Study of aggregate dormancy and its effects on the properties ...

CIVIL amp ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | RESEARCH ARTICLE

Study of aggregate dormancy and its effects onthe properties of aggregates and concreteBF Ogunbayo1 A M Ajao1 K E Ogundipe1 O Joshua1 T O Durotoye2 and GO Bamigboye2

Abstract In our society today most of the aggregates that were used forconcrete work were usually abandoned on site for some times with minimum of6 month or more due to different factors as it may apply Some which might bedue to lack of fund by the client and tussles This abandonment led to a situationwhere construction materials are piled onsite over a range of periods of timeThese materials are left dormant and exposed to harsh weathering conditionsbefore utilization This study accessed the effects of aggregates dormancy on itsproperties quality when use The study was carried out in three calendar years(2015 2016 and 2017) to check weathering activities on dormant aggregatesExperimental procedures such as Sieve analysis silt content specific gravitywater absorption and compressive strength test were carried out on theseaggregates to determine its quality of performance on the product (building)Based on the duration of aggregate on site it was observed that the strength ofconcrete produced from the aggregates increased and the aggregates werecoarser when exposed to the weather The study concluded that due to slightchanges in compressive strength over the years dormant aggregate has nonegative effect on concrete strength and quality of structural components but itis advised that any procured aggregates meant for construction should be totallyfree from clay and silt contents This will enhance the concrete strength and alsoaccelerate its setting time

Subjects Construction Materials Engineering amp Technology Physical Sciences MaterialsProcessing

BF Ogunbayo

ABOUT THE AUTHORSOgunbayo BF is a holder of Master of science inHousing Management and Development fromuniversity of IbadanIbadan Oyo state He is aCorporate Member of Nigerian Institute ofBuilding (MNIOB)He has worked in several orga-nization such as Kontinental property in VictoriaIsland Lagos Solang Investment Benin city Edostate Prime Engineering Lekki Lagos StateFranksensun Nigeria Limited Ikeja Lagos stateHe has been involved in several research works inthe area of material development and testingconstruction health and safety housing provi-sions and it sustainability Presently he is work-ing as a Senior Academic Technologist in theDepartment of Building Technology CovenantUniversity Km 10 Idiroko Road Canaan LandOta Ogun State

PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENTAggregate is widely adopted and essential ele-ment of concrete production Most times in thedeveloping countries aggregates were aban-doned on site for some period of time due toshortage of fund and other factors The studyshowed that the strength of concrete producedfrom the aggregates increased and aggregateswere coarser when left dormant and exposed toharsh weathering condition before utilization Itfurther revealed that fine aggregate becomecoarser because the amount of the silt present inthe fine aggregate reduced gradually due to theeffect of weather on the aggregate material onsite

Ogunbayo et al Cogent Engineering (2018) 5 1519944httpsdoiorg1010802331191620181519944

copy 2018 The Author(s) This open access article is distributed under a Creative CommonsAttribution (CC-BY) 40 license

Received 16 March 2018Accepted 02 September 2018First Published 10 September 2018

Corresponding author Ogunbayo BF Department of BuildingTechnology Covenant UniversityOta Nigeria PMB Ota 1023 NigeriaE-mail babatundeogunbayocov-enantuniversityedung

Reviewing editorMariano Angelo Zanini Dept of CivilEnvironmental and ArchitecturalEngineering Universita degli Studi diPadova Italy

Additional information is available atthe end of the article

of 11

brought to you by COREView metadata citation and similar papers at coreacuk

provided by Covenant University Repository

Keywords aggregate aggregate dormancy building concrete compressive strength

1 IntroductionAccording to the American English Dictionary (AED) dormancy is defined as a state of quiet-ness or inactivity hence aggregate dormancy is defined in this study as a period of inactivityof aggregates before utilization in construction works According to Braimah and Lawson(2014) housing is globally acknowledged as the second most basic essential need of manafter food and is a major economic asset in every nation Housing for residential purposes isthe most and major need for the average citizenry The provision of affordable and decenthousing is a major challenge faced by most developing nations and the rural-urban migrationhas worsen the situation resulting in the widening the gap of housing deficit in a nation (Kabiramp Bustani 2009)

