Relax! : inherent feedback during product interaction to reducestressCitation for published version (APA):Bruns, M. (2010). Relax! : inherent feedback during product interaction to reduce stress. Technische UniversiteitDelft.

Document status and date:Published: 01/01/2010

Document Version:Accepted manuscript including changes made at the peer-review stage

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Download date: 01. Apr. 2022

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Table of contents ! Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11!

J6J! >(O()/=0(,4-!P/+!9(-%&,666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JJ!J6#! .PP(74%O(!45,&%1)(!%,4(+574%/, 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JK!J6S! W(-(5+73!h'(-4%/, 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JF!J6\! W(-(5+73!5==+/573666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666#I!J6L! ZO(+O%(R!43(-%- 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666#J!

! Stress .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23!#6J! M/,7(=4!/P!-4+(-- 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666#S!#6#! D4+(--!+(-=/,-( 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666#\!#6S! M/=%,&!R%43!-4+(-- 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666#H!#6\! M/,7)'-%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666SI!

! Framework .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31!S6J! C,4+/9'74%/, 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666SJ!S6#! 8+/=/-(9!=+/7(--666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666SS!S6S! M/,7)'-%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666SL!

! Pen use .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37!\6J! C,4+/9'74%/, 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666SG!\6#! $(43/9666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666SF!\6S! W(-')4-6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666\K!\6\! >%-7'--%/, 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666\F!\6L! M/,7)'-%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666LI!

! Interactions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51!L6J! C,4+/9'74%/, 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666L#!

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! Tactile feedback .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61!K6J! C,4+/9'74%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666KJ!K6#! 8%)/4!(i=(+%0(,4 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666K#!K6S! T(0=(+54'+(!-4'9:666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666KL!K6\! D%V(!5,9!R(%&3466666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666GI!K6L! 8%)/4!15)5,7(!5,9!9:,50%7!=+/=(+4%(-66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666G#!K6K! >:,50%7!=+/=(+4%(-!5,9!()5-4%7%4: 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666G\!K6G! >%-7'--%/,666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666GL!K6H! M/,7)'-%/, 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666GK!

! Design cycles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77!G6J! C,4+/9'74%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666GG!G6#! d%+-4!%4(+54%/,;!%9(5!(i=)/+54%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666GH!G6S! D(7/,9!%4(+54%/,;!4574%)(!P((9157?!(i=)/+54%/,666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666H#!G6\! d%,5)!%4(+54%/,;!43(!5PP(74%O(!=(,6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666HK!G6L! >%-7'--%/,666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666FI!

! Closing the loop .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91!H6J! C,4+/9'74%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666FJ!H6#! $(43/9 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666FS!H6S! W(-')4-6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666FG!H6\! >%-7'--%/,666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JI#!

! General discussion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105!F6J! C,4+/9'74%/,66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JIL!F6#! M/,-(h'(,7(-!P/+!9(-%&,6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JIK!F6S! C0=)%754%/,-!P/+!+()54(9!+(-(5+7366666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JJS!F6\! d'4'+(!R/+? 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666JJL!

! References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117!

! Summary .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129!

! Samenvatting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135!

! Acknowledgements .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141!

! Curriculum Vitae .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143!Y%-4!/P!='1)%754%/,- 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666J\S!

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Introduction 1.1 Developments for design

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577/+9%,&):6!

Fig. 1.2 SonyEricsson W595.

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1.1.2 Affective computing

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Fig. 1.3 Emotion Mouse (Ark,

Dryer, & Lu, 1999), and

Pressure Mouse (Reynolds

& Picard, 2001).

!

!

1.1.3 Ubiquitous computing and tangible interaction

T3(!+(-(5+73!/,!0(5-'+%,&!(0/4%/,-!1:!0(5,-!/P!7/0='4(+-!35-!P/7'-(9!05%,):!

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Fig. 1.4 eMoto (Fagerberg et

al., 2003).

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Figure 1.5 Shift from

desktop computing to

ubiquitous computing.

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1.2 Affective tangible interaction

1.2.1 Background

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Fig. 1.6 Alarm clock

(Wensveen, Overbeeke, &

Djajadiningrat, 2002).

!!

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Fig. 1.7 Hapticat (Yohanan

et al., 2005), Huggable

(Stiehl et al., 2006), and

Sentoy (Paiva et al., 2002).

!!

!

1.2.2 Input

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1.2.4 Inherent feedback for designers

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1.3 Research question

Fig. 1.8 Overview of

feedback modalities and

input mechanisms.

!!

!

!!

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(i=(+%(,7(!3/R!43(!7/,7(=4!%-!(,O%-%/,(9!5,9!(O5)'54(96!d%,5)):!%,!43(!59/=4%/,!=35-(Q!43(!=+/4/4:=(-!/+!P%,5)!=+/9'74-!5+(!574'5)):!='4!%,!43(!P%()9!5,9!(O5)'54(9!

5-!4/!3/R!43(:!735,&(!43(!)%P(!5,9!1(35O%/+!/P!43(%+!'-(+-6!

.,!%0=/+45,4!7/,9%4%/,!P/+! @'9&%,&!43(!h'5)%4:!/P!5!+(-(5+73!43+/'&3!9(-%&,!=+/@(74!%-!5,!(i4(,-%O(!9(-7+%=4%/,!5,9!9/7'0(,454%/,!/P!43(!9(-%&,!=+/7(--!4354!

(,51)(-! +(=)%754%,&! 43(! =+/7(--! jb%00(+05,! (4! 5)6Q! #IIGk6! C! R%))! 7/,-(h'(,4):!

9(-7+%1(!43(!5==+/573!/P!457?)%,&!43(!=+(-(,4(9!+(-(5+73!h'(-4%/,6!

1.5 Overview thesis T3(!5==+/573!P/+!5,-R(+%,&!43%-!+(-(5+73!h'(-4%/,!R%))!1(!/'4)%,(9!%,!43%-!43(-%-!

5-! P/))/R-6! d%+-4Q! 43(! 4(+0! -4+(--! R%))! 1(! 9%-7'--(9! 4/! P+50(! 43(! +(-(5+73! %,!735=4(+! 4R/6! Z,7(! 43(! 7/,4(i4Q! R%43%,! R3%73! 43%-! +(-(5+73! R%))! 1(! P+50(9Q! %-!

=+(-(,4(9Q! 5! 3:=/43(-%-! /,! 3/R! -4+(--! 7/')9! 1(! +()%(O(9! 1:!0(5,-! /P! =+/9'74!

%,4(+574%/,! R%))! 1(! 9(-7+%1(9! 1:! 0(5,-! /P! 5! P+50(R/+?! %,! 735=4(+! 43+((6! T3(!=+/=/-(9!P+50(R/+?!R%))!/'4)%,(!5!-(4!/P!(i=(+%0(,4-!+()54(9!4/!%0=)%7%4!=+/9'74!

%,4(+574%/,-! 5,9! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?Q! R3%73! 5+(! 9(-7+%1(9! %,! 735=4(+-! P/'+Q! P%O(!

5,9!-%i6!*5-(9!/,!43(! %,-%&34-! P+/0!43(!9%PP(+(,4!(i=(+%0(,4-!5!=+/9'74!R%))!1(!9(-%&,(9!%,!R3%73!43(!3:=/43(-%-!R%))!1(!%0=)(0(,4(96!T3(!=+/7(--!/P!9(-%&,%,&!

43%-!=+/4/4:=(!%-!9(-7+%1(9!%,!735=4(+!-(O(,!5,9!%,!735=4(+!(%&34!5,!(i=(+%0(,4Q!

4354! 599+(--(-! 43(! +(-(5+73! h'(-4%/,Q! %-! =+(-(,4(96! d%,5)):! %,! 735=4(+! ,%,(! 43(!05%,!7/,7)'-%/,-!5,9!+(P)(74%/,-!'=/,!43(!R3/)(!=+/7(--!R%))!1(!9%-7'--(96!!

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Stress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

2.1 Concept of stress

2.1.1 Background

D4+(--! =+(-(,4-! 5! &+(54! =+/1)(0! %,! 4/95:f-! -/7%(4:6! T3(! )57?! %,! 4%0(! 5,9!%,7+(5-%,&!50/',4!/P!R/+?!7/,4+%1'4(-! 4/! 43(!9(O()/=0(,4!/P!-(+%/'-! %)),(--(-Q!

-'73! 5-! 3(5+4! 9%-(5-(! 5,9! 1'+,/'46! W(-(5+73! 4/R5+9-! +(9'7%,&! -4+(--! 9'(! 4/!

R/+?! =57(! %,! 43(! R/+?! (,O%+/,0(,4! %-! 43(+(P/+(! 574%O():! 1(%,&! ='+-'(9! %,!c(-4(+,!7/',4+%(-!j85/)%!o!$(+))%qQ!#IIJk6!.)43/'&3!,(R!4(73,/)/&%(-!35O(!1((,!

%,4+/9'7(9! 4/! P57%)%454(! R())1(%,&! /P! /PP%7(! R/+?(+-Q! 43(-(! 4(73,/)/&%(-! 9/! ,/4!

5)R5:-!7/,4+%1'4(!4/!+(9'7%,&!-4+(--!jX(:-/,!o!>/PPAZ44(,-Q!#IIFk6!.!)%0%454%/,!/P!7'++(,4!5==+/573(-!4/R5+9-!(,35,7%,&!R())1(%,&!%,!43(!/PP%7(!

%-!4354!43(:!P/7'-!05%,):!/,):!/,!43(!=3:-%75)!5-=(74-!jD(5R5+9Q!#II#k!/P!-4+(--Q!

-'73! 5-! +(=(4%4%O(! -4+5%,! %,@'+:! =+(O(,4%/,6! d/+! (i50=)(Q! =5'-(! -/P4R5+(! /P4(,!75'-(-! P+'-4+54%/,-! 1(75'-(! %4! 9/(-! ,/4! 35O(! 7/,4(i4'5)! ?,/R)(9&(! /P! '-(+f-!

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X()-(:Q!o!Y(%44(,Q!JFFSk6!T3(+(P/+(Q!,(R!-/)'4%/,-!P/+!-4+(--!=+(O(,4%/,!7/')9!1(!(i=)/+(9! 4354! P/7'-! /,! 43(-(! 5-=(74-Q! 4/! %,7+(5-(! R())1(%,&! /P! /PP%7(! R/+?(+-Q!

43(+(1:!)%?():!%,7+(5-%,&!=+/9'74%O%4:Q!5,9!+(9'7%,&!-%7?,(--!51-(,7(6!T3(!P/7'-!

/P!43(!7'++(,4!+(-(5+73!/,!-4+(--!=+(O(,4%/,!R%))!43(+(P/+(!1(!-(4!%,!43(!/PP%7(6!

2.1.2 Definition

D4+(--! %-!5!-%4'54%/,!/P! %015)5,7(! 4354!/77'+-!R3(,!-/0(1/9:! %-!',51)(! 4/!9(5)!R%43!735,&(-!%,!43(%+!(,O%+/,0(,46!T3(-(!735,&(-!/+!-%4'54%/,-!5+(!+(P(++(9!4/!5-!

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-%4'54%/,Q! 43(! 1/9:! =+(=5+(-! %4-()P! 4/! P%&34! j9(5)! R%43! 43(! -4+(--/+k! /+! P)%&34!j(-75=(! P+/0! 43(! -%4'54%/,k6! T3(+(P/+(Q! 43(! 1/9:! 574%O54(-! O5+%/'-!0(735,%-0-!

4354!=+/9'7(!1(35O%/+5)!5,9!=3:-%/)/&%75)!735,&(-!4/!?((=!43(!/+&5,%-0!5)%O(!%,!

43(-(!-%4'54%/,-!/P!43+(54!jD():(!o!Z&%)O%(Q!JFLKk6!*(-%9(-! 43(! =3:-%/)/&%75)! 735,&(-! 43(! -%4'54%/,! 5)-/! 4+%&&(+-! =/R(+P')!

(0/4%/,5)! +(574%/,-6! C,! =-:73/)/&:! ,(&54%O(! -4+(--! %-! 9(-7+%1(9! 5-! 5! P(()%,&! /P!

5,i%(4:! 5,9! =3:-%75)! 4(,-%/,! /77'++%,&! R3(,! 9(05,9-! =)57(9! /,! -/0(/,(!(i7((9!43(%+!51%)%4%(-!4/!7/=(!j$/,54!o!Y5V5+'-Q!JFFJk6!T3(!(0/4%/,-!%,O/)O(9!%,!

43(-(!-%4'54%/,-!05:!%,7)'9(Q!5,i%(4:Q!P(5+!5,9!5,&(+6!Bi7(--%O(!-4+(--!7/,-%-4-!/P!

(i4+(0():!-4+/,&!,(&54%O(!(i=(+%(,7(-!577/0=5,%(9!1:!(i4+(0():!3%&3!)(O()-!/P!5+/'-5)6!Z,!43(!/43(+!35,9Q!73+/,%7!-4+(--!%-!+(&5+9(9!5-!5!-454(!/P!-4+(--!4354!%-!

,/4!,(7(--5+%):!(i7(--%O(Q!1'4!%-!(i=(+%(,7(9!=(+05,(,4):!/+!P+(h'(,4):!jD4+()5'Q!

JFFLk6!

2.1.3 Types of stress

TR/! 9%PP(+(,4! 4:=(-! /P! -4+(--! 5+(! 9%-4%,&'%-3(9Q! ('-4+(--! 5,9! 9%-4+(--6! D():(!jJFGKk!7/,-%9(+-!4354!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!9%-4+(--!/+!('-4+(--!%-!9+%O(,!1:!3/R!/,(!

%,4(+=+(4-! 5! -4%0')'-! 5,9! +(574-! 4/! %46! T3'-! 43(! %,9%O%9'5)! 9(4(+0%,(-!R3(43(+!

43(! -4+(--/+! %-! 4/! 1(! ('-4+(--! /+! 9%-4+(--6! ]5++%-! jJFGIk! (h'54(9! ('-4+(--!R%43!=)(5-'+(! 5,9! B9R5+9-! 5,9! M//=(+! jJFHHk! 9(P%,(9! ('-4+(--! 5-! 5! =/-%4%O(!

9%-7+(=5,7:!1(4R((,!=(+7(=4%/,-! 5,9!9(-%+(-! j7%4(9! %,!d(O+(Q!$543(,:Q!o!X/)4Q!

#IISk6! B'-4+(--! %-! =+%05+%):! 7/,-%9(+(9! 43(! +(-')4! /P! =/-%4%O(! =(+7(=4%/,! /P!-4+(--/+-!5,9!9%-4+(--!%-!=+%05+%):!43(!+(-')4!/P!,(&54%O(!=(+7(=4%/,!/P!-4+(--/+-6!

T3(! 7'++(,4! +(-(5+73! P/7'-(-!/,! %,P)'(,7%,&! 43(!,(&54%O(! -4+(--! (i=(+%(,7(Q! %6(6!

9%-4+(--6!C,!43(!+(05%,9(+!/P!43%-!43(-%-!C!R%))!+(P(+!4/!9%-4+(--!5-!-4+(--6!

2.2 Stress response c3(,!-4'9:%,&!-4+(--Q!/,(!,((9-!4/!1(!51)(!4/!0(5-'+(!/+!9(4(74!-4+(--6!D4+(--P')!

-%4'54%/,-! 75,! 75'-(! -'1@(74%O(Q! =3:-%/)/&%75)! 5,9! 1(35O%/+5)! +(-=/,-(-!9(=(,9%,&!/,!43(!7/&,%4%O(!5==+5%-5)!5,9!43(!4:=(!/P!-4+(--/+!jY5V5+'-Q!JFFSk6!.-!

9(-7+%1(9!%,!43(!%,4+/9'74%/,Q!1/9:!0/O(0(,4!%-!43(!5-=(74!1:!R3%73!43(!=+/9'74!

R%))!0(5-'+(! -4+(--6! ]/R(O(+Q! -'1@(74%O(! (i=(+%(,7(-! 5,9! =3:-%/)/&%75)! -%&,5)-!R%))!-(+O(!5-!5!7/,4+/)!0(5-'+(!9'+%,&!43(!(i=(+%0(,4-!1:!R3%73!=+/4/4:=(-!R%))!

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c3(,!5!-%4'54%/,!%-!7/,-%9(+(9!4/!1(!-4+(--P')Q!43(!1/9:!+(-=/,9-!1:!rP%&34!/+!

P)%&34rQ! 75'-%,&! 43(! +()(5-(! /P! 59+(,5)%,Q! R3%73! %,%4%54(-! 43(! P%+-4! -45&(! /P! 43(!-4+(--! +(-=/,-(6! M/,-(h'(,4):! (O(+:1/9:! +(-=/,9-! 4/! -4+(--! 9%PP(+(,4):Q! -4+(--!

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2.2.1 Psychological

Fig. 2.1 Adaptation from

Russell’s circumplex

model of affect.

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Fig. 2.2 Self-assessment

mannequin (SAM) to assess

arousal and pleasure

(Bradley & Lang, 1994).

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2.2.2 Physiological

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Skin conductance

D?%,! 7/,9'745,7(Q! /P4(,! 5)-/! 599+(--(9! 1:! &5)O5,%7! -?%,! +(-=/,-(! j<DWkQ! %-!0(5-'+(9! 1:! =)57%,&! 4R/! ()(74+/9(-! /,! 43(! %,9(i! 5,9! 0%99)(! P%,&(+6! .! -05))!

7'++(,4! %-! 7/,9'74(9! 43+/'&3! 43(! ()(74+/9(-! 5,9! 43(! 7/,9'745,7(! %-!0(5-'+(96!

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=%74'+(-!5+(!)5+&(+!4354!43/-(!4/!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(-!jM'431(+4!(4!5)6Q!#IIIk6!

Heart rate

](5+4! +54(! O5+%51%)%4:! %-! 0(5-'+(9! 1:! 9(4(+0%,%,&! 43(! 9%PP(+(,7(-! %,! ()(74+%75)!

=/4(,4%5)!1:!0(5,-!/P!()(74+/9(-!=)57(9!/,!43(!-'1@(74f-!73(-4!5,9!%-!/P4(,!'-(9!5-!5!0(5-'+(! P/+!-4+(--!jD)/5,!(4!5)6Q!JFF\k6!](5+4!+54(!75,!1(!9(4(+0%,(9! P+/0!

43(! 3(5+4! +54(! O5+%51%)%4:! 1:! 0(5-'+%,&! %,4(+! 1(54! %,4(+O5)! 4%0(-6! U,=)(5-5,4!

-7(,(-!4(,9!4/!9(7+(5-(!3(5+4!+54(!0/+(!+5=%9):!435,!=)(5-5,4!-7(,(-Q!-'&&(-4%,&!5! &+(54(+! +/)(! P/+! O5)(,7(! %,! 75+9%57! +(-=/,-(! jY5,&Q! <+((,R5)9Q! *+59)(:Q! o!

]500Q!JFFSk6!

2.2.3 Behavioral

c3%)(!-'1@(74%O(!+(=/+4(9!(i=(+%(,7(-!05:!1(!1%5-(9!5,9!=3:-%/)/&%75)!+(574%/,-!

9%PP%7')4!4/!5--(--!R%43/'4!43(!-'==/+4!/P!/,A1/9:!0(5-'+%,&!(h'%=0(,4Q!7(+45%,!(0/4%/,5)! (i=+(--%/,-! 7/')9! 1(! /1-(+O(9! P+/0! 9%PP(+(,4! ,/,O(+15)! 1(35O%/+-!

-'73! 5-! P57%5)! (i=+(--%/,-! jX()4,(+! o! B?05,Q! #IIIk! 5,9! 1/9:! 0/O(0(,4!

jc5))1/44Q! JFFHk6! C4! %-! 5! 7/00/,):! /1-(+O(9! =3(,/0(,/,! 4354! =(/=)(!05,%=')54(! /1@(74-! 9'+%,&! -4+(--P')! (O(,4-Q! -'73! 5-! P%9&(4%,&! R%43! 5! =(,! /+!

=/%,4(+! 9'+%,&! 5! =+(-(,454%/,6! T3(-(! 1(35O%/+-! 5==(5+! 4/! -(+O(! 5-! 5!0(5,-! 4/!

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544+%1'4(9! 4/! 43(! P574! 4354! 59')4-! 9/! ,/4! /'4R5+9):! -3/R!,(+O/'-! 1(35O%/+-! 5-!

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> C,544(,4%O(!/+!9%-4+574(9!1(35O%/+-!j)//?%,&!5+/',9Q!,/4!1(%,&!P/7'-(9k!

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7/,-%9(+(9! 5-! =5))%54%O(! 7/=%,&Q! 5)-/! 75))(9! (0/4%/,AP/7'-(9! 7/=%,&Q! 5,9!=+(-'==/-(-!9(5)%,&!R%43!/,(-!P(()%,&-!5,9!P%,9%,&!-/7%5)!-'==/+46!d%,5)):!43(+(!

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2.3.1 Relaxation techniques

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2.3.2 Creating awareness

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Biofeedback

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Behavior modification

*(35O%/+!0/9%P%754%/,!%-!5,!%,4(+O(,4%/,!4354!-'==/+4-!%,!7/',4(+574%,&!,(+O/'-!1(35O%/+-!5,9!35-!1((,!5==)%(9!R%43!-'77(--!/O(+!43(!=5-4!P/'+!9(759(-!4/!4+(54!

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7/,-%-4-!/P!43+((!05%,!7/0=/,(,4-!j]%0)(Q!c//9-Q!8%57(,4%,%Q!o!c5)?'=Q!#IIKk!1(%,&;!

> .R5+(,(--!T+5%,%,&!

> M/0=(4%,&!W(-=/,-(!T+5%,%,&!> D/7%5)!D'==/+4!!

!

!

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4354!%-!599+(--(9!%,!43(!+(-(5+73!h'(-4%/,6!CP!5!'-(+!9(0/,-4+54(-!5!+(7/&,%V51)(!,(+O/'-! +()54(9! 1(35O%/+! R3%)(! (,&5&%,&! 5! =+/9'74Q! 3(! /+! -3(! 7/')9! 1(! 059(!

5R5+(! /P! 43%-! O%5! 43(! 9(O%7(! %4-()P! 5,9! 1(! -'==/+4(9! %,! =(+P/+0%,&! 5! 9%PP(+(,4!

0/O(0(,4! 1(35O%/+6! ! C,! -'73! 5! 75-(! 43(! '-(+! 75,! ,/! )/,&(+! =+/)/,&! ,(+O/'-!0/O(0(,4! +()54(9! 1(35O%/+Q! R3%73! 05:! ,/4! -4%0')54(! +()5i54%/,Q! 3/R(O(+! 1:!

(,&5&%,&! %,! 5! 7/0=(4%,&! +(-=/,-(! 43(! '-(+! %-! 7/,P+/,4(9! 1:! ,(+O/'-! 1(35O%/+!

5,9! (O(,4'5)):! 9(5)! R%43! 3(+! -4+(--6! T3%-! 3:=/43(-%-! R%))! 7/,-(h'(,4):! 1(!054(+%5)%V(9!%,!5!=3:-%75)!=+/4/4:=(Q!5-!9(P%,(9!%,!+(-(5+73!43+/'&3!9(-%&,6!

!

SJ!

!

!

Framework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

3.1 Introduction T3(!=+(O%/'-!735=4(+!7/,7)'9(9!R%43!43(!3:=/43(-%-!4354!5!=+/9'74!7/')9!+(9'7(!-4+(--!1:!-4%0')54%,&!5!'-(+!4/!=(+P/+0!5!7/0=(4%,&!+(-=/,-(!R3(,!-3(!(,&5&(-!

%,! ,(+O/'-! 1(35O%/+6! T3(! ,(+O/'-! 1(35O%/+! R%))! -(+O(! 5-! %,='4! 4/! 9(4(+0%,(!

R3(43(+!43(!'-(+!%-!',9(+!-4+(--Q!5,9!43(!7/0=(4%,&!+(-=/,-(!R%))!1(!=+/O%9(9!5-!P((9157?! 4/! +(9'7(! -4+(--6! T3(! P((9157?! -3/')9! 1(! =+(-(,4(9! %,3(+(,4):! 5-!

9(P%,(9!%,!43(!+(-(5+73!h'(-4%/,6!T3%-!3:=/43(-%-!R%))!1(!P'+43(+!9(-7+%1(9!%,!43(!

)%&34!/P!5PP(74%O(!45,&%1)(!%,4(+574%/,6!!c3%)(! %,4(+574%,&!R%43!5!=+/9'74! 4354! -4%0')54(-!5! 7/0=(4%,&! +(-=/,-(Q! 43(!

'-(+! %-! (,&5&(9! %,! 5! 7/,4%,'/'-! =+/7(--Q! %,! R3%73! -3(! %-! &'%9(9! 4/R5+9-!

573%(O%,&!5!+()5i(9!-454(6!T3%-!=+/7(--!-3/R-!-%0%)5+%4%(-!R%43!5!7/,7(=4!4354!35-!1((,! ,50(9! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=6! T3(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=! %-! 9(P%,(9! 5-! 5! P((9157?!

0(735,%-0! 4354! 7/,4%,'/'-):! 595=4-! 4/! 43(! 1(35O%/+5)! (i=+(--%/,! /P! 43(! '-(+!!

!

!

!!

"!"!

S#!

j]mm?Q!#IIFk6! C,! 43(! %,4+/9'74%/,!($/4/!jD',9-4+m0Q!D4a3)Q!o!]mm?Q!#IIGk!R5-!

=+(-(,4(9!5-!5,!(i50=)(!/P!3/R!1/9%):!(i=+(--%/,-!/P! (0/4%/,! 75,!1/43!5PP(74!5,9!1(!5PP(74(9!1:!%,4(+574%/,!R%43!5!=+/9'746!*(-%9(-!($/4/Q!43(!5PP(74%O(! )//=!

(i=(+%(,7(!35-!5)-/!1((,!(i=)/+(9!%,!43(!7/,4(i4!/P!5!=(+-/,5)!)/&&%,&!-:-4(0!%,!

R3%73!95:A4/A95:!(i=(+%(,7(-!R(+(!)/&&(9!%,!5!9%5+:!/,!R3%73!'-(+-!7/')9!+(P)(74!jD4a3)Q!]mm?Q!DO(,--/,Q!T5:)/+Q!o!M/01(44/Q!#IIHk6!

T3(! O%-%/,! 1(3%,9! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=! %-! 4354! 43(! '-(+! P%+-4! (i=+(--(-! 3(+!

(0/4%/,-!43+/'&3!=3:-%75)! %,4(+574%/,!%,O/)O%,&!43(!1/9:Q! P/+!(i50=)(Q!43+/'&3!&(-4'+(-!/+!05,%=')54%/,-!/P!5,!5+4%P574!5,9!43(!-:-4(0!j/+!5,/43(+!'-(+!43+/'&3!

43(!-:-4(0k!+(-=/,9-!1:!&(,(+54%,&!5,!5PP(74%O(!(i=+(--%/,Q!'-%,&! P/+!(i50=)(Q!

7/)/+-Q! 5,%054%/,-Q! /+! 35=4%7-Q! R3%73! %,! 4'+,! 5PP(74-! 43(! '-(+! j1/43! 0%,9! 5,9!1/9:k!05?%,&!3(+! +(-=/,9!5,9!-4(=A1:A-4(=! P(()!0/+(!5,9!0/+(! %,O/)O(9!R%43!

43(! -:-4(0! jD',9-4+m0Q! #IILk C,! P%&'+(! S6J! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=! 0(735,%-0! %-!9(-7+%1(9!5-!5,!%,4(+574%O(!=+/9'74!4354!+(7/&,%V(-Q!5,9!7/00',%754(-!-4+(--6!

Figure 3.1 Affective loop.

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

T3(!P%+-4!-4(=!%,!43(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!+(P)(74-!43(!(i=+(--%/,!/P!43(!'-(+!4/R5+9-!

43(! =+/9'746! T3(! -(7/,9! 9(-7+%1(-! 43(! P((9157?! 0(735,%-0Q! R3%73! 75,! 1(!9(P%,(9! 5-! t43(! +(4'+,! /P! %,P/+054%/,! 51/'4! 43(! +(-')4! /P! 5! =+/7(--! /+! 574%O%4:f!

j.0(+%75,! ](+%45&(! >%74%/,5+:k6! M/,-(h'(,4):! 43(! =+/9'74! %,O%4(-! 43(! '-(+! 4/!

=(+P/+0!5!,(R!574%/,!4/!?((=!3(+!(,&5&(9!%,!43(!%,4(+574%/,6!T3%-!=+(-(,454%/,!/P!%,P/+054%/,!75,!1(!9(P%,(9!5-!5!0(5,-!/P!P((9!P/+R5+96!

C,! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=! 43(! P((9157?! 5==(5+-! 4/! &+59'5)):! (O/)O(! %,4/! P((9!

P/+R5+9!4/!573%(O(!43(!43%+9!-4(=!%,!R3%73!43(!'-(+!%-!(,&5&(9!%,!5!P((9157?!5,9!P((9! P/+R5+9! =+/7(--! /P! %,4(+574%/,! 4354! &+59'5)):! 735,&(-! 3(+! (i=+(--%/,! 5,9!

43'-! 43(! 9:,50%7-! /P! 3(+!0/O(0(,46! Z,(! 7/')9! %))'-4+54(! 43%-! =+/7(--! 43+/'&3!

43(! R/+?%,&! =+%,7%=)(! /P! 5! 7(,4+5)! 3(54%,&A43(+0/-454! %,4(+574%/,6! c3(,! 43(!4(0=(+54'+(!9+/=-!1()/R!5!=+(9(P%,(9!4(0=(+54'+(Q!43(!43(+0/-454!574%O54(-!43(!

3(54%,&! -:-4(0! 4/! %,7+(5-(! 43(! 4(0=(+54'+(6! Z,! 43(! /43(+! 35,9Q! %P! 43(!

4(0=(+54'+(! %,7+(5-(-Q! 43(! 43(+0/-454! %-! 4'+,(9! /PPQ! ',4%)! 43(! 4(0=(+54'+(! %-!+%&34!5&5%,6!T3(!=+/9'74!7/,4%,'/'-):!595=4-!4/!43(!%,='4!/P!43(!'-(+6!

T3(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!=+/O%9(-!5!7)(5+!O%-%/,!/,!3/R!43(!=+/9'74!7/')9!+(-=/,9!

4/! (0/4%/,5)! %,4(+574%/,Q! -'73! 5-! %0=)%7%4! (i=+(--%/,-! /P! -4+(--6! .77/+9%,&! 4/!

!

SS!

!

!

>@5@59%,%,&+54! (4! 5)6! j#II#k! 45,&%1)(! %,4(+574%/,! -3/')9! (i=)/%4! 43(! -(,-/+:!

+%73,(--! 5,9! 574%/,! =/4(,4%5)! /P! =3:-%75)! /1@(74-! %,! +()54%/,-3%=! 4/! =(+7(=4'5)A0/4/+! -?%))-6! T3(+(P/+(Q! %,! 9(-%&,%,&! P/+! 5PP(74%O(! 45,&%1)(! %,4(+574%/,Q! 43(!

5PP(74%O(!)//=!7/')9!5)-/!599+(--!43(!=(+7(=4'5)!0/4/+!-?%))-!/P!43(!'-(+6!*(75'-(!

43(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!35-!,/4!:(4!1((,!(i=)/+(9!%,!43(!7/,4(i4!/P!35=4%7Q!C!R%))!/PP(+!,(R! %,-%&34-! %,4/! 43(! (i=)/+54%/,! /P! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=6! C! R%))! 7/,-(h'(,4):!

9(-7+%1(!43(!=+/7(--!1:!R3%73!43(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!R%))!1(!1'%)4!'=!P/+!43(!7'++(,4!

75-(!%,!R3%73!%,3(+(,4!P((9157?!R%))!1(!=+/O%9(9!4/!%0=)%7%4!1(35O%/+6!

3.2 Proposed process <%O(,! 43(! P574! 4354! -4+(--! %-! (i=+(--(9! 43+/'&3! 1(35O%/+5)! 574%/,-Q! -'73! 5-!

P%9&(4%,&!5,9!43(!%,4(,4%/,!%-!4/!'-(!43(-(!/1@(74!05,%=')54%/,-!5-!5,!%,='4!P/+!5,!%,4())%&(,4! =+/9'746! C! R%))! P%+-4! ,((9! 4/! 9(P%,(! R354! %0=)%7%4! 7/00',%754%/,! /P!

-4+(--! %-6! M/,-(h'(,4):Q! C! R%))! (i=)/+(! 3/R! 5! =+/9'74! 7/')9! +(7/&,%V(! -4+(--6!

]5O%,&!9(P%,(9!3/R!-4+(--!%-!(i=+(--(9Q!43(!=+/9'74!R%))!35O(!4/!+(-=/,9!4/!%4!1:!=+/O%9%,&! 5! 7/0=(4%,&! +(-=/,-(! %,! -'73! 5!R5:! 4354! 43(! -4+(--! 75,! 1(! +(9'7(96!

