SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONLANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF IMAR KANGGAM

(KUPANG MALAY)

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NAME : TAROCI MARGARITA SALANG CLASS : B/REGULAR NIM : 1301024116

SEMESTER : V

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

LANGUAGE AND ARTS DEPARTMENT

NUSA CENDANA UNIVERSITY

KUPANG

2014

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Language becomes the most important aspect in human life.The presence of language enable people to understand theworld where they life. The language also enables tocommunicate with others wherever and whenever they want.According to the statement of Wardhaugh (1972), (Bustan,2012:6), he says that language is a system of arbitraryvocal symbols used for human communication. The abovestatements lead as to a thinkt that basically, a word has nological relationship between its formand the meaning. It isjust based on the agreement of a society which then used itin a society from one generation to the others.

To enable us in expressing our thoughts we have to know alanguage. It begins when we was a child, we acquire languagewithout a consideration with its meaning and grammar of thatlanguage. When someone begins to learn a language, they growthrough stages of language acquisition. These stages function differently depending on whether he/she is acquiring their first or second language. Basically, Second Language Acquisition First language acquisition happens during infancy, which is a time when a person does not awareabout the process of the stage of language acquisition often, occurs between adolescence and adulthood when a person is able to identify his/her progress. The language that we have acquired has its own stage, maybe as the First

Language Acquisition, First language learning, Second Language Acquisition, et cetera.

Every people in this world have different language and dialect, it depends on the place where they live. The language that used maybe similar but basically it does not same at all. For example people in Ambon use Ambon language,in fact it has more than one dialect such as Tual dialect, Saparua dialect, Liliboy dialect, et cetera, and because of that it is difficult to compare all language in this world.

When we move or live in the new or foreign place where people speak a language which differs with their native language, of course we need to adopt or acquire the languagein that place to be more fluent in using that language. It can be done in an informal learning or in this case through the interaction between the people who acquire language and the native speakers of that language in the daily communications.

1.2 Research Problem

Based on the statement that has written above the writer

found the problems face by the research subject as

following:

What are the factors which are supported the subject’s

Second Language Acquisition?

How far the subject’s Kupang Malay acquisiton

development?

How about the acquire process for the subject?

1.3 Goal

The goal of this paper is made to know how the

subject acquire her second language acquisition in this case

her acquisition towards Kupang Malay. However a language

that we know subconsciously for example by hearing friends,

and other people relatives and the certain community and

her/ his dialect or intonation in speaking or even pronounce

the language.

1.4 The benefit of this research are :

a) The research enable the writer to know the process

of the subject’s language development.

b) The research enable the writer to find any factors

which is found along the the subject picks up the

new language (Kupang Malay) as her Second Language

Acquisition

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

There are some differences between acquisitions for childrenand adult that needs to be known such list below:

No Children Adult1 They do not have cognitive

ability such as ability to memorize, count, et cetera

They have a good cognitive ability

2 Children can pick up many language (1-5)

Adult cannot pick up many language

3 Children have high motivationto learn a new language

Adult have less motivation in learning a new language.

4 Children are able to assimilate a new culture/place.

Adult less able to assimilate with a culture in a new place.

The theory which supported this research is the theory aboutSecond Language Acquisition that consists of five main hypotheses as mentioned by Bir (2009/2010:9-16)

1.The Acquisition-Learning HypothesisThis hypothesis states that there are two different ways to develop the second language competence for adult; they are ‘acquisition’ and ‘learning.Acquisition is the product of sub-conscious process where the learners do not aware that they are in the process of learning a language, but in fact they are still aware that they communicate with each other usingthat language. Hile learning is known as the conscious process in the formal learning where the learners are

aware about the rules (i.e,the rules of grammar) and being able to talk about them.

