Notes on the pottery assemblage from Tell al-Mashhad - Building A (Season 2010)

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NOTES ON THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE FROM TELL AL-

MASHHAD (Building A) – Season 2010

Francesco M. Benedettucci

The investigations carried out at the site of Tell al-Mashhad

during the 2010 campaign

The 2010 season of the Project of Archaeological Researches in the site of Tell al-Mashhad ('Ayun

Musa – Madaba -) was carried out from July 28th

to August 12th.

The staff was composed of a number of specialists from the Associazione OLIM (Rome. Italy): Dr.

Angelo Ghiroldi (archaeologist), Dr. Simona Bracci (archaeologist), Dr. Dario Scarpati

(archaeologist), Dr. Giacomo Tabita (archaeologist), Mr. Nicolò Pini (archaeologist) and Dr.

Francesco M. Benedettucci (archaeologist and Director). The representative from the Department

of Antiquities of Jordan was Dr. Hamada al-Mour.

The excavation of Building A.The most important activities carried out during the 2010 campaign

at Tell al-Mashhad in 2010 were focused on the opening of soundings in the area of the building

dominating the site (Building A).

Sketchplan of Building A

The building was noted for the first time in 1932 by Nelson Glueck, who realized the first

sketchplan of the site, including the remains of the fortress.

Such a building has been object of a very preliminary architectonical survey during the 2003

season. The edifice shows an almost squared plan, whose side is about 22 meters and with the

presence of small retaining walls in the eastern and northern side.

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During a preliminary visit of the site, it was noted the presence of a very recent robber’s activity

(Photo 1) with the presence of a very deep trench (down to m. 6 - Photo 2), excavated just in the

middle of the site.

Photo 1

This presence was a danger not only for the archaeological evidence, but also for the safety of

people involved in the excavation activities.

Photo 2

As a consequence, it was decided to re-fill the big hole with the same soil extracted from it, after

its examination to collect a possible pottery sequence, and to concentrate our efforts on the

enclosure wall.

This has been completely excavated on two sides, North and West.

In the Northern side, it was erected directly on the bedrock and emerging from the ground to a

height of at least 2.5-3.00 m. It runs in an E-W direction and is built of large, roughly-dressed dry-

laid stones. It was composed by a double line of stones, creating, in the vicinity of the North-West

corner of the building, a smaller corner (Photo 3 - 4).

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Photo 3: Wall N

Photo 4: Wall N (detail)

About 1 m. far from the wall, it was noted the presence of a smaller wall (Wall N1), whose height

was not exceeding 0.70 m. (Photo 5).

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Photo 5: Wall N1

Also in the Western side, the wall was erected directly on the bedrock (Wall W: Photo 6); it

emerged for about 1.20 m., and at its foot was possible to note the presence of collapsed stones

from the upper lines (Photo 7).

Photo 6: Wall W

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Photo 7: Wall N, collapsed stones

On the Eastern side, the surrounding wall (Wall E) was excavated only in two sectors, starting from

the two corners, North-East and South-East. In the central sector of the side, the presence of

remains of an outer wall (Wall E1), similar to the one facing the Northern side, but in a danger of a

possible collapse, made impossible the continuation of the excavation (Photo 8).

Photo 8: Wall E (in the foreground) and E1

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POTTERY TYPES FROM TELL AL-MASHHAD – Season 2010

Type 1 (6:1-3). Carinated bowl. It’s a small bowl, of the “Assyrian Ware” type, generally carinated

in the lower half, with rounded base and simple rim. This type appears at Tell Fa'rah 1 (De Vaux

1947, p. 419, fig. 12:1-4), Samaria VII (Crowfoot e. a. 1957, pl. 11:22), Buseirah (Bennett 1974, pl.

15:2), Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1967, pl. 4:1, 2, 7), Beth Shemesh II (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:8), Tell

Beit Mirsim (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:9), Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, starting from stratum IV, dated between 730

and 600 B.C., (Pritchard 1985, type 35, figs. 15:12, 14; 17:8), Tell al-Mazar (Yassine 1984, pl. 3:3),

but it is also present in the Madaba region, at Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. 5:273), Khirbet

el-Mukhayyat (Saller 1966, pls. 18:14, 16; 31, 16, 18; 33:2), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 4:5),

Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:11) and Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 1, pl. 3:4, 8-

10; 5:4; 7:7-9; 12:1-6; 16:6-8; Idem 2013, type 1, 1:3, 5).

Type 2 (1:4; 3:1; 4:10-12; 15:1-3) It’s a jar with an ovoidal body, heritage of the pottery traditions

in Transjordan in the Late Bronze Age, whose neck shows a ridge ("Ridged Neck Jar"), typical of the

Iron Age. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1) and Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2),

both dated at the Iron I; Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1), as for Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and

V (Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3), Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.- 1957, 6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl.

70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran 1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron Age II C; in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII,

VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985, pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12; 14:1-5; 16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972,

pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:8), Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison

e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7;

17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).

Type 3 (8:6). Jar. The simultaneous presence of a very thick rim and very thin walls makes this type

particularly interesting. Moreover, on the rim is visible a groove (with a small ridge in the middle);

under this groove, another thickness. This type is quite unusual, both in Palestine and Transjordan.

The best parallel is from the stratum IV of Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Pritchard 1985, pl. 17:17), but good

exemples are also from Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2000, 9:1-2) and Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci

2011, 3:2, 9:6, 11:7-8; 15:8).

Type 4 (10:5-8, 10) Bowl. Many similarities with type 4 are visible. This type shows rounded walls,

thick, and sometimes squared rim. It appears since VIII century B.C. at Pella and Hazor, but

probably earlier in the Kerak Plateau (cfr. Miller –ed.- 1991, p. 198). This type has many parallels in

the whole Palestinian region: Hazor VI (Amiran 1969, pl. 64:21), V (ibidem, pl. 64:24; Yadin e. a.

1958, pl. LXXVII:8), and V A (Yadin e. a. 1961, pl. CCXXVI:3); Tell Beit Mirsim A (Amiran 1969, pl.

65:6); Pella (Hennessy e. a. 1983, fig. 18); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 2:3, 4, 8, 10), V

(Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:13, 14, 15, 18) and IV (Pritchard 1985, pl. 15:5-8); Kerak Plateau (Miller –

ed.- 1991, nbs. 227-228); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 76:16; Tushingham 1972, pl. 1:57); Balu'a

(Crowfoot 1934, p. 79); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:13-16); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011,

type 4, pl. 10: 2-3; 11:1; 12:8-9; 16:1-4; Idem 2013, type 3, 1:7).

Type 5 (2:6) Bowl. It’s a type very similar to the type 3, but slightly carinated. As for the previous

type, many are the parallels from Palestine and Transjordan: Hazor X (Amiran 1969, pl. 62:3) and

VIII (ibidem, pl. 62:1, 2, 4); Tell Abu Hawam (ibidem, pl. 62:5); Beth Shemesh II A (ibidem, pl. 63:2);

Tell Far'a S, tomb 227 (ibidem, pl. 63:10); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 2:8), VI (Pritchard

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1985, pl. 6:9, 12), V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10: 12, 15, 17, 18, 21); ); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci

2011, type 5, pl. 3:7; 7:1, 2, 4, 5; 11:2; Idem 2013, type 4, 1:8-9; 2-3).

Type 6 (11:1, 2). Large bowl, with rounded walls, simple rim and a ridge just under the rim.

PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VI (Pritchard 1985, pl. 6:10) and IV (Idem, pl. 17:28); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 8, 7:10). From the morphological point of view, the best parallel is the

one from Tell Jemmeh (Amiran 1969, pl. 63:13).

Type 7 (11:10; 12:9, 11; 13:1-2; 16:1). Krater. It’s a type with a large mouth, thick and slightly

inverted rim, and a groove just under the rim, in the external surface. A good parallel is from Tell

es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:16 -Type 25-), but also from Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003,

5:19; Foran e. a. 2004, 3:9), the Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 232), Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958,

pl. LXXIII:21; Yadin e. a. 1960, pl. LXXXII:3 and 12, the last of "Samaria" type); from Edom, Buseirah

(Bennett 1975, pl. 6:3), Umm el-Biyara (Bennett 1966, pl. 3:2), Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:4),

Khirbet Hamr Ifdan (ibidem, pl. 23:5) and Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 10, 4:7-8; 8:3;

12:11; Idem 2013, type 5, 2:4; 5:2, 5).

Type 8 (2:2; 10:1-2). Bowl. PARALLELS: Tell Abu Hawam A (Amiran 1969, pl. 62:21); Amman, tomb

C (Dornemann 1983, pl. 32:37,38) and Sahab, tomb B (ibidem, pl. 32:39, 40); Kerak Plateau (Miller

–ed.- 1991, n. 188 –dated to the Iron Age I-); Diban, tomb J7 (Tushingham 1972, pl. 24:13); Aro'er

(Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:10), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 12, 2:2; 2:5; 12:7).

Type 9 (3:10; 6:7; 11:4, 5, 7). Krater. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (-Iron Age I- Amiran 1969, pl. 69:3);

Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 1:17-18); Mukhayyat, tomb 20 (Saller 1966, pl. 20:13);

Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:19); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 202); Medeinet el-

Mu'rrajeh (Olavarri 1977-78, pl. 2:19); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 14, 5:1; 13:5;

14:5).

Type 10 (3:2-3). Krater. Type with a carinated body, thick and everted rim, with a groove in the

inner side of the rim. PARALLELS: Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 71:5); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci

2011, type 15, 13:1-3).

