Report penuh Obesity

1.0 Introduction

Obesity gets a lot of pressure these day and is one of the

biggest health problems which affecting a person’s not only

adult but also teenager and children. Obesity is affecting by

physically and psychologically as well. More than one billion

people around the world are obese with a body mass index (BMI)

of 25 kg/m2 or more. Usually, obesity is determined using body

mass index (BMI), calculated as the weight in kilograms

divided by the square of height in metres (kg/m2). A BMI over

25 kg/m2 is defined as overweight, and BMI over 30 kg/m2

categorized as obese. BMI provides the most useful population

level measure of overweight and obesity as it is same for both

sexes and for all ages and adults. The person who had obesity

has the condition which the fat stores are excessive or

abnormal fat accumulation that may impair health and

eventually produce chronic health problem. An example, the

health problem significant for obesity is cardiovascular

disease, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.

Besides, obesity also gives effects to respiratory system such

as the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma

and obstructive sleep apnea. The musculoskeletal disorders

especially osteoarthritis also give risk in as increase in

BMI.

To overcome or prevented from the obesity, several suggestions

are coming out to be practise for who have the obesity. As in

individual level, to reduce the obesity people can limit

energy intake from total fats and sugars. In other side,

increase consumption of fruit and vegetables such as legumes,1

whole grains and nuts. The important things to overcome

obesity is engage in regular physical activity for children is

60 minutes a day and 150 minutes per week for adults. The

regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy body and

reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, colon

cancer and breast cancer. More activity is required to

maintain body for weight control.

2.0 Problem statement

Malaysia was the first Asia country where the people suffer

from obesity. Obesity may occur either in neither men nor

women. Childhood, teenagers, and adults do not run away from

getting involved with obesity. Unhealthy dietary practice may

be the causes of the occurrence of obesity. Other than that,

unhealthy lifestyles may also be the factors becoming an

obese. Obesity even contributes a lot of adverse effect on

physiology body system

3.0 Objectives

i. To identify the causes of obesity

ii. To identify the effect of obesity on body system

iii. To differentiate between overweight and obesity

iv. To overcome the obesity problems in all range of age

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4.0 Methodology

5.0 Result (from questionnaire)

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A title about physiological effect of obesity on body

system was chosen The information of obesity and

its effect to body system were found out(books, internet, newspaper,

article, magazine)

A questionnaire about obesity was constructed

The questionnaires were given to 40 respondents which are

in category obese

The collected data was analyzed and questions for interview were

constructed

An appointment with doctor at Pusat Kesihatan UPSI was made

Our group member had attended to a seminar about obesity at Pusat

Kesihatan UPSI

An interview was conducted with the doctor after the seminar

The collected data was analyzed. A poster and full report was

made

Chart 1: Sex of obese

Mean,ẋ : 15.00

Standard deviation,σ : 1.4142

Chart 2: Age of Obese

Mean,ẋ : 6.00


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Chart 3: Frequency Eat Per Day

Mean,ẋ : 7.5


Chart 4: Eat in Responds To

Mean,ẋ : 10.83

Standard Deviation,σ : 7.6267

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Chart 5: Exercise Per Week

Mean,ẋ : 7.5


Chart 6: Obesity Run in Family

Mean,ẋ : 15.00


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Chart 7: Having any Health Risk

Mean,ẋ : 15.00


Chart 7: Type of Disease

Mean,ẋ : 8.00

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6.0 Discussion

In this survey, we had asked several questions to the

respondent via questionnaire. The first question that we asked

in the questionnaire is sex of the obese. From the findings,

(refer to chart 1) we found that the female are more obese by

57% compare to male respondent which are 43%. Female are more

likely to be obese than male.

The second question we asked the respondent is the age.

In the questionnaire we had divide the age into five

categories which are 5 to 12 years old, 13 to 17 years old, 18

to 25 years old, 26 to 30 years old and last is above 30 years

old. We divide these in term of (5-7 years, adolescence and

adulthood. Adolescences and adulthood divide into two early

and late adolescence and adulthood. After having the survey,

we found most of the obese lies on category late adolescence

(18 to 25 years old) by 37% follow by late adulthood (above 30

years old) with 33% obese then 17% on early adolescence (13 to

17 years old), early adulthood (26 to 30 years old) with 10%

obese and lastly 3% on childhood (5-12 years old).

