Public infrastructure services in the European Union: Challenges for territorial cohesion
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Regional Studies Association Early Career Conference Sheffield (UK), 31th October 2014 Judith Clifton, Daniel Díaz-Fuentes and Marcos Fernández-Gutiérrez Department of Economics. Universidad de Cantabria (Spain) Contact: [email protected] Public infrastructure services in the European Union: Challenges for territorial cohesion 1
Transcript of Public infrastructure services in the European Union: Challenges for territorial cohesion
Regional Studies Association Early Career Conference
Sheffield (UK), 31th October 2014
Judith Clifton, Daniel Díaz-Fuentes and Marcos Fernández-Gutiérrez
Department of Economics. Universidad de Cantabria (Spain)
Contact: [email protected]
Public infrastructure services in the European
Union: Challenges for territorial cohesion
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- Territorial cohesion (TC): new paradigm of territorial development policies in the EU (EC 2007, Santinha, 2014)
- But complex and still vague political term (Medeiros 2012, Colomb and Santinha 2014, Santinha 2014)
o Territorial Agenda of the EU (EU 2011): TC as equality of opportunities
o Santinha (2014). TC as an approach that pursues:
• The harmonious development of territories, including diminishing disparities
• Territorial diversity and complementarities as a potential for development
• Interaction and coordination of territorial and sectoral policies and policy-makers
Territorial cohesion and public infrastructure services
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- Public infrastructure services in the EU: Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI)
o Market rules
o Public service obligations, to the general interest or public interest (Van de Walle 2009, Bjørsen et al 2013)
- Citizens’ access to affordable SGEI is recognised as “essential for territorial cohesion” (EC 2007). Contributing to:
o Regional competitiveness, equity and regional balance
o Economic development and sustainability of rural communities
EU Cohesion Policy (2014-2020) is emphasizing on access to SGEI (EC 2014)
Territorial cohesion and public infrastructure services
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- Public infrastructure services and territorial cohesion (ESPON 2013)
o Equality of opportunities, by a more balanced access to services
o Services for increasing territorial competitiveness, by sustainable development strategies
o Considering the territory for integrating policies and their objectives
- Molle (2007): TC requires that people and firms are not handicapped by spatial differences in access to basic services
- Although the provision of public infrastructure services may differ among territories…TC: the provision of services should not disadvantage citizens due to their place of residence (ESPON 2007, Rauhut and Ludlow 2013)
Territorial cohesion and public infrastructure services
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- Reforms of public infrastructure services, consequences in a territorial perspective (Wishlade 2008)
o Reforms:
• Liberalisation, competition and in most cases privatization (Clifton et al 2007)