Type 11 (9:2). Krater. It’s a type with a large mouth, thick walls, simple and everted rim. On the

exemple from room 2 is a trace of burning on the neck. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VI (Pritchard

1985, pl. 6:15) and V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:26); Mukhayyat, tomb 84 (Saller 1966, pl. 33:5); Diban

(Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 74:2); Kerak Plateau (Miller -ed.- 1991, nn. 271 and 272); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 17, 4:2-3; 8:1;13:6).

Type 12 (12:1-6, 8). Jar. It’s a type with a long neck and a simple, thick and everted rim.

PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 25, 2:3, 6).

Type 13 (8:1-3; 14:1-2). Krater. Simple rim simple, horizontal and inverted. PARALLELS: Ruqeish

(Amiran 1969, pl. 80:5); Amman, Citadel (Dornemann 1983, type LXXVIII); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 26, 2:4; Idem 2013, type 8, 6:5).

Type 14 (2:8). Krater with rim enlarged, then flattend or depressed. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’diyeh IV

(Pritchard 1985, 15:15, 17, 19, 21 –type 39-).

Type 15 (17:11). Lamp. The lamp, with a sharp mouth and the folded-over flaps almost closed by

the spout, is probably one of the most caracteristic types of the Iron Age in the whole Palestinian

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Region. A large selection is visible in Amiran 1969, pl. 100; as for the Transjordanian area, see

Dornemann 1983, figg. 31 (Iron Age I) and 42 (Iron Age II). Other lamps were found at Tell al-

Mashhad during the 1999 and 2000 season (Benedettucci 2011, type 28, 6:1, 8:9, 15:11 and

17:13).

Type 16 (1:2) Bowl with straight sidewall and simple rim. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh VII, tipo 2

(Pritchard 1985, 2:22, 24, 28, 29); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, 67:11); Samaria VI (Crowfoot e.a.

1958, 13:1-3); Megiddo III-II (Lamon – Shipton 1939, 24:40-42); Dhiban (Tushingham 1972, 2:29).

Type 17 (1:5; 15:10-11) Cooking pot with thickened rim grooved externally. The shape is is squat

and rounded without carination. Usually, two handles are present. There are many variations in

the form of the rim as to thickness and the position of the groove. PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Yadin e. a.

1958, 52:9-11; Yadin e. a. 1960, 69:11; Yadin e. a. 1961, 215:9), V (Yadin e. a 1958, 55:4, 7-10); VB

(Yadin e. a. 1960, 85:1-5, 7-9; Yadin e. a. 1961, 227:15-17); Megiddo IV-I (Lamon – Shipton 1939,

39:1, 3-8, 10-12); Beth Shean IV (James 1966, 69:16), Samaria IV-VI (Crowfoot e. a. 1957, 6:39-40;

30:4-6, 20-24); Hesban (Lugenbeal – Sauer 1972, 6:314-25); Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh VII-IV, tipo

43(Pritchard 1985, 3:22-25; 6:31-37; 13:4, 9-15, 18-21; 15:25-28; 17:12).

Type 18 (14:7-8). Jar. Storage vessel of “hole-mouth” type; incurving rim, enlarged externally and

flattened. There is some variation in the shape of the rim but all are incurving. PARALLELS: Tell es-

Sa’idiyeh V-IV (Pritchard 1985, type 34, pl. 14:17-18; 16:7, 9-10; 17:31-32); Heshbon (Lugenbeal

and Sauer 1972, pl. 6-7: 333-375); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2013, type 9, 6:1, 3).

Type 19 (4:5; 15:8-9). Krater/jar. It’s a type with a long neck, a large groove at half height, simple

and everted rim. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 13:3), Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 21, 10:4; 14:1, 2).

Type 20 (4:1). Plate. it’s a type with straight and everted walls, usually simple rims, and a groove

under the rim. Many parallels are from the Amman tomb C (Dornemann 1983, p. 50, pl. 32:2),

from Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:3), from Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n.238) and from

Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, stratum V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:22 -Type 23-), but also from Hazor VIII (Yadin

e.a. 1958, pl. XLVII:20), Samaria III (Crowfoot e. a. 1957, pl. 4:17); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci

2011, type 7, 7:6; 10:1; Idem 2013, type 12, 3:1-7; 4:1-9).

Type 21 (4:3-4) Krater with everted rim and diagonally flattened rim. PARALLELS: Tell es-

Sa’idiyyeh VII, type 5 (Pritchard 1985, 1:1-3, 5).

Type 22 (1:1) Bowl of heavy ware, grooved on the side. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh IV, type 38

(Pritchard 1985, 15:9); Hesban (Lugenbeal – Sauer 1972, 4:231-241 –type 25-); Umm al-Rasas

(Benedettucci 1994, p. 273 n. 20).

Spout (5:4).

Filter (17:10).

Flat Base (7:1-4; 17:1-2).

Disc Base (7:5; 17:3).

Ring Base (1:6; 7:6-12; 8:7; 9:6-8; 10:5; 17:4-5).

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Spindle Whorl (5:6). PARALLELS: Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 74:14); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V

(Pritchard 1985, pl. 14:24, 25); Mukhayyat, tomb 20 (Saller 1966 fig. 10); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, 8:7; 15:2; Idem 2013, 10:9).

Jar Stopper (5:7-8) PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2013, 6:9-10).

Loop Handles (5:1-3; 16:2-5).

Painted Sherds (6:1-10;17:6-8). PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, 7:7; 17:12).

Faience Pendent (5:5).

COMPARATIVE NOTES ON THE POTTERY FROM TELL AL-MASHHAD (2010 SEASON)

The pottery found at Tell al-Mashhad during the 2010 season reveals a series of very interesting

elements, to be compared with the ones from the pottery production of other sites of Palestinian

region.

Here we’ll try to distinguish, region by region, the similarities with the Tell al-Mashhad production;

it is interesting to note that the geographical position of the site is very particular, being Tell al-

Mashhad at the border between the Ammonite and Moabite regions, and very close to the Jordan

Valley.

In such a way, we started from the Tell al-Mashhad material comparison with objects found in

Transjordanian and Palestinian sites, whose stratigraphical sequence has been well studied, as the

excavations of Tell es- Sa’idiyeh, in the Jordan valley, or Hazor, in the Upper Cisjordan.

Immediately after, the comparison was made with the production of other two very important

sites of the region surrounding Tell al-Mashhad, such as Khirbet al-Mukhayyat, Hesban and Diban.

The final step was the comparison with the production of the remanent areas of Transjordan (the

ancient territories of Ammon, Edom and Gilead) and Cisjordan (Samaria, Judaea and Philistea).

MOAB

In the Moabite region, North and South of wadi Mujib, the presence of almost all the typologies

found in the Area A can be noted.

Khirbet el-Mukhayyat

The site of Khirbet al-Mukhayyat is lying on one of the three tops of the Mount Nebo, dominating

the Wady al-Jadidah, parallel to the Wady ‘Ayun Musa. The site is very close to Tell al-Mashhad,

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and reveals the presence of several remains of fortifications dated to the Iron Age II (Benedettucci

1998). In the Sixties, the excavation of two rich tombs, whose main period of use can be dated to

the Iron Age IIc, was carried out by J. Ripamonti (Saller 1966; Benedettucci 1998, pp. 124-125).

The pottery found in these tombs reveals some similarities with the Tell al-Mashhad production.

Particularly, the types 1, 11 and 19 are very well represented.

From a general point of view, however, the best similarities between the production from Khirbet

el-Mukhayyat and Tell al-Mashhad are visible in the manufactoring, simple and very rich in grits

and porous.

Tell Madaba

The site of Madaba was excavated in recent years by a team of the Toronto University. The

excavations carried out on the tell revelead the presence of a very important occupation during

the Iron Age IIB, with the distribution of surface sherds indicating that Tall Madaba was one of the

largest Iron Age sites in Jordan (13-16 ha.). In the Western sector of the Tell, the Field B revealed

the presence of a strong fortification, probably to be linked at the renovation works made in

Madaba by the Moabite king Mesha in the IX century B. C. The pottery found in the Madaba

excavations reveals similarities with the exemples of the types 1, 2, 3 and 7 from the 2010 season

at Tell al-Mashhad.

Hesban

The analysis of the pottery from Hesban reveals great similarities with the Ammonite production;

it’s very difficult, in this way, to include this site in the context of the Moabite culture.

In any case, the particular geographical situation of the two sites, linked by the ancient road where

the Iberian pilgrim Eteria, in the late antiquity, walked, and whose remains are on the top of the

mountain above Tell al-Mashhad, permits to include the pottery from the American excavations in

the group of the Moabite production.

Particularly, Hesban shows the presence of several types revealed by the 2010 season at Tell al-

Mashhad, in particular types 1, 2, 17, 18 and 22.

Aro’er

Strategically located along the Wady Mujib and in the vicinity of the King’s Way, Aro’er is in the

number of the towns whose name recurred in the Mesha Stone.

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The site was partially excavated in the Sixties by a Spanish team, revealing the presence of a large

fortress. Unfortunately, the pottery was not well studied and published. The few published pottery

reveals the presence of some fragments of types 2 and 8.

Diban

Tell Diban lays about 60 km south of Amman, on the course of the ancient Kings Highway. In 1868,

in this site the Mesha Stone was discovered. The first excavations were carried in the Fifties by an

American team leaded by F. V. Winnett, W. L. Reed and A.D. Tushingham, with soundings

revealing the presence of Iron Age II, Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad and Mediaeval

period remains.

