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93
Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1941 The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal by leaching methods by leaching methods Daniel Chalmers McLean Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Department: Department: Recommended Citation Recommended Citation McLean, Daniel Chalmers, "The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal by leaching methods" (1941). Masters Theses. 4973. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/4973 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected].
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Transcript of Scholars' Mine
Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine
Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations
1941
The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular
reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal
by leaching methods by leaching methods
Daniel Chalmers McLean
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses
Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons
Department: Department:
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation McLean, Daniel Chalmers, "The mineral association in manganese ores, with particular reference to the phosphorus-bearing minerals and their removal by leaching methods" (1941). Masters Theses. 4973. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/4973
This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected].
THE JlIlI'ERAL ASSOCIATION IN MANGANESE ORES. WIm
PARTICULAR REi'.ERl!tfCB '1'0 THE POOSPB3RtJB..aEARIBG
lUNJ1RAL8 Am> THEIR RlAfOVAL BY LJ'.ACHING Hi'l'HDIS.
It
THESIS
aubm.1tt d to ~he f a oulty of the
SCHOOl. OJ! mma AND lIE'l'ALLURGY OF THE UNlVERSIW
07 MIS8Ot1S1,
in p1irt1al tultlllment of the work
r&qu1~ed tor the
Degree of
~ OJ' SCIENa - CH.maOAL llNOIlf.Eli:lUlm MAlOR
llol.la, 0
1941
,4 of the Dep~t t4
cal JDginee.rlng au4 Ohem!,,"
The author ls most grateful to the 14issouri School ot Mln&s
and Metallurgy for having apyointed 8tm Resoarch Fellow at tbs
United Bt<..tes Buroou ot Minell Experimental Stat1oD. 1n Rollf:" Th
great ~nt ot usoful knowledge gained tram ten mont aaso~-
. atLoD with t Bureeutcgethex: with tbe m.u.Y l'f1U".1ll tri ndahipa
tom d 'her heve made this past yet.r , sl~ the r1ehefft 1n tlle
eu.thor' s experienoe.
1&10 .. 3.t 11 n U. Sh61.t.on, Suporvi81Il8 ~1ne r ot tile Bureau
fit Mino , directed this the 18 work 111 e. moat untiemancUn& aD4
OQaperattve mann0r, and his maqy halpi'ul suggestions baae4 upcm
"hi. QXpQriencc .,l1th t1le l~neBe probl kept tb18 work on
eound ·praetlcelb& 1s.1h'.d D.. D Ve.nay, Maoe-tat Metal-
lurgist ,of tbe Bureau of' in, '.li Y«1' willi and l nftluabl
80urce of ore dr 8s'lng and m1neralo&1oal i.n!"01'tI!.ation to wlDa. the
au'thor t lB4 .eply ladebtect. ~ , SOh:reU. t dl1or.. te.oult7
&dv1 or, throughout the whole year gave «enero:d~ t
aM • and be 18 in a gr t f4 sure responsible for e:II;f 8UO
t4t 1 t:t ~ ha e be n develop
'1:'0 ' • A.t L. 1, A a1st nti ~etaUut'.g18t of t he Bureau of
iDe,.. be Olltbor ftshlla to ~res8 b1 . deep appr ciat10n t'or t,. t be ileAt 1n going over the prel1mtne.ry m.an~crlpt. . aJli 1'or
balpful end oo-nstructl "f8 crt tt ott reel •
• :I. rtel and 0.. Ii .. Waldron, 3\m1Qr Anal,yt1cal
C .TW11or Metallurgist r ect1vel¥. both O'f' .. bam 00.1 ...
1 ORt: with t.he author 1n inveat! ' tl~ this problem. ere Itt
cooperative tell ow workers, and t he r rut. obtained :rrom thei!'
1
phase ~ the work contributed greatly to the 8en~ral atore of knDIf
led.go rega rding tho amenability ot the pho8Pborua minerals 1n m.an
ganese oros to lea ching. Mr. Albert. Ollar , lunior Analytical Chem-
1st in c !lf;r ge of the c hemical l aboratory, directed all of the lUl8.l.y
tical required i n this problem, and his prompna88 and efficiency
contributed greatly to the progrea8 luade 1n this investigation.
11
11i
Page
Int.roduction .o. ........ o. . , .......... ....... .................. ,. ................. 1
Don!.estic !le.!.~ne8e Situat ion ..... -........ ,. ......... ................... 1
hrt I - M1neralogical Investigations .................... o.o... ..... 6
Preliminary Work ............................... "" .... "" ••. ".. ........ .... 6
d Ores . ...... 11
Part II - Leacb1ng of Ar.kansu Wad Oru o.o.... ...... ...... .. •. .... 21
Prel1m.1nary Work ....................... o. ........ ........ . iI' .o. .... o... 21
Batch Leach1ng • ....................... o. . . ........................... 32
Single Batch Leaohing ................... ................... _ .... 32
Vult1ple Contact Bateh L aeh1ng ................ ........... 34
Oountor-o.eurrent L c b1Il8 ................................... _..... "
,.eellaneous Leacbing Tests ... .,. . ............ 0- HI. ...... ...... ... 46
A01d Consumption Tests ....... .. ......... -•. ~ .... .. ' ........... 46
ash '1'e·sts .... .............. " .... .... o. ... .: ........ " ............. 46
Hot Leaches .......... ............ ., .................... _.'. '.-......... .50
SUmm.a.ry of Leecb1ng Data ........................................ S, Part In .. Vol.atl11zat10n of Phoapoo:rwJ ................. 1O........... 66
OO.nolurion8 .......... ......................................... . _'"' ..... ..... 72
gaT OF TABLlIS
Table Pege
Chem1ca l composition and some plVsical properties of
the more COl'UlT1on manganese m.1nere.ls. 9
Some propert1es of the common phosphllte mineral • 10
I • .Analysis of t he ll'ernvale limestone and 1ta residual
clay and loss of constitutents in t docay ot the
limestone. 12
II. I.I&ads analysGs of t h,e Arkansas ore invest1gated. 14
III. Soreen analyses of b Arkansas wad ores. 14
IV. Phospmrus separation ob~ 1nab1. in varlous ore dreaa-
ing process8a. 1, V. Iron-phosphorus relntionship 1n roast d magnetic sepa-
ration products. 16
vI. Part.1a1 BD4l.yse. ot the pb0.8pbDruB 1I11neNl.e used 1n
solubility teste.
"VI1 .. Solubility o't aome pbospbDrua m1nenla 1n 14
end N/2 lfaOB.
VIII .. Solubility of some ]ilho&phorus minerals i n variou.
801Tenta.
IX. Pbospbo-ws dissolTed tram Florida pl:!OBpbat rock by
O.ue percent solutions of various chemicals.
L Prel1mi.nl.l.ry leacbing tests uD1ne one percent 801u-
tions at. 2SO C.. on No. 1 and No. 4 Arkan88a ores.. 25
U. Pr&l1m1nary l..ea ch1ng te.8ts on ArkeD a 1-1 'WIl... eld
reageat ••
LIST OF TABLlS
Table Page
XII. Prel1m.1nary l e(i ch1ng test.s on Arkanet'.8 1-1 us ing acid
r eagents. 29
XIII. Prel1mln.nry l eaching tests on Arkansas 1-1 using
perchlorlc acid. 30
nv. Preliminary lea ching teste on ).rkense8 1 ... 1 roasted
wit h sodium ohloride. 31
XV. 3-stag& oounter-current leaoh on raw Arkensas 1-1
using nitric ac1d.
XVI. 3- g& counter-current lea oh on raw blcaJ188S 1-1
Wl1f18 aulf'u.r1c aold. 39
XVII. Count er-current leeches on flotatIon concentrat ••
01' Arkansas 1-1. 40
XYtII. Counte~eurrent leaches on flotation ooncent~te8
o:t Arka.nsas 1-1. 41
XIX. 3-at.e.g counter-current leach on flotation concentrates
0'1' Arkal'usas 1-1.. 42
XL ).oatHS counter-ourrent leech on flotat ion cone- nt~ tea
ot Arkansas 1-1.
m .. .1014 cons t10n t at on "",,-J<"""
lXIl. Acid COD.sumpt10 - data ..
ron. uh Tests on Raw Arlcansae 1-1.
xt%'( .• shing tests on Arkansas 1 and 1-1.
rtS. Phosphorus reduction 1n smnple treete4.
xxvt. Analyses ot sinter ••
T
vi
LIST OF TABL.ES
'l'8b 18 Pe.~
:x:IVrI. Lea cb tss:te on s1nt.ered product s ot Arkansas 1-1. 69
XXVD:I. Leach test s on s1nter ed produotlll ot ArkanH8 1-1.. 70
XXIX. Leaching ot sint er by peroulat1on methods. 71
LIST OF GRAPB3
Figure Page
1. Reduction of the pooBphol"US content in the ore
by single batch leaobes.
Acid cOIlswnptlon data
Solubi11ty ot caloium sulfat • . in aqu$0U8 sultur1e
celt! at 2,0 c.
'. 4. ' Solub11Uy ot calc1um sul1'at-& in phosphoric add
solutions at 25° c.
5,., Percen~8g o-t phosphor'ua in the residUe TerSU8
pulp d1lution.
6. Variation in the perceJltage ot phoBphoru..e dU ..
solved t:ran Arkansas wad or 1 ... 1.
eo~ub111ty ot CaHPO ... 1n aqueou.e lfeP04 at 2SO C.'
:D.sigruJ 'tor COW'1t.er-ctl1"'Pen.'t aysteme, system. 1
De 1.gne tor countEn'-cu:rrent III' teu,.,st :;
34
49
55
T11
DTlWDOOTIOB
the lJ1veeUpUo.11 of the phosphate miaerala \.0 be described in
this paper h.aa for its bade incentive one 81aple 70t hl8hl7 important
tact--mangane8e 1s ab.olutely easential in the produotion of ,\ •• 1.
It hi fitting, then. that the touree. Mlld economics of th1~ invaluable
element be brle1'17 discussed. as introduction to thh th .. h prool .. .
The Domestic Man~.e Situation
...a.l~"'lUese at the pres~nt time 18 the mo t i mp rtant .trate 1e
tal.' not beo the UrlUed St teu 1. l a ck! in d&poa1 til contaln1nc
thi. IIl8tal, i beoau.se the vut reHurce of JlIIiW~CI~le . re
seatt t' d. thrcmghout h1a oouatq have Q,ever been developed.· ... IUM'q
t ille itt ra ture conduc t ed b7 the Bureau of M1zae In 1934(1) th
t.bat re 'bodie s oocur in about 300 cUatrlcts acatt.recl
thro a a . 1'he _1IopWi&:8a. content of the8
fl"OJl 1 pe,. c :t. io 48 per c t , ' -nu.e the Ihe of t
t
co 1 ted b1 th Un! teA t tea Ce logical Survey ha.
pr • nee t ew re&. rv or ral 11110n to as o! ore ,·
YUeA .utficient p.neae or to IN.pply her n6 • . or
7ear 11 atopa a take 1 Uato17 to develop t h 8. n
! gr \ .t. 1 1adu..tI"1.. in t h l eo tr1 each yea:r
5J J \
(1) . ' '. ', DeV e;r. . ' D • • and OoghUl. w. I • • ··w ~~ . ... . d 11u.~ It, r $ I.. • ,; V
1
600,000 \oil. of terro-grade ""«Me e oa, ( 2) "a' despite the treaudo: a
~.e ore H""" locat84 vtUda our ., f7 11124.', 915 per cent 01 thb
... U 1.,.1".' trom ncb. 4l1taD\ place as :rt'IHa1a. tnella, South Ur1ca.
ltrasl1,u4 •• Phillppae t.lMd.. 1'ha •• wel" to 'hi. strap Mate of
affatr. lay.lve. tbe ta •• tw.ble 8OOM.les AAgle-\heae t01"el. COUIl, .. 1 ••
p •••••• rlchar eft_ which be lI1»d wUh cheap labor. Ihlppecl to thl.
eountl7 14 at pptc •• vUh whio)); \be do •• tlo producer 1. waa..,l. t.
~. S.,.,.n.l a\'eap'. haft b Mde 1)" do.sU.c an .. ese produc ....
sa 'be laat decade \0 hav. • nttlc1e'Atly bldl protect tv. ,ulU plac
... on. eo that do.rile producere could ..... te at • prot!"
lh:u.. .'taulaUa. do.d'e prod.U • $e •• raJ. a.bana •• Sac . die
co\Jld. be •• Oct e.1-. ,_ flul otttoJ.al nplt ... '0 .each 0
t '-.e petitt. • In. pol"lcal Jagg11-cta baJ0,D4 \he scope 'hts
p&J81'. tu .UuatlOll •• it DOW aMild. 1 a.· t p:r tecU,ve tuttt Sa
"- &OC'IIM4 of betac uapatl'lotlc.
as.ac.... ~ ... -.Jt of »u:rop • aUlltl", , the --«u •••
4lttlGU1\ M 0 Wa fen.·.
,lag ...... 1.. act .... aatqpal coa.- \IeIlca. pr10 •• baTe...... the
"'10-.1 .... , ... _~llpe.t.' . ". ' 0 . I '1,
l;. 39. _. . · ,...4 ........... of .. ",... tpelUl tlC».OOG.CJSO
ft .... fov..,..... lod 'to? * .• p..u .. 01 a$:ra'egtc _tv1al et
...
(2) Ii ·· . • a. B. • ... 1· •• B. •• .. _ ....... U8,.. ••
ONe-. Miaenl·. t 'I' ok (1940). p. 571-610.
which~. ore 1. required in the l&l'~8' quaaUtle • .(3) 0al7
high-grade on .u.itabl. tor ,he ...-ufaotve of tHrcmNlganea. ••
usl ted.a .,.teelo. ad. the tollow1Jlg epeo1tlcaUoll8 were made tor
'bNe ~. of \-hie -.t8r1&1.
_.IMe •• (atn1au) lroa ( .. tau) a1110a (81mua) .bo:lphoJw (IIUt_) Uua_ (.ul_) .lbo (.adJma)
.erc8D. __ enp..Ut.A lrae. A Grade 1t On4. C
48 ., , 00.12
3 1
48 '7
10 0.11
• 1
48 'I , 0.15 6 1
All Oft \0 pa • • • 6-iuh urea at ... t 80ft ,.baa Ui pel" t w tan *u a a&-a.ah aonea.
III el'd.r" build lip .tock pUe .... bU .• ban be_ .~ ., prlce.
nagiac tr.a 45 to- " oaa'. pAIl" ua1' (a 1181t 1. 22.4 pGQd. ", ooa'-1M.
-!PI .... ). Wlthlll 'bla price rup. do_ allo 0"'. ... ..... at a prof", __ 4 ballce a _t'1o .. b10 aU .. _. t&tea place 1a do."to
pro4 .. '1 •
.... 10 pr.oducer:. hr." two aJor p bl.. with _leb to 00 it_. !bit first 1., 'al1.f ~ 01'" are low crad UI4 heact .. t be n»oIo
P .. ot
.~ .'-1.' r •• elt.,. • akq .. 'el)' " crib 4. 1a \bAa '0-110-"1111 ,. ..... t
<8" <NI. t. alp laUir _tlceabl ••• _kl~ .... 1
bri"1 ... t .. 11. u48r .,... .. Wlftlta'bl. 10 4ueU1' ... .
rbMp..... r •• a 4I01IJlOuaA "Uh U. 11'0-. N. ftll 1a
IH J ? Jf , I 4$' t .I ,
DaTl •• B. W.. OPe ott.
