STATE PLANT - Govinfo.gov

STATE PLANT BOARD

INSECTS IN

TO

NAT IONAL

RELAT ION

DEFENSE

Circular 21

INSECTICIDES AND SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS

DEPARTMENTOF

AGRICULTUREBUREAU OF

ENTOMOLOGY ANDPLANT QUARANTINE

November 1941

Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsidiary Materials 1

INSECTS IN RELATION

TO

NATIONAL DEFENSE

Circular 21 - Insecticides and Sibsidiary Materials

Table of ContentsPage

Foreword ...........Alcohol ............Aresket ...... .....Asbestos ...........Benzene ............Borax ..............Calcium Chloride ...Camphor ............Carbolic Acid ......Carbon Dioxide .....Carbon Disulfide ...Carbon TetrachlorideCaustic Soda .......Cedar (or Cedarwood)Chloroform .........Chloropicrin .......Coal Tar PitchCoal Tar PlastiCoconut Oil SoaCollodion .....Cottonseed OilCreosote Oil ..Cresols .......Cube Powder ...

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Table of Contents (Continued)Page

Derris Powder .....Diatomaceous EarthDiphenylamineDuponol W. A.Ether ........Ethylene DichlEthylene OxideFly SpraysFormalin ..Fuel Oil ..Gardinol W.Gasoline ..HydrocyanicHydrogen PeIodine ....Iodoform .nKerosene .Lamp BlackLarkspur ..Lime ......Lime SulfurLinseed OilLubricatingMenrthol

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Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsidiary Materials

Table of Contents (Continued)Page

Petrolatum .......Petroleum (Crude OPhosphorus Paste .Pine Oil .........Pine Tar Oil .....Pyrethrum ........Sassafras Oil ....Silver Nitrate ...Sodium Arsenite ..Sodium Benzoate ..Sodium BicarbonateSodiumin Fluoride ..Speariaint Cil .Sta-.ay .......Sulfonated CastSulfur ........Sulfuric Acid .Talc or TalcumTartar Emetic .Tartaric Acid .Thallium SulfatTurpentine ....Vinegar .......Wasnin, Soda ..

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FORErORD

Chemicals i:n various forms when eu-p loyedto kill or repel insects, Mites, an relatedpests are kno,r. as insecticides. fir c nvenienceinsecticides are clas-ified as sto ac: ' isns,contact poisons, and fuaiLnts. Sto:mch ,oisonsare used to co::bat man, insects tht feed bychewing and -nawin7. The insecticides are appliedto the material used as food by the insects and

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the poison is taken into the insect's stomachwith the food. Some examples of stomach poisonsare Paris green, calcium arsenate, lead arsenate,and cryolite. Contact insecticides are developedprimarily to kill insects that obtain their foodby sucking or extractin the juices from plantsor the blood of anLaals upon which they feed.Such insects are not affected by stomach poisonsand must be combatted with contact insecticides.These materials kill the insects by their causticaction, by suffocation, or corrosion of the in-sect's body. Certain species of chewin- insectsmay be killed by contact insecticides, whetherapplied directly to their bodies or indirectlythrough the material which they are dainaging.Some examples of contact poisons are pyrethrum,nicotine, and derris.

Insecticides are applied in several ways:as li-uid sprays or dips, dusts, or fumigants,depending on the insect problem. In the caseof wood products certain chemicals of a preser-vative nature may be applied by impregnationrather than by superficial treatment as justmentioned.

Insecticidal sprays consist of a liquidsuch as water r or oil to which is added one ormore active insecticidal ingredients in defi-nite quantities where they remain in suspensionor solution so that they can be applied toplant, man, or animal, or their habitations todestroy insects thereon or therein. Such mix-tures are usually applied with a mechanicaldevice called sprayer or atomizer (bee Circular20) and under considerable pressure or mixedwith air so that they can be broken into veryfine particles or droplets.

4


Spreaders and wetters are materials thatare added to insecticidal sprays or dusts tomake theme spread over and wet the surfaces ofthe insects or materials to which they areapplied and thus increase their effectiveness.Many wetting and spreading agents used in thedyeing industry have been found during recentyears to be valuable when used with such con-tact insecticides as nicotine, pyrethrum, andderris. These materials are usually harmlessto plants, generally available, and are soldunder various trade names.

Spray emulsions are mechanical mixturesof two liquids. One of the liquids is keptfinely divided, at least until applied, insmall droplets in the other by the use of athird substance, This third substance iscalled an emulsifier. Commonly used emulsifi-ers include soap)s, casein, sulfated alcohols,sulfonated oils, blood albumin, and vegetableguns. The emulsions most commonly encounteredin insect control are of the oil-in-water type.The oil droplets are prevented from: unitingthrou-h the action of the emulsifier. Emul-sions may be prepared by stirrin or by bothheating and a itation, aepending on the kindof ingredients and quantities used, method ofmixing, and other factors.

Insecticidal dusts are prepared in threeways. In one type, the active insecticidalagent is used in the undiluted form. The secondtype is prepared by mixing the undiluted insec-ticidal powder with some inert dust such astalc, clay, or similar material which serves todilute the powder and act as a carrier for theactive ingredient. The third type is preparedby mixing a liquid concentrated toxic agent,with a powder such as clay or talc and is knownas an impregnated dust. Dusts are generally


applied with mechanical devices called dusters(See Circular 20), of which several efficienttypes are available.

Fumigants are materials which give offpoisonous gases, fumes, or vapors and for thisreason are used chiefly to fumigate enclosuressuch as rooms, houses, vaults, storage ware-houses and the like where the gas can be con-fined with the insects and the products.Fumigants are also employed to kill soil andwood-boring insects.

Frequently, because of their pronouncedodor, taste, or other qualities, certain sub-stances are useful in repelling the attack ofinsects, or relieving the effects of theirstings or bites. These include certain essen-tial oils and their constituents. They aregenerally derived from plants and usually havea very pungent odor characteristic of the plant.Common examples are camphor, cedar oil, oil ofcitronella, menthol, oil of peppermint, and oilof wintergreen.

In the several Defense Circulars dealingwith the various insects and pests that may beencountered in military camps or posts, defi-nite recommendations are given for the controlof each insect or pest under consideration.Specific information is given also on the kindof insecticide to employ, the dilution to use,and the manner and time of application.

This circular deals with the nature ofthe chemicals or insecticides that are used inthe control of insects discussed therein.Since the uses of these materials are givenonly in a generalized way, the circulars aeal-ing with specific pests should be consultedbefore treatment is attempted.

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It also contains a list of raanufacturersand firmris front whom such materials may be ob-tained, although many of them can be procuredunder Government contract, and also from localstores. Prices given herein were obtainedlargely from the 1939-40 Chemical IndustriesBuyers Guide Book, also from the 1941 Augustissue of oil Paint and Drug Reporter. Theseprices apply only to open market purchases andnot to those quoted on the General Schedule ofSupplies. In view of the unsettled conditions,prices are continually changing and are likelyto be higher.

ALCOHOL

Alcohol (Ethyl) at a concentration of70 percent in water is used as a preservativefor insect specimens, such as the larvae orwrigglers of mosquitoes, for identificationpurposes in connection with mosquito controloperations. The ordinary rubbing alcohol alsowill suffice for this purpose.

Ethyl alcohol (C2H5 UH) is a colorless,volatile, inflammable liquid which is a productof fermentation. In its pure state it is ob-tained chiefly from potatoes and various grainsby a process of brewing followed by fractionaldistillation.

The price of alcohol in drums in carloadlots varies from V6.02i to X6.44 per gallon.In barrels it is 2 cents higher than in drums.

Available on contract: see Class 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Department.

7


ARESKET

Aresket is useful as an emulsifier inplace of soap in preparing certain spray emul-sions when it is necessary to use hard or seawater which would precipitate the soap. Likeother similar wetting and spreading agents,it is useful for incorporation in pyrethrumsprays intended to kill mosquito larvae whenapplied to pools, marshes, or other bodies ofwater having a salt content higher than 5percent.

Aresket is a proprietary product known.chemically as the sodium monosulfonate ofmonobutyl diphenyl. It is a fine, tan-coloredpowder soluble in water and alcohol but notin acetone. It is available at most seed andinsecticide stores at about 50 cents a pound.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumber 76 of list at end of this circular.

ASBESTOS

Asbestos is not an insecticide but itis sometimes employed in the powdered form incombination with calcium chloride to make apaste for sealing large cracks and crevicesin connection with insect control operationssuch as the fumigation of buildings. It isused also in connection with termite controloperations for enclosing ;ater and heatingpipes under buildings in place of woodenencasements, especially for pipes runningvertically. In this way termites areprevented from reaching the superstructures.

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Chemically, asbestos is a soft and fi-brous silicate mineral which resists fire andmost solvents. It is employed in the buildingindustry for insulation or fireproofing in agreat variety of forms.

Asbestos fibre can be purchased forfrom $15.00 to X42.50 per ton in carload lots.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 13, 31, 34, 40, 48, 60, 62, and 74 oflist at end of this circular.

This liquid is also called benzol, C6H6,and is used to kill the larvae of the humanbotfly and scre,,;worm infesting the wounds ofanimals, i.e., cows, horses, and other live-stock. The benzene is applied Preferably as aspray, after which the larvae are removed.

Benzene is a clear, colorless, highlyinfltnmiable liquid, lighter than -.ater, andhas a characteristic odor suggestin: that ofcoal gas. In addition to medicinal uses, itis employed in the manufacture of medicinalchemicals, dyes, linoleum, oilcloth, varnishes,lacquers, and airplane doocs. It is a goodsolvent for waxes, resins, oils, and rubber.Benzene should not be confused with oenzinewhich is derived from oetroleumn oil.

Caution: Since benzene is highly in-flamnable, it must be kept in well-closedcontainers in a cool place and away from fire.The vapor is poisonous.

Benzene or benzol is obtainable in tankcars and drums, the price ranging frou 14 to19 cents per -g llon.

9


Benzene is available on contract: SeeClass 51, General Schedule of Supplies,Procurement Division, Treasury Department.

BORAX

Borax as sold commercially is used tokill housefly and stablefly larvae in manure,feces, garbage, sludge beds, and other refuse,either as a powder or dissolved in water.Treatment is made by dusting or sprinkling thesurface of the refuse piles. A 5 percent boraxsolution is used for immersion of lumber toprotect it from attack by Lyctus powder-postbeetles. Water kept in open containers suchas fire buckets or barrels and which is not tobe used for drinking purposes or wateringplants is protected from infestation by mos-quito larvae by using borax at the rate of 2ounces per gallon of water. Borax powder maybe dusted about similarly to the use of sodiumfluoride for controlling cockroaches but isnot so effective as the latter.

Borax, or sodium borate (Na 2 B4 0 7 1OH 2 0)may be white granules, colorless crystals,or crystalline powder. Commercially it ischeap and readily obtained as a white powder.In medicine it is used as an antiseptic andindustrially in soldering metals, in cleansingcompounds, for fireproofing fabrics and wood,for manufacturing enamels, and as a preservativefor wood and hides.

It is generally considered free fromhealth hazards when used externally.


Borax is marketed in carload lots of300-pound bags and in barrels of 300 to 370pounds, also in 100-pound kegs and in smalllots in bottles. In carload lots it runs from$48 to $74 a ton.

Available on contract: See Class 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Department.

CALCIUM CHLORIDE

Calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) is used incombination with asbestos to make a paste toseal cracks and crevices in connection withthe fumigation of rooms and buildings. Atechnical or commercial grade is sufficientlypure for this purpose and considerably cheaperthan the chemically pure reagent. This saltis white, usually granular, very soluble inwater, and is very hygroscopic, i.e., absorbswater readily. Since it combines with moisturein the air very readily, calcium chloride mustbe kept in airtight containers.

Among the many industrial uses for thismaterial may be mentioned its importance in themanufacture of antifreeze, fire extinguishersolutions, cotton fabrics, and rubber.

Calcium chloride may be purchased inpaper bags at $20 to $35 per ton in carloadlots.


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C AMPHOR

Camphor is used for local externalapplications to alleviate flea and mosquitobites. Spirits of camphor which is used forthis purpose is a liquid containing the cam-phor in solution in alcohol. Mixed with cedaroil, and oil of citronella, it serves as arepellent against mosquitoes.

Camphor is a gumlike, crystalline coim-pound, C 1 0 H 1 60, often called camphor ;um, whichis a fragrant substance slowly volatilizing onexposure to air. It is obtained fro_: the barkand wood of the camphor tree, chiefly fromJapan and Formosa, and is used in medicine, incelluloid manufacture, acnd in pyrotechny. Asynthetic camphor is also manufactured fromcertain terpenes.