2.The Natural Order HypothesisThis hypothesis says that grammatical structures are not necessarily learned in a predictable order. Some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while the others late. For example:

ING (progressive)PLURAL COPULA (to be) EARLIER

AUXILIARY (progressive) ARTICLE ( a and the) IRREGULAR PAST

REGULAR PASTIII SINGULAR (-s) LATER POSSESSIVE (-s)

(Kreshen, et.al.1985:20-30) in Jos Bire (2009/2010:11)

3.The Monitor Hypothesis In this hypothesis Krashen says that conscious learning

has an extremely limited function in adult second

language performance: it can only be used as a monitor,

or an editor. There are some monitors suggested by

Krashen such as:

Monitor under user: those who use less monitor to edit

his/her language along the conversation

Monitor over user : those who use too much monitor to

edit his/her language during the conversation

Optimal monitor : people who use the monitor

appropriately to edit his/her language.

4.The Input Hypothesis In this hypothesis Krashen says that we acquired

language by a bit beyond our current level of the

competence. This is done with the help of the language

in context

(Kreshen, at. al.1985:37-39) in Jos Bire (2009/2010:15)

5.The Affective Filter Hypothesis

When someone selects one variety of speech as a model

for learning the language, this is called ‘Affective

Filtering ‘. For example, learners listen to English

spoken by many different group (e.g. parents, teachers,

different, social and ethnic groups) but will often

model their own speech on only one of these, such as

speech of their friends of the same group (Richards, et

al,.1989:7) in Jos Bire (2009/2010:15)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Subject of Research

The subject of this research is Imar Luther Kanggam. She was born in Merauke, on February 12nd 1996. I choose her as the subject of my research because she has moved from Merauke to Kupang on June 2014 to study here. So, she has been adapted for 5 months with her new place.

Now she has been living in a board nearby the campus and belongs to the first semester student of English Department Nusa Cendana University Kupang.

The language she used in her daily communication with peoplearound her Indonesian and also Kupang Malay as the language she still acquire until now.

3.2 Procedure of Research

This research is made by some steps firstly, the writer tried to find out the subject of the research whom appropriate to the problem which is related to the Second Language Acquisition and then the writer decided to chose Imar Kanggam. Secondly, the writer made a list of some informal question to helps the writer got the data about herlanguage development towards Kupang Malay. Then the writer took a chance to record the conversation and the last recordis taken when the subject communicating each other naturally.

The record has taken three times on last October 2014 that took 5.02 minutes, second on middle of November which took 06.08 minutes The last on middle of December 2014. Finnaly, the writer moved the recorder into the CD to be burnt.

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

4.1 Definition of Second Language Acquisition

The Second Language Acquisition is consists of three words. First is Second means ‘ordinal number, after the first, before the third’. According to Bustan (2011: 6) ‘ Language is an arbitrary system, vocal symbols which permits all people in a given culture or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact and Acquisition means ‘the act of getting somethingespecially knowledge (subconscious process).

Other definition comes from Bire (2009:2) who says that Second Language Acquisition is the study of how second languages are learned; how second language learners create alanguage system with limited exposure to the language they learned.

I conclude that Second Language Acquisition is unconscious process to acquire a language which occurs afterthe first language that has acquired.

The Second Language Acquisition refers to any language people acquire in addition to a person’s first language; although the concept is named Second Language Acquisition, it can also include the acquisition of third, fourth, or subsequent languages. It also refers to what learners do; itdoes not refer to practices in language teaching. We have toknow that acquisition of language comes not only while we are children but also while we are adult.

4.2 The Factors Influences the subject’s Second Language Acquisition

Individual Variations sometimes the subject use monitorto edit her language along the conversation.

Interference because the subject’s first language is more dominate in her second language.

The subject’s Aptitude Imar applies the words of Kupang Malay from her friends at campus and people around her wheter room/board to interact with other people in the society.

4.3 Language Development of The Subject.

Language development through repetition and imitationtake place in early chilhood.Since adult use their consciousness to learn Second language, this prevents thefrom achieving full competence in the language they learn, because they use more conscious monitoring.