According toWorld Bank (2013) the housing deficit in Nigeria is estimated around sixteen (16)millionhousing units requiring over fifty six trillion naira (₦56 trillion) to fund and these estimates exclude thecost of land This implies that about threemillion five hundred thousand naira (₦3500000) is needed toprovide an average housing unit The Nigerian government has partnered with the private sectorthrough various affordable housing schemes to combat the housing deficits in the nation but theseschemes result in meeting just an insignificant fraction of the deficit and most of them result in theprovision of housing beyond the reach of the ordinary citizenry (Braimah and Lawson 2014) and despitethis problem the housing deficit is still growing at an alarming rate The World Bank (2013) concludedthat about seventy-five percent (75) of the Nigerian housing deficit is needed by families earning lessthan three times the minimumwage which is still within the poverty range Ogundipe Ajao Ogunbayoand Amusan (2015) emphasised that high demands for collateral unstable increase in interest rateinaccessibility to fund limited time for payback period of credit facilities and fear of long time commit-ment to the banks are some of the factors limiting low-income earners to finance building projectsOgunbayo Alagbe Ajao and Ogundipe (2016) argued that some of the factors limiting availability ofaffordable housing inNigeria are prices and rents of homeswhichhavegrownaheadof general inflationrate of 128

In meeting these housing needs most citizens are looking beyond the Government private andother formal housing schemes that have not adequately addressed their housing deficit to theinformal institutions like thrift credit societies and money lenders cooperative societies voluntaryhousing movements personal or family saving for gentle financial plans to provide a decentaccommodation for themselves (Agbola 1986 Omirin 1998) The access to small funds per timeby these informal institutions has given rise to incremental building development where a buildingis gradually built over a long period of time Ogunbayo et al (2018) maintained that good housingproject needs a standard design good planning which would be constructed and managed basedon standards and specifications established by governments professionals and experts who haveadequate knowledge of users‟ needs and expectations

These practices resort to a situation where construction materials are stock-piled on site over arange of periods of time where these materials are left dormant and exposed to harsh weatheringconditions before utilization This led to material dormancy which could have deleterious effects onthese materials that could compromise their service life in the building structure For examplewarped timber deteriorates in moist conditions cement hardens and even expires over time PVCsand other plastics become brittle and losses hardenability rain and water run-offs tends to washaway finer particles in aggregate heaps and many others

In any building production some of the components that are important are aggregates andwater (Bamigboye et al 2017) Fowler and Quiroga (2003) opined that good aggregate is


Page 2 of 11

characterized by shape toughness grain sizes bleeding pumpability and segregation offresh concrete stiffness shrinkage creep density permeability and they determine thedurability of hardened concrete Olajumoke and Lasisi (2014) Ode and Eluozo (2016)Sulymon et al (2017) maintained that the quality of concrete is affected by the choice ofcoarse aggregate used in its production Hudson (1999)Aginam Chidolue and Nwakire(2013) Bamigboye et al (2016) opined that aggregates account for about 60minus75 of thetotal volume of concrete mix and 70ndash85 of weight with coarse aggregate contributing toabout 45ndash55 of the total mass

Consequently Li (2011) Ede and Agbede (2015) concluded that concrete has a very goodcompressive strength but poor tensile strength As there has not been a better alternativeover the years modern structures in developed and developing nations are mostly built inconcrete It is a composite material of aggregates (fine and coarse) embedded in a Portlandcement matrix (Bamigboye et al 2015) Concrete is a mixture of fine and coarse aggregates(sand and granite or gravel) and a controlled amount of entrained air held together by abinding material such as Portland cement (Ede Olofinnade Bamigboye Shittu amp Ugwu2017) The study further stressed concrete is commonly used worldwide because of theavailability of its strength economy related to availability and sustainability of its constituentmaterials The availability of both fine and coarse material required for the production ofconcrete makes it an important method of production In Nigeria over ninety percent (90)of building structural components that is responsible for the strength and stability of thebuilding is made from reinforced concrete (Joshua et al 2014) Ajao et al (2018) maintainedthat compressive strength being the maximum stress sustained by concrete is the maximumload registered on the testing machine divided by the cross sectional area of the concretecube

From the established background there seemed to be several studies on engineering proper-ties of aggregate concrete production and usage However there exists dearth of study onaggregate dormancy and the effects on properties of fresh and hardened concrete Dormancyis related to number of time aggregate are stock-piled before usage and the effects on shapetexture and grading This happened to be means of comparing aggregate characteristics toconcrete behavior and effect of these characteristics on the performance of concrete It is onthis note the study aimed to investigate the effects of dormancy of fine aggregates (sharpsand) and coarse aggregates (granite) on its evolving physical properties over time and itseffect(s) on concrete