• Telecommunications, and also energy services. But not so commonly for water
o Consequences:• Profit-making before other public interest goals (accessibility, affordability)?
(Van de Walle 2006)
• Citizens in in not profitable territories (remote regions, rural areas), excluded from service provision or bearing the extra costs? (Molle 2007, Van de Walle2009, Clifton and Díaz-Fuentes 2010)
- Challenges for territorial cohesion
Public infrastructure services in a territorial perspective
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- Empirical evidence
o Regions at the EU core, better results in services’ provision than peripheral regions (BBSR 2013)
• Regional differences in availability and use of services: information and communications technologies (ESPON 2007, Rauhut and Ludlow 2013, Dauvin and Grzybowski 2014)
o Urban/rural divide
• Strong polarisation (ESPON 2013)
• I.e. differences in internet use (Shucksmith 2009, Novo-Corti et al 2014)
- But lack of empirical analysis on public infrastructure services affordability and accessibility incorporating:
o Territorial perspective and
o Demand side (New European regulatory policies: Clifton et al 2011 and 2014; EC 2012)
Strauss (2008), incorporating the consumer perspective into regional science: Economic and geographic analysis + social context
Public infrastructure services in a territorial perspective
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- Objective: analysing the provision of public infrastructure services in the EU context from a territorial perspective
o Disadvantages for residents
- Services: electricity, gas, water, fixed telephony, mobile telephony, internet
- Countries: UK, Spain, Italy
- Two territorial dimensions:
o Regional differences (NUTS1), and influence of regional characteristics
o Urban/rural differences
Objective
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- Objective: analysing the provision of public infrastructure services in the EU context from a territorial perspective
o Disadvantages for residents (regional differences and urban/rural differences)
- Empirical approach: contrasting revealed and stated preferences (Whitehead et al. 2008)
o Revealed preferences: decisions (expenditure/use). Household Budget Surveys
• Differences in services’ use
o Stated preferences: perceptions/satisfaction. Eurobarometer (EC 2007)
• Problems of accessibility (satisfaction with access) and affordability(satisfaction with price)
Combined analysis, for enriching interpretation of data and results: connecting differences in use with disadvantages for residents
Sources and approach
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Microeconometric analysis:
- Revealed preferences:
- Stated preferences:
Where:EXPij = spending of household i in the service jSatAij = satisfaction with access to service j by iSatPij = satisfaction with the price of service j by individual iCi = country of residence of iNi = Region (NUTS1) of residence of iZN
i= Characteristics of region of residence of iRi = Residence in a rural area. Ri*Ci captures the interaction effect for each countryZR
i = Control variables from the HBSs; ZSi = Control variables from the Eurobarometer