C,-=%+(9!1:!43(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!C!(,O%-%/,!4354!43(!=+/9'74!%,!R3%73!43(!3:=/43(-%-!

R%))! 1(! %0=)(0(,4(9! 5-! O%-'5)%V(9! %,! P%&'+(! S6#! %))'-4+54(9! 54! 43(! +%&34J! 5,9!9(-7+%1(9!1()/R6!

T3(! 5PP(74%O(! 45,&%1)(! %,4(+574%/,! =+/7(--! %,%4%54(-! R3(,! 43(! '-(+! 35-! 5,!

(0/4%/,5)! (i=(+%(,7(Q! 1(75'-(! 5! -4+(--/+! 5PP(74-! 3(+! jJk! 5,9! -3(! -'1-(h'(,4):!(i=+(--(-!3(+! (0/4%/,! 43+/'&3!3(+!0/4/+! -:-4(0! j#k6!T3%-!1(35O%/+Q! -(+O(-! 5-!

%,='4!P/+!5,!%,4())%&(,4!=+/9'74!jSkQ!R3%73!%,4(+=+(4-!3(+!1(35O%/+!5,9!+(-=/,9-!

4/!%4!1:!735,&%,&!%4-!1(35O%/+!4/!=+/0/4(!5!7/0=(4%,&!+(-=/,-(!j\k6!T3%-!-3%P4!%,!=+/9'74! 1(35O%/+! 5PP(74-! 3/R! 43(! '-(+! (i=(+%(,7(-! 43(! =+/9'74! jLk! 5,9! R%))!

&(,(+54(!5!-3%P4! %,!43(!'-(+-!=(+7(=4%/,!/P! 43(!=+/9'74!jKk6! C,%4%5)):! 43(!=+/9'74!

R%))! 4+%&&(+!5!1(35O%/+5)! +(-=/,-(!/P! 43(!'-(+Q! 735,&%,&!3(+!574%/,Q!1'4! %4! 7/')9!P%,5)):! +(-')4! %,! 5! +(P)(74%O(! +(-=/,-(! 4354!05?(-! 43(! '-(+! 5R5+(! /P! 3(+! -4+(--!

)(O()!5,9!-'==/+4-!%,!%4-!+(9'74%/,!jGk6!

C!R%))!-'1-(h'(,4):!9(-7+%1(!43(!9%PP(+(,4!-4(=-!=+/=/-(9!%,!43%-!5PP(74%O(!)//=!1:!)//?%,&!54!1/43!43(!'-(+!5,9!43(!=+/9'746!B573!-4(=!%,!43(!=+/7(--!R%))!)(59!4/!

5!-'1A+(-(5+73!h'(-4%/,!4354!,((9-!4/!1(!599+(--(9!1(P/+(!1(%,&!51)(!4/!599+(--!

43(!05%,!+(-(5+73!h'(-4%/,6!d%,5)):Q! 43(!(i=(+%0(,4-!4354!,((9!4/!1(!7/,9'74(9!4/!(O5)'54(!43(!9%PP(+(,4!h'(-4%/,-!R%))!1(!9%-7'--(96!

3.2.1 Perception of stress

C,! 5,! 5PP(74%O(! )//=! (i=(+%(,7(Q! 43(! '-(+! (i=(+%(,7(-! 5,! (0/4%/,5)! -%4'54%/,Q!

R3%73! %,! 43(! 7'++(,4! (i50=)(!0(5,-! 4354! -3(! %-! (i=/-(9! 4/! 5! -4+(--/+! jP%&'+(!

S6#6Jk6! .-! 9(-7+%1(9! %,! 43(! =+(O%/'-! 735=4(+! -4+(--/+-! R%))! 1(! (i=)/+(9! 4354!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

J!T3(! )(44(+-! %,! 43(! P%&'+(!9(=%74;! -4+(--/+! jDkQ!(i=(+%(,7(!jBkQ!574%/,!j.kQ! %,='4! jCkQ! %,4())%&(,4!=+/9'74!

jC8kQ!/'4='4!jZk!5,9!=(+7(=4%/,!j8k6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

S\!

599+(--!43(!=+%05+:!-4+(--!+(-=/,-(Q!%6(6!P/+!43%-!+(-(5+73!C!,((9!4/!(i=)/+(!3/R!

=(/=)(! +(-=/,9! 4/! 5! 9%+(74! -4+(--/+! %,-4(59! /P! 599+(--%,&! 73+/,%7! -4+(--!=+/1)(0-6!CP!43(!(PP(74!/P!5!-3/+4A4(+0!-4+(--/+!75,!1(!+(9'7(9Q!43%-!7/')9!-'==/+4!

43(!+(9'74%/,!/P!)/,&A4(+0!-4+(--!(PP(74-6!

3.2.2 Expression of stress

.-! 9%-7'--(9! =+(O%/'-):Q! =(/=)(! +(-=/,9! 4/! -4+(--! %,! 9%PP(+(,4! R5:-Q!

=3:-%/)/&%75)):Q! =-:73/)/&%75)! 5,9! 1(35O%/+5)):6! C,! 43(! 9(O()/=0(,4! /P! 43%-!P+50(R/+?! 43(! P/7'-!R%))! 1(! /,! 43(! 1(35O%/+5)! (i=+(--%/,! /P! -4+(--6! <%O(,! 43(!

&/5)! 3(+(! %-! 4/! (i=)/+(! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=! P/+! 45,&%1)(! %,4(+574%/,Q! 43(! 05%,!

%,4(+(-4! /P! -4'9:! )%(-! /,! 43(! (i=+(--%/,! /P! 0/4/+! 1(35O%/+5)! +(-=/,-(-! 4/! 43(!-4+(--P')!-%4'54%/,!1:!0(5,-!/P!43(!35,9-!jP%&'+(!S6#6#k6!Z1@(74!%,4(+574%/,-!-'73!

5-! P%9&(4%,&! P/+! (i50=)(! 5+(! +()54(9! 4/! +(-4)(--,(--! jB?05,! o! d+%(-(,Q! JFG#k6!

<%O(,!43(!P574!4354!43%-!5+(5!35-!1((,!-75+7():!(i=)/+(9Q!5,!(i4(,-%O(!+(-(5+73!/P!-'73!/1@(74!0/O(0(,4-!%-!+(h'%+(9!4/!9(4(+0%,(!R354!0/O(0(,4-!5+(!5--/7%54(9!

R%43!-4+(--6!

3.2.3 Product sensor

T3(!=+/9'74!R%43%,!43(!-:-4(0!%,!R3%73!43(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!R%))!1(!%,4(&+54(9!%-!5,!

%,4())%&(,4!=+/9'74! +(h'%+%,&! %,='4! 4354! %4! 75,! %,4(+=+(46!T3(+(P/+(Q!5P4(+!35O%,&!9(P%,(9!43(!4:=(!/P!1(35O%/+-!4354!5+(!%,9%754/+-!/P!-4+(--Q!43(-(!1(35O%/+-!,((9!

4/!1(!4+5,-)54(9!%,4/!%,P/+054%/,!4354!43(!=+/9'74!75,!-(,-(!jd%&'+(!S6#6Sk6!T3'-!

59(h'54(! -(,-/+-! ,((9! 4/! 1(! 9(P%,(9! 4354! 75,! &(,(+54(! %,='4! P/+! 43(! =+/9'74Q!15-(9! /,! 43(! 0/O(0(,4-! /P! 43(! '-(+6! d'+43(+0/+(Q! 9(-%&,! 7/,-%9(+54%/,-! 5+(!

+(h'%+(9! /,! 3/R! 43(! '-(+! R%))! 574'5)):! =(+P/+0! 43(! %0=)%7%4! %,4(+574%/,-6! T3(!

=+/9'74! 35-! 4/! 1(! 9(-%&,(9! %,! -'73! 5! R5:! 4354! 5! '-(+! R%))! 1(! 51)(! 4/! (i=+(--!,(+O/'-!1(35O%/+-!O%5!%4Q!R%43/'4!7/,-7%/'-):!1(%,&!5R5+(!/P!%4Q!5,9!-(,-/+-!,((9!

4/!1(!51)(!4/!-(,-(!43/-(!1(35O%/+-6!!

Product actuator

C,! P%&'+(! S6#6\! /P! 43(! 9%5&+50! 43(! =+/9'74! 4+5,-)54(-! 43(! %,='4! 4354! %4! +(7(%O(-!

P+/0!43(!'-(+Q!R3/!%-!P(()%,&!-4+(--(9Q!%,4/!5!7/0=(4%,&!+(-=/,-(6!T3'-!P%+-4!43(!7/0=(4%,&! +(-=/,-(! ,((9-! 4/! 1(! 9(P%,(9Q! 5,9! -(7/,9):! 574'54/+-! ,((9! 4/! 1(!

9(O()/=(9! 4354! (,51)(! 43%-! 7/0=(4%,&! +(-=/,-(6! T3(! P((9157?! =+/O%9(9! 1:! 43(!

574'54/+!,((9-!4/!1(! %,3(+(,46!T3(+(P/+(Q! %4!35-! 4/!1(!(01(99(9! %,! 43(!=+/9'74!4354!%-!05,%=')54(9!%,!/+9(+!4/!7/%,7%9(!%,!)/754%/,6!d'+43(+0/+(Q!4/!7/%,7%9(!%,!

0/95)%4:Q! 43(! P((9157?! 7/')9! 599+(--! 43(! 4574%)(! -(,-(Q! P/+! (i50=)(! 43+/'&3!

35=4%7!P((9157?6!

3.2.4 Perception of relaxation

T3(!='+=/-(!/P!43%-!+(-(5+73!%-!4/!%,P)'(,7(!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!-4+(--!%,!/+9(+!4/!-'==/+4! 43(! '-(+! %,! +()5i54%/,6! W(-(5+73! ,((9-! 4/! 1(! 7/,9'74(9! /,! 3/R! 43(!

7/0=(4%,&! +(-=/,-(!R%))! 1(! 7/,-%9(+(9! 4/! 1(!0/-4! +()5i%,&6! >%PP(+(,4! 4:=(-! /P!

!

SL!

!

!

35=4%7!P((9157?!5,9!4574%)(!=+/=(+4%(-!R%))!,((9!4/!1(!(O5)'54(9!%,!4(+0-!/P!43(%+!

h'5)%4%(-!%,!=+/O%9%,&!+()5i54%/,6!

3.2.5 Interaction and coping with stress

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5)6Q!JFHSl!c//9-!o!$%)4(,1(+&(+Q!JFFKk6!83:-%/)/&%75)!0(5-'+(-!0%&34!1(!1(44(+!

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c3%)(! -()PA05,%=')54/+-! &(,(+5)):! 4(,9! 4/! %,7+(5-(! %,! P+(h'(,7:! 9'+%,&!

-4+(--P')!7/,9%4%/,-Q!^+%@!jJFFLk!35-!-3/R,!4354!-'14)(!35,9A0/O(0(,4-!4(,9!4/!9(7+(5-(!%,!P+(h'(,7:!9'+%,&!,(+O/'-!-%4'54%/,-6!T3%-!4+(,9!05:!5)-/!5==):!R3(,!

5,!/1@(74! %-!3()9Q!1(75'-(!=(/=)(!/P4(,!5+(!,/4!7/,-7%/'-):!5R5+(!/P!3/)9%,&!5,!

/1@(74! %,! 43(%+! 35,9-! R3%)(! 05?%,&! ,/,A%,-4+'0(,45)! 0/O(0(,4-! 1(75'-(! 43(!/1@(74! 1(7/0(-! 5,! (i4(,-%/,! /P! 43(! 35,9! jY//0%-! o! Y(9(+05,Q! JFHKk6!

d'+43(+0/+(Q! 7/&,%4%O(! )/59! %,9'7(9! 1:! 43(! -4+(--/+! +(-')4-! %,! ,(&)(74! /P! 1/9:!

)5,&'5&(!jB?05,!o!d+%(-(,Q!JFG#l!Y//0%-!o!Y(9(+05,Q!JFHKl!^+%@!(4!5)6Q!JFFGk6!T3(+(P/+(Q!5!15-()%,(!P/+!=(,!05,%=')54/+-!%,!+()54%/,!4/!%,-4+'0(,45)!'-(!9'+%,&!

5!,/+05)!45-?!7/')9!1(!45?(,!%,4/!577/',4!5-!9/,(!1:!^+%@!jJFFLk!P/+!9(7(=4%O(!

1(35O%/+Q! 4/! 7/,4+/)! P/+! 43(! (i=(74(9! 9(7+(5-(-! %,! 1/43! =(,A05,%=')54/+-! 5,9!%,-4+'0(,45)!'-(!/P!43(!=(,!9'+%,&!43(!-4+(--P')!7/,9%4%/,6!

4.2 Method

4.2.1 Participants

T3%+4:!-4'9(,4-!jJL!P(05)(Q!JL!05)(k!=5+4%7%=54(9!O/)',45+%):!%,!43(!(i=(+%0(,46!

85+4%7%=5,4-! R%43! 5! =(+-/,5)! /+! P50%):! 3%-4/+:! /P! =-:73/=543/)/&:! 5,9s/+!75+9%/O5-7')5+! 9%-/+9(+-! R(+(! (i7)'9(9! P+/0! 43(! -4'9:6! .))! =5+4%7%=5,4-! R(+(!

!

!

!!

"!"!

\I!

=5%9!JLv!P/+!=5+4%7%=54%/,Q!5,9!5))!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!+(h'%+(9!4/!=+/O%9(!R+%44(,!

%,P/+0(9! 7/,-(,46! 85+4%7%=5,4-! R(+(! +(h'(-4(9! ,/4! 4/! -0/?(Q! /+! 9+%,?!75PP(%,54(9!1(O(+5&(-!4R/!3/'+-!1(P/+(!43(!/,-(4!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,46!T3(:!R(+(!

%,P/+0(9! 4354! 43(! -4'9:!R5-! 51/'4! 43(! (PP(74! /P! 7/0=(4%4%/,!R3(,! -/)O%,&! 43(!

W5O(,!.9O5,7(9!8+/&+(--%O(!$54+%7(-!4(-4!jW.8$kQ!5,9!4354!43(!=5+4%7')5+!P/7'-!/P!43(!%,O(-4%&54%/,!R5-!43(%+!=-:73/A=3:-%/)/&%75)!+(-=/,-(!5,9!W.8$!-7/+(!5-!

7/0=5+(9!4/!43(%+!7/0=(4%4/+6!

4.2.2 Procedure

.P4(+! +(7(%O%,&! R+%44(,! 7/,-(,4! 43(! =3:-%/)/&%75)! -(,-/+-! R(+(! 544573(96! T3(!

7/01%,54%/,!/P!](5+4!W54(!^5+%51%)%4:!j]W^k!5,9!43(!D?%,!M/,9'745,7(!W(-=/,-(!jDMWk! :%()9! 43(! 0/-4! 577'+54(! %,P/+054%/,! P/+! 9%PP(+(,4! -4+(--! +(-=/,-(-!

jM57%/==/Q!*(+,4-/,Q!o!.,9(+-(,Q!JFFJk6!]/R(O(+Q!DMW!R5-!,/4!0(5-'+(9!%,!43(!

7'++(,4! (i=(+%0(,4Q! 1(75'-(! 43%-! R/')9! 35O(! +(h'%+(9! 544573%,&! -(,-/+-! 4/!P%,&(+-!/,!/,(!35,9!R3%73!R5-!P/',9!9'+%,&!=%)/4!R/+?!4/!1(!',7/0P/+451)(!5,9!

%,4(+P(+%,&! R%43! ,/+05)! R+%4%,&! 1(35O%/+6! ]/R(O(+Q! 75+9%57! 574%O%4:! 35-! 1((,!

?,/R,!4/!1(!',9(+!5'4/,/0/'-!7/,4+/)!5,9!4/!1(!=+%05+%):!-(,-%4%O(!4/!0(,45)!-4+(--!j.)n.1-%!(4!5)6Q!JFFGk6!!

T3(!()(74+/75+9%/&+5=3!jBM<k!R5-!0(5-'+(9!1:!0(5,-!/P!5!$/1%H!=/):&+5=3!

jTR(,4(! $(9%75)! D:-4(0-! C,4(+,54%/,5)Q! Z)9(,V55)Q! T3(! E(43(+)5,9-k6!>%-=/-51)(Q!=+(A&())(9!()(74+/9(-!R(+(!544573(9!4/!43(!-4(+,'0!j@'&')5+!,/473kQ!

5,9!54! 43(!5=(i!/P! 43(!3(5+4!/O(+! 43(!,%,43!+%1!/,! 43(! )(P4! )54(+5)!05+&%,!/P! 43(!

73(-46! .! &+/',9! ()(74+/9(! R5-! =)57(9! 54! 43(! )/R(+! +%&34! 519/0(,6! ](5+4! +54(!5O(+5&(!j]W.k!5,9!]W^!R(+(!75)7')54(9!P+/0!43(!9545!5-!SI-!5O(+5&(-6!d/+!]W^!

43(!+//4!0(5,!-h'5+(!/P!-'77(--%O(!9%PP(+(,7(-!j+$DD>k!R5-!75)7')54(96!

Fig. 4.1 Experimental set-

up viewed from the three

cameras.

!!

d/))/R%,&! 43(! -(,-/+!5445730(,4Q! 43(!=(+0%--%/,! P+/0! 43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R5-!

5-?(9!P/+!750(+5!+(7/+9%,&-!R%43!4R/!9/0(!750(+5-!0/',4(9!/,!43(!7(%)%,&!/P!43(!)51!j4/=!5,9!-%9(AO%(Rk!5,9!5!R(1!750!=)57(9!)(P4!/P!43(!0/,%4/+!jP+/,4!O%(Rk6!

T3(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!5))/R(9!4/!595=4!4/!43(!(i=(+%0(,45)!-%4'54%/,!P/+!5!=(+%/9!

/P!#I!0%,'4(-Q!9'+%,&!R3%73!4%0(!43(:!R(+(!5))/R(9!4/!+(59!5!1//?!/+!05&5V%,(!54! 43(! 9(-?!R3(+(! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4!R/')9! 45?(! =)57(6! d/))/R%,&! 43(! 595=454%/,!

=(+%/9!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(! +(h'(-4(9! 4/! +(-4!h'%(4):! P/+!5!LA0%,'4(!=3:-%/)/&%75)!

15-()%,(6! .! 9%&%45)! 7)/7?! %,9%754(9! 43%-! =(+%/9! R%43! &+((,! 9%&%4-! 7/',4%,&! 157?!P+/0!L!0%,'4(-!/,!5!7/0='4(+!-7+((,!%,!P+/,4!/P!43(!=5+4%7%=5,46!.P4(+!43%-!=(+%/9!

43+((!-3/+4!h'(-4%/,,5%+(-!R(+(!590%,%-4(+(9!/,!43(!7/0='4(+!-7+((,;!

!

\J!

!

!

> !T3(!W54%,&!-75)(!P/+!D'1@(74%O(!$(,45)!BPP/+4!jWD$B!-75)(kQ!5!O(+4%75)!-75)(!

jIAJLIk! /,!R3%73! =5+4%7%=5,4-! %,9%754(9! 3/R!0'73! (PP/+4!R5-! +(h'%+(9! 4/!7/0=)(4(!(573!=(+%/9!jb%@)-4+5!o!^5,!>//+,Q!JFHLkl!!

> T3(! D()PA.--(--0(,4! $5,%?%,! jD.$kQ! 5! ,/,AO(+15)! =%74/+%5)! 5--(--0(,4!

4(73,%h'(!4354!5--(--(-!5+/'-5)!5,9!=)(5-'+(!/,!5!,%,(A=/%,4!-75)(!j*+59)(:!o!Y5,&Q! JFF\k!/P!R3%73! 5+/'-5)!35-!1((,! P/',9! 4/! 7/++()54(!R%43! 43(! D?%,!

M/,9'745,7(!W(-=/,-(!jY5,&Q!*+59)(:Q!o!M'431(+4Q!JFFHkl!!

> .! R())1(%,&! h'(-4%/,,5%+(Q! R3%73! 7/,-%-4(9! /P! (%&34! %,9%O%9'5)! %4(0-! 4354!R(+(! -7/+(9! /,! 5! P%O(A=/%,4! Y%?(+4! -75)(! jJw! O(+:! )%44)(! A! Lw! O(+:! 0'73k;!

1/+(9/0Q! 75)0,(--Q! 7/,7(,4+54%/,Q! P54%&'(Q! P+'-4+54%/,Q! 0/4%O54%/,Q!

-)((=%,(--Q! 5,9! 4(,-%/,! j^5+?(O%--(+! o! X(:-/,Q! #IIGk6! T3(! )(O()! /P!=-:73/=3:-%/)/&%75)! 574%O%4:! 5,9! -'1@(74%O(! R())1(%,&! 9(+%O(9! P+/0! 43(!

h'(-4%/,,5%+(-!-(+O(9!5-!43(!15-()%,(6!

.P4(+! 43%-! =(+%/9! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4! -45+4(9! R%43! 5! JLA0%,'4(! j=+(A-4+(--k!-(--%/,! %,! R3%73! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4-! R(+(! %,-4+'74(9! 4/! -/)O(! D'9/?'! ='VV)(-! 4/!

7/',4(+574!1/+(9/06!.!D'9/?'!='VV)(!7/,-%-4-!/P!5!FA1:AF!&+%9!059(!'=!/P!,%,(!

SA1:AS! -'1A&+%9-6! >%&%4-! 5==(5+! %,! -/0(! -h'5+(-Q! 5,9! 15-(9! /,! 43(-(! -45+4%,&!7)'(-Q!5!=)5:(+!7/0=)(4(-!43(!&+%9!-/!4354!(573!+/RQ!7/)'0,Q!5,9!-'1!&+%9!7/,45%,-!

43(!9%&%4-!J!43+/'&3!F!(i574):!/,7(6!T3(!D'9/?'!='VV)(!R5-!-()(74(9!5-!5!7/,4+/)!

45-?!5-!%4!%-!5!R%9():!577(=4(9!=5-4%0(6!85+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!5))/R(9!4/!73//-(!43(!)(O()!/P!9%PP%7')4:6!>'+%,&!43%-!-(--%/,!5!9%&%45)!7)/7?!R%43!&+((,!9%&%4-!/,!5!1)57?!

157?&+/',9! 7/',4(9!157?! P+/0!JL!0%,'4(-!/,! 43(! 7/0='4(+! -7+((,! %,! P+/,4!/P!

43(!=5+4%7%=5,46!Z,!43(!JI43!0%,'4(Q!43(!J\43!0%,'4(!5,9!43(!)5-4!4(,!-(7/,9-!5,!5'9%/!7'(!j5==6!KL9*Q!9'+54%/,!KSI0-k!R5-!=)5:(9!4/!%,P/+0!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!/,!

43(! P/+437/0%,&! W.8$! 4(-46! >'+%,&! 43(! )5-4! LF! -(7/,9-! 43(! 9%&%4-! /P! 43(! 7)/7?!

4'+,(9! +(96! T3%-! JLA0%,'4(! =(+%/9! -(+O(9! 5-! 5! 7/,4+/)! 5--(--0(,4! P/+! /1@(74!05,%=')54%/,6!

T3(!P/))/R%,&!JLA0%,'4(!=(+%/9!7/,-%-4(9!/P!T3(!W5O(,!8+/&+(--%O(!$54+%7(-!

jW8$kQ! R3%73! R5-! '-(9! 5-! 5! 0(,45)! -4+(--/+6! T3(! W8$! %-! 5! ,/,AO(+15)!%,4())%&(,7(!4(-4Q!R3%73!35-!1((,!-3/R,!4/! %,9'7(!=-:73/=3:-%/)/&%75)!-4+(--! %,!

(5+)%(+! -4'9%(-! j.,9(+--/,! o! d%,-(4Q! JFFHl! X'05+%! o! M/++Q! JFFHk6! T3(! W5O(,!

C-A%&4*-!8+/&+(--%O(!$54+%7(-!4(-4!jW.8$k!%-!7/,-%9(+(9!4/!1(!43(!0/-4!9%PP%7')4!O(+-%/,!/P!43(!W8$6!T3(!W.8$!D(4!CC!7/,-%-4-!/P!SK!%4(0-!4354!,/+05)):!35O(!4/!1(!

7/0=)(4(9! R%43%,! \L! 0%,'4(-! jW5O(,! o! M/'+4Q! JFFSk6! C,! 43(! 7'++(,4! -(4'=!

=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(! %,-4+'74(9! 4/! 7/0=)(4(! 5-!05,:! %4(0-! 5-! =/--%1)(!R%43%,! JL!0%,'4(-6!

*(75'-(! 5!=%)/4! -4'9:! %,9%754(9! 4354! +/'&3):! 43(! P%+-4! 35)P! /P! 43(!W.8$! 4(-4!

R5-!P5%+):!(5-:!4/!7/0=)(4(!5,9!43(!5%0!/P!43%-!-4'9:!R5-!4/!='4!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!',9(+!%00(9%54(!-4+(--Q!43(!/+9(+!/P!43(!4(-4!%4(0-!/P!43(!W.8$!R5-!+(O(+-(96!T/!

-4%0')54(!=(/=)(! %,! 7/0=)(4%,&! 43(! 4(-4Q! 43+((!1/,'-(-! /P! #Iv!R(+(!='4! '=! P/+!

+5PP)(! 1(4R((,! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4-! R3/! 359! =(+P/+0(9! 1(44(+! /,! 43(! 4(-4! 435,! 5!=(+-/,5)):! -()(74(9! /==/,(,46! .! =5=(+A15-(9! O(+-%/,! /P! 43(! W.8$! D(4! CC! R5-!

-()(74(9!1(75'-(!%4!+(h'%+(9!-'1@(74-!4/!05+?!43(!5,-R(+-!R%43!5!=(,6!>'+%,&!43(!

!

!

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W.8$! 5! 4%7?%,&! 7)/7?! R5-! =+(-(,4(9! 43+/'&3! 43(! 7/0='4(+! )/'9-=(5?(+-! 4/!

%,9'7(! ,/,-=(7%P%7! 5+/'-5)6! 8')-(9! 5'9%/! -4%0')54%/,! 35-! 1((,! P/',9! 4/! 1(!9%-+'=4%O(!9'+%,&!7/,7(,4+54%/,!45-?-!jY(/,5+9Q!T()73Q!o!]5++%,&4/,Q!JFFFk6!B573!

4%7?! 359! 9'+54%/,! /P! JSI! 0-! j5==6! KL! 9*k! R%43! 5,! %,4(+A4%7?! %,4(+O5)! /P! /,(!

-(7/,96! Z,! 43(! JI43! 0%,'4(Q! 43(! J\43! 0%,'4(! 5,9! 43(! )5-4! 4(,! -(7/,9-! 5,!599%4%/,5)!5'9%/!7'(!j5==6!KL!9*Q!9'+54%/,!KSI0-k!R5-!=)5:(96!>'+%,&!43(!)5-4!LF!

-(7/,9-!43(!9%&%4-!/P!43(!7)/7?!4'+,(9!+(96!

Fig. 4.2 One of the Raven

Advanced Progressive

Matrices puzzles.

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

d%,5)):Q!%,!43(!43%+9!JLA0%,'4(!=(+%/9!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!%,-4+'74(9!4/!(,&5&(!%,!-/)O%,&!D'9/?'!='VV)(-!5&5%,6!T3%-!=(+%/9!-(+O(9!5-!5!=/-4A-4+(--!5--(--0(,4!

/P! /1@(74A05,%=')54/+-6! T3(! 7/,9%4%/,-! R(+(! -%0%)5+! 4/! 43/-(! =+(-(,4(9! %,! 43(!

=+(A4(-4! 7/,9%4%/,6! d/))/R%,&! (573! JLA0%,'4(! 45-?! =(+%/9Q! 5! -7+((,! 15-(9!h'(-4%/,,5%+(Q!%9(,4%75)!%,!P/+0!4/!4354!P/))/R%,&!43(!15-()%,(!=(+%/9Q!R5-!&%O(,6!

*/43!D'9/?'!='VV)(-!5,9!W.8$!4(-4!+(h'%+(9!43(!'-(!/P!5!=(,!4/!R+%4(!9/R,!43(!

-/)'4%/,-!R3%73!7/,-%-4(9!/P!-%,&)(!,'01(+-!P/+!43(!D'9/?'!5,9!5,!Z!/+!5,9!x!P/+!43(!W.8$Q!+(-')4%,&!%,!-%0%)5+!=544(+,-!/P!-3/+4!=5=(+A=(,!7/,4574!(O(+:!4%0(!5,!

5,-R(+!R5-!&%O(,6!

.P4(+! 7/0=)(4%,&! 43(! 43+((! -(--%/,-! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(! 9(1+%(P(9! /,! 43(!(i574!/1@(74%O(!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,4Q!%6(6!0(5-'+%,&!/1@(74A05,%=')54/+-!9'+%,&!=+(A

-4+(--Q!-4+(--Q!5,9!=/-4A-4+(--!7/,9%4%/,-6!T3(!-(,-/+-!R(+(!+(0/O(9!5,9!5!-3/+4!

(i%4!%,4(+O%(R!R5-!7/,9'74(96!T3(!4(-4!R5-!7/++(74(9!5,9!43(!P%,5)!-7/+(!/,!43(!W.8$!R5-!=+(-(,4(9Q!5P4(+!R3%73!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!(,9(96!

!

!

\S!

!

!

TABLE 4.1 Process diagram of the experiment.

8."?*)#=&+ 8$&'")9*)#=+

#I!0%,! C,-4+'74%/,-!5,9!5445730(,4!/P!=3:-%/)/&%75)!-(,-/+-!

#I!0%,! .95=454%/,!5,9!7/0=)(4%/,!/P!+(4+/-=(74%O(!h'(-4%/,,5%+(-!

L!0%,! *5-()%,(!0(5-'+(0(,4!P/))/R(9!1:!-'1@(74%O(!=+/1(-!

JL!0%,! 8+(A4(-4Q!='VV)(!P/))/R(9!1:!-'1@(74%O(!=+/1(-!

JL!0%,! W.8$y!P/))/R(9!1:!-'1@(74%O(!=+/1(-!

JL!0%,! 8/-4A4(-4Q!='VV)(!P/))/R(9!1:!-'1@(74%O(!=+/1(-!

JL!0%,! Bi%4!%,4(+O%(R!5,9!9(1+%(P%,&!

4.2.3 Object

T3(!=(,! 4354!R5-!'-(9!R5-! 43(!85=(+!$54(z!d)(i&+%=!U)4+5!W(4+57451)(Q!R3%73!

R5-!-()(74(9!1(75'-(!%4!/PP(+-!5!R%9(!+5,&(!/P!054(+%5)!=+/=(+4%(-!%,7)'9%,&!43(!

'-(! /P! 35+9! =)5-4%7Q! +'11(+:! =)5-4%7Q! 5,9!0(45)6! .99%4%/,5)):Q! %4! 5))/R-! 9%PP(+(,4!1(35O%/+-! -'73! 5-! 7)%7?%,&Q! 9%-5--(01)%,&Q! 5,9! 05,%=')54%,&! 43(! =/7?(4! 7)%=6!

*(P/+(! -45+4%,&Q! =5+4%7%=5,4-! R(+(! 4/)9! 4354! 43(:! 7/')9! ?((=! 43(! =(,! 5P4(+! 43(!

(i=(+%0(,4Q! %,!/+9(+!,/4!4/!7/,-4+5%,!=5+4%7%=5,4-!%,!-=(7%P%7!1(35O%/+-Q!-'73!5-!0/'43%,&!43(!=(,6!

Fig. 4.3 Pen used in the

experiment.

!

4.2.4 Object-manipulators

$5+?%,&! R%43! 43(! =(,! R5-! 7/,-%9(+(9! 5-! 5! 05,%=')54%/,! R%43! %,-4+'0(,45)!

='+=/-(Q! /+! 45-?! +()(O5,4! 1(35O%/+6! d+(h'(,7:! R5-! -7/+(9! R3(,(O(+! 43(! =(,!

750(! %,4/! 7/,4574! R%43! 43(! =5=(+6! .))! =(,! 05,%=')54/+-! ,/4! %,! 43(! $5+?%,&!754(&/+:Q!43'-!R%43/'4!%,-4+'0(,45)!='+=/-(Q!R(+(!&+/'=(9!%,!P%O(!754(&/+%(-6!

T3+((! 5+(! 9(-7+%1(9! 1:! B))%/44! 5,9! M/,,/)):! jJFH\k! 1(%,&;! 5k! -%0=)(!

-:,(+&%(-Q!9(P%,(9!5-!05,%=')54/+-! %,!R3%73!5))!0/O(0(,4-!/P! 43(!=5+4%7%=54%,&!P%,&(+-Q! %,7)'9%,&! 43(! 43'01Q! 35O(! 4/! P)(il! 1k! +(7%=+/75)! -:,(+&%(-Q! R3%73! 5+(!

0/O(0(,4-! %,O/)O%,&! 7/01%,54%/,-! %,! R3%73! 43(! 43'01! 5,9! 43(! /43(+! P%,&(+-!