Camphor is marketed in 100 pound casescontaining 2 pound slabs, tablets in 1 poundtins or in powder fori at a cost range of froa$1.15 to X1.20 per pound. In larger quantitiesit is cheaper.

Available on contract: See Class 51,General Schedule of Su)plies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Department.

CARBOLIC ACID

Carbolic acid is often used to disinfectskin wounds caused by attachment of variousspecies of ticks, also as a spray for animalpens in the control of scab mite and as alarvicide for no-scc-u larvae.

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Carbolic acid is obtained from coal tar,and the commercial form contains at least 9 8percent phenol (C6H5 0H). It is a white, crys-talline mass which reddens on exposure to airand has a characteristic coal-tar odor. It isvery soluble in alcohol, chloroform, carbondisulfide, and petroleum. Carbolic acid hasmany.uses .in medicine and industrially, alsoas a general disinfectant.

Caution: Since carbolic acid is poison-ous and very caustic, great care should be usedin handling it. Do not handle with bare hands.It should be kept well closed and protectedfrom light.

This chemical is obtainable in 100-poundcarboys, in 850-pound drums, at 121 to 14 centsper pound.


CARBON DIOXIDE

Carbon dioxide as a liquid is used incombination vwith ethylene oxide for the fuamiga-tion of cured eats, cheese, .rain, and house-hold furnishings. As a solid, dry ice, it isused to chill cans of hydrocyanic acid discoidsbefore fumigation to retard the evolution ofthe gas and thus increase the safety of theiruse.

Carbon dioxide (002) is a colorlessliquid condensed fro::i a heavy gas calledcarbonic acid as .iiich is produced by theaction of acids on carbonates, by the

13

Circular 21 - Inseoticides and Subsidiary Materials

fermentation of liquors or by the combustionand decomposition of organic substances. Theliquid when cooled forms a solid called "dryice" which vaporizes without melting (atordinary pressures) and is used as a refrigent.

Liquid carbon dioxide is sold in 20 to25 pound cylinders at 6 to 8 cents per pound.Dry ice is also sold in 50-pound blocks.

Available on contract: See Class 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Department..

CARBON DISULFIDE

The commercial grade of carbon disul ide,also called carbon bisulfide, is used to des royants by pouring a small quantity into the ope.-ing of the nests. It has been used in the pastin the fumi ation of grains, cereals, and othercommodities but, owing to its inflammability,it is no-. used to a lesser de,:ree and often incombination with carbon tetrachloride to reducethe fire hazard. It is also used as a fumigantto aelouse clothing, and to control horse botlarvae.

Chemically, carbon disulfide (CS 2) is aheavy, colorless, or faintly yellowish liquidwhich boils at 1150 F. It has a disagreeableodor and is quite volatile. The vapors arepoisonous and very explosive when mixed withair in certain proportions. It will sometimesignite from contact with hot steam pipes. Itis only slightly soluble in water, but is agood solvent for many substances, includingrubber, gums, waxes, varnishes, and oils.

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Caution: Because of its inflammabilityand poisonous nature, the greatest cautionshould be used in handling it. It should bekept in tightly closed containers, in a coolplace and away from fire. Because of the firehazard this chemical cannot be shipped by mailor express. Inhaling the gas causes dizzinessand nausea and if inhaled in large amounts itis deadly.

Carbon disulfide is obtainable in smallquantities in bottles or cans and in largequantities in steel drums. It ranges in costfrom 6 cents a pound in 500-pound lots to 30cents or more in 1-pound lots. Firms dealingin chemicals and insecticides usually sell itin 5-gallon cans for about 95 cents per gallon.

available on contract at 31.08 in galloncans: See Class 51, General Schedule ofSupolies, Procureaent Division, TreasuryDepartment.

CARBON TLTRACHLORIDE

Commercially available carbon tetra-chloride, (0214), is useful as a fuamigant inthe control of insects attacking certain storedproducts such as food stuffs, grains, seeds,and fabrics. It may be used alone or in com-bination with carbon disulfide or ethylenedichloride to reduce the fire hazard of thelatter two. Clothing may be freed from ticksafter wearing by fumigating them with carbontetrachloride.

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless,noninflammable liquid heavier than water. Ithas a characteristic pungent but not disagreeable

15


odor. Medicinally it is used to destroy intes-tinal parasites, especially hookworms. Indus-trial uses included are as a fire extinguisher,as a dry-cleaning agent, and as a solvent foroils, waxes, rubber, and varnishes.

Caution: Carbon tetrachloride is toxicand similar to chloroform in its action on thehuman system. Exposure to it in enclosedplaces should be avoided.

This chemical may be purchased in tankcars and drums at from 5 to 6 cents per pound.Small quantities are obtainable in bottles ofvarious size. For prices of a mixture withethylene dichloride see information given underlatter material, page 29.


CAUSTIC SODA

Caustic soda is used to wash garbagepails in connection with sanitary measures thatare employed in the control of flies aroundarmy caps.

Caustic-soda, Na0H, also known as sodiumhydroxide, is available as white flakes, lumps,or rods. It is very caustic to tissue. It issoluble in water, alcohol, and glycerine.Industrially it is used extensively in variousmanufactures and processes.

Caution: Since this material is verycaustic it should be kept in tightly closedcontainers. Do not handle with bare hands.

16


Caustic soda is marketed in barrels anddrums from Q2.70 to ,2.95 per 100 pounds.


CEDAR (OR CEDARWOOD) OIL

This volatile oil is useful in thepreparation of certain mosquito repellents.Application of the repellents is made locallyto the afflicted portions of the skin.

Cedar oil or cedarwood oil is a color-less or slightly yellow, somewhat viscid liquid.It is one of the volatile or essential oils andis characterized by a distinct cedar-like aroim .The oil is extracted fro- .ood of the red andother species of cedar. The uses of this sub-stance are not extensive but it is an ingredientin some perfumes, soups, and toilet preparations.This material should be kept well closed, cool,and protected from light.

Cedar oil may be purchased in cans anddrums at a cost of 28 to 342 cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 1, 25, 34, 38, 50, and 74 of list atend of this circular.

CHLOROFORII

This liquid may be used in the same wayas benzene (benzol) for treating wounds infestedwith screwworm larvae especially when suchinfestations occur in the nose of man. The

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Circular 21 - Ag . w als 18

larvae are carefully picked out after thechloroform has been applied, preferably as aspray. Chloroform is also used in makingkilling tubes for collecting adult mosquitoesfor identification purposes.

Chloroform, CHCl , is a heavy, clear,colorless, sweet-tasting liquid. Althoughnoninflammable, it is very volatile and has acharacteristic odor. It is not very solublein water but mixes readily with most othersolvents, and is employed industrially as ageneral solvent.

Caution: Keep away from flame whenusing. Even though noninflammable, the vaporsare decomposed by fire and there is involvedvery irritating and possibly poisonous gas.Care should be used to avoid unnecessaryinhalation.

Chloroform is marketed in 50 to 050pound drums at a cost of 30 to 33 cents perpound and is available locally in smallercontainers at relatively higher prices.

Available on contract: See Class 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Trealsry Department.

CHLOROPICRIN

Chloropicrin may be used to delouseclothing in a tight container and will killboth the lice and their eggs. It may also beemployed as a fumigant for large enclosures,for the treatment of grain in bins and otherbulk commodities in vaults.

Circular 21 - Insectioides and Subsidiary Materials

The liquid is noninflammable, heavy,colorless, and pungent, having the formulaCC13NO2, obtained by subjecting picric acidto the action of chlorine. Chloropicrin wasused in the world war as a lethal, tear andvomiting gas. It has been used for killingrats in ships and as a soil disinfectant.

Chloropicrin may be purchased in 1-pound glass bottles or in cylinders from 1to 100 pounds capacity at a cost of .1.20per pound for 1-pound cylinders down to 85cents per pound in 100-pound lots.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 8, 9, 36, and 58 of list at endof this circular.

COAL TAR PITCH

In insect control operations coal tarpitch is used to fill voids in concrete,cracking of walls or expansion joints, andwhere pipes or steel columns penetrate groundslabs of concrete, to block termites fromentering a building.

Coal tar pitch is a dark-colored,viscous substance obtained as a residue indistilling coal tar. It is used in the manu-facture of varnishes, roofing paper, calkingseams, as a preservative coating, and forinsulating purposes.

The material is shipped in barrels at$8.25 to $8.50 per barrel in less than carloadlots, and at $19 to $22 for a single ton orin 50-pound containers for $1.50.

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Circular 21 - Inseoticides and Subsidiary Materials


COAL TAR PLASTIC CEMT

One of the procedures in the control oftermites is the sealing of expansion joints infloors and spaces around pipes or steel pene-trating floors and walls with coal tar plasticcement.

This material is composed of refinedcoal tar fluxed to the proper consistency withmineral fillers such as asbestos fibre andslate flour. In construction work it is usedfor sealing flashings and joints in roofing andin general roofing repairs.

Coal tar plastic cement is procurable ata cost of 03.25 in 5 gallon cans.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 63, 86, 94, 95, and 106 of list at endof this circular.

COCONUT OIL SOAP (LIQUID)

Liquid coconut oil soap (40 percent) isuseful as an emulsifier in preparing a pyrethrum-oil emulsion for use on fresh water or waterof less than 5 percent salinity as a larvicidefor killing mosquito larvae. This soap isdiluted with water and the pyrethrum extractadded. The emulsion is sprayed on the surfaceof mosquito breeding areas such as ponds, marshes,and pools of water.

%rATj Pjv OAu

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Circular 21 - Insecticides and Sboidiary Materials 21

Coconut oil soap (liquid) is a potashsoap made from coconut oil and, as explainedabove, is useful in the preparation of emul-sions and as a spreader or wetter in spraycombinations. Most soaps, including coconutoil soap, have value as contact insecticidesagainst various soft-bodied insects when usedat sufficient strengths. Other uses for coco-nut oil soap are for the preparation ofshampoos, toilet soaps, and shaving soaps.


COLLODION

The application of collodion (new.skin)to chigger bites is soothing.

Collodion is a viscous solution of pyroxy-lin in a mixture of alcohol and ether, or asimilar solution of pyroxylin in some othersolvent such as acetone. It is used as a coat-ing for wounds, for photographic films, smallballoons and membranes.

The material is sold in 325 pound drumsat 15 cents per pound, or in 25 pound cans at19 to 20 cents per pound.


Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsidi&ry Materials

COTTONSEED OIL

This oil is used in combination withorthodichlorobenzene for killing powder-postbeetles in infested wood. Treatment consistsin applying it to the surface or by immaersionof the wood in vats, depending on the quantityof wood requiring treatment and facilitiesavailable. When combined with pine tar oil itis used to kill ticks in the ears of animals.

Cottonseed oil is a pale yellow, practi-cally odorless liquid. It is used in the manu-facture of soaps, butter and lard substitutes,salad and cooking oils, leather dressings, andlubricants.

Cottonseed oil is sold in tank cars,barrels, 5-gallon cans, and small bottles, at aprice range of 14-1/2 to 14-3/4 cents per pound.


CREOSOTE OIL

Impregnation of wood with coal-tar creo-sote oil by standard pressure processes rendersit resistant to attack by termites and otherwood-boring insects such as Lyctus powder-postbeetles. Creosote oil is also used effectively,as a spray, in controlling fleas and ticks inbasements, dog-kennels, warehouses, outbuild-ings, or other places in which staining is notobjectionable. It is used to spray dead animalcarcasses, to rot holes in trees to kill sand-flies, and in combination with fuel oil may besprayed into windrows of bay grasses for the

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control of the stable fly. When coal-tar creo-sote oil is used for termite control as a soilpoisonN about the foundations of buildings,American Wood Preservers Association or FederalSpecifications grade should be obtained. Aneffective soil poison is prepared by mixing1 part of creosote oil with 3 parts of lightfuel pil.

Chemically, coal-tar creosote oil is amixture of phenols from coal tar. It is avail-able commercially us a dark-colored, oily liquidpossessing a strong, tar-like odor. It is usedextensively as a wood preservative, as a disin-fectant, and in various other ways industrially.

Caution: Great care should be used whenhandling creosote oil, since the liquid andalso the fumes from it are irritating to theskin when allowed to remain in contact with itfor any length of time. Coating the hands andface with petrolatum or cup grease helps toprevent creosote burns.