Methodology
),*,,()()ln( Riiiiiiij ZCRNCfxfEXP ==
),*,,()()ln( Riii
Niiiij ZCRZCfxfEXP ==
),*,,()()1( Siiiiiiij ZCRNCxSatAP Φ=Φ==
),*,,()()1( Siiiiiiij ZCRNCxSatPP Φ=Φ==
),*,,()()1( Siii
Niiiij ZCRZCxSatAP Φ=Φ==
),*,,()()1( Siii
Niiiij ZCRZCxSatPP Φ=Φ==
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Results. Regional differencesRevealed preferences
Electricity Gas Water Teleco Constant term 0.059 0.351 -1.654*** -4.590*** 1.968*** -2,050*** -1.647*** NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.288** 0.229* 0.149*** -0.503*** NEAST&YORKS 0.287** 0.218* 0.128*** -0.356*** MIDLANDS 0.291*** 0.300** 0.145*** -0.213*** EASTENGLAND 0.433*** -0.160 0.159*** -0.192** LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.410*** 0.040 0.091** -0.316*** SOUTHWEST 0.521*** -0.282* 0.137** -0.188** WALES 0.522*** 0.221 0.267*** -0.435*** SCOTLAND 0.355*** -0.297** -0.024 -0.151* NIRELAND 0.382*** -4.382*** -5.862*** -0.096 SPAIN 0.410*** -0.167*** -0.822*** -2.121*** -0.953*** -2.551*** -0.126* NOROESTE -0.040 -1.260*** -0.989*** -0.068 NORESTE -0.032 -1.126*** -0.597*** -0.067 MADRID CENTROSPA 0.076** -1.490*** -0.521*** -0.170*** ESTE 0.067* -1.208*** 0.047 -0.164*** SUR 0.131*** -2.114*** -0.005 -0.207*** CANARIAS -0.222*** -3.575*** 0.351*** -0.074 ITALY 0.461*** -0.072 0.472*** -0.076 -3,075*** -4,748*** -0.362*** NORDOVEST NORDEST 0.084*** -0.038 0.909*** 0.025 CENTROITA 0.114*** 0.003 0.472*** 0.097*** SUD 0.285*** -0.299*** 0.427*** -0.089*** ISOLE 0.517*** -0.538*** 0.100 -0.046 Regional GDPPC -0.010*** -0.005 0.025*** Charact. POPDENS -0.005* 0.007** -0.019*** COLDTEM -0.002 0.055*** 0.007*** WARMTEM 0.027*** 0.052** 0.184*** Rural RURAL*UK 0.130* 0.159* -2.490*** -2.372*** -0.378*** -0.168*** -0.093* Resid. RURAL*SPA -0.035 -0.039 -0.847*** -1.080*** -0.650*** -0.624*** -0.227*** RURAL*ITA 0.075*** 0.065*** -0.422*** -0.438*** 0.045 0.073 -0.079*** Househ. NMEMBERS 0.310*** 0.310*** 0.475*** 0.471*** 0.323*** 0.328*** 0.526*** Size NMEMBERS2 -0.018*** -0.019*** -0.036*** -0.036*** -0.027*** -0.029*** -0.040*** Age <35 -0.111*** -0.113*** -0.129** -0.133** -0.107*** -0.111*** -0.013 50-64 0.199*** 0.199*** 0.179*** 0.184*** 0.152*** 0.150*** 0.086*** >64 0.296*** 0.298*** 0.327*** 0.337*** 0.207*** 0.207*** -0.066*** H. tenure NOPROP -0.432*** -0.436*** -0.602*** -0.598*** -0.093*** -0.089*** -0.128*** Income lnEXPENDeq 0.484*** 0.482*** 0.628*** 0.621*** 0.333*** 0.330*** 0.731***
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Electricity Gas Water NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.032 0.119** 0.020 NEAST&YORKS 0.028 0.011 0.047 MIDLANDS -0.038 -0.059 -0.015 EASTENGLAND -0.134 -0.340*** -0.083 LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.051** -0.012 -0.026 SOUTHWEST -0.019 -0.248** -0.080 WALES -0.048 -0.276** -0.062 SCOTLAND 0.029 -0.163* 0.049* NIRELAND 0.007 -0.658*** 0.051*** SPAIN 0.021 -0.170*** -0.224*** -0.295*** -0.012 -0.150*** NOROESTE -0.138 -0.156** -0.066 NORESTE -0.456*** -0.226*** -0.312*** MADRID CENTROSPA -0.079 0.066* 0.025 ESTE -0.078 0.097*** 0.027 SUR -0.043 -0.030 0.049** CANARIAS -0.030 -0.418*** 0.049* ITALY -0.231*** -0.394*** -0.284*** -0.529*** -0.195*** -0.409*** NORDOVEST NORDEST -0.004 -0.039 -0.006 CENTROITA 0.018 -0.039 0.011 SUD -0.020 -0.067* -0.026 ISOLE -0.039 -0.171** -0.063* Regional GDPPC 0.002 -0.004* 0.000 Charact. POPDENS -0.000 0.005** -0.000 COLDTEM 0.000 0.011*** 0.002* WARMTEM 0.008** 0.026*** 0.011*** Rural RURAL*UK -0.029 -0.032 -0.236*** -0.231*** 0.014 0.011 residence RURAL*SPA 0.005 0.035** -0.182*** -0.149*** -0.053 0.006 RURAL*ITA -0.016 -0.015 -0.060* -0.064* -0.021 -0.020 Household 1PERSON -0.013 -0.013 -0.024 -0.024 0.009 0.013 size 3PERSON -0.018 -0.020 0.002 -0.002 0.004 0.004 4PERSON -0.011 -0.017 0.029 0.025 0.004 -0.001 >4PERSON -0.032 -0.032 -0.024 -0.031 -0.050* -0.045* Age <35 -0.012 -0.012 -0.004 -0.005 -0.003 -0.002 50-64 0.013 0.018 0.052*** 0.054*** 0.016 0.020 >64 -0.007 -0.005 -0.025 -0.035 0.004 0.004 Housing t. NOPROP -0.002 0.001 -0.002 0.010 0.003 0.006
Results. Regional differencesStated preferences. Access (I)
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Fixed Phone Mobile Phone Internet NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.033 0.055 0.040 NEAST&YORKS -0.047 0.013 -0.064 MIDLANDS 0.023 -0.020 -0.089 EASTENGLAND 0.007 -0.058 -0.078 LONDON SOUTHEAST -0.027 -0.063 0.041 SOUTHWEST -0.059 0.068 0.107* WALES -0.025 -0.039 -0.168* SCOTLAND -0.021 -0.033 -0.157** NIRELAND -0.018 0.015 -0.110* SPAIN 0.034 -0.090** 0.063 -0.015 0.011 -0.213*** NOROESTE -0.137 -0.061 -0.275*** NORESTE -0.062 -0.005 -0.093 MADRID CENTROSPA -0.088 -0.028 -0.050 ESTE -0.071 -0.053 -0.023 SUR -0.058 0.025 -0.004 CANARIAS -0.033 -0.074 -0.009 ITALY -0.178** -0.355*** -0.131*** -0.241*** -0.172*** -0.511*** NORDOVEST NORDEST 0.038** 0.051* 0.048 CENTROITA 0.040** 0.044 -0.045 SUD -0.108*** -0.103** -0.153*** ISOLE -0.156*** -0.218*** -0.383*** Regional GDPPC 0.008*** 0.004* 0.011*** Charact. POPDENS -0.004*** -0.002 -0.006*** COLDTEM 0.001 0.005*** 0.005*** WARMTEM 0.010*** 0.007 0.027*** Rural RURAL*UK 0.016 0.012 -0.020 -0.049* -0.018 -0.042 residence RURAL*SPA 0.003 0.018 -0.046 -0.022 -0.076* -0.041 RURAL*ITA -0.039 -0.034 -0.044 -0.037 -0.106** -0.107** Househ. 1PERSON -0.004 -0.002 -0.036* -0.032 -0.031 -0.027 size 3PERSON 0.001 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.043* 0.040 4PERSON 0.017 0.020 0.003 -0.001 0.091*** 0.087*** >4PERSON -0.011 -0.010 -0.019 -0.021 0.058* 0.051 Age <35 -0.002 -0.004 0.026 0.027 0.091*** 0.088*** 50-64 0.004 0.004 -0.048** -0.046** -0.099*** -0.095*** 65-74 -0.053** -0.047** -0.298*** -0.290*** -0.406*** -0.403*** Housing t. NOPROP -0.047*** -0.049*** -0.031* -0.033* -0.076*** -0.074***
Results. Regional differencesStated preferences. Access (II)
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Electricity Gas Water NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.133*** 0.199*** 0.115** NEAST&YORKS 0.069 0.126** 0.057 MIDLANDS 0.064 0.083 0.059 EASTENGLAND 0.062 -0.070 0.042 LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.132*** 0.204*** 0.087* SOUTHWEST 0.130** 0.074 0.053 WALES 0.038 -0.096 0.005 SCOTLAND 0.095* 0.026 0.109** NIRELAND 0.155*** -0.357*** 0.065 SPAIN -0.030 -0.221*** -0.108* -0.214*** 0.056 -0.143** NOROESTE -0.151** -0.081 -0.215*** NORESTE -0.162** -0.064 -0.281*** MADRID CENTROSPA -0.012 0.067 -0.108 ESTE -0.022 