New Tissue Culture Medium Sterilization Protocol and its Impact on The Exportation of the Egyptian...

International Journal of Agriculture and Economic Development, 2(1), 28-41, June 2014 28

New Tissue Culture Medium Sterilization Protocol and its Impact on the Exportation

of the Egyptian Strawberry

Suzan Abdelmajeed A.*, M. H. Aboul-Nasr** and Nabel A. Younes***

*Department of Agriculture Economics

[email protected]

** Department of Vegetable.

[email protected]

Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt.

[email protected]

***Department of Horticulture.

Faculty of Agriculture, Alazhar University, Assiut, Egypt.

Abstract

Recently, in Egypt, the use of tissue culture in strawberry propagating increased remarkably.

It is now considered the only known method to eliminate viral diseases and one of the

commercial methodologies for many vegetables and fruits crops. Tissue culture is

characterized by a great deal of increasing the quantity and the crop production. In addition, it

produces quality and excellence. In this work, an un-autoclaved media was developed and it

successfully reduced the contamination occurrence. This resulted in low costs and increased

the net profit. We recommend this media to be used in the commercial tissue culture labs that

produce strawberry explants.

Keywords: Culture, Strawberry, Viral Disease, Contamination

Introduction

The problem with tissue culture technique is mainly the disinfection of the explants. A wide

range of microorganisms (filamentous fungi, yeasts, bacteria and viruses) and micro-

arthropods (mites and thrips) have been identified as contaminants in plant tissue culture.

Contaminants may express themselves immediately or can remain latent for long periods of

time. Finding new tissue culture methods that can reduce the contamination means less

expenses and higher number of plantlets. In addition, studying some economic indicators will

help and encourage the producers to use such methods. Several trailas in this field were

reported by some researchers (Teixeira, (2006), Yanagawa et al.(2006), Chansean and

Syoichi (2007) and Wittaya et al. (2013))

mailto:[email protected]




Problem of the study:

The traditional tissue culture method faces many weaknesses, mainly contamination and high

expenses. This has led the workers in the field of tissue culture to look at other methods to

increase crop production, including new innovated methods of disinfection and tissue culture.

Objective of the study:

Tissue culture is a viable alternative for the production of agricultural commodities, high yield

and quality. The efficiency of targeted research study was to apply new methods to increase

the efficiency of tissue culture strawberry production in the commercial laboratories.

Data source:

This study was based on field data to the technique of tissue culture, from the Tissue Culture

Laboratory of The Department of Vegetable at the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University

and the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture at the Faculty of

Agriculture, Suez Canal University. But other data collected from http://comtrade.un.org/ site.

Methodology:

Horticultural methodology:

Medium Used:

The medium that is used in the commercial production laboratories for in vitro culture of

strawberry is Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium supplemented with 30g/L sucrose

and 8.0 g/L agar. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 (+ 0.1) using 1MHCl or 1MNaOH

prior to autoclaving. The medium then is autoclaved at 121°C under pressure of 1.5 kg/cm-2

for 20 min. Our new medium is sterilized only by chemical materials and some natural oils that

were developed in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Vegetable, Faculty of

Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt by Aboulnasr and Younes and named Agrimix. Agrimix

was used in four concentrations (0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 ml/l) and was added to the MS medium and

was poured in a 120mL glass jar containing 20mL of heated culture medium. All media were

kept in room temperature (about 29±2°C) for 2 weeks to investigate effects of sterilizing agents

on sterile conditions of media compared to autoclaved medium.

Explants Culture:

The strawberry Chandler cultivar plantlets were produced at the Department of Horticulture at

the Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University. The plantlets were sub-cultured inside the

http://comtrade.un.org/


laminar air flow hood when the autoclaved medium was used. On the other hand, the new

medium was cultured outside the hood and under the room conditions.

Explants incubation:

The twenty culture jars were used for each treatment and the whole experiment was replicated

twice in. Four explants were cultured in each Jar. Further, all the cultures were incubated and

exposed to 16 hours of photoperiod and 8 hours of dark in a climate room at 25°C ( 1).