3
turD toa. a eerie. Gtall.o, .. "Uh 11"u. _nag a
!uibla eutectic oonta1nlag 10 per cen' phoapON. _4
90 pel' ceAt 1ro.. ~1B eutectic will fora in the .t.ol
\0 \he exteat of the MOUat of pbsttphoru.a preseat ; \h&t
1. '\ ar .. 0.1 per- cent 8'1 pboapnQl'\U will reault la 0.1
par e'eat of eutect ic. !his euteoti0 .et ta at a lower
tesperatm-e than the rema1rlder of the 'Mel; U 11 there
tore apt ,. be _It,. at ,..lUllg t.mpe ... luH. and to 4.
eftae. ,he ,l'e11lDg q_l1tlel lome t. but 110' eo haratul
.. _ltv. !mt pboQ!u)!'1 "'"'"0 111 __ , •• to ,- CAb.
~ouaclariel cl.ur1ac Ula tre' •• 1Jac et .toel aa4 pro4une .,..".
_1t\1_ pl.aee or weabe •• 1Ia4fJF ... ,. ettee' ot
phMphoru ... '_n:!' .... tIllIowa up _re 'lpIcU.l17 .... 'he
... ,.... uaA ... ar41DaJ7 ,\aU. te._. .he ,tfect .t
pholfJhUu b __ .. tab aa4 lJUd~~. PhaapM"" h •
~o elala' la .... 1 a4 S, 'faleable .. 17 be ....
~ .. _.. .101l i' p1'04.... . . . .. . . . . . . . .. n 18
eat. 91'&0\1 .. '- ha.,. .. . ~ be' .. 0 .06 ,. oe.' .. a n,a_ ill all etnet .. 1 01"
be hbJe." \0 Pock or Tl'Oat,oa. it (4)
"*tpho' .... h .. co D ..,....u.t in •• t. 4o .. tlcol'd h per-
allod 1a u,e gov.... ,
.. r _
(4-) . .... L6AM,a., J. aud Bu"_. 4.. ttll.ug1aeol'i *'all_17". Jl. t .•
_"..ln1. 1926. ;p. 1'4-175.
,he uaUed State. Bureau of tUne. IixpaJiMotal Station at 1011&
ba. no Uy been coruluetblg an lnt ... tve ta",.etlga.tlo of the .......
ab1l1t7 Ctt Ar e __ one to O1U"ioMeJlt by .taa4ul .... dnut.ac
_thod.. !hee. AJ1Ian. • orea are lewacte with V. e.U .. ~ecl r •• enoe.
1'WID1Jt.« !AM _ftl"al IIll111oD. to.... !'.he,. cu. M e iIlc_tra\.4 to .e' all Gnde :s fer _8e8 .,eclflcatlOJla-wU,ll the .xcepUoD of 'a' ot the phoaphol'Ul content •• , 111 all cuee tU phe~l"U h .. hlP
•• to __ the on rthle.. r p1"8 61lt coadt'lon~.
ah coDdJ.<Uoa aug t ed \he Fobl. o~ i171Jtc to .. taCOTer a
.. tbod 'b7 " h lch tbe pho .p1:101'116 O8u1d be .1181naUd.. whloh 1a tva.
cal1e4 tOF a ge • . tu", 1untU'lcaUoD.f the ph~bel'\l"'",,1"lDc COlt
po11Dd,;. the t ... t •• c tlDa1q.ad8pk4 obo • ., .. follow! ' liDe, fit
,.sut.., 1. 4 ~ t .... ·d.a:rd Jaao_ .e and. bo.pboru aiae2'&1 •
• _ to lie _ iD (lr4e. $0 beG __ faa11lar "'til ,_11' pNp.""'''
2. • w-4 tF" thl. -lt4:v •• \0 b. applle4 to 'he
uuc17 ., Mwal ... ,..a ... ~1all7 tho· •• rna t_ , ... Ua . latnot 1a ~ .. .
5. oa ~ 0I.~·'1. ot lda'U'loa"'" nc. U ,be ".aJ. lat ... 1Nkl of tb.6 pho~n.a. .... t&!Jtt.ac
IIblaPal w1)J.4 V.,YIlI • • t..,. a _elI81l1cal ., 1M!. _..-
U h . \-bit .sa....,... .. ....... lop_' of ..
p . '. 'Ii ' _~.f 81 wHat lAgtM , • ..,.1"" vl4 lie. ..aer-
PART I - MINXRALOGICAL INVFSTIGATIONS
lUJ,lMIJ'ART WO '
:Because of the fact the. t the av: l1able optical quip eAt had no'
been 1D 11 e for ·.VOJ." 1 18ar'S. much ta .• was COn81ll1l d in the orpab1nc
0.'£ & mlcJI08coplcal laborator7 1.0 ·t.hat the tlJ"U part of t he l«)J"k could.
be carried 0\1\ .
co ditto 4 .......",tredll, 'hl"e. lead. laps "8 r ..... 'tI.I'.t eed. and r ..
Cl Il v pitch lap _48. A .et of f ine abra.tT81.1 ' 8. the als.a & pte' "Deia« -16
aloroae. - 3 eros.-, d. -1 atCl"O . '!be 81se4 pU't1cl •• waH b ~
h41 • Ul.cat • et'llag. .so. • t.pl»-.1N It ,he top tr 'loaf the IUlP d* elUI att.,. a apecU1 •
• '. ,.riQel had _lap e4. the tl.· lag ':en1aa4- t
uDti.8 .. (6)
. iI · " l
j, • t t 07 ua.t
' r'k i> lIIMJ'liOllICOp ~11_ ... tcu· ••• cl&1~~"IJ"!f
• 61_ l1wol', 'e4.
Ie i n. 1( 4 , . , t ; " -I ,' 4 tit! T I me ( . I •
(15) .<;:l1li' krdiLt" ..a 1;ookIa. 0-,. L" .,utbook., ~ , .........
• ., 1' ... ' ·".r1ll11..84 ea.... lMO. p. 133.
" ON
Polishing Teohnique
'he technique adop~8d tor polishing the bakelite mountings of the
Tar10us mineralB t. outlined a8 follow ••
1 . :!.Gugh eu.rtac1ng Oil a gla plate udDg 500 carbol"\Uldua.
! . 15-ra1aute run Oil a lead lap using 600 alu1ua, water . _4 a
tOY drOp1t of light lubrlcat lac 011 .
3. 2O-Jlinute J'W3. on II 1 ad lap ualll« ... 10 .leroD al. ua1~ wat •• ,
an.4 a tew bop. of lubrloatiq 011.
so lut ion for lubricant .
fl . '1 1 pol! h OIl .. pitch lap requ.1r1Dc 2 to 3 ov. ":1
leron alwai d. 8& tSOluti ..
In p Ii_bing t18 .. __ 0...... n .... .....,. to .. -
!late ,_ oro particl&. vi th a 'be.ke11 te Tam! t. orde!" to ., tbtl
IIOtt_ 'rous o.re grain CODfltit t. 1.·C'Ul'sl1 fix 4 tn the lite .., .......
blgs Q they could be a. ctiee and poll. to tbe high dAtlJl''' :e.oee . 1!'1
lo:t ount1Ag the
.Uh .tr
tt-en. fl_ lah iIIadAt fJ"OJa the b&D1Ue •• 4
o. In tl1e foll.o
11_ ' 81» 1
a -, lila •• .... . wt,
.:0 1... m. . .., ... 1. . U the 1tl'
.,1fl&lT eftiI02'at.«. 'Ih.la .... rdl_ "quirK. ut"" hov ••
.. __ a .. MSa1Bg " gam ••• \hn pa..6 1a • 'nt :.. ad
105·0f.r M .,. s.
.. t. obtai,.' , .... 'bie 'rut'aD.' _" Yert .U.tac, il"J""-
7
'Uw ON gn.l B 08. ea.l)Mq , t po.lleh1D.g reta1nlnc their trtw .'J'UP'" .. _11 lUI ~ an Xd.ll t polich.
I I
ApAtite _~, t. llMlc .otacit. .U.toe
MaAganlte ",be
'. ot the tellow1Dc 1auala
MagneU te ArIranS& f5 V1Tiaaii. ukanaaa I i A'I'lIu ... 12 .A.rkarlaal! 13 ... - Ie
flXceU.e t cl •• O\"lptlen fd the bakelite pft. •• u.d. the
ll1' WMd &ad _ ot penU .. • (?)
, : 1 4 I U _ t
(?) ·fob '. • B. . *lItcfttScoplc 'true ure
391. p. 9-22 (1936) .
8
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above., lr che leal and screen aaalY8 a are show. In 'able U . 4'
the t1Jr1e th1s probltnl vas etme4. Ar aaa 1- 1. 1- 2, 1-3. 1 • aDd. 1- 15
8Ulplea bad not been received. All t he phosphate mineral 1n4en~1ficaU&ll
worlc wa. don upon ukaneaa 1 . 2. 3, 4. 8Ild. 6, and the data abaeA
t r oll them applie d to relM)"f'ing \ phosphorus from the more reoent
sample. boc&us t
eco oa1cal bIportance . '1'be eaal7aes eho.., that bo th ~I of ore a,.
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phoapho • ! 1 t of partieUlar intere t shown 1a thea. anaJ.,J •••
are tbe t&1s-1q' h:lgh perc \ages ot 1111e d the hi gh P rcent a ot - 200
Mtth .terial. pr.. •
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t •• v 1'8l. .t the coacentral. pl'Oduct. b'
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t~ pboepho • had b ~ S: .. ert !he,.. t. o.t.t&1u4
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Qae 127 .. 10 eparat10n of Roaeted 1&1 Co rat • .-:. U. I .
hr.",.f !.nee liept. of tnve t1p tion .. 293&. p . 2 (1921).
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definlt relation. xist. 'between the iron and the phosphorus miAepal
alnce 1n every f iner a.1Ib non- map ttc product the UOl1aad. phoaphorua
content 1 cre& d 111 about the 8&1118 proportion. . (In 11 of these road
te.ta. t1:8 - 200 mean sample was maW. by grinding the roa. ted. - 10 Duh
tractiou on the bucking board. ) em the bub of the •• data and 81aUar
re8ults obtained 1n numerou8 other roast. t88ta on wad. orel, 1 t waa •• aumed
that ,he P 8phorwt aineral waa elt_r closely lAt._locked wUh the 1ron
or that it vaa pre. t ... a molecular a1at e with tbe i1"Oll" perhap.
in the form of iron phoaphlde. AII&lysaa of the 'lano Icre. 81 ...
lhow d li t tle or
lA the 4.1tfer t. Icre .. Ih. traotioul &all ce were ot lUtl. help.
PMaphoru ana17le. on the tloa,_.~lO)product8 t • ,,_ ._lou 10'-••
Ibe. ve1'e aot u&Uable .
• a alD.erala oecum bo th .a hee paniole. d aa -.all ~.
01 sel7' lat.erlocked w1th each 'har froa - alb a do_ to' .. Uer
11a... hoapba' reck partial<. re ...ete4o 'by IUcFOchntcel .. , u a' were to to b. p obl pboqhah rt101. . it":r .urro" .... ·cl
fd .e oalo. or ellal •• d 1a & 'r1x t 1D. Uab 1d • lit
I. . Ii , .
(10) , I' teHTlpU n of fleat- elak "Ih e ul.11 I . D. . .. 'f7
Llqu.td.a tar Mineral leal ADal7 te," U. S. hi' u t in facl:1.
'pel' 1. 1927. 26p.
17
Se-YeraJ. float-sink !,roducts of Arkansas 1 and 4 were p!'"e,par d
ead all optical. study ma4 of the non-opaque m1nerals contained 1a
the fl.: ., product. . At l east dx non-o que eonetitwmts wero totmd..
two of which ~re isotropic. three ua1ax1al, and one rather tade
f!nite . One of the isotropic miaeraJ. had an index of l"e!racUon
er,y 010 . to 1.47 whioh 148nt1flee 1t aa being either neotocite.
a ~d2'OU. manganese eUtcah. or opal . !l'he iadettalte iaer&l.. d
, me of the optical propert1es of be tite, another ,-
•• Uleat • ' Both calcite sad quartz weN feu.nd to be pre
non-op que m1aerala. OM was a bl-ax1a1
er&1 of low bl- J'Ofr1ngence with an ladex of retraction be i w
propertl • identify thla .!neftl as be1n« paiUse !he ot I" ir ..
, in ral o1.1nd. d1 soolor' d. hot plo ..
han all" ... of Fatrae n t .. bout 1 . 620.
of thi. t correspond qllite closely to those of
tlally ea.a.<P(4)2.~aO- a Aescrlb 4. b1
eo tl7. 18
.. Usa
-lfteftl,
(11) •
• 1 t , t of aphor&.tea. ..n!.ch are C(Ulcret1ona!7' varJ..tl •
the . rphGua nature of the mineral and 1
t U ... -.08_1110_ ccm,t&a:tzla ... b t ala eltl ae 08pba\eet(1.s) tid. COI~.1l11 ~'iUmt
!'ell 1 ..... or1be4 aa . rpMua aM lloldal pborrphaM of
- 3D, j III
(11) • •
. • t • • Willey. p . na-n9 (1~2) .
(18) 11>1 • • p . '106.
• "' L; . t
18
alta chemical composit1on quite cOJlW)n~ known &8 "bo1l.8 phosphate. If j,
cc r laon ot th1e a ineral wi t}l po\lldered. aample of a know pboapba •
rock pebble showed the t1«) to be i dentical. in every rea:peet , llo'th of
Ulese phosphat. minerals vere tound in sizos as large a. 65 mesh. but
the Jor1.ty ot the particles were in the - 150 mesh fraction •
.!Car17 prel1minary teats showed that the phoS'phate m.1nerala wen
easily soluble tn dilute acids .. which tuth;:.r 8ubstantiated _heir
t.d.entif1catioa..
Subsequent experience with the e ores to ..> ~her with \he fact ....
Q c trographlc analyste MB d1scl08ed tho preeellCG of titanium, t.hon •
aad 0 of tlw rar eaMha 1n 1eat 8 t presence ot ot r pboaph&ie
ll1aerala such aa naslte. (08. La. »1 ) P(4w1th 1h0:2. d r1a(fGt)".