As for the Iron Age pottery, the Diban production revealed many typologies with great similarities

with the types 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 16 and 20 from the 2010 season at Tell al-Mashhad.

Other Moabite Sites

The region South of Wadi Mujib was not so archaeologically investigated like the Northern one.

The most important investigated sites are: Balu’a, a fortress located just in front of Aro’er; here it’s

possible to note the presence type 4 and Medeinet al-Mu’arrajeh, where a fragment of the type 9

has been found.

Two fragments (2:1 and 7) show similarities with exemples from the recent excavations at Khirbet

al-Mudayna.

At last, the American team surveying the Kerak Plateau individuated, in several sites, also

fragments of types 4, 7, 9, 11 and 20.

AMMON

Nothwistanding the great geographical vicinity, the pottery from Tell al-Mashhad doesn’t seem to

show many similarities with the Ammonite production. Only the types 8 and 20 are quite similar to

other objects from the Amman Tomb C.

The type 8 is present also in an exemple from the tomb B in Sahab, while the type 13 shows

similarities with other objects from the Amman Citadel.

As for the rest, the state of our knowledge doesn’t permit to recognize the presence of Ammonite

production influence on the Tell al-Mashhad assemblage from Building A.

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EDOM

Until now, few archaeological excavations were carried out in the ancient Edomite region, showing

a small insediamental density. One should record the presence of sites like the “traditional”

Buseirah, Tawilan, Umm el-Biyara and Tell al-Kheleifeh, excavated since the 40es, but now

archaeological investigations were carried out at Ba’ja III, from where there are not good parallels

for the Tell al-Mashhad pottery production.

Very important are the similarities between the type 1 and several exemples from Buseirah and

Tell al-Kheleifeh. Good parallels are also visible for the type 4 at Tawilan, but mainly for the kraters

of type 7 found in the large main Edomite sites (Buseirah, Tawilan, Umm el-Biyara), but also in less

famous sites, like, for exemple Khirbet Hamr Ifdan.

THE JORDAN VALLEY

Tell es-Sa'idiyeh

The archaeology of Jordan Valley, on both sides, shows a large human occupation during Iron Age.

Many similarities with the pottery production of Tell al-Mashhad are from Tell es-Sa’idiyeh, strata

VII-IV, dated between the end of IX and the beginning of VI centuries B.C. (stratum VII: 825-790;

stratum VI: 790-750; stratum V: 750-730; stratum IV: 730-600 B.C. ca.).

Many Tell al-Mashhad pottery types are present in this very important site.

The bowls of type 1, identical to the type 35 of Tell es-Sa’idiyeh, appear from the stratum IV. In the

stratum VII the types 2, 4, 5, 9, 16, 17 and 21 are represented;

corresponding the Tell al-Mashhad type 7. Types 2, 5, 6, 11 and 17 are in the Stratum VI; in the

stratum V, types 2, 4, 5, 11, 17, 18, 19 and 20; at last, in the stratum IV, types1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 17,

18, 22 find very good parallels.

Other sites in the Jordan Valley and its vicinity

Not far from Tell es-Sa’idiyeh is the site of Tell el-Mazar, was object of an excavation of the Jordan

University (Amman) between 1977 and 1981, revealing the presence of a large necropolis. The

excavation showed the presence of many pots with similarities with the vases from Tell al-

Mashhad, especially for the bowls of type 1.

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From Pella, an important site not exactly in the Jordan Valley, but in the its vicinity, one bowl of

type 4 has been found.

At last, Beth Shan, on the opposite side of the Jordan, just in front of Pella, shows the presence of

a good parallel with the bowls of type 2 in a vase from the stratum IV.

NORTHERN PALESTINE

As for Transjordan, also for Northern Cisjordan (the ancient kingdom of Israel, whose capital town

was Samaria) it is possible to find many comparisons with the pottery production of Tell al-

Mashhad.

Just from Samaria, stratum IV, it is possible to see corrispondences between a vase and the bowls

of type 2 from Tell la-Mashhad; the most interesting comparison, however, is for the type 1 with

exemples from Samaria, stratum VII.

Also Tell Far’a, stratum I, is a good site for the comparison of the Tell al-Mashhad type 1.

In the region is in any case possible to observe that type 2, detectable in the stratum IV of Samaria,

can find a continuous use since the Iron Age I, due to their presence at Megiddo, stratum VI, and

Afula IIIA; in the Iron Age II, their presence is visible at Hazor VIII (ca. 1000-800 B.C.), and, in the

same site, in the latest strata VI, VA and V, and Beth Shan IV and Samaria IV, all datable to Iron Age

IIC (ca. 750-600 B.C.).

Mainly Hazor is rich in parallels for the Tell al-Mashhad types: from stratum VIII are also good

parallels for types 2, 5, 10 and 20; in the strata VI and VA, types 2 and 4 are represented; in the

stratum V, there are types 2, 4, 5, 7 and 16.

in the stratum VA were vases of type 8.

At last, good parallels are for the type 5 from Tell Abu Hawam.

OTHERS PALESTINIAN SITES

The remaining sites of Palestine don’t offer many elements for comparisons.

On the mediterranean coast, the site of Rukeish offers a good parallel for the type 13.

As for the Judaean sites, at Tell Beit Mirsim, are visible the bowls of types 1 and 4;

from Bet Shemesh, statum II (datable to the Iron Age IIC), are present the bowls of types 1 and 5,

while the type 2 has good parallels in the stratum II from Lachish.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

14

The geography and the political unity under Assyrian and Babylonian domination in the latter part

of the Iron Age, seems to have favourished a homogeneity of styles and productive techniques. A

very particular feature of the Tell al-Mashhad assemblage is the very low presence of slip or slip

and burnish decoration (only 8 exemples on 159 significative sherds: 8,74 % of totality).

As for the percentage of the single types, the following tablet shows that Jars, Bowls and Kraters

are almost the 50% of the total assemblage:

Typology Quantity %

Bowls 21 13,12

Kraters 36 22,5

Jars 28 17,5

Large bowls 3 0,18

Plates 1 0,06

Juglets 8 5

Cooking pots 17 10,62

Jug 4 2,5

Stopper 2 0,12

Flat Base 6 0,37

Disc Base 2 0,12

Rig Base 13 8,12

Spindle whorl 1 0,06

Lamp 1 0,06

Loop handle 7 4,37

Unknown 10 6,25

Decoration

Glazed 1 0,06

Slip 9 5,62

Burnish 5 3,12

Painted 14 8,75

Burning traces 11 6,87

It is to be observed that the Tell al-Mashhad pottery assemblage finds good elements of

comparison with the Palestinian production of the late decades of the Iron Age, in a period

included between the end of the IX and the half of VI centuries B.C. (about 800-550 B.C), when the

whole region was dominated by Assyrian and Babylonian rulers.

15

Particularly, it’s relevant the fact that this production has not many similarities with the one from

Ammon, nothwistanding the Ammonite presence, in that phase, in the not far site of Tell Hesban;

scarce and rare are also the parallels from southern Palestine.

The most important parallels are from the sites of Moabite region, but also with the Jordan Valley

and Northern Palestine.

Less evident, but, at the same time, also relevant is the presence of affinities with the Edomite

production.

POTTERY PLATES

PLATE 1

1) INV.: 3237; TYPE: 22; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: 27; BAKING: medium/strong; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: sand and limestone; SECTION COLOUR: 10R5/1 reddish gray; OUTER COLOUR:

10R6/6 light red; INNER COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh IV, type 38

(Pritchard 1985, 15:9); Hesban (Lugenbeal – Sauer 1972, 4:231-241 –type 25-); Umm al-Rasas

(Benedettucci 1994, p. 273 n. 20).

2) INV.: 3238; TYPE: 16; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: 5; BAKING: strong; POROUSITIES: absent;

GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR7/4 pink. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh VII

(Pritchard 1985, 2:22, 24, 28, 29); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, 67:11); Samaria VI (Crowfoot e.a.

1958, 13:1-3); Megiddo III-II (Lamon – Shipton 1939, 24:40-42); Dhiban (Tushingham 1972, 2:29).

3) INV.: 3308; TYPE: Juglet; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: 9; BAKING: medium/strong; POROUSITIES:

rare; GRITS: limestone, sand; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0 dark

gray.

4) INV.: 3320; TYPE: 2; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: 13; BAKING: medium/strong; POROUSITIES: in

the inner surface; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R5/2 weak red. PARALLELS:

Megiddo VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1) and Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both dated at the Iron

I; Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1), as for Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V (Amiran 1969, pl.

81:1-3), Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.- 1957, 6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl. 70:5) and Lachish II

(Amiran 1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron Age II C; in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII, VI, V and IV

(Pritchard 1985, pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12; 14:1-5; 16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. IX:472),

Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:8), Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003,

5:31-32), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7; 17:1-6; Idem

2013, 8:2-15).

16

5) INV.: 3311; TYPE: 17; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 5/6 red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0 dark gray.

PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Yadin e. a. 1958, 52:9-11; Yadin e. a. 1960, 69:11; Yadin e. a. 1961, 215:9), V

(Yadin e. a 1958, 55:4, 7-10); VB (Yadin e. a. 1960, 85:1-5, 7-9; Yadin e. a. 1961, 227:15-17);

Megiddo IV-I (Lamon – Shipton 1939, 39:1, 3-8, 10-12); Beth Shean IV (James 1966, 69:16),

Samaria IV-VI (Crowfoot e. a. 1957, 6:39-40; 30:4-6, 20-24); Hesban (Lugenbeal – Sauer 1972,

6:314-25); Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh VII-IV, tipo 43(Pritchard 1985, 3:22-25; 6:31-37; 13:4, 9-15, 18-21;

15:25-28; 17:12).