Collected Data:

Only the percentage of the contemned jars was estimated at this point as a pre results and the

data was tabulated.

Statistical Analysis:

Sterile conditions of media were evaluated after 2 weeks with 20 replications. The completely

randomized design (CRD) was used as the experimental design and means were compared by

Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at P = 0.05 according to Gomez and Gomez (1984).

Economical methodology:

This study was intended to employ mostly both descriptive and analytical approaches through

using mathematical, statistical, econometric tools and techniques such as percentages,

averages, and same measurements of liner programming (.Elbatran (2003), Aboelyazed

(2004), Essa (2005) and Suzan A. (2006))

Results and Discussion

The Horticultural Data

A 20mL MS medium was treated with each sterilizing agent, kept in room temperature (about

29 ± 2°C) for 2 weeks. Complete sterilization (100%) of culture medium was found when

medium was supplemented with the 2.5 and 3.5 mL/L of Agrimix (Fig, 1). The control

treatment was totally contemned. Further, the use of 1.5 mL/L of Agrimix has an average of

50 % contamination. Finally, the use of the autoclaved medium has around 10% and this is was

mainly due to the handling of the material inside the laminar hood and human mistakes.


*Means followed by the same letter/s are non-significant at P = 0.05.

Fig (1): Effect of autoclaved and chemically sterilized strawberry tissue culture medium on

the disinfection percentage in vitro.

Egypt rank among the exporting strawberrycountries:

It's clear from Table 1 which illustrates the major exported countries for strawberry during

(2011-2012), that Egypt ranks the fourth universally among 77 countries. The quantity of

imports during the previous period is estimated by about 74976 tons.

Table (1): Egypt rank among the top ten exporting strawberry countries during (2011-

2012).

The rank Country

Export

Quantity

(tons)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Spain

U S A

Mexico

Egypt

Netherlands

Belgium

Morocco

Greece

Turkey

France

231732

139957

76890

74976

51151

39528

24327

22413

21104

17673

Source:http://comtrade.un.org/www

The recent geographic distribution for the Egyptian exports of strawberry as average of

(2009-2012):



Table (2) illustrates the geographic distribution for the Egyptian exports of strawberry as

average of (2009-2012). It clears that the annual average for the Egyptian exports is about

46461.8 tons , and the total value of it is about 71778.3 x103 US$. These quantities had been

exported to 60 countries, and it classified into 4 groups as following:

First group:

It concludes the Arab countries which represents in 16 countries like Saudi Arabia, United

Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Lebanon, Sudan, Jordan, Qatar, Oman, Algeria, Libya,

Yemen, Syria, Tunisia, Morocco and Iraqi. The quantities of Egyptian exports in this group

calculates by about 17290.7 tons, it equal about 37.1% from the total of exported quantities.

The total value of it is about 26980.6 x103 US$. It clears that Saudi Arabia is the most imported

countries for strawberry in this group. The average imported quantities are about 8897.4 tons.

Second group:

It concludes the African countries which represents in 9 countries like Ethiopia, Kenya,

Nigeria, Seychelles, South Arica, Ghana, Mozambique, Uganda and Mauritius. The quantities

of Egyptian exports in this group calculates by about 782.3 tons, it equal about 1.7% from the

total of exported quantities. The total value of it is about 1231.2 x103 US$. It clears that South

Arica is the most imported countries for strawberry in this group. The average imported

quantities are about 738.9 tons.

Third group:

It concludes the EU countries which represents in 20 countries like Belgium, Germany,

United Kingdom, Netherlands, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Austria, Greece, Sweden, Romania,

Spain, Finland, Slovenia, Denmark, Lithuania, Poland, Ireland, Estonia and Cyprus. The

quantities of Egyptian exports in this group calculate by about 26800 tons, it equal about 57.8%

from the total of exported quantities. The total value of it is about 40884.7 x103 US$. It clears

that Saudi Arabia is the most imported Arabian countries for strawberry in this group. It clears

that Belgium is the most imported countries for strawberry in this group. The average imported

quantities are about 9285.5 tons.