0.041 -0.174*** SUR -0.039 -0.049 -0.105 CANARIAS -0.064 -0.545*** -0.154 ITALY -0.053 -0.320*** -0.065 -0.268*** 0.012 -0.204*** NORDOVEST NORDEST -0.079 -0.134*** -0.088* CENTROITA -0.154*** -0.241*** -0.173*** SUD -0.175*** -0.254*** -0.233*** ISOLE -0.237*** -0.239*** -0.338*** Regional GDPPC 0.005* -0.003 0.005** Charact. POPDENS -0.005** 0.000 -0.004** COLDTEM 0.003 0.015*** 0.004** WARMTEM 0.005 0.011* 0.001 Rural RURAL*UK -0.018 -0.021 -0.149*** -0.147*** -0.030 -0.032 Resid. RURAL*SPA 0.072** 0.085*** -0.023 -0.017 0.089*** 0.104*** RURAL*ITA 0.001 -0.003 -0.146*** -0.147*** -0.076* -0.078* Househ. 1PERSON -0.022 -0.022 -0.048 -0.052* 0.001 0.002 size 3PERSON -0.022 -0.026 0.004 -0.006 -0.007 -0.009 4PERSON -0.088*** -0.093*** -0.035 -0.041 -0.047* -0.051* >4PERSON -0.038 -0.042 -0.012 -0.023 -0.036 -0.035 Age <35 -0.003 -0.003 0.013 0.016 -0.011 -0.015 50-64 -0.026 -0.026 0.030 0.034 -0.012 -0.011 65-74 -0.092** -0.098*** -0.050 -0.059* -0.074** -0.076** Hous. t. NOPROP -0.093*** -0.089*** -0.087*** -0.077*** -0.084*** -0.080***
Results. Regional differencesStated preferences. Price (I)
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Fixed Phone Mobile Phone Internet NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.196*** 0.155*** 0.135** NEAST&YORKS -0.004 0.070 -0.056 MIDLANDS 0.154*** 0.105** -0.026 EASTENGLAND 0.031 0.025 -0.090 LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.125** 0.095* 0.035 SOUTHWEST 0.120** 0.140** 0.132* WALES -0.001 -0.114 -0.134 SCOTLAND 0.076 0.042 -0.097 NIRELAND 0.067 0.017 -0.063 SPAIN -0.193*** -0.283*** -0.142** -0.216*** -0.216*** -0.161** NOROESTE -0.039 -0.033 -0.030 NORESTE 0.130*** 0.113** 0.068 MADRID CENTROSPA 0.012 0.090* 0.073 ESTE -0.008 0.015 0.004 SUR 0.030 0.038 0.063 CANARIAS -0.119 -0.045 -0.005 ITALY -0.153*** -0.383*** -0.014 -0.225* -0.096 -0.237** NORDOVEST NORDEST -0.015 0.007 -0.100** CENTROITA -0.122** -0.069 -0.156*** SUD -0.259*** -0.174*** -0.270*** ISOLE -0.284*** -0.255*** -0.398*** Regional GDPPC 0.009*** 0.005* 0.008** Charact. POPDENS -0.006*** -0.005** -0.003 COLDTEM 0.005** 0.005*** 0.007*** WARMTEM 0.001 0.004 -0.000 Rural RURAL*UK -0.074* -0.079* 0.012 -0.014 -0.003 -0.023 residence RURAL*SPA 0.027 0.046 0.009 0.035 -0.030 0.016 RURAL*ITA -0.057 -0.054 -0.058 -0.056 -0.047 -0.047 Househ. 1PERSON -0.057* -0.052* -0.090*** -0.088*** -0.093*** -0.090** size 3PERSON 0.019 0.015 0.032 0.028 0.028 0.017 4PERSON 0.017 0.015 0.025 0.021 0.086*** 0.079*** >4PERSON 0.015 0.008 -0.007 -0.013 0.040 0.028 Age <35 0.006 0.006 0.040 0.038 0.063** 0.063** 50-64 0.026 0.027 -0.059** -0.059** -0.090*** -0.088** 65-74 -0.035 -0.035 -0.296*** -0.297*** -0.387*** -0.387** Housing t. NOPROP -0.136*** -0.139*** -0.145*** -0.146*** -0.142*** -0.146**
Results. Regional differencesStated preferences. Price (II)