In almost all countries, female are likely to be obese

than male. According to a prevalence and trend study (1999-

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2000) published in 2002 by the Journal of the American Medical

Association, there are more overweight American men, but more

obese American women. Another study state the difference in

weight gain between men and women is that as women’s

educational level rises, obesity decreases, for both white and

black women, whereas in men, educational level appears not to

be related to obesity. Obesity can occur at any age, even in

young children and also old age. By referring to Dr Norizan

which we had interview and Puan Ili Dalila who give talk on

obesity, obesity can randomly occur to all age of human.

For chart 3 (frequency eat per day), most of the

respondent take meals every 4 hours which is contribute about

60%. There is 23% of respondents take meals every 6 hours and

only 17% of them take meals every 2 hours. However, the

percentage of respondent take meals every 8 hours is 0%. Based

on the observation, most of the respondents take meals every 4

hours because they always untimely hunger. For those take

meals every 6 hours, they have awareness about effects of

obesity in the future. Therefore, they try to control their

nutrition in a day. There are no respondent take meals every 8

hours as it is a long period.

In one of the research, it have been found that there is

convincing evidence in adults, that the more television

people watch, the more likely they are to gain weight or

become overweight or obese. There is emerging evidence that

too much TV watching also increases the risk of weight-related

chronic diseases. For example, the Nurses’ Health Study

followed more than 50,000 middle-age women for six years. For9

every two hours the women spent watching television each day,

they had a 23 percent higher risk of becoming obese and a 14

percent higher risk of developing diabetes

From the survey, in chart 4, we found that most of

respondents eat in response to habit (35%). 25% of them eat in

response to boredom and 14% eat in response to anger. Besides

that, 14% of the respondents state they eat in response to

frustration and sadness while only 2% state they eat in

response to all above condition.

The relationship of moods and social context to energy

and nutrient intakes was examined to ascertain if these

variables interact or function independently. Meals eaten in

positive and negative moods were significantly larger than

meals eaten in a neutral mood. In a study on emotional eating

that included both overweight and underweight subjects, it was

found that those who weighed more were more likely to eat in

response to negative moods and situations.

Emotional eating is most often defined as (over)eating in

response to negative affect (Thayer, 2001), without

specificity to particular moods or emotions (Faith, Allison, &

Geliebter, 1997). Thayer (2001) cites feelings of increased

tension and low-energy, “tense tiredness,” as the primary

culprit in emotional eating, as it underlies many of the

negative moods (for example, depression and anxiety) that have

been found to be associated with overeating. Hence, food is

used in an attempt to self-medicate and self-regulate mood.

Weingarten and Elston (1991) found that tension in

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undergraduates often preceded urges to eat. Researchers have

also identified tiredness, boredom, loneliness, anxiety,

tension, and stress as triggers to overeating in women and

found that these feelings improved after eating (Popless-

Vawter, Brandau, & Straub, 1998).

From the chart 5 about the exercise per week, 40% don’t

exercise. It quiet surprise because approximately half from

obesity’s person don’t take any exercise per week. While 44%

exercise 1-2 times per week, 13% exercise 3-4 times per week

and only 3% exercise 4 and more times per week. From the

World Health Organization (WHO) about 10 facts on obesity, it

shows that the regular physical activity helps maintain a

healthy body. The people should engage in adequate levels of

physical activity throughout their lives. The duration for

take exercise is not important but must regularly. At least 30

minutes is enough for exercise such as walking, cycling,

jogging, swimming, aerobic, or Tai chi. The physical activity

can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, colon

cancer, and breast cancer. Actually, more activity may be

required for the weigh control and not only limited for those

above mention physical activity. The 40% that represent did

not take any exercise per week very disquiet because it

eventually will affect body system more chronic.

The pie chart 6 shows the percentage of obesity run in

family. 63% represent that no have in family have obesity.

While 37% shows the obesity run in family. It also can be

determined that the obesity is one of the inheritance/genetics

diseases. Human carry probably dozens of genes that are11

directly related to body size. The researcher was find out

that the obesity have specific genes. They were used 5 obese

mice as models to know the gene involved in obesity. The

result reported by researcher, several genetic markers

influence on obesity. But, although the obesity is one of the

genetic factors from family, obesity also determined from

environmental factor. It proven from the questionnaire that we

conducted which 63% represent obesity did not come from the

family. So, the most factors contribute the obesity is the

environment factor. Environmental as well as genetics factors

greatly the expression of obesity across the lifespan. The

dietary intake is one of environmental factor. The obesity’s

person always not takes care about their nutrition in food.