2 Materials and methods

21 MaterialsGrade 425R of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Dangote Cement brand was obtained at theircement depot in Ota Ado-Odo area of Ogun State which was in conformity to the physicalproperties of Type I Portland cement as stated in BS EN 1997ndash1 and also stated by StandardOrganisation of Nigeria (SON 2003)

Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate were obtained from site at Iju-Ota Ogun State in com-pliance with BS EN 933ndash1 1997 Clean water free from impurities and good for consumption asspecified in BS EN 1008 (17) was used for the mixing The equipment used for the experimentalprocess include Sieves of different diameter thermostatically oven weighing balance moisturecontent can and led compression testing machine and tools such as shovel hand trowel headpan wheel barrow bucket etc


Page 3 of 11

Coarse aggregate sample

Fine aggregate sample

Compression testing machineModel YES-2000 MaxCapacity2000KNProduction No W1010 Production Date July 2010


Page 4 of 11

22 MethodThis is an experimental research carried out in the laboratory of Department of BuildingTechnology Covenant University Ota The materials used in this study were fine aggregatewhich is a burrow pit excavated sharp sand and quarry-sourced coarse aggregate that weremade dormant and observed annually within the period of three-years (2015 2016 and 2017)The cement used in this study was the 425N strength class 19 mm coarse aggregate size and thefine aggregates being investigated The laboratory tests performed were gradation size distribution(sieve analysis) of the coarse aggregate and the fine aggregate being investigated for silt contentspecific gravity water absorption and compressive strength test on concrete made with fine andcoarse aggregate

3 Result and discussionThe experimental results are discussed as follows

31 Sieve analysisThe Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) for 2015 2016 and 2017 fine aggregates are 42 41 and 105respectively and the Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) are 142 159 and 160 respectively As observed inFigure 1 since cu is greater than four (gt4) and cc lies between 1ndash3 the soil can be classified as auniformly graded soil according to the unified soil classification system(uscs) the sand in the year2017 is more uniformly graded than the 2015and 2016 soil sample This could be attributed to morerainfall within the years 2015 and 2016 as a result finer particle was washed off the sand heap andhence reducing the finer aggregate particles in the 2017gradation as observed in Table 1 and Figure 1However for all the soil samples tested it can be said to be well graded (Since Cu gt 4) it must be notedthat a well-graded soil can be more compacted than a poorly graded soil

32 Analysis of the coarse aggregates base on year of testingFrom Table 2 and Figure 2 coefficient of uniformity (Cu) and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) in accordanceto BSEN933-12012 for all the coarse aggregate specimens are all the same and are 20 and 113respectively across all samples The coarse aggregate is poorly graded but more of uniformly gradedbecause the co-efficient of curvature lies between 1 and 3This confirms that the coarse aggregatespossess little or no fine sized aggregate because rain or water run-off within the study years havenegligible impact on the coarse aggregate over the study years This study is similar to results obtainedin Ajamu and Ige (2015) Nduka Fagbenle Joshua Ogunde and Omuh (2018)

33 Silt contentThe silt content of the fine aggregate was determined with water and the testing sand wasthoroughly mixed in a graduated cylinder and allowed to settle for about 12 h The result is

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

001 01 1 10 100

P

assi

ng

Sieve size mm

2015 2016 2017

Figure 1 Gradation analysis ofthe fine aggregates base onyear of procurement


Page 5 of 11

shown in Table 3 Though the sieve analysis of the fine aggregate indicated negligible silt contentthis test indicated the presence of silt The silt content of the fine aggregate gradually reducedover the study periods This was expected as the rains and water run-off would tend to wash away

Table 1 Fine aggregate sieve analysis table

SN Sieve sizes(mm) soil passingthrough thesieve(2015)

soil passingthrough thesieve(2016)


1 20 993 100 100

2 10 974 9992 100

3 50 916 9775 9475

4 20 799 9100 59375

5 10 708 7717 4575

6 05 496 5092 33875

7 025 181 1942 185

8 01 21 15 1625

9 0075 08 042 075

10 Pan 0 0 0

Table 2 Coarse aggregate sieve analysis table

SN Sieve sizes(mm) soil passingthrough thesieve (2015)

soil passingthrough thesieve (2016)

soil passingthrough thesieves(2017)

1 53 100 100 100

2 3750 100 100 100

3 3150 9933 9856 9933

4 2650 9844 9662 9844

5 1900 9700 9506 9700

6 1600 9467 9156 9467

7 1320 8934 8534 8934

8 950 7067 6923 7067

9 Pan 000 001 000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

)