6) INV.: 3102; TYPE: Ring Base; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: 14; BAKING: medium/bad;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; SECTION COLOUR: 10R4/1 dark reddish gray;

OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; INNER COLOUR: 7.5YR6/4 pale red; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink.

7) INV.: 3103; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone and sand; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/6 light red; NOTES: badly preserved outer

surface.

7) INV.: 3312; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: surface; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: very good; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone and sand. NOTES: White clay; light blu, white and black glazed surface; Mamluke

Period. PARALLELS: Bowl of unknown provenience in the Amman Archaeological Museum, J6003

(Bittar-Charritat 1986, p.284 n.388).

18

PLATE 2

1) INV.: 3168; TYPE: bowl; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 28; BAKING: strong; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 5/6 red; INNER COLOUR: 10R 5/3 dark reddish gray;

SURFACE: inner and outer 5YR7/3 pink. PARALLELS: Khirbet al-Mudayna (Daviau-Steiner 2000,

13:2).

2) INV.: 3137; TYPE: 8; LOCUS: North side; BAKING: medium/strong; POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS:

limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR6/4 pale red; BURNISH: 7.5YR5/8 red. PARALLELS: Tell Abu Hawam

A (Amiran 1969, pl. 62:21); Amman, tomb C (Dornemann 1983, pl. 32:37,38) and Sahab, tomb B

(ibidem, pl. 32:39, 40; Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 188 –dated to the Iron Age I-); Diban,

tomb J7 (Tushingham 1972, pl. 24:13); Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:10), Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 12, 2:2; 2:5; 12:7).

3) INV.: 3120; TYPE: bowl; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 8; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: rare;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR4/0 dark

gray.

4) INV.: 3157; TYPE: bowl; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 32; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: scarce,

from limestone grain explosion; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red;

SECTION COLOUR: 10R3/1 dark reddish gray.

5) INV.: 3162; TYPE: bowl; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 26; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR:

2.5YR3/0 very dark gray.

6) INV.: 3121; TYPE: 5; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 28; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: scarce,

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR5/0 gray.

PARALLELS: : Hazor X (Amiran 1969, pl. 62:3) and VIII (ibidem, pl. 62:1, 2, 4); Tell Abu Hawam

(ibidem, pl. 62:5); Beth Shemesh II A (ibidem, pl. 63:2); Tell Far'a S, tomb 227 (ibidem, pl. 63:10);

Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 2:8), VI (Pritchard 1985, pl. 6:9, 12), V (Pritchard 1985, pl.

10: 12, 15, 17, 18, 21); ); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 5, pl. 3:7; 7:1, 2, 4, 5; 11:2;

Idem 2013, type 4, 1:8-9; 2-3)

7) INV.: 3212; TYPE: Bowl; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 20; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R4/2 weak red; SECTION COLOUR:

10R3/1 dark reddish gray. PARALLELS: Khirbet al-Mudayna (Steiner 2009, fig. 9, medium bowl type

6).

8) INV.: 3122; TYPE: 14; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: absent;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R5/1 reddish gray; OUTER

BURNISH: 7.5YR6/6 light red; NOTES: badly preserved outer surface. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’diyeh IV

(Pritchard 1985, 15:15, 17, 19, 21 –type 39-).

9) INV.: 3164; TYPE: Bowl ?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

absent; GRITS: limestone, sand, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10YR7/6 reddish yellow; NOTES: badly

preserved outer surface.

19

10) INV.: 3158; TYPE: Juglet?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: medium/strong;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R4/6 red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R4/1

dark reddish gray; INNER AND OUTER SURFACE: 10R6/6 light red; NOTES: badly preserved outer

surface.

21

PLATE 3

1) INV.: 3156; TYPE: 2; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 22; BAKING: medium/good; POROUSITIES:

rare; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R6/4 pale red. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (Amiran 1969,

pl. 78:1) and Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both dated at the Iron I; Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969,

pl. 79:1), as for Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V (Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3), Samaria IV (Crowfoot

–e.a.- 1957, 6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl. 70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran 1969, pl. 82:2) as for

Iron Age II C; in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII, VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985, pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11,

12; 14:1-5; 16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:8), Diban

(Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7; 17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).

2) INV.: 3155; TYPE: 10; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 20; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: rare;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R4/1 dark reddish gray;

PARALLELS: Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 71:5); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 15, 13:1-

3).

3) INV.: 3214; TYPE: 10; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 20; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: absent;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red. PARALLELS: Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 71:5);

Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 15, 13:1-3).

4) INV.: 3235; TYPE: small jar; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 22; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

absent; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R3/1

dark reddish gray; NOTES: Burning traces on the inner side and on the rim.

5) INV.: 3171; TYPE: krater; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 32; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R4/0

dark gray; OUTER COLOUR: 7.5YR8/4 pink; NOTES: burning traces on the inner surface.

6) INV.: 3141; TYPE: bowl/small jar; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 18; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR3/1 very dark gray; CLAY COLOUR:

10R5/6 red; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR8/3 pink; NOTES: badly preserved inner surface.

7) INV.: 3119; TYPE: juglet; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; SECTION COLOUR: 10R5/1 reddish gray; CLAY COLOUR:

10R6/6 red; OUTER COLOUR: 10R5/3 weak red; NOTES: soil traces on the inner surface.

8) INV.: 3162-3163; TYPE: bowl/small jar; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone (very rare); CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/6 light red..

9) INV.: 3138; TYPE: juglet; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/6 light red; SECTION

COLOUR: 2.5YR3/0 very dark gray.

10) INV.: 3124; TYPE: 9; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 15; BAKING: medium/good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/6 light red; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/4

light red; NOTES: rim broken on one point. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (-Iron Age I- Amiran 1969, pl.

69:3); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 1:17-18); Mukhayyat, tomb 20 (Saller 1966, pl.

22

20:13); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:19); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 202); Medeinet

el-Mu'rrajeh (Olavarri 1977-78, pl. 2:19); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 14, 5:1; 13:5;

14:5).

11) INV.: no number; TYPE small jar; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 14; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: abesent; GRITS: limestone (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink; PAINTING: 5YR 4/6

red.

24

PLATE 4

1) INV.: 3139; TYPE: 20; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink. PARALLELS: Amman tomb C (Dornemann 1983, p.

50, pl. 32:2); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:3); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n.238); Tell es-

Sa'idiyeh, stratum V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:22 -Type 23-); Hazor VIII (Yadin e.a. 1958, pl. XLVII:20);

Samaria III (Crowfoot e. a. 1957, pl. 4:17); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 1999, type 7, 7:6; 10:1;

Idem 2013, type 12, 3:1-7; 4:1-9).

2) INV.: 3203; TYPE: Juglet; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 8; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 4/2 dark reddish gray.

3) INV.: 3167; TYPE: 21; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/3 pale red. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh

VII (Pritchard 1985, 1:1-3, 5).


GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR 4/1 very dark gray.

PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, 1:1-3, 5).


GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 3/6 dusky red; SECTION COLOUR: 10 R4/1 dark

reddish gray. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 13:3), Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 21, 10:4; 14:1, 2).

6) INV.: 3123; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 26; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

rare; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5 YR 3/1 very dark gray; PAINTING COLOUR: 5 YR 3/1 very

dark gray; OUTER SLIP: 7.5R 5/8 red.

7) INV.: 3118; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 5/6 yellowish red; NOTES: burning traces

on the outer surface.

8) INV.: 3172-3173-3174-3175-3176; TYPE: krater; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 30; BAKING:

good; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink; CLAY INNER

COLOUR: 10YR 7/3 pale brown; SECTION COLOUR: 10YR 5/1 gray.

9) INV.: 3211; TYPE: small jar; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 6; BAKING: bad; POROUSITIES: rare;

GRITS: sand and rare limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R6/6 light red; NOTES: badly preserved surface.

10) INV.: 3208; TYPE: 2; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: absent;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/4 pale red; CLAY INNER AND OUTER COLOUR: 10R 5/3

weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 5/0 gray. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1) and

Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both dated at the Iron I; Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1), as for

Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V (Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3), Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.- 1957,

6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl. 70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran 1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron Age II C;

in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII, VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985, pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12; 14:1-5;

16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:8), Diban (Winnett-

25

Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011,

type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7; 17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).

11) INV.: 3160-3161; TYPE: 2; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 11; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 5/6 red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R5/0

gray; INNER AND OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink; NOTES: badly preserved surface. PARALLELS: Megiddo

VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1) and Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both dated at the Iron I; Hazor

VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1), as for Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V (Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3),

Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.- 1957, 6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl. 70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran

1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron Age II C; in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII, VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985,

pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12; 14:1-5; 16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri

1965, pl. 1:8), Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-

Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7; 17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).


GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR6/4 light reddish brown.

PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1) and Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both

dated at the Iron I; Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1), as for Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V

(Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3), Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.- 1957, 6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl.

70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran 1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron Age II C; in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII,

VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985, pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12; 14:1-5; 16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972,

pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:8), Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison

e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7;

17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).

27

PLATE 5

1) INV.: 3105; TYPE: cooking pot or krater handle; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING:

bad/medium; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY AND OUTER COLOUR: 10R 6/4 pale

red; SECTION AND INNER COLOUR: 5YR5/2 pale red; OUTER SLIP: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown;

NOTES: badly preserved surface; wheel traces on the inner surface.

2) INV.: 3207; TYPE: jar or krater handle; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown;

OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink.