Tber 18 also the p aBi bll1t~ that so at the man se d 1l"00
pba'es ow in 'able VI ~ al t. 81uu the geological t ~
t.iOA in which ~ e or. OCCUI' could. .1117 haY' tOltered. the \be. of the.. oOllpO d.. How", r. 1l0De of t Ie m1ll1t:rala W8ft 14 itt.
ad i t t. v q detinUe that the maJor :r'1_ot
t.h phosphate 18 111 th tora of pbo8phate •
this 4.1.eovel'1 1nval1date a i lia theory that t he lroad ph .....
ar clo9 17 •• 1 eel . 'rho ine:res,s 1n the phospha.te oontent of tbe f18r
duct. expla.ined 0 the b ab of the 8i11 41 ....
vlbut10n t t ~. au rala. !hea. phosphatee would be 11 ....
atad fro the .... iron at the - 200 8h d l!le and. woUld_twa,l ....
of ...... ft. in whlon the phosphorus eontellt of the noat product on a 3 . 5
~ cU1e avlty liquid fro the -&6 f roo !lesh portion inerf3&n4 DY_
19
that 1D the float pl"Oducn troa h -48 f 66 .ah fractton. whU. 'hi
iron content 4.aHaeed.., 'he iDerea.e 111 tbe percentage of the tron in
the •• ller _all llOll __ gnetl0 tractionl til the 1'0 It te." .1 due to
the 11bol'&tlon 1. the lubwo'lueat crU8hlAg oporaUon of the UIlJ'Oe.lt04
hMatUe PI' sent 1n the 1I1torlor of tbe -10 aee parttcl •• a'bout 'IlIhloh
a tup.rt1clal }.qar ot _pettt. had been fon.d of luftle1ent ap.Uc
.trngth t. C8l'17 the UIlcrual'l8d particl. lnto the ugnetlc portlon at
the l arpl' ah •••
the lollow1Jag 11 tbe woJ'lt1Ac etata aoquu04 Ir-os t hta p.,. et the
1. 1be -.101' phoaphato- be&1'1 181nora1 1a \he wad orel 1I1,..,U-
':ed t. phoapha'o rock.
2. Yhh a1Mral. h pre.eni tJa dberote part10lel l"~ 1A
at 10 t ... a - 6& .eah t. - 200 _d. 'M •• he nap allow tM
,. •• lbllU7 et a _chaalc&l "pal'at lon 'b7 tlo\&\10 • •
3 . Chealoal17. the pho".phate .1noRl 18 rhdl17 .. lable 1& all
411ut. ee14 ... 4 appueat17 OM bo o.all1 1 .... ' nt of 'hil
.N. 4-. a. .. 1\J» taot .. , 'htl or. au' 'be1loat04 M -100 ._ la
eJ04o:r t. ce' _ .ttlcl_t aeparat 10. ot the ~ .. tM. tbe
11'C)11, a .tllten II&CI tao 1111.' bo u04 '" tv. .. , r. lato
cab. t .uttlcl.'at .. to .. et tho terro-1JI'&4e "'olf1oattou.
Ihla at., .. tag opera'loll attord. !aTGrablo C'oacl.Ul.o.a 11&4.1'
which hlgb tellperature reaction. Ilight b. Ga1'l'1. ou\ to
COIl ..... ' \be phoephoJ'UI tnto e1ther 10_ s1&'11. ton .~
ceu1cl b. dr1vea or t a. a '. or tAto & tOI'll whlch WOlIlA 'be
_t I' luble or _lv.bl. in .,ert dilute a o14 ••
.PART II
lJIaCHING or AUA.NSAS 'tIAl) OUS
PI' 11111118.17 York:
'l l eaeh1n& of h1~ pho apho rua 11'011 or8s hal been attempted
PHTiouIlT. (13) ba' 1n eTery ca.e the proae. I •• eUher cbemlcall¥
l apo •• iole or econo.lcalq _lOund. Oae ot the .. illY.,Ugat!
,.. that _aclueteci b7 8Ir'lIog(14) at the 'v_10 ·fa .taUOA o:t \be
lNreau ot Nl . I . d.uring whl ch the lublllt1e1 of t_ Yal"lou
phoap"'e maera11 in 11 e aq_ ... aolutloJII of llUIIeI"Oua 1' ..... t.
were dl'er m · . !he reeul.t a U-t be obta1Jl _1'8 uHCl a. a pt ..
pre11mlDBl7 l eaohillg te,te, U. aOI' uaeN of
ill 'able' 'II. "II. aa4 U .
l ugplUOn,. howTeJ' . U._ cl4ecl to t17 tbe id .• al • ael auoh
arl pH •• t 1a table I . _ alUtia
01'.1.
(13) Vlaal.v., a. M •• "I.e ehtnc lro 01'8' tor' .pc.~ •.• tJ. s. •
• I R pt . ot ta.I.'l 'loal 2266. 1921. 4p.
(14) .er c. :». I .. 'I. Stu.dT of the Occur. ce
Z. of the ho.,-I'WI lIpc:nad . b SoIle 114 11'0 On. of 1.1&-
b . " lJ. • Bur. MiMe Bopt • .of laT.IUptloal 3294, 1936. 9p .
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• PHOSPHORUS DISSOLVED FROM J'LORIDA PJtOSPHA~i ROC1{
~y l-PERCBNT SOLUTIONS OF VARIOUS OKEMlOALS
a1 pel' _1IU'J11um p t
on1um bl- nlphat. A r,Uau1pba te O.1iri" uu. Byc1robl'O 1c acld Jty iI'-oehlo ric a d Nitric ac14 'e:rohlOl'lc act4
Ulph\U"l·c acid
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100.0 0.0 9! ~O 3.?
90.7 loo.e 100.0 100.0 .. ' 1 .0
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Jecause thie leaoh~ operatio •• eem d to baTe pOI.lb111tle e.
Mr. Shelton aasi d Mr. I . w. Boerte1. Junior Anal1Ucal Chalet of
the Bureau of tUn.s to clevot hh 1\111 time to collaborating with the
witer in makinc thorough myesUgation of tbe 1eachiA g poas1b111t1 I
of theM ores . It vaa deeided to concentrate upon Arkansas 1-1 on the
a81U!Dption that ..bat would work for one ore 'oCuld work for all . !his
al.. U baa alne pro", d t be .rroneoua.
Plane for tbB 1 aeh program n.d '11 r tea" on Ar:kanllatl 1- 1
that d be.en van a on - hour rout 1n ~drogen t 5500 C. . then ooole d
.0 roo. t perat 8 1a h74rogeA. A JlWIber of t •• ts 'litre ad. l each1n«
th •• re in "t'&rlous treagths of allmQnl lulfite. JIIlIIOIll bhulfUe.
citrtc ao1d . tartaric a c14. 80dl carboMte, ... a.lua carbo 'e , .41
chlortd4. a aad III per.ulfat. a t 1"00. t .e erat1Jft
at 10° c. -r.e' veH ale. ma4. ul1ag _.a.lWl sulfite. &llMnl,. 'bt-
wJ.tat.. 1\&11 _ .. utat. 41 chler14. aoluttonalch)a4 ••
acld1!1 with nltur1c acld ,'11t h the acldity thro ut the , .•• , 14
corutt ... t .
Q\all .1 .... , ...... ,.. • . leach U,4PlUe to de" _ '0 1F
u. _, .t phoephoru_ . ... H. aDd. lro that. 4 h 41. •
" "h a l l t.. 'ef how .... 1'. e1ther no phosphorus .e extraete4 or
'M &8Owai va. 11 to. JuetU1 qwaatltativ8 d.'eral tion.
A •• rle. f.Jt klta .. ~ NIl uat. aUric and. sulfuric aold. as
1.achine rats. Yarlou .t~lw re u"e4. but even wUh V' 1"7
411 ... 1 u. p1" sellCe fd _ganeae m de 1n the I'o.ted 01".
Nwltsd 1a. p hlbltive .xtracticm. ot the m ••• seaussot \M
h .e ext.ractlO1l lJ1 acid eolutt • the le eh o! all &8",
26
PreU.-1 ry test.a were da on AI' us 1-1 raw o re using nitrlc
aAd. sulphur ic aclda. The results of t. teatt are aho 111 'lables XI
aad XlI . The h1&b p.rent8~ of phosphorus extraction and the low iron
u.4 guea. U .. olutio indicat c1 tla t both acida were auperlor to
&Il7 other reagent te.ted.
Percblorlc acld va. tried deltpite U. axhorDli t coat. and the
r.sults e III YIl in 'able XIII .
It wu thought that a reducbg ro 'with lodlu chlorid. pres.t
1n the ore 19:ht alter the pho8phate in.rala ao t mt the7 wulA beco.
e1 ther vat r l.le or 801"bl e In weak acid.. A. Nasi of thla 1r:1A4
va. cl. u.bg 1000 gram', of 01'. and 20 r ... of commercl 1 aocllWi chlol"U.e .
The r eault I of the e.~. abo 1n Table XlV. aga,1n prov that leaeh1Dc
of r .ted. product tor phosphenl is 11lpraeUca1 because t t hip
.olubl 1U7 ot the reduc.d .. .. ox1d •••
fro. da,.. btaiud in \hie phaa. of the vOl"k the follow co ..
cluions v .. r .... 4 .
1. . uric acid va. at 1 -" laC ~,.
2. '\lOt. oou14 DOt be leacbe4 eoo tcal17 In ac.l!
3 . ?'u aoat loclcal place 1n the flow ah •• t ffir toM leaohlag
,..tlOll .. 1 .. 4-1&te17 tol lov1ac n tatloa. !hi. Il.UK
t .1.. f . era.. be le.ched to atmu 100 _M. 4. .. .the reductioA l'Oalt lpUlon 1 .... 1'", b.t.e. 20
aad 25 per oent . tbe .as perc ntage of pholpbon.. in t.he
1e na ' 116 .bould IlOt ba great .. 'bill 0 . 16 per CAt . ....
allew1Jac f. aD 1acPea 8e la the phoaphol"Ul COllie t et the
.'a prod\lct due to tbe 10s8 of weight la. the ftAIUng proca8 •
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~\ V
aed.
_a
n' .'r
eac\
ht ~r ..
a' x
..u
t_ll
ult
; ...
... _
, li
eu
h o
a,.
.. C
l'aM
•• l
id.
leach
Cba
r .. -
ai1
11
1't
.ra
11qu
14
hlp
»a.
it,.
fb
eo
nti
eal
Aci
d,
htu
Hd
",
poua
a/tO
A .
, 0
1.\
.1 A
.cid
. A
40
4,
pfJW
),U
/t.o
J1 o
ro
pH .
, S
tart
pH
at
t1M
01
Lea
ch.
ho
u.
~OIl
pOft
tur.
.t
l.eae
ht.
00.
,,«
it.t
le
Lea
ch ... 14
_.
gra
aa
Oh
ara
-ao
eovo
re4.
. PO
I' ce
n'
Ob
ar .. t.
., ill
Lea
ch!l
14h
pe
r o
eM
b\J
'Utl
on
8
••
pot>
ce
nt
of -'a
l. ..
..
per
cen
t o
f _
&1
p
" p4
W '*"
o
f to
tal
,be8
ph
oru
til L
each
.U., POI
'
It
A1'Ir
1-1
-3
)0
BO
lO"
i 0.6
? 25
f5
00 • m
276
2.6
2.
6 I • lol
l.
96
4 0.4
2
0.04
66.
' .t
o.
~
55
A
pit
1-1
-000
K
C1O
" 1 1 25
80
0 20
411
413
8.0
2
.0
3 bU
a
22.5
90
10
0.5
1 1
.-00
69.0
0
.27
56
Ark
1-1
-a
lO
Ul0
" lt
1
.66
2i
500
*>
oU1
686
1.8
1
.'1
3 2fS
Joll
a 2
S
92
8 0.5
8 1
.40
63.0
0
.23
57
Ark
1-1
-2
00
1010
4 3 3.
M
25
6
00
20
411
13'1
0 1
.6
1.9
3 25
R
oll.
23
9
2
8 2.1
4 3
.0
69
.0
0.1
9
i
Lea
ch ... 'h
"
Pl'O
du
t Le
ach,
Me
. ft
eA
cn
'U .. 4
IMD
AR
l' A
CID
WC
B
.t st
nag
th.
pe.
ca:
ell
Char..
. UU
. IO
-liA
L
aack
Cha
rS-.
al1
l11
1te
r. l
iqu
i4
Pu
lp D
eu1
t.,
pI
at ~ut
pH a
t ID
4
Le
ach
Ie
.id
a.
Cha
rge
Rec
fl"e
recl
. p
er c
-'
Ch
ar.
Le.,
la t
each
tJac
. p
er c
.,
btr
act l
oa.
:11
; p'
" ce
nt
of
to_&
1 J'
e. p
er
cen
t o
f to
tal
St.
per
ceat
of
tota
l Pho~1'U
1A L
ea.e
h fa
U ••
P'l
" c.,
lIT
s O
B.u
bn
48
1-1
lOA
SH
D '
imt
So.l
) O
lIU)R
IlB
Sp
ecia
l io
alt
wit
h
-roo
I~
25
600
20
9.5
9
.2
lie
..
thaD
28
~I' o
ea' .7
01
....a>
O 1
per
eft
t I~04
1 p
er c
ent
25
500
a>
2.6
4:.2
48
-~
5 pe
r ce
nt
·~4
5 25
500
11) 0.'
1.
9.5
38.0
62
.0
8.3
9S
0.1
04
&'J
6 • .6.11 experimental l eaching should be done in capp d glau
bottles agi t ated on motor drivea roll • •
J ATCH L!!1A.CHIBa
Single Batch Leaching
'Becaue of tbe sll1lpl1city of \he single batch l each i ng proc ••••
thb met.hod 8 t ried first . A aerle s of te t s va. echeduled of the
t lhw1ng t)'ptU
Per cent ac14 1 1
Pound. ot add per ton of ore 50 '5
1
100
1 1 1 1
125 l eo 1'6 200
Each 861"1 ..... run \181n« acid .treng ths ot 0. 5. 1 . 0 . 1. 5. 2. 0 , 2. 5,
3 . 0 and 5. 0 per Cellt , all at. roo. tellperatw.. All ... plea wre raw ere
wb.lch bad been quart r d, eruah to.1aua 100 a e m ad rolled. !he
.. pl ... were prepared in 10 to 15-pouad. lots b·7 U. laborato17 III chaD 1 • •
of the Bur au of N1 • .taff. About 500 t eta of this type have b ...
ade, th maJ r portio of this work be lng do by Mr. Boerte1 and Mr.
C. R. Waldron, Junlor M.etallwgt_ -0-£ ~ Bur_an of Min. . . Mhc llu. -
ou e1agle batch te.ts were alae de using 8.014 ,treD he NIle trom
o. ~ t o 10 p r cent in amounts of fro 50 to 2200 pound. of acid per
t' or . The r esult. f ro. t he". tests are shown 1n 1I'igure 1. 'be .i ttl t t acts rived frOJll thla inv •• t.igat 10n are.
1. HlP ' ,p 411,,'\1 • wUh .tro acid. pro4uc 4 the 1 .\
pbelfpho con t It ta the re.1duea .
2 . Low pulp cUlutionl "Uh .troD« acld. produced the highes'
pbo.PJ'WI content 18 the r e a1d.ue s .
3 . 1'he lovest peroentage of pboapborua tbat could be obta1ae4
el,tentl,. 1a pulp d11u.tions lover thaD. about 7 •• 0. 20
per cent . S ve Pal bolated case. produced ferro-grade produch ,
but the reeu.lt. could not be reprodu.ced.