(G

NIS

AP

EG

AT

NE

CR

EP

Particle SiZE (MM)

Soil Passing (2015) Soil Passing (2016) Soil Passing (2017)Figure 2 Gradation analysis ofthe coarse aggregates base onyear of procurement


Page 6 of 11

or leach the finer particles over time The most reduced silt content was observed between 2016and 2017 period This aggregate required less amount of paste to coat its surface and thereby leftmore paste for lubrication so that an interaction between aggregate particles during mixing isminimized (Mindess Young amp Darwin 2003)

34 Specific gravityThere was no significant difference in the specific gravity in both aggregates over the study periodThey all maintained a specific gravity between 265 to 266 over the two (2) year period as shownin Tables 4 and 5 These values are within the ranges for the specific gravity of aggregates fromrock fragments the result is in line with the study of Abdullahi (2012)where specific gravity for fineaggregate is 266 and granite aggregate is 270 it further buttressed the result of (Neville 1995Olanipekun Olusola amp Ata 2006)

35 Water absorptionAs shown in Tables 6 and 7 the change in water absorption was relatively insignificant over thestudy period in the coarse aggregate but it was observed that there was a significant change in thewater absorption in the fine aggregate within the study period The water absorption graduallydecreased within the study years this could be attributed to the gradual decrease in the in the siltcontent over the study period Silt tends to retain more water than the higher aggregate-sizedaggregates

Wr frac14Ww WDeth THORN

WD 100

Table 3 Analysis of silt content for the fine aggregate

2015 2016 2017

Sample A B C A B C A B CSoil quantity(ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Water quantity(ml) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

Volume of aggregateretained(ml)

93 95 94 96 95 97 97 98 96

Volume of salt 1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

Volume of organic materialpresent (ml)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Silt content () 6 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 3

Average silt content () 5 3 2

Table 4 Specific gravity of fine aggregate sampled

SN DESCRIPTION Year 2015 Year 2016 Year 2017

A Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g)

17467 17462 17471

B Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g)

14337 14337 14337

C Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g)

500 500 500

D Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g)

4956 496 4961

E Specific gravity = DC-(A-B) 265 266 266


Page 7 of 11

Where

WD is the weight of dry block

Ww is the weight of the block after 24 h in water

Wr is the water absorption capacity

36 Compressive strengthA standardized prescribed concrete ST-4 to BS 8500ndash22002 was batched mixed and cast into150 mm cube mould and the compressive strength was determined in Table 8 The expected cube

Table 5 specific gravity of coarse aggregate sampled



3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982


Table 6 Water absorptionof coarse aggregate

SN DESCRIPTION Year 2015 Year 2016 Year 2017A Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g) 3372 3370 3374

B Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g) 2754 2754 2754

C Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g) 990 983 990

D Weight of vessel + aggregate+ water (A) (g) 982 975 982


F Water absorption percentage dry

Weight WwWDeth THORNWD

100

082 082 082

Table 7 Water absorption of fine aggregate s

SN DESCRIPTION Year 2015 Year 2016 Year 2017A Weight of vessel + aggregate

+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


Page 8 of 11

strength is 20MPa (BS 8500ndash12002) The compressive values were as shown in Figure 3 the resultshowed that in the year 2015 the crushing value mean of the concrete cube was 2018 Nmm2 itincreased to 2243 Nmm2 in the year 2016 while in the year 2017 it further increased to 2354 Nmm2 There was an increase in strength at growing curing age The difference in strength growthcould be partially due to the absence of silt clay and humus materials which are constraints toimprovement of mortar and concrete strength

4 ConclusionThe study accessed the effect of aggregate dormancy and its physical properties on concretequality The study discovered that dormancy of aggregate on site has no effect on it propertyquality during usage for building production Its further found that fine aggregate become morecoarser because the amount of the silt present in the fine aggregate reduces gradually due todormancy of the aggregate material on site which was caused through weathering effect espe-cially rain water during the dormancy period The study concluded that there is improvement inconcrete strength and its workability while there is also reduction in clay and silt contents over theyears

AcknowledgementsThis research work was accomplished in the structurallaboratory of Department of Building TechnologyCovenant University Ota Ogun State Nigeria The authorsacknowledge chancellor and management of CovenantUniversity Ota Ogun State Nigeria for creating researchenabling environment

FundingThe authors received no direct funding for this research

Author detailsBF Ogunbayo1

E-mail babatundeogunbayocovenantuniversityedungORCID ID httporcidorg0000-0002-4334-9136A M Ajao1