3) INV.: 3202; TYPE: jar or krater handle; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone and sand; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR 5/1 gray; INNER AND

OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink.

4) INV.: 3003; TYPE: Jug fragment; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone and sand; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/6 light red; INNER AND SECTION

COLOUR: 10 R 3/1 dark reddish gray.

5) INV.: 3243; TYPE: faience light blue amulet; LOCUS: North side; BAKING: good.

6) INV.: 3128; TYPE: spindle whorl; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 7; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/4 pale red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R 5/1 REDDISH gray. PARALLELS: Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 74:14); Tell es-

Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 14:24, 25); Mukhayyat, tomb 20 (Saller 1966 fig. 10); Tell al-

Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, 8:7; 15:2; Idem 2013, 10:9).

7) INV.: 3110; TYPE: jar stopper; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 5; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 7.5YR 8/4 pink; INNER AND

SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR 6/2 pinkish gray. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2013, 6:9-

10).

8) INV.: 3134; TYPE: jar stopper; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 5; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 6/8 light red; SECTION COLOUR:

7.5R 5/0 gray; NOTES: limestone (?) incrustation on the outer surface. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2013, 6:9-10).

29

PLATE 6


GRITS: limestone; CLAY AND SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 6/6 light red; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink;

OUTER PAINTING: 7.5R 2.5/2 very dusky red. PARALLELS: Tell Fa'rah 1 (De Vaux 1947, p. 419, fig.

12:1-4), Samaria VII (Crowfoot e. a. 1957, pl. 11:22), Buseirah (Bennett 1974, pl. 15:2), Tell el-

Kheleifeh (Glueck 1967, pl. 4:1, 2, 7), Beth Shemesh II (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:8), Tell Beit Mirsim

(Amiran 1969, pl. 65:9), Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, starting from stratum IV, dated between 730 and 600

B.C., (Pritchard 1985, type 35, figs. 15:12, 14; 17:8), Tell al-Mazar (Yassine 1984, pl. 3:3), but it is

also present in the Madaba region, at Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. 5:273), Khirbet el-

Mukhayyat (Saller 1966, pls. 18:14, 16; 31, 16, 18; 33:2), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 4:5), Diban

(Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:11) and Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 1, pl. 3:4, 8-10; 5:4;

7:7-9; 12:1-6; 16:6-8; Idem 2013, type 1, 1:3, 5).

2) INV.: 3140; TYPE: 1; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 5/6 red; CLAY INNER AND OUTER COLOUR: 10R

6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 4/0 dark gray; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink; OUTER PAINTING:

5YR 4/3 reddish brown. PARALLELS: Tell Fa'rah 1 (De Vaux 1947, p. 419, fig. 12:1-4), Samaria VII

(Crowfoot e. a. 1957, pl. 11:22), Buseirah (Bennett 1974, pl. 15:2), Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1967,

pl. 4:1, 2, 7), Beth Shemesh II (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:8), Tell Beit Mirsim (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:9), Tell

es-Sa'idiyeh, starting from stratum IV, dated between 730 and 600 B.C., (Pritchard 1985, type 35,

figs. 15:12, 14; 17:8), Tell al-Mazar (Yassine 1984, pl. 3:3), but it is also present in the Madaba

region, at Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. 5:273), Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (Saller 1966, pls. 18:14,

16; 31, 16, 18; 33:2), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 4:5), Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:11) and

Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 1, pl. 3:4, 8-10; 5:4; 7:7-9; 12:1-6; 16:6-8; Idem 2013,

type 1, 1:3, 5).


GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 5/6 red; CLAY INNER AND OUTER COLOUR: 10R

6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 4/0 dark gray; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink; OUTER PAINTING:

5YR 4/3 reddish brown. PARALLELS: Tell Fa'rah 1 (De Vaux 1947, p. 419, fig. 12:1-4), Samaria VII

(Crowfoot e. a. 1957, pl. 11:22), Buseirah (Bennett 1974, pl. 15:2), Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1967,

pl. 4:1, 2, 7), Beth Shemesh II (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:8), Tell Beit Mirsim (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:9), Tell

es-Sa'idiyeh, starting from stratum IV, dated between 730 and 600 B.C., (Pritchard 1985, type 35,

figs. 15:12, 14; 17:8), Tell al-Mazar (Yassine 1984, pl. 3:3), but it is also present in the Madaba

region, at Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. 5:273), Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (Saller 1966, pls. 18:14,

16; 31, 16, 18; 33:2), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 4:5), Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:11) and

Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 1, pl. 3:4, 8-10; 5:4; 7:7-9; 12:1-6; 16:6-8; Idem 2013,

type 1, 1:3, 5).

4) INV.: 3205; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS:

limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/6 light red; INNER AND SECTION COLOUR: 5YR 3/0 very dark

gray; OUTER SLIP: 7.5YR 8/6 pink; OUTER PAINTING: 7.5YR 5/8 strong brown.

5) INV.: 3204; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS:

limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/6 light red; INNER AND SECTION COLOUR: 5YR 3/0 very dark

gray; OUTER SLIP: 7.5YR 8/6 pink; OUTER PAINTING: 7.5YR 5/8 strong brown.

30

6) INV.: 3209; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone and sand; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5 YR 7/4 pink; PAINTING COLOUR: 5 YR 3/1 very dark

gray; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR 4/0 dark gray; OUTER COLOUR: 7.5YR 8/4 pink; OUTER PAINTING:

7.5YR 3/2 dark brown.

7) INV.: 3142; TYPE: 7; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: ood; POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS:

limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/2 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR 5/0 gray; OUTER PAINTING:

7.5YR 2.5/2 very dusky red. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (-Iron Age I- Amiran 1969, pl. 69:3); Tell es-

Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 1:17-18); Mukhayyat, tomb 20 (Saller 1966, pl. 20:13); Diban

(Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:19); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 202); Medeinet el-Mu'rrajeh

(Olavarri 1977-78, pl. 2:19); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 14, 5:1; 13:5; 14:5).

8) INV.: 3169; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 5/0 gray;

OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink; OUTER PAINTING: 2.5YR 3/2 dusky red.

9) INV.: 3200; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: absent;

GRITS: sand and rare limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R5/4 red; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 6/6 dark reddish

yellow; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 3/1 dark reddish gray; OUTER PAINTING: 5YR 3/2 dark reddish

brown (central strip) and 7.5YR 3/6 dark red; NOTES: Mamluke/Ottomane period.

10) INV.: 3217; TYPE: ?; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: rare;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 5/0 gray;

OUTER PAINTING: 10R 3/2 dusky red.

32

PLATE 7

1) INV.: 3114; TYPE: flat base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 2.5Yr 4/2 weak red; INNER COLOUR: 2.5YR 5/6 red;

SECTION COLOUR: 2.5Y 4/0 dark gray.

2) INV.: 3179; TYPE: flat base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: media; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/8 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish gray.

3) INV.: 3166; TYPE: flat base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 10R 5/6 red; INNER AND

SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish gray; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 4/0 dark gray; OUTER SLIP: 7.5R

8/4 pink.

4) INV.: 3180; TYPE: flat base (Jug?); LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 4; BAKING: very good;

POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: limestone (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 10YR 6/3 pale red; OUTER COLOUR:

5YR 8/3 pink.

5) INV.: 3185; TYPE: disc base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR 6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR 3/0 very

dark gray; OUTER SLIP: 7.5YR 8/4 pink; INNER SLIP: 2.5YR 6/6 light red.

6) INV.: 3145; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 7; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5 YR 5/4 reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0

dark gray; INNER AND OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink.


present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 5/2 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0 dark

gray; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink; NOTES: badly preserved surface.


present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/6 light red; INNER COLOUR: 5YR

7/4 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR 5/1 gray; NOTES: badly preserved surface.


present; GRITS: limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 dark reddish brown; INNER AND SECTION

COLOUR: 2.5YR 3/0 very dark gray.

10) INV.: 3175; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R

2.5/1 reddish black; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink.

11) INV.: 3183; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone and quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 10R 6/4 pale red; INNER

COLOUR: 10R5/2 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish gray; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink;

NOTES: badly preserved surface.

33

12) INV.: 3216; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: North side; DIAMETER: 4; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

rare; GRITS: limestone and quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/4 pink; INNER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light

reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 5/0 gray.

35

PLATE 8

1) INV.: 3240; TYPE: 13; LOCUS: from the soil filling between the eastern wall of the fortress and

the small wall facing it; INNER DIAMETER: 26; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS:

limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish gray.

PARALLELS: Ruqeish (Amiran 1969, pl. 80:5); Amman, Citadel (Dornemann 1983, type LXXVIII); Tell

al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 26, 2:4; Idem 2013, type 8, 6:5).

2) INV.: 3227; TYPE: 13; LOCUS: small wall facing the eastern wall of the fortress; DIAMETER: 10;

BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 3/0

very dark gray; OUTER COLOUR: 7.5R6/6 light red; INNER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown;

NOTES: badly preserved outer surface. PARALLELS: Ruqeish (Amiran 1969, pl. 80:5); Amman,

Citadel (Dornemann 1983, type LXXVIII); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 26, 2:4; Idem

2013, type 8, 6:5).


BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, sand; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/8 light red;

INNER COLOUR: 7.5R 5/2 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR 3/0 very dark gray. PARALLELS:

Ruqeish (Amiran 1969, pl. 80:5); Amman, Citadel (Dornemann 1983, type LXXVIII); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 26, 2:4; Idem 2013, type 8, 6:5).