The ' era Itpulp dilution" b us d to expres. the rat1 of liqu.id.
to 801id in the leaching ixtur . !his 18 the r a U by weight _4 1a
eXpre •• ed by the equation
pulp dilu.tion • pup densit,. (in table)
MU.lUJ!le Coatact Jatch Leach!y
MW.*lple contact 0 tch leaching ulag 0 . 5 to 0 . 05 p r cent acid
.olutiOA wa. In ... tlga t ed 07 Hoertel aad Waldn . A , Ivan volUZle of
dl1ut. act equivalent to about 100 po_d. ot ac14 per tOil .1 ore wa.
dhi ... ' Into equal port lou of a'boa 10 pouadl ot acld per ton ot ore.
aDA reJecteA. ..tber trem portion • adeled t. t_ ore _4 tM
pnc ••• repeated utl1 the total IUIO\JU ., ac14 hac1 be.. e4. teet.
were I'll • • tat; 0 . 05, 0 . 1 . 0. 25, 0 •• , aa4 0 . 6 per cent 8014.. f)Mt
!'he r_&1adeJ' 01 the work ct • • erlb in this paper ... 40ae
tire17 by the -.thor.
aeveral dee1gn for couat9r- current 8),,8tell8 ere dedse4 and.
40uole l'Wla de . Tbe result I are show 1D. Tablea XV to n . All
bat one of the Bystems produced rea1due 8 ltuft1ci8!1tl7 low 1B pbo8-
phorul to e t ferro- grade specifioa tions a. 1a shown in the following
t lr"J,a tlen.
Add DbcaJ'de' "a' Pboaplle 1'\18 ta Pulp pouacla p. r tOil
'yat bel' .ldue . per cent Di1uti o.f 01'8
1 64 0 . 16 17 &al
2 84 . 153 17 704 86 . 169 17 682
107 . 086 10 698 110 . 09:3 10 66'
U hthe xcept lon of a lew 18 I n''e4 C&sel 1n , he 1n e toh
' .ata. thea were tho only leno-grade product o'bt ined. the l'll'b-
.eq Ilt l'OalUag aDd petie •• paraUon t111 l elt the 1 " .. 1d: a
0.1 ten - ad.e qualUy vith one exception, aa may be '80t d by the
lollovine'
, •• t
'" 66 .. 86
107
110
Phoaphorua in leach r •• lcl_. per cea'
0 . 086
0 .092
Pho . pho",. 1n 1'1) 8'.4.!lO Uc prodllCt, per cat
0. 11 .18 .09 . 19
•
35
DlS
IaN
B l
OR
CO
UB
TER
.ct1
lUU
im'
srS'
l'D&s
BrSl
l!¥ 1
11ot8~10ll
,
eon
_ra
t..
.1 (~)
I
f!tl~
Use
d .lo
ll
-
Si"n
t ~~~ ~,
er
1st
sta
s-
Pv
t.1
aU
r Le
&oh
&4
Ore
I F
res,
h A
tIld
,...l
!" .
:37$
lbs
.}to
n: o
:!'·
I O
re Ent.erl~
· tn.e.
j .
-2n
d f
\8I!
" ,(~p
)
~c4,.u,y
Use
d'A
cid
BfS
TD
I 2
_~_l
I'l(
).t~
tl9A
C
on
cen
trat
es
I (ip )
Pr$
aSU
l"e
J'U
ter
I' r
Spen
t .
Aci
d
Part
iall
y ,
Le
ach
ed
Ore
t I
2n
d S
tag
e
---I (i
p)
~8h A
Cid
-l!
loo
lbs.
lto
n o
f 02
'. ente~ th
e
.lot
S
tag
e "
Pre
NlU
'e 111te~ j
r~lt
er
Wil
l!"
D'Ia
'.
.' =
-Part
~!!1k
to R
edu
ctio
n ~
Use
d A
cid
I I L .
.. ~a
or.
Ie ¥"'~~
to _
"U
"" li
OU
t a
nd
~1c B
epaf
ttlO
1l
. attd~et10
Sep
ara'
t1o
n
''&
S'ISTl114 ,;
Flot ation conoentl"te., , ~ •• 4 11' Acid
u,.
1st Stage
Ore
1
~fL Partially LM.ehed
Ore
I
(Pulp)
I
Dilute to 1~
I UN Aet4 If !IL'
treasure Ell-tel'
,~ _____________ l 1 __ ~~. ~~~~O~~~4~~.' ~e~M~· __ ~. _ Reduction Roast an4 l4a.gn 't1C Sepve.t1on
3-S
'f.A.a& C
Om
mllR
-ctm
leach
luab
.. 42A
. P
rod
uct 1
.eached
... h
ag
en
' Va.
Beageat
S'l"~h.
per cent
lflu1
valeate P
reeent
(0a00.a -0a3(~04
)2 L
each C
harg
e ~
gram
s 80114
!-e a.ch C
har,a
"!" m1
l1U
l \81
'. liq
uid
P
ulp
D~.1t1 -
~/s
!beo
reUcal ."
ld Req
uired
. p
ov
ads/to
n o
re 'o
tal A
cid Add.a.
POU
DdS,'O
D o
r. f_
of Leach
. )lours
'-.mpe:rature
of
Leach. °C.
Acl\at1oB
J.each
llea1due.
gram
s G
barc-JleC
Oftred..
pel' cea' C
laarge L
ost
1n
LeachlD,g.
pe!' c
_t
i.ara
ctio
n.
b.
pe
l' cat o
f to
tal
r.. per c
m' o
f tota
l P
. p
er c
at o
f tota
l Pb6aphol"\lS 111 L
each 'lalla
. p
er c
at
Ul1
1'
D:A
CR 011
aAW
U
XA
JiSU
1-1
US
ING
XlftIC
AO
ID
1., S
tace .... ~ b
.14
_
.uk. l-l
1la" (rea 1
st sta
ge
·2
00
-200
Doa BIG
s 2
.5 2 .• 8
5 2.5
.a& 600
300 2
4
12 2&
0 280
1100 eoo
1 ).
26 2S
acu. ael~
3.5
0.7
. 2.5
1.1
'2 &.,
3r
d at fro -200 lm
03 2.5 2.5
300 12 260 600 1 25 a.u .. 1 72 1
8
.39 ., 4
.7
.? ... , '.-8
.11
O
.. 19t
l'AB
U XV
I
3-S'1'AGJJ C
OU
B'l'D
ooCW
XD
'I' LllACB 011 lA
W A
1lD1S
AS
1-1
UJD
O SU
lJPUR
JO .tO
lD
Leach Bw
ab
er
42
-1
Pro
duct L
ea
che
d
lCe
lb
R~t V
le4
!eag
_t S
treng
th.
per
on
t Bqu1~ent. P
re In
t 0a00J -
Cas( P
04)2
ach
Ch
ar. -
gram
l ull.A
L
each Chare-
-m
11111
iterl l1quJd
Pu
lp D
ead
t¥
theo
MU
cal A
cid Requ
ire4
, poun~/'on o
r. !'O
tal. Ao
td A
dded 1f1M
of L
each, ho
uri
'ap
era
ture
of
Leach, .'0.
Ag
itatio
n
Leach
ReeU
ne.
gra
u
Oharg
e Iec.yered.. p
er ee'
ChaJoge lies'
in L
each1n«. p
er cent
t:metio
a.
, pe!' e
ot o
f tota
l r.. pel" cen
t of to
tal
P.
per c
_t o
f total. P-~1"\\f 1
a Le
ach
Tall •• 1Ht1' e.'
J..tS
Ark 1
-1 law
-200 Haso. 1 3.66
25 600
200 460 1 25 111
2.3 1
.98
7
8.a
Iii at'.
from 1 at
S~ge
-200 HalO" 1 1.3
300 12 200 2
30
1
.. 11
.
0.1
9
2:.. 8
.6
3rd
sta
p
le.ldu
e from 2nd stage
-ax> B
aI0
4
1 1.3
300 1.2 roo d
)
1 26 h
ill
20 eo m
,.W
O.D
1,.3
3.8
•• 1
a.1M
tABU
XrII
OO
UN
'lG.-<JU
RlW
IIl' m
ms
ON J'LO
'l'Nl'IO
ll OOI~ 0
7 JU
AB
SAS 1
-1
Leach
luab
v
63
6
4 R
ed
du
6
5
66 .11
4_
P
rod
uc' L
eached. ,....
troa ea
1Pw
J461-C
troll 6
1
Ke
G
-100 -lOG
-100 -100
Reagen' U
.. t &2104
H2804
._0. 1213 0
4 Jleaaeat
Str
ag
th,
pel'
Cd
t
1 1
1 1
Iqu
ival ..
,. Preseat
(~
-( P
04)2
2
:2 2
2 J.eaeh C
l"P
-g
rAm
I M
l1d. 120
120 le
ach
ahar .. -.i
lli1
1te
r. liq
uid
aooo
aooo m
oo aooo
Pu
lp :0
.11
\,. 17
11
17
1f
!hM
reU
cal A
cid J.eq
u1
red.
200 D
)
lOG
000
poVD4s/'" ore
tal A
cid Ad
ded
, pcn
md
a/"-o
re 3
75
376
316 3?5
ActA
Co
nn
ae
d,
POU
'AdI/ to
n OJ"
110 9
106 &
le
ald
ual A
cid, pOuad./~ o
re 2eS
H
i 260
3?
0
pH a
t St&
J't 1..-3
1.8
1.3
1..
pH a
t lIa.4 1 .. 5
1.4 1 .. 6
1.;3 ,1.18
.f L
each. m
lwt ..
•
30 1
0
10
'..,.ra
tlll'8 e
t Leaoh.
o~.
26 25
J.«t ta ti.
Uo
Ua
Jo
ll. 8011,
"". t.a
ch
_.a
U.u
.. ~
ua 115
t.Jl:IU'~ Be.,"
Jled
. per e
en
\ '5
Ob
a7
p ~tI'
Sa J.eaoh1ng.
p •• _
,
• 'h
olp
Un
i lD
1" •
• 14 .•
, pel' c:_,
(eoapuUc\)
0.16
0.1,' h
r ceat P
heephoru.a ill no
n-_
__
t.l. l'Oa
st P1'04.1lC
t O
.).a G
.l
!AlL
" XV
ll1.
00
UI'lIR
-etm
LK
AO
DS 0'1 r1
hlA
!'tox
CO
ICD
!1tA!lIS O
J' .A.RIA
HA
S 1·1
Le
ach
B'U
mber
Pn
du
ct
Le'ic
hed
Ke
sh
.. agen
t Used.
R'M
geni Stre
ng
th,
per
eq
Bq
utv
ale
tlta P
resent
(0aC~ -
0-'3104) a
ch Oharge -
gram •• 11
d
~aeh C
harge -mil1
1lite
r. liqu14 P
ulp
}')aD
. a1 iy
'heo
ret1ca
l Acid
Requ1ra~pound81
88 ,411 100 H~4
1 2 88 16ro 1
7
kn
·· .ore 200 fo
tal A
cid Added, pounds
/to. eH
400
Aold.
00nsWl84.'
pO
Wlo.a/ toa
op
. 71
81o.ual A
cid,
pounul/ton
ore
329 '!m
e Qt teach
. h
ou
ra 1
!e~J'ature o
f Lea.ch,
°0.
25 A
«itatlo
n
Rolla
ch
Residue.
gT
Uta
Charge :R
ecovered. p
er em
d
Cha.r~
Lo
st in
Leachin
g. p
el' c.t
'ho sphctrus
111 Leach T
at 1 S
. pel" c
ot
Ph
otp
ho
rus 111 JlQ
A-m
gneU.c p
orU
t
roasts4 l$ach t&
11,
84
8S
8
6
Ud
ue f
ft. 83
,4'3
R
esidu
a fro
ll 8&
100
lO
Q
100 ~4
82104 lIaS04
1 1
2 1520 17
400 25 3"15 1 25 118 8
. 96 5 0
.153
0.09
1 19
3)
17
400 111 :5 1
Bolla
1 2 1920 17
400 I 3
9·' 1 2
6 ,111
10 91 5 0
.1
0.1
'
:, :::.
:' 'w
e! ~
,',', rr=n:: :::_::t:::::
:, 'ra
dV
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' Y!: -~: :: ::;=
:: : I
rs" :':
I
J.a hiOtil~8
t=IR
U
.leac&a &
w
• i;'1
.
i£I
' ·fI.
-i.'.
' ·
-(0.'.
Leached R
ealdu
e •
43.42 13
.51 0
.153 2
.46 1
-41
3
tJnleach&d head:a
• 37
.5 1
4."
1.1
6 .• 5 _
__
Le=.;aclle4 R
e.1
d..
I 39
.9&
•.
!!.81,.. 0
.16
9
5.~::
1M
...
• X
IX
3-
$41'AG
J: C
Om
mm
-CU
RR
BR
'f L"IAO
B 011
n,O
fUIO
B
CO
lfCrJrT
ltU1IS· o
r AR
IAH
SAS
1-1
l,each Num
ber P
rod
uct Leache
d (}t11ota
Uo
n fe
st N
o.)
Me.h
R
eag
en
t U
sed
4
etu
al B
eagen
t stren
gth
q
ulTale
nts P
resell' oaO
Qa -
cas (P0
4)2
a
ch
Oh
a.rp -
gramQ
8
01
14
cb. C
harge -
m.1 11 111 t.el'. 1i,q
uid
P
Ulp
Density ~
th
eo
retic
al A
cid Bequ1red -
poUD
da/ton
105 p
..49
0
100 '2 S0
4
1 1 210 2100 10
ore
roo 'o
tal A
cid Added
-p
oU
lld./D
n O
N
a:)() A
cid
Con.SU
Iled -
pOlm
del to
n o
n
a7 R
esidu
al Acid -
po
un
dalton
. ore
III pH
at sta
rt 1.3
pH a
t :be
l l
aS 'lim
e of L
each.
ho
urs
1 ~emperatur
e o
f L
eaeh. 0
0.
~tatlon
Ro
ll. L
each R
ealdue. g1'am
a 3
')()
CharlO
leeov
ered. p
er ce'
Oh
arge Lo
st 1n L
eachin
g, p
el' oen
t 6
Jnra
ctio
ns
Mat
per cen t
of ~tal
O.9
? 'e
. per cen
t of to
tal
0.6
2
P.
per cen
t ot to
tal
?1
.0
Pho 8Phorue 1n L
each !all.
Pho
apboJ'U8
in non.....agneU
.e portio
n
ot ro
asted leaeh
\all.
106
eatdu
e10
5
100 H~O.
2 6 1180 5
.6
56 as '91 215 1
.3 1.3 1
lioll. ~
i6 Ii
0.37
0.71 •
10'1 i •• l4
u8
1
06
100 t!~4
J .5
830
22.1
• 14?
lbg,,, to
tal
M6
1
.3
1.3
1 ,011. aoo 95 6 0._
.. 1.88 'o
W
0 ... 77 •
2.10
tota
l. .8
• 89
.' \o
tal
o. 0
.10) tor l'Oe.8'. a
' 0
.11
) ft.I'1GU
8 0
.12
) kJlP
ft .... t ... e
0.16)
1'A»t.:I xx.
3-S
!'AG
I CO
V«J." ~
-\lU~
'l:
.CB
C)l J'W
fAfI0
5 CO
lfCX
lmU
.T3l:S 0
7 A
.R1W
ISAS 1
-1
Ler;.:,ch
Num
ber P
rod
uct L
eached
(Flo
tat1o
n 'le
a' Be
.) M
esh aeag
ent U
sed
R
eagen
t S
tren
gth
, p
er ceBt
Iqu
lvale
nts P
re •• nt
(0.003 -O
aZ(P04)Z
) L
eMh
Oharg
e -g
r'MlS
8
0 lid
. Leqch
Oha~ge L m
illiliters liq
uid
P
ulp
nead
t7 ~
'he4
r(liteal A~id R
equire
d.
pouade/'"n ore
'0 ta
l A
cid A
dded
Acid
Consumed
, p
oundt/to
n o
re
Resid
ual A
cid,
PJun.ds/t.Otl 01".
pH
at
Sta
rt pH
at 1I1n
4
! 1_
of L
each.
hou.rs T
empe
ratu
re of
Lea
ch. °C.