-3/R!9%--%0%)5+!/+!+(7%=+/754%,&!0/O(0(,4-Q!-'73!5-!P)(i%/,!/P!43(!P%,&(+-!R%43!599'74%/,!/+!(i4(,-%/,!/P! 43(!43'01l!7k!-(h'(,4%5)!=544(+,-Q!R3%73!/77'+!R3(,!

-/0(! P%,&(+-! -'==/+4! 5,! /1@(74!R3%)(! 43(! /43(+-! 5+(! +(=/-%4%/,(9! 4/!0/O(! 43(!

/1@(746!T3(!/43(+! 4R/!754(&/+%(-!R(+(! +(A&+5-=!5,9! -()PA4/'73%,&!R%43! 43(!=(,6!BO(+:!4%0(!5!=5+4%7%=5,4!R/')9!735,&(!43(!R5:!43(!=(,!R5-!3()9!%4!R5-!-7/+(9!5-!

5!+(A&+5-=6!c3(,!=5+4%7%=5,4-!4/'73(9!=5+4-!/P!43(!3(59!R%43!43(!=(,Q!%,7)'9%,&!

0/'43%,&Q!%4!R5-!-7/+(9!5-!-()PA4/'73%,&6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

\\!

TABLE 4.2 Object manipulators.

! ,?";)=-++ +

! + +

! ! !

! ! !

! 4)<9/$+4B=$"-)$&+ !

! 8%,73!! Dh'((V(!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! 1$')9"#'?/+4B=$"-)$&+ !

! W/7?! W59%5)!W/))!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! 4$H.$=*)?/+!?**$"=&+ !

! >%&%45)!D4(=! Y%,(5+!D4(=!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

4.2.5 Analyses

T3(!-'1@(74%O(!0(5-'+(-!R(+(!P%+-4!-'10%44(9!4/!5!=+%,7%=5)!7/0=/,(,4-!5,5):-%-!

j8M.kQ!R%43!5!^5+%05i!+/454%/,6!T3(!+(-')4%,&!7/0=/,(,4-!R(+(!&+/'=(9!5,9!5!0(5,! O5)'(! P/+! (573! 7/0=/,(,4! R5-! 45?(,! 5P4(+! +(-75)%,&! 5))! P574/+-! 4/! 5! JAL!

-75)(! 5,9! 7/++(74%/,! P/+! 9%+(74%/,6! M+/,1573! 5)=35-! R(+(! 75)7')54(9! P/+! 43(!

+(-')4%,&! O5+%51)(-6! T/! 7/++(74! P/+! %,4(+A%,9%O%9'5)! 9%PP(+(,7(-! %,! =3:-%/)/&%75)!+(-=/,-(Q! 15-()%,(! O5)'(-! R(+(! P%+-4! -'14+574(9! P+/0! =3:-%/)/&%75)! O5)'(-!

/145%,(9!9'+%,&!43(!=+(A-4+(--Q!W.8$Q!5,9!=/-4A-4+(--!=(+%/9-6!TR/!=5+4%7%=5,4-!

R(+(!(i7)'9(9!P+/0!43(!=3:-%/)/&%75)!5,5):-(-!9'(!4/!43(!/77'++(,7(!/P!(74/=%7!1(54-Q!%6(6!43(!9(4(74%/,!/P!599%4%/,5)!3(5+41(54-!/'4-%9(!43(!,/+05)!+3:4306!

T3(!O%9(/!+(7/+9%,&-!R(+(!7/9(9!1:!0(5,-!/P!.,,/454%/,!J6I!O%9(/!5,5):-%-!

-/P4R5+(! jD5:-/-/P4Q! UD.k6! TR/! -4'9(,4A5--%-45,4-! R(+(! 4+5%,(9! %,! 7/9%,&! 43(!O%9(/! +(7/+9%,&-! ',4%)! 43(:! 5&+((9! /,! 54! )(5-4! HIu! /P! 43(%+! -7/+(-6! T3(! O%9(/!

!

\L!

!

!

+(7/+9%,&! P/+! (573! =5+4%7%=5,4!R5-! -7/+(9! 1:! /,(! /P! 43(! 4R/! -4'9(,4A5--%-45,4!

+54(+-! P/+! 43(! /77'++(,7(! /P! 43(! P%O(! 9%PP(+(,4! 05,%=')54/+! 754(&/+%(-! 5,9!05+?%,&6!T3+((!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!(i7)'9(9!P+/0!43(!O%9(/!5,5):-(-Q!/,(!9'(!4/!5!

P5%)'+(! /P! 43(! +(7/+9%,&! (h'%=0(,4! 5,9! 43(! /43(+-! 9'(! 4/! 501%O5)(,7(! %,! 43(!

+(7/+9%,&-;!/,(!=5+4%7%=5,4!3()9!43(!D'9/?'!1//?)(4!%,!3(+!35,9-!R3%)(!05+?%,&!5,9!5,/43(+!R5-!501%9(i4+/'-!%,!=(,!'-(Q!R3%73!059(!43(!/1-(+O54%/,-!',7)(5+!

R3(,!43(!=(,!R5-!735,&(9!4/!5,/43(+!35,9!9'(!4/!43(!=/-%4%/,!/P!43(!750(+56!

TABLE 4.3 Total number of subjects that engaged in each observed manipulator, per

condition, and throughout all experimental conditions.

! 3+ !"$C&*"$&&+ 15!,+ !#&*C&*"$&&+ 7A$"?//+

D%0=)(!-:,(+&%(-! #G! #K! ##! #\! #K!

W(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-! #G! #G! #G! #G! #G!

D(h'(,4%5)!=544(+,-! #G! #K! #G! #G! #G!

W(A&+5-=! #G! #G! #G! #G! #G!

](59!7/,4574! #G! JL! JS! J\! #J!

!

>'(!4/!43(!%,P+(h'(,4!/77'++(,7(!/P!=(,!7/,4574!R%43!43(!3(59!j-((!451)(!\6SkQ!

43%-!754(&/+:!R5-!(i7)'9(9!P+/0!P'+43(+!5,5):-(-6!T3'-Q!5,5):-(-!R(+(!7/,9'74(9!/,!43(!754(&/+%(-;!-%0=)(!-:,(+&%(-Q!+(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-Q!-(h'(,4%5)!=544(+,-Q!+(A

&+5-=Q! 5,9! 05+?%,&6! T3(! -'0-! /P! (573! 1(35O%/+! 754(&/+:! R(+(! 75)7')54(9! P/+!

(O(+:! SIA-(7/,9! =(+%/9Q! 5,5)/&/'-! 4/! c//9-! 5,9! $%)4(,1(+&(+! jJFFKk6!C,4(++54(+!+()%51%)%4:!R5-!4(-4(9!1:!0(5,-!/P!5,!%,4+57)5--!7/++()54%/,!5,5):-%-!/,!

43(!-'0-!/P!(573!05,%=')54%/,!754(&/+:!9'+%,&!43(!SIA-(7/,9!=(+%/9-!P/+!-(O(,!

O%9(/!+(7/+9%,&-!j%6(6!#Ku!/P! 43(!4/45)k6!T/!7/++(74! P/+! P+(h'(,7:!/P!05+?%,&!5,!%,9(i!P/+!(573!754(&/+:!R5-!75)7')54(9!1:!9%O%9%,&!43(!-'0!/P!43(!05,%=')54/+-!

1:!43(!4/45)!/P!05+?%,&6!

D'1@(74%O(!O5+%51)(-Q!7/++(74(9!=3:-%/)/&%75)!0(5-'+(-Q!-'0-!/P!4/45)!/1@(74A05,%=')54/+-!5-!R())!5-!/1@(74A05,%=')54/+-!=(+!754(&/+:Q!-'0-!P/+!05+?%,&Q!5,9!

%,9%7(-! R(+(! 5,5):V(9! R%43! +(=(54(9! 0(5-'+(-! j7/O5+%5,7(! -4+'74'+(! .WJk!

0%i(9A0/9()! 5,5):-%-! /P! O5+%5,7(! j.EZ^.k!R%43! BO(,4! j=+(A-4+(--Q! W.8$Q! 5,9!=/-4A-4+(--k!-(4!5-!5!P%i(9!(PP(74Q!5,9!85+4%7%=5,4-!-(4!5-!5!+5,9/0!(PP(74!R%43!43(!

-%&,%P%75,7(!)(O()!-(4!54!I6IL6!d%,5)):!5!0')4%=)(!)%,(5+!+(&+(--%/,!R5-!7/,9'74(9!

R%43! 43(! 8M.! 7/0=/,(,4-! 5-! 5! 9(=(,9(,4! O5+%51)(! 5,9! 43(! P/'+! /1@(74A05,%=')54/+-! 5-! %,9(=(,9(,4! O5+%51)(-! 4/! 9(4(+0%,(! R3(43(+! /,(! /+! 0/+(!

/1@(74A05,%=')54/+-!=+(9%74(9!(%43(+!/,(!/P!43(!8M.!7/0=/,(,4-6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

\K!

4.3 Results

4.3.1 Principal Components

T3(! 8M.! =(+P/+0(9! /,! 43(! R())1(%,&! h'(-4%/,,5%+(! :%()9(9! 4R/! 7/0=/,(,4-Q!

R3%73! (i=)5%,(9! KJQ#u!/P! 43(! 4/45)! O5+%5,7(6! T3(! P%+-4! 7/0=/,(,4! 7/,-%-4(9! /P!

43(!%4(0-!P+'-4+54%/,Q!0(,45)!(PP/+4Q!5+/'-5)Q!4(,-%/,Q!=)(5-'+(Q!5,9!75)0,(--Q!5,9!43(! -(7/,9! 7/0=/,(,4! 7/,-%-4(9! /P! -)((=%,(--Q! 1/+(9/0Q! 7/,7(,4+54%/,Q! 5,9!

0/4%O54%/,6!d54%&'(!R(%&3(9!(h'5)):!3%&3!/,!1/43!7/0=/,(,4-!5,9!R5-!(i7)'9(9!

P+/0!P'+43(+!5,5):-(-!j-((!451)(!\6\k6!T3(!P%+-4!7/0=/,(,4!%,7)'9(-!%4(0-!4354!5+(!+()54(9! 4/! Y5V5+'-f! 9(P%,%4%/,! /P! -4+(--! jY5V5+'-Q! JFFSk! 5,9! R%))! 1(! P'+43(+!

+(P(++(9! 4/! 5-! gD4+(--g6! T3(! -(7/,9! 7/0=/,(,4! %,7)'9(9! %4(0-! 4354! 5+(! 0/+(!

+()54(9! 4/! 5! )57?!/P! %,4(+(-4Q! 5,9!R%))! 1(! +(P(++(9! 4/! 5-! e>%-%,4(+(-4g6!W()%51%)%4:!5,5):-(-!/,!43(!7/0=/,(,4-!D4+(--!5,9!>%-%,4(+(-4!:%()9(9!5!M+/,1573!5)=35!/P!

I6HJ!5,9!/P!I6HS!+(-=(74%O():6!

TABLE 4.4 Rotated Component Matrix of the Principal Component Analysis with

Varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization and converged in 3 iterations.

! I+ J+

d+'-4+54%/,! I6H#F! !!

$(,45)!BPP/+4! I6H#I! !!

.+/'-5)! I6HIS! !!

T(,-%/,! I6GJK! !!

8)(5-'+(! AI6KK\! !!

d54%&'(! I6LSG! I6LIF!

M5)0,(--! AI6LJG! !

D)((=%,(--! ! I6H\#!

*/+(9/0! ! I6GHF!

$/4%O54%/,! ! AI6KHF!

M/,7(,4+54%/,! ! AI6KHK!

4.3.2 Intraclass reliability

M/,-%9(+%,&!43(!/1@(74A05,%=')54/+-Q!43(!%,4+57)5--!+()%51%)%4:!5,5):-%-!-3/R(9!5!3%&3!7/,-%-4(,7:!%,!43(!7/9%,&!/P!43(!4R/!+54(+-Q!R%43!5!-)%&34):!)/R(+!7/,-%-4(,7:!

P/+! 43(! )(--! P+(h'(,4):! /77'++%,&!05,%=')54%/,-!1(%,&! -%0=)(! -:,(+&%(-! 5,9! +(A

&+5-=%,&! j-((! T51)(! #k6! .,! %,4+57)5--! 7/++()54%/,! 5,5):-%-! /P! I6GL! /+! 3%&3(+! %-!7/,-%9(+(9!5-!577(=451)(!jW%99)(!(4!5)6Q!#II#k6!.))!=5+4%7%=5,4-!(i3%1%4(9!/1@(74A

05,%=')54/+-! %,! 43(! +(7%=+/75)! -:,(+&%(-! 754(&/+:! -'73! 5-! +/7?Q! +/))Q! /+! )%,(5+!

-4(=Q! 1'4! ,/4! 5))! =5+4%7%=5,4-! =(+P/+0(9! 0/O(0(,4-! %,! 43(! -%0=)(! -:,(+&%(-!754(&/+:!-'73!5-!7)%7?%,&!j-((!T51)(!\6#k6!

!

\G!

!

!

TABLE 4.5 Average Reliability Results (Intraclass Correlations) N=720.

K*$<+ K=*"?'/?&&+@#""$/?*)#=+

T/45)!/1@(74A05,%=')54/+-! I6FS!

D%0=)(!-:,(+&%(-! I6HI!

W(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-! I6FJ!

D(h'(,4%5)!=544(+,-! I6HG!

W(A&+5-=! I6H#!

$5+?%,&! I6FL!

4.3.3 Impact of stress

T3(! +0.EZ^.-!/,! 43(! 4R/!8M.!7/0=/,(,4-Q! -3/R(9!5! -%&,%P%75,4! %,7+(5-(! P/+!

D4+(--!jdwHJ6Sk!9'+%,&!43(!W.8$!5,9!5!9(7+(5-(!P/+!>%-%,4(+(-4!jdwJF6Hk6!d/+!43(!

=3:-%/)/&%75)!0(5-'+(-Q!5!-%&,%P%75,4!9(7+(5-(! %,!]W.!jdwJF6Ik!5,9!5,! %,7+(5-(!%,!+$DD>!jdw#I6Ik!R(+(!/,):!P/',9!%,!43(!=/-4A-4+(--!7/,9%4%/,!%,!+()54%/,!4/!43(!

=+(A-4+(--!5,9!-4+(--!7/,9%4%/,6!E/!-%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(!R5-!P/',9!1(4R((,!43(!

=+(A-4+(--!5,9!W.8$!7/,9%4%/,-6!!

4.3.4 Object-manipulators

T3(!0(5,!4/45)!-'0!/P!/1@(74A05,%=')54/+-!jdw#F6HkQ!5-!R())!5-!43(!0(5,!-'0-!/P!-%0=)(!-:,(+&%(-!jdwS6KkQ!+(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-!jdw#S6GkQ!5,9!-(h'(,4%5)!=544(+,-!

jdw#G6Lk! -3/R(9! -%&,%P%75,4! 9(7+(5-(-! 9'+%,&! 43(! W.8$! 7/,9%4%/,! R3(,!

7/0=5+(9!4/!43(!=+(A-4+(--!5,9!=/-4A-4+(--!7/,9%4%/,-!57+/--!-'1@(74-6!W(A&+5-=!-3/R(9! ,/! -%&,%P%75,4! 735,&(-! 57+/--! 43(! 7/,9%4%/,-6! C,! 4(+0-! /P! 05+?%,&!

jdwSK6SkQ!5!9(7+(5-(!%,!05+?%,&!R5-!P/',9!9'+%,&!43(!W.8$!45-?!5-!7/0=5+(9!4/!

43(! /43(+! 4R/! 7/,9%4%/,-6! +0.EZ^.-! /,! 43(! 0(5,! %,9(i! /P! 43(! 4/45)!05,%=')54/+-!jdwL6Ik!5-!R())!5-!P/+!43(!754(&/+%(-Q!+(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-!jdwS6#kQ!

5,9! -(h'(,4%5)! =544(+,-! jdwS6#k! 5,9! +(A&+5-=! jdw#J6Kk! -3/R(9! -%&,%P%75,4!

%,7+(5-(-!9'+%,&!43(!W.8$6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

\H!

TABLE 4.6 Mean values for baseline; mean subjective responses, mean changes from

baseline for physiological data, mean sums for object-manipulators, mean sums for

marking, and indices for object-manipulators relative to marking per condition;

standard error of mean (SEM) per condition; and results rmANOVAs.

! 3+ 0?&$/)=$+ !"$C&*"$&&+ 15!,+ !#&*C&*"$&&+ 4L,+ M+

4.EN$'*)A$+:?*?+ ! ! ! ! ! ! !

D4+(--! SI! J6H! #6S! S6#! #6S! J6I! HJ6Syy!

>%-%,4(+(-4! SI! #6F! #6J! J6G! #6\! I6J! JF6Hyy!

+ ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!(B&)#/#-)'?/+:?*?+ ! ! ! ! ! ! !

]W.+ #H! GS6H!! #6#!! #6I!! AI6L! I6G! JF6Iyy!

+$DD>+ #H! \\6L! A\6I! AL6\! #6#! J6F! #I6Iyy!

+ ! ! ! ! ! ! !

7EN$'*C<?=)9./?*#"&! #G! ,656! #JL6J! JJH6L! JFK6#! JS6K! #F6Hyy!

D%0=)(!-:,(+&%(-! #G! ,656! #\6H! J\6L!! #S6I! \6#! S6Ky!

W(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-+ #G! ,656! HG6S! \J6S! HI6#! G6\! #S6Gyy!

D(h'(,4%5)!=544(+,-! #G! ,656! GG6S! SS6G! KK6J! K6K! #G6Lyy!

W(A&+5-=! #G! ,656! #L6H! #F6I! #K6F! S6J! I6H!

+ ! ! ! ! ! ! !

,?";)=-+ #G! ,656! \G6K! JH6L! \G6S! S6\! SK6Syy!

+ ! ! ! ! ! ! !

K=:$F! #G! ,656! L6G! F6S! L6J! J6#! L6Iy!

D%0=)(!-:,(+&%(-! #G! ,656! I6H! J6S! I6H! I6S! J6J!

W(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-! #G! ,656! #6S! S6#! #6I! I6\! S6#y!

D(h'(,4%5)!=544(+,-! #G! ,656! J6F! #6F! J6K! I6L! S6#y!

W(A&+5-=! #G! ,656! I6G! J6F! I6G! I6#! #J6Kyy!

4.3.5 Multiple Regression

W(-')4-! /P! 5,5):-%-! 1:! )%,(5+! +(&+(--%/,! R%43! D4+(--! 5,9! >%-%,4(+(-4! -(4! 5-!

5)4(+,54(!9(=(,9(,4!O5+%51)(-!5,9!43(!05,%=')54/+-!-(4!5-!%,9(=(,9(,4!O5+%51)(-!

:%()9(9! 5! -%&,%P%75,4! =+(9%74%/,! /P! 43(! 8M.! 7/0=/,(,4! D4+(--! 1:! 43(! /1@(74A05,%=')54/+! +(7%=+/75)! -:,(+&%(-! 5,9! 5! 4+(,9! P/+! 5! =+(9%74%/,! /P! 43(! 8M.!

7/0=/,(,4!>%-%,4(+(-4!1:!43(!05,%=')54/+!-%0=)(!-:,(+&%(-!j-((!451)(!\6Gk6!

!

!

\F!

!

!

TABLE 4.7 Results for the linear regression (method enter) with stress set as

dependant factor and reciprocal synergies set as independent factor (left) and

disinterest set as dependant factors and the simple synergies, set as independent

factors (right).

+ 0+ 4L+0+ ! +

jM/,-45,4k! #6F! I6J! !

W(7%=+/75)! AI6II\! I6II#! AI6#KSy!

W#wI6IKF! ! ! !

! ! ! !

jM/,-45,4k! J6F! I6J! !

D%0=)(! I6IIG! I6II\! I6#J#!

W#wI6I\L! ! ! !

4.4 Discussion $5,%=')54/+-!P5))%,&!',9(+!43(!754(&/+:!/P!+(7%=+/75)!-:,(+&%(-!5==(5+!4/!1(!43(!

1(-4! =+(9%74/+! /P! -4+(--6! .,5):-(-! /,! 43(! -'1@(74%O(! 5,9! 75+9%/O5-7')5+! 9545!

%,9%754(9! 4354! 43(! %,9'7(0(,4! /P! 0(,45)! -4+(--! R5-! 573%(O(96!8-:73/=3:-%/)/&%75)!5+/'-5)Q!/1-(+O(9!1:!5!9(7+(5-(!%,!]W^Q!R5-!3%&3(-4!9'+%,&!

43(!W.8$!=(+%/9Q! %,!=5+5))()!R%43!5,! %,7+(5-(! %,!0(,45)!-4+(--6!M/,-%9(+%,&! 43(!

7/&,%4%O(!9(05,9!/P! 43(!-()(74(9!-4+(--/+Q! 43(!9(7+(5-(! %,!05,%=')54/+-Q!R3%73!R5-!/1-(+O(9!9'+%,&!43(!W.8$!7/,9%4%/,Q!R5-!7/,-%-4(,4!R%43!R354!R5-!P/',9!%,!

)%4(+54'+(! jX(,,(+Q! JFH\l! ^+%@Q! JFFLl! ^+%@! (4! 5)6Q! JFFGl! c//9-! o! $%)4(,1(+&(+Q!

JFFKk6!]/R(O(+Q!5P4(+!7/++(74%,&!P/+!43(!P+(h'(,7:!/P!05+?%,&Q!5!+()54%O(!%,7+(5-(!/P! 05,%=')54/+-! R5-! P/',9! P/+! 43(! 0(,45)! -4+(--! =(+%/9Q! R%43! +(7%=+/75)!

-:,(+&%(-!1(%,&!43(!0/-4!P+(h'(,4):!/1-(+O(9!05,%=')54/+-6!

T3(! =+(-(,4! -4'9:! 9(0/,-4+54(9! 43(! P(5-%1%)%4:! /P! 754(&/+%V%,&! /1@(74A05,%=')54/+-Q! )(59%,&! 4/! 5! +()54%O(! 0(5-'+(! P/+! /1@(74A05,%=')54/+-6! c3(,!

-%0=):! 5,5):V%,&! 43(! P+(h'(,7:! /P! =(,A05,%=')54/+-Q! 5! 9(7+(5-(! %,! /O(+4!

1(35O%/+!R5-!/1-(+O(9Q!R3%73!R5-!%,!)%,(!R%43!=+(O%/'-!-4'9%(-!jX(,,(+Q!JFH\l!^+%@Q!JFFLl!^+%@!(4!5)6Q!JFFGl!c//9-!o!$%)4(,1(+&(+Q!JFFKk!5,9!7/')9!1(!544+%1'4(9!

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9:,50/0(4(+Q! )5+&(+!,(&54%O(!(i=(+%(,7(-!5P4(+!5,!(++/+Q! +(-')4(9! %,! )(--! P/+7(!

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M/)(-Q!$(:(+Q!o!>/,73%,Q!JFFSk6!]/R(O(+Q!%4!%-!',7)(5+!R3(43(+!43%-!5)-/!5==)%(-!

R3(,!43(!5==)%754%/,!/P!P/+7(!%-!%,4(&+54(9!%,!43(!=(+P/+05,7(!/P!43(!45-?6!T3(+(P/+(Q! 43(! 7'++(,4! 735=4(+! 9(-7+%1(-! 5,! (i=(+%0(,4! 4354!0(5-'+(9! 43(!

9(O()/=0(,4!/P!-=((9!5,9!P/+7(!1/43!1(P/+(!5-!R())!5-!5P4(+!=(+P/+0%,&!5! 45-?6!

>%PP(+(,7(-!1(4R((,!7/++(74!5,9!(++/,(/'-!4+%5)-!R(+(!(i=)/+(96!.-!/1-(+O(9!%,!)%4(+54'+(Q! 3%&3(+! -=((9! jc/11+/7?! (4! 5)6Q! #IIHk! 5,9! +(9'7(9! P/+7(! j<(3+%,&!o!

X,%&34Q! #IIIk! 5+(! (i=(74(9! 4/! /77'+! 1(P/+(! 5,! (++/,(/'-! 4+%5)6! d'+43(+0/+(Q!

-)/R(+! -=((9-! 5+(! (i=(74(9! 4/! /77'+! 5P4(+! 5,! (++/+! jY50%,&Q! JFKHl! W511%44! o!W/&(+-Q!JFGGk6!*5-(9!/,!43(!P%,9%,&-!+()54(9!4/!(++/+A+()54(9!,(&54%O%4:!j<(3+%,&!

(4!5)6Q!JFFSkQ!R(!3:=/43(-%V(!4354!P/+7(-!R%))!%,7+(5-(!5P4(+!5,!(++/+6!

5.3 Method

5.3.1 Participants d%P4:A-(O(,!-4'9(,4-!R(+(!+(7+'%4(9!P/+!(%43(+!=5:0(,4!/+!7)5--!7+(9%46!>545!P+/0!4(,!/P!43(-(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!9%-75+9(9!9'(!4/!4(73,%75)!=+/1)(0-!9'+%,&!9545!

7/))(74%/,!jJH!P(05)(Q!#F!05)(k6

5.3.2 Task

T3(!(i=(+%0(,45)!45-?!R5-!5,!%4(+54%/,!/P!43(!-%0=)(Q!0/,/4/,/'-!/=(+54%/,!/P!

P%44%,&! -7+(R-! %,4/! 9(-%&,54(9! 3/)(-! P/+! 35)P! 5,! 3/'+6! T3(! -(--%/,! R5-!590%,%-4(+(9! 54! 5! 7/0='4(+! -454%/,! jP%&'+(! L6J5k! 5,9! 43(! =+/&+50! )(9! 43(!

=5+4%7%=5,4! 43+/'&3! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4! R%43/'4! 5,:! %,4(+O(,4%/,! P+/0! 43(!

(i=(+%0(,4(+6!Z,!43(!)(P4A35,9!-%9(!/P!43(!0/,%4/+Q!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!=+(-(,4(9!R%43! 43+((! 1/i(-! jP%&'+(! L6J1kQ! (573! 7/,45%,%,&! 5! -7+(R! R%43! 5! 9%PP(+(,4! =5+4!

,'01(+6!C,!43(!7(,4+(!/P!43(!-7+((,Q!43(+(!R5-!5!)5+&(!R//9(,!1/5+9!jP%&'+(!L6J7k!

R%43!-(O(,!3/)(-!5)-/! )51()(9!R%43!5!+5,9/0):!-()(74(9!-(4!/P!43(!9%PP(+(,4!=5+4!,'01(+-!jd%&'+(!L6J9k6!

85+4%7%=5,4-!359!4/!=%7?!'=!5!O%+4'5)!-7+(R!jP%&'+(!J(k!P+/0!/,(!/P!43(!1/i(-!

'-%,&!5!35=4%7!=(,!jP%&'+(!JPk!5,9!%,-(+4!%4!%,4/!43(!3/)(!R%43!43(!7/++(74!=5+4!)51()!jP%&'+(! J&k6! C,-4+'74%/,-! (i=)%7%4):! %,9%754(9! 4354! =5+4%7%=5,4-! 9%9! ,/4! ,((9! 4/!

R/++:!51/'4!',P%,%-3(9!3/)(-Q!5-!43(!-7+((,!R/')9!=(+%/9%75)):!+(P+(-3!4/!-3/R!

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!

LL!

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3/)(Q!+(&5+9)(--!/P!43(!577'+57:!/P!43(!=5+4!05473(9!R%43!43(!3/)(!%,!43(!R//9(,!

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T3(!R//9(,!1/5+9-!R(+(!=+/&+500(9!4/!+(P+(-3!4/!5!,(R!1/5+9!R%43!5!,(R!

-(4!/P!-(O(,!(0=4:!3/)(-!5P4(+!5!=+(A=+/&+500(9!50/',4!/P! 4%0(!+(&5+9)(--!/P!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-f!=+/&+(--6!B573!=+(-(,454%/,!/P!5!1/i!R5-!7/,-%9(+(9!4/!1(!/,(!

t=35-(f!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,46!T3(!P%+-4!1/5+9!R5-!4%0(9!4/!+(P+(-3!5P4(+!\L!-(7/,9-!

1'4! (O(+:! 4%0(! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4! -'77(--P')):! P%))(9! /'4! 4R/! 7/,-(7'4%O(! 1/5+9-!R%43/'4!5,:!(++/+-!j%,9%754%,&!4354!43(!)(O()!/P!9%PP%7')4:!R5-!4//!)/RkQ!43(!&%O(,!

=35-(!4%0(!R5-!7'+45%)(9!1:!43+((!-(7/,9-6!T3(!7'+45%)0(,4!R5-!,/4!%,O(+-(9!%P!

=5+4%7%=5,4-!059(!4//!05,:!(++/+-6!.4!43(!(,9!/P!43(!35)P!3/'+!9'+54%/,!5!tT35,?!:/'g!-7+((,!R5-!9%-=)5:(9Q!%,9%754%,&!43(!4(+0%,54%/,!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,46!

Fig. 5.1 The left image

shows the experimental

setup with the PHANTOM

Omni® Haptic Device and

the right image presents

a screenshot of the

experimental task screen.

5.3.3 Apparatus

.!35=4%7!9(O%7(Q!43(!D(,-.1)(!8].ETZ$!Z0,%z!jP%&'+(!JPkQ!R5-!'-(9!5-!5,!%,='4!

9(O%7(6!T3(!9(O%7(! %-! 5!=(,!R%43! -%i!9(&+((-!/P! P+((9/0!jiQ! :Q! VQ!=%473Q!:5R!5,9!

+/))kQ! R3%73! %-! 51)(! 4/! =+/O%9(! P/+7(! P((9157?! /,! 43(! iQ! :! 5,9! V! =)5,(-! R%43! 5!05i%0'0!(i(+451)(! P/+7(!/P!S6SE6!T3(!35=4%7!9(O%7(!R5-!=)57(9!/,!43(!+%&34!/+!

)(P4A35,9!-%9(!/P!43(!0/,%4/+!9(=(,9%,&!'=/,!43(!35,9(9,(--!/P!43(!=5+4%7%=5,46!

D=(5?(+-! R(+(! =)57(9! /,! 1/43! -%9(-! /P! 43(! 0/,%4/+! 4/! (0%4! 43(! 7/,P%+054%/,!1((=%,&!-/',9-!P/+!(573!P%i(9!-7+(R6!

5.3.4 Procedure

U=/,! 5++%O5)! 54! 43(! )51! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4! R5-! -(54(9! 54! 5! 9(-?! R%43! 5! 7/0='4(+!

(h'%==(9!R%43!5!R(1750Q!5!35=4%7!9(O%7(Q!5,9!-=(5?(+-6!.P4(+!P%))%,&!/'4!5!-%0=)(!

9(0/&+5=3%7! %,P/+054%/,! h'(-4%/,,5%+(Q! 5! &(,(+5)! 7/,-(,4! P/+0! 5,9! 5!=3/4/sO%9(/!7/,-(,4! P/+0Q! 43(!=5+4%7%=5,4!R5-! %,4+/9'7(9! 4/! 43(!35=4%7!9(O%7(6!

Bi4+5! 544(,4%/,! R5-! &%O(,! 4/! (i=)5%,%,&! 4354! 5)43/'&3! 43(! P)54! -7+((,! 0/,%4/+!

7/')9!/,):!+(=+(-(,4!/1@(74-!%,!4R/!9%0(,-%/,-!5,9!,/!O%-'5)!9(=43!7'(-!R3(+(!=+(-(,4! %,! 43(! &+5=3%75)! +(=+(-(,454%/,Q! 43(! 35=4%7! 9(O%7(! 5))/R-! P/+! 5! 43%+9!

9%0(,-%/,! R3%73! %,O/)O(-! 9(=43! =(+7(=4%/,6! >'+%,&! 43%-! (i=)5,54%/,Q! 43(!

=5+4%7%=5,4!R5-!(,7/'+5&(9!4/!P(()!,/4!/,):!43(!3(%&34!5,9!43(!R%943!1'4!5)-/!43(!

!

!

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1(4R((,! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4(+! 5,9! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4! 5)43/'&3! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4(+!R5-!=+(-(,4! %,! 43(!+//0!54!5))! 4%0(-Q! -(54(9! P57%,&!5R5:! P+/0!43(!=5+4%7%=5,46!.P4(+!

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5.4 Results d+/0!43(!+5R!9545Q! P%+-4! 43(! 4%0(-!R(+(!75)7')54(9! P+/0!43(!0/0(,4! 43(!-7+(R!

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P/+7(! R(+(! 75)7')54(9! P/+! 43(! )5-4! -(7/,9! 1(P/+(! 43(! 7/++(74! jR%43! 5'9%4/+:!P((9157?k! /+! %,7/++(74! jR%43/'4! 5'9%4/+:! P((9157?k! =)57(0(,4! /P! 43(! -7+(R6!