After I took the record about the subject’s second language development, I found the change in her language Kupang Malay.

The Data of The Subject’s Second Language Acquisition

No Second Language Acqusition(Kupang Malay)

Meaning in Indonesian Meaning in English

1. Basong Kamu/kalian (orang kedua jamak)

You

2. Katong Kami We3. Beta Saya Me4. Dong Mereka They/Them5. Sonde Tidak No6. Oto Mobil Car7. Karmana Bagaimana How8. Su Sudah Already9. Ju Juga Also/too10 Pung Punya Have/has11.

Sa Saja Just/like that

12.

Ho Iya Yes

13.

Omong Bicara Talk

14.

Deng Dengan With

From the data above we can see that Imar has shown the progress of her second language acquisition (Kupang Malay).Her Kupang Malay has improved and now she has used it to communicate with other people in daily life. For example (listen to the record) :

“disini sa son pulang. “basong tu kamorang..” “su bisa.” “Karena kalo sa bicara katong pung logat papua tra baku

mengerti sesuaikan saja.” “mau baomong karmana sesuaikan sa deng dong.” “Biasa kerja sama-sama ju”.

She can use her second language better in case Kupang Malay,but she still use Papua Malay in Kupang Malay, for example:

“Biasa kerja sama-sama ju, kadang mereka ke kos kerjasama-sama, diskusi.”

“Pertama kali memang kalo bicara dengan orang sini tidakbaku mengerti karena dong bicara dengan dong pungbahasa.”

“Tapi disini pinang kering ko pinang buah?”

She use monitor (Optimal Monitor) to edit her language:

“Bebas juga tidak ya tapi bebas belajar juga apa..rajin

juga dalam hal kuliah apa..rajin kampus masuk kampus

dengan belajar”.

“Jadi tidak terlalu apa namanya tidak terlalu tau jadi sehari-

harinya bahasa Indonesia”.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONLanguage is plays or serve a very important role in the

totality of human life. We as human beings cannot live and

survive in the world without language.

Second Language Acquisition is the language that is

require after mother tongue and we begin to aquire the

language without considering the rule (sub-consious process)

Based on my reseacrh Imar Kanggam has shown her

progressing in using the Kupang Malay as her second language

aquisition. She had get the language by hearing from certain

people who live around her at board, campus and all persons

in her society. Although sometimes she uses monitoring

(optimal Monitor) to edit her language.

REFERENCES

Bire, J. 2009/2010. Second Language Aquisition (Module). Kupang :FKIP UNDANA

Bustan, F. 2011/2012. Language And Culture; an Overview (Module) : The University of Nusa Cendana.

APPENDIX

THE TRANSCRIPTION

First Transcription: Interview

Ochy : Selamat siang Imar

Imar : Slamat Siang juga

Ochy : Imar pung nama Lengkap ni sapa?

Imar : Sa pung nama Imar Luther Kanggam.

Ochy : Oh.. nama panggilan imar saja tow.Dari Papua Tu namatempat tinggal asal tu nama apa?

Imar : Disana kami pung kabupaten, Kabupaten Merauke.

Ochy : Kabupaten Merauke, tapi Imar tinggal di Merauke?

Imar : Iya tinggal di kota

Ochy : owh di kota...mmm.. tinggal di kota,Su datang disinidari bulan apa?

Imar : Datang kemarin bulan, Juni.

Ochy : Disini ada keluarga ka atau..?

Imar : Kalo keluarga, tar ada keluarga disini.

Ochy : jadi Imar datang...

Imar : Datang tinggal dengan teman-teman sa.

Ochy : Pertama kali datang tiggal dengan sapa?

Imar : Pertama kali datang, datang dengan teman-teman dariPapua juga tapi beda kabupaten. Kalo dari Merauke sa sendiri.

Ochy : oh.. itu memang ada rencana su ke Kupang atau su dengar-dengar Kupang atau ad orang su cerita-cerita atau teman-teman yang ajak.

