NanoArchitecture: generating electricity in buildings using nanotechnology
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Generating electric power in buildings using nanotechnology University of Alexandria Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture Presented by: Carole Ashraf Elraheb Prof. Dr./ Mohamed Anwar Fikry
Transcript of NanoArchitecture: generating electricity in buildings using nanotechnology
Generating electric power in buildings using nanotechnology
University of Alexandria Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture
Presented by: Carole Ashraf Elraheb
Prof. Dr./ Mohamed Anwar Fikry
• Nanotechnologies provide the potential to enhance energy efficiency across all branches of industry and to economically leverage renewable energy production through new technological solutions.
Problem definition • Shortage in electricity and its high cost makes
people search for some renewable methods to get electric power like sun , wind, sound , and motion.
Aims and objectives 1. Highlight the fundamental changes that nanotechnology will do to our society in energy field and its reflection on architecture. 2. Highlight the role of nanotechnology in generating electric power . 2
• 2.1.1 Photovoltaic cells o 2.1.1.1 Colloidal quantam dots solar cells o 2.1.1.2 Dye sensitized solar cells
• 2.1.2 Energy coatings o 2.1.2.1 Solar window
2.1 Solar Energy usage
2.2 Wind usage • 2.2.1 Nano vent skin
o 2.2.1.1 NVS building 2.3 Sound and motion usage
• 2.3.1 Sound-Driven Piezoelectric Nanowire-Based Nanogenerators • 2.3.2 Piezoelectric Floors 3
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• Nanotechnologies is playing a decisive role in particular in the intensified use of solar energy through photovoltaic systems.
• Dye solar cells , quantum dots and wires, could allow for solar cell efficiencies of over 60%.
2.1 Solar Energy usage
2.1.1 Photovoltaic cells
• In Utopia one, the nano-cell technology is integrated to the exterior skin of the building, providing a portion of the energy to run the elevator systems, hvac systems and electrical systems.
Utopia one: dubai tall emblem structure.
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Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sunlight is composed of photons that strike the pv cells and are absorbed , then transferred to electrons in the atom of the cells, which escape from its natural position inside the atom to become a part of the current in electric circuit.
• A quantum dot is a nanocrystal made out of a semicondutor material. • In solar cells, quantum dots are used as the absorbing photovoltaic material.
2.1 Solar Energy usage
2.1.1 Photovoltaic cells
Schematic illustration of the structure of a quantum dot solar cell (QDC).
2.1.1.1 Colloidal quantam dots solar cells
• During operation, photons are captured
by QDs, yielding electron hole pairs that are rapidly separated at the interface between the nanocrystalline oxide and QDs.
• The electrons jump into the oxide film (TiO2), and the holes are released by redox couples in the electrolyte.
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Presenter
Presentation Notes
The dots have the advantage of having a band gap that can be tuned simply by changing the size of the nanoparticles, and so they can be easily made to absorb different parts of the solar spectrum .The electron energies that can exist within them become finite, much alike energies in an atom. Quantum dots have been referred to as "artificial atoms". These energy levels are tunable by changing their size, which in turn defines the band gap (Luther,2008).
• The nanocrystalline titanium dioxide dye sensitised solar cell operates by using an organic dye to absorb light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• This dye then “injects” electrons into the TiO2 semiconductor that enhance the photovoltage and photocurrent characteristics of the solar cell. • Light hits the dye which frees an electron to be accepted by the TiO2, electrons are returned to the dye by a redox reaction in the potassium iodide solution in contact with the rear electrode .
2.1 Solar Energy usage
2.1.1 Photovoltaic cells
Schematic illustration of the structure of a dye sensitized solar cell.
2.1.1.2 Dye sensitized dots solar cells
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• The Rinker Hall designed for a future massive photovoltaic upgrade, incorporating the technology of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells which are transparent and use both direct and diffuse light.
2.1 Solar Energy usage
2.1.1 Photovoltaic cells 2.1.1.2 Dye sensitized dots solar cells
In the Rinker Hall in Gainesville, Florida by the Croxton Collaborative and Gould Evans , Dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells are transparent and use both direct and diffuse light. 8
• Energy coatings absorb sunlight and indoor light and convert them into electrical energy.
• Energy coatings are produced by working on the nano scale by injecting a dye into titanium dioxide.
• The dye , a white pigment commonly used in toothpaste and paint,is applied to a flexible material.
• This light energy travels through the titanium dioxide and a series of electrodes and is converted into electrical energy.