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5,9!9+/=A/PP!)/754%/,Q!1:!43(!4%0(!1(4R((,!9+/=A/PP!5,9!=%7?A'=6!T3(!0(5,!P/+7(-!/O(+!43(!43+((!=(+%/9-!R(+(!75)7')54(9!1:!5O(+5&%,&!43(!-'0!/P!43(!P/+7(-!%,!iQ!:!

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P/+7(! P/+! 1/43! 7/++(74! 5,9! (++/,(/'-! 4+%5)! -(4! 5-! 9(=(,9(,4! 5,9! 43(! 0/0(,4!j1(P/+(Q! 9'+%,&! 5,9! 5P4(+k! 43(! 4+%5)! -(4! 5-! %,9(=(,9(,4! O5+%51)(-! :%()9(9!

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1(P/+(!5,!(++/,(/'-!4+%5)!dwJJF6I6!

!!

!

!

LG!

!

!

TABLE 5.1 Results RM ANOVA comparing speed and force, before, during and after

each trial.

! 0$%#"$+*")?/+ 8.")=-+*")?/+ 5%*$"+*")?/+ M+

D=((9!7/++(74!4+%5)! I6S!~!I6#! ,656! J6J!~!I6K! JHSHH6Hy!

D=((9!(++/,(/'-!4+%5)! I6K!~!I6\! ,656! I6L!~!I6\! \\6Gy!

d/+7(!7/++(74!4+%5)! S6\!~!K6\! K6\!~!J#6K! J6H!~!S6L! #JKF6Hy!

d/+7(!(++/,(/'-!4+%5)! J6H!~!\6L! S6F!~!F6G! I6F!~!J6F! JJF6Iy!

!

.! /,(AR5:! .EZ^.! R%43! -=((9! 1(P/+(Q! 5,9! 5P4(+! 5! 4+%5)! 5,9! P/+7(! 1(P/+(Q!

9'+%,&Q!5,9!5P4(+!5! 4+%5)!-(4!5-!9(=(,9(,4-!5,9!(++/,(/'-!/+!7/++(74! 4+%5)!-(4!5-!P574/+Q!R%43!-%&,%P%75,7(!-(4!54!I6ILQ!5)-/!-3/R(9!-%&,%P%75,4!(PP(74-6!]%&3(+!-=((9!

+(-')4(9! %,! (++/+-! dwJH\J6I! 5,9! (++/+-! 75'-(9! =/-4A(++/+! -)/R%,&! dwJLLK6S6!

d'+43(+0/+(Q!P/+7(-!R(+(!)/R(+!1(P/+(!(++/,(/'-!4+%5)-!dwKL6HQ!9'+%,&!dwJSK6KQ!5,9!5P4(+!(++/,(/'-!4+%5)-!dwJJL6K!j-((!451)(!#k6!

TABLE 5.2 Results for one-way ANOVA comparing correct and incorrect trials for

speed, force, and torque.

! @#""$'*+O")?/+ L""#=$#.&+O")?/+ M+

D=((9!1(P/+(!4+%5)! I6S!~!I6#! I6K!~!I6\! JH\J6Iy!

D=((9!5P4(+!4+%5)! J6J!~!I6K! I6L!~!I6\! JLLK6Sy!

d/+7(!1(P/+(!4+%5)! S6\!~!K6\! J6H!~!\6L! KL6Hy!

d/+7(!9'+%,&!4+%5)! K6\!~!J#6K! #6H!~!G6F! JSK6Ky!

d/+7(!5P4(+!4+%5)! J6H!~!S6L! I6H!~!J6H! JJL6Ky!

d%,5)):!5!/,(AR5:!.EZ^.!R5-!7/,9'74(9!R%43!-=((9!1(P/+(Q!5,9!5P4(+!5!4+%5)!

5,9! P/+7(! 1(P/+(Q! 9'+%,&Q! 5,9! 5P4(+! 5! 4+%5)! -(4! 5-! 9(=(,9(,4-! 5,9! -%,&)(! /+!+(=(54(9!(++/+-!-(4!5-!P574/+!R%43!-%&,%P%75,7(!-(4!54!I6IL6!.!05i%0'0!/P!F!(++/+-!

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TABLE 5.3 Results for One-way ANOVA comparing single and repeated errors for

speed and force.

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> T3(!4574'5)!=+/=(+4%(-!/P!5,!/1@(74l!43(!(i=+(--%/,!/P!43(!/1@(74!5,9!

> T3(!P(()%,&-!/P!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!

T3(! ='+=/-(! /P! 43%-! 735=4(+! %-! 4/! 9(4(+0%,(! 3/R! =(/=)(! 75,! =(+7(%O(! 5!

=/-%4%O(!5,9!+()5i%,&!P(()%,&!R3%)(!%,4(+574%,&!R%43!5,!/1@(746!d/+!43%-!='+=/-(!C!

R%))! (i=)/+(! 43(! 9%PP(+(,4! 4574'5)! =+/=(+4%(-! 9(-7+%1(9! 1:! D/,,(O()9! 5,9!D73%PP(+-4(%,! j#IIHk! %,! 4(+0-! /P! 43(%+! +()5i%,&! (i=(+%(,7(6! T3(+(P/+(! C! R%))!

(O5)'54(! %P! 4574'5)! =+/=(+4%(-! 7/,4+%1'4(! 4/! 43(! +()5i%,&! (i=(+%(,7(! 5P4(+! 5!

-4+(--/+6! T3(! 4574'5)! =+/=(+4%(-! 4354! R(+(! -()(74(9! P/+! 43(-(! (i=(+%0(,4-! 5+(!-35=(Q! -%V(Q! O/)'0(Q! 4(0=(+54'+(Q! 4(i4'+(Q! 35+9,(--Q! ()5-4%7%4:Q! R(%&34Q! 15)5,7(!

5,9!9:,50%7!=+/=(+4%(-!/P!0/O%,&!=5+4-6!

6.2 Pilot experiment

6.2.1 Method

.!=%)/4!-4'9:!R5-!7/,9'74(9!R%43!JK!=5+4%7%=5,4-!jH!P(05)(Q!H!05)(k!4/!(O5)'54(!R3%73!/P!43(!4574'5)!=+/=(+4%(-!R/')9!1(!7/,-%9(+(9!4/!1(!0/-4!+()5i%,&6!C,!43%-!

(i=(+%0(,4! =5+4%7%=5,4-! R(+(! +(h'(-4(9! 4/! (O5)'54(! JK! 7:)%,9+%75)! /1@(74-!

j9%50(4(+! LI00! 5,9! )(,&43! J#I! 00k! 4354! O5+%(9! /,! 43(! 9%0(,-%/,-Q!4(0=(+54'+(Q! 4(i4'+(Q!35+9,(--Q!5,9!R(%&346!T3(!9%0(,-%/,!R5+043!R5-!O5+%(9!

1:!?((=%,&!43(!7/)9!/1@(74-!%,!5!P+%9&(!1(P/+(!43(!-45+4!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,4Q!5,9!43(!

R5+0!/1@(74-!R(+(!?(=4!R5+0!R%43!5!3(54%,&!1/44)(!%,!R3%73!1/%)%,&!R54(+!R5-!=/'+(96!U-%,&!9%PP(+(,4!054(+%5)-!-'73!5-!P/50!5,9!&()!P/+!43(!P)(i%1)(!/1@(74-!5,9!

0(45)!5,9!R//9!P/+!43(!+%&%9!/1@(74-!O5+%(9!=)5-4%7%4:6!8+/O%9%,&!43(!/1@(74-!R%43!

(%43(+!5! -0//43!=)5-4%7! -3())!/+!5! P'++:!7/O(+!O5+%(9! 4(i4'+(6!d%,5)):! 43(!R(%&34!

!

KS!

!

!

O5+%(9!1(75'-(!/P! 43(!'-(!/P!-4(()! P/+! 43(!3(5O:!5,9!R//9!/+!5)'0%,'0!P/+! 43(!

)%&34!/1@(74-Q!5,9!1:!P%))%,&!43(!&()!5,9!P/50!/1@(74-!R%43!)(59!15))-6!

TABLE 6.1 Description of the properties of the sixteen objects employed in the

pilot study.

! 4$")$&+I+ + 4$")$&+J+

7EN$'*+I+ c5+0! D/P4! d)(i%1)(! Y%&34! 7EN$'*+I+ c5+0! D/P4!! d)(i%1)(! ](5O:!

7EN$'*+J+ c5+0!! D/P4! D4%PP! ](5O:! 7EN$'*+J+ c5+0!! D/P4!! D4%PP!! Y%&34!

7EN$'*+P+ c5+0!! ]5+9!! d)(i%1)(!! ](5O:! 7EN$'*+P+ c5+0! ]5+9!! d)(i%1)(! Y%&34!

7EN$'*+Q+ c5+0!! ]5+9!! D4%PP!! Y%&34! 7EN$'*+Q+ c5+0!! ]5+9!! D4%PP!! ](5O:!

7EN$'*+R+ M/)9!! D/P4!! d)(i%1)(!! Y%&34! 7EN$'*+R+ M/)9!! D/P4!! d)(i%1)(! ](5O:!

7EN$'*+S+ M/)9!! D/P4!! D4%PP!! ](5O:! 7EN$'*+S+ M/)9!! D/P4!! D4%PP!! Y%&34!

7EN$'*+T+ M/)9!! ]5+9!! d)(i%1)(!! ](5O:! 7EN$'*+T+ M/)9!! ]5+9!! d)(i%1)(!! Y%&34!

7EN$'*+U+ M/)9!! ]5+9! D4%PP!! Y%&34! 7EN$'*+U+ M/)9!! ]5+9!! D4%PP!! ](5O:!

!85+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!/PP(+(9!/,(!/P! 43(!/1@(74-Q!R3%73! 43(:!R(+(! +(h'(-4(9! 4/!

3/)9! P/+!5-! )/,&!5-! 43(:!R5,4(9Q!1'4!,/4! )/,&(+! 435,!/,(!0%,'4(6!<(,(+5)):! 43(!

/1@(74-!R(+(!3()9!P/+!5!=(+%/9!/P!JIA#I!-(7/,9-6!M/,-(h'(,4):Q!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!+(h'(-4(9! 4/! %,9%754(!/,!5! D.$!-75)(!R354! P%&'+(! +(=+(-(,4(9! 43(%+! (i=(+%(,7(!

R%43! 43(! /1@(74! 1(-46! d'+43(+0/+(! 43(:! R(+(! 5-?(9! 4/! P%))! %,! 5! GA=/%,4! -75)(!

h'(-4%/,,5%+(! /,! 43(%+! (i=(+%(,7(! /P! 43(! =+/9'746! Z,! 43(! %4(0-!=)(5-5,4s',=)(5-5,4Q! (i7%4%,&s9%-7/'+5&%,&Q! (,(+O54%,&s1/+%,&! 5,9!

P+'-4+54%,&s+()5i%,&6!85+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!%,O%4(9!4/!544(,9!4R%7(!%,!/,(!95:!,/4!4/!

/O(+)/59!43(06!

6.2.2 Results

.,! %,9(=(,9(,4! -50=)(-! 4A4(-4! R%43! -7/+(-! /,! 43(! h'(-4%/,,5%+(-! -(4! 5-! 4(-4!O5+%51)(-! 5,9! 43(! 5-=(74! 4(0=(+54'+(Q! 4(i4'+(Q! P)(i%1%)%4:! 5,9! R(%&34! -(4! 5-!

&+/'=%,&! O5+%51)(-! :%()9(9! 43(! P/))/R%,&! +(-')4-6! M/)9! /1@(74-! R(+(! P/',9! 4/!

=+/O%9(! 5! 0/+(! 5+/'-%,&! (i=(+%(,7(! j4wA\Q\k! 5,9! R(+(! 7/,-%9(+(9! 0/+(!(,(+O54%,&!j4w#Q#k!435,!R5+0!/1@(74-6!d'+43(+0/+(Q! P)(i%1)(!/1@(74-!R(+(!P/',9!

4/!=+/O%9(!5!0/+(!5+/'-%,&!j4w\QSkQ!5,9!=)(5-'+51)(!j4wSQFk!(i=(+%(,7(!5,9!R(+(!

5)-/!7/,-%9(+(9!4/!1(!0/+(!=)(5-5,4!j4wASQIkQ!-4%0')54%,&!j4wAKQGk!5,9!(,(+O54%,&!j4wAHQKk! 435,! +%&%9! /1@(74-6! d/+! 4(i4'+(! 5,9! R(%&34! ,/! -%&,%P%75,4! (PP(74-! R(+(!

P/',96!E/! -%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(-!R(+(! P/',9!/,!5,:!9%0(,-%/,! P/+! 4(i4'+(!5,9!

R(%&346!!

!

!

!

!!

"!"!

K\!

TABLE 6.2 Results for the independent samples t-test on the questionnaire results

for the different object properties (temperature, texture, plasticity and weight).

! ,$?=+V?"<+ ,$?=+'#/:+ *+

E! J#H! J#H! !

.+/'-%,&! \6J!~!#6J! L6S!~!#6S! A\6\yy!

8)(5-'+51)(! L6K!~!#6J! L6L!~!#6S! I6G!

U,=)(5-5,4! S6L!~!J6\! S6K!~!J6K! AI6H!

>%-7/'+5&%,&! S6F!~!J6#! S6F!~!J6\! I6I!

*/+%,&! \6J!~!J6\! S6G!~!J6\! #6#y!

W()5i%,&! S6S!~!J6H! S6S!~!J6F! I6I!

! + + +

! ,$?=+%.""B+ ,$?=+9/?&*)'+ +

.+/'-%,&! \6G!~!#6S! \6K!~!#6#! I6\!

8)(5-'+51)(! L6L!~!#6S! L6K!~!#6J! AI6S!

U,=)(5-5,4! S6\!~!J6L! S6G!~!J6L! AJ6S!

>%-7/'+5&%,&! S6F!~!J6S! \6I!~!J6S! AI6\!

*/+%,&! S6F!~!J6\! \6I!~!J6\! AI6G!

W()5i%,&! S6\!~!J6H! S6S!~!J6H! I6G!

! + + +

! ,$?=+%/$F)E/$+ ,$?=+")-):+ +

.+/'-%,&! L6S!~!#6I! \6J!~!#6\! \6Syy!

8)(5-'+51)(! K6J!~!#6#! L6I!~!#6I! S6Fyy!

U,=)(5-5,4! S6S!~!J6K! S6H!~!J6S! AS6Iyy!

>%-7/'+5&%,&! S6\!~!J6#! \6\!~!J6#! AK6Gyy!

*/+%,&! S6S!~!J6J! \6K!~!J6\! AH6Kyy!

W()5i%,&! S6S!~!J6F! S6S!~!J6H! I6I!

! + + !

! ,$?=+/)-(*+ ,$?=+($?AB+ !

.+/'-%,&! \6G!~!#6S! \6G!~!#6#! I6I!

8)(5-'+51)(! L6L!~!#6J! L6K!~!#6S! AI6J!

U,=)(5-5,4! S6L!~!J6\! S6K!~!J6K! AI6S!

>%-7/'+5&%,&! \6I!~!J6S! S6F!~!J6S! I6\!

*/+%,&! \6J!~!J6\! S6H!~!J6\! J6K!

W()5i%,&! S6#!~!J6G! S6L!~!J6F! AJ6L!

!

KL!

!

!

6.2.3 Discussion

T3(! =%)/4! -4'9:! :%()9(9! -%&,%P%75,4):! 9%PP(+(,4! +(-')4-! 57+/--! 43(! 9%0(,-%/,-!R5+043! 5,9!=)5-4%7%4:6!]/R(O(+Q! ,/! -%&,%P%75,4! (PP(74-!R(+(! P/',9! P/+! +()5i%,&Q!

R3%73!7/')9!1(!544+%1'4(9!4/!43(!P574!4354!=(/=)(!R(+(!5)+(59:!+()5i(9Q!1(75'-(!

43(:! R(+(! ,/4! ='4! ',9(+! -4+(--! R3%)(! (O5)'54%,&! 43(! /1@(74-6! C,! P'+43(+!(i=(+%0(,4-!-'1@(74-!-3/')9!43'-!1(!='4!',9(+!-4+(--!4/!(O5)'54(!R3(43(+!43(:!

R%))!(O5)'54(!/1@(74-!5-!+()5i%,&6!

d'+43(+0/+(Q! 43(! P574! 4354! ,/! 9%PP(+(,7(-! %,! 43(! (i=(+%(,7(! /P!R(%&34!R(+(!P/',9! %,! 43(! =%)/4! (i=(+%0(,4! 7/')9! 1(! 544+%1'4(9! 4/! 43(! P574! 4354! /1@(74-! /P!

9%PP(+(,4!05--!R(+(!(0=)/:(96!Y%&34! P)(i%1)(!/1@(74-!R(+(!059(!/'4!/P! P/50!/+!

&()Q!R3(+(5-!)%&34!+%&%9!/1@(74-!R(+(!059(!/'4!/P!R//9!/+!5)'0%,'06!T3(+(!R(+(!7/,-%9(+51)(! R(%&34! 9%PP(+(,7(-! 1(4R((,! 43(-(! P/'+! /1@(74-6! d'+43(+0/+(Q! 43(!

3(5O:! O(+-%/,-! /P! 43(! P)(i%1)(! /1@(74-! jP%))(9! R%43! )(59! 15))-k! R(+(! -%0%)5+! %,!

R(%&34!4/!43(!)%&34!+%&%9!/1@(74-6!T3(+(P/+(Q! P'+43(+!(i=(+%0(,4-!5+(!+(h'%+(9!4/!7/,-%9(+!R354!R(%&34!0%&34!1(!=(+7(%O(9!5-!+()5i%,&! P/+!5!&%O(,!/1@(74! 4:=(Q! %,!

599%4%/,!4/!(i=(+%0(,4-!4354!(i=)/+(!43(!(PP(74!/P!4(0=(+54'+(!5,9!=)5-4%7%4:6!

6.3 Temperature study

6.3.1 Introduction

*5-(9!/,! 43(! P%+-4!=%)/4! -4'9:Q! /1@(74! 4(0=(+54'+(!5==(5+-! 4/!35O(!5,!(PP(74!/,!3/R!5,!/1@(74!%-!(i=(+%(,7(96!M/)9!/1@(74-!R(+(!7/,-%9(+(9!4/!1(!0/+(!5+/'-%,&!

5,9! (,(+O54%,&! 435,! R5+0! /1@(74-6! ]/R(O(+Q! ,/! (PP(74! R5-! P/',9! /,! +()5i%,&!

R3%73!05:!1(!544+%1'4(9!4/!43(!P574!4354!-'1@(74-!R(+(!,/4!',9(+!-4+(--6!d'+43(+!+(-(5+73! R%))! 1(! 7/,9'74(9! 4/! (O5)'54(! R354! /1@(74! 4(0=(+54'+(! R%))! 1(!

7/,-%9(+(9!5-!+()5i%,&6!

C,! 5! -4'9:! 1:! M+5RP/+9Q! d+%(-(,! 5,9!T/0)%,-/,AX(5-(:! jJFGGk! -%&,%P%75,4!35,9! 4(0=(+54'+(! 9(7+(5-(-! R(+(! P/',9! %,! -'1@(74-! 9%-7'--%,&! 5,i%(4:A

=+/9'7%,&! 4/=%7-6! C,! 43(! P/))/R%,&! (i=(+%0(,4! -'1@(74-! R%))! 1(! =+(-(,4(9! R%43!

/1@(74-! /P! 9%PP(+(,4! 4(0=(+54'+(! 5P4(+! =(+P/+0%,&! 5! -4+(--P')! 45-?! 4/! (O5)'54(!R354!/1@(74!4(0=(+54'+(!-'==/+4-!+()5i54%/,6!

6.3.2 Method

d/+4:A4R/! -4'9(,4-! j#I! P(05)(Q! ##!05)(k! =5+4%7%=54(9! %,! 43%-! (i=(+%0(,46! B573!

-4'9(,4! R5-! (i=/-(9! 4/! 43(! -4%0')'-! 054(+%5)! R%43! /,(! /P! =+(9(P%,(9!

4(0=(+54'+(-! /P! ##�MQ! #H�MQ! S\�MQ! SG�M! 5,9! \I�M6! T3(-(! 4(0=(+54'+(-! R(+(!-()(74(9! 4/! =+/O%9(! 1/43! 5! 7/)9! j1()/R! 1/9:! 4(0=(+54'+(k! 5,9! R5+0! j51/O(!

1/9:! 4(0=(+54'+(k! (i=(+%(,7(6! ! .))! 4(0=(+54'+(-! R(+(! R%43%,! 43(! 05+&%,-! /P!

JL�M! R3%73! %-! -(4! 5-! 43(!0%,%0'0! P/+! -4%0')%! 4354! 5+(! %,! 4/'73! R%43! 43(! -?%,!j$5)735%+(Q!<(,&Q!]5+4/&Q!o!]5O(,%43Q!#II#kQ!5,9!\J�MQ!R3%73!%-!7/,-%9(+(9!43(!

05i%0'0!-'+P57(!4(0=(+54'+(!4354!%-!,/4!35+0P')!j$/+%,!o!*'-3,())Q!JFFHk6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

KK!

Stimulus

.! -4%0')'-! R5-! =+(=5+(9! /'4! /P! 5,! 5)'0%,'0! 4'1(! j9%50(4(+! LGQL! 00Q! R5))!43%7?,(--!/P!#!00!5,9!)(,&43!JJI!00k!jJk6!T3(!4'1(!5-!0/',4(9!/,!5,!5--(01):!

5-!%))'-4+54(9!%,!P%&'+(!K6J6!.!-(,-/+!j#k!R5-!=/-%4%/,(9!54!43(!%,-%9(!/P!43(!4'1(Q!

5,9! /,! 1/43! -%9(-! /P! 43(! 4(0=(+54'+(! -(,-/+! 5! 8()4%(+! ()(0(,4!R5-! =/-%4%/,(9!jSLySLyS!00k!jSk6!Z,!4/=!/P!43(!8()4%(+!()(0(,4-!5!O(,4%)54/+!-35P4!jSIySIyFLk!

j\k! R5-! =)57(9! R%43! 4R/! O(,4%)54/+-! 54! %4-! (i4+(0%4%(-! j#Ly#Lk! jLk6! .))!

7/0=/,(,4-! R(+(! 7/,4+/))(9! 1:! 5,! (i4(+,5)! 0%7+/7/0='4(+6! .! R54(+AP%))(9Q!FKySJyJ#! 00! 7//)%,&! ()(0(,4! 7/0=/-(9! /P! J00! 43%7?! 1+5--! =)54(-! jKk! R5-!

=)57(9!/,!43(!O(,4%)54/+!-35P46!.!3(54!7/,9'74%,&!&()!R5-!=)57(9!1(4R((,!43(!3(54!

5,9!7/)9!7/,9'74%,&!()(0(,4-6!C-/)54%,&!P/50!R5-!'-(9!%,!43(!-=57(!1(4R((,!43(!75-4! 5,9! 43(! O(,4%)54/+! -35P4! jGk6! T/! P%i54(! 43(! 7//)%,&! ()(0(,4! R%43%,! 43(!

7/,-4+'74%/,Q!%-/)54%,&!P/50!R5-!'-(9!j-((!P%&'+(!K6Jk!jHk6!TR/!R//9(,!()(0(,4-!

jFk! R(+(! =)57(9! /,! 43(! -%9(-6! ](54%,&! ()(0(,4-! R(+(! =/R(+(9! 1:! 5! J#^Q! S.!4+5,-P/+0(+6!

Fig. 6.1 Exploded view of

the stimulus material.

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

Dual task

C,! 5))! 43(! P'+43(+! (i=(+%0(,4-! 9(-7+%1(9! %,! 43%-! 735=4(+Q! 43(! 9'5)! 45-?! R5-!(0=)/:(9!5-!5!-4+(--/+6!T3(!9'5)!45-?!%-!5!0(0/+:!-(5+73!5,9!',-451)(!4+57?%,&!

45-?! 5,9! %-! 7/,-%9(+(9! 4/! 1(! 5! 3%&3):! 735))(,&%,&! 4(-4Q! +(h'%+%,&! -%0')45,(/'-!

0/4/+%7!5,9!0(,45)!(PP/+4!j_/+,5Q!JFHFk6!M/++(74!4+%5)-!R(+(!+(R5+9(9Q!R3(+(5-!%,7/++(74! 4+%5)-! +(-')4(9! %,! =(,5)4%(-! j0/,(45+:! &5%,! /+! )/--k6! C,! 43(! -45,95+9!

O(+-%/,! /P! 43(! 4(-4-! 43(! =',%-30(,4! /+! +(R5+9Q! 15-(9! /,! 43(%+! P%,5)! -7/+(Q!R5-!

-3/R,! /,! 43(! -7+((,! %00(9%54():! 5P4(+! 43(! 4(-4! -(--%/,6! C,! 43(! O(+-%/,-! R%43!7/,4%,'/'-! P((9157?Q! -'1@(74-! R(+(! 7/,4%,'/'-):! '=954(9! /,! 43(%+! -7/+(! 5,9!

+(05%,%,&!4%0(!/P!43(!45-?6!!

!

KG!

!

!

Fig. 6.2 Screenshot of the

dual task.

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

C,!5!4:=%75)!O(+-%/,!/P!43(!9'5)!45-?Q!4%0(A-35+%,&!=(+P/+05,7(!R5-!0(5-'+(9!1:!-%0')45,(/'-):!590%,%-4(+%,&!5!0(0/+:!-(5+73!4(-4!5,9!5,!',-451)(!4+57?%,&!

4(-4!jB(?()(,!o!X(+?3/PQ!#IISl!_/+,5Q!JFHFk6!.P4(+!43(!%,-4+'74%/,-!/,!43(!-7+((,Q!

P/'+!+5,9/0!9%&%4-!jJAFk!R(+(!-3/R,!51/O(!43(!P%i54%/,!=/%,4!jJ6#!9(&+((-!51/O(!43(!0%99)(!/P!43(!-7+((,kQ!R3%73!359!4/!1(!0(0/+%V(96!.P4(+!0(0/+%V54%/,!/P!43(!

\!9%&%4-Q!43(!-'1@(74!-45+4(9!43(!9'5)!45-?!1:!=+(--%,&!43(!-=57(15+6!.!-%,&)(!9%&%4!

R5-!-3/R,!/,!43(!-7+((,!P/+!JLII0-Q! P/))/R(9!1:!5!1)5,?!-7+((,!j\II0-k!5,9!43(!-'1@(74!359!4/!+(-=/,9!R%43%,!43(!%,4(+O5)!/P!JFII0-!1:!(%43(+!=+(--%,&!t:(-f!

/+! t,/f! %P! 43(! 9%&%4! R5-! /+! R5-! ,/4! %9(,4%75)! 4/! 43(! \! 0(0/+%V(9! 9%&%4-6!

M/,7'++(,4):Q! 4+57?%,&! =(+P/+05,7(! R5-! 5--(--(9! 1:! 0(5,-! /P! 43(! 3/+%V/,45)!7/0=(,-54/+:! 4+57?%,&! 4(-46! .! 7'+-/+! 15+! j\I00! i! L00k! R5-! -3/R,! %,! 43(!

0%99)(! /P! 43(! -7+((,! %,! 1(4R((,! 4R/! O(+4%75)! 15+-! jSI00!i! L00k6! T3(! 45+&(4!

5+(5!R5-!05+?(9!1:!4R/!(9&(A05+?(+-!j9%-45,7(!w!J\I00k!j-((! P%&'+(!K6#k6! C,!43(! 75-(! /P! 3%44%,&! (%43(+! /,(! /P! 43(! (9&(A05+?(+-! 5! )/'9! 4/,(! jKI9*k! R5-!

=+(-(,4(9!43+/'&3!4R/!8M!-=(5?(+-6!

Questionnaires

C,! 43%-! (i=(+%0(,4! 43(! -50(! h'(-4%/,,5%+(-! 5-! 9(-7+%1(9! %,! 735=4(+! P%O(! R(+(!

(0=)/:(96! T3(! h'(-4%/,,5%+(-! R(+(! =+(-(,4(9! 43+((! 4%0(-Q! 43(! P%+-4!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!1(P/+(!43(!/,-(4!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!5-!5!0(5-'+(!P/+!15-()%,(Q!43(!

-(7/,9! 5P4(+! =(+P/+0%,&! 43(! 9'5)! 45-?Q! 5,9! 43(! P%,5)! /,(! 5P4(+! 3/)9%,&! 43(!

-4%0')'-6! .4! 43(! (,9! /P! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4! 5! -3/+4! h'(-4%/,,5%+(! R5-! =+(-(,4(9!7/,-%9(+%,&! 5-=(74-! /P! 43(! =(+7(=4%/,! /P! 43(! /1@(74! 5,9! %4-! 4(0=(+54'+(6! T3(!

P/))/RA'=! h'(-4%/,-! 7/,-%-4(9! /P! 4R/! %4(0! h'(-4%/,-! /,! 5! -(O(,A=/%,4! -75)(!

+(P(++%,&! 4/;! )5+&(s! -05))Q! 3(5O:s! )%&34Q! 7/0P/+451)(s! ',7/0P/+451)(Q! =)(5-5,4s!',=)(5-5,4Q!(i7%4%,&s!9%-7/'+5&%,&Q!(,(+O54%,&s!1/+%,&Q!P+'-4+54%,&s!+()5i%,&Q!5,9!

5&&+(--%O(s!75)0%,&6!85+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!5)-/!5-?(9!4/!-7/+(!43(!P/))/R%,&!%4(0-!/,!

5!-(O(,A=/%,4! -75)(Q! %,! +()54%/,! 4/! 43(!(i=(+%(,7(9!/1@(74! 4(0=(+54'+(;!=5%,P')s!

!

!

!!

"!"!

KH!

-//43%,&Q! =)(5-5,4s! ',=)(5-5,4Q! (i7%4%,&s! 9%-7/'+5&%,&Q! (,(+O54%,&s! 1/+%,&Q!

P+'-4+54%,&s!+()5i%,&!5,9!%,!15)5,7(s!/'4!/P!15)5,7(6!

6.3.3 Results

Principle components analysis

*5-(9!/,!43(!+(-')4-!/P!5))!43(!(i=(+%0(,4-!9(-7+%1(9!%,!43%-!43(-%-!4354!(0=)/:(9!

43(! -50(! h'(-4%/,,5%+(-! jEw! KFIk! 5! 8M.! R5-! =(+P/+0(9! /,! 43(! R())1(%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(! :%()9%,&! 43+((! 7/0=/,(,4-Q! R3%73! (i=)5%,(9! KGQJu! /P! 43(! 4/45)!

O5+%5,7(6! .-! 9(=%74(9! %,! 451)(! K6S! 43(! P%+-4! 7/0=/,(,4! 7/,-%-4(9! /P! 43(! %4(0-Q!

0(,45)! (PP/+4Q! 4(,-%/,Q! 5+/'-5)Q! P+'-4+54%/,Q! 5,9! 75)0,(--Q! 5,9! 43(! -(7/,9!7/0=/,(,4!7/,-%-4(9Q!7/,7(,4+54%/,Q!=)(5-'+(Q!5,9!1/+(9/06!!

T3(!P%+-4!7/0=/,(,4!%,7)'9(-!%4(0-!4354!5+(!+()54(9!4/!Y5V5+'-f!9(P%,%4%/,!/P!

-4+(--! jJFFSk! 5,9!R%))! 1(! P'+43(+! +(P(++(9! 4/! 5-! gD4+(--g6! T3(! 43%+9! 7/0=/,(,4!%,7)'9(9!%4(0-!4354!5+(!0/+(!+()54(9!4/!5!)57?!/P!%,4(+(-4Q!5,9!R%))!1(!+(P(++(9!4/!

5-!eC,4(+(-4g6!!T3(!-(7/,9!7/0=/,(,4!4354!R5-!7/0=/-(9!/P!43(!%4(0-!P54%&'(!5,9!

-)((=%,(--Q! 4(+0-! 4354! R(+(! %,%4%5)):! +()54(9! 4/! R())1(%,&Q! R5-! /0%44(9! P+/0!P'+43(+!5,5):-(-!1(75'-(!43(!4(+0-!5+(!,/4!-=(7%P%75)):!+()54(9!4/!/'+!+(-(5+73!/,!

-4+(--6! W()%51%)%4:! 5,5):-(-! /,! 43(! 7/0=/,(,4-! D4+(--! 5,9!>%-%,4(+(-4! :%()9(9! 5!

M+/,1573!5)=35!/P!I6\F!5,9!/P!I6LJ!+(-=(74%O():6!

TABLE 6.3 Rotated component matrix.

! I+ J+ P+

$(,45)!(PP/+4! I6HJF! ! !

T(,-%/,! I6HJH! ! !

.+/'-5)! I6HJH! ! !

d+'-4+54%/,! I6GL\! ! AI6SKG!

M5)0,(--! AI6KSH! ! !

d54%&'(! ! I6HH\! !

D)((=%,(--! ! I6HG#! !

M/,7(,4+54%/,! I6SK! ! I6KHJ!

8)(5-'+(! AI6\#! ! I6KKG!

*/+(9/0! ! I6SHL! AI6KKS!

!

!

!

!