Imar : Kalo dengar-dengar Kupang sa tidak tau sama sekali,Kupang tu tempat bagaimana sa tidak tau. Dengar-dengar Kupang kami su dengar tapi tempat dimana sa tidak tau.

Ochy : Jadi Imar disini tinggal di rumah teman atau di kos?

Imar : di Kos

Ochy : oh..di kos. Dekat dengan kawan-kawan dari sana juga?

Imar : Tidak juga. Kalau kawan-kawan yang dari Papua tu dong tinggal di Rusunawa. Sa sendiri yang tinggal di Kos.

Ochy : Oh..memang ka juga ada dengar bilang ada na-ana dariPapua datang tinggal di Rusunawa. Pikirnya pertama Imartinggal di Rusunawa

Imar : iya memang pertama, pertama tuw tinggal di Rusunawacuman karena Rusunawa yang dibawah sana skali katong pung kampus diatas sini terlalu jauh.

Ochy : oh..iya jauh..

Imar : terlalu jauh jadi sa ambil inisiatif, sudah pindah di kos saja.kebetulan kos juga dekat dengan kampus jd pindah di kos saja.

Ochy : jadi datang pertama liat Kupang bagaimana?Kupang dengan Papua ni beda-beda karmana?

Imar : Kalo Kupang dengan Papua memang beda ya karna katong liat disini tanahnya beda dengan yang di Papua punya, tanah di Papua punya tidak terlau panas jadi pertama kali datang tuhan liat Kupang pung panas, Panasbagini tidak sama dengan Papua pung panas tapi tidak terlalu panas.

Ochy : oh..iya mana di Papua tanah rawa-rawa to jadi ada seimbang-seimbang dengan sejuk juga. Terus karmana bahasa karmana

Imar : Bahasa masih logat Papua.

Ochy : Dengar bahasa Kupang? Ada yang son mangarti ko? Atausulit untuk mau terjemahkan ko?

Imar : Pertama kali memang kalo bicara dengan orang sini tidak baku mengerti karena dong bicara dengan dong pungbahasa.

Ochy : Misalnya kayak bahasa apa?

Imar :Kayak bilang Bagaimana disini bilang ‘Karmana’. Ih...Karmana tuw apa? Karmana tuw barang apa owh karmana tuw bagaimana.trus ‘son tau’ juga kita masih bingung-bingung itu hari kita kan bilang ‘tra tau’ ow..disini bilang son tau pelan-pelan ‘son tau tuw’ ‘tra tau’, lama- lama katong jadi mengerti ju.

Ochy : Jadi di lingkungan kos ju bicara dengan kawan-kawan kos atau belum kenal ju?

Imar : Kalau bicara, sudah..su kenal juga jadi bicara pakebahasa sini,bahasa Kupang bicara dengan dong. Karena kalo sa bicara katong pung logat papua tra baku mengerti sesuaikan saja.

Ochy : iaa..dulu di SMA, SMA berapa.

Imar : dulu di SMA Yohanes 23

Ochy : oh..Yohanes 23. Ka pung saudara ju ada sana, waktu itu dong lahir besar di merauke. Tapidong su pindah di Ambon, dong di Merauke tapi di Jagebob.

Imar : Oh..Jagebob di bagian ini aa...di kampung. Kan Jagebob berapa, Jagebob 1,2 sampai 13.

Ochy : Abis ini ada kuliah kah tidak?

Imar : ada jam 3.

Ochy : Ok kalo begitu mungkin cukup hari ini, nanti katong ketemu di lain waktu lai mungkin bulan depan lai baru ka ambil tapi ini Imar masih mau direkam to..

Imar : Iya..iyaaa ka masihh.

Second Transcription: interview

Ochy : Slamat siang Imar.

Imar : iya siang.

Ochy : apa kabar?

Imar : baik..

Ochy : Karmana di Kampus Hujan di kampus karmana?