4) INV.: 3233; TYPE: krater; LOCUS: small wall facing the eastern wall of the fortress; DIAMETER:

30; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, sand; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale

red; INNER COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/2 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0 dark gray.

5) INV.: 3226; TYPE: small jar; LOCUS: small wall facing the eastern wall of the fortress; DIAMETER:

10; BAKING: medium/good; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R

6/6 pale red.


BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR 8/4

pink. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Pritchard 1985, pl. 17:17); Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2000, 9:1-2);

Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, 3:2, 9:6, 11:7-8; 15:8).

7) INV.: 3225; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: small wall facing the eastern wall of the fortress; DIAMETER:

12; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 5/6

red; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink.

37

PLATE 9

1) INV.: 3149; TYPE: Jar ?; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 14; BAKING: bad/medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 5/4 weak red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish gray; NOTES: very badly preserved surface.

2) INV.: 3151; TYPE: 11; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 18 (?); BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

rare; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 7/4 pink. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VI

(Pritchard 1985, pl. 6:15) and V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:26); Mukhayyat, tomb 84 (Saller 1966, pl.

33:5); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 74:2); Kerak Plateau (Miller -ed.- 1991, nn. 271 and 272); Tell

al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 17, 4:2-3; 8:1;13:6).

3) INV.: 3190; TYPE: collared rim jar; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone, sand; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown.

4) INV.: 3150; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 10R 5/6 weak red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R 4/1 dark reddish gray.

5) INV.: 3146; TYPE: jar/krater; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 18; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 6/4 pale red; SECTION

COLOUR: 7.5R 4/0 dark gray.

6) INV.: 3197; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 8; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

absent; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR

4/0 dark gray.

7) INV.: 3153; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 4/0 dark gray; OUTER COLOUR:

10R 6/4 pale red; INNER COLOUR: 7.5R 5/6 red; NOTES: badly preserved inner surface.

8) INV.: 3196; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: Western Wall; DIAMETER: 8; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/4 light reddish brown;

SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 5/0 gray; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink.

39

PLATE 10

1) INV.: 3029; TYPE: 8; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 20; BAKING: very good; POROUSITIES:

absent; GRITS: limestone (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 6/8 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 5/0

gray; OUTER BURNISH: 10R5/8 red. PARALLELS: Tell Abu Hawam A (Amiran 1969, pl. 62:21);

Amman, tomb C (Dornemann 1983, pl. 32:37,38) and Sahab, tomb B (ibidem, pl. 32:39, 40; Kerak

Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 188 –dated to the Iron Age I-); Diban, tomb J7 (Tushingham 1972, pl.

24:13); Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:10), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 12, 2:2; 2:5;

12:7).

2) INV.: 3026; TYPE: 8; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 20; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: absent;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 6/1 reddish gray;

NOTES: soil incrustations on the inner surface. PARALLELS: Tell Abu Hawam A (Amiran 1969, pl.

62:21); Amman, tomb C (Dornemann 1983, pl. 32:37,38) and Sahab, tomb B (ibidem, pl. 32:39, 40;

Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 188 –dated to the Iron Age I-); Diban, tomb J7 (Tushingham

1972, pl. 24:13); Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:10), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 12, 2:2;

2:5; 12:7).

3)INV.: 3273; TYPE: cup; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: very good; POROUSITIES:

absent; GRITS: sand (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish

gray.

4) INV.: 3236; TYPE: bowl; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone and quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/2 pinkish white; INNER COLOUR:

10R 6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 4/1 dark reddish gray.

5) INV.: 3280 (almost complete; 4 fragments); TYPE: 4; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 24;

BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 5/6 red; OUTER

COLOUR: 7.5R 5/4 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 4/0 dark gray; NOTES: burning traces on the

outer surface. PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Amiran 1969, pl. 64:21), V (ibidem, pl. 64:24; Yadin e. a. 1958,

pl. LXXVII:8), and V A (Yadin e. a. 1961, pl. CCXXVI:3); Tell Beit Mirsim A (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:6);

Pella (Hennessy e. a. 1983, fig. 18); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 2:3, 4, 8, 10), V


ed.- 1991, p. 198 and nbs. 227-228); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 76:16; Tushingham 1972, pl.

1:57); Balu'a (Crowfoot 1934, p. 79); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:13-16); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 4, pl. 10: 2-3; 11:1; 12:8-9; 16:1-4; Idem 2013, type 3, 1:7).

6) INV.: 3079; TYPE: 4; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1

reddish gray; NOTES: burning traces on the outer surface. PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Amiran 1969, pl.

64:21), V (ibidem, pl. 64:24; Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXVII:8), and V A (Yadin e. a. 1961, pl. CCXXVI:3);

Tell Beit Mirsim A (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:6); Pella (Hennessy e. a. 1983, fig. 18); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII

(Pritchard 1985, pl. 2:3, 4, 8, 10), V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:13, 14, 15, 18) and IV (Pritchard 1985,

pl. 15:5-8); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, p. 198 and nbs. 227-228); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964,

pl. 76:16; Tushingham 1972, pl. 1:57); Balu'a (Crowfoot 1934, p. 79); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl.

23:13-16); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 4, pl. 10: 2-3; 11:1; 12:8-9; 16:1-4; Idem 2013,

type 3, 1:7).

40

7) INV.: 3061; TYPE: 4; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 20; BAKING: very good; POROUSITIES:

absent; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR 6/0

gray; OUTER AND INNER BURNISH: 10R 5/6 red. PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Amiran 1969, pl. 64:21), V

(ibidem, pl. 64:24; Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXVII:8), and V A (Yadin e. a. 1961, pl. CCXXVI:3); Tell Beit

Mirsim A (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:6); Pella (Hennessy e. a. 1983, fig. 18); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard

1985, pl. 2:3, 4, 8, 10), V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:13, 14, 15, 18) and IV (Pritchard 1985, pl. 15:5-8);

Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, p. 198 and nbs. 227-228); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 76:16;

Tushingham 1972, pl. 1:57); Balu'a (Crowfoot 1934, p. 79); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:13-16); Tell

al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 4, pl. 10: 2-3; 11:1; 12:8-9; 16:1-4; Idem 2013, type 3, 1:7).

8) INV.: 3263; TYPE: 4; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 28; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: rare;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY AND BURNISH COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 2.5/1

reddish black. PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Amiran 1969, pl. 64:21), V (ibidem, pl. 64:24; Yadin e. a. 1958,

pl. LXXVII:8), and V A (Yadin e. a. 1961, pl. CCXXVI:3); Tell Beit Mirsim A (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:6);

Pella (Hennessy e. a. 1983, fig. 18); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 2:3, 4, 8, 10), V


ed.- 1991, p. 198 and nbs. 227-228); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 76:16; Tushingham 1972, pl.

1:57); Balu'a (Crowfoot 1934, p. 79); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:13-16); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 4, pl. 10: 2-3; 11:1; 12:8-9; 16:1-4; Idem 2013, type 3, 1:7).

9) INV.: 3024; TYPE: large bowl; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 27; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: limestone and sand; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red.

10) INV.: 3268; TYPE: 4; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 27; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/4 pink; INNER COLOUR: 7.5R6/4

pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR 4/2 weak red. PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Amiran 1969, pl. 64:21), V

(ibidem, pl. 64:24; Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXVII:8), and V A (Yadin e. a. 1961, pl. CCXXVI:3); Tell Beit

Mirsim A (Amiran 1969, pl. 65:6); Pella (Hennessy e. a. 1983, fig. 18); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard

1985, pl. 2:3, 4, 8, 10), V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:13, 14, 15, 18) and IV (Pritchard 1985, pl. 15:5-8);

Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, p. 198 and nbs. 227-228); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 76:16;

Tushingham 1972, pl. 1:57); Balu'a (Crowfoot 1934, p. 79); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:13-16); Tell

al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 4, pl. 10: 2-3; 11:1; 12:8-9; 16:1-4; Idem 2013, type 3, 1:7).

42

PLATE 11


POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION AND INNER

COLOUR: 10R3/1 dark reddish gray. PARALLELS: Tell Jemmeh (Amiran 1969, pl. 63:13); Tell es-

Sa'idiyeh VI (Pritchard 1985, pl. 6:10) and IV (Idem, pl. 17:28); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci

2011, type 8, 7:10.


POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R 6/3 pale red. PARALLELS: Tell Jemmeh (Amiran 1969, pl. 63:13); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VI

(Pritchard 1985, pl. 6:10) and IV (Idem, pl. 17:28); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 8,

7:10.

3) INV.: 3275; TYPE: small jar/juglet; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 8/4 pink; SECTION AND

INNER COLOUR: 10R 6/3 pale red.


present; GRITS: limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown; INNER COLOUR: 10R

5/2 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 4/1 dark reddish gray. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (-Iron Age I-

Amiran 1969, pl. 69:3); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985, pl. 1:17-18); Mukhayyat, tomb 20

(Saller 1966, pl. 20:13); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:19); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n.

202); Medeinet el-Mu'rrajeh (Olavarri 1977-78, pl. 2:19); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type

14, 5:1; 13:5; 14:5).


present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish

gray. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (-Iron Age I- Amiran 1969, pl. 69:3); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard

1985, pl. 1:17-18); Mukhayyat, tomb 20 (Saller 1966, pl. 20:13); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl.

75:19); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 202); Medeinet el-Mu'rrajeh (Olavarri 1977-78, pl.

2:19); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 14, 5:1; 13:5; 14:5).