2.1.2 Energy coating
Energy coating printed film
The film can be produced in any color and transparency since it is printed or sprayed and can be applied to structural systems, windows, roofs, glass and effectively produce energy.
2.1 Solar Energy usage
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• See-through windows generate electricity by ‘spraying’ their glass surfaces with New Energy’s electricity-generating coatings.
• They do not require expensive high-temperature but can be sprayed on to glass at room temperature.
• They generate electricity by making use of the energy of natural sunlight and artificial sources such as fluorescent and LED lighting typically installed in offices, schools, and commercial buildings.
2.1.2 Energy coating 2.1.2.1 Solar window
2.1 Solar Energy usage
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• Solar window is outerperforming today’s commercial solar and thin film technologies by as much as 10-fold; and measure less than 1/10th the thickness of ‘thin’ films (only 1/1000th the thickness of human hair)
2.1.2 Energy coating
Electricity value estimates of energy products
2.1.2.1 Solar window
2.1 Solar Energy usage
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2.2.1 Nano vent skin
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• NVS makes existing objects greener by covering them with a skin made out of micro wind turbines. It consists of a set of micro turbines, which generate energy from wind and sunlight and absorb CO2 from the air. .
2.2 Wind usage 2.2.1 Nano vent skin
• The outer skin of the structure absorbs sunlight through an organic photovoltaic skin and transfers it to the nanofibers inside the nano-wires which then is sent to storage units at the end of each panel.
• NVS merges different kinds of micro organisms that work together to absorb and transform natural energy from the environment.
• Each turbine on the panel generates energy by chemical reactions on each end where it makes contact with the structure.
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2.2.1 Nano vent skin
Nano Vent-Skin used on NVS used on road barriers existing buildings to to power lights where there supply electricity. is no access to electricity.
• Every panel has a sensor on each corner with a material reservoir. When one of the turbines has a failure or breaks, a signal is sent through the nano-wires to the central system and building material (microorganisms) is sent through the central tube in order to regenerate this area with a self-assembly process.
• If the wind's direction changes, each turbine adapts itself by rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise, depending on the situation .
2.2 Wind usage
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• The nano vent skin is used as cladding of the building to provide a portion of the energy to run the elevator, hvac and electrical systems. It is integrated here with glass to enhance the view.
2.2 Wind usage
2.2.1 Nano vent skin
Storage and supply unit.
2.2.1.1 NVS building
• Each panel has four round supply units (one on each corner). These units are in charge of: - Monitoring that all the turbines are working and delivering material to regenerate broken or malfunctioning turbines. -Receiving and storing the energy produced by the turbines.
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• Sound-driven nanogenerators based on piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowires are used to turn sound energy from speech, music or noise into electrical power.
• The flexible PdAu-coated PES substrate, acting as both a top electrode and a vibration plate, was installed above the ZnO nanowire arrays .
• The sound wave was used to vibrate the top contact electrode which generated electric potential through the vertically well-aligned zinc oxide nanowires.
2.3.1 Sound-Driven Piezoelectric Nanowire-Based Nanogenerators
Schematic of a sound-driven piezoelectric nanogenerator based on zinc oxide nanowires.
2.3 Sound and motion usage
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Sound power could be used in sound-insulating walls near highways that generate electricity from the sound of passing vehicles.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Transfering the sound energy to the nanowires causes compressing and releasing of the nanowires; so the current device structure is used where a sound wave can strike the palladium/gold-coated flexible plastic substrate acting as the top electrode, thereby causing Schottky contact formation to the zinc oxide nanowires. In addition, the palladium/gold-coated flexible electrode also acts as a vibrating plate toward sound, so the mechanical vibration of the flexible electrode generated by the sound wave is directly transferred to the vertically aligned nanowires. However the surface roughness of the plastic substrate is not entirely uniform. Piezoelectric nanowires can turn 100 decibel into an AC output voltage of 50mV which is enough energy to power very small electronic devices “self-powered sensors, e-papers, or body-implantable tiny devices” with the aim of powering larger devices when new nanomaterials are developed. Applications for sound-driven power generators are numerous.
• Piezoelectric ceramic nanoparticles converts existing sources of mechanical energy into infinite electrical energy.
• The piezoelectric floors have been trialed since the beginning of 2007 in two Japanese train stations, Tokyo and Shibuya stations.
• The electricity generated from the foot traffic is used to provide all the electricity needed to run the automatic ticket gates and electronic display systems.
2.3.2 Piezoelectric floors
• Piezoelectric dancefloor generates electricity at london’s first eco-disco by using quartz crystals and ceramics to turn clubbers’ movement into electricity .