Agita
tion
L
each Re
sidu
e,
gram
e Obar
,~ R
eco
nre
d.
pe
r C
d'
,Ch
arge Loa t
in L
eaeh1a~ pe~
c_
t :tx
tracUo
ne.
MIl.
per cent o
t toW
Fe,
per C
eD
t ot to
tal
P.
per
Cfm
t .t tota
l P
ho sph
on
e in
Leach fa
lls
Ph
oap
bo
l'U in
non.-.c&gD
.etlc p
ort1
e
of ro
asts4 leach
taU
.
108 J-4
89
lO
O
2 80.. 1 1 210 2100 10 00(1 200 100
U3
1.3
1.3 1 as l1
a
1.32 0
.&0 77
.5
109 R
esldu
e fro
. 10
8
100 H; 2 I 1180
~
l ... S 1
.3 1
• ,11a o. 0
., 11.1
!!!pSJ,
Q) ~!ft
rcen!~-:-~~~--~-~--:
Produ
ct
• M
Il ,.
P S
iOi
i48
9
UA
leacll8d React.
.
39
.2 i5~1
' 1.1 • ..
; or.',
Leaebac1Be.~lc
l-
_~ _~
.O~ _____ J.~ __ ~
~ ___ ~ .. ~~L "_ •• 7
110 R
eeidlle
fr01ll 10'
100 ~4
3 1
0
330 .. 265 33.4
• 173 lb
•• 'H
al. a
cit
2S2 ooU
UM
4 1
. 1
.-3 1 ~ ,lla
200 5
* 2.10 wb
.l •
'437 ,o~
: ,1
.0 \o
ta1
'feet 86 CGuld proD bly be brow;ht up to terro-grade bT alter1Dg
the roasting cond1tione . • ~ be seen from the ael&18 of the roa.ted
p~duct8 1n ~e t. 110 and 10?, the roastlnr conditions affect the final
percentage of phosphorus .
'lhe rORRting and magne tic soparation work \1&.8 done by Messrs . J. D.
Bardl1l and R. B. rieher. Associa te and A881etant Metallurgi.t re.pec
tlvely of tbe Bureau ot Minee.
Since in the se counter-current By.tam theBe teets repre.ent 17
the Initial runs. th-,y are actually te8te n multiple contaot batch pro-
e nee, although the p1'Oduct ootalned from the variOUB leaching .,...t • • at quallflcatl0 s th a.ount of ac1d rejected va. too great to aka ~he e
procese col1mero1ally fe.81ble . he orlg1Z1&1 4e.l I, of cour •• , oaUel
for the uUlllation of the acids fro. on st3.e.e 1:A the Dl.lxi 8taa8. with
filt rat ion of the olud«e between st agf1J .. It haa been found in co r01&1
pl'actlce. howe"er, tha.t fUteriDc mangan. 88 ON It. tt impo dble. (11)
he c t '8 .,.at a 1"8 not invuU t d fur the r nd all future etfort.
were de"oted to 8 velo .l1t of a tbod rein tl1tr&tio would
Il , be eS8al'7 .
o other leaching .che tr1ed hA. produced re ulh campar bl. to
thla aerie ot telt.~ but it these qate 8--in the
. Upl batch tora- ware u in terroman e production the eoa' of
t leaching ope t1 would be emorbltant. The current price tor
tIUlturlc aeld 1. $0. 009 per po • Eaoh ot these 8~8t& r qu1red
(16) J J'(JrOBS. , . S • • "Develo nt of tow-Grade
~ba ,~ A. I . M. 3 . Tech. PUblicatioa No . 1188. p. 8 (1940) -
rUnl: g l' chno logy 4, l~ . 1940.
about 800 pouad& of acid per ton of ore making tbe coat ot leaching re
aget alone about $7 . 20 par \Oll of ore . Th1s compared \11th an overall
operating aarg1a of about $5. 00 per tOA 1& sUrely out of the quesUo ••
Significant. faaters to be noted f r om thie aerie s n tbe h1ch
pulp densities , tbe large excoGsea of acid . and the fact tbat all of
the l each heads were flotation concentrates.
Duplicate three- otage coUDter current teats. ai.tlar to 5yst • 3
vere made 1n "hlch the 3-pft' cent acid •• adeled in tl:Je th1r4 at ace
in MOunt equivalent to 150 pounds of acid per ton of ore , with lett.llac
and deoanting use' 1n pIMa of flltering between etagos and atter the
third at&« . Nt., BaJllPlo. we)"~ subjected to t hll method. wh1t:h gaT ..
t.he follovlng percentage. of phGapborue 1n the redclu.et O. UW. O. 2176.
0 . 226. 0 . :ll9. 0 . 212. 0 . 251. 0 . 248. 0 . 21.2. and 0 . 220.
I. each .'ace of th1a a71lt \here vas eo intermixing of 'QSe4
.. 4 ". latiR,· aDd. the pulp dllutlona were all relaUvdl' love
one .1
value.
re •. l dues vere aufflci ntly lov in phosphorus to be of
MISCELlANEOUS L~ACRING TESTS
~ OOll.sU!i\l fe ate
Acid consumption teste wore I"Wl for the purpose of determining
0pUDNII leaching periods. 'I'll re8ul.h of the ests are .hown in fable.
XXI and XUI . ~l.o8t of the acid vas consumed w!.thin the firat 20 aut.
wi th lew percentages of !r0l'l 8D o. manganese be extract •
phorus anall'oee she d that the re 18 no dvantage in l eachinc for a
period exce ding 10 1D e s , while the percentage of iron cd JIa.IlCan8ee
dis lved v rie directly aa the time of oontact , The ~ ••• aad
iron extr&oti01l8 tor tbe 10: ar leach1. period. 1n thll '&I'ba were
uch 10't!lEl , thaa tho e from moat ! tho other leach t att . '1'. vace
extr ctton value for both man eae aDd 1r atter an hour leach ,.
about 2 . 5 per c t . 'tbs results , ho ver t abe" the eaeral. 'HBA.
( ee flg\tFe 2 ).
We. T i.
The data btd d in t add cone pUoa t atl ~It.d ~
po .. 1bl1Uy of ua1n& 10- .mute waw, inat (-14 of 10118 pel' a t
&chaotio &8 a uthad of reaovln« t 8ame .. uat Gf ph aphon. w1 \b
r acoo P&nTia« Be 8Ild iron ex\l"'&-cUO a. lour •• rle. Gf hat •
• ue1 a tlpl contaot. proce... '1'1:8 proce4ur e to
1 h thB or t 10 mln tea wUh lAtenUt-eai el:laldng. allow the ore
to eettle out (about 30 minute ). daea.ut the npernatant l1qa.1d, and
add fr acid. Atter tbe final. leach 600 cc. of water :ro add.A
b.f o,.. .et t l1Dg and decant t,1on.. 'the re vae th 11 d with other
600 ee . of water. all.o·.i d to ttla. the _ah _tel" canted aad \be
"lI1d\18 tran.tarrod to a pan and dr l ed on a saad bath . 'rvo teet. were
,AB
U X
U S
!'
AC
lD
(x)lf
SUJ(
P'lIO
il rE
S!
ON
AB
Un
AS
1
-1
~"'e.
Mc-4
0
41
42
43
4
4
45
46
...
100
100
100
100
100
100
10
0 ll
eaae
llt
uec
l.
Kal°
. H
al°4
Jl2
'O"
HaS
04
¥O
4
HaS
O "
a:~04
~
et!'
eAg
\h.
per
c.n
t 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
IqIl
lya1
ent s
pl'e
88Z
l' O:
s -
0.3
(PO
.)!
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 o
h c
ha
l"c-
-g
rass
801
1d.
25
25
25
25
26
2S
25
Le
acA c~ce -
mil
lili
ters
llq
_1
4
225
225
225
226
~
226
225
Pul
p d
ea
e1
t 7
-i
9 9
9 ,
9 9
9
.J'e
Uea
1 a
cid
re
qu
ired
, pO
"G1J
.Ulto
'A
20
0
200
200
20
0
ax
) 2
00
ao
o IP
oW
ac
id a
dd
ed,
pouD
cle/
ton
20C
2
00
20
0 ao
o 20
0 ro
o 20
0 A
cid
cona
ume4
. p
otm
dl/
ton
93
94
99
l3
0
103
108
108
edd
ual
actd
. po
uada
/tOJt
. 10
7 1
06
10
1 7
()
9?
92
92
pH
at
a~ar~
pH
a.t
ad
. "ta
e o
f le
ach
, lI
1n
ute
a 10
20
3
0
60
9
0
120
lao
7eap
era
ture
o
f L
aacl
l.
°0
25
25
2
5
25
25
25
25
Ag
itati
on
lt
c>ll
s R
oll
a
11o1
le
bll
e
Ro
Ua
Ro
lla
Ro
lle
Pho
.ph
oru
1A
leach
ta
11
1D
«-.
pel
' ce
nt
0.1
95
0.1
92
0.1
78
0.1
6'1
.201
.1
87
.19
5
t
!4L
1 X
XII
AO
lD C
OtS
UM
P! IG
lf DM
l'A
T~
~ ~~-~T~~~
fen
. I
!eei
3
'f_
•
; , t
• ,
'e1"
en
l 'P
hO
'Ph0
1'\
lI
t
'Mb
rat •
• t A
cid
Con
a1la
8d'
Per
a..
ktr
aotl
cm
• A
cla
Con
sum
ed.
'Man
6U1e
se
' in
•
'1\OW2ld~ka~ __
'_ fii
Cu_
tL~
'U i
_'
_-t_
~,~~_.L
tQ.n~_~t
J~~t
1"-~
'''-
4 Ilte~""
-r--~-~
.---'
t '
• ------~------:
10
1!
@
,t ,
t t
H
"I O
.M
0-.1
95
t ••
t !...
20
'm
'S
• 0.
41 •
0.4
6 •
6
4.6
' 94
0
.62
0·.1
92
·
'f.
t •
30
UO
' 0
."2
• 0
,40
•
62.5
9
9 0
.<&8
, t
Q •. l
18
f
,.
l i
f
60,1
, t
" .,
t
• 1
30
O
.6~
0.1
67
Q
:;
.i
,
1 76
11
'1
t 6
.18
• 0
.39
1 ~O
1 t
, ,
I,
i'
1 .
',
i
• 90
t
t t
t 10
1 0
.62
Q;-/2
Ol
• ••
i i
t
laO
lZ
I •
0.15
8 •
0.8
6 t
6
3,3
' 10
8 0
.66
' 0 .
. 187
f
f f
t t
t
• 1
80
~ ~,
lQ8
.0. '
13
9.j.
95
,..t i
-3
80
pn
aU
uld
. p
el'
toa o
f o
n a
cl4e
4 -
1 pe
r ce
at
lutl
OA
f •• -
2-
alO
_I
u
id p
el'
\011
td
o.
&cI
4ecl
-1
per
cell
t .. lu
tto
n,
t
ft-
I~
_de with aolut10n8 a t 85° C •• the rest at room teaperatUl' . The data
for t heae hats are shown 1n 'fa'ble. XXI II and XXIV .
The analytkal r e sults indic.a.te that the _Ih method b full., a.
efficient as methods in ,,!h lch one hollI' was allowed for each cont a ct
pet'iod. loT' SI.l unknown reason t he aeUi. COD.BW'Ilp tion 1n the S8 t.a'. was
JIlUCh higher t han 1n any of t he otb!t ~ l eAch teats at the l&JDe acid coa-
c ntra tiona . Tr~ hot l eaches aeemed to givo batter .xtraction .ad
prompted furthor i Av •• tipt1on.
Hot Leache s _ ........................ Several additional hot l eaches using one per cent aci d eo l utione
and 150 pound. of ac i d per ton of ore W re made . ~ heat. WIll intro-
d.uce.d. iato the l each ing 101ut1on by bubbling at •
it ~lle it was being agitated by 1m electric stirrer. I'be temperatw.
att&1ne4 1n eve'r1 l each wa 900 C. The pboaphorua &Dal.Taes n thAt
1"ee1dusa ware a. followil
Arkan8A8 1- 1 Arkaneaa 1- 5
.. •
aampl • per c t . 8 • 664
r ult. I roa this a , t eI t e et. re v q dhcourac • w1\h
the P aphorua v. 1 • 1 t •• raddue8 aT woree than tho •• oota1ae4
B. laek of tl • prevonted the inv •• Ugll I.. lon of pbos-
rua d1.eo1utl at t emperatur •• other than 950 C.
xxln
llA
.1f A
BlU
SAS
1-1
Lea
ah l
um
be
r R
e-5
?
Mc-5
8
Mc-
59
Rc-
63
Me-
Sol
M
e-6
5
Xes
h 10
0 10
0 10
0 10
0 10
0 10
0 ,e
agen
' 'f
....
¥O
. B
asO
" Ji
aS04
Ig
SO"
!a8°
4 H
a8
04
'n~
StJ
'dg
th..
perc
ea'
1 1
· 1
1 1
1 te
ach
Cha
rge
. g
r"au
se
l14
60
50
50
50
5
0
50
L~
.eh
Oll
lrge
•• 11
1111
... ~
iqu1d
112
(112
(U
2
~
(:32
4 (2
.24
(l.l
2
(ll2
(1
12
(11
2
(il
l (1
12
~eGr.t ieal
Aci
d R
equ
ired
, p
ou
nd
s/ to
n ,o
r.
aoo
200
100
~
roo
200
!ota
l A
cid
"Add
ed,
po
un
ds/
ton
ore
5
0
100
15
0
100
150
20
0
A.c
id C
.cum
ed.,
po
un
ds/
ton
ore
49
.;5
97.0
14
3 92
13
7 18
3 3
ea
ldu
at:
Aci
d.
po
un
ds/
i_
tlt'
. 0.
5 3.
0 7
.4
8 13
11
T
ime
of
Wash
es,
l,O
!.o1l1
inll
te p
er1
0da
1 2
3 1
2 3
'l'em
pera
nre
o'f
taa.
ch.
°0.
~
20
25
25
25
2
6
48
1 ta
t iO
ll
-la
nd
. S
hal
dac
P
ho
lpb
oru
a in
Le
ach
!aU
t.
pe1
' e_
' 0
.549
0
.284
O
.. r0
9
0.2
?3
0.2
31
0.3
>6
~
XXIV
Itt
DAW
AR1
tAJlS
A8
1 AN
D 1-
1
!,ea
ch S
umbe
:' M
c-60
K0
-61
Me-6
2 'l
'o4
Uct
tea
ehe4
. A
n 1
A
rk 1
A
rk 1
sh
10
0 10
0 10
0
'. H
2SO
4 H
aS04
t
Stl
'«lg
th.
pel
' ee
llt
1 1
1 aeh
Oh
arp
. g
l'am
IJ 80
1M
50
SO
50
L
each
O
ha:'a
. 1I
111U
U •• l
iqu
td
223
(223
(2
23
(3
23
(2
23
(2
23
SO
O
300
300
100
20
0
300
'5.6
18
5.6
'-"8
4.5
14.5
2
2
1 2
3 2
8
26
25
1la
Bo1~
R~n.
h fa
lla.
per
cen
t 1
.60
0
.847
0
.538
h
Bea
dl.
per
0 _
_
2.42
2.