Coal-tar creosote similar to that de-scribed in Federal Specification TT-W-556 isrecommended. Dealers in coal-tar creosote areusually familiar with these specifications.If not, a copy of them may be obtained fromthe Superintendent of Documents, Washington,D. C., price 5 cents.

Creosote oil may be purchased in tanksat a cost of 13f to 14E cents per gallon.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 17, 27, 28, 47, 57, 65, 76, and 115of list at end of this circular.

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CRESOLS

In the control of body lice by chemicals,cresol solutions have been recommended forinfested articles which may be damaged by othermaterials and for spraying into cracks in floorsand walls.

Commercial cresol contains three sub-stances, CHIC6HLOH resembling phenol, whichare distingflishdd as orthooresol, metacresol,and paracresol. It is obtained from coal tar,wood tar, and petroleum, as a colorless liquidor oily solid, and is used in disinfectants,fumigants, medicines, and many other products.

The cost of cresol in 450 to 850 pounddrums ranges from 10-1/4 to 10-3/4 cents perpound. In smaller lots it may be obtained inbottles at the rate of one pound for 40 cents,five pounds at 33 cents per pound, and 40pounds at 22 cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 4, 19, 23, 30, 70, 73, 75, and 76 oflist at end of this circular.

CUBE POWDER

This material may be used in the sameway as derris powder to kill fleas infestingcats, dogs, and other animAls. The cube pow-der may be applied pure or mixed with talc asin the case of derris (page 25). A similarmethod of application is prescribed. Cubepowder may be used to kill human body andpubic lice, also lice and ticks infestingdomestic Animals and livestock.


The toxic ingredients of cube and derrisare similar, and of them rotenone (02 3H2 206)is probably the most important. The rotenonecontent of pure cube powder should be 4 to 5percent with about 32 to 4 times as much totalextractives. Other toxic ingredients whichhelp.make up the total extractives are similarto those of derris. The roots of the tropicalplants from which cube is made are ground to afineness equal to the derris powder.

Caution: The same precautions as givenfor derris powder apply to cube.

In barrel lots, cube powder (containing5 percent rotenone) is obtainable for 27 to 28cents per pound, New York City.


DERRIS POWDER

Derris powder is used to kill fleas whenfound infesting cats, dogs, and other animals.It may be used also to control ants in andaround buildings. The pure derris powder asmanufactured as an insecticide is used for thispurpose or it may be mixed with talc or otherinert materials. The dust is applied directlyto the skin of the infested animal. This mate-rial is also effective in killing body lice andticks when dusted behind baseboards or similarplaces where they may be hiding in infestedbuildings. A wash made of derris powder,neutral soap and water is effective againsthuman head and pubic lice and as a dip againstwood ticks on dogs. The undiluted powder maybe applied directly on the scalp for head lice.

26

Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsiary Materials 26

Derris powder, and a similar material,cube powder, are prepared by grinding finelythe roots of certain tropical plants whichcontain several toxic ingredients of whichrotenone is the most important. Good gradesof derris powder contain from 4 to 5 percentof 'rotenone and about 32 times that quantityof total extractives. It is usually groundsufficiently fine that most of it will passa 200 mesh screen.

Caution: Dusts and powders made fromderris and cube are not considered poisonousto man, but when inhaled the dust causes mildirritation and a slight paralytic effect inthe tongue and throat. They are also somewhatirritating to the pubic regions.

Derris powder containing 5 percentrotenone may be purchased in barrel lots atprices ranging from 28 to 30 cents per poundf.o.b. New York City.


D IAT OMAC EOUS EARTH

Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth)may be used as a carrier in various insecti-cidal dusts, especially for paris green inthe control of mosquito larvae which carrymalaria. The dust is usually mixed at therate of 4 or 5 parts of the earth to 1 ofparis green.


Diatomaceous earth is comprised chieflyof the siliceous remains and fragments ofsmall marine animals known as diatoms. It isobtained as a white or light gray to pale buffpowder insoluble in water. Industrially it isimportant in the manufacture of insulatingmaterials, as a clarifying agent in makingoils, varnishes, and drugs, and as an absorbingagent.

The price of diatomaceous earth rangesfrom $22 to $55 per ton in bags of 42, 90,and 120 pounds.


D IPHNYLAMINE

Diphenylamine (C1 2H 1 N) is applieddirectly to the wounds of animals to killyoung screwworm larvae.

Chemically, diphenylamine is an organic,colorless or white, crystalline compound ofrather pleasant aromatic odor. It is insolu-ble in water but readily so in benzene. Itis of importance in the manufacture of manydyes and in stabilizing explosives.

Caution: It should be protected fromlight, as it discolors rapidly.

Diphenylamine is merchandised in 350pound barrels at 25 cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers,36, 37, 39, and 66 of list at end ofthis circular.

27


DUPONOL W. A.

Duponol W. A., like Gardinol W. A. andOrvus W. A., is a proprietary wetting andspreading agent that is used as an emulsifierin place of soap, because it does not form aprecipitate as does soap when hard water mustbe used. It is especially useful in thepreparation of pyrethrum larvicidal sprayswith salt or hard water for application tothe surface of mosquito infested pools,streams, and other breeding places.

Duponol W. A. is a proprietary productprepared as a paste or in flakes, knownchemically us sodium sulfate of technicallauryl alcohol (sodium lauryl sulfate).Like Gardinol V1. A. and Orvus d. A., Aresket,and similar products, Duponol W. A. is usedin the dyeing industry.


ETHER

In the control of screwworms, humannasal infestations may be treated by the useof ether to anesthetize the larvae beforeremoval from the nose.

Ether, (C2H5 )U or ethyl oxide, is alight, volatile, mobile, highly inflammableliquid with a characteristic aromatic odor.It is obtained by the distillation of alcoholwith sulfuric acid, hence is called alsosulfuric ether. Ether is a powerful solventof many organic substances, is important inmaking rayon and Eno1celess powders. Inmedicine it is an important anesthetic.

28


The price of ether ranges from 11 centsper pound in 310 pound drums to 16 cents perpound in 27 pound drums. It may also beobtained in 5 pound and 1 pound containers at36 cents and 45 cents per pound respectively.


ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE

A mixture of 3 volumes of ethylene di-chloride to 1 volume of carbon tetrachlorideis a very useful fumigant for the control ofstored food, grain and seed insects as wellas for fabric pests such as clothes moths andcarpet beetles. The addition of the carbontetrachloride makes the mixture free fromfire hazard, while ethylene dichloride ifused alone has a slight fire hazard. Themixture is generally used at the rate of 5quarts per 1000 cubic feet of space fumigated.

Ethylene dicnioride, C2H4C1 2 , is acolorless, heavy liquid. It has a pleasantether-like odor and a sweetish taste, but thevapors are somewhat irritating. The liquidwill keep indefinitely but is volatile andmust be kept tightly stoppered. Ethylenedichloride is a solvent for fats, waxes,resins, and rubber, and is used in themanufacture of acetyl cellulose.

Caution: Keep in tight containers ina cool place. Avoid exposure to the vaporsand inhaling of the gas, especially since itmay be dangerous to man in cases of longexposure or high concentrations.

29


Ethylene dichloride in admixture withcarbon tetrachloride can be purchased in 55gallon drums for about 62 to 7 cents per pound.In smaller quantities it can be purchased forabout 75 cents per gallon.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 14, 16, 21, 36, 37, 68, and 116 oflist at end of this circular.

ETHYLENE OXIDE

Ethylene oxide, in admixture withcarbon dioxide, may be used to fumigate smallquantities of cured meats or cheeses in atmos-pheric vaults to control mites, ham beetles,and skippers that infest these commodities.It is also used to control the various pestsaffecting furs and fabrics in storage rooms.It does not injure fabrics or furs or leaveany obnoxious odor or poisonous r"aidue onfoodstuff.

Ethylene oxide (C2H 0) is a colorlessliquid which boils at 51.80 F. The concen-trated vapor of this material is inflammable.It is a product of the natural gas chemicalindustry. The material has been used in ratherlarge quantities in atmospheric vault andvacuum fumigation. Although ethylene oxidemay be used alone for some purposes, it issafer to use it in admixtures with carbondioxide to make it noninflanmable. See

Circular No. 22.

Caution: As ordinarily used the dangerfrom breathing the vapors of ethylene oxideare not considered to be great. However,precautions taken against breathing the vaporsshould be the same as with other poisonous gases.

30


The cost of ethylene oxide in steelcylinders ranges from 50 to 55 cents per pound.The mixture of 1 part of ethylene oxide and9 parts of carbon dioxide by weight is sold in30 to 60 pound cylinders under high pressureat prices ranging from 14.5 to 16 cents perpound, f.o.b. factory.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 21 and 36 of list at end of thiscircular.

FLY SPRAYS

Fly sprays are used to kill house fliesor flies affecting livestock, mosquitoes,fleas, and certain other insects. A greatnumber of commercial fly sprays or householdinsecticides of the liquid spray type are nowavailable. For the most part these consistof certain combinations of highly refinedpetroleum oils with pyrethrumn extracts, derrisextracts, or organic thiocyanates added asthe active insecticidal ingredient. They mayvary considerably as to the nature or quanti-ties of ingredients used. As a result of theneed for some standard by which sprays ofthis type could be evaluated, the NationalAssociation of Insecticide and DisinfectantManufacturers, Inc., The National bureau ofStandards, and other interested organizationsand individuals have cooperated in establish-in7 specifications for the liquid spray typeof household insecticides. The establishmentof the standard was announced June 10, 1933.The specifications agreed upon and discussionare contained in the publication, "CommercialStandards CS 72-38," by the National Bureauof Standards, Department of 2ommL~erce,Washington, D. C.

31


To be acceptable for use, a fly sprayof this type should meet the requirements setforth in the publication referred to above.Briefly, these requirements specify that thekilling power of the liquid spray shall bedetermined by the Official Peet-Grady Methodin conjunction with the Official Test Insec-ticide of the National Association of Insec-ticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc.In 1940 the Official Test Insecticide (O.T.I.)was an oil pyrethrum spray containing 0.113percent pyrethrins. Insecticides are ratedaccording to their killing power as follows:

Grade Percent kill after 24 hoursas compared to the 0. T. I.

AA 16 (or more) greaterA 5 to 15 greaterB 5 less to 5 greater

In addition, when used in the customary mannerthe spray shall be harmless to man and warm-blooded household animals, shall not stainfabrics, wallpaper, and general householdfurnishings, shall not contaminate closedpackages of commonly found food materials,shall not corrode metals, shall have noobjectionable odor, and shall have a flashpoint of not less than 1250 F. when testedin the Tagliabue closed cup. Certain com-binations of highly refined petroleumdistillates with pyrethrum extracts, derrisextracts, or organic thiocyanates meet thesestandards and form the basis for numerouscommercial fly sprays.


When a commercial fly spray is to bepurchased, it would be advisable to specifyclearly that the requirements of the Commer-cial Standards CS 72-38 of the National Bureauof Standards are to be met. For general useGrade B is quite satisfactory. Sprays of thisgrade designation may be procured from mostlocal oil companies and filling stations orfrom the firms that are listed in the Bureauof Standards Publication No. CS 72-38 referredto above. Orders may be placed through localrepresentatives of these firms.

A satisfactory fly spray may also beobtained under Ulass 51 of the GeneralSchedule of Supplies, Procurement Division,Treasury Department.

FORMAL IN

Commercial formalin diluted in milk ormilk and water with a small quantity of brownsugar added, is a safe and effective poisonfor killing house flies that may occasionallygain entrance to mess halls, barracks, andother buildings. The poison is convenientlyexposed to the flies by inverting a partiallyfilled drinking glass of it as a reservoir ona saucer or plate lined with blotting paper.A match stick should be placed under theedge of the glass.

Formalin as ordinarily obtained is aniqueous solution of formaldehyde gas (CH2 0).The commercial solution contains 40 percentof formaldehyde and is colorless, but onstanding it may become cloudy. The odor ofthis substance is sharp, choking, irritatingto the eyes, and penetrating. It is miscible

33


with water, alcohol, and acetone. Its chiefuses are in the manufacture of dyestuffs, asa food preservative, and as a disinfectant.

Caution: Because of its poisonous na-ture, care should be exercised in handling itand inhaling of the fumes should be avoided.It should be stored in a moderately warm placeand kept tightly closed. Rubber gloves shouldbe worn while handling it, as it will corrodethe skin.

Formalin may be obtained in barrels,drums, carboys, and kegs at prices rangingfrom 5.4 cents in drums to 9.5 cents in kegs.

Available on contract: see Class 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Depart:uent.

