunonorua peayJJbTaTHBHblX KOHCTPYKI!HA. JI., 1983, 197-204.

•111·110CKHH, KyaHe11,.oB 1963 - B. H. BopKOBCKuil, II. C. Ky31uqoa. HcTopu•recKa.11 111 MMaTHKa pyccKoro aaLrna. M., 1963.

111111 1952 -A.BailRn. PyKOBOACTBO no cTapocnaeaHCKOMY Sl3bIKY / Ilep. c <fJpaH-11 y. CKOl'O, M., 1952.

"'"''PBAOB 1947 - B. B. Bunozpaaoa. PyccKuit aaLIK. I'paMMaTH'lecKoe yqenue o 111oee. M., 1947.

228 A. B. /..fuMMepJ1uHz

rapA 1985 - fl. I'apa. 0 TaK Ha3LJBaeMLIX •CHMIIaTeTH'lecKHXt IIBAelf<aX B CODI Me11110M pyccKOM SI3b1Ke I Russian Linguistics, 9 (1985), 181-196.

rao3AeuKaSI 1993 - H. IO. I'8o3ae41'a.R. 0 CMLICJIOBOll: opraHH3aUHH APeBHeaHrJIHI cKoro noaTH'lecKoro TeKcTa II CJIOBO B KOHTeKcTe JIJ:ITepaTypHoH 3BOJIIOUHH. M 1993, 34-43.

reoprHeBa 1969 - B.Jl.I'eopzue8a. BeaJIH'IHLie npeAJIO]KCHHSI no MaTepHaJiaM Alli• HCHllIHX cJiaBSIHCKHX naMHTHH.KOB (oco6e11ao cTapocJiaBHHCKHX) II Slavia, 19011

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rypo'IKHHa 1991 - A.I'.I'ypO'l1'UHa. CTpyKTYPHO-KOMn03HUHOHHLIC xapaKTCpHCTM KH TeKcTa a ApesHeaHrJIHll:CKOM SI3LIKe II QqepKH no HCTOPH'lecKoMy cHHTaKCH 't repMaHCKHX Sl3LIKOB, JI., 1991, 127-139.

rpaMMaTHKa 1970 - rpaMMaTHKa COBpeMeHHOro pyccKOrO JIHTepaTypHOrO Sl3LIK

M., 1970.

ryxMaH 1967 - M. M. I'yxMaH. KoHCTPYKUHSI c BHHHTeJILHLIM/AaTeJILHLIM JJHll H npo6neMa apraTHBHoro npomJioro HH,11oesponeHCKHX SI3LIKOB II SpraTHBH KOHCTPYKUHJl npe,llJIO]KeHHSI B Jl3blKaX pa3JIH'IHLIX THIIOB. JI., 1967, 58-74.

3aJJH3HSIK 1993 -A.A.3aJIU3H.R1'. K H3yqeHHIO SI3LIKa 6epecTSIHLIX rpaMOT II B.Jl.J'IHuH A.A.3aJIU3H.R1'. Hoaropo,11cKHe rpaMOTLI Ha 6epecTe; H3 pacKonoK 1984-1989 rr

M., 1993.

HHHH, 3aJIH3HSIK 1986 - B. JI . .HHuH, A. A. 3aJIU3H.R1'. Hosropo,11cKHe rpa1110TLI 11

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3oJIOTOB8 1982 - I'.A. 30JIOm08a. KoMMYHHK8THBHble acneKTbl pyCCKOrO CHHTRK

CHCa. M .. 1982.

lfJILHlll 1951 - B.A. HllbUUl. 0 KaTeropHH cocTOSIHHSI B anrJIHHCKOM H3LIKfl I IIaMSITH aKS,lleMHKa JI. B. Il\ep6L1. JI., 1951, 175-181.

11ca'leHKO 1955 - A. B. Hca'leH1'0. 0 B03HHKHOBeHHH H paaBHTHH •KaTeropHH co cTOSIHHSI• a cJiaBSIHCKHX SI3b1Kax II BonpocLI SI3bIKoaHaHHSI, 1955, M 6, 48-6~

11cTpHHa 1923 - E. C. Hcmpu11a. CHHTaKCH'leCKHe SIBJieHHSI CHHOABJibHoro cnHCK

1-n Honropo,11cKoll: JieTonHcH. IIr., 1923.

KauHeJILCOH 1949 - C.,l(.Ka411eJ1bC01t. 11cTOpHKo-rpaMMaTH'lecKHe HccJ1e,11osaHHJ1. I M.; JI., 1949.