Fourth group:

It concludes other countries which represents in 15 countries like China, Netherlands,

Japan, Macedonia, Australia, Philippines, Canada Maldives, Turkey, Viet Nam, Thailand,

Israel, Norway, Kazakhstan and Russian Federation. The quantities of Egyptian exports in this

group calculate by about 1588.8 tons, it equal about 3.4% from the total of exported quantities.

The total value of it is about 2682.4 x103 US$. It clears that Russian Federation is the most

imported countries for strawberry in this group. The average imported quantities are about

1130.8 tons.

It is clears also that Macedonia has a highest exported price all over the world, it is

about 6.7 $/k, but Uganda in Arabian countries and Sweden in UE countries have lowest

exported price, it is about 0.7$/k


Table (2) represented that the Egyptian exports from strawberry covered about 88.8%,

80.7%, 5.8%, 9.7% from the total capacity of Arabian countries, African countries, Eu

countries and other countries import respectively.

It is clears from the above that there is a gap between strawberry exports and importing

capacities of importing countries. This means that there is a possibility to increase the Egyptian

exports from strawberry especially to the markets which have high imported quantities by two

ways:

1- Preparing a plan to redistribute the export to improve the balance of payment.

2- Reducing the costs of production by introducing a new tissue culture method that

can cut the costs during the production cycle and gaining free contemned plants as

stated before.

To achieve the first goal, a liner programming was used to get the best distribution for

strawberry exports which can be achieve by maximization of the exports gain under constrains.

It represent in capacity markets of importing countries, exporting capacity of Egypt and the

exporting ton price of each countries. Under these constrains, different scenarios has been

suggested as follow:

Table (2): The geographic distribution for the Egyptian exports from strawberry as average to (2009- 2012).

The country The

symbol

Exports Value of exports Price of

export

$/k

Capacity

of market

(ton)

% Quntity

(ton) %

Value (103 US$)