42
2.4
2
Mc-6
6 A
rt 1-
1
100
.~4
1 50
224
20
0
100
91
.2 1 85
R
oll
. 0
.30
4
0.8
8
Me
-67
A
rk 1
-1
100
1~04
1 50
(:?2
4 (1
12
20
0
150
1M
16
2 8
5
Ro
lle
0.2
27
0.8
8
tn
~
SUJIJIlarl .2!. !!!!.. teach!DI .!!!!! The several. ferre - grade pr oducts obtained 11) the counter- current
8lst... ed. ~il. not produced by processes which are commerciallY
t.sibl&, prove that enough of the phosphatic terial in the ore 18
suff iciently 101uble in dilute acids to permit the reduc tion 1n phos
phorus coat Il.t nec.saary . (See fable XlV) All of the,e lowphoephol'U8
r.81due 8 vere de trOll flotation concentrates. whereat all ot.her t.e,ta
were rua 0 raw ore . It -7 be that ,lie flocc tiOD ot the ON brought
a'bou' 1n the notat,1oa cell or the preeence of tracea of the' flota t.1on
rent a are be tlcal to the l eaching operation. The other taportant
tactors .ssociat on17 with the counter-current .erle I 81'e the hip
pulp dllution. used. aad the l arge exe ••••• of acld .
Thr e po inte of uauwal 1I1t..r •• t weN brought out in thte leach-
1nc lA .... \lca'lonl tir.i , the phosphorus 'W • more soluble 1n dilute
aold. than 1t wae in . trong acid ,; •• con4. fllurl bet ... -tac ••
• e. a. to be be tlelal.l1 no results re obtaiDed by decantation
a.nd thir4. hot leaches at 9 C. wer!! r"e than the 14 l.ache.. 1a
cUaeus.l tala with Dr. chreaJc.. it ..... fl. steel. that per pe~_
'roUble at. 'b clue t the leach lutl0. be inc atura'~ wUh
calcl sulfate.
'Rba" 1. .Tid ce to l1lPPort the tac\ tbat the leach .01u-
tlou &1' aat rated with thie .&1.,- Ae aho in the ore anal1'M. in
~able U .
1. lIOl'8 "
re 18 2. 8 per c nt of 0aQ a. 0&003 1n Arkan ... 1- 1. which
v l~. f 801ut1
luble c slUII W produce 8'tIp r tour Uoa 1n tM
\1eu&lly _pl078 in a leach ~e8t _ (S •• J'l(!;\11' •• 3
aDd 4) . It waa tt.a ob.erTed that clear 1'lltrat 8 froll 1 ach rea1d.ue.
preclpl ,,4. white er~.tall1n. sol1d after t ding for aD. hour which
xxv
PHO
SP1l
O1t
US
~ED
67
0.1
8
84
,86
t
.73
0
.88
1
1.1
•
O.l~·
0,.1
9
0.1
8 t
1.i
t
i b
0.1
2) a
ualT
••••
10
7
• 4
90
0
.88
0
.77
•
0.0
86
t
0.1
6)
fro
m
• 0
.18
,
t 0
.13
) .. rl
84
•
t 0
.12
) re
a.t
ina
t
0.1
0)
co
ui-
• t
0.1
1)
'lo
n.
f 1
.20
' 0
.13
) 11
0 t
489
• 0
.88
0.8
63
• 0
,OS
2 t
0.1
0)
dit
to
0.1
8
·t •
O.l
O}
~
tf>
55 +t - ~i tl f1!+++-HHtH-+++t+'j-'. H~
w.. hl&hlT taeolubl. 1. all ae:l.d8. l.ITer)l" f.rro-graM product that vae
o.'b'-1.4 0 ... he. 101utiona which had V817 high pulp 41111111081, lar
.xcess •• of acid. M4 which ha4 been tllteNd betweft atagel, benoe
t_ calci,. lulfat. va. .1 th.r _1117 ca rr!e4 in 801u\101l 01' oomplete17
el1111_\84 'b7 111\rat10n. 0." the other baJld. however, 1I08t et tbe
liJaCle batch lea.cbaa contalae4 ~o little 101Ut10ll to c&1'l7 all .f \he
oaleS,. e'Ul.tat. prel, •• t ill aoluUu. hence YMIl tl» ""ura'101l pola'
... a reaeba4.. U 1a poI.lble tlat _ tapon-lou 1.,. ... ot oal,d_ mltate
fila coulA fo_ .. or the .urfac. o.f the 1m411101V'e4 pbo.phat. rock
panlele •• thu._ preveD'lag their further clla.lu\!oJl.
'Me line of .. ea.alae wu14 al .. &eeOUllt tor tbe faet that e'l'OAC
... s. ... WN DO' aa artectlve •• weak aold.. err et.roag acid l.ach Jaad.
a lcht palp 411uU .. eo that d.aplt. the lacr.a.' eolu.bUU7 of c.lel_
tnalfat. lD a'I'O"« aclel, theft ,.a a.s.U _0U«Jl calet. p1'8aeat to 1'''
__ .. ..tuate4 aola" loa ta JIllCh o.rbr t1_ thaft .a r.qu .... " ta \he
_" clilute pulpa, ' •• prevent1ag a larp!' poniea ot lhe pboephltna
1I"0Il lac !at . aolv.U .....
,... lh. 4ata colleoucl hI' ... nel &Ad \falbo, aneal table • .t
...,".ltolla we .. -.d. til an dlort to OOft1.& t. the a_I" _ fac'-_
la'Nl ft4 tao ... -. tlu. ~ oo.D'nU ' f .. o\or ta Ule leaohtag ep.ra\ loa.
In &laD., .... 1'7 au. each u.rlable w.. eUher • a,,..l-,, 11M tuDe'loIl
.t .... r w1'h. thlr4 be .... helel OOAaun_. or .1 .. '-1 wre pOWI'
t oUou.f ,be '''' aonallT 'xpected. ODe plot of per ceat phoapboru
1a ,he ,..14_ YUft_ p1l1p cll1utloa (llgure 6) ~.t.cl \ha' t1'» COA
'rolllJlg t etor va. the pulp dilution, which 'rUled ta"'I' .. 17 .. _ the pel'
... , pbGaphoru.a natalD« In the re_tc:lue . Although eeTeral low phoaphoru
_1; _ M4 pnnoua17 'be 11 ootalDBd a.t high pulp dtlutlona, nbaequeat
leache. at 'ferr hich pulp 411ution8 whlch were aac1e to check wi th thia
0Ul'"f'e could pro<luce re'l1U. no lower than 0.19 per oeat phoapborws.
'thi. lad1 oatee that 'both the percentage extraeUon and the pulp dilution
are .ecoadary tio ... other factor ... yet \muten1»d. Oae thlng ~,
val quite a-pparent tJ'OIl ... eral of tho plots. was that low acf.cl. CO.DceDtr ...
tiem. were tully a. effect'ive aa h1cb concentrationa ~. long as there va.
n.ffloteat .. old pre.en t to keep the pulp acidic.
Ae 1 •• hown 1Jl ftCW"e 6. tbe MOuat of pho.phor'U extracted tro:a
,lie .. ore. 'fa rla. fre. 19 '0 90 per cent whloh h denalto proof tha'
eo_ OM laeolubl. pho.phate atneral coa.tltuea' is Dot 1".epeae1ble fGr
the pboapbo1"\la 111 the re.14\18 coaalateat17 nagiag 'be t..,.e. 0.20 ad
0.22 pe .. ee.t . fbtn 18 endean,. ._thlac '&ktag place la __ bub
_l.tloa .leh 1 •• 1th I' pI" .. entSac the p_Qhon. froa plD« 00.,1et_1J'
la\8 .. l1I.tlon. or i. re-preclpiUac tbe pM_phorus tD eo_ ta .. lublo t ftI.
,., &ea'a ..,. be reepoD_tble tor elther of the.e coll41Uoui tlr8'. tho
,Ha .. o. 01 .. llelclal .11 .... whlch woul4 _oo.l.rah \he pl"Mlplkts..a
.t ei'hel' .ulfato OJ' p~ba'.""' ... , la4 e:l:0884.d thell' r ..... ~h.
aturatloa val a; _d .eco_. the Pl'8M_O 01 .0t&111e leDs ¥hi. wulcl.
r.."noipltat .• t. 41 ... b. pboaphat •• a. t .. olub~ .. It.. loth ')'pes
o~ agent .... pl'8"'~ 1. ~be.e 101'1t10... • third .. ehaIll_ vhloh wul4
acoou.a~ IlIr the lacOllplete cU .. 01ut10. 01 the pholphoru 18 tbe 40001lp081-
'loa 01 _1ub1. t. 01 the plIoepJJato. 1B'0 t&1r17 ia801ub10 tora ••
a pbeMaeaoqutte .baraeterleU.c of tbe compoUDds ot \lib p\llz11D~
e1 •• a' . ••• t of t. n •• , tn the leach te.ts co.t.l d a wp perc ntage
.f _'.r1&l that would pus thru a 4O()oome ah Icreen.. heMe \he l each
.1.u'10 •• w· ... loade4 w1\h 'Very tiae dimes. Both the filtering opora tion
&ad. tlotatloa ..... 4 to 011.1na1)8 the.e to a great degree. and th.y
51
If
wr usMl.ly" •• cla ted with low pboaphorua residus. Sillee tbe -Jorll7
el tu phosphate mck 1s til the a~us 15o-.osh fractioll. &SId dllce 'he.e
tta. particles are the i deal 10ca t10nl for incipient preeipl~~tloll. 1\ 1.
locteal '0 a.eume ~t the ca1clua .alfate f1lm theor,r preyloualy .entloA
e4 i.e • plausible 1'18. am ehollld be lav •• U p tsd thoro~. Bo 4e' .. -
a1ltatloll' of oalcl'WI "'1'0 .ver _de U the leach lolutiOIlS. benoe Vllll
u.o.7 could !lot be cbecllBd vi th t_4ata aft.llable at pr .... t. lIe_yer,
both ,lgure 2 aa4 3 8bov1DC the 101 blllt7 ot calcium aulfate tD .ulturlc
_4 pho·apherlc acida aalee e.ldeat the fact that there 18 .ore tbaa eouch
c&1d,\III to ,reduce .turated a01\1UOIl8, hellee thell" .ffecta are to be
expected..
I'M pJ'eNDCe ot iroll and MD,ganeae t01l1l III the leach _lutio-••
alleva the. p •• aUd,ltt,' of the torutloll of aeY ral .. gene •• an4 1-.
phoap tea.a vell .. s 40uble phosphat ... 1'. ot Ul .. e _tale. The COlt-
pauma' t v u1d be the aoet troubl ..... aa4 the .o.t 11017 to ton
an farrlc phoaphate ... , IaJ1ga1lou dih¥drogell onbophoaphate.
hF!,!C orthopbosphate. :re2(~2.zIl~. b reported to be •• U7
.. ].ubI. sa AUute ... ,,-.1 acid. eRept! aq1l801U aoatloH 01 pho.
phDda acU. (16) lieee \M flnal aoUurl0 ·add OOM .. '-ratJoat ta -.y
eI .. 1 ....... e MeD qui'. ~v. I' 18 po.dble that p'!'eelplu.\loll
.t \h"l. talt, troll \he.. 411 k pho8JIhorSc ac14 '01ut10n. -.y haT. ''''Il place ta .e .. raJ. t.- '.a, •.
1I0.1)OUl ,.trab¥41'Opll pbeepha'" MDIt&(PO.)a. 1 ... ",erT IIeluble
_1\ u4 ~_ .t the _tit 1o&1ca1 OOJDpO'WSd.. to be exp.ct.d 1a tbe leach
. \ _ i
(1.6) OoM,. A. M .... Dlo-tlo-aary o-t Ch .. leal 801ublllU ..... Seoond 14. ...
I. t.. WadC1llall, 1921. p . 8M.
,01a\10a_ BOWY8r • ..,Uh 18 sa than 20 gratae of th1a taU to 100 gr8.ll1
ot _tell', decompedUon tabe place daUar _ that of calcltu1 IlOilO-
Od4<'<>4)2 • caBP04 f ~ MD.B4(P04)a - MdPO. f BzP04
JtDlDI'04 11 reported .. al1T loluble in conceBtrated acid., (1'1) whlch
wuld le-ad one to b.ll va tbat 1t 11 f41r17 iDaolubl. in dilute acid l,
e lpecla l lT pboapborlc ac14. It t,h1a al8Wlptloa 18 true, thb 18 another
--I 'b7 vh1ch phGaphorulJ 'a7 be belag re-preelpltated frOll aoluUo •
Aa tor the thi rd. _chant .. menUone4, Apae'bT( 18) has ww' 'it
aulturlc &Old l' eta with an exce .. of c81c1ua orthophosphate. attu
the )llamel 93 per cent of the theor.Ucal out of pholphorlc acid
,,111 be fon.d. If tba lolutlon 1. allowed to It.aDd. however. the
uou, t 801uole phe'pbate decrea ... rapldlT ., ,hat at the D4.t 30
alallhl on17 36 per cent of ~ tMo ... Uca1 ..,.t. ot the phosphoric
acU. t. 1Jl I01.uSloa. 'lhe tGl l owiag equation. are gt" .. w explata tll.1a
pheaoMMIU
eas<tO.)a .,. .~. :: c:aa.u..~2 f easo.. eaa.(Jk)a ,. ~",,)2 :: .0dP0,
It 11 quit. p ••• lble that, tNI ..... reaction aN ~ place 1a ,_
leech 1I01u\ lona yUh the ulU • ., .. t.natloa of the t .. 1r17 la.oluble
calel_ 41h¥4nC- pho.phau_ rtpre '1 " WI tblt aolubUlt,1 of thla . &1\
la &qu.oue 101uUo.o.. of pho.phortc ao14.. ""_ ,he CWTe enrapola'''' ..
(].7) 00"7, A ••• , p. cU., p. , ••
(18) Anteb,.. I. P.. .0& the 1\.&c\1.on of Sulfwlc Acid upoa 'l'ri-calclc
Pho.pbat.... Aller • .rOVll. Sci . 12. 3 . Series. p . 46-48 (187S) .
62
brmc it 1».to the :raage of the phosphoric acld strea«tha retl'\llt1Dc
frolll the l eachlQg of the mangane se orea. If thb xtrapolaU Il b
corr8c\. thla CNrve ahow. v"'7 definitely tbat the Feeenee of eTa
nall _ount. ot th1e ealt are potentlal sovee. of trouble.
An.by al so found tba' the converalolle of the ID.OJIlocalcl ua phoe
pbate to t he diealciua phosphate w. accelerated by an increase 1n
temperature, whi ch pheaomeBon would expl ain the high phoephorae r eeidue s
obtalued 1n tbe hot ~ach •••
b'l eyer(19) aqa tbat Od.4(PO.)a 18 decomposed. uto CaHP04 "'11 the raUo ot wat.er to tbe velght ot IIOllocalclW1l phosphate 11 le as tban
700a1, hellce thla decomposition 1s aleo a fuactloD of pulp dilution.