KoJiecHHKosa 197 4 - JI. A KoJ1ecnu1'08a. CeMaHTHKo-cHHTaKcH'leCKHH n~)IJIO)KeHH:l!: c verba H nomina meteorologica ,11pesHeaHrJ1Hll:cKoro siablK

AK):(. JI., 1974.

KyaLMeHKO 1985 - IO. K. Ky3bMeH1'0. Oc11osHasi eAHHHUa B TeKcTe ,11penueHcJ1aJ1Al KHX car II 3anS,11uoesponei!:cKasi cpe,1111eseK0BaSI cJiosecuocTb. M., 1985, 62-63.

KyaLMeHKo 1991 - IO. K. Ky3bMeH1'0. HeKoTopLie cHHTaKTHKO-CTHJIHCTH'lecKH oco6eHHOCTH nepHo,11a B ,11penHeHcJ1aH,llCKoit npoae II QqepKH no HCTOpH'leCKOM

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KyaLMHHa, HeM•IeHKO 1971 - H.B. Ky3bMUHa, E. B. HeM'leH1'0. CHHTaKCHC npH

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JianTesa 1976 - 0. A. Jianme8a. PyccKHll: paarosopHLIH c1111TaKcHc. M., 1976.

JieKoB 1967 - H.Jie1'oe. KoJie6aHHSI Mem,11y no,11J1om11a H 6eano,11J1om11a cKa3yM(JC npH TaK 11a3, 6e3JIH'IHH H3pe'leHHSI B cJiaBSIHCKHTe eaHUH II Slavia slovaca, 19117

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TeKcT - BbICKaabIBaHHe - cJioBo ... 229

1 11 1973 - IO. M. JiomMaH. KauoHH'lecKoe HCKYCCTBO KaK HH<j>opMaUHOHHLill: IWPllAOKC II Ilpo6JieMa KaHoHa a ,llpesue111 H cpe,1111eseKOBOM HcKyccTse AaHH H

A1l>PHKH. M., 1973, 16-22.

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•11 llHHCKHll: 1989 - C. 0. M aJ1e8uHc1'uil. ,l(pes11epyccKHe JIHTepaTyp11L1e HopMLI 1"C1rnacosa11HSI cKaaye111oro c no,11J1emaJ:UHM. AK):(. CapaTOB, 1989.

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1 11os 1983 - IO. C. MacJ108. PeayJILTBTHB, rrep<jJeKT H rJiaroJILHLiit BHJI II THno-11orHSI pe3yJILTaTHBHLIX KOHCTPYKUH:l!:. JI., 1983, 41-54.

•1i.11H'IYK 1966 - 0. C. MellbHU'lY"· Po3BHTOK CTPYKTYPH cJioB'SIHCLKoro pe'leH-1m. KHi:B, 1966. '

I 1 1938 - A. Meile. Bse,11eHHe a cpasHHTeJJLHoe H3y'leHHe HH,11oesporreitcKHX llOblKOB. M.; JI., 1938.

Ill 1951 - A. Meile. 06iuecJiaBHHCKHi!: SI3LIK. M., 1951.

II 1ornKoB 1983 - B. fl. Hea.RJ11C08. PeayJILTaTHB, naccHB H nep<f>eKT a HeMeUKOM 11 blKe I THrroJiorHSI pe3yJILTaTHBHbIX KOHCTPYKUHit. JI., 1983, 184-197.

111opcKHit 1953 - C. fl. OtJnopcKuil. O'lepKH no Mopqx)JlorHH pyccKoro rJiaroJia. M., 1953.

I VJlb 1960 - r. flay/lb, IlpHHUHIILI HCTOpHH Jl3b1Ka I Ilep. c 11e111euKoro. M.,

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11 lllKOBCKHit 1938 - A. M. flewKo8cKuil. PyccKHi!: CHHTaKcHc B uayq110111 oceeiue­llHH. M.,, 1938.

,, • ueJIOB 1948 - H. c. flocne//.08. CJIO)KHOe CHHT8Kt:H'leCKOe ueJioe H OCHOBHLie

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"' r1•611si 1958 - A. A. flometJna. 113 3anHcoK rro pyccKo:l!: rpaMMaTHKe. M., 1958, ·r. I-II.

II rn61111 1968 - A.A. flometJna. Jfa 3anHcoK no pyccKoii rpaMMaTHKe. M., 1968, T. III.

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npHHUKaSI 1994 - O.A. CMupnu4Kaa. HaLIK ,11pea11erepMaucKoll: II033HH. M., 1994.

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CTpyKTypa H o6'LeM npe,!IJIO:>KeHHH H CJIOBOCO'leTaHHH B HH,!IOesponeitcKHX H3blK JI., 1981.

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