•Parts of the lighting and sound systems in the club can be powered by the energy harvesting tiles.
2.3 Sound and motion usage
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• When a person steps on such tiles, piezoelectric crystal underneath it experiences mechanical stress which creates electric charge built up on crystal’s surface which can be collected by use of electrodes.
• Such energy can be stored in capacitors and power can be channeled to energy deficient regions.
• An average person weighing 60 kg will generate only 0.1 watt in the single second required to take two steps across the tile.
2.3.2 Piezoelectric floors
Special flooring tiles with piezoelectric ceramic nanoparticles .
2.3 Sound and motion usage
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Presenter
Presentation Notes
but when they are covering a large area of floor space and thousands of people are stepping or jumping on them, then significant amount of power can be generated. This energy created is sufficient to run automatic ticket gates and electronic displays.
• Nanotechnology applications for generation electricity should be integrated into buildings to solve the shortage of electricity problem.
• Photovoltaic solar cells should be added to the building’s roof, also the energy coatings could be applied to structural systems, windows, roofs, glass and effectively produce energy.
• Nano vent skin should be used on exterior walls of buildings subjected to wind.
• And Sound-Driven Piezoelectric Nanowire-Based Nanogenerators could be applied to the walls cladding of building’s interior , and the sound-insulating walls near highways that generate electricity from the sound of passing vehicles ; also the piezoelectric Floors that are better used in high pedestrian traffic spaces.
• When applying those techniques , the efficiency and energy gained of each material should be estimated to know whether electricity would be enough for the building or not.
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• Here is a comparison between the amount of energy that each application could harvest in watts/ square meter; all values are estimated from average actual values so they are not accurate according to all circumstances that varies in using them.
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Colloidal Quantum dots solar cells
Dye sensetized solar cells
Energy coatings Nano vent skin Sound-Driven Piezoelectric Nanowire
Piezoelectric floors
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Energy Harvested
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• Ashby , Michael F. & Ferreira , Paul J. & Shodek , Daniel L. (2009). Nanomaterials , nanotechnologies , and design . Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd.
• Leydecker , Sylvia (2008). Nanomaterials in Architecture , interior Architecture and Design. Berlin : Birkhauser Publishers for Architecture .
• Y. Qin, X. Wang and L. W. Wang. (2008)."Microfibre Nanowire Hybrid Structure for Energy Scavenging".Nature 451, 809.
• Luther, Wolfgang (August 2008) . Applications of Nanotechnologies in the Energy sector. Wiesbaden ,Germany : HA hessen Agentur.
• Emin ,Saim & Singh , Surya P. & Han , Liyuan & Satoh , Norifusa & Islam , Ashraful (2011). Colloidal quantum dot solar cells. National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Advanced Photovoltaics Center, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan .Available online at www.sciencedirect.com.
• I. Amato, "Piezo: Tough Plastic With a Sensitive Side," Los Angeles Times, 4 Dec 89. • J. Ryall, "Japan Harnesses Energy from Footsteps," The Telegraph, 12 Dec 08. • Pagliaro, Mario, Palmisano, Giovanni, and Ciriminna , Rosaria.(2008).Flexible solar
cells. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. • Jianjun Tian and Guozhong Cao, Semiconductor quantum dot-sensitized solar cells;
Published: 31 October 2013 ,Advanced Materials and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China; Department of Materials and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 22
Websites:
• Utopia One: Dubai Tall Emblem Structure : http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/6490/utopia-one-dubai-tall-emblem-structure.html . Retrieved December 2014.
• Colloidal Quantam dots : http://inml.cnsi.ucla.edu/pages/qdot. Retrieved December,2014.
• High Performance Buildings: http://www.aiany.org/eOCULUS/2005/2005-05-13.html.Retrieved December ,2014.
• Energy coating: http://greendimensions.wikidot.com/nanotechnology-in-architecture . Retrieved December,2014.
• Solar window: http://www.newenergytechnologiesinc.com/technology/solarwindow. Retrieved December,2014.
• Nano Vent-skin: http://nanoventskin.blogspot.com/. Retrieved December, 2014. • Sound-Driven Piezoelectric Nanowire-Based Nanogenerators:
http://engineering.stanford.edu/news/straintronics-engineers-create-piezoelectric-graphene. Retrieved December,2014.
• Piezoelectric Floors :http://phys.org/news/2012-05-power-technology-based-piezoelectric-nanocomposite.html#jCp. Retrieved December,2014.
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