%

Arab countries

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Kuwait

Bahrain

Lebanon

Sudan

Jordan

Qatar

Oman

Algeria

Libya

Yemen

Syria

Tunisia

Morocco

Iraqi

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

X10

X11

X12

X13

X14

X15

X16

8897.4

3490.9

1367.6

591.6

439.5

714.3

272,8

498.8

344.1

132

326.1

120.9

8.8

42.3

13.3

30.4

19.1

7.5

2.9

1.3

0.9

1.5

0.6

1.1

0.7

0.3

0.7

0.3

0.01

0.1

0.02

0.1

13096.1

5142.9

2059.0

892.7

534.6

2402.3

302,7

729.6

477.6

108.8

804.9

204.2

9.2

44.6

37.5

43.9

18.2

7.2

3.0

1.2

0.7

3.3

0.4

1.0

0.7

0.2

1.1

0.3

0.01

0.1

0.1

0.1

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.2

2.4

1.1

1.5

1.4

0.8

2.5

1.7

1.0

1.1

2.8

1.4

9516.0

3928.0

1588.7

669.6

478.7

842.6

305.9

650.2

450.3

203.7

457.3

201.8

27.1

53.6

42.3

48.2

93.5

88.9

86.1

88.4

91.8

84.8

89.2

76.7

76.4

64.8

71.3

59.9

32.5

78.9

31.2

63.1

Total of group - 17290 37.1 26980.6 37.6 - 19463.8 88.8

African countries

Ethiopia

Kenya

Nigeria

Seychelles

South Africa

Ghana

Mozambique

Uganda

Mauritius

X17

X18

X19

X20

X21

X22

X23

X24

X25

10.7

6.9

4.3

2.1

738.9

3.0

0.5

2.6

13.3

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

1.6

0.01

0.001

0.01

0.03

19.4

17.9

6.4

303

1151.7

3.2

1.6

1,8

25.9

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.004

1.6

0.004

0.002

0.002

0.04

1.8

2.6

1,5

1.6

1.6

1.1

3.2

0.7

1.9

14.5

17.2

14.3

17.7

865.5

4.7

4.3

6.4

29.4

73.8

40.1

30.1

11.9

85.4

63.8

11.6

40.6

45.2


Total of group - 782.3 1.7 1231.2 1.7 - 969.0 80.7

EU countries

Belgium

Germany

UK

Netherlands

France

Italy

Luxembourg

Austria

Greece

Sweden

Romania

Spain

Finland

Slovenia

Denmark

Lithuania

Poland

Ireland

Estonia

Cyprus

X26

X27

X28

X29

X30

X31

X32

X33

X34

X35

X36

X37

X38

X39

X40

X41

X42

X43

X44

X45

9285.5

4235

7018.8

2837.3

2008.7

694.0

198.8

90.0

100.6

49.4

4.0

21.0

53.2

57.6

32.6

1.6

12.9

81.1

5.6

12.4

20.0

9.2

15.1

6.2

4.3

1.5

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.01

0.04

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.003

0.03

0.2

0.01

0.03

13727.9

7206.2

10712.0

4152.8

2896.5

1139.4

168.2

146.4

143.6

32.8

10.0

27.6

51.5

92.0

69.6

7.8

27.4

227.5

18.7

26.8

19.1

10.0

15.0

5.8

4.0

1.6

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.04

0.01

0.03

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.01

0.03

0.3

0.02

0.03

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.6

0.8

1.6

1.4

0.7

2.5

1.3

1.0

1.6

2.1

4.9

2.1

2.8

3.3

2.2

28792.7

101559.7

43377.6

29344.9

97630.3

97034.0

1506.2

16041.9

722.7

6511.2

5999.4

7844.4

1521.6

1925.7

8786.5

4119.5

8486.8

1948.0

1029.4

133.5

32.2

4.2

16.2

9.7

2.1

0.7

13.2

0.6

13.9

0.8

0.1

0.3

3.5

3.0

0.4

0.04

0.2

4.1

0.5

9.3

Total of group - 26800 57.8 40884.7 56.8 - 464352.0 5.8

Other countries

China

Netherlands

Japan

Macedonia

Australia

Philippines

Canada

Maldives

Turkey

Viet Nam

Thailand

Israel

Norway

Kazakhstan

Russian

X46

X47

X48

X49

X50

X51

X52

X53

X54

X55

X56

X57

X58

X59

X60

114.7

48.9

168.3

1.6

36.3

0.9

8.4

2.4

12.2

25.0

6.2

20.0

5.0

8.1

1130.8

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.003

0.1

0.002

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.05

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.02

2.4

195.0

55.0

186.0

10.7

29.8

2.4

11.5

3.4

31.4

28.2

17.1

19.8

4.7

8.1

2079.3

0.3

0.1

0.3

0.01

0.04

0.003

0.01

0.004

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

3.0

1.7

1.1

1.1

6.7

0.8

2.7

1.4

1.4

2.6

1.1

2.8

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.8

1655.3

29344.9

3334.3

68.2

139.4

113.1

117654.8

38.0

60.3

31.2

642.8

85.6

7436.8

1110.6

1642.6

6.9

0.2

50.5

2.3

26.0

0.8

0.01

6.3

20.2

80.1

1.0

23.4

0.1

0.7

68.8

Total of group - 1588.8 3.4 2682.4 3.9 - 163287.9 9.7

Total of groups - 46461.8 100 71778.3 100 - 648072.7 -

Source: collected from http://comtrade.un.org/ Site

Recent model:

This model shows the recent distribution for strawberry exports to different countries all over

the world in accordance with its quantities and its export price.

First scenario:

This scenario assumes that the exports from strawberry distribute to different countries

according to the export price for ton and importing capacity with exclusion the countries which

exports is less than 10 tons, and its quantities going to another countries according to the higher

price and importing capacity.



Second scenario:

This scenario assumes that the exports from strawberry distribute to different countries

according to the export price for ton and importing capacity.

Third scenario:

This scenario assumes that the Egyptian exports to Arabian counties can be increased

by 10% provided that the export price for all countries not less than 1.8$/ton (the average

exporting price to the world) accordance with the higher price for countries and its importing

capacity.