FUEL OIL

Fuel oil or light petroleum oil hasbeen recommended in the control of powder-post beetles, termites, and surface-breathingspecies of mosquito larvae. Seasoned woodmay be protected from Lyctus powder-postbeetles by soaking with a solution of penta-chlorophenol in light fuel oil. Light petro-leum oil may be used to dilute orthodichloro-benzene to double its volume for surfaceapplication to wood to kill all stages ofpowder-post beetles. Light fuel oil combinedwith coal-tar creosote makes an effective soilpoison for killing termites. A film of lightfuel oil (grade No. 2) on water will preventmosquito larvae from obtaining air at thewater surface, which results in the death ofthe surface-breathing larvae. It is also usedwith creosote oil in controlling stableflies.

34


Fuel oils ordinarily have a somewhathigher boiling point than kerosene. Thelighter fuel oils are somewhat kerosene-likein character. In color they may be clear oryellowish to somewhat brownish, depending onthe type of crude petroleum from which theyare derived. The chief use of fuel oil isfor oil burners, to provide heat for houses,commercial establishments, or industrialprocesses.

Caution: Fuel oil is inflammable.Spontaneous combustion of oil-soaked rags leftin poorly ventilated places may occur.

Fuel oil is obtainable at most oil refin-eries and from local distributors. Availableon contract: see Class 14, General Scheduleof Supplies, Procurement Division, TreasuryDepartment.

GARDINOL N. A.

Gardinol W. A. is used as a substitutefor soap and as an eiuulsifying agent in thepreparation of mosquito larvicides such asemulsions of pyrethrum extract in kerosene oil.This or a similar emulsifier is an essentialcomponent where larvicides are to be used onwater havin- a salt content higher than 5 per-cent. Larvicides containing soap cannot beused in such situations because the salt waterwould precipitate the soap. The spray emulsionis diluted for use at the rate of 1 part to 10parts of water and then sprayed over the surfaceof mosquito breeding areas such as pools,ditches, streams, and the like. It is usedalso as a wetting and spreading agent in the.nrearation of various other horticulturalsprays.

35


Gardinol W. A. is a proprietary productknow-n chemically as sodium sulfate of oleylalcohol. It comes prepared in the form ofpaste and flakes.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 37 and 92 of list at end of thiscircular.

GASOLINE

This liquid has a very limited use forkilling insects. Torches made of gasoline-soaked burlap or other fabric are sometimesused to destroy pests such as ticks in fire-proof buildings.

Gasoline is a volatile, lo\'-boili'nfraction of crude oil and is so well knownas to require no further description. Certainother substances such as tetraethyl lead maybe added in the refining process to improveits efficiency as a motor fuel. Pure gasolineis colorless but most of the co::unercial brandsare tinted different colors.

Caution: Gasoline is inflammable and,when mixed with air in certain proportions,it is explosive.

Available on contract: see Class 14,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Department. Also may beobtained from all local oil companies and'distributors.


HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS

Hydrocyanic acid gas (HCN) is a widelyused fumigant for the control of fabric pestssuch as clothes moths and carpet beetles;flour and grain beetles; flour, grain and mealmoth-s; granary, bean, and pea weevils; andsimilar food insects infesting grains, driedfruit, meats, cheese, and other stored foods.In certain situations where this fumigant canbe used it provides an effective means oferadicating fleas, lice, bedbugs, andcockroaches.

A detailed discussion of fumigationprocedure is given in Circular No. 22. Asexplained therein, hydrocyanic acid gas maybe obtained in several ways. The chief waysare by evaporation of hydrocyanic acid inliquid form or from discoids impregnated withthe liquid, by the action of dilute sulfuricacid on sodium cyanide, and exposure of calciumcyanide to moist air.

The gas, from whatever source derived,is extremely poisonous to all animals andplants. It is colorless, lighter than air,and has an odor resembling that of peachkernels or crushed almonds.

Liquid hydrocyanic acid is a colorlessliquid, boiling at 700 F. (26.10 C.), whichgives off the gas having the characteristicsdescribed above when the material is exposedto the atmosphere. The liquid may be obtainedin 30 or 75 pound cylinders which are moreconveniently used for fumigating large ware-houses than the barrel or pot method. Itshould be used only by a professional fumigatorequipped with suitable masks.

377

38Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsidiary aterials

Hydrocyanic acid discoids are conven-ient and useful for the fumigation of houses,barracks, small warehouses, or storage rooms.As with the liquid form their use is notrecommended for any but professional fumiga-tors with masks, as the gas is a deadly poison.

This fumigant consists of wafer-likediscoids of an inert material, each containingapproximately one-half ounce of absorbedliquid hydrocyanic acid, packed in sealedmetal cans of various sizes, and sold on thebasis of the net content of hydrocyanic acid.

When sodium cyanide (NaCN) and dilutesulfuric acid (H2S04 ) are mixed, a reactiontakes place in which the deadly cyanide gasis liberated. Sodium cyanide is a white,deliquescent, poisonous salt. For fumigationpurposes it should be practically free fromchloride and contain not less than 51 percentof cyanogen. This salt ma be purchased inthe form of eggs weighing 2 or 1 ounce, whichprovides an easy method of calculating dosagesby counting out the number of eggs requiredfor a certain weight of sodium cyanide. Sul-furic acid is described under that heading onpage 75 of this circular.

Calcium cyanide (Ca(CN)2 ) on exposureto the air reacts with the moisture in theatmosphere and gives off the poisonous HCNgas. When the reaction is completed, theresidue remaining consists chiefly of calciumhydroxide or hydrated lime. This form ofcyanide is obtainable in granules, dust, orflakes. The granular form, which is dark grayin color, is most frequently used for fumiga-tion. It can be purchased in 1, 5, 25 pound,or larger sized containers.

Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsidiery Materials 39

Caution: Because of their extremelypoisonous nature, all forms of cyanide shouldbe handled with the greatest of care and onlyby competent persons thoroughly familiar withthe hazards involved. It is always necessaryto wear a gas mask provided with the propercanister for absorbing hydrocyanic acid gaswhen working with the fumigant. The materialsshould be kept in tight containers, labeledplainly, and kept in a safe place. While thegas burns freely in air, it is not considereddangerously inflammable or explosive at theconcentration normally employed in fumigation.For complete safety, however, all fires shouldbe extinguished when fumigating. Also thedraft or currents of air caused by a fire willexhaust the gas from a building and therebyreduce its effectiveness. The liquid hydro-cyanic acid deteriorates slowly and under noconditions should cylinders of liquid bestored for more than five months.

In the fumigation of food products, theliquid hydrocyanic acid should not be used insuch a way that the liquid will come into con-tact with the product; otherwise undue absorp-tion may occur and render the food dangerousfor consumption.

Liquid hydrocyanic acid is sold for 81per pound. Discoids sell for Q1.20 per poundin 1-pound cans. Sodium cyanide can be pur-chased in 100 pound lots for about 16 centsper pound. Calcium cyanide dust containing50 percent available hydrocyanic acid rangesin price from 31.60 per pound in 1-pound cans,to 11.20 per pound in 25-pound cans.

Sodium cyanide is available on contract:see Class 51, General Schedule of Supplies,Procurement Division, Treasury Department.

Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsid Lary ::ate1lil

For manufacturers and distributors ofhydrocyanic acid discoids, liquid hydrocyanicacid (HCN), and calcium cyanide, see number4 of list at end of this circular.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Hydrogen peroxide solution (USP) may beapplied locally to the affected areas of theskin to relieve irritation caused by the bitesof fleas and various other insects. For thispurpose the common medicinal peroxide of thedruggist is used, which is a water solutioncontaining 3 percent by weight of the peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide (H202 ) as a pure com-pound is a colorless liquid and, like water,is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, but in adifferent proportion. It is a common articleof commerce, being available in a 3 percentand a 30 percent solution. It has mlanymedicinal and industrial uses.

Caution: Hydrogen peroxide solutionmust be protected from the light, as in a brownglass container, to prevent decomposition ofthe compound, and should also be kept in acool place.

This material is available in barrelsof 375 pound capacity, 8 pound jugs, 120 poundcarboys, ranging in price from 3-3/4 cents inbarrel lots and 16 to 18 cents in carboys.It is also available in small sized packagesat local drug firms.


4G

Circular 21 - Insecticides ana Subsid iary Materials

IODINE

Iodine is often used as a mild tinctureto disinfect skin wounds caused by attachmentof ticks to the body of man or animals. It ismost effective when applied to the point ofattachment after the tick has been removed.

Iodine from which a tincture is madeconsists of bluish-black scales, having ametallic lustre, characteristic odor, and asharp, acrid taste. It attacks metals in thepresence of moisture and acts slowly onorganic tissue. It is used in the manufactureof iodine compounds, germicides, antiseptics,in engraving, and in chemistry.

Caution: It is poisonous and should bekept tightly closed and plainly marked.

The price of iodine ranges from X2.00per pound in 50-pound jars to X2.10 in 5-poundbottles. It is also available in smallercontainers at a slightly higher price.

Available on contract: see Class 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, 2reasury Dep)artment.

IODOFOFRM

Amonc the uses of this material is thepreparation of certain louse powders for kill-ing lice attacking human beings. The prepara-tion and use of some of these powders isdescribed in the circular on lice.

Iodoform or tri-iodomethane (CHI 3 )consists of a yellow pov:der or crystals

41


possessing a characteristic, somewhat dis-agreeable odgr suggestive of iodine. It meltsat about 120 C. (248 F.) and is only slightlysoluble in water. Its chief uses are medicinal.

Iodoform is sold at a price of 03.95to X4.10 in 100-pound drums and in jars at$4.20 per pound.


KEROSENE

Of the many petroleum products, kero-sene (kerosene oil) probably has been usedmore extensively than any other in connection-with the control of insect pests. Kerosenemay be applied to the shoes and outer clothingin place of sulfur to repel chiggers and ifapplied to the body before bathing it facili-tates their removal. It may be used alone orin combination with turpentine for controllingpowderpost beetles by dipping the infestedwood. Bedbugs can be killed with kerosene ora similar light petroleum oil or they may beprevented from infesting beds by placing thelegs of the bed in shallow dishes of kerosene.Jhen combined with an oil extract of pyrethrum(containing 2 percent pyrethrins) at the rateof 1 gallon of pyrethrum extract to 19 gallonsof kerosene or si::ilar oil, a contact spray ismade which is useful in killing flies, mosqui-toes, ticks, cockroaches, and other insects.An emulsion of kerosene, soap (or other emul-sifier), pyrethrum extract, and N:ater is aneffective mosquito larvicide when applied tothe surface of water wools or other breeding

42


areas. This spray is also useful againstchiggers on the body. Ticks or other pestswhen removed from the clothing or body of manor skin of animals may be killed by droppingthem into kerosene. Equal parts of keroseneand either olive oil or vinegar may be appliedto the hair and scalp to control human headlice. An emulsion of kerosene, soap and wateris also used to kill body lice.

Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons,lighter than ,.ater, and boiling between about4000 and 5750 F. Ordinarily it is colorlessbut may be colored as sold commercially. Thechief source of kerosene is from crude oil butsome is obtained from oil shale. It is alsoknown as coal oil or laip oil and is used insome internal coibudion engines, in oil stovesand oil lights.

The price of kerosene in tank cars atthe refineries is 4-5/S to 11-1/2 cents pergallon dependin- upon the location in theUnited States.


LA, P BLACK

Lamp black is one of the ingredients ofFormula No. 62 of the bureau of Entoiology andPlant -uarantine, which is a combin-ition ofscrewwormu killer and wound protector in theform of an ointment or smdear for anilMals.

The fine, bulky, black soot depositedby the smoke from burnin- oil, tar, or rosin


is called lamp black. It has a blue undertoneand varying amounts of oily matter, and isused in paints, varnishes, and printers inkand as a filler for rubber, etc.

The cost of lamp black is from 2.7 to3.8 cents per pound in carload lots of 122pound paper bags.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 44, 71, and 112 of list at end ofthis circular.

LARKSPUR

A solution of larkspur is used as onetreatment for human hair in the control ofthe head louse.

The principal alkaloid, Delphinine(probably C3 1H Q0N), a white, crystalline,poisonous substinbe, soluble in ether andalcohol, is extracted from the larkspur herb.It is used as an ointment or lotion to destroylice and to relieve neuralgia.

This material may be bought in pintbottles for $1.75.

For manufacturers and distributorssee number 85 of list at end of this circular.

44


LIME

Lime (hydrated, Ca(0H) ) may be used asa diluent for paris green to Make a dust forthe control of malaria-carrying mosquitolarvae. One part of paris green is usuallymixed with 4 or 5 parts of lime. It is alsoused in reducing the acidity of other arseni-cals for spray purposes. The ordinary hydratedmason's lime as commercially marketed issatisfactory for this purpose.