Thb toe lfII!')u.ld cheek with tbe N.ulte obtained 1. thl. P per a1ace •• ,
of the low pulp cUlutlo •• produce' high pboephoru J"Oa1duee. 11'1......,.r
&1 .. "porte 'ha' decoapoa1Uon take. plac. at 60e C. which fv~eJ'
••• , .. tlat.e Anabr'. tbd1age .ad agaia fne ia with the r.eulte
.b .... iae4 1. 'hla paper.
AIq r all of tbe.. bft'l.. ,ropoaH to e'"Plata ,he £au1'1 leach-
lag of theee ....... eree are "'017' p).aual'ble. ,., -.ch ..... W1M
ftMaJOoh work .. tid ..... to b. do •• in order to proye atItf oae ot \h.a.
If th. tJ'Oul0 _cauter.4 b d.ue lo fmacU .... of t. leach
... lu'1.A .'taulated .Uhe? b,- .U ••• _tallic 1oa ••• 1' decoapod Uon.,
~ 'bo.' val" of .11a1DaUeg It ts to remove the leach eoluUoll troa the
0 .... fa.' aa it dieaolv.a the p~ru. from the ore. 'hh can be
40118 by loach the ore dlrect17 OIl a fUter, pani ng dilute acid
_laUoal ~hN .. ore oaeo tl1thout aa,y recirculation vbahoever. A
(19) Co 'I. A. M., Op e ctt., p . 68'7 .
, •• t o.f thb tn>e ,.. .ade 0. ArJraasu 1-1 lD. wh10h 600 po_de of acid
per \Oll of ore 1n a one-half pel' ceat 1I01u'1cm. va.. ttltereG. tbru ,he
ore . A l"8 s1dusoonta1n1ng 0.1'1 per cent .",.. ob ta.ined. thus l howtag
tbat 'hi. me thod bas po ss1b1lities.
PAM'Ill
VOU!ILI ZA'l'IOli o:r PJIOIPBOllt1S
!'he eu.ece.etul elimination of impurities such a lead. and copper
fro IMIlgane8e oree bas been accomplished by adding sulfuric acid and
udiwa chloride to the ore and then roasting at high temperatures.
durlQg whlch process chloride s of the 1mpurl tie e are formed which
TOlatllb. at tbe rea stag temperature. Since pholpborus for.s •• ven.1
chlorides and oqchlondee whIch are quite wattle at relaUvel¥ low
'.aperat\U' s a (300° 0.) it ,.. hoped that the pbeephorue .ichi be r a
IIOved fro. \his ore by .1allar aetho4e.
Ybe to llowlJag ore chargee vere ~ ad. treated as tollowS1
luter A. - 100 grue of ore. 10 grams sulfuric acid (1.84) ... per
cent laG! - charee va8 roa8"84 a' 9!O0 O. tor 4 hova.
cooled slo"17 to r 4 hour. to 150° C.. then quenched
in water.
ltAt_ J - 14 po_d. of ore ebarp coata1alnc 12 per cent wato,. and
10 per cellt oolle - I1nterecl in & lN1ght-LloTd 'T.Pe 1abora
\oJ7 _chlae.
SiDtel' a - 14 po_de of ore char .. oonta1ll1ag 12 per cent water.
10 per cent coke. ud .. per cent .at1 - .latered 1. ,he
labontor7 _chine.
SIIlM:7 J) - 1" pounde of ore charge co.tatas._ 10 per cent ooke.
1.36 und, of sulfuric acid (1.M). &ad 12 per cent
w.t_ - eta"!' ••
SlAter B - 14 pc:nmde of Or'G charge containing 10 per cent COD.
1.35 pOunde .ulfurie ae1cl. 12 pe r cent _teF. and 4
&6
per ceat BaCl - dntered.
Aaa17.e. of the .intered prod_ t. obtained are eho,. in !able
XXVI. These lad1cate that 'WIder or4.11lUJ' reaat1ag ad .tntedlll
co_ito.e the phosphorue 1. not cOIlYerted lnte a volatile coapo_d.
When t he sa aiD. t er e wore \fflebed thoroughly in a amall MOUAt ot
,.~.r. a trace of vatw-lIOluble phosphat •• could be found, but the
amount w .. 1na1plflcBAt17 aall.
Several tea'" we1'"8 J'Ul\ t. deter.1M whl th. or not tl».. special
.later1t.lg operations hAel nadere4 the phosphate m1aeraJ. U¥ IIOra
.81u'01e in dilute S1lfurlc acid . fhe result s ot theae t ests are ehovn
ta 'able e XXVU . XXVIII . md XXIX. 1t 18 apparent fro the high phos
phoRe in tbe leach tail. tba t tbe dn 'ered. product 1, not &a.uble to
phGephate l aaohm « with 4tlute aoiel.
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i U
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i 3
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h O
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o 11
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"'c1
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200
200
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ad
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. p
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ou
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.5
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ain
ut •
• .,
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&tUT
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. 0
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.
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.769
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on
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en
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.841
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ate
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.
.... ...
CONOLUSIOlfS
The conclusions that can be draw from the data obtained 1a this
re.ea rch probl em narrow down to the following major eons1deratioul
1. The most abundant pho sphate mineral in the Arkansas wad ore.
investigated in th1e \IlOrk 11 phosphate rock. with apatite the
• eoad Illo.t iJaportant phottpboru.8-beariDg constUuent.
2. t'hese pho.phate mineral. are autt1eiently .lubl& in 41lute ac1d s
UIlder the prope r COM 1 t iODS 80 tba t illey can be leaohecl t.
pro duce a residue which will .. et terro-grade B speclficatlo •••
3. a. ell ree1due a cont&1niq ae low a 0.09 per cent phosphorul caa
'be pro4uced at .. coat ot approx1_te17 $7.50 per to •• bu.t the
proce •• 1. eoolloalcal ly lmpo .1blo.
4. Ult1aate method l of lAiIaching tbe ere DUet Uher uae flltr U.
in a counter-curreJlt q.t .... or a stabiliz1ng reagent 1lRUt1; 'be
d1acov red vh1ch vill allow the pho.pbs.to tie go collpla'el¥ late
IIOluUoa M4 re_1n 1a .. IOluble ton utll tho leach aoluUon
can be roe ' Ted frea the ors.
6. J.e htAg d1root17 on a l11ter .... to baTe poadbl1ltte ••
6. aUt.r ... prociuct. are DOt _eAable to leachbg _thea.. beoauae
.t tbelr tUH4 OODd1\1o ...
7. P . phoNe emDot b. TolatUlIe 4 !'rom tbe ore 'b7 orcl1Mr7 .othod.
1A U. Mg)lt-Llo7d type laboratory autering _chiao.
41th4J a larp aao,.t of work bas been d&De upOlL thi. preblea .. 4
.0_ t.rro-gra."d pr04uct. produced. M aeon aleally aounG. method fOr
ruoTlIag phoeph l'U 1'ros the Arllanaas wad ore •• Ull re_10 '0 be
cWTeapM. fbia paper hal shown tbat the pho.phon. Call be re.vocl tna
72
the ore , &Ad t he writ er is confident that the Bur .au of M1Dta Statt
which 1a contiJlUing t he work will tind a practical .olution to the
problem in the very ne a r tutur •
71
J.. A.rJI:..I3bY. B.. P •• liOn the Reaction ot Sul1"u:rl~ Acid UpOk Tri~e.lclc
PhospJlate,lI .Am.er. lourn. Sel. 12, 3.Serles, 46-48 (1876).
2. Cameron, F. K. and Hurst. L. H ... tIThe Actlon ot Water and Saline
Solutions upon Cert i n Slightly Solijble PboSphat-e8," Journ. her.
Ch Soc. 26, 885-913. (1904).
3. Cameron, F. K. and Sei dell. A •• ttTlle Action of Wat er upon the
Pboatbate. of Calclum," "oura. Amer. Chem. Soc,. 26, 1454-146,
(1904).
4. Chemot, R. ., and l&e.son, C. W~. "Handbook ot Chemical Micros copy,"
Vola. I tmd II, 24. e4., N. Y., W11 • 1940.
,. Olerk, "B ...... "The Date. ot Geooheml ...... U. S. Ceological SUl"Ttr.!
Bulletin 770. 1924, S4lp-.
6. Oem., t A • .. , "A ,Dictionary of Cbem1cal SOlub1liti •• ," N. Y .. ,.
1h.cm.111an, 1921, 1l4lp ..
7. Cooke, S .. R. B., "1'he JUcro8cop1eStructurtt and Concent1'8:tabl11ty
of th8 lJUpOrMnt Ira 01"e8 ot tbB Unit.e4 .at ..... v. S. Bur. Min ..
Bull. 391. 1936, lap.
8. Cooke, S. Ii. ~." Howe_. W.. Ud "'17. A. B., -.rtnerec:re.ph1o 140.1'.1-
fio tlon ~ Pal1caeltme u4 llal16Rntt.," Amer. lI1neraloglat 16.
209-212 (1.931).
9. De-,ne. E. 8 •• "A _nem of M1neralo&y,'" N. Y., W11ey. 19l1.
10. na.18. C. W.J iITbe MagnetiC (ioncentratlon ot Iron OrN," Univ.
ot Minn. Bull.. 9. Vol. 14" 1921, 138p.
1.1. DaviS, C • •• • "The Diseolut1on of Various Manganese Jlinerals."
tJ., S. Bur. tinea R&pt. of Investlgat '1Q»S 3024. 1930. Up.
74
12. DeVaney, F. D.. and Coghill. W. H. , "'l'he Benef1ciation of
Ox1dized. ),(anganese Oro ~y Magnetic Separation ot Roastec1
jig Concentrates," U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. of Investigations
2936 , 1929, 4p ...
13 Ford , :E. F •• "Danets Textbook ot Mineralogy," 4th ed •• N. Y.,
Wiley., 1932, 8;lp.
14. Hardner, E. C., "Mangnese Depoll1ts ot the United states.,"
U. s. Geo1 •. Survey Bull. 427, 1910, 298p.
15 .. Healy , JI. V., and 1ohna, A. L.. 'itA aelected B1bl1ograpl'o' and
Map of ~be Manganese De~s1t. of the United State. by D1Btrlc~s.·
. U. S. Bur. Mines Into1'1lll3.t1on 01re. 6274, 1930, 19p.
16. Herts.og. E. S.. "A Stud1 of t he Occurren.c. and Amenab1l1ty to
l.ea chin.g of the Pho8phorus CampouDcUI 1tl Some Red I:ron Ore8 of
Alabema,- '0 ... 8 . Bur. lUnes Dept. ot IUT.stiletlou 3294. 193'_
9p.
17108eph, T. L., Royster, P. B. , and Unner. s. P •• -Utllisation
o't Vanga:n1terov.a Iron Orea,," '0 .. S. Bur. IUne. 'l'eoh. Paper 39', 1926, 28p.
18, Laraen. L S. end Berman, B. ., "Tb Micros,copSe Determination
~ the Non,.;~l1\l. Ulne:ral .. • 24. ed •• tI. s.. Geel. sun., Bull .•
'848, 1'34. 266p"
1', Vanga ... , Ita Ooourrence" l4U.llug. Ud Metallurgy.· Part. I. II.
m, GI14 lY. lJ. S .. Bur. lt1ne . Intol"tll8tlon C1r e. 6768. 6769. 6770.
ana. 6711, ·1934.
20. KoAlp1ne, R. It. and Soule, B. A.. "Q,ualltat1Te Chendcal Anel.yela,·
If .. Y., Van N08tnmd, 1933. 696p.
2).. "1101',7.. w.. -A Comp~ben8i ve Treat 1S8 on InorganiC and The<>-
7'
ret10al Chem1st17." Vol s . III 6nd VIIX. London, Lonf9llBue-Gl'eeD.,
1923 and 1928.
22-. Miser, R. D •• "Deposita ot Manganese Ores in the Bateav1l1e
District, Arkansas,· U. S. Gaol. Surve,y Bull. 734, 1922. 273p.
2..3. Norcrosse, J'r.. lr. S.. "Development ot Low-grade Mangene .. Ores
tYt Cube, - A. I ... E. Tech. Publication 1188. 1940, 13p.
1I1n1ng T&ehno1ogy 4. Uq, 1940.
24- Ralston, o. C., -notation and Agglao.eratlon Cenoentrat10n 0'1
the Non-metelllc Minerals , It U. S. Bur. Mines In.tomat1on eire. .
')'391 .. 1938. 6,3p.
25., Rlchnrds, R. B. and Locke, C. E.. -Textbook ot Ore Dreasing,·
N. Y., KeGre"..H111, 1940, 608p.
26. Rtdgtl1llly. R..R.. "Mang ne .. - General In:t'Ormatlon," U. S. Bur.
Miues Intormatlon eire. 6279, 19.33, 31p.
27 • . R1.dgeway ,. R. II. and Davis. lL 'I., .... ngane.. and Ilangen1teroue
ere. , • lI1nere.la Year BoGk .. 1930 to 1'40.-
28. Sborti.. .. B., tfJU02:'ORoplC net minat10n of tbe O:N JI1nere.la.·
U. s. Geol,. ~ Bull. 914, 1940, ' 141'"
29 .. . ~oughtOD.. B. and Butta. A... "Eu.giueel'1ng :V.~aUur •• - N. Y ' ••
MoGrawo-HU1. 1926., 44lP.
:3C4 Sullivan, ¥. D ... -a..". Liquid. tor II1neral Analy ..... U. 6.
Bu. U1nee Teo11. Paper 381" 192.7. 26p.
~l. Te:ber, 1'. 0 •• -Solw>111ty o-t Caloium Sulfate 1n Phosphorio ACid
SolutloJUl. tt J'. Pl\1s. Chem. 10, 626-629, (1910).
)2. Thiel. G. H..t. "The liIanganeae Minerals, Their Ido-nt1tloat!on and
Parageusia," E~on. Geology 19, 107 (1924)
". Wo-ld, C. JL. and others, "JIanganeae." U. S. Bur.M1nes Bull. 173.
1920, 209p.
34.. W1nchell, N. H. and Winchell, A. N. , "Elements ot Optical M1neral
oelt" P S I-tS I and II, N. Y., Wiley . 1931...
35. Winslow, K. E., "l4e.nganese , Its Oocurr ence , lUlling, and Metal
l urgy , " Pa.rt V, B1bl1ogra.plv, U. S. Bur. Mines Information
C1re . 6772, 1934, 59p.
36. Winslow, ~. M. , "Lea ching Iron Ores tor Pboepboru.. , It U. S. Bur.
Minea Rept . of Investigat i ons 2266, 1921, 4p.
INDEX
Abrasives" tor polished mineral s pec1mens ................. to........ ••• 6
Aci d , added i n batch l eaches ............... .. ,. ......... ............... ••• 3' d1sc~.rded from oounter-eurrent systems ......................... 3~
COnBUlllpt1on t eets ........................ ........................ •••.• 46
Alumina, ferro-grade s pecifioations .................................. :3
Alum.1nUlll pbosphlite ........................................................ 1.0.22.,23
Apatlto, occurrence in ore .............................. .................. '.. 18
properties •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10
solubilities ........................................ 10,22, 23
ArkaJl8aS OTe reserves •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
work done on by U. S. Burea u ot Mines ................... '. 5.13,14
Bardl11. 1. D. • • ' •••••• ..... • ' ••• .••• ' ••••••• e' . ... • • • • • .• .. • • • • • .. • • • • • J.4.