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Electricity Gas Water Teleco Constant term 0.059 0.351 -1.654*** -4.590*** 1.968*** -2,050*** -1.647*** NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.288** 0.229* 0.149*** -0.503*** NEAST&YORKS 0.287** 0.218* 0.128*** -0.356*** MIDLANDS 0.291*** 0.300** 0.145*** -0.213*** EASTENGLAND 0.433*** -0.160 0.159*** -0.192** LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.410*** 0.040 0.091** -0.316*** SOUTHWEST 0.521*** -0.282* 0.137** -0.188** WALES 0.522*** 0.221 0.267*** -0.435*** SCOTLAND 0.355*** -0.297** -0.024 -0.151* NIRELAND 0.382*** -4.382*** -5.862*** -0.096 SPAIN 0.410*** -0.167*** -0.822*** -2.121*** -0.953*** -2.551*** -0.126* NOROESTE -0.040 -1.260*** -0.989*** -0.068 NORESTE -0.032 -1.126*** -0.597*** -0.067 MADRID CENTROSPA 0.076** -1.490*** -0.521*** -0.170*** ESTE 0.067* -1.208*** 0.047 -0.164*** SUR 0.131*** -2.114*** -0.005 -0.207*** CANARIAS -0.222*** -3.575*** 0.351*** -0.074 ITALY 0.461*** -0.072 0.472*** -0.076 -3,075*** -4,748*** -0.362*** NORDOVEST NORDEST 0.084*** -0.038 0.909*** 0.025 CENTROITA 0.114*** 0.003 0.472*** 0.097*** SUD 0.285*** -0.299*** 0.427*** -0.089*** ISOLE 0.517*** -0.538*** 0.100 -0.046 Regional GDPPC -0.010*** -0.005 0.025*** Charact. POPDENS -0.005* 0.007** -0.019*** COLDTEM -0.002 0.055*** 0.007*** WARMTEM 0.027*** 0.052** 0.184*** Rural RURAL*UK 0.130* 0.159* -2.490*** -2.372*** -0.378*** -0.168*** -0.093* Resid. RURAL*SPA -0.035 -0.039 -0.847*** -1.080*** -0.650*** -0.624*** -0.227*** RURAL*ITA 0.075*** 0.065*** -0.422*** -0.438*** 0.045 0.073 -0.079*** Househ. NMEMBERS 0.310*** 0.310*** 0.475*** 0.471*** 0.323*** 0.328*** 0.526*** Size NMEMBERS2 -0.018*** -0.019*** -0.036*** -0.036*** -0.027*** -0.029*** -0.040*** Age <35 -0.111*** -0.113*** -0.129** -0.133** -0.107*** -0.111*** -0.013 50-64 0.199*** 0.199*** 0.179*** 0.184*** 0.152*** 0.150*** 0.086*** >64 0.296*** 0.298*** 0.327*** 0.337*** 0.207*** 0.207*** -0.066*** H. tenure NOPROP -0.432*** -0.436*** -0.602*** -0.598*** -0.093*** -0.089*** -0.128*** Income lnEXPENDeq 0.484*** 0.482*** 0.628*** 0.621*** 0.333*** 0.330*** 0.731***
Results. Differences urban/ruralRevealed preferences
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Electricity Gas Water NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.032 0.119** 0.020 NEAST&YORKS 0.028 0.011 0.047 MIDLANDS -0.038 -0.059 -0.015 EASTENGLAND -0.134 -0.340*** -0.083 LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.051** -0.012 -0.026 SOUTHWEST -0.019 -0.248** -0.080 WALES -0.048 -0.276** -0.062 SCOTLAND 0.029 -0.163* 0.049* NIRELAND 0.007 -0.658*** 0.051*** SPAIN 0.021 -0.170*** -0.224*** -0.295*** -0.012 -0.150*** NOROESTE -0.138 -0.156** -0.066 NORESTE -0.456*** -0.226*** -0.312*** MADRID CENTROSPA -0.079 0.066* 0.025 ESTE -0.078 0.097*** 0.027 SUR -0.043 -0.030 0.049** CANARIAS -0.030 -0.418*** 0.049* ITALY -0.231*** -0.394*** -0.284*** -0.529*** -0.195*** -0.409*** NORDOVEST NORDEST -0.004 -0.039 -0.006 CENTROITA 0.018 -0.039 0.011 SUD -0.020 -0.067* -0.026 ISOLE -0.039 -0.171** -0.063* Regional GDPPC 0.002 -0.004* 0.000 Charact. POPDENS -0.000 0.005** -0.000 COLDTEM 0.000 0.011*** 0.002* WARMTEM 0.008** 0.026*** 0.011*** Rural RURAL*UK -0.029 -0.032 -0.236*** -0.231*** 0.014 0.011 residence RURAL*SPA 0.005 0.035** -0.182*** -0.149*** -0.053 0.006 RURAL*ITA -0.016 -0.015 -0.060* -0.064* -0.021 -0.020 Household 1PERSON -0.013 -0.013 -0.024 -0.024 0.009 0.013 size 3PERSON -0.018 -0.020 0.002 -0.002 0.004 0.004 4PERSON -0.011 -0.017 0.029 0.025 0.004 -0.001 >4PERSON -0.032 -0.032 -0.024 -0.031 -0.050* -0.045* Age <35 -0.012 -0.012 -0.004 -0.005 -0.003 -0.002 50-64 0.013 0.018 0.052*** 0.054*** 0.016 0.020 >64 -0.007 -0.005 -0.025 -0.035 0.004 0.004 Housing t. NOPROP -0.002 0.001 -0.002 0.010 0.003 0.006