Hydrated lime is a white, soft powderwhich has a slightly bitter, alkaline taste.It absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air,thus changing to calcium carbonate (CaCO ).The hydrate is used extensively industriallyin mortars, plasters, and pastes, for dehairinghides, in water paints, and for an agriculturallime for reducing the acidity of soils.

Caution: The dust if inhaled is some-what irritating to the respiratory passages.Keep containers well closed.

Hydrated lime is obtainable in ton lotspacked in paper bags at $8.50 to 413.00 perton depending upon location.


45


LIME SULFUR (DRY)

Lime-sulfur is used as a dip or surfacetreatment for protecting rough and green aswell as seasoned woods against powder-postbeetles. The material acts as a repellent tothe insects.

This material consists of lime and sul-fur boiled together to form a series of salts.The'dry form is prepared by adding a stabilizersuch as cane sugar and then evaporating todryness. Lime-sulfur is used as a summerfungicide and insecticide for fruit trees andis of special value for the control of scaleinsects. It is frequently used in connectionwith other insecticides for the simultaneouscontrol of chewing and sucking insects as wellas certain fungus diseases.

The cost of lime-sulfur in bags anddrums in carload lots varies in different partsof the United States but ranges from 72 to 12cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 2, 7, 19, 22, 69, 90, and 101 oflist at end of this circular.

LINSEED OIL, BOILED

Linseed oil is used to prepare certaininsecticides and to treat seasoned wood prod-ucts in the control of Lyctus powder-postbeetles. The boiled linseed oil, while stillhot, is preferable for use on wood productssince it penetrates and dries more rapidlythan the raw linseed oil. It stains woodslightly yellow.

46


Linseed oil is a yellowish drying oilexpressed or extracted from flaxseed. It isused extensively in paints, also in makingprinter's ink, linoleum, soap, and in medicineas a laxative.

This oil is available in 8,000 gallontanks, 375 to 400 pound barrels, and in 1 and5 gallon cans ranging in price from 10 to 12cents per pound.


LUBRICATING OIL

Lubricating oil has limited use as aninsecticide. A mixture of 20 parts lubricatingoil (SAE 10) and 1 part of kerosene-pyrethrumconcentrate lightly painted on window screenswill keep out the flies known as eye gnats forseveral hours when these are troublesome.

Lubricating oil is one of the higherboiling fractions of crude oil. The colorvaries considerably from one brand to anotherbut is usually some shade of yellowish-brownor amber. It is obtainable in various degreesof viscosity. The SAE 10 mentioned is a verythin grade while increasingly heavy grades areSAE 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60.

Caution: Lubricating oil will burn andoil-soaked rags left in poorly ventilatedplaces may ignite by spontaneous combustion.

47

Circular'21 - Insecticides and &ibsidiary Materials

The price of lubricating oil variesfrom 7 to 33 cents per gallon in tanks at therefinery depending upon the location.


MENTHOL

A solution of menthol in alcohol orother solvent is often helpful in reducingirritation caused by flea and chigger bitessuffered by susceptible persons. The appli-cation of the solution is made locally tothe affected area of the skin.

Chemically, menthol is a white or color-less, crystalline solid having the formulaC10H1OH. It is also called mint camphor orpeppermint camphor, has the cooling taste andodor of peppermint, and is the principalconstituent of oil of peppermint.

Menthol is used externally as a lotionor ointment to relieve aches and pains, andrespiratory troubles,as well as industriallyin liqueurs, confectionery, perfumery, andtobacco.

Menthol is sold in cases of tins at$7.00 to ;7.50 per pound.


48


MERCURIC CHLORIDE

Mercuric chloride, also known as corro-sive sublimate, is used in the control ofplant diseases and certain insects. In mili-tary camps where ants become a serious nuisancemercuric chloride is useful when incorporatedin a specially prepared cloth tape which istied around the legs of tables, refrigerators,and other objects frequented by ants. Mercu-rial ointment is used to control pubic lice.

Chemically, mercuric chloride (HgC12)is a White solid, soluble in water. It isobtainable commercially as a white powder orin the form of tablets (each containing 7.5grains HgCl ). It is also widely used as adisinfectan? and in dilute solution is usedas an antiseptic in dressing wounds.

Caution: Since mercuric chloride isextremely poisonous, it should be stored inti -htly sealed containers and plainly marked.It corrodes metals, and solutions should beprepared in wooden, glass, or earthenwarecontainers. It is advisable to wear rubbergloves when working with this poison.

Mercuric chloride is sold in 250 poundkegs and drums of 50 or more pounds at pricesvarying from ,.32.24 to ,2.39 per pound. It isalso procurable in 1, 5, and 25 pound packages.

Available on contract: see Class 51,General Schedule of Suplies, ProcureientDivision, Treasury Department.

49


IvTHYL BROMIDE

Methyl bromide is used as a fumigantfor the control of storage pests in modernconcrete or brick warehouses of tight con-struction because of its ability to penetrateclosely-packed products. Excellent resultscan be obtained even if a warehouse is loadedwith food supplies, whole grains, or feeds.It should not be used, however, to fumigateflour or other milled cereals, or productshigh in fat content, since these products mayretain harmful quantities of residual bromides.The method of application is discussed inCircular 22, pp. 20-23 and 37.

Methyl bromide is also used extensivelyfor the fumigation of plants and plant productsin connection with the enforcement of insectquarantine regulations. It may also be em-ployed as a fuaigant in the control of fleasin situations where it is necessary to killrats, mice, and other rodents which harborthese pests.

Methyl broilide, ,OHBr, is a gas atsumer temperatures, and s about 3 timesheavier than air. It has a boiling point of40.10 F. and below this temperature is aheavy, colorless, liquid wiich is but sli ,htlysoluble in water. It is freely soluble,however, in alcohol, chloroform, ether, andcarbon disulfide. It \:as originally used asa fire extinrguisher and has been used inrefrigeration. The gas is non-inflatanable,very penetrating, and is poisonous, whichmakes it of value as a fumicant. As comnLer-cially produced it is of purity of 995percent or better.


Caution: When working with methylbromide it is necessary to use a gas maskprovided with a canister that will absorbthis gas. The chemical is toxic and there-fore should not be allowed to come intocontact with the skin. Containers of thisgrs should be stored in a cool, well-vonti-lated place outside of inhabited buildings.

Methyl bromide is obtainable in small1-pound cans or in cylinders containing 10,50, or 150 pounds net. In 50-pound cylindersit sells for 70 cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 36, 37, and 67 of list at end ofthis circular.

MIEIL RL 0 IL

Sprays for the control of bedbugsgenerally consist very largely of a lightmineral oil with small additions of pyrethrumextract.

Mineral oil is derived froi any oil ofmineral origin, such as petroleum or shaleoil, by refining. It is a mixture of liquidhydrocarbon which is colorless, oily, non-fluorescent, transparent, becoming thickerwith cold. Mineral oil is used in medicine,insecticidal sprays, paints, varnishes,lacquers, and as a solvent.

The containers in which mineral oil isshipped are various sized drums,ranging from34 to 75 cents per gallon depending on theviscosity.

Available on contract: see Class 14,General Schedule of Supplies, Procure eat V% ADivision, Treasury Department.

STA~I~ WANTBOARP


MOLASSES (Black Strap)

Black strap molasses is used as anattractive bait for house flies and blow-flies, in connection with fly traps. Itis a thick, sticky, brown or dark colored,viscid sirup and contains impurities.Black strap is the final mother liquidremaining after the crystallization of sugarfrom the juice of sugar cane or beet sugar,more particularly the third molasses. Itis also a by-product of raw sugar. Molassesis extensively used as a constituent of manymixed cattle feeds and as a raw material forthe manufacture of industrial alcohol.

Black strap molasses is obtainable intanks at a cost of 92 to 11 cents per gallon,the price varying in different parts of thecountry.


MOTH PROOFING MATERIALS

These are solutions that are used formaking fabrics and furs resistant to suchinsect pests as webbing clothes ,aoths andrelated forms, also carpet beetles and buffalomoths. They are best applied in the hot dyebath while the clothes or fabrics are beingmanufactured. Most of these materials arepatented and the process is described in thepatents. Fabrics, if properly treated, remainresistant to insect attack for a long time.

52


Two well known commercial products areDemotex, manufactured in America, and EulanC. N., a foreign product.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 3, 4, 15, 33, 37, 46, 70, 74,75, and 109 of list at end of this circular.

NAPHTL4NE

Naphthalene is used extensively inpreventing injury by and for killing suchfabric pests as the various kinds of clothesmoths, and carpet beetles which attack woolenfabrics used for making uniforms, blankets,wool- and fur-lined helmets, boots, also furs,and various other items. The flakes areordinarily used for this purpose and areabout as effective as Daradichlorobenzene.

,'hen fabrics become saturated with thefumes they kill the insects and prevent themfrom attacking the materials. Naphthaleneis applied directly to the fabrics in enclosedcontainers at the rate of 2 to 4 pounds per100 cubic feet of space. It is also used tokill fleas in living quarters and in thepreparation of certain louse powders.

Chemically, naphthalene, COH D, is awhite, crystalline, flaky material ad isthe chief constituent of moth balls. Itvaporizes very slowly and forms a noninflam-mable gas having a pungent, tarry odor. Itis used in various industries such as in themanufacture of dyes, resins, and in disinfec-tants.

53


The strong odor of naphthalene may bedisagreeable but is not considered dangerousand presents no fire hazard.

Caution: It should not be used as afumigant for grains, cereals, and other foodproducts because it imparts very persistentodors and flavors.

Naphthalene flakes or balls may beobtained in 180- or 200-pound barrels, 50-pound cases, and smaller containers with thecases, at a price of 84 cents, and 16-ouncepackages at 8' cents per pound.


NICOTINE SULFATE

Commercially available nicotine sulfate(a solution containin- the equivalent of 40percent of nicotine) is mixed with water andused as a spray for killing wood ticks onvegetation.

A commercial solution of nicotine sul-fate,((01 0H1 4N2)2,H2SOL), is a dark brovwn orblackish, 2 poisonous liquid witha strong: Denetratin2 tobacco-like odor. Itis somewhat heavier than iater and willreadily mix with it. Nicotine sulfate isused extensi:ely as a contact insecticidefor spraying aphids and other soft-bodiedsucking insects on plants. 3lac: Leaf 40is the trade name of a widely distributedcommercially prepared nicotine sulfate.

54

a


Caution: Nicotine sulfate is verypoisonous and should be kept in a safe placein tight containers plainly labeled andmarked -'Poison." Avoid wetting the skinwith the spray.

This material may be purchased indrums at the factory at 70.3 cents per poundand in 10-pound tins at 86.5 cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 19, 24, 30, 37, 45, 79, 81, 82,and 108 of list at end of this circular.

OIL OF CIU1OIELLA

Oil of citronella is often used aloneor in combination witih other materials, suchas camphor, to rep)el -mosiuitoes. Applicationof the re'ellent is made to the exposed nor-tions of the skin.

This oil is derived from citronella,7rass, chiefly frcm Ceylon and Java. It is avolatile, almost colorless to pale yellow orreddish liquid having a pleasant, pungentarona. Citronella oil is used in linimentfor rheumatism and in perfumes.

The mu.terial should be kept in a coolplace, well closed, and protected from light.

Oil of citronella is marketed in drumsat 90 cents per pound, and in 1-pound cans at95 cents (Ceylon) and drums and cans at 85 to90 cents per pound (Java).


4

e

e


OLIVE OIL

The use of kerosene oil and olive oilis recommended in the control of head lice.

Olive oil is a pale-yellow or yellowish-green non-drying oil expressed from olives.It is used as a salad oil, in cooking, as alubricant and illuminant, and in toilet soaps.

The commercial containers for olive oilare barrels weighing 375 and 500 pounds, andcans containing 1/4, 1, 5, and 10 gallons.In drums the oil is priced from $3.85 to$5.50 per gallon.


ORTHODICia0ROBIENEE

Orthodichlorobenzene (C6H 4 01 2 ) in thecrude form is used for checkin- the activityof Lyctus and other uowder-cost beetlesworking in seasoned wood, and for poisoningthe soil about the foundations of buildingsfor termite control. For the latter purposeit can be used alone or diluted with coal-tarcreosote, or light fuel oils.