KF!

!

!

6.3.4 Experimental results

TABLE 6.4 Results for one-way ANOVA with decrease in stress and decrease in

interest set as dependent and the different temperatures set as independent.

O$<9$"?*."$+ JJW@ JUW@ PQW@ PTW@ QXW@ M+

N F! F G F H !

$(5,!9!-4+(--! J6G!~!J6I! J6H!~!J6#! I6L!~!I6G! #6#!~!J6#! J6F!~!I6F! I6L!

$(5,!9!%,4(+(-4! J6I!~!I6G! I6#!~!I6K! #6S!~!J6#! I6L!~!I6G! J6#!~!J6I! #6S!

TABLE 6.5 Results for one-way ANOVA with questionnaires set as dependent and the

different temperatures set as independent.

O$<9$"?*."$+ JJW@+ JUW@+ PQW@+ PTW@+ QXW@+ M+

D4%0')'-!=(+7(=4%/,! ! ! ! ! ! !

M/0P/+451)(sU,7/0P/+451)(! \6I!~!J6L! S6G!~!J6S! \6K!~!#6J! S6J!~!J6L! S6I!~!I6F! J6L!

8)(5-5,4sU,=)(5-5,4! \6I!~!J6G! S6K!~!I6G! S6F!~!J6S! #6H!~!I6H! S6L!~!J6#! J6\!

Bi7%4%,&s>%-7/'+5&%,&! \6\!~!I6F! \6L!~!J6I! \6G!~!I6H! \6J!~!I6F! \6J!~!J6I! I6K!

B,(+O54%,&s*/+%,&! S6H!~!J6#! S6H!~!J6S! L6K!~!J6S! S6H!~!J6#! \6F!~!J6J! S6Ly!

d+'-4+54%,&sW()5i%,&! \6G!~!J6S! L6\!~!I6L! \6\!~!J6L! K6I!~!I6L! L6K!~!I6F! S6Ky!

.&&+(--%O(sM5)0%,&! \6G!~!J6S! L6I!~!J6J! L6J!~!J6#! K6J!~!I6S! L6K!~!I6F! #6Gy!

85%,P')sD//43%,&! \6\!~!J6J! L6I!~!I6H! \6F!~!I6F! L6H!~!I6H! \6\!~!J6L! #6L!

T(0=(+54'+(!=(+7(=4%/,! ! ! ! ! ! !

8)(5-5,4sU,=)(5-5,4! S6K!~!#6I! #6H!~!I6F! #6F!~!J6G! #6J!~!I6F! S6I!~!J6S! J6#!

Bi7%4%,&s>%-7/'+5&%,&! \6\!~!I6F! S6H!~!I6K! S6F!~!I6\! S6K!~!I6G! \6I!~!I6L! #6#!

B,(+O54%,&s*/+%,&! S6H!~!J6I! S6G!~!I6F! S6F!~!J6S! S6#!~!J6I! \6I!~!I6F! I6G!

d+'-4+54%,&sW()5i%,&! \6G!~!J6I! L6S!~!I6H! L6I!~!J6#! L6F!~!I6H! L6L!~!I6H! #6S!

*5)5,7(9sU,15)5,7(9! #6F!~!J6H! \6S!~!J6K! S6K!~!#6K! S6I!~!J6G! #6L!~!J6K! J6S!

!

d%+-4!5!0(5-'+(! P/+!-4+(--!R5-!75)7')54(9!1:!45?%,&!43(!0(5,!/P! 43(! P%O(! P574/+-!0(,45)! (PP/+4Q! 4(,-%/,Q! 5+/'-5)Q! P+'-4+54%/,! 5,9! 43(! %,O(+-(! /P! 75)0,(--6! .)-/! 5!

0(5-'+(! P/+! %,4(+(-4! R5-! 75)7')54(9! 1:! 45?%,&! 43(! 0(5,! /P! 43(! P574/+-!

7/,7(,4+54%/,Q!=)(5-'+(!5,9!43(!%,O(+-(!/P!1/+(9/06!T3(!9(7+(5-(-!j9k!%,!-4+(--!5,9!%,4(+(-4!R(+(!75)7')54(9!1:!9(9'74%,&!43(!-4+(--!5,9!%,4(+(-4!O5)'(-!/145%,(9!

5P4(+! 43(! -'1@(74-! 359! 3()9! 43(! -4%0')'-! 054(+%5)! P+/0! 43(! O5)'(-! 45?(,!

%00(9%54():!5P4(+!=(+P/+0%,&!43(!9'5)!45-?6!!.!/,(AR5:!.EZ^.!R%43!9!-4+(--!5,9!9!%,4(+(-4!-(4!5-!9(=(,9(,4-!5,9!4(0=(+54'+(!-(4!5-!P574/+!5,9!R%43!5!*/,P(++/,%!

!

!

!!

"!"!

GI!

=/-4A3/7! 5,5):-%-! :%()9(9! ,/! -%&,%P%75,4! 9%PP(+(,7(-! %,! 9(7+(5-(-! /P! -4+(--! 5,9!

%,4(+(-4!1(4R((,!43(!9%PP(+(,4!4(0=(+54'+(-6!

6.3.5 Discussion

T3(!3%&3(-4!9(7+(5-(!%,!-4+(--!R5-!P/',9!P/+!43(!-4%0')'-!054(+%5)!54!SG�MQ!R3%73!%-! 43(! 4(0=(+54'+(! 7)/-(-4! 4/! 43(!1/9:! 4(0=(+54'+(6!.)43/'&3! 43(!9%PP(+(,7(! %,!

+()5i54%/,!5P4(+!43(!-4+(--/+!R(+(!,/4!-%&,%P%75,4Q!-%&,%P%75,4!+(-')4-!R(+(!P/',9!

%,! 4(+0-!/P! 43(!-'1@(74%O(!=(+7(=4%/,!/P! 43(!-4%0')'-6!.,!/1@(74! 4(0=(+54'+(!/P!S\�M!R5-!P/',9!4/!1(!0/-4!1/+%,&Q!R3%)(!43(!SG�M!R5-!P/',9!4/!1(!0/-4!75)0%,&!

5,9! +()5i%,&6! .,! /1@(74! 54! 1/9:! 4(0=(+54'+(! R%))! 43'-! 1(! 7/,-%9(+(9! 5-! 1(%,&!

0/-4!+()5i%,&!5,9!-%,7(!43(!1/9:!4(0=(+54'+(!%-!43(!4(0=(+54'+(!4354!5,!/1@(74!5'4/054%75)):! 59/=4-! R3%)(! %,4(+574%,&! R%43! %4Q! ,/! 9:,50%7! 735,&(-! %,!

4(0=(+54'+(! 5+(! +(h'%+(9! P/+! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! 45,&%1)(! %,4(+P57(! 4354! R%))! 1(!

9(-%&,(96!

6.4 Size and weight

6.4.1 Introduction

*/9:! 4(0=(+54'+(! 5==(5+-! 4/! 1(! 7/,-%9(+(9! 5-! 43(! 0/-4! +()5i%,&! /1@(74!

4(0=(+54'+(6! M/,-(h'(,4):! C! R%))! (i=)/+(! ()5-4%7%4:Q! R(%&34! 5,9! 15)5,7(Q! 5,9!

9:,50%7! =+/=(+4%(-! /P! 0/O%,&! =5+4-6! *'4! 1(P/+(! 4354Q! 5! -35=(! ,((9(9! 4/! 1(!-()(74(9! 5-! =/4(,4%5)! -4%0')'-! 054(+%5)6! D4+(--A+()%(O%,&! /1@(74-! 4354! 5+(!

7/00/,):! (0=)/:(9! 5-! 5! 0(5,-! /P! +()%(P! /P4(,! O5+:! %,! -35=(Q! -%V(Q! =)5-4%7%4:Q!

054(+%5)!5,9!R(%&346!!T3(! 0/-4! 7/00/,! 5,9! R())A?,/R,! -4+(--A+()%(O%,&! /1@(74! %-! 5! -4+(--! 15))6!

M'4?/-?:!5,9!]/R(f-!jJFF\k!7)5--%P%754%/,!/P!&+5-=!4(73,%h'(-!-((0-!4/!%9(,4%P:!

%4!5-!43(! %9(5)!-35=(!P/+!43(!-4%0')'-!&%O(,!43(!P574! 4354! %4-!&+5-=! %-!-'%451)(! P/+!1/43!=/R(+!5,9!=+(7%-%/,6!T3(!4+%=)(!5i%-A-:00(4+:!/P!43(!-4%0')'-!5)-/!%,3%1%4-!

-=(7%P%7! '-(! 9'(! 4/! /+%(,454%/,Q! 05?%,&! %4! 7/0P/+451)(! 4/! 35,9)(6! d'+43(+0/+(!

C-1%-4(+! (4! 5)6! j#IIGk! 5)+(59:! 7/,7)'9(9! 4354! +/',9Q! -0//43! 5,9! -:00(4+%75)!-35=(-!5+(!+()54(9!4/!=/-%4%O(!(i=(+%(,7(-Q!)/R!5+/'-5)Q!5-!R())!5-!75)0!/+!0/+(!

9%+(74(9!5,9!+(-/)O(9!-%4'54%/,-6!T3(-(!5+(!43(!(0/4%/,5)!P574/+-!4354!43(!/1@(74!

7/')9!()%7%46!d%,5)):Q!5!-=3(+(! P%4-! 43(!(i=(7454%/,-!/P!5!-4+(--!15))! P/+!R3%73!43%-!-35=(! R5-! -()(74(9! P/+! P'+43(+! (i=(+%0(,454%/,6! C,! 43(! ,(i4! (i=)/+54%/,-! 43(!

=+(P(++(9! -%V(! 5,9! R(%&34! P/+! 5! -4+(--A+()%(O%,&! 15))! R%))! 1(! (i50%,(9! 5-!

9(-7+%1(9!1()/R6!

6.4.2 Determining the size

T3(!P%+-4!(i=)/+54%/,!R5-!-(4!4/!9(4(+0%,(!43(!-%V(!/P!43(!-4+(--A+()%(O%,&!15))6!d/+!43%-! ='+=/-(! 4R(,4:AP%O(! -4'9(,4-! jJJ! P(05)(Q! J\! 05)(k! R(+(! 5-?(9! 4/! &%O(! 5!

=+(P(++(9!-%V(!P/+!5!-4+(--!15))6!*(75'-(!43(!=(+7(=4%/,!/P!R(%&34!35-!1((,!=+/O(,!

4/! O5+:! 9'(! 4/! /1@(74! -%V(! jd)5,5&5,! o! *()4V,(+Q! #IIIl! X)54V?:! o! Y(9(+05,Q!#II#k!5!054(+%5)!359! 4/!1(!'-(9! 4354!5))/R(9!05i%0'0!O5+%54%/,! %,!-%V(!R3%)(!

!

GJ!

!

!

05%,45%,%,&! 5! -%0%)5+!R(%&34! +(05%,(96! T3(+(P/+(! 5! -(+%(-! /P! -(O(,! D4:+/P/50!

15))-!+5,&%,&!P+/0!SI!00!4/!FI!00!R%43!5,!%,7+(0(,4!/P!JI!00!R(+(!&%O(,!4/!43(!-'1@(74-6!

BO(+:!/43(+!-'1@(74!R5-!&%O(,! 43(!15))-! %,!5!9%PP(+(,4!/+9(+6!c3%)(! 43(!/99A

,'01(+(9!-'1@(74-!&/4! 43(!15))-! %,! %,7+(5-%,&!-%V(Q! 43(!(O(,A,'01(+(9!-'1@(74-!+(7(%O(9! 43(!15))-! %,! 9(7+(5-%,&! -%V(6!$(,! 5,9!R/0(,!R(+(!9%-4+%1'4(9! (O(,):!

1(4R((,! 43(-(! 4R/!&+/'=-6!T3(!-'1@(74-!R(+(!-(54(9!54!5!R/+?%,&!5+(5!-/! 4354!

43(!9(-?!-'==/+4(9!43(%+!5+0-!4/!)(--(,!43(!-4+5%,!/,!43(!5+0!R3%)(!35,9)%,&!43(!-4%0')'-! 5,9! 4/! -%0')54(! 43(! -%4'54%/,! 5!R/+?(+!R/')9! (,7/',4(+6! X)54V?:! 5,9!

Y(9(+05,! j#II#k! 5)-/! 9(-7+%1(! 4354! 43(! R(%&34! =(+7(%O(9! %,7+(5-(-! R3(,! 43(!

-'1@(74! 35,9)(-! 43(! R(%&34! P/+! )/,&(+! =(+%/9-! /P! 4%0(6! T3(! 35,9)%,&! R5-! 43'-!)%0%4(9! 4/! 5! -3/+4! =(+%/9!/P! 4%0(! jÄJI! -(76k! 1:!h'%7?):! 5-?%,&! 43(! -'1@(74! P/+! 5!

=+(P(+(,7(6!T3%-!R5-!9/,(!4/!57h'%+(!5!-'1@(74f-!%,%4%5)!=+(P(+(,7(6!!!

6.4.3 Determining the weight

C,! 43(! -(7/,9! =%)/4! 43(! R(%&34! /P! 43(! -4+(--A+()%(O%,&! 15))! R5-! -4'9%(96! .!

=+()%0%,5+:!-'+O(:! %,O/)O%,&!5!-(+%(-!/P!F!7'=-! P%))(9!R%43!-5,9!jJIIQ!JLIQ!#IIQ!#LIQ! SIIQ! SLIQ! \IIQ! LIIQ! KII! &+50-k! :%()9(9! 5! R(%&34! =+(P(+(,7(! 1()/R! \II!

&+50-6!D'1@(74-!7/')9!/P4(,!,/4!9(7%9(!1(4R((,!43(!R(%&34-!9'(!4/!43(!-%V(!/P!43(!

%,7+(0(,4-Q!=5+4%7')5+):!1(4R((,!JLI!5,9!#LI6!T3(+(P/+(Q!P/+!43(!574'5)!4(-4!43(!%,7+(0(,4-! R(+(! +(9'7(9! %,! -%V(! 5,9! 43(! /O(+5))! +5,&(! R5-! -3/+4(,(96! .,!

/=4%05)!9%-4+%1'4%/,!/P!R(%&34-!R5-!573%(O(9!'-%,&!5,! %,7+(0(,4!/P!#I!=(+7(,4!

-45+4%,&!R%43! JII! &+50-! 5-! 43(! -45+4%,&!R(%&346! T3(! 9(P%,%4%O(!R(%&34-! P/+! 43(!/1@(74-! R(+(! 43(! P/))/R%,&;! JIIQ! J#IQ! J\\Q! JGSQ! #IGQ! #\HQ! #FHQ! SLHQ! 5,9! \SI!

&+50-6! D%,7(! 43(! @'-4! ,/4%7(51)(! 9%PP(+(,7(! P/+! 3'05,! P/+7(! -(,-%,&! %-!

5==+/i%054():! Gu! jT5,Q! >'+)573Q! D35/Q! o!c(%Q! JFFSkQ! 43(! #Iu! %,7+(0(,4-! %,!R(%&34!%-!R())!51/O(!43%-!O5)'(6!!

Z,(!3',9+(9!=5+4%7%=5,4-!%,7)'9%,&!',%O(+-%4:!-45PP!5,9!-4'9(,4-!j\\!P(05)(Q!

LK!05)(k!=5+4%7%=54(9!%,!43(!-4'9:!4/!9(4(+0%,(!43(!%9(5)!15))!R(%&346!T3(!-(4A'=!R5-!5,5)/&'(!4/!4354!/P!43(!-%V(!9(4(+0%,54%/,Q!R3(+(!43(!-'1@(74-!R(+(!-(54(9!54!

5!9(-?6!T3(:!R(+(!&%O(,!5!4+5:!R%43!+5,9/0):!=)57(9!15))-!P+/0!R3%73!43(:!7/')9!

73//-(6! T3(! 15))-! R(+(! 5))! %9(,4%75)! %,! -%V(! 5,9! 5==(5+5,7(6! T3(:! R(+(! /,):!9%-4%,&'%-351)(! 1:! 5! =-('9/A+5,9/0):! R+%44(,! )(44(+! 4354! 7/++(-=/,9(9! 4/! %4-!

R(%&346!T3(!-'1@(74-!R(+(!5-?(9!4/!73//-(!43(!15))!4354!43(:!R/')9!=+(P(+!P/+!5!

-4+(--A+()%(O%,&!15))6!

Results

T3(!5O(+5&(!=+(P(++(9!9%50(4(+!%-!K\6I!00!~!J#6F!5,9!43(!5O(+5&(!=+(P(++(9!R(%&34!R5-!JHS6I!&+50-!~!LJ6#6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

G#!

6.5 Pilot balance and dynamic properties

6.5.1 Method

C,! 599%4%/,! 4/! 43(! P)(i%1%)%4:!/P! -4+(--!15))-Q!0/O(0(,4! %-! 5,/43(+! 5-=(74! 4354! %-!

/P4(,!+()54(9!4/!-4+(--!+()%(P6!M3%!15))-Q!R3%73!,((9!4/!1(!?(=4!%,!15)5,7(!5,9!5+(!

/P4(,! '-(9! %,! B5-4(+,! 0(9%454%/,! 5+(! 5! &//9! (i50=)(6! C,! 43(! ,(i4! =%)/4!(i=(+%0(,4!43(!=+/=(+4%(-!15)5,7(!5,9!9:,50%7!=+/=(+4%(-!/P!0/O%,&!=5+4-!R(+(!

(i=)/+(96!

C,! 43%-!-4'9:! 4(,!=5+4%7%=5,4-! j#! P(05)(Q!H!05)(k!(O5)'54(9!5!-(4!/P!L!-=+5:A7/54(9! 4+5,-)'7(,4! =/):(-4(+! 15))-! j9%50(4(+! /P! GI00! 5,9! R(%&34! /P!

5==+/i%054():!JHI!&+50-k!R%43!5!JLIA&+50!)(59!15))!%,-%9(6!TR/!15))-!O5+%(9!%,!

15)5,7(Q!%6(6!/,(!15))!359!5!P%i(9!7(,4(+!/P!05--!(h'5)!4/!7(,4+/%9!j%,!15)5,7(k!5,9!5,/43(+! /1@(74! 359! 5! P%i(9! 7(,4(+! /P! 05--! -(=5+54(! 4/! 43(! 7(,4+/%9! j/'4! /P!

15)5,7(k6!T3(!/43(+!43+((!15))-!O5+%(9!%,!4(+0-!/P!9:,50%7!=+/=(+4%(-!/P!0/O%,&!

=5+4-6! Z,(! 15))! 359! /,(! 9(&+((! /P! 0/O(0(,4! P+((9/0Q! %6(6! 43(! )(59! 15))! 7/')9!0/O(!R%43%,!5!4'1(!P%i(9! %,-%9(!/P! 43(!15))6!T3(!-(7/,9!15))!359!4R/!9(&+((-!/P!

P+((9/0Q!%6(6!43(!)(59!15))!7/')9!0/O(!1(4R((,!4R/!P%i(9!-'+P57(-!R%43%,!43(!15))!

5,9! %,! 43(! 43%+9Q! 43(! )(59! 15))! 7/')9! 0/O(! P+(():! R%43%,! 43(! =)5-4%7! 15))6! T3(!7/,-4+5%,4-!R%43%,!43(!P%+-4!P/'+!15))-!R(+(!059(!/'4!/P!)/RA9(,-%4:!054(+%5)-!4/!

=+(-(+O(!43(!=+(O%/'-):!9%-7'--(9!Gu!R(%&34!9%PP(+(,7(!05+&%,6!

85+4%7%=5,4-! -45+4(9! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4! 1:! P%))%,&! %,! 43(! h'(-4%/,,5%+(! 5-!9%-7'--(9! %,! 735=4(+! P%O(6! d/))/R%,&! 43(! 15-()%,(! 0(5-'+(0(,4! 43(:! R(+(!

-'10%44(9! 4/! 43(! 9'5)! 45-?! P/+! 5! =(+%/9! /P! L! 0%,'4(-Q! 5P4(+! R3%73! 43(:!

%00(9%54():! 7/0=)(4(9! 43(! -(7/,9! h'(-4%/,,5%+(6! .P4(+! 7/0=)(4%,&! 43(!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!4/!43(!-'1@(74-!R(+(!%,-4+'74(9!4/!=)5:!R%43!/,(!/P!43(!15))-!P/+!5!

=(+%/9!/P!#!0%,'4(-!5P4(+!R3%73!43(:!P%))(9!%,!43(!43%+9!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5-!R())!5-!5!

h'(-4%/,,5%+(! 51/'4! 43(! /1@(74! =+/=(+4%(-! 1(%,&;! (i7%4%,&s9%-7/'+5&%,&l!=5%,P')s-//43%,&l! =)(5-5,4s',=)(5-5,4l! 574%O(s=5--%O(l! 5&&+(--%O(s75)0%,&l!

-(,-%1)(s%,-(,-%1)(l! 7/0P/+451)(s',7/0P/+451)(l! 9/0%,5,4s-'10%--%O(l! -()PA

R%))(9s/1(9%(,4l!(,(+O54%,&s1/+%,&l! P+'-4+54%,&s+()5i%,&l!5,9! %,!15)5,7(s/'4!/P!15)5,7(6! T3(! -(--%/,! 7/,-%-4%,&! /P! 43(! L! 0%,'4(-! 9'5)! 45-?Q! P/))/R(9! 1:! 43(!

h'(-4%/,,5%+(Q! 5,/43(+! 4R/! 0%,'4(-! /P! 15))! 05,%=')54%/,! 5,9! 5! -(7/,9!

h'(-4%/,,5%+(!R5-!+(=(54(9!P/+!5))!P%O(!15))-6!T3(!/+9(+!/P!43(!15))-!R5-!+5,9/0):!O5+%(9!57+/--!=5+4%7%=5,4-6!

6.5.2 Results

.!/,(AR5:!.EZ^.!R%43!9!-4+(--!5,9!9!%,4(+(-4!-(4!5-!9(=(,9(,4-!5,9!15))!-(4!5-!

P574/+!5,9!R%43!5!*/,P(++/,%!=/-4A3/7!5,5):-%-!:%()9(9!,/!-%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(-!

%,!9(7+(5-(-!/P!-4+(--!5,9!%,4(+(-4!1(4R((,!43(!9%PP(+(,4!15))-6!!

!

!

GS!

!

!

TABLE 6.6 Results for one-way ANOVA with decrease in stress and decrease in

interest set as dependent and the different ball set as independent.

0?//+ I+ J+ P+ Q+ R+ M+

E! JI! JI! JI! JI! JI! !

$(5,!9!-4+(--! J6#!~!I6F! I6G!~!I6G! I6L!~!I6K! I6K!~!I6L! I6L!~!I6L! #6#!

$(5,!9!%,4(+(-4! I6H!~!I6K! I6K!~!I6F! I6K!~!I6H! I6S!~!I6K! I6#!~!I6H! J6S!

TABLE 6.7 Results for one-way ANOVA with questionnaires set as dependent and the

different ball set as independent.

0?//+ I+ J+ P+ Q+ R+ M+

M/0P/+451)(sU,7/0P/+451)(! S6S!~!I6F! \!~!J6#! #6L!~!J6\! S6H!~!J6K! S6I!~!J6K! #6L!

8)(5-5,4sU,=)(5-5,4! S6L!~!I6H! S6S!~!J6#! #!~!J6S! S6H!~!J6\! #6F!~!J6\! #6I!

Bi7%4%,&s>%-7/'+5&%,&! \6L!~!J6#! S6L!~!I6G! S6G!~!J6S! \6S!~!J6S! S6S!~!I6H! S6Gy!

B,(+O54%,&s*/+%,&! \6K!~!J6\! S6H!~!J6L! S6S!~!J6L! \6K!~!J6#! S6I!~!J6J! S6Sy!

d+'-4+54%,&sW()5i%,&! \6L!~!J6J! \6J!~!I6G! J6S!~!J6I! \6S!~!J6#! \6#!~!I6F! J6S!

.&&+(--%O(sM5)0%,&! \6K!~!I6G! S6F!~!I6G! J6I!~!J6J! \6J!~!I6F! \6J!~!J6S! J6I!

85%,P')sD//43%,&! \6\!~!I6L! \6S!~!I6G! I6H!~!I6L! \6\!~!I6H! \6G!~!I6F! I6H!

! + + + + + !

D(,-%1)(sC,-(,-%1)(! L6J!~!J6K! S6H!~!J! S6J!~!I6G! \6S!~!I6F! S6\!~!J6J! S6Jy!

>/0%,5,4sD'10%--%O(! L6S!~!J6S! S6S!~!I6F! K6L!~!I6G! S6L!~!J6J! \6S!~!J6J! K6Lyy!

D()PAR%))(9sZ1(9%(,4! L6\!~!J6S! S6#!~!J6F! S6F!~!J6\! S6#!~!J6L! \6S!~!J6K! S6Fy!

*5)5,7(9sU,15)5,7(9! S6#!~!J6L! \6K!~!J6L! S6G!~!J6#! \6H!~!J6L! S6S!~!J6\! S6Gy!

.74%O(s85--%O(! L6S!~!J6\! S6G!~!J6K! K6S!~!J6\! S6\!~!J6S! #6K!~!I6H! K6Syy!

!C,!4(+0-!/P!43(!h'(-4%/,,5%+(-Q!15))!J!R5-!(O5)'54(9!5-!0/-4!(i7%4%,&!jdwSQJk!

5,9! 5-!0/-4! (,(+O54%,&! jdwSQSk6! d'+43(+0/+(Q! 15))! J!R5-! 7/,-%9(+(9! 4/! 1(! 43(!

0/--! -(,-%1)(! jdwSQJkQ! -()PAR%))(9! jdwSQFk! 5,9! 574%O(! jdwKQSk6! *5))! S! R5-!7/,-%9(+(9! 4/! 1(! 43(!0/-4! 9/0%,5,4! jdwKQLk! 5,9! 15))! \! R5-! 7/,-%9(+(9! 4/! 1(!

0/-4!15)5,7(-!jdwSQGk6!

6.5.3 Discussion

T3(! &+(54(-4! 0(5,! 9(7+(5-(! %,! 1/43! -4+(--! 5,9! %,4(+(-4! R5-! P/',9! P/+! 15))! JQ!

R3%73!R5-! 43(!15))! 4354!359!5! P%i(9!7(,4(+!/P!05--!(h'5)! 4/!7(,4+/%96!]/R(O(+Q!43(!9%PP(+(,7(!R5-!,/4!-%&,%P%75,4! %,!+()54%/,! 4/! 43(!/43(+!15))-Q!R3%73!0%&34!1(!

544+%1'4(9! 4/! 43(! -05))!,'01(+!/P!=5+4%7%=5,4-!5,9! 43(! )5+&(!50/',4!/P!/1@(74-!

4354!359!4/!1(!(O5)'54(96!*5))!L!R5-!7/,-%9(+(9!43(!0/-4!(i7%4%,&!5,9!(,(+O54%,&Q!R3%)(!15))!S!R5-!43(!0/-4!1/+%,&!5,9!9%-7/'+5&%,&!/,(6!d'+43(+0/+(!15))!J!R5-!

!

!

!!

"!"!

G\!

7/,-%9(+(9!4/!1(!0/-4!%,-(,-%1)(Q!-'10%--%O(Q!/1(9%(,4Q!15)5,7(9!5,9!=5--%O(6!Z,!

43(!/43(+!35,9Q!15))!L!R5-!7/,-%9(+(9!0/-4!-(,-%1)(!5,9!574%O(Q!R3(+(5-!15))!S!R5-! 7/,-%9(+(9! 5-! 0/-4! -()PAR%))(9! 5,9! ',15)5,7(96! T3(-(! 43+((! 15))-! R(+(!

43(+(P/+(!-()(74(9!P/+!P'+43(+!(i=)/+54%/,6!

6.6 Dynamic properties and elasticity

6.6.1 Introduction

T3(!9%PP(+(,7(-! %,! (O5)'54%/,!/P! 43(! /1@(74-! O5+:%,&! %,!9:,50%7!=+/=(+4%(-! 5,9!()5-4%7%4:!0/4%O54(!43(!P'+43(+!(i=)/+54%/,!/P!43(!0/-4!9%-4%,&'%-3(9!/1@(74-!%,!5!

P%,5)! (i=(+%0(,4! /,! 4574%)(! =+/=(+4%(-6! 8(+35=-! ,/4! 1:! 735,7(Q! 1'4! 9:,50%7!

=+/=(+4%(-! 5,9! ()5-4%7%4:! 5+(! 5)-/! 43(! 4R/! =+/=(+4%(-! 4354! 5+(! %0=)(0(,4(9! %,!7/00(+7%5)):!5O5%)51)(!-4+(--!15))-6!]/R(O(+Q!,/!P/+05)!+(-(5+73!(i%-4-!4354!35-!

(i=)/+(9! 43(! (PP(74! /P! -4+(--A+()%(O%,&! 15))-! /,! -4+(--! +(9'74%/,6! D/0(! 43(/+%(-!

(i%-4!4354!4+:!4/!9(-7+%1(!43(!(PP(74-Q!43(!0/-4!%0=/+45,4!/,(!1(%,&!4354!-h'((V%,&!5! -4+(--! +()%(P! 15))! %-! 5!0(5,-! /P! 9%O(+4%,&! 544(,4%/,! 5,9! 75,! 1(! 7/,-%9(+(9! 5-!

=5))%54%O(! 7/=%,&6! C,! 43(! ,(i4! (i=(+%0(,4! 43(-(! 4574'5)! =+/=(+4%(-! R%))! 1(!

%0=)(0(,4(9! %,! 5! -(4! /P! 15))-! 4354!R%))! 1(! (O5)'54(9! %,! 4(+0-! /P! 43(! =(+7(%O(9!-(,-(!/P!+()5i%,&!(i=(+%(,7(6!

6.6.2 Method

D%i! 15))-!R(+(! '-(9! P/+! 43(! 7'++(,4! (i=(+%0(,46! T3+((! 15))-! 359! 5,! /'4(+! -3())!

0/)9(9! /P! -%)%7/,! +'11(+Q! R3%73! 359! 5! ,('4+5)! P(()! j+'11(+:! 5,9! -0//43k! 5,9!

)//?! j&+(:k! 5,9! 5,! ()5-4%7%4:! /P! LIIu6! *5))! J!R5-! P%))(9!R%43! 5! =(+P(74):! P%44%,&!R//9(,!15))Q!R3%73!9%9!,/4!5))/R!-h'((V%,&6!*5))!#!R5-!P%))(9!R%43!P)/'+Q!+(-')4%,&!

%,!5!05))(51)(!15))Q!4354!?(=4!%4f-!-35=(!5P4(+!%4!R5-!-h'((V(9!5,9!15))!S!R5-!P%))(9!

R%43! P/50Q! R3%73! +(-')4(9! %,! 5! ()5-4%7! 15))! 4354! +(4'+,(9! 4/! %4-! /+%&%,5)! -35=(!%00(9%54():!5P4(+!1(%,&!-h'((V(96!T3(!)544(+!43+((!15))-!R(+(!(h'5)!4/!15))-!JQ!S!

5,9! L! %,! 43(! =%)/4! (i=(+%0(,4! /,! 15)5,7(6! C,! 43%-! (i=(+%0(,4! 43(:! R%))! 1(!

599+(--(9!5-!15))! \Q!R%43! 5! -/)%9! 7/+(Q! 15))! LQ!R%43! 5! )(59!15))! 4354! +/))(9! P+(():!R%43%,!%4Q!5,9!15))!KQ!R3%73!359!5!)(59!15))!4354!7/')9!0/O(!P+(():!R%43%,!5!4'1(Q!

P%i(9!%,-%9(!/P!43(!15))6!

85+4%7%=5,4-! 1(&5,! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4! 1:! P%))%,&! %,! 43(! 15-()%,(! h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!R3%73!43(:!R(+(!-'10%44(9!4/!43(!9'5)!45-?!P/+!5!=(+%/9!/P!L!0%,'4(-Q!5P4(+!

R3%73! 43(:! %00(9%54():! 7/0=)(4(9! 43(! -(7/,9! h'(-4%/,,5%+(6! d/))/R%,&! 43(!

h'(-4%/,,5%+(!43(:!359!4/!=)5:!R%43!/,(!/P!43(!15))-!P/+!5!=(+%/9!/P!#!0%,'4(-6!C,!43(!7'++(,4!(i=(+%0(,4!-%i4((,!=5+4%7%=5,4-!359!4/!=)5:!(573!-(--%/,!R%43!5!15))!

+5,9/0):!-()(74(9!P+/0!43(!=//)!/P!15))-!JQ!#!5,9!S6!.,/43(+!4R()O(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!

(O5)'54(9!15))-!\Q!L!5,9!K!%,!5!-%0%)5+!(i=(+%0(,45)!-(4'=6!C,!43(!)5-4!(i=(+%0(,4!5,/43(+!&+/'=!/P!4R()O(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!(O5)'54(9!15))-!J!5,9!\6!]/R(O(+Q!%,-4(59!/P!