Results. Differences urban/ruralStated preferences. Access (I)
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Electricity Gas Water NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.133*** 0.199*** 0.115** NEAST&YORKS 0.069 0.126** 0.057 MIDLANDS 0.064 0.083 0.059 EASTENGLAND 0.062 -0.070 0.042 LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.132*** 0.204*** 0.087* SOUTHWEST 0.130** 0.074 0.053 WALES 0.038 -0.096 0.005 SCOTLAND 0.095* 0.026 0.109** NIRELAND 0.155*** -0.357*** 0.065 SPAIN -0.030 -0.221*** -0.108* -0.214*** 0.056 -0.143** NOROESTE -0.151** -0.081 -0.215*** NORESTE -0.162** -0.064 -0.281*** MADRID CENTROSPA -0.012 0.067 -0.108 ESTE -0.022 0.041 -0.174*** SUR -0.039 -0.049 -0.105 CANARIAS -0.064 -0.545*** -0.154 ITALY -0.053 -0.320*** -0.065 -0.268*** 0.012 -0.204*** NORDOVEST NORDEST -0.079 -0.134*** -0.088* CENTROITA -0.154*** -0.241*** -0.173*** SUD -0.175*** -0.254*** -0.233*** ISOLE -0.237*** -0.239*** -0.338*** Regional GDPPC 0.005* -0.003 0.005** Charact. POPDENS -0.005** 0.000 -0.004** COLDTEM 0.003 0.015*** 0.004** WARMTEM 0.005 0.011* 0.001 Rural RURAL*UK -0.018 -0.021 -0.149*** -0.147*** -0.030 -0.032 Resid. RURAL*SPA 0.072** 0.085*** -0.023 -0.017 0.089*** 0.104*** RURAL*ITA 0.001 -0.003 -0.146*** -0.147*** -0.076* -0.078* Househ. 1PERSON -0.022 -0.022 -0.048 -0.052* 0.001 0.002 size 3PERSON -0.022 -0.026 0.004 -0.006 -0.007 -0.009 4PERSON -0.088*** -0.093*** -0.035 -0.041 -0.047* -0.051* >4PERSON -0.038 -0.042 -0.012 -0.023 -0.036 -0.035 Age <35 -0.003 -0.003 0.013 0.016 -0.011 -0.015 50-64 -0.026 -0.026 0.030 0.034 -0.012 -0.011 65-74 -0.092** -0.098*** -0.050 -0.059* -0.074** -0.076** Hous. t. NOPROP -0.093*** -0.089*** -0.087*** -0.077*** -0.084*** -0.080***
Results. Differences urban/ruralStated preferences. Price (I)
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Fixed Phone Mobile Phone Internet NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.033 0.055 0.040 NEAST&YORKS -0.047 0.013 -0.064 MIDLANDS 0.023 -0.020 -0.089 EASTENGLAND 0.007 -0.058 -0.078 LONDON SOUTHEAST -0.027 -0.063 0.041 SOUTHWEST -0.059 0.068 0.107* WALES -0.025 -0.039 -0.168* SCOTLAND -0.021 -0.033 -0.157** NIRELAND -0.018 0.015 -0.110* SPAIN 0.034 -0.090** 0.063 -0.015 0.011 -0.213*** NOROESTE -0.137 -0.061 -0.275*** NORESTE -0.062 -0.005 -0.093 MADRID CENTROSPA -0.088 -0.028 -0.050 ESTE -0.071 -0.053 -0.023 SUR -0.058 0.025 -0.004 CANARIAS -0.033 -0.074 -0.009 ITALY -0.178** -0.355*** -0.131*** -0.241*** -0.172*** -0.511*** NORDOVEST NORDEST 0.038** 0.051* 0.048 CENTROITA 0.040** 0.044 -0.045 SUD -0.108*** -0.103** -0.153*** ISOLE -0.156*** -0.218*** -0.383*** Regional GDPPC 0.008*** 0.004* 0.011*** Charact. POPDENS -0.004*** -0.002 -0.006*** COLDTEM 0.001 0.005*** 0.005*** WARMTEM 0.010*** 0.007 0.027*** Rural RURAL*UK 0.016 0.012 -0.020 -0.049* -0.018 -0.042 residence RURAL*SPA 0.003 0.018 -0.046 -0.022 -0.076* -0.041 RURAL*ITA -0.039 -0.034 -0.044 -0.037 -0.106** -0.107** Househ. 1PERSON -0.004 -0.002 -0.036* -0.032 -0.031 -0.027 size 3PERSON 0.001 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.043* 0.040 4PERSON 0.017 0.020 0.003 -0.001 0.091*** 0.087*** >4PERSON -0.011 -0.010 -0.019 -0.021 0.058* 0.051 Age <35 -0.002 -0.004 0.026 0.027 0.091*** 0.088*** 50-64 0.004 0.004 -0.048** -0.046** -0.099*** -0.095*** 65-74 -0.053** -0.047** -0.298*** -0.290*** -0.406*** -0.403*** Housing t. NOPROP -0.047*** -0.049*** -0.031* -0.033* -0.076*** -0.074***
