Nanotechnology Applications in Sensing, Power, Electronics, Wireless Communications, and Mobility

Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems


Nanotechnology Applications in Sensing, Power, Electronics,

Wireless Communications, and Mobility

Jeffrey C. Grossman Executive Director

Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems U.C. Berkeley

Advanced Energy Consortium Workshop, Austin, TX, May 20, 2008

Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems AEC Workshop, May 20, 2008


Nanotechnology Definition: Google

•  Technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular range of approximately 1-100 nanometers to create and use structures, devices, and systems that have novel properties.

•  The application of nanoscience in order to control processes on the nanometer scale, i.e. between 0.1 nm and 100 nm.

•  The development and use of devices that have a size of only less than 200 nanometers.

•  This is a general term for technology research on the scale of less than about 1000 nanometers.

•  First coined by K. Eric Drexler in 1986.

•  According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term “nanotechnology” was coined in 1974.

define: nanotechnology



“How Super-Cows and Nanotechnology will Make Ice Cream Healthy”

In a field somewhere in County Down, Northern Ireland, is a herd of 40 super-cows that could take all the poisonous guilt out of bingeing on ice cream. Unilever, the manufacturer of Persil and PG Tips, is sponsoring a secret research project by a leading British agricultural science institution into how to reduce the levels of saturated fat in cow's milk. It is also experimenting with nanotechnology, or the science of invisibly tiny things. Unilever believes that by halving the size of particles that make up the emulsion - or fatty oil - that it uses to make ice cream, it could use 90 per cent less of the emulsion.





Nanotechnology Press

telegraph.co.uk, August 21, 2005



Nanotechnology in Hollywood*

*From M. Hersam

Nanotechnology Scientist in Spiderman Nanotechnology created The Hulk



Nanotechnology in Protests

*From M. Hersam



Heat sensing

Mass sensing

Surface Stress Sensing

10-30 parts per trillion TNT detection

High frequency, high Q, low power resonators

High efficiency, low-cost energy scavening

Nanofluidic transistors and diodes for radically new electronics

Microfluidic channel

Oxide covered gate electrode

Embedded Nanotube

Synthetic Gecko hairs for “ultra-adhesion” combined with microrobots



Fundamental vs. Applied Research

Goal: turn fundamental science breakthroughs into practical applications

Strategy: 50/50 mix of Engineering with Discipline Sciences (10 Departments unified to solve a single problem), collaboration with industry, and encouragement of IP generation and spin-offs



Required Sensitivities

Pollutant Ambient concentration

Desired LOD (Limit of Detection

LOD – best available

technology

LOD - current

nanosensors NO2 5 – 120 ppb 100 ppt - 1 ppb 50 ppt ~ 1 ppb O3 0 – 160 ppb 100ppt - 1 ppb .5 – 2 ppb 15 ppb

methane 1 – 10 ppm 100 ppb 100 – 350 ppt 6 ppm toluene 2 – 75 ppb 100 ppt 100 – 350 ppt 1 ppm ethanol 0 – 5 ppb 10 – 100 ppt 100 – 350 ppt 1 ppm ethyl

acetate 0 – 6 ppb 10 – 100 ppt 100 – 350 ppt 2 ppm

Input to drive basic research



Ultra‐High‐Sensi/vity/Selec/vitySensors



Examples of Sensing Approaches/Challenges

Metal oxide Conducting Polymer Surface Acoustic Wave+Polymer Receptors

Cantilever+Polymer/Monomer Thiol Receptors

Example

(Ref.) M. Graf, Trasducers, 2003 (Ref.) F. Zee et al, Transducers 99 (Ref.) Pinnaduwage et al, APL 2003

Principle Conductance change Conductance change Frequency change Surface stress change

Sensitivity 1 – 100 ppm < 20 ppm < 1 ppm -

Selectivity Poor ( Limited material)

Poor Poor ( Coating material)

Poor ( Coating material)

Operation temperature 250-600 °C Room temp. Room temp. Room temp.



Selectivity Challenge •  Drawbacks

–  Signal transduction mechanism? –  Humidity effect? –  Non-specific binding - Relatively low

diversity in affinity of conducting polymers toward a very diverse set of analytes

Polymers Currently Used as Receptors

Synthetic Polymer

Target Analyte Molecule

Single Binding Site Isooctane Toluene

Different Polymers



CombinatorialPhagelibrary REPEAT:

Usemoredifficultbindingconditions

Biopanning

TNT

Elution

Bacterialamplification

x106

DNAanalysis

Consensussequence?

No!

Yes!

Phagedisplay

FindingSequenceInformation

Identified 12mer peptide

TNT

Recognition of TNT by identified peptide

1011 different sequences of peptides

Wash away non-specific binders

Our Approach: Directed Evolution to Identify Recognition Motifs



Performance of New Coating for Gas Exposure

Exposure to DNT and TNT at ppm range in air and humidity

TNT

DNT

Artificial Mucous Layer

Majumdar and Lee



High-Frequency Resonator Sensors

(Michael Roukes & Peidong Yang)

Sensitivity Mass = 10 zeptograms

Motion = 5 fm/Hz1/2

Force = 50-250 aN/Hz1/2



MicroscaleMobilityPla9orms



NSF Workshop, Feb 22, 2008

Integration of the nano-membrane sensor on crawling robots

Thermoelectric cooler (TEC)

Thermistor

Membrane array chip

Chip carrier

Crawling robots

Integration

This year: 10X smaller

2 years ago



Ultra‐Low‐PowerGeo‐Loca/on



Location Accuracy Requirements

•  Mobile sensing platforms benefit from knowing their relative positions, which enable lower-power communication, more effective sensor distribution, …

•  Challenge: achieve meter-level precision using ultra-low power CMOS circuit design

Light Switch Replacement

Distributed Robotics

Office and Laboratory Asset Tracking

Warehouse Inventory

Shipping Yard Container Locations

10-2 10-1 100 101 102Accuracy Required (meters)

Kris Pister



Ultra-Low-Power Radio Localizatiion

2.4 GHz CMOS radio for RF tiime-of-flight distancemeasurements between pairs of sensor nodes; offline signal processing implemented to reduce errors from multipathpropagation and clock offset

2400 2420 2440 2460 2480 250010

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Carrier Frequency (MHz)

Estimated Range (m)

Performance: about 2 m accuracy indoors (demonstrated in a coal mine)and 1 m accuracy outdoors

rang

e (m

)

Kris Pister



EnergyScavengingfromMul/pleSources



example: thermoelectrics

Power Generation by Energy Scavenging

Goal: replenish energy without disrupting operation and without user intervention.

Five scavenging approaches are explored for quasi-continuous charging: thermal, vibrational, solar, fluidic, and electromagnetic



Thank you!

Jeffrey C. Grossman [email protected]

Nanotechnology Applications in Sensing, Power, Electronics, Wireless Communications, and Mobility

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