E-mail adekunleajaocovenantuniversityedungORCID ID httporcidorg0000-0003-0345-7260K E Ogundipe1

E-mail kunleogundipecovenantuniversityedungORCID ID httporcidorg0000-0002-4226-6910O Joshua1

Table 8 Compressive strength test on concrete using sampled material (fine and coarseaggregate) together with water and cement

Sn Specimen Specimensize(mm)

Year ofTest

Age ofconcretecube(days)

Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)

CrushingvalueCube 3(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED

Compressive strength Figure 3 Compressive strengthanalysis of concrete


Page 9 of 11

E-mail opeyemijoshuacovenantuniversityedungORCID ID httporcidorg0000-0002-6935-7740T O Durotoye2

E-mail taiwodurotoyecovenantuniversityedungGO Bamigboye2

E-mail gideonbamigboyecovenantuniversityedungORCID ID httporcidorg0000-0002-1976-23341 Department of Building Technology CovenantUniversity Ota Nigeria

2 Department of Civil Engineering Covenant UniversityOta Nigeria

Citation informationCite this article as Study of aggregate dormancy and itseffects on the properties of aggregates and concrete BFOgunbayo A M Ajao K E Ogundipe O Joshua T ODurotoye amp GO Bamigboye Cogent Engineering (2018) 51519944

ReferencesAbdullahi M (2012) Effect of aggregate type on com-

pressive strength of concrete International Journalof Civil and Structural Engineering 2(3) 782doi106088ijcser00202030008

Agbola T (1986) The nature of housing subsidies inNigeria Journal of the Nigerian Institute of TownPlanners 6 86ndash98

Aginam C H Chidolue C amp Nwakire C (2013)Investigating the effects of coarse aggregate typeson the compressive strength of concreteInternational Journal of Engineering Research andApplications 3(4) 1140ndash1144

Ajamu S O amp Ige J A (2015) Influence of coarseaggregate types and mixing method of concretemade from natural aggregate International Journalof Engineering and Technology 5(7) 2049ndash3444

Ajao A M Ogunbayo B F Ogundipe K E BamigboyeG Ogunde A amp Tunji-Olayeni P F (2018)Assessment of sandcrete blocks manufacturerslsquocompliance to minimum standard requirements bystandard organisation of Nigeria in SouthwestNigeria International Journal of Applied EngineeringResearch 13(6) 4162ndash4172

Bamigboye G Ede A N Egwuatu C Jolayemi JOlowu O A amp Odewumi T (2015) Assessment ofcompressive strength of concrete produced fromdifferent brands of Portland cement Civil andEnvironmental Research 7(8) 31ndash38

Bamigboye GO Adedeji A A Olukanni D O ampJolayemi J K (2017) Effect of granitegravel(washed) combination on fresh properties of self-compaction concrete International Journal ofApplied Engineering Research 12(15) 10-18

Braimah F R amp Lawson E T (2014) Does it matterwhere I live Comparing the impact of housingquality on child development in slum and non-slumareas in ghana InternationalJournal ofChild Youthand Family Studies 5(3) 375-393

Ede A N amp Agbede J O (2015) Use of coconut huskfiber for improved compressive and flexural strengthof con-crete International Journal of Scientific ampEngineering Research 6(2) 968ndash974

Ede A N Olofinnade O M Bamigboye G Shittu K K ampUgwu E I (2017) Prediction of fresh and hardenedproperties of normal concrete via choice of aggre-gate sizes concrete mix-ratios and cementInternational Journal of Civil Engineering andTechnology 8(10) 288ndash301

Fowler D W amp Quiroga P N (2003) The effects of theaggregates characteristics on the performance of

Portland cement concrete International Centre forAggregate Research ICAR 104

Hudson B (1999) Modification to the fine aggregateangularity test In Proceedings Seventh AnnualInternational Center for Aggregates ResearchSymposium Austin TX

Joshua O Olusola K O Ayegba C amp Yusuf A I (2013)Assessment of the quality steel reinforcement barsavailable in Nigerian market In AEI 2013 BuildingSolutions for Architectural Engineering (pp 296ndash305)

Kabir B amp Bustani S A (2009) A review of housingdelivery efforts in Nigeria ISA International HousingConference Scotland University of GlasgowRetrieved from httpwww gla ac ukmediamedia_129767_enpdf