Batoh leaching ............ .... ••••• .•••••• . ........ ...... ...... ••••••• :32
single contaot ........................................................ 32
mult l;p1e OOI1t.act ... ............. , . ......... ., ... ' .................... « 34
Brazil, import.. f':rcID .................. ' ....... ' ••• 4o ............ ,. . ' '. • 2
Jureau ~ tines meoseDe8e l1terature aurv., conducted by................ 1 work done by RoUa Experimental Stat10n .............. 5.13,U
Clalo1UD1 a:ul.tat. .'.................................................... 53
eol ub111ty in B,aSO" .................................... ,..... 55
.olubl1,1ty in ~ ........ ,................................... ,6
theory ot 1ueoltible film •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• S7
ca.on. • hal_ .............. "" ....... __ .................. ' •••••••• '. • •• •. • 11
Cla¥, residual tram Fernvale limestone •••••••••••••••••••••••• 11
ConolU81oaa •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ' ........ ..... ' ••.•••••••••• ' 72
79
Cooke , S .. H. B. •....................•.........•• ~ ........ ,~ ...... . 8
Counter-current leaching ••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••• ~ •••••••• 35
nowsheets f or ..... ............................... ~ • .".......... 36, 37
Decant ation ot leaching solutions ............ e·.... ..... ... . .......... 45
Designs tor oounter-current systems ......... ,. ................. . Fernvale 11m.estone •••••••••••••••••••••• '...................... ...... 11
analysi s of . ' .................. " ••••••••••• .,. •• " ••••••• ' •••••••• ' •• 11,,12
r s1dual cltr:/8 tran ................................... ... '.... 11 .. 12
Ferro-grado manganese ore specificat10ns ••••••••••••••••••• _...... )
Filtration •••••••••••••••• .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44.64
Fishsr, R..B.. • •••• e, ....................................... ,.. • • • • • • ••••••• J.4
Float-a1nk 'tests •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15,17,19
notation . ...................................... ............... ,.... 20,27, 5~
leached concentrates ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40,53
GeologieaJ. Burve.y . U.S., mangs,neu ore resert's. 1nT •• t1ga~1ou ••• .• 1
He1"tzoa. E. S ..... , ... .. ................. ' ••••• ' ........................ 21
Boertel , F. W • •............•...........• ~ ...•............•.. :Imp.urlt& •• in lllI!U1ganeao ores ... ................ , ......... ' •••• ' ........ ,., .... 3, 4
lJIIpu:rlt1es. i n neel ....................................... e............... 3. 4
India. :f.lnport·a tram. .•• '. ........... •••• ................. ................ ..... ...... • 2
Il"Oilt d1uo.lutlon in 1 o.hir.ag •• ' ......................... .. . . ................. 46
_tactic w1:t.h ph08phoru. ...... ~........... • ....... • ........... .. • .•••• ..... 3
"tewo-.grade sp801.:t1a :tions :tor ....................... '. • • • • • • • •• ..... :3
1Id.I1~ 1 1nterloe.k1q in or e •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17,20
oocurrellce 1n ~H. ores ..................................... 11
.phosphat.e m1nera1s . ' •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10,19.22,23
Iron. re1atio-ush1p to phosphorus i n ores ~ ••••••••••••••••.• 1.~. 1 7 •. 19
Leaching solutions, repree1pitatioJlS in .................. 5.3.59 ... . 61
Le.aoh1ng t '8-sts ........... , ..... .................. •••••• ' ........ ,. ,. , • .• ~ ! •• • -21
acid consumption •...•........•••.•.••••...••.• ~ •......•.•• 46
o-ounter ... current ........................................... !l1" 35
oot ............. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . • • • • . . . . .. \t '. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .... 50
multiple oontact batoh ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
of sinters •••...................•.....•.........•..... , ... , on :f1lters .- ............................................. " ' ... .
34
66
64
prel1m.1nfJ.17' ....... ' ••••• " ••••••••••••••••••••••• e' ••• .. .......... ' . 21
s1.u.g1e cont.a ct batch ................................ , ... ...... · ... ~,59
8Ul!l1I18..rY ot da:ta ................... ........ ~ ••• ' . -••• .••••• -. • • ... .. • .•• 5:3
wa.eh tests ••.•..•....•..••••.......•.•..•...•.••........•.. 50
Hagnetle aepara~lon ........................... 1,.15,16.17.26 • .3-5.44
~8 •• appropriet,lona tor ............................................ ~ 2
d1s803.ut1o11 in lee.oh1DC ................................... a .......... , ~ 46
d.omest.l c pro4ucer. • '" '" ............................................... .......... <It, .... .. 2
t~rro-gra4. spec1tl cations for .. ., ........ a.-_ .............. ' ........ a ••• :t:~" ,
til" 1'.101'1 o:f ora ................................... "' .. ............ ............... 4l.
l1UJJO.rt-e of • ., .............. -tI ..... ..... ' . , .......... -••••• ' -....... ............ ,. .• _ .. .. 2
im.pur1tles in ~8 ot •••• '" ............................................. j. 4
~n.eu8' GZ14. .. •••• .• e · ..... ,. ................................ '.. • .• ~
Dd.ure.l lnteJllock1ng in ore ............................. "' ; ......... 17
110n-Opaque minerals in the ore ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18
p.hoapba" minerals .................. to •• _ ..................... e. ..... 10,22 .• ~.
phosphates 1.n leac.h 801ut10l1l ...... ............... c. .. ........... ........ 61
p;tv.leal propert18" of minerals ...... ........ ...... ••.••• ...... ....... 9
80
Jlan.geneae, pri ces ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '............ ..... :3
protective t ariff •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
reaerle. • ..................................... ' •••• "..... 1
stook piles ..................................... .............. 3
strategic metal ................................ ' ........ 1. 2" :3 .
u.n1ta of . '......................... ............... ••••••• ;:
'WIld ox-. •• e, •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ' . .. '. ' ••• < • • • • • • U
Mineral.', apatite in ore ......................................... 18
bakelite mountings ot ••••.•.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8
manganese, pnre1oa1 propert i es of •••••••••••••••••••••• 9
J1o~opaque in Ore •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18
opaque in ore •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ' •• -18
phosphate mineral fo~t1on •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11
phosphate, phiYs10al properties ot •••••••••••••••••••••• 10
pmspllate rock in ore , ................................... +8
Multiple contact b~t.ch lea.ching ......................... ".. •• ••• 34
Nat10lll1l. Detetle. CcQIm1tt ..................................... -•••••
ON8. enalyIJee ot wads •• .• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .•.•• -... 14
bakelite mountings of •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8
ttlt1"8t1011 o~ ., ••• ' ........ 0 ••••••••• • ••••••••••• ' ... ••• •• ••• 4It
identification numbera .......................... ..... • .. •.•.•• 13
leach1q tea. on .......................... ,.............. 21.67
OCourr&l1C. ot wad ................ fI.-••••••••• ' ••• : ... ... ,.. 11,'12
aoreen a.na.lyaes ................................. ., •••••• ., '14
slnt.erinc ot ..................................... .. ............ 20.66
Perobloric ac14 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27,30
Philippin.e Islands, • imports from ............................. ·2
81
82
Phosphatee, decomposition of ............................. ~ ••• j\l.62
i n sol ution ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••• 59
l1!.i nere.l. r O.rn18. t 1 on •• •• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• '. • • .. .. • •. • 11
mineral i nterlooking ••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• ~ 17,20
minerals , p~sic,al properties ......................... o....... ••• 9
ocourrenoe 1n wad ores •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19
po.aibl. preo1pitates ..... o..o. .................................... 59
solubiliti es .of •••••••••••• o. ........... .......... e ••• 22~2jt·24.62
Phosphat. rock, analYSis ............................................... .. '....... 22
OC0Urrence 111 ore ................................... ~ ...... ........ 18.20
p __ e1oal properties ~ ................................... · •• ~lO .• 18 . .. ,
801lJbl11t1es ................................... ~ ... ~ 2O,21 .. ~ .• 2,.24
content of residues :trOll acid consumpt1oa testa •••••• ~ .... 46
eounter-ourr at te .te .............. 3~,,~~'9t40.4l·~.4.3.45
bot leacbaS ' '" . ........................................ ~ ...................... ~~.~ ·sO.,2
leac·heCl sint er preduot.e .... _ .................. ~ ..... ' ......... 69.70.71 , , . . , . ,
multiple oont ~t batch tea, .. ' ................ ' ............. . . , .
prel1m1nary teats ....................... " .... Ol ..... ........ ". ~.~.30.,. Jl
Bingle coll'tact ba~4Jh ................ " ...... Ol ............. .. .......... .., 33,'9
veraua pulp d1111t1oa ........ " .. e' ........... .. ............... '. .... • . ....... 58
oo~t .r var1o~ c.onoent rates ................. 4o ••••• 13.i5,16,54
tlfl'rO-sra4e' specl1'1catlO1U1 tor ............................ Ol....... :3
in neel . ... ........ ' •••••.••• ' .................. .. ............. ,.,..... ,
-iron eut-.e-ot,10 . ' ....................... '.............. ...... . ... 3
m1_ra.l a"D8.l..78 •••••.•••••••• ., ...... '. s •• , •• ' ...................... 22
'I111aeral to:rmat1on ................................. .............................. U
Phosphorus , mi neral i l'l;ttlrlock1ng .o. ............... , ............... 17,20
mi neral s .
mlnerals,
p!vsica l prol)ert1el3 •.........................•... solub ilities ••...•.......••........•..•..
10
OCO\lrrenCe i n ores ............ .............. '.. ...... • .. •• . . • ••• 18,19
................................ per cent dissolution i n l eaching
percent versus pulp dilution , .. , ........••......•.•....•....• relation to iron in or~8 ................. separation i n vHl'lous ore dreeaing prooes
61
solub1l ities of m1ne~ls ............................. ... 2l,22. 2) t ~'·
Po11 sll1ng .............. ..................... lilt • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7
t "eo ll:n.1 que .• ' ............. ~ ~ ' ••••••• .••••••••••••••• ' • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 7
e.b rasl ves ror ~ ~ •••••• ' • ,. .............................. '. • • • • • . • • .. 6
bakelite solution for tmpregnat1ng mangenes8 ores ••••••••••• 7
Prel1m.1ne.xy t ests •••.•. 0 .................................. ' ....... 21,.32
Pu.lp density ... ., .......... •• ' •• ........... e . . ... ...... • -•• ............... ' ••• *. 28
Pulp dilution •••••••• ,_, •••••••••• e ........ It •••• ' ••• , ............. , •• 32,)4..·57.58
Rare earths •.••• .••••••••••••• ' ............. ' •• " ...... ~_ ... , . ..... , ............ 19
cid consumpt1on t e'ste .......................... 46.47.48.,49
coate •••.• -........................ .. ................................. ". 44
O'1'o.ch leal ........ ................. 0 ................... '.0.......... 6
prel1m1Jl8l."Y 'ti<eeta with ........ .. ,. e , ....... , •••••••• ,. .......... ' ••• ' 25,26
sol,, ' nt-a tor phospbat.e minerals ..................... 21,22,23.24,25
Bu1:f'Ur1c acid • ' ...... 0 , ... « .. ' .............. ...................... 27.28.29.32,44
Ji. s1dual clay" tr9ll1, '.,%'n.~. 11m atone ................ ' •••••••• 11.12
01,48 conaum,pt1on 1:> ata IO.................................... 46
counter-current
bot 18Bchee •••••• , ........................................... 50,52
B3
84
llesidu8s,:f'rom s1ntered products .......................... 69.70,71
multiple conta ct batch testa "" ....................... " ....... '... 34
prel1m.1ns ry tests ,." .................... ' ................. 28,29,30,31
roas t .ad products ." ................................... ........ ' •• 35.44
s1.ugle conta ct bat~h .tests "." .......................... ' ...... '. 33.59
percentage ,of phosphorus i n ver sUS pulp dilution .'.' ...... ~ Roast., reduction and magnetic separation ••••• 1),15.16.17,26.35
with sodium. ohloride " .......................................... 27
Roaste<l leaCh , residues ............................. ~ ........... 35.44
Sam.ples, are, :preparation of ....................................... 32
Bcbr-&llk,. w. '1'.. • ................ ' II .............................. 21,53
Sl1al&. CaS.OD ••••••• 0_ ................................ , .......... ....... . 11
Short, r.r. N . . .................................. -.............. '.......... 6
81lioa , ferro-sr de speoifioations .......... O' ............. ' .... , ..... 10 3
81110: tea. m81l8fln8se .. ................. ' .............. ~ .. ....... ..
(to-currence in e.nIiIse ONS ......... "" •• ' .. O'.o. ......... '........... 11,.18
Single batch lea ching .. .... ' ............ ' ................................. 32. 33
Sln~ ring •••••• ' •••••••• '.' • .- ' ................ __ .......... ... ' ............ ..20, •. 66
Sinter., anal.y ses of', .. ' ..... !'.O'O'O' ••• O' , .............. 0 , ............ O'O' ... • ..... '8
laaehing of .... '.~' fir fA' .............. '" •• ' ••••••••••• ., • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• 67
ore cbar"ge. .......... _ ~ . ... ' ........... ...... ' .................... , • • ... 66
811m. 8 , possible etfect o,t ..................... O'O' .............. ~., •• ' . ' 59
Sol\lbl11"t1es,. OAle11JJ1l sulfate _ ......... O' .......... , '" . ' ..... ~ ,'5,,6 d1caloiUlll ort hopbospbBt .................... '.' ••••••••• 62,63
~n.es ~bop~~pbBte ' .............. .o , . ............... , • ' .... O'... 62
.t9i'r'10 ort.}x)p'boapha,te ••• ' •• .•••••••••• ' ................... it. •• 61
-mlBlIgJ!Ule,8'6 in ore, ......... O' ................... O'............. 46
lIII111&8 11OU8 oXide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26.27
..,ot<t ...... l"InllA ~A1;'t'Ahvdl:'o.<r9n nhospbate ."' •• ' ............. O' ••• ' ••••• 61
65
Sol ubilit ies, phosphorus in tJw ore •• ••. •.•.•••••••••••••••••••••• 61
South Af'r1 os, ~port8 fram •••••••••. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ............. '. 2
Steel, or-feots of poosphorus upon ........................... < ••••••••
ferr6- grade l";ange.nese ore for ...... .......... ... ................ 2
Stock piles of manganese oree ••.••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••• J
stokes l e.. ........................................................... 6
St ·reteg1 c ... srede ferromanganese ore •••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••• J
Taritt. manganese protective ....................................... 2
Thes1s .. problems .' ................................... .,.............. 5
Thor1\l1U •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19
T1 t Ellli um.. ...... e· •••••••••••••••••• -.- ................................ '. • •• 19
Un! t of mangane ore ........................ ., •••...•••...... • ••••• j
Volatilizat ion of th phosphorue .... ........................... 1 ••.• 66
aldron, C .. R .. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Wa8h teata •.............•....•......•. ~ ••.•.•.............• 1 low, R. H. • .•••••• ' • .. ... .... . .... .................................. ' ••••• 21