(O5)'54%,&!5! 43%+9!15))! 43(!/43(+! 7/,9%4%/,! 7/,-%-4(9!/P! -%44%,&! -4%))!R%43/'4! 5,:!

15))!/+!/1@(74!54!5))6!

!

GL!

!

!

6.6.3 Results

.!/,(AR5:!.EZ^.!R%43!9!-4+(--!5,9!9!%,4(+(-4!-(4!5-!9(=(,9(,4-!5,9!15))!-(4!5-!P574/+!5,9!R%43!5!*/,P(++/,%!=/-4A3/7!5,5):-%-!:%()9(9!,/!-%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(-!

%,!9(7+(5-(-!/P!-4+(--!5,9!%,4(+(-4!1(4R((,!43(!9%PP(+(,4!15))-6!

TABLE 6.8 Results for one-way ANOVA with decrease in stress and decrease in

interest set as dependent and the different ball set as independent.

0?//+ X+ I+ J+ P+ Q+ R+ S+ M+

E! J#! #H! JK! JK! #\! J#! J#! !

9!-4+(--! I6H!~!I6L! I6G!~!I6G! I6F!~!I6H! I6K!~!I6K! I6F!~!I6K! I6K!~!I6G! I6K!~!I6H! I6G!

9!%,4(+(-4! AI6J!~!I6H! I6L!~!I6F! I6L!~!I6H! I6\!~!I6G! I6G!~!I6F! I6K!~!I6L! I6K!~!I6G! J6J!

6.6.4 Discussion

C,! 43%-! )5-4! (i=(+%0(,4!,/! -%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(-!1(4R((,! 43(!15))-! %,! 4(+0-!/P!

-4+(--! +(9'74%/,!/+! +(9'74%/,! %,! %,4(+(-4!R(+(! P/',96! C,7+(5-%,&! 43(! 50/',4!/P!

=5+4%7%=5,4-!5,9!+(9'7%,&! 43(!50/',4!/P!15))-! 4354!359! 4/!1(!(O5)'54(9!9%9!,/4!-/+4! 5,:! (PP(746! T3(! 9%PP(+(,7(-! %,! (i=(+%(,7(-! /P! 5! 15))!0%&34! 1(! 4//! -'14)(! 4/!

0(5-'+(!1:!0(5,-!/P! 5!h'(-4%/,,5%+(6!]/R(O(+Q! %,!=/-4!(i=(+%0(,4! %,4(+O%(R-!

43(+(!R5-!5!&(,(+5)!=+(P(+(,7(!P/+!15))!L!50/,&!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!4354!(O5)'54(9!43%-! 15))6! T3(:! R(+(! 7'+%/'-! 51/'4! 43(! 15))! 0/O%,&! /,! %4-! %,-%9(! 5,9! (,@/:(9!

+/))%,&!%4!5+/',96!$/O%,&!43(!15))!R5-!5)-/!P/',9!4/!1(!+()5i%,&6!

6.7 Discussion C,!&(,(+5)!%4!R5-!O(+:!9%PP%7')4!4/!P%,9!5,:!9%PP(+(,7(-!%,!43(!=(+7(=4%/,!/P!-4+(--!

+(9'74%/,!=/4(,4%5)! P/+! 43(! 15))-! &%O(,! 43(! 9%PP(+(,4! 15))! 544+%1'4(-! (i=)/+(96! C,!

9%PP(+(,4! =%)/4! -4'9%(-! O5+%/'-! 0(43/9-! 5,9! h'(-4%/,,5%+(-! R(+(! (0=)/:(9! 4/!-4'9:! 43(! (PP(74! /P! 5! -4%0')'-! /,! -4+(--! +(9'74%/,! 1'4! ,/,(! -3/R(9! 5,:! 7)(5+!

-%&,%P%75,4!+(-')4-6!T3(!0(43/9-!5==)%(9!%,!43%-!+(-(5+73!-3/')9!1(!h'(-4%/,(9Q!5-!

43(:!9/,f4!+()54(!5-!0'73!4/!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!43(!/1@(74Q!5-!%,!+(&')5+!=(+7(=4%/,!-4'9%(-Q!1'4!+543(+!4/!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!5!-%4'54%/,6!T3(+(P/+(Q!/43(+!0(43/9-!P/+!

h'5,4%P:%,&! 43(! +()5i%,&! (i=(+%(,7(! /P! 5! =+/9'74! -3/')9! 1(! (i=)/+(9Q! -'73! 5-!

0/+(!h'5)%454%O(!+(-(5+73!0(43/9-!%,7)'9%,&!%,4(+O%(R-!5,9!7/0=5+%-/,-6!C,! 7/,-%9(+%,&! R3:! ,/! -%&,%P%75,4! 9%PP(+(,7(-! R(+(! P/',9! P/+! 43(! +()5i%,&!

(i=(+%(,7(! /P! 43(-(! /1@(74-! 5P4(+! -4+(--Q! -(O(+5)! P574/+-! 05:! 35O(! )(9! 4/! 43%-!

+(-')4;!

> d%+-4!/P!5))!43(!-4+(--/+!4354!R5-!(0=)/:(9!%,!43(!7'++(,4!(i=(+%0(,4!R5-!4//!

/O(+=/R(+%,&Q! R3%73! ,(&54%O():! %,P)'(,7(9! 43(! (O5)'54%/,! =+/7(--6! .!

0(45=3/+! 75,! 1(! 9+5R,! R%43! =5%,Q! %05&%,(! 5-?%,&! -/0(1/9:! R3/! @'-4!1'+,(9!3(+!35,9!5,9!3(+!P//4!R354!3'+4-!)(--6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

GK!

> D(7/,9):Q! 5)43/'&3! 43(! h'(-4%/,,5%+(! 4354! R5-! =+(-(,4(9! 4/! 0(5-'+(! 43(!

%4(0-!4354!R(+(!/P!%0=/+45,7(!4/!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!-4+(--!R5-!%,4(,9(9!4/!1(!5-!-3/+4!5-!=/--%1)(Q! %4!R5-!-4%))!7/,-%9(+(9!4//!)/,&!5,9!7'01(+-/0(6!T3%-!

R5-!=5+4%7')5+):!43(!75-(!R3(,!O5+%/'-!-4%0')%!359!4/!1(!(O5)'54(9!-'73!5-!

%,!5!R%43%,!-'1@(74-!9(-%&,6!> T3%+9):Q!43(!1(4R((,!-'1@(74-!9(-%&,Q!)(9!4/!=+/1)(0-!%,!4(+0-!/P!O5)%9%4:!5-!

4//! )%44)(! =5+4%7%=5,4-! (O5)'54(9! 5! -4%0')'-Q! 5,9! +(-')4-! 7/')9! ,/4! 1(!

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Design cycles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

7.1 Introduction .P4(+! (i50%,%,&! 43(! ',9(+):%,&! %--'(-! 9%-7'--(9! R%43%,! 43(! 5PP(74%O(! )//=!P+50(R/+?! 5! =+/9'74! =+/4/4:=(! 75,! 1(! 9(O()/=(9! 5-! 5!0(5,-! 4/! %,4(&+54(! 43(!

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R3(43(+!%,3(+(,4!P((9157?!4/!%0=)%7%4!%,4(+574%/,-!R%43!5,!(O(+:95:!=+/9'74!75,!+(9'7(!-4+(--6!C4!R%))!1(!43(!054(+%5)%V54%/,!/P!43(!=+/=/-(9!3:=/43(-%-!4354!43%-!

75,! 1(! 573%(O(9! 1:!0(5,-! /P! 5! 7/0=(4%,&! +(-=/,-(! 5,9!R%))! 1(! 9(O()/=(9! 1:!

0(5,-!/P!+(-(5+73!43+/'&3!9(-%&,6!!!

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735=4(+! P/'+! C! 7/,7)'9(9! 4354! 43(! 0/O(0(,4-! +/7?! 5,9! +/))! 5+(! 43(! 1(-4!

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P+/0! 735=4(+! P%O(! -'&&(-4! 4354! =+(--'+(! /+! P/+7(! 7/')9! 5)-/! %,9%754(! -4+(--Q!

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7.2 First iteration: idea exploration

7.2.1 Introduction

T3(!P%+-4!(i=)/+54%/,!R5-!7/,9'74(9!1:!5!&+/'=!/P!-4'9(,4-!R3/!9%9!5!-'=(+O%-(9!

=+/@(74! 5-! =5+4! /P! 43(! >(-%&,! P/+! C,4(+574%/,! 05-4(+A7/'+-(! C,4(+574%O(!T(73,/)/&:! >(-%&,! 54! 43(! TU! >()P46! T3+((! &+/'=-! /P! 4R/! -4'9(,4-! 9(O()/=(9!

-(O(+5)!=+/4/4:=(-!/P!5PP(74%O(!45,&%1)(! %,4(+P57(-6!D4'9(,4-!359!4/!P%+-4!/1-(+O(!

5,9! +(7/+9! 9%PP(+(,4! (i=+(--%/,-! /P! 43(! ,(+O/'-! 1(35O%/+-! -h'((V(Q! +/7?Q! 5,9!+/))6!*5-(9!/,! 43(%+!/1-(+O54%/,-Q! 43(:!359! 4/!&(,(+54(! %9(5-!/,!3/R!5!=+/9'74!

75,!5PP/+9Q!+(7/+9!5,9!+(-=/,9!4/!43(-(!1(35O%/+-6!

Fig. 7.1 Exploration of a

rolling movement named

wiggle.

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GF!

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T3+/'&3! 5! =+/7(--! /P! (i=(+%(,7(! =+/4/4:=%,&! j*'73(,5'! o! d')4/,! D'+%Q!

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43(!(,9!/P!43(!7/'+-(Q!-4'9(,4-!359!4/!1'%)9!5,!%,4(+574%O(!=+/9'74!4354!0(5-'+(9!

9%PP(+(,4! 735+574(+%-4%7-! /P! 43(! -()(74(9! 1(35O%/+Q! 5,9! =+/O%9(9! P((9157?! 4354!R/')9!-'==/+4!+()5i54%/,6!$')4%0/95)!4:=(-!/P! P((9157?!7/')9!1(! %0=)(0(,4(9Q!

5-!)/,&!5-!/,(!/P!43(!0/95)%4%(-!R/')9!=+/O%9(!%,3(+(,4!P((9157?!5-!9(-7+%1(9!1:!

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Fig. 7.2 Physical sketch on

how to afford and sense a

rocking movement.

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T3%-!P%+-4!(i=)/+54%/,!:%()9(9!43+((!=+/4/4:=(-6!T3(!=+/4/4:=(-!+(-=/,9(9!4/!

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-'1-(h'(,4):!1(!9(-7+%1(96!

7.2.2 Squeeze-it

T3(!Dh'((V(A%4!=+/4/4:=(!4//?!43(!-h'((V%,&!1(35O%/+!5-!-/'+7(!/P!%,-=%+54%/,6!C4!

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43(!(i(+4(9!=+(--'+(!%,7+(5-(!R3(,!-/0(1/9:!%-!%,!5!-4+(--(9!-454(!!j$575')(:Q!

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T3(!P((9157?!/P!Dh'((V(A%4!7/,-%-4(9!/P!5,!%,7+(5-%,&!O%1+54%/,Q!1:!0(5,-!/P!

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Fig. 7.3 Squeeze-it

(designed by Eva Biemans

and Bram Hendriks).

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7.2.3 Marmoro

C,!5!9%PP(+(,4!=+/4/4:=(!5!-(4!/P!P%O(!57+:)%7!05+1)(-!=)57(9!R%43%,!5,!5)'0%,'0!

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Fig. 7.3 Marmoro (designed

by Chen Huiqian and

Anneris Tiete).

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7.2.4 Wigo

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Fig. 7.4 Wigo (designed by

M. Reza Akil and Marieke

van Liempd).

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7.2.5 Evaluation

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5-!=+(-(,4(9!%,!c%&/!:%()9(9!43(!0/-4!+()5i%,&!(i=(+%(,7(Q!5-!43(+(!R5-!5!9%+(74!7/'=)%,&! 1(4R((,! 43(! +/))%,&! 1(35O%/+! 5,9! 43(! %,7+(5-%,&! P+%74%/,! /,! 4354!

1(35O%/+6! D=((9Q! P+(h'(,7:Q! 5,9! 5,&)(! /P! 43(! +/))%,&! 0/O(0(,4! R(+(! 9%+(74):!

%,P)'(,7(9! 1:! 43(! P((9157?6! C4! %,-=%+(9! '-(+-! 4/! (i=)/+(! 43(%+! /R,! 1(35O%/+Q!R3%73! (--(,4%5)):! %-! 43(! &/5)! /P! 1%/P((9157?Q! R3%73!R5-! (5+)%(+! =+(-(,4(9! 5-! 5!

+()5i54%/,! 4(73,%h'(6! d'+43(+0/+(Q! 1+5?%,&! 43(! 0/O(0(,4Q! R3%73! +(-')4-! %,!

%,7+(5-%,&! P/+7(! %-! R354! 7/0(-! 7)/-(-4! 4/! 43(! 7/0=(4%,&! 1(35O%/+Q! 4354! %-!3:=/43(-%V(9!4/!1(!43(!1(-4!+(0(9:!4/R5+9-!+(9'7%,&!-4+(--!%,!43(!=+/4/4:=(!1:!

R3%73!43(!3:=/43(-%-!R%))!1(!4(-4(96!T3(+(P/+(Q!%4!R5-!9(7%9(9!4/!(i=)/+(!-%0%)5+!

4:=(-! /P! P((9157?! 5-! =+/=/-(9! %,! 43(! c%&/! 7/,7(=4! P/+! 43(! /43(+! 1(35O%/+-6!D'1-(h'(,4):Q!9%PP(+(,4! 4(73,/)/&%(-!R%))!1(!(O5)'54(9! 4354!5))/R! %0=)(0(,4%,&!

43(! -(,-%,&! 5,9! P((9157?! %,! 5! 0/+(! +(5)%-4%7! /1@(74! 5,9! -%0%)5+! P((9157?!

0(735,%-0-!R%))!1(!(i=)/+(9!P/+!43(!0/O(0(,4!+/7?!5-!R())6!

7.3 Second iteration: tactile feedback exploration

7.3.1 Introduction

T3(!0/-4! 59(h'54(!0(5,-! /P! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?! %-! 43'-! 573%(O(9! 1:! =+/O%9%,&!

9%+(74! P((9157?! /,! 43(! 0/O(0(,4! -'73! 5-! 43(! P+%74%/,! %0=/-(9! /,! 43(! +/))%,&!0/O(0(,46! T3(+(P/+(Q! %,! 43%-! -(7/,9! %4(+54%/,! C! (i=)/+(9! 3/R! -%0%)5+! R5:-! /P!

P((9157?! 75,! 1(! 573%(O(9! P/+! 43(! 0/O(0(,4! +/7?! 5,9! %P! /43(+! /=4%/,-! 5+(!

=/--%1)(!P/+!+/))!4//6!*/43!+/7?!5,9!+/))!5+(!(i=+(--(9!1:!+/454%/,!51/'4!5,!5i%-!5,9! O5+%/'-! 5-=(74-! /P! 43(! +/454%/,! 7/')9! 1(! -(,-(9Q! 43(! P+(h'(,7:! 1:!R3%73! 5!

+/454%/,! 735,&(-! 9%+(74%/,Q! 43(! -=((9! 1:! R3%73! 43(! /1@(74! +/454(-! 5,9! %4-!

9(+%O54%O(-!-'73!5-!577()(+54%/,!5,9!43(!5,&)(!/P!+/454%/,6!.-!%))'-4+54(9!%,!451)(!G6J!9%PP(+(,4!5-=(74-!/P!43(!(i=+(--%/,!7/')9!1(!-(,-(9!

P/+!(573!1(35O%/+! 4354! +(-')4(9! P+/0!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!9(-7+%1(9! %,!735=4(+! P/'+6!

.99%4%/,5)):! /,(! 7/')9! 5)-/! %05&%,(! O5+%/'-! 4:=(-! /P! 4574%)(! +(-=/,-(-! 4/! 43(!9%PP(+(,4! 1(35O%/+-6! Y(9(+05,! 5,9! X)54V?:! jJFHGkQ! 9(-7+%1(! ,%,(! /1@(74A

=+/=(+4%(-! j4(i4'+(Q!35+9,(--Q! 4(0=(+54'+(Q!R(%&34Q!O/)'0(Q!&)/15)! -35=(Q!(i574!

-35=(Q!0/4%/,! 5,9! P',74%/,k! 5,9! 43(%+! (i=)/+54/+:! =+/7(9'+(-! j)54(+5)!0/4%/,Q!=+(--'+(Q!-454%7!7/,4574Q!',-'==/+4(9!3/)9%,&Q!(,7)/-'+(Q!7/,4/'+!P/))/R%,&Q!=5+4!

0/4%/,!4(-4!5,9!P',74%/,!4(-4k6!D(O(+5)!/P!43(-(!/1@(74!=+/=(+4%(-!R(+(!(i=)/+(9!

5,9!9(-7+%1(9!%,!43(!=+(O%/'-!735=4(+6!

!

HS!

!

!

7.3.2 Haptics

]5=4%7!P((9157?Q!/+!35=4%7-Q!%-!P((9157?!4354!%,O/)O(-!43(!-(,-(!/P!4/'73!%,!3'05,!7/0='4(+! /+! =+/9'74! %,4(+574%/,6! C,! 0/1%)(! =3/,(-! R%43! 5! 4/'73! -7+((,! P/+!

%,-45,7(Q! O%1+54%/,-! 75,! %,9%754(! 4354! 5,! /,-7+((,! 1'44/,! 35-! 1((,! =+(--(9! 4/!

-%0')54(!43(!=+(--%,&!/P!5!=3:-%75)!1'44/,6!]5=4%7-!35O(!+(7(,4):!1((,!'-(9!5-!5!R5:! /P! 7/00',%754%,&! 5PP(74! /O(+! 5! 9%-45,7(! j*5%)(,-/,! (4! 5)6Q! #IIGl! *+5O(! o!

>53)(:Q! JFFGl! M35,&! (4! 5)6Q! #II#l! d/&&! (4! 5)6Q! JFFHkQ! 1'4! %4! 7/')9! 5)-/! /PP(+! 5,!

%,4(+(-4%,&!-/)'4%/,!P/+!4574%)(!P((9157?!%,!5PP(74%O(!45,&%1)(!%,4(+574%/,6!

TABLE 7.1 Potential aspects of the different movements that can be sensed and

possible features that van be modified to provide inherent feedback.

0$(?A)#"+++++++++++++++++ OB9$+ 4$=&$+ M$$:E?';+

! W/7?! d+(h'(,7:! c(%&34!

! ! D=((9! $/4%/,!

! ! .,&)(! !

! ! ! !

! W/7?!5,9!W/))! d+(h'(,7:! T(i4'+(!

! ! D=((9! c(%&34!

! ! .,&)(! D35=(!

! ! ! $/4%/,!

! ! ! !

! W/))! d+(h'(,7:! T(i4'+(!

! ! D=((9! c(%&34!

! ! .,&)(! D35=(!

! ! ! $/4%/,!

! ! ! !

! Dh'((V(! d/+7(! ]5+9,(--!

! ! >%-=)57(0(,4! T(0=(+54'+(!

! ! d/+7(! ^/)'0(!

! ! ! D35=(!

!]5=4%7! 4(73,/)/&:! /PP(+-! 43(! =/--%1%)%4:! 4/! %,4(+P57(!R%43! '-(+-! 43+/'&3! 43(!

-(,-(!/P!4/'73!1:!5==):%,&!P/+7(-Q!O%1+54%/,-!5,9s/+!0/4%/,-6!D/0(!+(-(5+73(+-!

1()%(O(! 4354! 35=4%7-! 7/')9! +(-4/+(! 43(! 45,&%1%)%4:! %,! 9%&%45)! %,4(+574%/,-! 5,9!%0=+/O(! 43(! 5(-43(4%7! (i=(+%(,7(! /P! %,4(+574%/,! j$57Y(5,! o! ]5:R5+9Q! #IIHkQ!

R3%73! %-! 7/,-%9(+(9! 5-! 43(! 05%,! 5%0! /P! 45,&%1)(! 5,9! (01(99(9! %,4(+574%/,!

j>@5@59%,%,&+54! (4! 5)6! #II\l! C-3%%! o! U))0(+Q! JFFGk6! .,9Q! 5)43/'&3!0/-4! 7'++(,4!

!

!

!!

"!"!

H\!

35=4%7! P((9157?! -:-4(0-! ,((9! 4/! 1(! P%i(9! %,! 5! -(4'=! 4/! =+/O%9(! 59(h'54(!

P((9157?Q! -/0(! +(-(5+73! 35-! =+/O(,! 4354! 0/+(! 7/0=)(i! 4:=(-! /P! 35,93()9!35=4%7-!5+(! P/+(-((51)(! %,!43(!,(5+! P'4'+(!j$57Y(5,Q!D35O(+Q!o!85%Q!#II#l!p5,/Q!

p/-3%(Q!o!CR545Q!#IISk6!d/+!43(!9(O()/=0(,4!/P!=+/9'74-!4354!75,!+(-=/,9!4/!43(!

'-(+! 43+/'&3! 43(! -(,-(! /P! 4/'73! 43(! P%()9! /P! 35=4%7-! 7/')9! /PP(+! +()(O5,4!%,-=%+54%/,6!

T51)(! G6J! 9(-7+%1(-! R354! /1@(74! =+/=(+4%(-! 7/')9! 1(! 0/9%P%(9! 4/! =+/O%9(!

35=4%7! P((9157?!/,!43(!43+((!7/,-%9(+(9!1(35O%/+-Q!7/,-%9(+%,&!43(!(i=)/+54/+:!=+/=(+4%(-!9(-7+%1(9!1:!Y(9(+05,!5,9!X)54V?:!jJFHGk6!d/+!(i50=)(Q!3/)9%,&!5,!

/1@(74! 5,9! 5==):%,&! 5! -454%7! P/+7(Q! R3%73! +(-')4-! %,! -/0(! 4:=(! /P! 054(+%5)!

9%-=)57(0(,4! 9'(! 4/! 43(! (i(+4(9! =+(--'+(Q! +(-')4-! %,! 5! -h'((V%,&! 0/O(0(,46!d((9157?!4/!43%-!1(35O%/+!7/')9!1(!573%(O(9!1:!735,&(-!%,!35+9,(--!j=+(--'+(kQ!

4(0=(+54'+(!j-454%7!7/,4574kQ!O/)'0(!j(,7)/-'+(kQ!5,9!-35=(!j(,7)/-'+(k6!

7.3.3 Roll

T3(!0/O(0(,4!+/))!/77'+-!R3(,!43(!=(,!%-!+/))(9!157?!5,9!P/+43!1(4R((,!43'01!

5,9! %,9(i! P%,&(+6! T3(! -=((9! 5,9! 50=)%4'9(! /P! 43(! +/454%/,! 75,! 1(! 5PP(74(9! 1:!7/',4(+574%,&!43(!0/O(0(,4Q!%6(6!1:!)//-(,%,&!/+!P%i54%,&!43(!5i%-!5+/',9!R3%73!

43(! =(,! 4'+,-! /+! 1:! 735,&%,&! 43(! +/454%/,! -=((9! /P! 43(! 5i%-6! T3%-! 75,! 1(!

%))'-4+54(9!1:!0(5,-!/P!5!1%7:7)(!4'+,(9!'=-%9(!9/R,6!Z,(!75,!4'+,!43(!R3(()!1:!35,9!4/!%,7+(5-(!43(!-=((96!8+(--%,&!43(!1+(5?-!05?(-!%4!0/+(!9%PP%7')4!4/!0/O(!

%4l!/,!43(!/43(+!35,9!0/O%,&!43(!=(95)-!75,!%,7+(5-(!43(!-=((9!/P!43(!R3(()6!

Feedback

C,!43(!c%&/!5!0(735,%75)!1+5?(!R5-!'-(9!4/!=+(O(,4!43(!?,/1!P+/0!1(%,&!4'+,(9!

5+/',9! %4-!5i%-6!*:!0(5,-!/P!5!-(+O/0/4/+Q!5!+'11(+!/1@(74!R5-!='-3(9!5&5%,-4!43(! 5i%-Q! -%0%)5+):! 4/! 5! +%0! 1+5?(! /P! 5! 1%?(6! ]/R(O(+Q! 43%-!0(735,%75)! -/)'4%/,!

/PP(+(9! h'%4(! -/0(! =+/1)(0-! %,! 4(+0-! /P! +()%51%)%4:! P/+! R3%73! 05&,(4%-0! R5-!

(0=)/:(9!5-!5,!5)4(+,54%O(!1+5?(6!C,!43(!P%+-4!(i=)/+54%/,!/P!5)4(+,54%O(-!P/+!43(!0(735,%-0!=+(-(,4(9! %,!c%&/! 5!05&,(4%7! +%,&!R5-! %0=)(0(,4(9! %,! 43(! /1@(74!

4354! ,((9(9! 4/! +/454(! 5,9! 5,! ()(74+/05&,(4%7! 7/%)! 544+574(9! 43%-! 4/! -'==/+4!

1+5?%,&6! U-%,&!05&,(4%-0! 5))/R(9! P/+! 1(44(+! 7/,4+/)! /P! 43(! 50/',4! /P! P+%74%/,!R3(,!7/0=5+(9!4/!43(!0(735,%75)!-/)'4%/,6!

d/+! 43(! P%,5)! 9(-%&,! 5,! 574'54/+! R5-! (0=)/:(9! 75))(9! T/'73-(,-(z!

8+/&+50051)(! W/45+:! $/9')(! 8WAJIII! D(+%(-! 9(O()/=(9! 1:! C00(+-%/,z6! T3(!T/'73-(,-(z!7/,-%-4-!/P!5,!5i%-!43+/'&3!5,!()(74+/05&,(4%7!7/%)!R%43!5!05&,(4%7!

9%-7!54!%4-!(,96!*:!=/R(+%,&!43(!()(74+/05&,(4Q!43(!9%-7!%-!='))(9!4/R5+9!43(!7/%)Q!

43(+(1:!%,7+(5-%,&!43(!P+%74%/,!/,!43(!+/454%/,5)!=/--%1%)%4%(-!/P!43(!5i%-6!

Sensor

T3(! 0/-4! 5==+/=+%54(! -(,-/+! P/+! 0(5-'+%,&! 43(! +/))%,&! 1(35O%/+! %-! 5! +/45+:!(,7/9(+6!.!+/45+:!(,7/9(+!5))/R-!0(5-'+%,&!P+(h'(,7:Q!-=((9Q!5,9!50=)%4'9(!/P!

!

HL!

!

!

43(!0/O(0(,46! T3(! T/'73-(,-(z!0/9')(! 574'5)):! 359! 5,! %,7/+=/+54(9! /=4%75)!

(,7/9(+Q!R3%73!7/')9!1(!'-(9!5-!5!-(,-/+!4/!0(5-'+(!43(!0/O(0(,46!!

7.3.4 Rock

T3(!0/O(0(,4!+/7?!/77'+-!R3(,!5!=(,!%-!3()9!4+5,-O(+-():!1(4R((,!43(!P%,&(+-!5,9! +/7?(96! T3(! P+(h'(,7:! 1:! R3%73! 43(! /1@(74! %-! 0/O(9! 75,! 1(! 595=4(9! 1:!

735,&%,&! 43(! 7(,4(+! /P! 05--! /P! 43(! /1@(746! CP! 43(! 7(,4(+! /P! 05--! /P! 43(! =(,! %-!

0/O(9! 9/R,R5+9-Q! 43(! )(,&43! /P! 43(! =(,! 5==(5+-! 4/! 1(! -3/+4(+Q! +(-')4%,&! %,!%,7+(5-(9! P+(h'(,7:6!T3%-! 75,!1(! %))'-4+54(9!1:!0(5,-!/P! 43(! %,4(+574%/,!R%43!5!

0(4+/,/0(6!E/4!/,):!9/(-!43%-!5PP(74!43(!P+(h'(,7:Q!%4!5)-/!5PP(74-!43(!50=)%4'9(!

/P!0/O(0(,4!5,9!43(!-=((9!1:!R3%73!43(!=(,!%-!0/O(96!

Feedback

Fig. 7.5 Setup by which a

magnet is moved between

three coils.

!!

!

!d((9157?!/,!43(!0/O(0(,4!+/7?!7/')9!43(+(P/+(!1(!=+/O%9(9!1:!0(5,-!/P!35=4%7!

P((9157?! 735,&%,&! 43(! =(+7(=4%/,! /P! 15)5,7(! /P! 43(! =(,6! T3(+(P/+(Q! %,! 5! P%+-4!

(i=(+%0(,4!5!05&,(4!R5-!0/O(9!1(4R((,!43+((!7/%)-!j-((!P%&'+(!G6Lk6!]/R(O(+Q!9'(! 4/! 43(! R(%&34! /P! 43(! 7/%)-! 5,9! 43(! 1544(+:Q! /,(! 7/')9! 35+9):! ,/4%7(! 43(!

9%PP(+(,7(-!%,!15)5,7(6!Z,!43(!/43(+!35,9Q!43(!%0=574!/P!43(!05&,(4!(O(+:!4%0(!%4!

0/O(9! 4/! 5,/43(+! 7/%)! R5-! 7)(5+):! (i=(+%(,7(96! T3(+(P/+(Q! %,! 5! ,(i4! 4(-4! 43%-!%0=574!R5-! P'+43(+!(i=)/+(9!1:!544573%,&!=5&(+!0/4/+-! 4/!5!=(,7%)Q! 4354!R/')9!

-%0')54(!43(!%0=574Q!1'4!+(h'%+(9!)(--!R(%&34!5,9!=/R(+!j-((!P%&'+(!G6Kk6!

Fig. 7.6 Five pager motors

attached to a pencil.

Fig. 7.7 3AAA battery pack

attached to a stepper

motor by means of a stud.

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

"!"!

HK!

T3(!=5&(+!0/4/+-!9%9!,/4!:%()9!43(!(PP(74!/P!5!735,&(!%,!15)5,7(6!*(75'-(!43(!

1544(+%(-! 5+(! 43(! 05%,! 7/,4+%1'4%/,! 4/! 43(! R(%&34! /P! 43(! /1@(74Q! 43(! %9(5! R5-!7/,-%9(+(9!4/!/P!0/O(!43(!1544(+:!R%43%,!43(!/1@(74!1:!0(5,-!/P!5!-4(==(+!0/4/+6!

$/O%,&!5!1544(+:!=57?!5)/,&!5,!5i%-!R/')9!43(+(P/+(!=+/O%9(!-'PP%7%(,4!735,&(-!

%,!15)5,7(6!d/+!43%-!='+=/-(Q!5!43+(59(9!5i%-!R5-!7/,,(74(9!4/!5!-4(==(+!0/4/+!4354!5)/,&!R3%73!43(!1544(+:!=57?!7/')9!0/O(!j-((!P%&'+(!G6Gk6!]/R(O(+Q!43(!-%V(!

/P!43(!1544(+%(-!5,9!43(!-4(==(+!0/4/+!+(h'%+(9!4/!0/O(!43(0!/77'=%(9!4//!0'73!

-=57(Q! )(5O%,&! 4//! )%44)(! -=57(! P/+! 0/O(0(,4! %P! 43(! =(,! ,((9(9! 4/! 1(! R%43%,!+(5-/,51)(!9%0(,-%/,-!j-((!9%-45,7(!1(4R((,!-4(==(+!0/4/+!5,9!1544(+:!=57?!%,!

P%&'+(!G6Gk6!

D%,7(! 5! 0/O%,&! R(%&34! 7/')9! ,/4! 1(! (0=)/:(9! &%O(,! 43(! 51/O(A0(,4%/,(9!+(5-/,-Q! 5)4(+,54%O(-! P/+! =+/O%9%,&! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?! 9'+%,&! =(,! '-(! R(+(!

7/,-%9(+(96!Z,(! %9(5!R5-! 4/!=)57(! 5! 15))! /,! 5! -=+%,&! 54! 43(! 4/=!/P! 43(!=(,! 5,9!

735,&(!43(!()5-4%7%4:!/P!43(!-=+%,&!1:!7/0=+(--%,&!%46!T3%-!R/')9!,/4!735,&(!43(!=+/=(+4%(-! /P! 43(! =(,! %4-()PQ! 1'4! %4! R5-! 3:=/43(-%V(9! 4354! 43(! -'1@(74! R/')9!

=(+7(%O(!43(!735,&(!%,!P+((9/0!/P!0/O(0(,4!/P!43(!15))!5,9!43%-!R/')9!-4%0')54(!

735,&(-! %,! +/7?%,&!0/O(0(,4-6! T3%-! 5==(5+(9! 4/! 1(! 43(! 4:=(! /P! P((9157?! 4354!R5-! (5-%(-4! 4/! %0=)(0(,4! %,! 5! =(,6! ]/R(O(+Q! %,! 43(! P%,5)! %4(+54%/,! 5,!