Li Z (2011) Advanced concrete technology ChichesterUnited Kingdom John Wiley amp Sons

Mindess S Young J F amp Darwin D (2003) ConcreteUpper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall

Nduka D Fagbenle O I Joshua O Ogunde A amp Omuh IO (2018) Comparative analysis of concrete strengthutilizing quarry-crushed and locally sourced coarseaggregates International Journal of MechanicalEngineering and Technology (IJMET) 9(1) 609ndash617

Neville A M (1995) Properties of concrete (Vol 4)London Longman

Ode T amp Eluozo S N (2016) Compressive strengthcalibration of washed and unwashed locally occur-ring 38 gravel from various water cement ratio andcuring age International Journal of EngineeringResearch and General Science 4(1) 462ndash483

Ogunbayo B F Ajao A M Alagbe O T Ogundipe K ETunji-OlayeniP F amp Ogunde A O (2018) Residentsrsquofacilities satisfaction in housing project delivered byPublic Private Partnership (PPP) in Ogun StateNigeria International Journal of Civil Engineering andTechnology 9(1) 562ndash577 httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETissuesaspJType=IJCIETampVType=9ampIType=1

Ogunbayo B F Alagbe O A Ajao A M amp Ogundipe EK (2016) Determining the individual significant con-tribution of public and private sector in housingdelivery in Nigeria British Journal of Earth SciencesResearch 4(3) 16ndash26

Ogundipe K E Ajao A M Ogunbayo B F amp Amusan L M(2015) Post consolidation effects of banking sectorre-capitalization on nigerian construction industry(Lagosand Ogun state case study) Covenant Journal ofResearch in the Built Environment (CJRBE) 3(2) 68ndash80

Olajumoke A M amp Lasisi F (2014) Strength evaluation ofconcrete made with dug-up gravel from SouthwesternNigeria Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 14(3) 384ndash394 doi101007s11668-014-9812-8

Olanipekun E A Olusola K O amp Ata O (2006) Acomparative study of concrete properties usingcoconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarseaggregates Building and Environment 41(3) 297ndash301 doi101016jbuildenv200501029

Omirin M M (1998) Land accessibility and low incomehouse building activity in metropolitan lagos Journalof Environmental Studies 1(1) 76-91

Rich B (2013) Mortgaging the earth The world bankIsland Press-Center for Resource Economics

Sulymon N Ofuyatan O Adeoye O Olawale S BusariA Bamigboye G amp Jolayemi J (2017) Engineeringproperties of concrete made from gravel obtained inSouth-West Nigeria Cogent Engineering 4 1295793doi1010802331191620171295793

World Bank Group (2013) Doing business 2014Understanding regulations for small and medium-size enterprises (Vol 11)


Page 10 of 11

copy2018 The Author(s) This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 40 license

You are free toShare mdash copy and redistribute the material in any medium or formatAdapt mdash remix transform and build upon the material for any purpose even commerciallyThe licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms

Under the following termsAttribution mdash You must give appropriate credit provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were madeYou may do so in any reasonable manner but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your useNo additional restrictions

Youmay not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits

Cogent Engineering (ISSN 2331-1916) is published by Cogent OA part of Taylor amp Francis Group

Publishing with Cogent OA ensures

bull Immediate universal access to your article on publication

bull High visibility and discoverability via the Cogent OA website as well as Taylor amp Francis Online

bull Download and citation statistics for your article

bull Rapid online publication

bull Input from and dialog with expert editors and editorial boards

bull Retention of full copyright of your article

bull Guaranteed legacy preservation of your article

bull Discounts and waivers for authors in developing regions

Submit your manuscript to a Cogent OA journal at wwwCogentOAcom


Page 11 of 11

Keywords aggregate aggregate dormancy building concrete compressive strength

1 IntroductionAccording to the American English Dictionary (AED) dormancy is defined as a state of quiet-ness or inactivity hence aggregate dormancy is defined in this study as a period of inactivityof aggregates before utilization in construction works According to Braimah and Lawson(2014) housing is globally acknowledged as the second most basic essential need of manafter food and is a major economic asset in every nation Housing for residential purposes isthe most and major need for the average citizenry The provision of affordable and decenthousing is a major challenge faced by most developing nations and the rural-urban migrationhas worsen the situation resulting in the widening the gap of housing deficit in a nation (Kabiramp Bustani 2009)