Chemically, orthodichlorobenzene is acolorless, stainless liquid, soluble inalcohol or ether, which mixes readily withvarious oils. The commercial product ordi-narily sold is a crude chlorinated benzeneproduct. It is somew-;hat expensive but veryeffective. -It is very penetrating and maymar the finish on wood, which can, however,be refinished without difficulty. Orthodi-chlorobenzene is noninflammable but is

56


slightly poisonous. It possesses a strong,nauseating odor resembling that of moth ballswhich may persist for several days after appli-cation.

Caution: The odor might cause headacheto one confined with it in an enclosed spacefor an hour or so. In treating infested woodoverhead, care should be taken to keep theliquid from dripping on the body as it mightburn the skin sli-htly and would be especiallypainful if it came in contact with the eyes.Goggles should be worn and the hands and bodyprotected by rubberized fabric or neoprene-treated gloves and apron. Athou-h orthodi-chlorobenzerne is practically noninflaLlnable,as a matter o2 precaution it should not beato-:ized in the air by spraying near a furnacewhile the latter is in operation. It sho-lldnot be used in the 'round near wells or springswhich serve as a source of drinking water. Itshould be kept a'.av iroi:d exposed food materials.

Orthodichlorobenzene :a:.v be obtained intanks, 1000-pound drums, and 50- and 100-poundtins at a price ran inc front 5- to 10 centsper pound.


ORVUS A. A.

Orvus . A. is a wetting and spreadingagent which is used as an emulsifier in placeof soap to prepare insecticides, because itdoes not form a precipitate as soap does whenhard water imust be used. Like other similarwetters and spreaders, Orvus r. A. is especi-ally useful when under certain conditions a


pyrethrum spray has to be prepared with hardor salt water or when the finished spray isapplied to the surface of water pools andmarshes having a salt content higher than 5percent, to kill mosquito larvae.

Orvus W. A. is a proprietary productknown chemically as sodium lauryl sulfate.It comes prepared in the form of paste orflakes in 25-pound cartons, the paste costing30 cents per pound and the flakes 53 centsper pound.

For manufacturer and distributorsee number 92 of list at end of this circular.

?ARADICHLOROBENZENT

Paradichlorobenzene is used as a soilfumigant to kill various insect pests, and asa repellent and fumi ant for such fabricspests as clothes moths and carpet beetles.Recent results indicate that it is not alwayseffective as a soil poison for termite con-trol, hence it is not recommended for this use.

Chemically, this material (C6H4C1 2 ) isa white, crystalline compound which vola-tilizes slowly. The vapor formed is nonin-flauaable, penetratin, and has a somewhatether-like odor. It is not explosive nordanerous to handle. It is marketed in theform of crystals or in cakes, and is obtain-able in any quantity desired.

Paradichlorobenzene should be storedin air-ti: ht containers to avoid loss byevaporation.

58

Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsid ibry Ma~teL ials

Caution: Food substances, includinggrains, exposed to the fumes of the chemicalmay retain residues that render them unfitfor consumption. Therefore it should neverbe used to fumigate such materials.

This chemical is shipped in carloadlots at 11 to 12 cents per pound, in lessthan carload lots at 122 to 132 cents perpound, in 25- to 200-pound barrels, 150-pounddrums, and 1- to 5-pound cans.


PARIS GREEN

This bright green arsenical compoundis used to kill malaria-carrying mosquitolarvae when applied as a dust to the surfaceof the water. The dust is prepared by mixingthe poison with a carrier like talc,diatomaceous earth, or lime.

Paris green, which is chemicallyacetoarsenite of copper (3Cu(AsC2 )2 Cu(C2H3 02 )2 ,was one of the first stomach poisons used inAmerica to destroy insects. It is a verypoisonous, heavy, emerald-green powder andwhen used as a spray requires constant agita-tion to keep it in suspension. Commercialparis green should be ground finely, shouldcontain not less than 50 percent of totalarsenious oxide, and not more than 32 percentwater soluble arsenic oxide.

Caution: Paris green is extremelypoisonous and therefore should be kept in a

59


safe place away from foods. Tight containersplainly labeled and marked poisonous shouldbe used for storing the material. The dustshould not be inhaled and the skin, especiallyopen wounds, should be protected from thematerial or serious poisoning may result.

This insecticide may be purchased in500-pound barrels, drums, 100-pound kegs,bottles, and tins. The price in drums andkegs varies from 24 to 27 cents per pound.

Available on contract: see-Class 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Department.

PENTACHLOROPHENOL

Pentachlorophenol (C 6 C14OH) is one ofthe most effective chemicals f6r use as a dipin preventing and checking Lyctus powder-postbeetle infestations in seasoned wood. It isa valuable chemical for preserving wood andother products and for the control of slimeand algae.

Pure pentachlorophenol is a white,needle-like, crystalline material which whenhot has a very pungent odor. It is almostinsoluble in water but soluble in alcohol,ether, benzene, and oil. The crystals areavailable commercially and should be dissolvedin a light fuel oil. It is also available inliquid form already mixed by the manufacturer.

Caution: Care should be taken toobserve the precautions mentioned by themanufacturer in handling it, otherwise it islikely to irritate the skin. Rubberized

60


fabric or neoprene-treated gloves and apronsshould be used to protect the body. Its dustcauses sneezing.

Pentachlorophenol may be bought indrums at 20 to 25 cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 36 and 76 of list at end of thiscircular.

PETROLATUM

In the semisolid form of carbolatedpetrolatum or carbolated vaseline this materialis useful for the relief of flea and chiggerbites when applied to the affected area of theskin. The liquid petrolatum designated aswhite mineral oil or liquid vaseline is used toprepare a mosquito repellent by mixing withpyrethrum extract.

Petrolatum is a neutral, practicallyodorless and colorless, grease-like, oily sub-stance which is derived from petroleum by dis-tilling off the lighter portions and purifyingthe residue. Several forms of petrolatum areavailable commercially, the semisolid, yellowform, and a colorless or faintly yellow liquidknown as liquid petrolatum, liquid paraffin,white mineral oil or paraffin oil. The semi-solid form is used as a carrier for medicants,the liquid as a lubricant for the intestinaltract, in sprays for the nose and throat, andin hair dressing. Petrolatum preparations ofmany kinds are sold under the trade name ofvaseline.

Petrolatum is marketed in 400-pound drums,1- to 50-pound cases of cans, the drums costing

61


32 to 4-3/4 cents per pound for the yellow,and 5 to 8 cents per pound for the white form.

Available on contract: For Yellow seeClass 29, for Liquid see Class 51, GeneralSchedule of Supplies, Procurement Division,Treasury Department.

PETROLEUM (CRUDE OIL)

Petroleum or crude oil is sometimesused to kill fly larvae which develop inmanure piles, garbage, feces, or other refuse.For this purpose, application is made bysprinkling the surfaces of'such breedingplaces so as to form a protective oil covering.

Crude petroleum is obtained from theground as an oily, inflammable liquid rangingfrom almost colorless to nearly black, butusually of a dark greenish or brownish hue.The specific gravity varies considerably,depending on the source, but crude oil isusually lighter than water. It is a complexmixture of hydrocarbons in which small quan-tities of other materials such as sulfur,nitrogen compounds, water, and silica arealso present. Crude oil is refined by aprocess of distillation which yields gasoline,kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oil, and otherpetroleum products. The chief oil-producingregions of the United States at present areCalifornia, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Caution: Crude oil is inflammable.Oily rags in poorly ventilated places oftencause fire by spontaneous combustion.

62


Petroleum in crude form may be boughtat the wells for 43 cents to 42.19 per barreldepending upon the location.


PHOSPHORUS PASTE

Phosphorus paste is useful in the con-trol of cockroaches in tropical and damp cli-mates. Its use is advisable in cases whereroaches are present but not especially numerous.It is particularly effective against theAmerican cockroach.

Phosphorus paste is prepared commer-cially from yellow phosphorus. Essentiallythese pastes are made by grinding the yellowphosphorus in the presence of water and thenmixing with flour in the proper proportion.Glycerine is sometimes used as an ingredient.Commercial preparations usually contain from1 to 2 percent of phosphorus.

Yellow phosphorus is a white to yellow-ish, translucent, waxy solid, which turns moreyellow as it ages. hen exposed to air ittakes fire at 340 C. (93.20 F.) and burns witha yellowish flame.

Caution: Phosphorus paste, because ofits very poisonous nature, should be handledwith the greatest of care. Since the yellowphosphorus is so inflammable and poisonous,it is safer to purchase the commercial pasterather than attempt to prepare it.

63


For manufacturers and distributors ofphosphorus paste see numbers 26, 29, 83, 89,93, 99, 105, and 110 of list at end of thiscircular.

PIrE OIL

Pine oil is used to aid in dissolvingpentachlorophenol in liCht fuel oil for thetreatment of seasoned wood to protect it fromattack by Lyctus beetles. Pine oils alonehave been used to treat wood infested withpowder-post beetles.

Pine oil is a colorless to pale yellow,oily liquid insoluble in water and has aturpentine-like odor. It is obtained bysteam distillation from certain species ofpine trees. The oil is used as a solvent,in the manufacture of textiles and paints,and for the flotation of lead and zinc ores.

Pine oil is sold in tanks, 55-gallondrums, at a price rangin' from 54 to 65 centsper gallon.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 5, 14, 27, 42, 52, and 113 of listat end of this circular.

PINE TAR OIL

This substance is used in combinationwith cottonseed oil to kill ticks in the earsof domestic Inimtls. Pine tar oil is also usedto protect wounds on ani-mals from screwwormattack, in which use it should have a specific

64

CirculFr 21 - Insecticides and Subsid iary 11aterials 65

gravity of 1.025. Pine tar oil is alsoemployed in sprays desi-ned to kill and torepel flies.

Pine tar oil is a dark brown or black-ish, heavy, viscous liquid obtained by thedestructive distillation of wood of severalspecies of pine trees. It has a sharp tasteand a somewhat pronounced burnt or tarry odor,definitely pine-like in character. Pine taris heavier than, and only slightly solublein, water. Among the principal constituentsof this substance are turpentine, resin,creosol, phenol, xylene, and other hydrocarbons.

In medicine, pine tar oils are chieflyused for the treatment of skin diseases andrespiratory disorders. Industrially, it hasmany uces including the manufacture ofautomobile tires.

This oil sells at 20 to 55 cents pergallon in 600-pound barrels.

for manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 5 and 12 of list at end of thiscircular.

PYRETRIUML

Pyrethrum consists of dried flowers orbuds of plants of any one of three particularspecies of the genus Chrysanther:1um (Pyrethrum).These contain compounds known as pyrethrins Iand II that are very toxic to insects. Flowersare now available from Kenya Colony which willaverage about 1.3 percent pyrethrins. Insectpowders may be prepared by grinding the flowers,and used pure or diluted with some inert carrier.


The undiluted ground flo'.ers may be dustedinto clothing as a repellent against fleas,or scattered around infested areas to controlroaches. A good diluted dust may be preparedfrom pure fresh powder and from 2 to 5 partsof some inert carrier such as talc or diatoma-ceous earth. In this form it may be applieddirectly to infested anim-1s to control fleasand lice or dusted behind baseboards andsimilar locations to destroy fleas, bedbugs,or roaches in buildings.

The pyrethrins are also extracted fromthe flowers with various solvents such as ace-tone, alcohol, ethylene dichloride or mineraloil, according to the purpose for which theyare to be used. Those prepared with alcoholand acetone are commonly used agriculturally;the oil sprays find application against insectsaffecting man, animals, and stored commodities.Such oil sprays are frequently prepared in theform known as 20-to-1 concentrates which con-tain 2 grams pyrethrins per 100 cc. For manypurposes these are diluted about 20 times withkerosene or other light petroleum oil to makesprays containing about 0.10 to 0.12 gramspyrethrins per 100 cc. The oil used shouldbe readily volatile and leave no stain on thesprayed objects. A perfume is often added tomask the odor.

The diluted oil-pyrethrun extract maybe used against house flies, stable flies,mosquitoes, eye gnats, sand flies, chiggers,fleas, cockroaches, bedbugs, ticks, clothesmoths, silverfish and ants in and around.11itary esta blishmcents.

WIhen pyrethrum is used in livestock orcattle sprays to kill and repel flies, the oilsolution must be of such m nature as not to be


injurious to the animals, not to stain the coat,and in the case of cows not to taint the milk.They are made up with a less volatile oil thanhousehold sprays but to about the safe pyre-thrin content plus 5 percent pine oil, oil ofcamphor, cloves, safrol, or other aromatic.