Fourth scenario:

The exports in this scenario is distributed a free distribution within each group

accordance with the higher price for countries and its importing capacity.

According to the previous alternatives proposed, the Egyptian exports from strawberry

had been or reallocated by using liner programming techniques to determine the optimum

alternative re-allocation of the strawberry exports which is maximized the gain of exports.

This technique consists of:

Target function:

This equation aims to maxims the gain Egyptian strawberry during (2009- 2012). To wording

Max = 1.5x1 + 1.5x2 + 1.5 x3 + 1.5 x4 + 1.2 x5 + 2.4 x6 + 1.1 x7 + 1.5 x8 + 1.4 x9

+ 0.8 x10 + 2.5 x11 + 1.7 x12 +1.0 x13 + 1.1 x14 + 2.8 x15 + 1.4 x16 + 1.8 x17 +

2.6 x18 + 1.5 x19 + 1.6 x20 + 1.6 x21 + 1.1 x22 + 3.2x23 + 0.7 x24 + 1.9 x25 +

1.5 x26 + 1.7 x27 + 1.5 x28 + 1.5x29 + 1.4x30 + 1.6 x31 + 0.8 x32 + 1.6 x33 +

1.4 x34 + 0.7 x35 + 2.5 x36 + 1.3 x37 + 1.0 x38 + 1.6 x39 + 2.1x40 + 4.9 x41 +

2.1 x42 + 2.8 x43 + 3.3 x44 + 2.2 x45 + 1.7 x+46 + 1.1 x47 + 1.1 x48 + 6.7 x49 +

0.8 x50 + 2.7 x51 + 1.4 x52 + 1.4 x53 + 2.6 x54 + 1.1 x55 + 2.8 x56 + 1.0 x57 +

0.9 x58 + 1.0x59 + 1.8 x60

Where xi is concerned the exports from strawberry to the different groups of countries as

following:

(1) Arab countries group include 16 countries (x1,x2,…x16).

(2) African countries group9 countries (x17, x18, …x25).

(3) EU countries group20 countries (x26 , x27, …x45).

(4) Other countries group15 countries (x46, x47, …x60).


Alternative activates:

It includes the importing countries of strawberry.

Exporting constrains:

It includes theaverageimporting capacity markets ofimporting countries and the current

exports during (2009- 2012).

Constrains

of capacity

markets

Alternative

activities

Constrains

of currant

export

9516.0 > X1 > 8897.4 3928.0 > X2 > 3490.9 1588.7 > X3 > 1367.6 669.6 > X4 > 591.6 478.7 > X5 > 439.5 842.6 > X6 > 714.3 305.9 > X7 > 272,8 650.2 > X8 > 498.8 450.3 > X9 > 344.1 203.7 > X10 > 132 457.3 > X11 > 326.1 201.8 > X12 > 120.9 27.1 > X13 > 8.8 53.6 > X14 > 42.3 42.3 > X15 > 13.3 48.2 > X16 > 30.4 14.5 > X17 > 10.7 17.2 > X18 > 6.9 14.3 > X19 > 4.3 17.7 > X20 > 2.1

865.5 > X21 > 738.9 4.7 > X22 > 3.0 4.3 > X23 > 0.5 1.4 > X24 > 2.6

29.4 > X25 > 13.3 28792.7 > X26 > 9285.5

101559.7 > X27 > 4235 43377.6 > X28 > 7018.8 29344.9 > X29 > 2837.3 97630.3 > X30 > 2008.7 97034.0 > X31 > 694.0 1506.2 > X32 > 198.8

16041.9 > X33 > 90.0 722.7 > X34 > 100.6

6511.2 > X35 > 49.4 5999.4 > X36 > 4.0 7844.4 > X37 > 21.0 1521.6 > X38 > 53.2 1925.7 > X39 > 57.6 8786.5 > X40 > 32.6 4119.5 > X41 > 1.6 8486.8 > X42 > 12.9 1948.0 > X43 > 81.1 1029.4 > X44 > 5.6 133.5 > X45 > 12.4