6) INV.: 3270; TYPE: small cooking pot/juglet (?); LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 12; BAKING:

good; POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 5/3 weak red.


present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 7/4 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR 6/1 gray.

PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (-Iron Age I- Amiran 1969, pl. 69:3); Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII (Pritchard 1985,

pl. 1:17-18); Mukhayyat, tomb 20 (Saller 1966, pl. 20:13); Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 75:19);

Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 202); Medeinet el-Mu'rrajeh (Olavarri 1977-78, pl. 2:19); Tell

al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 14, 5:1; 13:5; 14:5).

8) INV.: 3091; TYPE: small jar/juglet; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: sand; OUTER COLOUR: 10YR6/4 pale red; INNER COLOUR: 10R5/4

weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish gray.

43

9) INV.: 3297; TYPE: small jar/juglet (?); LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 7/4 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 5R 5/1

gray.


POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR 8/4 pink. PARALLELS: Tell es-

Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:16 -Type 25-); Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:19; Foran e. a.

2004, 3:9); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 232); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXIII:21; Yadin

e. a. 1960, pl. LXXXII:3 and 12, the last of "Samaria" type); Buseirah (Bennett 1975, pl. 6:3); Umm

el-Biyara (Bennett 1966, pl. 3:2); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:4); Khirbet Hamr Ifdan (ibidem, pl.

23:5); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 10, 4:7-8; 8:3; 12:11; Idem 2013, type 5, 2:4; 5:2,

5).

45

PLATE 12

1) INV.: 3090; TYPE: 12; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: good ; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/8 light red; INNER COLOUR: 7.5R 5/4

weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R4/1 dark reddish gray. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci

2011, type 25, 2:3, 6).


present; GRITS: sand, limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; INNER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/2 pale

red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0 dark gray. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type

25, 2:3, 6).


POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: sand, limestone; SECTION AND INNER COLOUR: 7.5R 5/4 weak red;

OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 25, 2:3,

6).


GRITS: limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR8/4 pink; INNER COLOUR: 7.5R 6/4 pale red; SECTION

COLOUR: 7.5R5/0 gray. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 25, 2:3, 6).

5) INV.: 3261; TYPE: 12; LOCUS robber trench; DIAMETER: 9; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: rare;

GRITS: sand, limestone, quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR8/4 pink; INNER COLOUR: 7.5R 6/4 pale red;

SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R5/0 gray. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 25, 2:3, 6).


GRITS: sand , limestone, quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR8/4 pink; INNER COLOUR: 5YR7/4 pink;

SECTION COLOUR: 5YR6/1 gray. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 25, 2:3, 6).

7) INV.: 3298; TYPE: jar/krater ?; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 18; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: red limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/6 light red; INNER COLOUR:

2.5YR 4/0 dark gray; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR5/2 weak red.


absent; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 7/3 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR 4/1 dark

gray. PARALLELS: Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 25, 2:3, 6).


GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR8/4 pink; OUTER AND INNER COLOUR: 5YR 6/3 light reddish

brown; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR5/1 gray. . PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:16 -

Type 25-); Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:19; Foran e. a. 2004, 3:9); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.-

1991, n. 232); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXIII:21; Yadin e. a. 1960, pl. LXXXII:3 and 12, the last

of "Samaria" type); Buseirah (Bennett 1975, pl. 6:3); Umm el-Biyara (Bennett 1966, pl. 3:2);

Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:4); Khirbet Hamr Ifdan (ibidem, pl. 23:5); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 10, 4:7-8; 8:3; 12:11; Idem 2013, type 5, 2:4; 5:2, 5).

10) INV.: 3296; TYPE: small jar; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 14; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/8 light red. .

46


GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR 7/4 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR4/0 dark gray.

PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:16 -Type 25-); Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003,

5:19; Foran e. a. 2004, 3:9); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 232); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, pl.

LXXIII:21; Yadin e. a. 1960, pl. LXXXII:3 and 12, the last of "Samaria" type); Buseirah (Bennett 1975,

pl. 6:3); Umm el-Biyara (Bennett 1966, pl. 3:2); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:4); Khirbet Hamr Ifdan

(ibidem, pl. 23:5); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 10, 4:7-8; 8:3; 12:11; Idem 2013, type

5, 2:4; 5:2, 5).

48

PLATE 13

1) INV.: 3262; TYPE: 7; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 24; BAKING: medium/good ;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: sand, limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink; INNER COLOUR:

2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR4/0 dark gray. . PARALLELS: Tell es-

Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:16 -Type 25-); Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:19; Foran e. a.

2004, 3:9); Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 232); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXIII:21; Yadin

e. a. 1960, pl. LXXXII:3 and 12, the last of "Samaria" type); Buseirah (Bennett 1975, pl. 6:3); Umm

el-Biyara (Bennett 1966, pl. 3:2); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:4); Khirbet Hamr Ifdan (ibidem, pl.

23:5); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 10, 4:7-8; 8:3; 12:11; Idem 2013, type 5, 2:4; 5:2,

5).


present; GRITS: limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 7.5YR 4/4 weak red; INNER AND SECTION COLOUR:

10R 4/2 weak red; NOTES: burning traces on the outer surface. . PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V

(Pritchard 1985, pl. 10:16 -Type 25-); Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:19; Foran e. a. 2004, 3:9);

Kerak Plateau (Miller –ed.- 1991, n. 232); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXIII:21; Yadin e. a. 1960,

pl. LXXXII:3 and 12, the last of "Samaria" type); Buseirah (Bennett 1975, pl. 6:3); Umm el-Biyara

(Bennett 1966, pl. 3:2); Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:4); Khirbet Hamr Ifdan (ibidem, pl. 23:5); Tell

al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 10, 4:7-8; 8:3; 12:11; Idem 2013, type 5, 2:4; 5:2, 5).

3) INV.: 3287; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 24; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 5/2 weak red.

4) INV.: 3284; TYPE: cooking pot/krater ?; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 18; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone, sand; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR7/3 pink; INNER COLOUR:

2.5YR4/2 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0 dark gray.

5) INV.: 3295; TYPE: krater; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 28; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1

reddish gray.

6) INV.: 3048; TYPE: cooking pot/krater ?; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 25; BAKING:

good; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red; INNER

COLOUR: 10R 3/1 dark reddish gray; SECTION COLOUR: 10R 5/1 reddish gray.

7) INV.: 3089; TYPE: krater; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 20; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; SECTION

COLOUR: 7.5R 3/0 very dark gray.

8) INV.: 3271; TYPE: krater; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 28; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 7.5YR6/6 light red; RIM AND

INNER COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR3/0 very dark gray.

50

PLATE 14

1) INV.: 3062; TYPE: 13; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 18; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

rare; GRITS: limestone and unidentified red grains; ; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 6/4 pale red; OUTER SLIP:

7.5R5/8 red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 3/0 very dark gray. PARALLELS: Ruqeish (Amiran 1969, pl.

80:5); Amman, Citadel (Dornemann 1983, type LXXVIII); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type

26, 2:4; Idem 2013, type 8, 6:5).

2) INV.: 3081; TYPE: 13; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; OUTER RIM PAINTING: 10R3/2 dusky

red. PARALLELS: Ruqeish (Amiran 1969, pl. 80:5); Amman, Citadel (Dornemann 1983, type LXXVIII);

Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 26, 2:4; Idem 2013, type 8, 6:5).

3) INV.: 3294; TYPE: krater; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 24; BAKING: medium/good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R

6/1 reddish gray.

4) INV.: 3264; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS robber trench; INNER RIM DIAMETER: 28; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: rare; GRITS: limestone and quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR 6/6 light red; RIM, INNER

SURFACE AND SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R 3/0 very dark gray; NOTES: burning traces on the rim and

on the inner surface.

5) INV.: 3041; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 25; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R

2.5/1 reddish black; NOTES: burning traces in the inner surface.

6) INV.: 3095; TYPE: krater/cooking pot; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 26; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR 6/8 light red; SECTION COLOUR:

7.5R4/0 dark gray.


present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R 6/4 pale red; INNER AND SECTION COLOUR: 10R

2.5/1 reddish black; NOTES: burning traces in the inner surface. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyeh V-IV

(Pritchard 1985, type 34, pl. 14:17-18; 16:7, 9-10; 17:31-32); Heshbon (Lugenbeal and Sauer 1972,

pl. 6-7: 333-375); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2013, type 9, 6:1, 3).


absent; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R5/3 weak red; OUTER COLOUR: 10 R 6/6 light

red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R4/1 dark reddish gray. NOTES: wheel traces on the outer surface and

on the base. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa’idiyeh V-IV (Pritchard 1985, type 34, pl. 14:17-18; 16:7, 9-10;

17:31-32); Heshbon (Lugenbeal and Sauer 1972, pl. 6-7: 333-375); Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci

2013, type 9, 6:1, 3).