()(74+/05&,(4%7! 7/%)!R5-! '-(9! 4/! 7/,4+/)! 5! 15))! %,-4(59! /P! 5==):%,&! 5! 15))! /,! 5!

-=+%,&6! M/,4+/))%,&! 43(! -4%PP,(--! /P! 5! -=+%,&! R/')9! 35O(! +(h'%+(9! 0(735,%75)!7/0=/,(,4-!4354!R(+(!5O/%9(9!1:!'-%,&!05&,(4%-06!

Sensor

c3%)(!/1-(+O%,&!43(!+/7?%,&!0/O(0(,4!%4!5==(5+(9!4354!43(!05%,!%,9%754/+!R5-!

43(! P+(h'(,7:Q!R3%73!0/O(9! 43(!=(,!157?!5,9! P/+43! jB))%/44!o!M/,,/)):Q!JFH\k6!

D(O(+5)! -(,-/+-! R(+(! (i=)/+(9! 4/! 0(5-'+(! 43%-! 1(35O%/+Q! -'73! 5-! 5! O%1+54%/,!-(,-/+!j-((!P%&'+(!G6Hk!5,9!5!SA5i%-!577()(+/0(4(+6!d%,5)):!C!9(7%9(9!4/!9(O()/=!5!

-(,-/+! 15-(9! /,! P/'+! ]5))! (PP(74! -(,-/+-! 4354! 0(5-'+(! 735,&(-! %,! 5! 05&,(4%7!

P%()96! T3(! -(,-/+-! R/')9!0(5-'+(! 43(! 735,&(-! 75'-(9! 1:! 5! 05&,(4%7! 15))! 4354!0/O(9! P+(():! %,! 43(! 4/=! /P! 43(! =(,6! ! D%0%)5+):! 4/! 43(! T/'73-(,-(z!0/9')(Q! 43(!

0/O(0(,4!4354!R5-!-(,-(9!R5-!%,P)'(,7(9!1:!43(!P((9157?!4354!R5-!=+/O%9(96!

Fig. 7.8 Pen with a Phidget

vibration sensor it.

!

!

7.4 Final iteration: the affective pen

7.4.1 Pen design

C,!43(!P%,5)!%4(+54%/,!5!=(,!=+/4/4:=(!R5-!9(O()/=(96!T3(!-35=(!/P!43(!=(,!%-!O(+:!

0'73!%,P)'(,7(9!1:!43(!=3:-%75)!7/,-4+5%,4-!%0=/-(9!1:!43(!-%V(!/P!43(!35+9R5+(!!

!

HG!

!

!

Fig. 7.9 Components of the

affective pen.

HG!

!

!

!!

"!"!

HH!

7/0=/,(,4-6!T3(!T/'73-(,-(z!0/9')(!R5-!+(0/O(9! P+/0!%4-!/+%&%,5)!75-(Q!1'4!

-4%))!R5-! 43(!()(0(,4!R%43! 43(! )5+&(-4!9%50(4(+l! 43(+(P/+(! %4! %-!=)57(9!7)/-(-4! 4/!43(!4%=!/P!43(!=(,6!T3(!-(7/,9!)5+&(-4!()(0(,4!%-!43(!1544(+:!3/)9(+!3/)9%,&!S!...!

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0(5-'+(! 43(! -%&,5)! P+/0! -4%7?(+! /,! 43(! 9%-?! /,! 43(! 5i%-Q! -(+O%,&! 5-! 43(! /=4%75)!

(,7/9(+! j-((! P%&'+(! G6JIk6! M/,,(74(9! 4/! 43(! 1544(+:! %-! 5! 8M*! R%43! 5! 0%7+/!7/,4+/))(+! P/+! =+/7(--%,&! 43(! -(,-/+! 9545! 5,9! /=(+54%,&! 43(! 574'54/+-Q! 5!

*)'(4//43!73%=! P/+!R%+()(--!7/00',%754%/,!5,9!5!-R%473! P/+!574%O54%,&! 43(!=(,6!

T3(!8M*!R%43! 43(!0%7+/!7/,4+/))(+! %-!7/,,(74(9!4/! 4R/!8M*!9%-?-Q!/,(!R%43! 43(!]5))! -(,-/+-! 5,9! 5,/43(+! R%43! 5! +5,&(! /P! YB>-6! Z,! 4/=! /P! 43(-(! YB>-! %-! 43(!

05&,(4%7!H!00!9%50(4(+!15))Q!5,9!P%,5)):!43(!7/%)!4/!7/,4+/)!43(!15))6!

Fig. 7.10 Illustration of

the sticker on the optical

encoder and the resulting

signal.

!

!

d%i(9!4/!43(!5i%-!/P!43(!T/'73-(,-(z!0/9')(!%-!43(!4%=!/P!43(!=(,!R%43!5!)%,(5+!4+(59!=544(+,!P/+!&+%=!5,9!4/!-'==/+4!43(!+/))%,&!0/O(0(,46!T3(!P%,5)!(,9!/P!43(!

4%=!%-!7/,%75)!R%43!5!=(,7%)!)(59!4/!5))/R!P/+!R+%4%,&6!T3(!1/9:!/P!43(!=(,!%-!059(!

/'4!/P!5)'0%,'0!5,9!-)%&34):!7/,%75)6!*/43!43(!4%=!5,9!43(!'==(+!=5+4!/P!43(!=(,!5+(!+(-%,!=+%,4-6!.)43/'&3!5))!7/0=/,(,4-!P%4!=(+P(74):!4/&(43(+Q!1)'(!45=(!%-!'-(9!

4/! =+(O(,4! '-(+-! P+/0!9%-5--(01)%,&! 43(! =(,6! T/!=+/O%9(! -'PP%7%(,4! P+((9/0!/P!

0/O(0(,4Q! 43(!=(,!,((9-! 4/!1(!R%+()(--6!T3(! 7/0=/,(,4-! 4354! 5+(! +(h'%+(9! 4/!573%(O(!43%-!+(&5+9%,&!9545!4+5,-0%--%/,!5,9!=/R(+!4/&(43(+!R%43!43(!-%V(!/P!43(!

T/'73-(,-(z!0/9')(!059(!43(!=(,!h'%4(!)5+&(+!4354!5!+(&')5+!=(,6!

7.4.2 Software

Input

T3(! =(,! 7/00',%754(9! R%+()(--):! R%43! 43(! 7/0='4(+! /O(+! *)'(4//436! T3(!

+/454%/,!/P!43(!4%=!/P!43(!=(,!5-!R())!5-!43(!0/O(0(,4!/P!43(!05&,(4%7!15))!-(+O(9!

5-! %,='4! P/+! 5! =+/&+50! 4354! R5-! 9(O()/=(9! %,! M:7)%,&! $5is$D86! W/))! R5-!0(5-'+(9!1:!75)7')54%,&!43(!+/454%/,!/P!43(!4%=!43+/'&3!43(!50/',4!5,9!9%+(74%/,!

/P!735,&(!%,!-(,-/+!%,='4!9545!P+/0!43(!%,P+5+(9!(,7/9(+-Q!R3%73!R(+(!0(5-'+(9!

54! #I]V6! T3(! 9(&+((! /P! W/7?! R5-! 75)7')54(9! 1:! 0(5-'+%,&! 43(! 50/',4! /P!0/O(0(,4!/P!43(!15))Q!R3%73!R5-!/145%,(9!P+/0!43(!(i4(,4!/P!735,&(!%,!05&,(4%7!

P%()9!-(,-(9!1:!43(!]5))!(PP(74!-(,-/+-6!

!!

!

HF!

!

!

Fig. 7.11 Final Prototype.

!

!

HF!

!

!

!!

"!"!

FI!

Output

$/O(0(,4!R5-!75)%1+54(9!1:!-(44%,&!I! P/+!,/!0/O(0(,4!5,9!JII!P/+!05i%0'0!=/--%1)(!0/O(0(,4Q!R3%73!R5-!9(4(+0%,(9!1:!+/7?%,&!43(!=(,!9(O%7(!5-!P%(+7():!

5-!=/--%1)(6!T3+/'&3!5!=+/7(--!/P!4+%5)!5,9!(++/+!43(!/'4='4!-(44%,&-!P/+!43(!7/%)!%,!

43(!'==(+!=5+4! 5,9! 43(! 7/%)!R(+(!9(P%,(96!T3(! P%,5)! -(44%,&!R5-! 4354! P%+-4! -3/+4!0/O(0(,4-Q! %6(6! 1()/R! JI! P/+! +/))! 5,9! 1()/R! G! P/+! +/7?Q! R(+(! P%)4(+(9! /'4! 4/!

=+(O(,4! 43(! =(,! P+/0! 1(%,&! 4//! +(-=/,-%O(6! .P4(+! P%)4(+%,&Q! 43(! +/454%/,! %,='4!

1(4R((,!JI! 5,9!\I!R5-! 7/,O(+4(9! )%,(5+):! 4/! 5! +(-=/,-(! /P! 43(!=(,! P+/0!I! 4/!05i%0'0!P+%74%/,6!!.))!735,&(-!%,!+/454%/,!51/O(!\I!R(+(!5'4/054%75)):!-(4!4/!43(!

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%,='4!R(+(!-(4!1(4R((,!G!5,9!JLQ!5&5%,!3%&3(+!O5)'(-!R(+(!5'4/054%75)):!-(4!4/!43(!05i%0'0!50/',4!/P!P%i54%/,6!

7.5 Discussion T3(!7'++(,4!=+/4/4:=(!R5-!9(O()/=(9!5P4(+!5!-(+%(-!/P!9(-%&,!%4(+54%/,-!5,9!R5-!%,-=%+(9!1:!43(!+(-')4-!P+/0!5))!43(!(i=(+%0(,4-!9(-7+%1(9!%,!43%-!43(-%-6!d%+-4!/P!

5))! 43(!=(,!R5-!9(-%&,(9!4/!0(5-'+(!43(!0/O(0(,4-!+/7?!5,9!+/))Q!R3%73!R(+(!

=+(-(,4(9!5-!43(!1(-4!%,9%754/+-!P/+!-4+(--Q!5-!9(-7+%1(9!%,!735=4(+!P/'+6!D(7/,9):Q!P((9157?! R5-! %0=)(0(,4(9! %,! -'73! 5! R5:! 4354! 43(! =(,! =+/O%9(-! 5! 7/0=(4%,&!

+(-=/,-(! 4/! 43(! 0/O(0(,4! +/7?! 5,9! +/))Q! 1:! 7/',4(+574%,&! 43(-(! 0/O(0(,4-!

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=+/4/4:=(!%-!3%&3(+!435,!4354!/P!5!+(&')5+!=(,6!.)43/'&3!43(!5==+/=+%54(!P((9157?!35-! 1((,! %0=)(0(,4(9! %,! 43(! =+/4/4:=(Q! 1/43! -%V(! 5,9!R(%&34! /P! 43(! =(,!05:!

5PP(74!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!43(!=+/4/4:=(6!

!

FJ!

!

!

!

Closing the loop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

8.1 Introduction .P4(+!35O%,&!(i=)/+(9!43(!-(=5+54(!-4(=-!/P! 43(!5PP(74%O(! )//=!P+50(R/+?!%,!43(!

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/P!-4+(--6!

8.1.1 Considerations regarding the experimental setup

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!

FS!

!

!

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1/43! %,! 5PP(74%O(! 7/0='4%,&! jC-1%-4(+! (4! 5)6Q! #IIGk! 5-! R())! 5-! %,! 1(35O%/+5)!

(i=(+%0(,4-!jM//01(-!(4!5)6Q!#IIKk!(0=)/:(9!43(!C,4(+,54%/,5)!.PP(74%O(!8%74'+(!D:-4(0!jY5,&Q!*+59)(:Q!o!M'431(+4Q!JFFGk!5-!5!0(5,-! 4/!7/,9%4%/,!=5+4%7%=5,4-6!

T3(+(P/+(Q! %4! R5-! 9(7%9(9! 4/! 35O(! =5+4%7%=5,4-! (i=(+%(,7(! =/-%4%O(! /+! ,(&54%O(!

5PP(74!=+%/+!4/!=(+P/+0%,&!5!0(0/+:AR+%4%,&!45-?!R%43!43(!5PP(74%O(!=(,!%,-4(59!/P!5==):%,&!5!-4+(--/+6!T3(!R+%4%,&!7/,-%-4(9!/P!9(-7+%1%,&!/,(!/P!43(!=+(-(,4(9!

%05&(-!5,9!7/')9!43'-!1(!7/,-%9(+(9!5-!5!0(0/+:!45-?Q!R3%73!R5-!(i=(74(9!4/!

%,9'7(!-4+(--!5-!43(!0(0/+:!45-?!9(-7+%1(9!%,!735=4(+!-%i!j_/+,5Q!JFHFk6!

8.2 Method

8.2.1 Participants

T3%+4:AP/'+! -4'9(,4-! jJG! P(05)(Q! JG! 05)(k! =5+4%7%=54(9! O/)',45+%):! %,! 43%-!

(i=(+%0(,46!Z,(!=5+4%7%=5,4!R5-!(i7)'9(9!P+/0!5))!5,5):-(-!1(75'-(!3%-!-(--%/,!

R5-! 9%-4'+1(9! 5,9! 3(!0%-%,4(+=+(4(9! 43(! /+9(+! /P! 43(! (i=(+%0(,46! T3(:!R(+(!%,P/+0(9!4354!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!R5-!51/'4!/1-(+O%,&!43(%+!35,9!0/O(0(,4-!R3%)(!

R5473%,&!5!-(4!/P!%05&(-6!

8.2.2 Procedure

U=/,!5++%O5)Q!-4'9(,4-!R(+(!-(54(9!54!43(!9(-?!R3(+(!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!R/')9!45?(!

=)57(!5,9!R(+(!%,4+/9'7(9!4/!43(!=+/7(9'+(6!Z,7(!43(:!5&+((9!4/!=5+4%7%=54(!%,!43(!-4'9:!43(:!R(+(!+(h'(-4(9!4/!-%&,!5,!%,P/+0(9!7/,-(,4!P/+0!5P4(+!R3%73!43(:!

7/0=)(4(9! 43(!T+5%4!.,i%(4:! C,O(,4/+:! jT.Ck! jD=%()1(+&(+Q!</+-'73Q! Y'-3(,(Q!o!

^5&&Q!JFHSk! !5,9!43(!-3/+4!O(+-%/,!/P!D454(!.,i%(4:!C,O(,4/+:!jD.Ck!j$5+4(5'!o!*(??(+Q!JFF#k6!T3(!$5+4(5'!5,9!*(??(+!jJFF#k!KA%4(0!P/+0!7/,-%-4(9!/P!%4(0-!SQ!

KQ! JG! j5,i%(4:! =+(-(,4k! 5,9! JQ! JLQ! JK! j5,i%(4:! 51-(,4k! /P! 43(! D.C! jD=%()1(+&(+Q!

</+-'73Q! Y'-3(,(Q! o! ^5&&Q! JFHSkQ! +(45%,%,&! 43(! /+%&%,5)! -75)(n-! #AP574/+!0/9()!

!

!

!!

"!"!

F\!

j-((! T51)(! H6Jk6! T3(! =(,! 5-! 9(-7+%1(9! %,! 735=4(+! -(O(,! R5-! 574%O54(9! 1(P/+(!

-45+4%,&!43(!(i=(+%0(,46!

TABLE 8.1 Short version of the SAI (Marteau & Bekker, 1992) as employed in the

experiment.

! 3#*+?*+?//+ 4#<$V(?*+ ,#:$"?*$/B+&#+ Y$"B+,.'(+&#+

C!P(()!75)0! J! #! S! \!

C!50!4(,-(! J! #! S! \!

C!P(()!'=-(4! J! #! S! \!

C!50!+()5i(9! J! #! S! \!

C!P(()!7/,4(,4! J! #! S! \!

C!50!R/++%(9! J! #! S! \!

Fig. 8.1 Experimental

setup.

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

85+4%7%=5,4-! O%(R(9! 43+((! -(4-!/P! (%&34!9%&%4%V(9!=3/4/&+5=3-! -()(74(9! P+/0!43(! C,4(+,54%/,5)!.PP(74%O(!8%74'+(!D:-4(0!jY5,&!(4!5)6Q!JFFGk6!T3(!-50(! %05&(-!

R(+(!(0=)/:(9!5-!%,!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!1:!M//01(-!(4!5)6!j#IIGk!R3/!5)-/!(i=)/+(9!

43(! (PP(74! /P! O5)(,7(9! %05&(-! 4/! 0/4/+! 1(35O%/+6! B573! -(4! +(=+(-(,4(9! 5,!5PP(74%O(! 754(&/+:! 4354! R5-! 05473(9! /+! =/)5+%V(9! 577/+9%,&! 4/! O5)(,7(! 5,9!

!

FL!

!

!

5+/'-5)! ,/+0-! j=)(5-5,4Q! ',=)(5-5,4Q! ,('4+5)Sk6! M54(&/+%(-! R(+(! 9%PP(+(,4%54(9!

577/+9%,&!4/!O5)(,7(!j=)(5-5,4;!G6##!~!J6GLl!',=)(5-5,4;!#6LI!~!J6KJl!,('4+5);!\6FF!~!J6SJkQ! 5,9!=)(5-5,4! 5,9!',=)(5-5,4! 754(&/+%(-!R(+(!05473(9! P/+! 5+/'-5)! 5,9!

73/-(,! -/! 5-! 4/! 9%-4%,&'%-3! O5)(,7(9! 754(&/+%(-! P+/0! ,('4+5)! j=)(5-5,4;! L6#L! ~!

#6#Il!,('4+5);!S6JG!~!J6F\l!',=)(5-5,4;!L6G#!~!#6JJk6!!C05&(-!R(+(!=+(-(,4(9!P/+!5!=(+%/9!/P!K!-(7/,9-!/,!5,!.==)(!8/R(+*//?!<\!5,9!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4!-45+4(9!43(!

(i=(+%0(,4! 1:! 7)%7?%,&! 43(! e8+/7((9g! 1'44/,! R%43! 43(! 0/'-(6! TR/! 9%PP(+(,4!

/+9(+-!R(+(!+5,9/0%V(9Q!=)(5-5,4Q!,('4+5)Q!',=)(5-5,4Q!5,9!',=)(5-5,4Q!,('4+5)Q!=)(5-5,46!

Fig. 8.2 Sample images of

the IAPS (Pleasant,

Neutral and Unpleasant).

!

!.P4(+!(573!-(4!/P!(%&34!=%74'+(-Q!=5+4%7%=5,4-!359!4R/!0%,'4(-!4/!7/0=)(4(!43(!

-3/+4! O(+-%/,! /P! 43(! D.C! 5,9! 4/! 7/,9'74! 5! 0(0/+:! 45-?! 4354! 7/,-%-4(9! /P!

9(-7+%1%,&!/,(!/P!43(!=+(O%/'-):!-3/R,!=%74'+(-Q!-=(7%P%(9!54!43(!(,9Q!%,!54!)(5-4!#I!R/+9-Q!4/!(,-'+(!4354!43(:!R/')9!'-(!43(!=(,!%,!1(4R((,!43(!-(--%/,-6!.P4(+!

9(-7+%1%,&!43(!=%74'+(!/P!43(!P%,5)!-(4Q!=5+4%7%=5,4-!359!4/!7/0=)(4(!/,(!)5-4!-3/+4!

O(+-%/,!/P!43(!D.C!5,9!5!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!+()54(9!4/!43(!=(,6!T3%-!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!R5-!0(5,4!4/!(O5)'54(!43(!=(,!5,9!R5-!-%0%)5+!4/!43(!-3/+4!O(+-%/,!/P!D.C!1'4!%4!R5-!

-(4'=! %,! -'73! 5!R5:! 4354! 43(!h'(-4%/,! %4(0-!R(+(!=+(7(9(9!1:! eT3(!=(,!059(!

0(Çg!/+!eT3(!=(,!059(!0(!P(()Çg!%,-4(59!/P!eC!50g!/+!eC!P(()Çg!T3+/'&3/'4! 43(! R3/)(! (i=(+%0(,4! 5! R(1750! +(7/+9(9! 43(! 35,9-! /P! 43(!

=5+4%7%=5,4! 5,9! %,4(+! 1(54! %,4(+O5)-! jC*C-k! R(+(! +(7/+9(9! 1:! 0(5,-! /P! 43(!

](5+40543! B0R5O(! (5+! 7)%=6! T3(! 4/45)! 9'+54%/,! /P! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4! R5-! /P!5==+/i%054():! #L! 0%,'4(-6! .4! 43(! (,9! /P! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4! =5+4%7%=5,4-! R(+(!

%,4(+O%(R(9! 5-! 4/! R3(43(+! 43(:! 359! ,/4%7(9! -/0(43%,&! P+/0! 43(! =(,6! ZO(+5))Q!

/,):! 43+((! =5+4%7%=5,4-! +(-=/,9(9! 4354! 43(:! 359! ,/4%7(9! 43(! 35=4%7! P((9157?!=+/O%9(9!1:! 43(!=(,6!D'1-(h'(,4):!5))!=5+4%7%=5,4-!R(+(!9(1+%(P(9!5,9! 43(!+(5)!

='+=/-(!/P! 43(! (i=(+%0(,4!R5-! (i=)5%,(9Q! %6(6! 7/0=5+%,&! 43(! 4R/! 7/,9%4%/,-!/P!

43(!=(,6!

8.2.3 Affective pen

*/43!&+/'=-!/P!-'1@(74-!+(7(%O(9!43(!-50(!=(,Q!R%43!R3%73!4R/!7/,9%4%/,-!R(+(!4(-4(96!Z,(!&+/'=!+(7(%O(9! 43(!=(,! %,!R3%73!574'54%/,!R5-! 4'+,(9!/PP6!T3(!=(,!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

S!T3(!C,4(+,54%/,5)!.PP(74%O(!8%74'+(!D:-4(0!%05&(-!'-(9!R(+(!5-!P/))/R-;!=)(5-5,4;!#JKIQ!#SKIQ!#LLIQ!

#LIJQ!\K\JQ!\KLHQ!\KLFQ!5,9!HJHIl!',=)(5-5,4;!#LFIQ!#GIIQ!S##IQ!S#SIQ!S#KKQ!SSLIQ!K#LIQ!5,9!KLLIl!

,('4+5);!##JIQ!#SHSQ!#\HLQ!#LGIQ!#LHIQ!#HSIQ!GIIIQ!5,9!GIIF6!

!

!

!

!!

"!"!

FK!

/,):!0(5-'+(9!1(35O%/+Q!1'4!9%9!,/4!+(-=/,9!1:!0(5,-!/P!5!7/0=(4%,&!+(-=/,-(6!

T3(! )544(+! &+/'=! /P! =5+4%7%=5,4-! +(7(%O(9! 43(! =(,! 4354! +(-=/,9(9! 4/! 43(! /1@(74!05,%=')54/+-! +/7?! 5,9! +/))! 1:! =+/O%9%,&! 35=4%7! P((9157?6! 85+4%7%=5,4-! R(+(!

+(h'(-4(9! 4/! 3/)9! 43(! =(,! %,! 43(%+! 35,9-! 43+/'&3/'4! 43(!R3/)(! (i=(+%0(,46! C4!

R5-! 0(,4%/,(9! 4354! %,7/+=/+54(9! -(,-/+-! R/')9! 0(5-'+(! 43(%+! 35,9!0/O(0(,4-6!

8.2.4 Analyses

Psychological

T3(!-3/+4!O(+-%/,-!/P!43(!D.C!R(+(!P%+-4!4+5,-P/+0(9!%,4/!-%,&)(!,'01(+!%4(0-!1:!-'00%,&!43(!-7/+(-! P/+!75)0Q!+()5i(9!5,9!7/,4(,4!5,9!9(9'74%,&!43(!-7/+(-! P/+!

4(,-(Q! '=-(4Q! R/++%(96! T3%-! =+/O%9(9! O5)'(-! 1(4R((,! AF! j3%&3(-4! -4+(--! 5,9! F!

j)/R(-4!5,i%(4:k6!

Physiological

C,7+(5-(9!3(5+4!+54(!35-!1((,!P/',9!4/!1(!5,! %,9%754/+! P/+!-4+(--!j.)n.1-%!(4!5)6Q!JFFGl! d()905,! (4! 5)6Q! JFFFl! D4(=4/(Q! #IIIl! ^+%@?/44((4! 5)6Q! #IIIkQ! 5,9! R5-!

43(+(P/+(! 75)7')54(9! 1:! 9%O%9%,&! 43(! -'0! /P! (O(+:! 4(,! =+(O%/'-! C,4(+! *(54!

C,4(+O5)-! 1:! 4(,6! .! 0(5,! ]W! R5-! 75)7')54(9! P/+! (O(+:! \H-! jHyK-k! /P! =%74'+(!=+(-(,454%/,!5,9!P/+!(O(+:!J#I-!/P!-3/+4!O(+-%/,!D.C!5,9!%05&(!9(-7+%=4%/,6!]W!

0(5-'+(-!R(+(!P')):!/0%44(9!P/+!P/'+!=5+4%7%=5,4-Q!5,9!P/+!4R/!/43(+!=5+4%7%=5,4-!

43(!)5-4!5,9!43(!)5-4!4R/!-(--%/,-!+(-=(74%O():!R(+(!/0%44(9!9'(!4/!P5%)'+(-!%,!43(!0(5-'+%,&! (h'%=0(,46! T3(!0(5,! P+(h'(,7%(-! /P! 43(!0/O(0(,4-Q! +/7?! 5,9! +/))Q!

R(+(!75)7')54(9!P/+!43(!=%74'+(!=+(-(,454%/,!5,9!P/+!(O(+:!-3/+4!O(+-%/,!D.C!5,9!

%05&(! 9(-7+%=4%/,Q! 1:! 9%O%9%,&! 43(! 4/45)! 50/',4! /P! 0/O(0(,4! 9'+%,&! 43(-(!=(+%/9-!1:!\H-!5,9!J#I-!+(-=(74%O():6!!

TABLE 8.2 0verview of task procedure.

8."?*)#=+ 8$&'")9*)#=+

L!0%,! C,-4+'74%/,-!5,9!5445730(,4!/P!=3:-%/)/&%75)!-(,-/+!

L!0%,! .95=454%/,!5,9!7/0=)(4%/,!/P!T.C!5,9!D.C!h'(-4%/,,5%+(-!

\H!-(7! 8)(5-5,4!/+!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(!=+(-(,454%/,!

#!0%,! D.C!5,9!0(0/+:!45-?!

\H!-(7! E('4+5)!%05&(!=+(-(,454%/,!

#!0%,! D.C!5,9!0(0/+:!45-?!

\H!-(7! 8)(5-5,4!/+!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(!=+(-(,454%/,!

#!0%,! D.C!5,9!0(0/+:!45-?!

J!0%,! D.C!5,9!=(,!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!

L!0%,!! >(1+%(P%,&!5,9!(,9!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!

!

FG!

!

!

8.3 Results C,!43%-!+(-')4!-(74%/,!C!R%))!P%+-4!(O5)'54(!43(!(PP(74!/P!43(!-4+(--/+6!M/,-(h'(,4):!

43(!(i=(+%0(,45)!+(-')4-!5+(!=+(-(,4(9!%,!43+((!-4(=-6!d%+-4!43(!h'(-4%/,!R%))!1(!599+(--(9! R3(43(+! %4! %-! =/--%1)(! 4/! 9%PP(+(,4%54(! -%4'54%/,-! /P! -4+(--! 15-(9! /,!

3/R! 43(! =+/4/4:=(! %-! 05,%=')54(96! D(7/,9):! C! R%))! 5--(--! R3(43(+! %,3(+(,4!

P((9157?!=+/O%9(9!1:!43(!=+/4/4:=(!-4%0')54(-!43(!'-(+!4/!735,&(!3(+!1(35O%/+6!.,9! P%,5)):Q! C! R%))! (i=)/+(! R3(43(+! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?! 4/! %0=)%7%4! 1(35O%/+! 1:!

0(5,-!/P!43(!5PP(74%O(!=(,!-'77((9(9!%,!+(9'7%,&!-4+(--6!

8.3.1 Effect of the stressor

T/!9(4(+0%,(!43(!(PP(74!/P!43(!-4+(--/+!(0=)/:(9!%,!43%-!(i=(+%0(,4!5!W(=(54(9!

$(5-'+(-!<(,(+5)! Y%,(5+!$/9()! jW$!<Y$k!5,5):-%-!R5-! P%+-4! 7/,9'74(9!/,! 43(!-7/+(-!/P! 43(! -3/+4! O(+-%/,!/P! 43(!D.C! P/+! 43(!9%PP(+(,4! 7/,9%4%/,-6!.! -%&,%P%75,4!

(PP(74! jdwJSQ#k! R5-! P/',9! P/+! 43(! -'1@(74%O(! (O5)'54%/,Q! R%43! 5! 3%&3(+! )(O()! /P!

-454(!5,i%(4:!0(5-'+(9!9'+%,&!43(!',=)(5-5,4!7/,9%4%/,!j-((!T51)(!H6Sk6!

TABLE 8.3 Results of the RM GLM on the responses to the short version of the SAI at

the start, after pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images and at the end of the

experiment.

! 3+ 0?&$+ !/$?&?=*+ 3$.*"?/+ 2=9/$?&?=*+ M)=?/ M+

D.C!+(-')4! S#! \Q\!~!JQF! \QH!~!#QJ! \QH!~!JQF! #QS!~!SQI! \QS!~!#QJ! JSQ#yy!

!

.!W$!<Y$!R5-!7/,9'74(9!/,!43(!0(5-'+(-! P/+!]W!9'+%,&!43(!7/,9%4%/,-! %,!

R3%73! 43(! %05&(-! P+/0! C.8D!R(+(! =+(-(,4(9Q! 5-!R())! 5-! P/+! 43(! h'(-4%/,-! 4354!R(+(! =+(-(,4(9! 9%+(74):! 5P4(+! 43(! %05&(! =+(-(,454%/,! 9(,/4(9! 1:! |6! E/!

-%&,%P%75,4!(PP(74!R5-!P/',9!P/+!]W!/O(+!43(!9%PP(+(,4!7/,9%4%/,-!j-((!T51)(!H6\k6!

TABLE 8.4 Results of the RM GLM comparing the users’ mean HR during pleasant,

neutral, and unpleasant images and during the questionnaire after images.

+ !/$?&?=*+ 3$.*"?/+ 2=9/$?&?=*+ M+

]W!9'+%,&!%05&(-! HFQ\!~!JLQS! FJQI!~!JSQH! HHQF!~!J\QL! JQ#!

]W!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!%05&(-! FIQI!~!JLQH! HFQ#!~!J\QL! HHQI!~!J\QJ! #QI!

Discussion

T3(!-'1@(74%O(!(O5)'54%/,!/P!43(!%05&(-!1:!0(5,-!/P!43(!D.C!-3/R(9!4354!-7/+(-!

P/+! 43(!',=)(5-5,4! %05&(-!R(+(!-%&,%P%75,4):! )/R(+!435,!43(!-7/+(-! P/+!=)(5-5,4!

5,9! ,('4+5)! %05&(-6! T3(! P574! 4354! ,/! 9%PP(+(,7(-!R(+(! P/',9! 1(4R((,! =)(5-5,4!5,9!,('4+5)!%05&(-!7/')9!1(!544+%1'4(9!4/!43(!P574!4354!5!9%PP(+(,4!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!

R5-!(0=)/:(96!c3%)(!%,!&(,(+5)!43(!D.$!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!j*+59)(:!o!Y5,&Q!JFF\k!%-!

'-(9! %,! 43(-(! (i=(+%0(,4-Q! 43(! D.C! 35-! P(R(+!=/--%1%)%4%(-! P/+! ,('4+5)! 5,-R(+-6!

!

!

!!

"!"!

FH!

d'+43(+0/+(Q! 43(! D.C! %-! 0/+(! (i=)%7%4! %,! 5-?%,&! 3/R! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4! P(()-Q!

R3(+(5-! 43(! D.$! %-! 5! 4+5,-)54%/,! /P! 43(! (i=(+%(,7(! 4354! 5! -'1@(74! 35-! R3%)(!O%(R%,&!43(!%05&(-6!

E/!-%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(-!R(+(!P/',9!P/+!]W!57+/--!43(!9%PP(+(,4!7/,9%4%/,-6!

T3%-!7/')9!1(!544+%1'4(9!4/!43(!P574!4354!43(!=%74'+(!=+(-(,454%/,!R5-!4//!-3/+4!4/!()%7%4!5,:!735,&(-!%,!]W6!C,!43(!7'++(,4!(i=(+%0(,4!/,):!H!=%74'+(-!R(+(!-3/R,!

=(+!7/,9%4%/,!R3%)(!/43(+!(i=(+%0(,4-!4354!P/',9!9%PP(+(,7(-!%,!]W!'-(9!)5+&(+!

-50=)(-!/P!=%74'+(-!j.,44/,(,!o!D'+5??5Q!#IILl!85)/015Q!.,&+%))%Q!o!$%,%Q!JFFGk6!C,! &(,(+5)Q! R3(,! ,/+05)! -'1@(74-! O%(R! O5)(,7(9! %05&(-Q! ]W! 5==(5+-! 4/!