A special pyrethrum oil emulsion isprepared from kerosene and pyrethrum extractas explained in the circular on mosquitoes.This larvicide is useful in killing the larvaeof both malaria-carryinJ mosquitoes and buf-falo gnats in infested water. The extractused with petrolatum or liquid vaseline maybe applied to the skin to repel mosquitoes.

The extracts of pyrethrum may also bemixed with fine talcs, powdered charcoal,tobacco dust, sulfur, or various inert earthsto make insecticides to be applied as dusts.These should not be confused with the dustsprepared from powdered flowers discussed above.

As previously stated, pyrethrua is verytoxic to insects but is generally considerednonpoisonous to man. Certain individuals maybe allergic to it and experience an irritationto the respiratory passages.

Pyrethrum is packed in barrels in theform of ground flowers and fine powders forsale at 21 to 22 cents per pound. The liquidextract, 20 to 1, may be purchased in drums at$4.40 to x 4.60 per gallon. Smaller lots arealso obtainable at a slightly higher rate.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 6, 11, 19, 43, 54, 80, 98, 102,and 107 of list at end of this circular.

67


SASSrFRA.S OIL

Oil of sassafras is of some value asa repellent to protect the human body fromsand-fly attack.

This material is a volatile oil dis-tilled from the roots of Sassafras, and itschief use is in the manufacture of perfume.It is a yellow or reddish-yellow liquid,having the characteristic odor and taste ofsassafras.

Natural sassafras oil comes in cansand druis at 41.05 to x'1.20 per pound.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 1, 25, 34, 35, 50, and 74 oflist at end of tnis circular.

SILV.R NITRATE

Silver nitrate is used as a disinfec-tant for skin wounds caused by ticks. It isapplied locally to the skin after the tickhas been removed.

Commercial silver nitrate, AgNO3 , ispractically 100 percent pure. It is a poison-ous, colorless, odorless, crystalline powder.It is widely used in medicine. especially asan antiseptic, germicide, also in photography,silverplating, manufacture of inks, hairdyeing, and other industries.

Caution: This material is very poison-ous and should be plainly labeled and keptout of reach of children and others unfamiliarwith it.


Silver nitrate may be obtained in 100-and 200-ounce bottles at 24 cents per ounce.It is packed also in 1-, 4-, and 16-ouncebottles.


SODIUPI ARSENITE

Sodium arsenite is used in the prepara-tion of poison baits for ants, grasshoppers,and in livestock dips. A 10 percent solutionis used for controlling termites in the soilabout the foundations of buildings.

Chemically, sodium arsenite (NaAs02 )is a white powder and very soluble. Itis more generally available in liquid formcontaining about 32 percent As203, althoughit can also be purchased as a powder. Itis used also as a weed killer, as an anti-septic, and for dyeing purposes.

Caution: Like all other materialscontaining arsenic, sodium arsenite is poison-ous and care must be exercised in handling it. *Care must be taken not to use it in locationsnear wells or springs used for drinking pur-poses. Children should not be allowed to playin soil treated with this chemical. Sodiumarsenite in solution is very caustic to theskin and rubberized gloves should be wornwhile handling it.

In the powder form sodium arsenite maybe obtained in drums in carload lots at a costof 7-3/4 to 9-1/2 cents per pound.

69


For manufacturers and distributors ofsodium arsenite see numbers 2, 18, 24, 59,61, and 79 of list at end of this circular.

SODIUI.I BENZOATE

Benzoate of soda (C H 0 Na) or sodiumbenzoate as commercially 7 5 2 obtained, isused in the preparation of some insect baitsand poisons. For example, a combination ofgranulated sugar, crystallized tartaric acid,benzoate of soda, sodium arsenite, strainedhoney, and water is especially recommended asa poison bait for the Argentine ant. The ben-zoate of soda is added as a preservative tokeep the solution from putrefying.

Sodium benzoate is a metallo-organiccompound obtained courimercially in the form ofwhite, odorless granules or crystalline pow-der, possessin: a sweetish astringent taste.It is used in medicine as a mild externalantiseptic. Industrially, it is important asa food preservative.

Benzoate of soda is available inbarrels at a cost of 39 to 43 cents per pound.


70


SODIUM BICARBONATE

Sodium bicarbonate has no directentomological uses but it is employed as a 2percent solution in an eye wash to relieve eyesaffected by chloropicrin if the latter chemicalaccidentally reaches the eyes as in fumigationoperations.

It is a white, crystalline salt, NaHCO3 ,found in many mineral springs, and producedartificially by treating the normal carbonatewith carbon dioxide, and, in the Solvay pro-cess, as an intermediate product. It is usedin cookery, in baking powders, and in medicine.

This material may be obtained at anydrug or grocery store. It is available oncontract: see Class 51, General Schedule ofSupplies, Procurement Division, TreasuryDepartment.

SODIU1JM FLUORIDE

This poisonous powder is considered asone of the best all-round cockroach remedies.Sodium fluoride when dusted in their runwayswill sometimes drive then away. The commer-cially available product and commonly employedgrade of the powder contains 94.to 97 percentsodium fluoride.

Sodium fluoride, NaF, is a white, verypoisonous powder soluble in water but insol-uble in alcohol. It is sometimes used medi-cinally and for the preparation of pastes,and for disinfecting fermentation apparatusin breweries and distilleries.

71


Caution: Since sodium fluoride ispoisonous if taken internally it should be putin tight containers, plainly marked "Poison,"and kept in a dry, safe place away from foods.It is somewhat irritating to the respiratorypassages if the dust is inhaled.

In New York City all sodium fluoridemust be colored blue and the National Asso-ciation of Insecticide and Disinfectant Man-ufacturers Inc. has gone on record favoringthis practice throughout the United States.

Sodium fluoride may be purchased insmall containers up to large 350 to 375 poundbarrels. The barrels in carload lots costfrom 84 to 94 cents per pound.


SPEMII'TT OIL

In the case of sandfly attack on thehuman body, spearmint oil is of some valueas a repellent.

Oil of spearmint is distilled from thefresh parts of the flob;erin. plant Yenthaspicata Linne. It is a colorless, yellow orgreenish-yellowv liquid, havin- the character-istic odor and taste of spearmint. The priceof oil of spearmint in drums is ;2.55 to 42.80per gallon.


Insecticides and 32bsidiary Materials

STA-WAY

This is a proprietary compound contain-ing the active ingredients known chemicallyas diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateand diethylene-glycol monoethyl ether. It isused as a temporary but very effective repel-lent against mosquitoes by applying to theskin as with other preparations of this kind.

It is manufactured by the NationalCarbon Company of Cleveland, Ohio, and sellsfor about 25 cents per 6-ounce bottle. Seenumber 77 of list at end of this circular.

SULFONATED CASTOR OIL

Sulfonated castor oil is one of theconstituents of an ointment or smear contain-ing diphenylamine, benzene, and lamp black(known as Formula #62 recently developed bythe Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine)which is employed on animals as a screwwormkiller and wound protector.

Sulfonated castor oil, known also asturkey red oil, is one of the wetting andemulsifying agents used in the preparation ofvarious insecticides. It is a viscous, trans-parent liquid, and light yellow in color.Industrially, it is widely used in the dyeindustry.

The oil comes in drums in carload lotswith prices ranging from 7-3/4 cents per poundto 12 cents per pound depending upon thepercentage of fat.


Circular 21 - 73


SULFUR

Sulfur is used to protect man fromchiggers or red bugs. It is dusted on thebody, especially the lower limbs or partswhere the clothing fits tightly, to preventchiggers from attacking the skin, when it isnecessary to work in or travel through grassyor wooded areas. It may also be dusted onvegetation to control chiggers. Very finelydivided sulfur made up as a suspension inwater is used to protect green lumber and otherrough lumber products while in the process ofseasoning against attack by Lyctus powder-postbeetles, by a dipping process-as outlined inCircular 6. Several proprietary productsincluding "Sulfocide" and "Microfine sulfur"are sold for this purpose. Sulfur dioxidemay be used to fumigate empty buildings orhouses.

Commercial sulfur is a yellow powder andis obtainable in several forms: flowers ofsulfur, and dusting or flour sulfur. Either ofthese forms may be used against chiggers.

Ordinary sulfur (S) is a yellow, brittle,crystalline solid, which is practically insolu-ble in water. It has only a faint odor andtaste. Commercially, sulfur is used in makingsulfuric acid, other sulfur compounds, fire-works and matches, in medicine, for the controlof various other insects, and as a fungicideagainst certain plant diseases.

Caution: Sulfur when used as a dust isoften very irritating to some people, especi-ally to the eyes and nose. In such cases itis advisable to wear goggles or respirators ofwhich several efficient types are available.

Circular 21 -- Insecticides and Subsidiary Materials

One hundred pounds of sulfur in carloadlots is priced at $2.80. In less than carloadlots the same amount costs $3.25.


SULFURIC ACID

This acid, H2 SO, is not an insecticidebut is used in the generation of hydro-cyanic acid gas from sodium (or potassium)cyanide as discussed in Circular 22 on fumiga-tion. For this purpose the technical gradehaving a specific gravity of 1.83 is satisfac-tory. (For a further description of hydro-cyanic acid gas, see the discussion under thatheading.)

Sulfuric acid is a colorless liquid whenpure but the commercial grades are yellowish orbrownish due to the presence of certain impuri-ties. It is a heavy, oily-like, very corrosiveliquid which has a great affinity for water.Industrially, sulfuric acid has probably morenumerous uses than that for any other chemical.

Caution: Sulfuric acid is highly corro-sive and will burn the skin, clothing, and manymaterials. hen diluting, always pour the acidslowly into the water, never attempt to pourthe water into the acid. Keep in a safe puce,in tight glass containers, plainly labeled andmarked "Poison."

It can be purchased in 11-gallon glasscarboys (184 pounds) at 6 to 8 cents per pound.In 9-pound bottles the price ranges from 152 to17 cents per pound.

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Sulfuric acid is available on contract:see Class 51, General Schedule of Supplies,Procurement Division, Treasury Department.

TALC OR TALCUM

Talc or talcum is a suitable materialfor mixing with derris powder for the controlof fleas on cats. For limited use of thiskind, ordinary cheap talcum powder is satis-factory, while if large quantities are required,talc as manufactured for preparing insecticidaldusts should be employed. Talc of insecticidaldust grade is used to make a paris green dustfor the control of mosquito larvae.

Talcum, talc, or soapstone occurs inthe native mineral state as a magnesium sili-cate, H2Mg3 (SiO)L. It has a soft, soapy feeland occurs in 1 yrs, granules, or fibrousmasses usually of a grayish, or greenish colc.In addition to its usefulness in preparinginsecticidal dusts, it is employed in makingsoap, paper, paints, insulating materials,textiles, and toilet powders.

The material (325 mesh) is obtainablein 100, 200, and 220 pound bags in carloadlots at $14 to $20 per ton.

Available on contract: See glass 51,General Schedule of Supplies, ProcurementDivision, Treasury Department.

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Insecticides and Subsidiary Materials

TARTAR EMETIC

One of the insecticidal uses of tartaremetic is in ant poisons, especially for suchspecies as prefer grease and meat to sweetenedbaits. A small quantity of it is worked intogrease or bacon rind and placed in locationswhere ants will feed upon it. For this pur-pose tartar emetic, technical grade, is suit-able and is available commercially in the formof a white powder.

Tartar emetic, K(SbO)C4H,06 . H2 0, is awhite, crystalline salt known chemically aspotassium antimonyl tartrate. It has asweetish, metallic taste and is poisonous.This substance is used in the dyeing industry,in medicine, and as an insecticide in thecontrol of certain species of thrips.

Caution: Since tartar emetic ispoisonous, care should be used in handling it,and it should be kept in plainly labeled con-tainers marked "Poison."

This chemical is packed in 200- to 700-pound barrels, 100-pound kegs, 25- to 50-poundboxes and in bottles. The barrels cost from44-3/4 to 50 cents per pound.

For manufacturers and distributorssee numbers 10, 49, 89, and 96 of list at endof this circular.

Circular 21 - 77


TARTARIC ACID

Tartaric acid is used as one of theconstituents of some of the poison ant syrupsthat are used to kill the worker ants, alsothe young and queen ants within their nests.It is especially useful 'against sweets-eatingants when it is impossible to locate anddestroy their nests by direct means. Themethod of feeding these baits to ants isdiscussed in Circular 15.

Chemically, tartaric acid, C ,H06 , isa white, odorless powder with a strng acidtaste, which is soluble in water and alcohol.It is used in the dyeing and baking indus-tries, also in medicine and chemistry.