According toWorld Bank (2013) the housing deficit in Nigeria is estimated around sixteen (16)millionhousing units requiring over fifty six trillion naira (₦56 trillion) to fund and these estimates exclude thecost of land This implies that about threemillion five hundred thousand naira (₦3500000) is needed toprovide an average housing unit The Nigerian government has partnered with the private sectorthrough various affordable housing schemes to combat the housing deficits in the nation but theseschemes result in meeting just an insignificant fraction of the deficit and most of them result in theprovision of housing beyond the reach of the ordinary citizenry (Braimah and Lawson 2014) and despitethis problem the housing deficit is still growing at an alarming rate The World Bank (2013) concludedthat about seventy-five percent (75) of the Nigerian housing deficit is needed by families earning lessthan three times the minimumwage which is still within the poverty range Ogundipe Ajao Ogunbayoand Amusan (2015) emphasised that high demands for collateral unstable increase in interest rateinaccessibility to fund limited time for payback period of credit facilities and fear of long time commit-ment to the banks are some of the factors limiting low-income earners to finance building projectsOgunbayo Alagbe Ajao and Ogundipe (2016) argued that some of the factors limiting availability ofaffordable housing inNigeria are prices and rents of homeswhichhavegrownaheadof general inflationrate of 128

In meeting these housing needs most citizens are looking beyond the Government private andother formal housing schemes that have not adequately addressed their housing deficit to theinformal institutions like thrift credit societies and money lenders cooperative societies voluntaryhousing movements personal or family saving for gentle financial plans to provide a decentaccommodation for themselves (Agbola 1986 Omirin 1998) The access to small funds per timeby these informal institutions has given rise to incremental building development where a buildingis gradually built over a long period of time Ogunbayo et al (2018) maintained that good housingproject needs a standard design good planning which would be constructed and managed basedon standards and specifications established by governments professionals and experts who haveadequate knowledge of users‟ needs and expectations

These practices resort to a situation where construction materials are stock-piled on site over arange of periods of time where these materials are left dormant and exposed to harsh weatheringconditions before utilization This led to material dormancy which could have deleterious effects onthese materials that could compromise their service life in the building structure For examplewarped timber deteriorates in moist conditions cement hardens and even expires over time PVCsand other plastics become brittle and losses hardenability rain and water run-offs tends to washaway finer particles in aggregate heaps and many others

In any building production some of the components that are important are aggregates andwater (Bamigboye et al 2017) Fowler and Quiroga (2003) opined that good aggregate is


of 11








Page 3 of 11





Page 4 of 11






0

20

40

60

80

100

120

001 01 1 10 100

P

assi

ng

Sieve size mm

2015 2016 2017



Page 5 of 11






1 20 993 100 100

2 10 974 9992 100

3 50 916 9775 9475

4 20 799 9100 59375

5 10 708 7717 4575

6 05 496 5092 33875

7 025 181 1942 185

8 01 21 15 1625

9 0075 08 042 075

10 Pan 0 0 0





1 53 100 100 100

2 3750 100 100 100

3 3150 9933 9856 9933

4 2650 9844 9662 9844

5 1900 9700 9506 9700

6 1600 9467 9156 9467

7 1320 8934 8534 8934

8 950 7067 6923 7067

9 Pan 000 001 000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

)

(G

NIS

AP

EG

AT

NE

CR

EP

Particle SiZE (MM)



Page 6 of 11





WD 100


2015 2016 2017




93 95 94 96 95 97 97 98 96


1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Silt content () 6 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 3





17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961



Page 7 of 11

Where








3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982










100

082 082 082



+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


Page 8 of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



Page 9 of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11








of 11





Page 4 of 11






0

20

40

60

80

100

120

001 01 1 10 100

P

assi

ng

Sieve size mm

2015 2016 2017



Page 5 of 11






1 20 993 100 100

2 10 974 9992 100

3 50 916 9775 9475

4 20 799 9100 59375

5 10 708 7717 4575

6 05 496 5092 33875

7 025 181 1942 185

8 01 21 15 1625

9 0075 08 042 075

10 Pan 0 0 0





1 53 100 100 100

2 3750 100 100 100

3 3150 9933 9856 9933

4 2650 9844 9662 9844

5 1900 9700 9506 9700

6 1600 9467 9156 9467

7 1320 8934 8534 8934

8 950 7067 6923 7067

9 Pan 000 001 000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

)

(G

NIS

AP

EG

AT

NE

CR

EP

Particle SiZE (MM)



Page 6 of 11





WD 100


2015 2016 2017




93 95 94 96 95 97 97 98 96


1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Silt content () 6 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 3





