Ahmad Rizky M. Umar, SIPumarbanjar@gmail.com

“…Indonesia, rich in natural resources and

having 84,000,000 inhabitants, comes

automatically as an important factor onto

the chessboard of world politics…” (1953)

Domestic Needs

(Development)

Foreign

International Context

Foreign Policy

1

• Technocratic

• Criticized as the developmentalist regime combined the use of military and technocrat fores to repress the resistant social forces

• Market-Based

2

• Market-Based

• Criticized as being capitalistic, injecting society with the logic of capitalist development and exclude the poor with state’s facillitation and creates bourgeoisie class

3

• Treat People as object

• Criticized as being ‘anti-politics’, with the help of the World Bank and IMF, depoliticizes the social forces and makes them dependent with aid and loan

� Domestic Context� Transforming Colonial Society into an

Independent Society

� Indonesia needs to expands her market to another third world nation states (Hatta, 1953)1953)

� International Context� Post-War Division between Communist (USSR)

and Capitalist (USA)

� The emergence of ‘third world’ nation states via the politics of decolonization following the new world order

� Discourse on Indonesian Foreign Policy� Decolonization

� Domestic Context

� Transforming Colonial Society into an Independent Society

� A need to liberate West Papua and Confrontation with Malaysia � Huge military budget

� The rise of Communist Party in Indonesian politics� The rise of Communist Party in Indonesian politics

� International Context

� The emergence of post-colonial states in Asia and Africa

� The growing tension between two political forces in international level� USA & USSR

� Sovyet diplomacy in third world states strengthened

� Discourse on Foreign Policy � Anti-Imperialism; Anti-Western

� International Context

� Changing international political economic landscape

� The rise of East and Southeast Asia in international

politics

� Domestic Context

The changing political structure, President Soekarno� The changing political structure, President Soekarno

ousted following the G30S failed coup attempt

� The rise of capitalism with the help of aid and ‘Oil

Boom’, pumped by international financial instititution

and foreign capital (Robison, 1987)

� The rise of ‘repressive-developmentalist regime’ (Feith,

1981)

� Discourse on Foreign Policy

� AID-BASED FOREIGN POLICY

� International Context

� The Asian Crisis

� The changing development strategy designed by the World

Bank and IMF: Structural Adjustment Programme (Hadiz &

Robison, 2004).

The rise of Post-Washington Consensus via social � The rise of Post-Washington Consensus via social

development project (Carroll, 2010)

� Domestic Context

� The fall of Suharto

� ‘Bad image’ of Indonesian in international politics

� iIndonesia needs to gets more loans from donors

� Indonesia becomes ‘arena’ for social development project

� Discourse on Foreign Policy:

� Encountering Globalization

� Every Citizen is a diplomat: Minister of Foreign

Affairs (MFA) is no longer functioned as ‘single

actor’ in diplomacy

� Welcome to the age of International

Development: many political forces in the world Development: many political forces in the world

now use ‘development’ as instrument to govern

the ‘third world’ nations � development is

instrument of foreign policy

� The social is political! Through the international

development project, the battlefield in

international politics is now conducted in social

level

�Since 1945, The discourse of development

operated in domestic level has directed

Indonesia’s Foreign Policy

�The ‘bebas-aktif’ Foreign Policy cannot be The ‘bebas-aktif’ Foreign Policy cannot be

functioned well since the development

strategy was hijacked by the capitalist

logic

� In post-developmentalist era, it is

important to integrate development

strategy with Foreign Policy