Results. Differences urban/ruralStated preferences. Access (II)
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Fixed Phone Mobile Phone Internet NUTS1 UKINGDOM NORTHWEST 0.196*** 0.155*** 0.135** NEAST&YORKS -0.004 0.070 -0.056 MIDLANDS 0.154*** 0.105** -0.026 EASTENGLAND 0.031 0.025 -0.090 LONDON SOUTHEAST 0.125** 0.095* 0.035 SOUTHWEST 0.120** 0.140** 0.132* WALES -0.001 -0.114 -0.134 SCOTLAND 0.076 0.042 -0.097 NIRELAND 0.067 0.017 -0.063 SPAIN -0.193*** -0.283*** -0.142** -0.216*** -0.216*** -0.161** NOROESTE -0.039 -0.033 -0.030 NORESTE 0.130*** 0.113** 0.068 MADRID CENTROSPA 0.012 0.090* 0.073 ESTE -0.008 0.015 0.004 SUR 0.030 0.038 0.063 CANARIAS -0.119 -0.045 -0.005 ITALY -0.153*** -0.383*** -0.014 -0.225* -0.096 -0.237** NORDOVEST NORDEST -0.015 0.007 -0.100** CENTROITA -0.122** -0.069 -0.156*** SUD -0.259*** -0.174*** -0.270*** ISOLE -0.284*** -0.255*** -0.398*** Regional GDPPC 0.009*** 0.005* 0.008** Charact. POPDENS -0.006*** -0.005** -0.003 COLDTEM 0.005** 0.005*** 0.007*** WARMTEM 0.001 0.004 -0.000 Rural RURAL*UK -0.074* -0.079* 0.012 -0.014 -0.003 -0.023 residence RURAL*SPA 0.027 0.046 0.009 0.035 -0.030 0.016 RURAL*ITA -0.057 -0.054 -0.058 -0.056 -0.047 -0.047 Househ. 1PERSON -0.057* -0.052* -0.090*** -0.088*** -0.093*** -0.090** size 3PERSON 0.019 0.015 0.032 0.028 0.028 0.017 4PERSON 0.017 0.015 0.025 0.021 0.086*** 0.079*** >4PERSON 0.015 0.008 -0.007 -0.013 0.040 0.028 Age <35 0.006 0.006 0.040 0.038 0.063** 0.063** 50-64 0.026 0.027 -0.059** -0.059** -0.090*** -0.088** 65-74 -0.035 -0.035 -0.296*** -0.297*** -0.387*** -0.387** Housing t. NOPROP -0.136*** -0.139*** -0.145*** -0.146*** -0.142*** -0.146**
Results. Differences urban/ruralStated preferences. Price (II)
20
- Public infrastructure services, still a key issue for territorial cohesion:
• Accessibility and affordability in vulnerable territories (as peripheral and less populated areas)
• Balanced access to services, for equality of opportunities and for territorial competitiveness and development
- Recommendations:
• Attention to territorial specificities. I.e., regulation of water by local communities vs “one-size-fits-all” reforms
• Territorial perspective for services’ regulation: territorial cohesion approach, for integrating EU consumer policies and EU cohesion policies
• Territorial perspective for evaluating regulation. New sources of information required
Conclusions and policy considerations
Regional Studies Association Early Career Conference
Sheffield (UK), 31th October 2014
Judith Clifton, Daniel Díaz-Fuentes and Marcos Fernández-Gutiérrez
Department of Economics. Universidad de Cantabria (Spain)
Contact: [email protected]
Public infrastructure services in the European
Union: Challenges for territorial cohesion
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