Caution: Although tartaric acid insmall quantities is considered harmless,death has resulted from accidental adminis-tration of one ounce or more.

Tartaric acid may be purchased in 250-pound barrels, 25-, 50 and 112-pound kegs,at a price range of 631 to 64 cents per pound.


TIALLIUJ SULFATE

This compound is used with sugar, honeyand water in the preparation of a poison baitfor the control of ants.

Thallium sulfate, T1 2S0, is awhite,crystalline, extremely poisonous compound.


Its uses are somewhat limited. In addition toits employment-as an insect poison, it can beused as a rat poison and as a reagent inchemistry.

Caution: Thallium sulfate even insmall dosages is a dangerous poison and mustbe handled with great care. It should be keptin tight, labeled containers and marked"Poison." The vapors which are given off whenthe material is heated, either alone or insolution, are poisonous and should not beinhaled.

This compound is shipped in 1/4, 1,and 5-pound bottles at $5 to $7 per pound.

For manufacturers and distributors seenumbers 18, 41, 84, 87, and 103 of list atend of this circular.

TURPEiNT ITE

Turpentine when combined with keroseneis used to control powder-post beetles. Itcan be applied to infested flooring at therate of 9 parts of turpentine to 1 part ofkerosene, to kill Lyctus beetles withoutmarring the finish on the wood. When removedfrom the clothing or from animals, ticks maybe dropped into turpentine to insure theirdeath.

Turpentine is a colorless or slightlyyellowish, inflammable liquid with a charac-teristic odor and pungent, biting taste. Itconsists of terpenes (C1 0H1 6) and is widelyused in medicine and in making paints andvarnishes. It is obtained from various pine

79


and other resinous woods, by steam or otherdistillation methods, or by extraction withsolvents. It is known also under the namesof oil of turpentine, wood turpentine, woodspirits of turpentine, and gum spirit.

Caution: Turpentine is very inflamma-ble and clothes saturated with it are afrequent source of fire in buildings.

Steam distilled turpentine is marketedin tanks, 30- to 50-gallon drums, 1- and 5-gallon cans. In tanks it sells for 66 centsper gallon; in drums the material costs from58 to 71 cents per gallon in carload lots.In less than carload lots the price is 74cents per gallon.


VINEGAR

In the treatment of head lice a mixtureof equal parts of vinegar and kerosene may beapplied directly to the infested hair. Hotvinegar alone is also used to kill the eggs.

Vinegar is dilute impure acetic acid(02402) , a sour liquid used as a condimentor as a preservative. It is obtained by theacetic acid fermentation of dilute alcoholicliquids. Cider and malt are very commonsources but it may be made from the fermentedjuice of nearly any fruits. Vinegar is sowell known that it needs no further discussionhere.

so


Vinegar is obtained at all grocerystores in almost any quantity desired.


WASHING SODA

Washing soda finds useful applicationin connection with large-scale fumigationoperations, where generators are set in a wash-tub of water containing a few handfuls of thematerial. This precaution provides for catch-ing and neutralizing small quantities of theacid-water mixture that may leak out of thegenerator or barrel. It is also used forcleaning garbage of grease and fats to preventbreeding of flies.

Washing soda, sal soda, or alkali(Na Co 10H20), known chemically as sodiumcar on te, is a white, crystalline powderwhich is very soluble in water. It is alsoused as a cleaning and bleaching agent forlaundry purposes, in the glass and soapindustries, and in medicine.

This soda is marketed in 200- to 400-pound slack barrels, 1 to 400 pound burlapbags and 100-pound paper bags. In carload lotsof 100-pound bags the price varies from 41.10to 3.25 per 100 pounds, depending upon the zor.


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PROCURENUNT OF INSECTICIDESAND SUBSDIARY MATERIALS

The accompanying list of concerns andtheir products is included for the informationof the users of this circular, without givenor inferred guarantee of the reliability ofthe firm or endorsement of their individualproducts. No attempt has been made to makethe list fully complete and no discriminationis intended or implied against firms whosenames or products are not listed.

It is possible, in addition, that manyof the materials herein mentioned may oftenbe obtained from local drug firms and certainof the insecticides may be procured from localstores handling seeds and agricultural supplies.

Many of the materials can also be pro-cured under Government Contract. In suchinstances the Class is given under which theyare listed in the General Schedule of Suppliesby the Procurement Division, United StatesTreasury Department.

List of Manufacturers and Distributors

1. J. C. Ackerman, Pittsburgh, Pa.2. Acme White Lead and Color Works, Detroit,

Mich.3. Agicide Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wis.4. American Cyanamid & Chemical Corp., New

York City, N. Y.; Kansas City, Mo.;Azusa, Calif.

5. American Turpentine & Tar Co., New Orleans,La.

6. An-Fo Manufacturing Co., Oakland, Calif.7. Ansbacher-Siegle Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y.8. Ansul Chemical Co., Marinette, Wis.9. Ansul Chemical Co. of California, Modesto,

Calif.

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Circular 21 - Insecticices and Subsidiary Materials

10. Apex Chemical Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.11. Associated Chemists, Inc., Chicago, Ill.12. Atlantic Turpentine and Pine Tar Co.,

Savannah, Ga.13. Atlas Asbestos Co., N. Wales, Pa.14. Barada & Page, Inc., Kansas City, Mo.15. Barber Laboratories, New Orleans, La.16. Bartlett Chemicals, Inc., New Orleans, La.17. J. H. Baxter & Co., Los Angeles, Calif.18. Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co., San Francisco,Cal.19. California Spray-Chemical Corp., Richmond,

Calif.20. Capitol Chemical Co., Washington, D. C.21. Carbide & Carbon Chemical Corp., New York

City, N. Y.22. Central Chemical Corp., Hagerstown, 1d.23. Chicago Sanitary Products Co., Chicago, Ill.24. Chipman Chemical Co., Inc., Bound Brook, N.J.25. Harry Cohen, Atlanta, Ga.26. Common Sense Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.27. Win. Cooper & Nephews, Chicago, Ill.28. Creosote Sales Corp., Baltimore, Md.29. Creo-tox Chemical Products Co., Memphis,

Tenn.30. Crystal Soap and Chemical Co., Inc.,

Philadelphia, Pa.31. Cunningham & Co., Seattle, Wash.32. Daigger & Co., Chicago, Ill.33. Demotex Inc., New York City, N. Y.34.- Denver Fire & Clay Co., Denver, Colorado35. Derris, Inc., New York City, N. Y.36. Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.37. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.,

Wilmington, Del.38. Eastern Color & Chemical Co., New York, N.Y.39. Eastman Kodak Company, Chemical Sales

Division, Rochester, N. Y.40. Ehret Magnesia Mfg. Co., Valley Forge, Pa.41. Foot Mineral Co., Philadelphia, Pa.42. Fritzsche Bros., Inc., New York City, N. Y.43. Fuld Bros., Baltimore, Md.


44. General Carbon Company, Los Angeles, Calif.45. General Chemical Co., New York City, N. Y.46. General Dyestuff Corp., New York City, N.Y.47. James Good, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.48. Goris & Arnstein, Inc., Chicago, Ill.49. Griffin Chemical Co., San Francisco, Calif.50. John J. Grote & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio51. Hart & Harrington, Inc., Chicago, Ill.52. Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.53. Arnold Hoffman & Co., Inc., Providence, R.I.54. J. I. Hopkins & Co., New York City, N. Y.55. Hughes Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md.56. Ideal Chemical & Supply Co., Memphis, Tenn.57. Inland Tar Co., Chicago, Ill.58. Innis, Speiden & Co., New York City, N. Y.59. Insecticide Corp. of America, Medina, N. Y.60. Johns-Manville Corp., New York City, N. Y.;

Washington, D. C.; Boston, Mass.;Philadelphia, Pa.; Atlanta, Ga.; NewOrleans, La.; St. Louis, Mo.; LosAngeles, Calif.; Chicago, Illinois

61. Jungmann & Co., Inc., New York City, N. Y.62. Keasbey & Mattison Co., Ambler, Pa.63. Kentucky Color & Chemical Co., Louisville,Ky.64. Kittitas Diatomite Co., Ellensburg, Wash.65. Koppers Company (Tar & Chemical Division)

Pittsburgh, Pa.66. Lederle Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y.67. Liquid Carbonic Corp., Chicago, Ill.68. Los Angeles Chemical Co., Los Angeles, Calif.69. Lucas Kil-Tone Co., Philadelphia, Pa.70. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, Mo.71. The L. Martin Company (Germantown Eagle or

Velvet erand), Tacony, Pa.72. McCormick Sales Co., Inc., Baltimore, Md.73. McLaughlin Gormley King Co., Minneapolis,Minn.74. Mefford Chemical Co., Los Angeles, Calif.75. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J.76. Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.77. National Carbon Co., New York City, N. Y.78. New England Minerals, Inc., Boston, Mass.

84

Circular 21 - Insecticides and Subsidiary Materi.ls

79. Niagara Sprayer & Chemical Co., Inc.,Middleport, N. Y.

80. Nico-Dust Mfg. Co., Los Angeles, Calif.81. Nicotine Manufacturing Co., St.Louis, Mo.82. Nicotine Production Co., Inc.,

Clark sville, Tenn.83. John Opitz, Inc., Long Island City, N. Y.84. Ore & Chemical Corporation, New York, N.Y.85. Oregon Forest Products, Gold Beach, Oregon86. Paraffine Companies, San Francisco, Calif.87. Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc., New York City, N. Y.88. Pfeiffer Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.89. Charles Pfizer & Co., 81 Maiden Lane,

New York City, N. Y.90. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Milwaukee,Wis.91. John Powell & Co.,Inc., New York City, N.Y.92. Proctor & Gamble Co., New York City, N. Y.93. Rat-Biscuit Co., Springfield, Ohio94. Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp., Indianapolis,

Indiana95. Republic Chemical Co., New York, N. Y.96. Rhom & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.97. Rogers Chemical Company, Dallas, Texas98.' Sea Coast Laboratories, Inc., New York,N.Y.99. Sennewald Drug Co., St. Louis, Mo.

100. John Shaw & Co., Inc., Boston, Mass.101. Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland, Ohio102. Sherwood Petroleum Co., Inc., Englewood,N.J.103. Soilicide Laboratories, Montclair, N. J.104. Solvay Sales Corporation, New York, N. Y.105. Stearn's Electric Paste Co., Chicago, Ill.106. The Sullivan Co., I'.emphis, Tenn.107. Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co.,Kansas City,Mo.108. Tobacco By-Products & Chemical Corp.,

Louisville, Ky.109. United States Rubber Co., General Develop-

ment Division, Passaic, N. J.110. Walgreen Co., Chicago, Ill.111. Western Talc Co., Los An;eles, Calif.112. Whittacker, Clark & Daniels, Inc., New

York, N. Y.

8


Andrew Wilson, Inc., Springfield, N. J.T. C. Wilson Co., San Francisco, Calif.C. A. Wood, Preserver Co., St. Louis, Mo.J. W. Woolfolk Co., Fort Valley, Ga.

REFERENCES

Anderson, 0.Roth, C. F.

G., and --Insecticides, f-- 1923. and appliances.

ungicidesWiley

Cupples, H. L.--1940.--A list of commerciallyavailable detergents, wetting,dispersing and emulsifying agents.U. S. D. A. Entomology and PlantQuarantine E-504.

Gregory, T. C.--1938.--Uses and application ofchemicals and related materials.Reinhold Publishing Co., N. Y.

Hamilton, C. C.-1941.--Entoma--A directory ofinsect pest control, 4th ed.,Amer. Assoc. of Economic Ento-mologists, Eastern Branch.Address C. C. Hamilton, c/oNew Jersey Agric. Exp. Station,New Brunswick, N. J.

Hodgman, Chas.D. 1937-38.--Handbook of chemistryand physics, 22nd ed. ChemicalRuboer Publ. Co., Cleveland, 0.

Lange, N. A.--- 1939.--Handbook of chemistry.Hand Book Publisher, Inc.,Sandusky, Ohio

Metcalf, C. L.--1939.--Destructive and usefuland Flint,W.P. insects, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.

113.114.115.116.

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Murphy, Walter J.--1939.--Chemical industries--Buyers' guide-book number.15th Ann. Rev. Vol. 45, #5,October. New York. Editedby Walter J. Murphy

Quaintance, A.L.---1931.--Insecticides, equip-ment and methods for con-trolling orchard insects.U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bull.1666.

Schnell Publishing Co. Inc.1941.--Oil, Paint and DrugReporter. Vol. 140, #8,August 25. Schnell Publ.Co., Inc., New York.

Also all references cited in the series ofDefense Circulars.

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