They not unlimited the intake of sugar and salt, unlimited the

total fat intake, and less consumption of fruit, vegetables,

pulses, whole grain and nuts. The diet factor play important

role in our weight body.

From pie chart 7, found that most of our respondent has

health risk due to obesity. 67% from our respondent have

health risk and the rest 33% does not have any. Then we

conclude that obese people have high risk to get disease

compared to normal people. People who are overweight or obese

are at increased risk for chronic disease compared to normal-

weight individuals. People who are overweight or obese and can

gain significant health benefits from losing weight.

From pie chart 8, hypertension (38%) is the most disease

that existed by the person who were obese. Cardiovascular

(31%) is the second highest disease that suffers by obese12

people. Besides that, diabetes (28%) also can relate with the

obesity. Some of them have kidney failure. So, we conclude

that hypertension is the health risk that existed to obese

person.

Obesity can contribute to a multitude of health effect,

including problems with the cardiovascular system, digestive

system, respiratory system and others system in the human

body. In our finding, we found that most of the disease that

existed by obese people is related to cardiovascular system

and digestive system. The disease that relate with

cardiovascular system are cardiovascular disease such as heart

attack, elevated of cholesterol, abnormal heart rhythms and

hypertension. The kidney failure is related to digestive

system.

Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, condition

that arises when the blood pressure is abnormally high.

Hypertension is occurs when the body’s smaller blood vessels

(the arterioles) narrow, causing the blood to exert excessive

pressure against the vessel walls and forcing the heart to

work harder to maintain the pressure. Risk estimate from the

studies suggest that above than 75% of hypertension can be

directly attributed to obesity. There are relationship between

body weight and blood pressure. Blood pressure increases with

weight gain and decrease with weight loss. In addition,

obesity may provide encouragement for sympathetic nervous

system activation as well as or changes in renal structure and

function. The heart is a pump designed to force blood through

our body. Blood is pumped from the heart through the arteries13

out to our muscles and organs. Pumps work by generating

pressure. Put simply, too much pressure puts a strain on the

arteries and on the heart itself. This can cause an artery to

rupture or the heart to fail under the strain in the worst

case stopping altogether.

Cardiovascular disease that usually existed in obese

people is coronary heart disease because of the fat

accumulation. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in

which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the

coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to

your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the

condition is called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is happen

when plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood

vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other

parts of your body. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol,

calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time,

plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow

of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your

body.

Diabetes is also a disease that can relate with the

obesity. Diabetes is a disease in which the glucose in the

blood is higher than normal. High blood glucose is called

hyperglycemia. Glucose is a type of sugar that comes from

foods containing carbohydrates and is found in everyone’s

blood. Glucose is transported through the blood to all tissues

and organs to be used for energy. Blood glucose should not be

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too low (hypoglycemia) or too high (hyperglycemia). The body

usually keeps blood glucose within a certain range by using

stored glucose when needed, or storing the glucose when it is

not needed. The body is normally able to control blood glucose

levels using a hormone called insulin. Insulin is released by

the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the

blood. With diabetes, however, the body has trouble making or

using insulin. For this reason, blood glucose levels rise and

hyperglycemia occurs.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes that

occurs in obese people. Ninety-five percent of the people who

have diabetes have type 2. Although it was once thought that

type 2 diabetes occurred only in adults, it is now known that

people can develop type 2 diabetes at any age. With type 2

diabetes, the receptors on the cells become resistant to

insulin and therefore cannot let glucose into the cell. Type 2

diabetes may also result if the body does not make enough

insulin. Both problems with the cell receptor or with the

amount of insulin produced, lead to high blood glucose levels.

Being overweight and inactive increases the chance of

developing type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is a condition

when normal insulin levels do not result in glucose entry into

the cell. Higher than normal insulin levels in the blood occur

in insulin resistance.