17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961



Page 7 of 11

Where








3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982










100

082 082 082



+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


Page 8 of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



Page 9 of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11





of 11






0

20

40

60

80

100

120

001 01 1 10 100

P

assi

ng

Sieve size mm

2015 2016 2017



Page 5 of 11






1 20 993 100 100

2 10 974 9992 100

3 50 916 9775 9475

4 20 799 9100 59375

5 10 708 7717 4575

6 05 496 5092 33875

7 025 181 1942 185

8 01 21 15 1625

9 0075 08 042 075

10 Pan 0 0 0





1 53 100 100 100

2 3750 100 100 100

3 3150 9933 9856 9933

4 2650 9844 9662 9844

5 1900 9700 9506 9700

6 1600 9467 9156 9467

7 1320 8934 8534 8934

8 950 7067 6923 7067

9 Pan 000 001 000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

)

(G

NIS

AP

EG

AT

NE

CR

EP

Particle SiZE (MM)



Page 6 of 11





WD 100


2015 2016 2017




93 95 94 96 95 97 97 98 96


1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Silt content () 6 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 3





17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961



Page 7 of 11

Where








3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982










100

082 082 082



+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


Page 8 of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



Page 9 of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11






0

20

40

60

80

100

120

001 01 1 10 100

P

assi

ng

Sieve size mm

2015 2016 2017



of 11






1 20 993 100 100

2 10 974 9992 100

3 50 916 9775 9475

4 20 799 9100 59375

5 10 708 7717 4575

6 05 496 5092 33875

7 025 181 1942 185

8 01 21 15 1625

9 0075 08 042 075

10 Pan 0 0 0





1 53 100 100 100

2 3750 100 100 100

3 3150 9933 9856 9933

4 2650 9844 9662 9844

5 1900 9700 9506 9700

6 1600 9467 9156 9467

7 1320 8934 8534 8934

8 950 7067 6923 7067

9 Pan 000 001 000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

)

(G

NIS

AP

EG

AT

NE

CR

EP

Particle SiZE (MM)



Page 6 of 11





WD 100


2015 2016 2017




93 95 94 96 95 97 97 98 96


1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Silt content () 6 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 3





17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961



Page 7 of 11

Where








3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982










100

082 082 082



+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


Page 8 of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



Page 9 of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11






1 20 993 100 100

2 10 974 9992 100

3 50 916 9775 9475

4 20 799 9100 59375

5 10 708 7717 4575

6 05 496 5092 33875

7 025 181 1942 185

8 01 21 15 1625

9 0075 08 042 075

10 Pan 0 0 0





1 53 100 100 100

2 3750 100 100 100

3 3150 9933 9856 9933

4 2650 9844 9662 9844

5 1900 9700 9506 9700

6 1600 9467 9156 9467

7 1320 8934 8534 8934

8 950 7067 6923 7067

9 Pan 000 001 000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

)

(G

NIS

AP

EG

AT

NE

CR

EP

Particle SiZE (MM)



of 11





WD 100


2015 2016 2017




93 95 94 96 95 97 97 98 96


1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Silt content () 6 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 3





17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961



Page 7 of 11

Where








3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982










100

082 082 082



+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


Page 8 of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



Page 9 of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11





WD 100


2015 2016 2017




93 95 94 96 95 97 97 98 96


1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon

1teaspoon


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Silt content () 6 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 3





17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961



of 11

Where








3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982










100

082 082 082



+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


Page 8 of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



Page 9 of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11

Where








3372 3370 3374


2754 2754 2754


990 983 990


982 975 982










100

082 082 082



+ water (A) (g)17467 17462 17471


14337 14337 14337


500 500 500


4956 496 4961




100

089 081 079


of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



Page 9 of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11











Year ofTest


Crushingvalue

Cube1(Nmm2)

Crushingvalue

Cube 2(Nmm2)


Crushingvalue

Mean (Nmm2)

1 Concrete 150x150x150 2015 28 2126 2039 1888 2018

2 Concrete 150x150x150 2016 28 2158 2307 2263 2243

3 Concrete 150x150x150 2017 28 2254 2399 2408 2354

2018

2243

2354

20

205

21

215

22

225

23

235

24

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa

)

YEAR TESTED



of 11





































Page 10 of 11

















Page 11 of 11





































of 11

















Page 11 of 11

















of 11

Study of aggregate dormancy and its effects on the properties ...

Documents

Transcript of Study of aggregate dormancy and its effects on the properties ...