1655.3 > X26 > 114.7


29344.9 > X47 > 48.9 3334.3 > X48 > 168.3

68.2 > X49 > 1.6 139.4 > X50 > 36.3 113.1 > X51 > 0.9

117654.8 > X52 > 8.4 38.0 > X53 > 2.4 60.3 > X54 > 12.2 31.2 > X55 > 25.0

642.8 > X56 > 6.2 15.6 > X57 > 20.0

7436.8 > X58 > 5.0 1110.6 > X59 > 8.1 1642.6 > X60 > 1130.8

∑ Xi ≤ 46461.8

This constrains mean that under suggested scenarios, the average Egyptian exports of

strawberry to the previous countries should not increase more than the average of total

importing capacities, and also note less than the average of the recent exports during (2009-

2012).

The results of suggested scenario as follow:

The current scenario:

Table (3) represents that each of Arab countries, African countries,EU countries and

other countries acquired about 37.1%, 1.7%, 57.7% and 3.4% respectively from the total of

Egyptian strawberry exports. This scenario gain about 71778.3x103 US$ as shown in table (4).

The first scenario:

Table (3) represents that the Egyptian exports distribute between 20 countries with

exclusion of the rest of countries. Arab countries, African countries,EU countries and other

countries acquired about 37.1%, 1.7%, 57.7% and 3.4% respectively from the total of Egyptian

strawberry exports. This scenario gain about 81232.1x103 US$ as shown in Table (4). It

achieves increased in gain of exports compared with the current scenario by about 9453.8x106

US$. That is, it represents about 13.2%.

Table (3): The current and the optimum geographic distribution for the Egyptian exports from

strawberry as average to (2009- 2012).