9(7()(+54(Q! R%43! 43(! )5+&(-4! 9(7()(+54%/,-! /1-(+O(9! R3%)(! O%(R%,&! ',=)(5-5,4!

%05&(-! j*+59)(:! o! Y5,&Q! JFF\l! Y5,&Q! <+((,R5)9Q! *+59)(:Q! o! ]500Q! JFFSl!85)/015! (4! 5)6Q! JFFGk6! T3(! /1-(+O(9! 9(7+(5-(-! %,! ]WQ! 5)43/'&3! ,/4! -%&,%P%75,4Q!

9'+%,&!43(!',=)(5-5,4!-7(,(-!7/')9!1(!544+%1'4(9!4/!43(!P574!4354!]W!9(7()(+54%/,!

%-! )5+&(+! 9'+%,&! /1-(+O54%/,! /P! -4%0')%! 9(=%74%,&!0'4%)54%/,-Q! %,@'+%(-! /+! 1)//9!j*+59)(:!o!Y5,&Q!JFF\l!<+/--!o!Y(O(,-/,Q!JFFSkQ!5-!-/0(!/P!43(!=%74'+(-!%,!43(!

7'++(,4!-50=)(!9%96!!

8.3.2 Effect of stressor on behavior

]5O%,&! (i=)/+(9! 43(! (PP(74! /P! 43(! -4+(--/+! 43(! P%+-4! -'1! h'(-4%/,! 4354! R%))! 1(!

(O5)'54(9!%-!R3(43(+!43(!=(,!75,!+(7/&,%V(!-4+(--6!!T3(+(P/+(Q!5!/,(AR5:!.EZ^.!R5-! 7/,9'74(9! P/+! 43(! 50/',4! /P! +/7?%,&! 5,9! +/))%,&! 0/O(0(,4-! 9'+%,&! 43(!

7/,9%4%/,-! %,! R3%73! 43(! %05&(-! P+/0! C.8D! R(+(! =+(-(,4(9Q! 5-! R())! 5-! P/+! 43(!

h'(-4%/,-!4354!R(+(!=+(-(,4(9!9%+(74):!5P4(+!43(!%05&(!=+(-(,454%/,6!

TABLE 8.5 Results for one-way ANOVA comparing the user’s movements rock and roll

during images as well as during questionnaire after images for the conditions

pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant.

+ !/$?&?=*+ 3$.*"?/+ 2=9/$?&?=*+ M+

W/7?!9'+%,&!%05&(-! LQ#!~!LQ#! KQ#!~!\QL! LQL!~!\QS! IQ\!

W/7?!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!%05&(-! JJQ#!~!\QG! JIQF!~!\QL! JJQK!~!LQI! IQ#!

W/))!9'+%,&!%05&(-! \QJ!~!JIQL! #QG!~!LQH! #QI!~!#Q\! IQH!

W/))!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!%05&(-! SQG!~!SQH! SQH!~!SQF! SQ\!~!#Q\! IQJ!

!

E/! -%&,%P%75,4! 9%PP(+(,7(-! R(+(! P/',9! %,! P+(h'(,7:! /P! +/7?%,&! 5,9! +/))%,&!

0/O(0(,4-! 1(4R((,! 43(! 9%PP(+(,4! 7/,9%4%/,-! j-((! 451)(! H6Lk6! T3%-! 7/')9! 35O(!1((,!75'-(9!1:!43(!P574!4354!43(!=(,!=+/O%9(9!P((9157?Q!5,9!43%-!%,P)'(,7(9!43(!

1(35O%/+6! T3(+(P/+(! 5,! %,9(=(,9(,4! -50=)(-! 4A4(-4! R5-! 7/,9'74(9! 4/! (O5)'54(!

R3(43(+! 43(+(!R(+(!5,:!9%PP(+(,7(-!1(4R((,! 43(! 4R/!4:=(-!/P!=(,-! %,! 4(+0-!/P!1(35O%/+6!

ZO(+5))!=5+4%7%=5,4-!9%9!,/4!-3/R!9%PP(+(,4!1(35O%/+-!R%43! 43(! 4R/! 4:=(-!/P!

=(,Q! R%43! 43(! (i7(=4%/,! P/+! 43(! +/))%,&! 0/O(0(,4! 9'+%,&! ',=)(5-5,4! %05&(-6!

!

FF!

!

!

D'1@(74-! R%43! 43(! =(,! 4354! =+/O%9(-! P((9157?! -3/R(9! 5! -%&,%P%75,4):! 3%&3(+!

P+(h'(,7:! %,! +/))%,&! 0/O(0(,4-! R3(,! 43(:! R(+(! =+(-(,4(9! R%43! ',=)(5-5,4!%05&(-!jdwJLQHk6!

TABLE 8.6 Results for independent samples t-tests comparing the user’s movements

rock and roll during pleasant, neutral and unpleasant images and during

questionnaire after the images for the different pen groups as well as

throughout the whole experiment.

! ,$?=+!$=+X+ ,$?=+!$=+I M+

W/7?!9'+%,&!=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! \6H!~!K6#! L6L!~!\6#! I6#!

W/7?!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! JJ6H!~!L6#! JI6L!~!\6#! I6#!

W/7?!9'+%,&!,('4+5)!%05&(-! L6#!~!S6F! G6I!~!L6I! J6L!

W/7?!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!,('4+5)!%05&(-! JJ6I!~!L6J! JI6G!~!\6I! I6K!

W/7?!9'+%,&!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! \6K!~!S6G! K6#!~!\6H! #6I!

W/7?!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! J#6\!~!L6K! JI6G!~!\6\! I6#!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

W/))!9'+%,&!=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! S6J!~!H6L! L6J!~!J#6S! I6S!

W/))!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! #6F!~!#6J! \6L!~!\6F! S6I!

W/))!9'+%,&!,('4+5)!%05&(-! J6K!~!#6L! S6H!~!G6K! \6#!

W/))!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!,('4+5)!%05&(-! S6\!~!#6\! \6J!~!L6I! S6J!

W/))!9'+%,&!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! J6J!~!J6J! #6H!~!#6F! JL6Hy!

W/))!9'+%,&!h'(-4%/,,5%+(!5P4(+!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! S6\!~!#6S! S6S!~!#6L! J6S!

! ! ! !

ZO(+5))!W/7?! HQ#!~!LQS! HQK!~!LQL! IQ\\J!

ZO(+5))!W/))! #QF!~!SQG! SQK!~!KQH! IQH#J!

! EwJK! EwJG! !

!c3(,! )//?%,&! 54! 43(! &+5=3-! 9(=%74%,&! 43(! 0(5,! P+(h'(,7%(-! /P! 43(!

0/O(0(,4-!+/7?!5,9!+/))!/O(+!43(!7/,9%4%/,-!9'+%,&!%05&(!=+(-(,454%/,!5-!R())!

5-! 9'+%,&! h'(-4%/,,5%+(! 5P4(+! %05&(! =+(-(,454%/,! P/+! =)(5-5,4Q! ',=)(5-5,4! 5,9!,('4+5)Q!/,(!75,!/1-(+O(!5!P)544(,%,&!/'4!/P!43(!+/7?!0/O(0(,46!c3%)(!43(!15))!%,!

43(!=(,!4354!9/(-!=+/O%9(!P((9157?!%-!0/O(9!)(--!R3(,!43(+(!%-!0/+(!0/O(0(,4Q!

43(!15))!%-!0/O(9!0/+(!P+(h'(,4):!%,!43(!=(,!4354!=+/O%9(-!P((9157?!R3(,!43(+(!%-! )%44)(!0/O(0(,46!d/+! 43(!+/))%,&!0/O(0(,4Q! 43(! 4R/!=(,-!5)-/!-3/R!5!-%0%)5+!

=544(+,6! ]/R(O(+Q! 43(! +/))%,&! 1(35O%/+-! /77'+!0/+(! P+(h'(,4):! %,! 43(! =(,! 4354!

=+/O%9(-!%,3(+(,4!P((9157?!j-((!P%&'+(-!H6Sk6!!!

!

!

!!

"!"!

JII!

Fig 8.3.1 Graph depicting

the mean frequency of the

movement rock per

condition

!!

!

!!

!

Fig 8.3.2 Graph depicting

the mean frequency of the

movement roll per

condition

!

!

!!

!

!!

Discussion

.)43/'&3!,/!-%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(-!%,!0/O(0(,4!R(+(!/1-(+O(9!P/+!43(!4R/!=(,!

4:=(-Q!R3%73!7/')9!1(!544+%1'4(9!4/!43(!-05))!-50=)(!-%V(Q! 43(!&+5=3-!-3/R!4R/!

%,4(+(-4%,&! 4+(,9-6!T3(! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?! 4/! 43(! +/7?%,&!0/O(0(,4! 5==(5+-! 4/!+(9'7(!43(!0/O(0(,4!R3(,!43(+(!%-!4//!0'73!0/O(0(,4Q!R3(+(5-!%4!-4%0')54(-!

0/O(0(,4! R3(,! 43(+(! %-! 4//! )%44)(6! T3'-! %4! =+/O%9(-! 59(h'54(! 7/0=(4%,&!

1(35O%/+Q! 1'4! %4! 5)-/! -4%0')54(-! 0/O(0(,4! 4354! 5+(! 7/,-%9(+(9! +()5i%,&Q! 5-!/1-(+O(9! %,!735=4(+!-%i6!Z,!43(!/43(+!35,9!43(! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?!4/! 43(!+/))%,&!

0/O(0(,4!9/(-!,/4!+(9'7(!43(!P+(h'(,7:!/P!0/O(0(,4Q!1'4!-((0-!4/!-4%0')54(!

%46!85+4%7%=5,4-!0%&34!35O(!1((,!4+%&&(+(9!4/!=)5:!R%43!43(!=(,!5-!43%-! P((9157?!R5-!0'73!0/+(!5==5+(,4!5,9!(i=(+%(,7(51)(!435,!43(! P((9157?!/,!43(!+/7?%,&!

0/O(0(,46!

!!

!

!

JIJ!

!

!

8.3.3 Stress reduction

TABLE 8.7 Results for independent samples t-tests comparing the responses to SAI

at start of experiment, after pleasant, neutral and unpleasant images and at end

of experiment as well as for questionnaire regarding pen experience for the

different pen groups.

! !$=+X! !$=+I! ,CZ+2! [!

D.C!54!-45+4!(i=(+%0(,4! \QL!~!#Q#! \QJ!~!JQF! JJJQI! AIQF!

D.C!5P4(+!=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! \QH!~!JQH! \QF!~!#QS! JSLQL! IQI!

D.C!5P4(+!,('4+5)!%05&(-! \QH!~!JQK! \QH!~!#QJ! JSSQI! AIQJ!

D.C!5P4(+!',=)(5-5,4!%05&(-! #QJ!~!#QG! #QS!~!SQ#! JSIQL! AIQ#!

D.C!54!(,9!/P!(i=(+%0(,4! \Q\!~!JQF! \Q#!~!#QS! JJFQI! AIQS!

! ! ! ! !

T3(!=(,!059(!-'1@(74!P(()!75)0! JQL!~!IQK! JQF!~!IQH! FHQI! AJQL!

T3(!=(,!059(!-'1@(74!P(()!4(,-(! AJQH!~!IQH! AJQH!~!IQG! JS\QL! AIQJ!

T3(!=(,!059(!-'1@(74!P(()!'=-(4! AJQ#!~!IQ\! AJQI!~!IQI! JJIQL! AJQH!

T3(!=(,!059(!-'1@(74!P(()!+()5i(9! JQ\!~!IQG! JQG!~!IQH! JIJQI! AJQ\!

T3(!=(,!059(!-'1@(74!P(()!7/,4(,4! JQL!~!IQK! JQL!~!IQK! JS#QL! AIQJ!

T3(!=(,!059(!-'1@(74!P(()!R/++%(9! AJQ#!~!IQ\! AJQJ!~!IQS! J#KQL! AIQK!

!T3'-!43(!%,3(+(,4!P((9157?!9%9!,/4!-%&,%P%75,4):!0/9%P:!43(!1(35O%/+-Q!1'4!-/0(!

735,&(-! R(+(! P/',9! R3(,! )//?%,&! 54! 43(! 9%PP(+(,7(-! %,! 1(35O%/+! %,! 5! 0/+(!

h'5)%454%O(!R5:6!T/!(O5)'54(!R3(43(+!43(-(!9%PP(+(,7(-!%,!1(35O%/+!5)-/!5PP(74(9!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!-4+(--!43(!4R/!&+/'=-!R(+(!7/0=5+(9!/,!1/43!-'1@(74%O(!5,9!

=3:-%/)/&%75)! (i=(+%(,7(6! d%+-4! 5! $5,,Ac3%4,(:Q! ,/,! =5+50(4+%7! 4(-4! R5-!

7/,9'74(9!4/!7/0=5+(!43(!-7/+(-!/P!43(!-3/+4!O(+-%/,!/P!43(!D.C!P/+!43(!9%PP(+(,4!7/,9%4%/,-! P/+! 43(! 4R/!&+/'=-Q! %6(6! 43(! &+/'=! 4354!'-(9! 43(! 7/,4+/)!=(,! j8(,!Ik!

5,9!&+/'=!4354!'-(9!43(!=(,!4354!+(-=/,9(9!4/!43(%+!1(35O%/+!j8(,!Jk6!T3(!-50(!

4(-4!R5-! 5)-/! 7/,9'74(9! 4/! 7/0=5+(!3/R! 43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-! (i=(+%(,7(9! 43(! 4R/!9%PP(+(,4! =(,-! j-((! 451)(! H6Gk6! D(7/,9):Q! 5,! %,9(=(,9(,4! -50=)(-! 4A4(-4! R5-!

7/,9'74(9!4/!7/0=5+(!43(!]W!P/+!43(!4R/!&+/'=-!j-((!451)(!H6Hk6!

TABLE 8.8 Results for independent samples t-tests comparing the users’ HR for the

different pen groups.

! !$=+X+ !$=+I+ *+

]W! FJQG!~!JLQJ! HKQ\!~!JSQS! A#QLy!

!

!

!

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"!"!

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E/!-%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,7(-!R(+(! P/',9! P/+! 43(!-'1@(74%O(!(O5)'54%/,-!/P!1/43!

7/,9%4%/,-Q!,(%43(+!P/+!43(!(O5)'54%/,-!/P!43(!=(,6!]/R(O(+Q!5!-%&,%P%75,4):!)/R(+!]W!P/+!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!4354!'-(9!43(!=(,!4354!+(-=/,9(9!4/!43(%+!1(35O%/+!R3(,!

7/0=5+(9! 4/! 43(! =5+4%7%=5,4-! 4354! '-(9! 8(,! I! j4wA#QLk!R5-! P/',96! T/! (O5)'54(!

R3(43(+!43(-(!9%PP(+(,7(-!%,!]W!R(+(!5)-/!/1-(+O(9!=(+!7/,9%4%/,Q!%,9(=(,9(,4!-50=)(-! 4A4(-4-! R(+(! 7/,9'74(9! 4/! (i=)/+(! 43(! 9%PP(+(,7(-! 1(4R((,! 43(! 4R/!

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8.4 Discussion T3(+(! %-! 5! +(5-/,51)(! 735,7(! 4354! -'1@(74-! %,! 43(! &+/'=! R%43! 43(! =(,! 4354!

+(-=/,9-! 4/! 1(35O%/+! R(+(! )(--! -4+(--(9! 5-! 43(! )/R(+! ]W! /1-(+O(9! 75,! 1(!544+%1'4(9!4/!5!0/+(!+()5i(9!-454(!jD4(=4/(Q!#IIIl!U+(73!(4!5)6Q!#IJIl!^+%@?/44(!(4!

5)6Q!#IIIk6!>(-=%4(!43(!%,7+(5-(9!4/+h'(!%0=/-(9!/,!43(!+/))%,&!0/O(0(,4Q!R3%73!

R/')9! ,/+05)):! +(-')4! %,! %,7+(5-(9! ]W! j^(+())(,Q! $(:(+Q! W(:,9(+-Q! *%(-(,Q! o!^5,)5,9(R%@7?Q!#IIHkQ!5!9(7+(5-(!%,!]W!R5-!P/',9!P/+!43(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!4354!'-(9!

43(! =(,! 4354! =+/O%9(-! P((9157?6! C4! 5==(5+-! 4/! 1(! =/--%1)(! 4/! +(9'7(! -4+(--! 1:!

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T3(!735,&(!%,!0(43/9/)/&:!/P!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!-4%))!(,-'+(9!5!3%&3(+!)(O()!/P!

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4(+0-! /P! =3:-%/)/&%75)! 735,&(!R%43%,! 43(! 4%0(! P+50(! /P! 43%-! (i=(+%0(,4Q! %4! 9%9!5)-/!,/4!5PP(74!5!1(35O%/+5)!735,&(6!T3(!P574!4354!,/!9%PP(+(,7(-!R(+(!P/',9!5)-/!

-'&&(-4-!4354!43(!7/0=(4%,&!+(-=/,-(!9%9!,/4!R/+?Q!1'4!5-!-5%9Q!%4!0%&34!,/4!35O(!

1((,!,(7(--5+:!5-!,/!-%&,%P%75,4!735,&(-!%,!1(35O%/+!R(+(!P/',96!]/R(O(+Q!43(!0/-4!%0=/+45,4!+(-')4!/P!43%-!(i=(+%0(,4!%-!4354!43(!4R/!&+/'=-!

359!5!-%&,%P%75,4!9%PP(+(,4!=3:-%/)/&%75)!+(-=/,-(6!T3(!=5+4%7%=5,4-!4354!'-(9!43(!

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45?(,!%,!43(!(i=(+%0(,4!9(-7+%1(9!%,!735=4(+!P/'+6!!

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35+9):!(i=(+%(,7(9!5,:!9%PP(+(,7(-!%,!43(!1(35O%/+5)!+(-=/,-(!/P!43(!=(,!j43+((!

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7/&,%4%O():! 5,9! =3:-%/)/&%75)):! 0(5-'+(9! (i=(+%(,7(6! T3(+(P/+(! 43(! 5PP(74%O(!)//=! P+50(R/+?! P/+! 45,&%1)(! %,4(+574%/,! 4354! R5-! =+/=/-(9! %,! 735=4(+! 43+((!

,((9-!4/!1(!+(7/,-%9(+(96!C,!43%-!P+50(R/+?!C!9(-7+%1(9!4354!5P4(+!(i=(+%(,7%,&!

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T3%-! %-! +()54(9! 4/! 43(! 7/,7(=4! /P! rV'35,9(,r! j+(59%,(--A4/A35,9k! 9(-7+%1(9! 1:!](%9(&&(+Q! R3(+(! 43(! /1@(74! 5,9! %4-! '-(+! 1(7/0(! /,(Q! 1(75'-(! 43(! '-(+!

',7/,-7%/'-):! (i=(+%(,7(-! 43(! R/+)9! 43+/'&3! 43(! /1@(74! jM/:,(! o! D,/9&+5--Q!

JFFSk6! C,! 43%-! 75-(! 43(! '-(+! %-! ',5R5+(! /P! 3/)9%,&! 43(! =(,Q! 5,9! R3%)(! -3(! %-!05,%=')54%,&!%4!9'(!4/!3(+!+(-4)(--,(--!%4!1(7/0(-!5,!(i4(,-%/,!/P!3(+!1/9:6!

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735,&(-!%,!0/O(0(,4!/P!43(!=(,!7/')9!,/4!1(!0(5-'+(9!9'(!4/!43(!%,4(+P(+(,7(!

/P!43(!574'54/+-Q!%4!%-!,/4!=/--%1)(!4/!0(5-'+(!3/R!43(!1(35O%/+!R5-!5PP(74(9!1:!43(! P((9157?6! .! P'4'+(! (i=(+%0(,4! 7/')9! %,7/+=/+54(! 5! 15-()%,(! P/+! 1(35O%/+!

0(5-'+(0(,46! ]/R(O(+Q! 7/,-%9(+%,&! 4354! (PP(74-!R(+(! /,):!0(5-'+(9! /O(+! 43(!

R3/)(! (i=(+%0(,4! 43(! 9'+54%/,! /P! -'73! (i=(+%0(,4! 75,! 1(! 7/,-%9(+(9! 5-! 5!9(4(+0%,5,4! P574/+6! C,! P'4'+(!(i=(+%0(,4-!5! )/,&%4'9%,5)!-(4'=!R%))!=+/151):!1(!

=+(P(++(9! %,O/)O%,&! ,(R! +(h'%+(0(,4-! %,! 4(+0-! /P! -%V(! 5,9! +()%51%)%4:! /P! 43(!

=+/4/4:=(6!!

!

JIL!

!

!

General discussion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

9.1 Introduction C,! &(,(+5)Q! 3'05,-! 5+(! (i7())(,4! 54! %,4(+=+(4%,&! 3/R! -/0(1/9:! P(()-! 5,9! 43(:!

5+(! 0/-4):! 51)(! 4/! +(-=/,9! %,! 5,! 59(h'54(! 05,,(+6! d/+! (i50=)(Q! R3(,! 5!

7/))(5&'(! %-! P57%,&!5!9(59)%,(Q!5,9!5))!3(+!544(,4%/,! %-! P/7'-(9!/,!43(!9/7'0(,4!=+(-(,4(9! /,!3(+! 7/0='4(+! -7+((,!R3%)(! -3(! %-! +(-4)(--):! 7)%7?%,&! 3(+! =(,! 5,9!

43%,?%,&!51/'4!3/R!4/!P/+0')54(!43(!7/,7)'-%/,!/P!3(+!=5=(+Q!,/1/9:!R/')9!95+(!

4/!9%-4'+1!3(+6!]/R(O(+Q!%P!43%-!+(-4)(--,(--!%-!75'-(9!1:!5!=+/1)(0!54!3/0(Q!5,9!%4!%-!5PP(74%,&!3(+!R/+?!5!75+%,&!7/))(5&'(!R/')9!7(+45%,):!5==+/573!3(+!4/!%,O%4(!

3(+!P/+!5!7'=!/P!4(5!5,9!5-?!3/R!-3(!%-!9/%,&6!

>%PP(+(,4! +(-(5+73(+-! 35O(! (i=)/+(9!R3(43(+! 43(! 7/0='4(+! 54!R3%73! -3(! %-!-%44%,&Q!/+!43(!0/'-(!-3(!%-!'-%,&!R/')9!1(!51)(!4/!9(4(+0%,(!3/R!-3(!P(()-!j(6&6!

$575')(:Q! #II\k6! T3%-! %,P/+054%/,! 7/')9! 1(! '-(9! P/+! (i50=)(! 4/! 1)/7?! 7(+45%,!

%,7/0%,&!(A05%)-!4/!9%-4+574!3(+!)(--6!*'4Q!7/')9!5!=(,!,/4!/PP(+!5!&//9!0(5,-!4/!%,4(+=+(4! %4-! '-(+-f! (0/4%/,5)! -454'-Å! ! d'+43(+0/+(Q! 7/')9! 43(! =(,! ,/4! -'==/+4!

3(+!%,!75)0%,&!9/R,!5-!R())Å!

!

!

!!

"!"!

JIK!

c%43! 5! =+/9'74! 9(-%&,(+f-! O%(R! /,! 5PP(74%O(! 7/0='4%,&Q! 43%-! +(-(5+73!

(i=)/+(9! 43(! =/--%1%)%4:! /P! 3/R! 5! =(,Q! 4354! -(,-(-! %0=)%7%4! 1(35O%/+-Q! 5,9!=+/O%9(-! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?! 4/! -4+(--A+()54(9!1(35O%/+-Q! 4/! +()5i! %4-!'-(+6! C,! 43(!

43%+9! 735=4(+! /P! 43%-! 43(-%-Q! 5! P+50(R/+?!R5-! =+(-(,4(9! /,! 3/R! 4/! 9(-%&,! P/+!

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,(R! %,-%&34-! %,4/! 43(! P5%+):! ',(i=)/+(9! 5+(5! %,! =-:73/)/&:! /P! ,/,O(+15)!

(i=+(--%/,!/P! (0/4%/,! %,O/)O%,&!/1@(74-6! d'+43(+0/+(! 43%-! +(-(5+73!R5-!/,(!/P!43(!P%+-4!4/!(i=)/+(!43(!P'))!P((9157?!)//=!P/+!5,!%0=)%7%4):!(i=+(--(9!(0/4%/,!1:!

0(5,-! /P! 5! =+/9'74! 4354! R5-! 9(O()/=(9! P/))/R%,&! 5! +(-(5+73! 43+/'&3! 9(-%&,!

5==+/5736!C,! 43(!7'++(,4!5,9! P%,5)! 735=4(+! 43(!05%,! %0=)%754%/,-! P/+!9(-%&,!5-!R())!5-!

43(! )%0%454%/,-! /P! 43%-! +(-(5+73! R%))! 1(! 9%-7'--(96! C,! 599%4%/,Q! 43(! 7+/--A

9%-7%=)%,5+:!O%(R!5,9!43(!+(-(5+73!43+/'&3!9(-%&,!5==+/573!%,!43%-!43(-%-!/PP(+(9!-/0(! %,4(+(-4%,&! P%,9%,&-! 4354! 7/')9! 5)-/! =+/O%9(! %,-%&34-! 4/! +()54(9! P%()9-! /P!

+(-(5+736! C! R%))! 9%-7'--! 43(! =/--%1)(! +()(O5,7(! P/+! O5+%/'-! 5+(5-! /P! 3'05,A

7/0='4(+!%,4(+574%/,!5,9!P%,5)%V(!43(!43(-%-!R%43!-/0(!%,-%&34-!P/+!P'4'+(!R/+?6!

9.2 Consequences for design ZO(+!43(!)5-4!:(5+-!43(!7/,4(i4!/P!9(-%&,!35-!-45+4(9!4/!%,7)'9(!=+/9'74-!4354!5+(!

3%&3):!%,4(+574%O(!5,9!51)(!4/!+(-=/,9!5,9!595=4!4/!/'+!1(35O%/+6!]/R(O(+Q!43(!0%,%54'+%V54%/,!5,9!%,7+(5-(9!50/',4!/P!7/0='4%,&!4(73,/)/&:!%0=)(0(,4(9!%,!

43(-(!=+/9'74-!R%))!(O(,4'5)):!)(59!4/!(,/+0/'-!50/',4-!/P!9545!4354!,((9!4/!1(!

=+/7(--(96!T3(+(P/+(Q! +(-(5+73! %-!,(7(--5+:! 4/!9(4(+0%,(!R354!1(35O%/+5)!9545!/PP(+-! 0/-4! %,4(+(-4%,&! %,-%&34! %,4/! 43(-(! =+/7(--(-Q! 5,9! 9(-%&,(+-! 35O(! 43(!

+(-=/,-%1%)%4:! 4/! 9(-%&,! P((9157?! 4354! %-! 45%)/+(9! 4/! 43(-(! -%4'54%/,-6! T3'-! ,/4!

/,):!9545!+(=+(-(,454%/,!%-!0/O%,&!4/R5+9-!43(!157?&+/',9!5-!9(-7+%1(9!%,!75)0!4(73,/)/&:!jc(%-(+!o!*+/R,Q!JFFKk!1'4!=+/9'74-!5+(!5)-/!-45+4%,&!4/!0(5-'+(!5))!

?%,9-!/P!-(,-/+:!%,='4!%,!43(!157?&+/',96!!

T3(!(i=)/+54%/,!/P!5PP(74%O(!45,&%1)(!%,4(+574%/,!35-!)(9!4/!-/0(!%,-%&34-!4354!9(-%&,(+-! /P! %,4(+574%O(! =+/9'74-! 7/')9! 1(,(P%4! P+/06! C! R%))! P/))/R! '=! /,! 43(!

9%-7'--%/,!/+%&%,54(9! P+/0!43(!+(-')4-!/P! 43(!(i=(+%0(,4!R%43! 43(!5PP(74%O(!=(,!

R3(+(! C! 3:=/43(-%V(9! 4354! 1(75'-(! 43(! =(,! 1(750(! 5! =5+4! /P! 43(! 1/9:Q! 43(!735,&(-! %,! 43(! =(,! 9%+(74):! 5PP(74! 43(! 1/9:Q!R3%73! 7/')9! 1(! 43(! +(5-/,! P/+! ,/4!

5PP(74%,&!43(!7/&,%4%O(!=(+7(=4%/,!/P!43(!=+/9'746!!

9.2.1 Reflecting on the affective loop framework

T3%-! +(-(5+73! -45+4(9! /PP! 1:! )//?%,&! 54! 3/R! =+/9'74-! 7/')9! +(-=/,9! 4/!

1(35O%/+5)!(i=+(--%/,!/P!(0/4%/,Q!1'%)9%,&!/,!+(-(5+73!/,!43(!5PP(74%O(! )//=!1:!]mm?! j#IIFk! 5-! R())! 5-! /,! 43(! 7/,7(=4! /P! %,3(+(,4! P((9157?! %,! 45,&%1)(!

%,4(+574%/,! j>@5@59%,%,&+54! (4! 5)6Q! #II#k6! C4! 7/01%,(9! 43(-(! 4R/! 7/,7(=4-! %,4/! 5!

P+50(R/+?Q!R%43!43(!5%0!/P!5PP(74%,&!43(!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!-4+(--6!d%+-4!5!1(35O%/+5)!+(-=/,-(!/P!43(!'-(+!R5-!(i=(74(9l!-(7/,9):!5!-3%P4!%,!574%/,Q!R3%73!R/')9!P%,5)):!

!

JIG!

!

!

+(-')4! %,! 5! +(P)(74%O(! +(-=/,-(! 05?%,&! 43(! '-(+! 5R5+(! /P! 3(+! -4+(--! )(O()! 5,9!

-'==/+4%,&!3(+!%,!%4-!+(9'74%/,6!D',9-4+m0!(4!5)6!j#IILk!-'&&(-4(9!4354!%,!/+9(+!4/!573%(O(!43(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!

1/43!0%,9!5,9!1/9:!35O(! 4/!1(! 5PP(74(9! 4/!05?(! 43(!'-(+! P(()!0/+(! 5,9!0/+(!

%,O/)O(9!%,!43(!%,4(+574%/,!R%43!43(!=+/9'74Q!R3%73!R5-!,/4!/1-(+O(96!]/R(O(+!43(! +(-')4-! /P! 43(! 7'++(,4! +(-(5+73! -'&&(-4! 5! =+/9'74! 75,! 573%(O(! 5! 735,&(! %,!

=(+7(=4%/,! 5PP(74%,&! 43(! 1/9%):! (i=(+%(,7(! R%43/'4! +(h'%+%,&! 5,:! 7/&,%4%O(!

=+/7(--%,&6!T3'-Q! 43(!15)5,7(9!-454(!/P! 43(!'-(+! %-!573%(O(9!1:!599+(--%,&!/,):!43(!O%-7(+5)!(i=(+%(,7(!/P!43(!'-(+6!

T3(!5PP(74%O(!)//=!P+50(R/+?!5-!%4!R5-!=+(-(,4(9!%,!735=4(+!43+((!43'-!,((9-!

4/! 1(! 595=4(9! 4/! 5! -%4'54%/,!R3(+(! 43(! -4+(--/+! 9%+(74):! 5PP(74-! 43(! 1(35O%/+5)!(i=(+%(,7(Q! 5,9! 43(! /1@(74! 5PP(74-! 1(35O%/+5)! +(-=/,-(! R%43/'4! 43(! '-(+!

(i=(+%(,7%,&!%4!j-((!P%&'+(!F6Jk6!T3(!'-(+!%-!',5R5+(!/P!1/43!43(!%,4(+574%/,!5,9!

43(!P((9157?6!]/R(O(+Q!43(!%,4(+574%/,!R%43!43(!=+/9'74!35-!5!7)(5+!%,P)'(,7(!/,!43(! (i=(+%(,7(! /P! 43(! '-(+6! C! R%))! 599+(--! 43%-! %,4(+574%/,! %,!R3%73! 43(! '-(+! %-!

,(%43(+!5R5+(!/P!R354!-3(!%-!9/%,&!,/+!/P!3/R!43(!=+/9'74!+(-=/,9-!5-!',5R5+(!

%,4(+574%/,6!

Figure 9.1 Left model as

presented in chapter

three and right revised

model.

!

!!

!

9.2.2 Unaware interaction

c3(+(5-! 7'++(,4! 3'05,! 7/0='4(+! %,4(+574%/,! %-! (i=)%7%4! 5-! 43(! '-(+! 4())-! 43(!

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9.2.4 Reflecting on the methodology

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List of publications

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Many people experience stress and prolonged exposure to stressful situations can lead to serious health problems. In this thesis Miguel Bruns Alonso presents a designers’ approach to explore how products could provide support in dealing with short-term stress. He developed a pen with embedded sensors and actuators that detects stressful behavior unobtrusively and provides haptic feedback to reduce stress. As a result of the experiments described in this thesis he proposes the concept of unaware interaction as a means to in�luence users’ behavior to improve their wellbeing.