Imar : Dikampus kuliah baik-baik saja cuma ini hari hujanjadi kayak agak pamalas begitu, apalagi sebentar ada kuliah sore lagi.

Ochy : Tetap semangat namanya kuliah to.

Imar : Iya ka.

Ochy : Karmana suw lama kuliah ni.dari bulan apa Septemberkah bagaimana ada yang rasa susah kah, masuk kuliah tu bagaimana?

Imar : Kalo menurut sa kuliah lebih bebas dibanding SMA, yang didapat ee..apa..bebas tapi bukan berarti bebas,bebas yang terlalu bebas juga tidak ya tapi bebasbelajar juga apa..rajin juga dalam hal kuliah apa..rajin kampus masuk kampus dengan belajar . kalo Slama ini aman-aman saa kuliah palingan pusing sa dengan tugas-tugas terlalu banyak kepala saki.

Ochy : Tapi dengan kawan-kawan aman sa to tugas bisa kerjasama-sama.

Imar : Biasa kerja sama-sama ju, kadang mereka ke kos kerja sama-sama, diskusi.

Ochy : Bagaimana baomong dengan kawan dong tiap hari di kampus baomong su bisa?

Imar : su bisa.

Ochy : Kayak bagaimana su mengerti kata apa begitu?

Imar : Kalau pertama-pertama kali datang. Agak Bingung-bingung juga dengan dong pung kata-kata. Karena kata-kata itu kan tidak pernah pakai di Papua agak-agak ada bingung-bingung juga.

Ochy : Kayak kata apa?

Imar : mmmm..kayak kata andia . Sa juga sebenarnya tidak mengerti skali ‘andia’ tu apa. Tanya-tanya begini andiatu kayak kita mau mulai percakapan begitu aa..baru pakekata andia

Ochy : andia ko..ke dia pung sebab begitu.

Imar : ha’a kayak begitu su.pertama-pertama memang tidak mengerti. Karena lama-kelamaan su biasa baomong dengan ana-ana disini sudah.

Ochy : Kalo baomong dengan kawan-kawan kos dong baomong karmana?

Imar : Tergantung karna di kos kan bukan orang ini sa ang..maksudnya kalo ada orang ini lagi Sumba dong, kan Sumba pung logat beda aa dengan Kupang jadi sesuaikan saja dengan dong, mau baomong karmana sesuaikan sa dengdong.

Ochy : Waktu di Papua itu tiap hari deng orang tua pake bahasa apa? jang sampe ada bahasa daerah jadi di rumah pake bahasa daerah?

Imar : Tidak, bahasa daerah orang tua tu sebenarnya tidakterlalu ini kuasai betul bahasa daerah, Kita bicara bahasa Indonesia biasa saja, karena kalo mau bilang bahasa daerah kalo kita tinggal di kampung baru ini kita tinggal di kota dari lahir orang tua ju begitu jadi tidak terlalu apa namanya tidak terlalu tau jadi sehari-harinya bahasa Indonesia.

Ochy : Jadi di sekolah baomong bahasa?

Imar : sama baomong bahasa Indonesia

Ochy : Bahasa yang benar juga. Bukan yang benar juga tapi logatnya yang su begitu.

Imar : Tidak benar juga tapi bahasa Indonesia dalam logat Papua begitu.

Ochy : Trus selama Imar disini ada kata yang belum mengertisampe sekarang atau masih rasa aneh?

Imar : Kata-kata sudah tidak terlalu aneh, biasa saja karena su biasa tidak rasa susah.

Ochy : Bahasa apa??

Imar : Bahasa yang sa masih bingung tu kata oto kalo orang bilang oto memangx oto dengan taxi tu beda ko? Dong bilang beda. Disini kan bilang mobil oto a..oto tu apa?Oto tu mobil a..itu bahasa agak rasa aneh, orang biasa bilang mobil

Ochy : Kata apa lai?

Imar : Basong tu Kamorang. Pertama Basong tu maksudnya apa.