The country

Current scenario First scenario Second scenario Third scenario Fourth scenario

Quantity

(ton) %

Quantity

(ton) %

Quantity

(ton) %

Quantity

(ton) %

Quantity

(ton) %

Arab countries

Saudi Arabia

8897.4

19.1

9516.0

20.5

-

-

9516.0

20.5

9516.0

20.5


United Arab Emirates

Kuwait

Bahrain

Lebanon

Sudan

Jordan

Qatar

Oman

Algeria

Libya

Yemen

Syria

Tunisia

Morocco

Iraqi

3490.9

1367.6

591.6

439.5

714.3

272,8

498.8

344.1

132

326.1

120.9

8.8

42.3

13.3

30.4

7.5

2.9

1.3

0.9

1.5

0.6

1.1

0.7

0.3

0.7

0.3

0.01

0.1

0.02

0.1

3928.0

1588.7

669.6

-

842.6

-

35.4

-

-

457.3

201.8

-

-

42.3

-

8.5

3.4

1.4

-

1.8

-

0.1

-

-

0.9

0.4

-

-

0.1

-

-

-

-

-

842.6

-

-

-

-

457.3

201.8

-

-

42.3

-

-

-

-

-

1.8

-

-

-

-

0.9

0.4

-

-

0.1

-

790.9

-

-

-

842.6

-

-

-

-

457.3

201.8

-

-

42.3

-

1.7

-

-

-

1.8

-

-

-

-

0.9

0.4

-

-

0.1

-

3928.0

1588.7

669.6

-

842.6

-

44.4

-

-

457.3

201.8

-

-

42.3

-

8.5

3.4

1.4

-

1.8

-

0.1

-

-

0.9

0.4

-

-

0.1

-

Total of group 17290.0 37.1 17290.0 37.1 1544.0 3.2 11850.9 25.0 17290.7 37.1

African countries

Ethiopia

Kenya

Nigeria

Seychelles

South Africa

Ghana

Mozambique

Uganda

Mauritius

10.7

6.9

4.3

2.1

738.9

3.0

0.5

2.6

13.3

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

1.6

0.01

0.001

0.01

0.03

14.5

-

-

17.7

720.7

-

-

-

29.4

0.03

-

-

0.03

1.6

-

-

-

0.1

14.5

17.2

-

-

-

-

4.3

-

29.4

0.03

0.03

-

-

-

-

0.01

-

0.1

14.5

17.2

-

17.7

865.5

-

4.3

-

29.4

0.03

0.03

-

0.03

1.9

-

0.01

-

0.1

14.5

17.2

-

17.7

699.2

-

4.3

-

29.4

0.03

0.03

-

0.03

1.5

-

0.01

-

0.1

Total of group 782.3 1.7 782.3 1.8 65.4 0.2 948.6 2.1 782.3 1.7

EU countries

Belgium

Germany

UK

Netherlands

France

Italy

Luxembourg

Austria

Greece

Sweden

Romania

Spain

Finland

Slovenia

Denmark

Lithuania

Poland

Ireland

Estonia

Cyprus

9285.5

4235

7018.8

2837.3

2008.7

694.0

198.8

90.0

100.6

49.4

4.0

21.0

53.2

57.6

32.6

1.6

12.9

81.1

5.6

12.4

20.0

9.2

15.1

6.2

4.3

1.5

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.01

0.04

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.003

0.03

0.2

0.01

0.03

-

7409.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

8786.5

-

8486.8

1984

-

133.5

-

15.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18.9

-

18.3

4.3

-

0.3

-

20572.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5999.4

-

-

-

-

4119.5

8486.8

1984.0

1029.4

133.5

-

44.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12.9

-

-

-

-

8.9

18.3

4.3

2.2

0.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5999.4

-

-

-

8786.5

4119.5

7428.1

1984.0

1029.4

133.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12.9

-

-

-

18.9

8.9

16.0

4.3

2.2

0.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5999.4

-

-

-

8786.5

4119.5

4747.6

1984.0

1029.4

133.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12.9

-

-

-

18.9

8.9

10.3

4.3

2.2

0.3

Total of group 26800.0 57.8 26800.0 57.7 42325.4 91.4 29480.0 63.5 26800.0 57.8

Other countries

China

Netherlands

Japan

Macedonia

Australia

Philippines

Canada

114.7

48.9

168.3

1.6

36.3

0.9

8.4

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.003

0.1

0.002

0.02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

68.2

-

113.1

-

-

-

-

0.1

-

-

-

1655.3

-

-

68.2

-

113.1

-

3.6

-

-

0.1

-

0.2

-

-

-

-

68.2

-

113.1

-

-

-

-

0.1

-

0.2

-


Maldives

Turkey

Viet Nam

Thailand

Israel

Norway

Kazakhstan

Russian

2.4

12.2

25.0

6.2

20.0

5.0

8.1

1130.8

0.01

0.03

0.05

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.02

2.4

-

60.3

-

-

-

-

-

1528.5

-

0.1

-

-

-

-

-

3.3

-

60.3

-

642.8

-

-

-

1642.6

-

0.1

-

1.4

-

-

-

3.6

-

60.3

-

642.8

-

-

-

1642.6

-

0.1

-

1.4

-

-

-

3.6

-

60.3

-

642.8

-

-

-

704.4

-

0.1

-

1.4

-

-

-

1.6

Total of group 1588.8 3.4 1588.8 3.4 2527.0 5.2 4182.3 9.0 1588.8 3.4

Total of groups 46461.8 100 46461.8 100 46461.8 100 46461.8 100 46461.8 100

Source: Calculated from table (2).

The second scenario:

The Egyptian exports in this scenario also distribute between 20 countries with

exclusion of the rest of countries. Arab countries, African countries,EU countries and other

countries acquired about 37.1%, 1.7%,57.7% and 3.4% respectively from the total of Egyptian

strawberry exports, as it shown in table (3). This scenario gain about106600.5 x103US$ as

shown in table (4). It achieves increased in gain of exports compared with the current scenario

by about 34822.2 x103 US$. That is, it represents about 48.5%.