Obesity directly causes kidney disease, because the

kidneys have to work harder to filter out toxins and to meet

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the metabolic demands of the increased body mass index (BMI)

in obese individuals. This is called hyperfiltration and in

the long term, it is associated with increased risk of

developing kidney disease. As an indirect cause, obesity

increases the major chronic kidney disease, risk factors, and

high blood pressure. Besides that, diabetes is the leading

cause of kidney disease. Over the long term, high blood

glucose levels damage tiny blood vessels in the kidneys,

impairing their ability to filter the blood properly. As a

result, a type of protein called ‘albumin’ spills into the

urine instead of being processed into the blood stream. Tiny

amounts of protein in the urine are called microalbuminuria.

As kidney disease progresses, more protein is found in the

urine, a condition called proteinuria. Diabetes can also

affect kidneys by damaging the nerves that tell you when your

bladder is full. The pressure from a full bladder can damage

the kidneys

7.0 Conclusion

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder by depending on

the causes of physiology on body system. The aspects of daily

lifestyle have contributed to the increasing of obesity.

Obesity was found out to be associated with sex of gender,

age, and physical activity level, healthier choice of foods,

genetics factor and healthy lifestyle. The dietary pattern

which lower in nutrient such as intake of high-fat, high-

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sugar, high-salt, energy-dense, and micronutrient-poor food is

sharp increase of obesity due also to lower levels of physical

activity. By make regular physical activity and healthier

dietary choice available, affordable and easily accessible to

all therefore preventing obesity.

8.0 Suggestions

In order to treat obesity, people should focus on three areas

which are healthy diet, physical activity and adequate sleep.

In terms of diet, obese individuals should focus on eating

smaller portions and drinking plain water rather than sugary

drinks. Besides, they also need to consuming the recommended

amount of protein (0.8 to 1.2 grams per kilogram of body

weight) since excess protein increases the kidneys’ work load

and minimizing salt intake. Obese are also advised avoid

taking food by watching movies or reading book.

Physical activity is essential for healthy weight

reduction. Exercise increases energy expenditure, promotes

weight loss and helps sustain a healthy weight. The goal to

work towards is two hours and thirty minutes of moderate-

intensity exercise a week. This is usually spread out over the

week in intervals of, 20-30 minutes at a time, or even less.

Adequate sleep promotes maintenance of a healthy weight.

Most people require about 7 hours of sleep each night. Many

studies suggest that irregular sleep patterns, eating before

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going to sleep and short sleep duration are all linked to

obesity.

Obese are advised not practice FAD Diet. Fad diets

promote quick weight loss by following a specific set of

guidelines, which differ depending on the diet plan. Some FAD

diets endorse specific foods to be eaten while others claim

certain foods need to be avoided. There are many types of FAD

diet. However, people usually like to practice diet which

consumes less carbohydrate but high protein in their

nutrition. FAD diets function mainly by restricting calories.

Due to the extreme food restrictions, weight loss is rapid and

unsafe. These diets may not provide the nutrition needed for

proper body functions because they restrict calories to less

than 1200 calories or they eliminate entire food groups.

Other than that, Behaviour therapy also can be practised

by obese. Behavior therapy provides patients a set of

principles and techniques to facilitate their adherence to the

diet and activity goals described above. The behavioral

approach has been described at length in other publications to

which readers are referred. Common techniques include self-

monitoring (of food and activity), stimulus control, slowing

eating, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, and relapse

prevention. Behavior therapy typically is delivered to groups

of 10–20 participants in 60- to 90-minute sessions for 20–26

weeks.

Lastly, Surgical Interventions (discouraged) also is one

of the treatments of obesity. Bariatric surgery, the most

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intensive treatment for obesity, is appropriate only for those

individuals with a BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or BMI ≥35 kg/m2 in the

presence of comorbidities. Typically, people who seek

bariatric surgery have exhausted the more conservative weight

loss options without satisfactory results. The two most common

surgical procedures for obesity are vertical banded

gastroplasty (VBG) and gastric bypass (GB). Both entail

isolating a small (15- to 30-ml) pouch of stomach with a line

of staples, thereby drastically limiting food intake. In VBG,

the pouch empties into the remaining stomach, where the

digestive process continues as normal. GB, however, not only

restricts food intake, but also reduces absorption by

bypassing the remaining stomach and 45–150 cm of small

intestine.

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