52

TAVOLA 15


present.; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR:

7.5YR5/0 gray; OUTER SLIP: 7.5YR 8/4 pink. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1) and

Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both dated at the Iron I; Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1), as for

Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V (Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3), Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.- 1957,

6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl. 70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran 1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron Age II C;

in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII, VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985, pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12; 14:1-5;

16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:8), Diban (Winnett-

Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011,

type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7; 17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).


present.; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR 7/3 pink; SLIP: 5YR8/4 pink. PARALLELS: Megiddo

VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1) and Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both dated at the Iron I; Hazor

VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1), as for Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V (Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3),

Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.- 1957, 6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl. 70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran

1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron Age II C; in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII, VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985,

pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12; 14:1-5; 16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri

1965, pl. 1:8), Diban (Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-

Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7; 17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).


present.; GRITS: sand, limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R5/0

gray; INNER AND OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink. PARALLELS: Megiddo VI A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:1)

and Afula III A (Amiran 1969, pl. 78:2), both dated at the Iron I; Hazor VIII (Amiran 1969, pl. 79:1),

as for Iron Age II A-B; Hazor VI, V A and V (Amiran 1969, pl. 81:1-3), Samaria IV (Crowfoot –e.a.-

1957, 6:14), Beth Shan IV (James 1966, pl. 70:5) and Lachish II (Amiran 1969, pl. 82:2) as for Iron

Age II C; in Transjordan: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh VII, VI, V and IV (Pritchard 1985, pls. 4:1-4, 6; 9:7, 11, 12;

14:1-5; 16:3), Hesban (Lugenbeal-Sauer 1972, pl. IX:472), Aro'er (Olavarri 1965, pl. 1:8), Diban

(Winnett-Reed 1964, pl. 73:3), Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:31-32), Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 2, pl. 4:6, 9:1-3, 9; 10:5-6; 15:1-7; 17:1-6; Idem 2013, 8:2-15).

4) INV.: 3274; TYPE: jug?; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5R 5/2 weak red.

5) INV.: 3054; TYPE: jug; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 10.5; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: sand, limestone, quartz; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR8/3 pink; INNER AND SECTION

COLOUR: 5YR 7/4 pink.

6) INV.: 3304; TYPE: jar/jug ?; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 8; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: sand, limestone, small stones; OUTER COLOUR: 5YR 8/3 pink; INNER

COLOUR: 10R6/3 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R5/1 reddish gray; NOTES: outer surface badly

preserved.

53

7) INV.: 3042; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 18; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R5/1 reddish gray.


present; GRITS: limestone, quartz; CLAY COLOUR: 10R5/6 red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R5/1 reddish

gray. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl. 13:3), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011,

type 21, 10:4; 14:1, 2).

9) INV.: 3060; TYPE: 19; LOCUS: robber trench; BAKING: medium/bad; POROUSITIES: absent;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R4/3 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R3/1 dark reddish gray;

NOTES: burning traces on the outer surface. PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl.

13:3), Tell al-Mashhad (Benedettucci 2011, type 21, 10:4; 14:1, 2).

10) INV.: 3276; TYPE: 17; LOCUS: robber trench; BAKING: medium/good; POROUSITIES: rare;

GRITS: sand, limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR4/2 weak red. PARALLELS: Hazor VI (Yadin e. a. 1958,

52:9-11; Yadin e. a. 1960, 69:11; Yadin e. a. 1961, 215:9), V (Yadin e. a 1958, 55:4, 7-10); VB (Yadin

e. a. 1960, 85:1-5, 7-9; Yadin e. a. 1961, 227:15-17); Megiddo IV-I (Lamon – Shipton 1939, 39:1, 3-

8, 10-12); Beth Shean IV (James 1966, 69:16), Samaria IV-VI (Crowfoot e. a. 1957, 6:39-40; 30:4-6,

20-24); Hesban (Lugenbeal – Sauer 1972, 6:314-25); Tell es-Sa’idiyyeh VII-IV, tipo 43(Pritchard

1985, 3:22-25; 6:31-37; 13:4, 9-15, 18-21; 15:25-28; 17:12).

11) INV.: 3028 and 3044; TYPE: 17; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 16; BAKING: medium/bad;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: sand, limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R5/3 weak red. PARALLELS:

Hazor VI (Yadin e. a. 1958, 52:9-11; Yadin e. a. 1960, 69:11; Yadin e. a. 1961, 215:9), V (Yadin e. a

1958, 55:4, 7-10); VB (Yadin e. a. 1960, 85:1-5, 7-9; Yadin e. a. 1961, 227:15-17); Megiddo IV-I

(Lamon – Shipton 1939, 39:1, 3-8, 10-12); Beth Shean IV (James 1966, 69:16), Samaria IV-VI

(Crowfoot e. a. 1957, 6:39-40; 30:4-6, 20-24); Hesban (Lugenbeal – Sauer 1972, 6:314-25); Tell es-

Sa’idiyyeh VII-IV, tipo 43(Pritchard 1985, 3:22-25; 6:31-37; 13:4, 9-15, 18-21; 15:25-28; 17:12).

55

PLATE 16


present; GRITS: limestone, sand; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; INNER COLOUR: 10R 5/2 weak

red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR4/0 dark gray. . PARALLELS: Tell es-Sa'idiyeh V (Pritchard 1985, pl.

10:16 -Type 25-); Madaba (Harrison e. a. 2003, 5:19; Foran e. a. 2004, 3:9); Kerak Plateau (Miller –

ed.- 1991, n. 232); Hazor V (Yadin e. a. 1958, pl. LXXIII:21; Yadin e. a. 1960, pl. LXXXII:3 and 12, the

last of "Samaria" type); Buseirah (Bennett 1975, pl. 6:3); Umm el-Biyara (Bennett 1966, pl. 3:2);

Tawilan (Glueck 1935, pl. 23:4); Khirbet Hamr Ifdan (ibidem, pl. 23:5); Tell al-Mashhad

(Benedettucci 2011, type 10, 4:7-8; 8:3; 12:11; Idem 2013, type 5, 2:4; 5:2, 5).

2) INV.: 3258; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 30 ca.; BAKING: very bad;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, stones; CLAY COLOUR: 10R5/3 weak red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R4/1 dark reddish gray; NOTES: limestone incrustations on the outer surface.

3) INV.: 3022 ; TYPE: cooking pot; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: bad;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, stones; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR5/4 reddish brown; NOTES:

burning traces on the whole surface.

4) INV.: 3063; TYPE: jar or krater handle; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION

COLOUR: 2.5YR 4/0 dark gray; OUTER SLIP: 5YR 8/3 pink.

5)INV.: 3072; TYPE: jar or krater handle; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: good;

POROUSITIES: absent; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 5YR8/4 pink; SECTION COLOUR: 5YR6/4

light reddish brown; NOTES: wheel traces on the whole surface.

56

PLATE 17

1) INV.: 3025, 3056, 3057; TYPE: flat base (jug? cooking pot?); LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 7;

BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, quartz, small stones; OUTER COLOUR:

7.5YR6/4 pale red: INNER COLOUR: 7.5YR5/4 weak red; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR4/0 dark gray;

NOTES: burning traces on the whole surface.

2) INV.: 3279; TYPE: flat base (jug?); LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 6; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone, small stones; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R5/1 reddish gray; NOTES: burning traces on the inner surface.

3) INV.: 3092; TYPE: disk base (cooking pot? krater?); LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 28;

BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone (?); SECTION COLOUR: 7.5R5/4 weak

red; NOTES: wheel traces on the outer surface.

4) INV.: 3288; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 6; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; OUTER COLOUR: 10R6/8 light red; INNER COLOUR: 2.5YR 6/4 light

reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR: 7.5YR6/2 pale red; NOTES: wheel traces on the whole surface.

5) INV.: 3385; TYPE: ring base; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: 10; BAKING: medium;

POROUSITIES: present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/8 light red; SECTION COLOUR:

10R4/1 dark reddish gray; OUTER SLIP: 5YR8/3 pink; NOTES: burning traces on the inner surface.

6) INV.: 3036; TYPE: painted pottery; LOCUS: robber trench; BAKING: very good; POROUSITIES:

rare; GRITS: limestone (rare); CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/4 light reddish brown; SECTION COLOUR:

2.5YR3/0 very dark gray OUTER SLIP: 5YR7/4 pink; PAINTING: 10R4 /4 weak red; NOTES: soil

incrustations on the whole surface.

7) INV.: 3082; TYPE: painted pottery; LOCUS: robber trench; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY AND BURNISH STRIPS COLOUR: 10R6/6 light red; SECTION

COLOUR: 10R5/1 dark reddish gray.

8) INV.: 3283; TYPE: painted pottery; LOCUS: robber trench; BAKING: medium/good; POROUSITIES:

absent; GRITS: quartz, limestone, sand; CLAY COLOUR: 10R6/4 pale red; SECTION COLOUR: 10R5/1

dark reddish gray; SLIP: 5YR8/3 pink; PAINTING: 10R3 /4 dusky red.

9) INV.: 3030; TYPE: jug; LOCUS: robber trench; DIAMETER: ?; BAKING: medium; POROUSITIES:

present; GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/4 light reddish brown.

10) INV.: 3053; TYPE: filter; LOCUS: robber trench; BAKING: good; POROUSITIES: present; GRITS:

limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 7.5YR2/4 black; NOTES: soil incrustations on the inner surface.

PARALLELS: Deir ‘Alla IX-M (Zayadine 1986, p.127 n. 165); Sahab (Idem, p. 112 n. 140); .

11) INV.: 3291; TYPE: 15; LOCUS: robber trench; BAKING: medium/good; POROUSITIES: present;

GRITS: limestone; CLAY COLOUR: 2.5YR6/8 light red; SECTION COLOUR: 2.5YR4/0 dark gray;

NOTES: burning traces on the rim. PARALLELS: A large selection of parallels is visible in Amiran

1969, pl. 100; as for the Transjordanian area, see Dornemann 1983, figg. 31 (Iron Age I) and 42

57

(Iron Age II). Other lamps were found at Tell al-Mashhad during the 1999 and 2000 season

(Benedettucci 2011, type 28, 6:1, 8:9, 15:11 and 17:13).

59

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Notes on the pottery assemblage from Tell al-Mashhad - Building A (Season 2010)

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