The thread scenario:

The Egyptian exports in this scenario distribute between 25 countries with exclusion of

the rest of countries. Table (3) represents that each of Arab countries, African countries,EU

countries and other countries acquired about 37.1%, 1.7%, 57.7% and 3.4% respectively from

the total of Egyptian strawberry exports. This scenario gain about 107613.4 x106 US$ as shown

in table (4). It achieves increased in gain of exports compared with the current scenario by

about 35835.1 x103 US$. That is, it represents about 50.0%.

The fourth scenario:

The Egyptian exports in this scenario distribute between 27 countries with exclusion of

the rest of countries. Table (3) represents that each of Arab countries, African countries,EU

countries and other countries acquired about 37.1%, 1.7%, 57.7% and 3.4% respectively from

the total of Egyptian strawberry exports. This scenario gain about 105373.2 x103 US$ as shown

in table (4). It achieves increased in gain of exports compared with the current scenario by

about 33594.9 x103 US$. That is, it represents about 46.8%.

It is clears from the above that all the previous scenarios consider better than the recent

model, but the third scenario is best one because it gain highest and the exports distribute

between 25 countries, but the first and second gain less and the exports distribute in it just


between 20 countries, while the exports distribute in the fourth scenario between 27 countries,

but it gains less than the third scenario.

Table (4): The gain of Egyptian exports from strawberry in current model and in

different proposed alternative.

The current model

and proposed

alternative

Exports gain

(million$)

The gain realized from the current model

(million$) %

Recent model

First scenario

Second scenario

Third scenario

Fourth scenario

71778.3

81232.1

106600.5

107613.4

105373.2

_

9453.8

34822.2

35835.1

33594.9

_

13.2

48.5

50.0

46.8

Source: Calculated from table (3).

Conclusion

The use of the new medium that was developed in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the

Department of Vegetable, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt by Aboulnasr and

Younes and named was Agrimix was a great success. Complete sterilization (100%) of culture

medium was found when medium was supplemented with the 2.5 and 3.5 mL/L of Agrimix

(Fig, 1). The control treatment was totally contemned. Further, the use of 1.5 mL/L of Agrimix

has an average of 50 % contamination. Finally, the use of the autoclaved medium has around

10% and this is was mainly due to the handling of the material inside the laminar hood and

human mistakes.

The economical study indicated that all the four scenarios consider better than the recent model,

but the third scenario is best one because it gain highest and the exports distribute between 25

countries, but the first and second gain less and the exports distribute in it just between 20

countries, while the exports distribute in the fourth scenario between 27 countries, but it gains

less than the third scenario.

References:

Aboelyazed A. (2004): Visions of contemporary in Agriculture Economic Policies, library of

BostanAlmaerafa, Alexandria, Egypt.

Chansean, M. and I. Syoichi (2007): “Conservation of Wild Orchids in Cambodia by Simple

Aseptic Culture Method.” Proceedings of NIOC, 13–19.

Elbatran M. M. (2003): Standard economical studies new trends in new studies of the

agricultural economical reform police effects on the evolution of price and


market in patterns of the agricultural products in Egypt. Department of

Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (Review

article, in Arabic).

Essa A. A. (2005): Farm Management and Cooperative, Department of Agricultural

Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt.

Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez (1984): Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research. Wile

Intersciencs Publication, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, USA.

Murashige, T. and Skoog F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with

tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15(3): 473-497.

Suzan Abdelmajeed A. (2006): The Impact of Economic Liberalization Policy on

Profitability of Major Food Grain Crops in Egypt, Department of Agricultural

Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt.

Teixeira, S. L. (2006): The development of a new protocol that uses sodium hypochlorite to

replace the autoclaving procedure for establishing axenic in vitro banana (Musa

sp.) culture. Agricell Report, 47 (3) 17–18.

Wittaya D.; C. Thepsithar and A. Thongpukdee (2013): in vitro culture medium

sterilization by chemicals and essential oils without autoclaving and growth of

chrysanthemum nodes. World Academy of Science, Engineering and

Technology. (7) 06-24.

Yanagawa, T.; M. Nagai; T. Ogino and M. Maeguchi (2006): Application of disinfection to

orchid seeds, plantlet and media as a means to prevent in vitro contamination.

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