Ochy kalau di Papua itu?

Imar : Kamu. Kamu saja dorang bilang kamu untuk semua, kalau 1 orang itu ko.’ko mau kemana’ kalau macam banyakorang itu ‘kamu mau ke mana?’

Ochy : Ohh..jadi lumayanlah su mengerti to.

Imar : Su mengerti dan su lama jadi tidak terlalu susah bicara dengan ana-ana dong.

Ochy : Enjoy sajalah namanya adaptasi jadi tidak harus cepat-cepat. Jadi bagaimana Imar dengar dari orang baruomong atau copy kata-kata langsung pake atau tanya di kawan ‘kawan ini dia pung arti apa?

Imar : Dua-duanya sih, kadang apa namanya dengar dari ana-ana dong bicara baru mulai tiru-tiru. Tapi kalo sa son mengerti tanya dolo jang sa bicara sembarang-sembarang itu parah. Maksud lain orang pung maksud lainjadi harus tanya dulu ke dong.

Ochy : Ok, untuk hari ini terima kasih, nanti katong rekam yang berikut. Terima Kasih Imar

Imar : Sama-sama ka.

Third Transcription: Daily Speech

Adren: Imar sonde p ini apa? Acara bakar batu?

Imar :

Imar : tergantung juga dong bakar batu baru bakar babi,ubi,

Imar : apa tu hasil alam tu dongtinggal ambil sa,babi ju dong piara

Ochy : Natal ni rencana mau pi mana?

Imar : disini saa son pulang.

Adren : tunggu ko puas-puas disini baru pulang.

Ochy : supaya pulang begini,wee nona kupang heehehee..

Imar : Semester tiga baru pulang.

Adren : Kalo pulang di semester genap ke ganjil 2 nae pi 3 begitu. Itu kan bula-bulanlibur panjang

Imar : Itu libur lama kah?

Ochy : iya libur lama juga.

Imar : Itu sampai September baru masuk.

Adren: Biking apa sa?

Imar : Iya?

Ochy : kalo pulang pi sana biking apa sa?

Imar : Ketemu keluarga dong, bantu orang tua.

Adren: Adi disana di daerah mana pantai ko peggunungan?MakanPapeda?

Imar : Makan Ka makan dengan apa?

Ochy : Pake kuah ikan. Di Imar dong makan ubi kayu yang kasih kering taruh mentega tu ko sonde?suami ko..

Imar : ohh..suam ko? Disana juga buat, tapi disana orang-orang Tual dong yang buat, orang Kei dong yang biasa buat. Dong biasa buat langsung jual. Dipasar banyak, suami,suam,suam.hehhe..jual suami..

Ochy : Be suka makan itu barang.

Imar : Ho.

Ochy : Disana makan siri pinang ko sonde?

Imar : Makan aa orang makan. Bangun pagi orang langsung cari itu,orang sonde cari sarapan nasi.

Ochy : sama ju deng orang timor aa..

Imar : Tapi disini pinang kering ko pinang buah?

Ochy : Pinang buah, pinang kering sama sa.

Imar : Kalo disana kan pinang kering

Adren: Pinang buah tu makan secara adat biasa.

Imar : Pagi hari orang cari pinang bukan cari sarapan tapicari pinang,tapi biasa orang-orang tua dong.

Adren: Makan sirih pinang tu rasa ke apa ee..ke minum kopi atau semacam apa begitu.

Ochy : Tapi orang yang makan sirih pinang gigi kuat aa.

Imar : Ho, dy son akan cepat rusak.

Adren: Hendrik ni kayaknya dia pung logat sonde bisa hilang.

Imarr : Ko? Hahaha..

Adren: Su 3 minggu apa rekam,tetap logat papua, itu dia pungnama fozilisition.

Imar : haaa..mendarah daging

Adren: Itu kalo mau ruba juw mungkin dia son pulang Kupang samaskali sampe dia tua.

Imar : Dia son akan ini..berubah.